,BEYOND ! ,PEASANT ,9T]NATIONAL 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

,AS ONGO+ /RUGGLES CONFRONT NEW CONDITIONS 9 ! ESCALAT+ CRISIS1 FI<T+ WILL BE CONC5TRAT$ ALONG TWO MA9 FRONTL9ES4 ,ONCE ! /RUGGLES ALONG !SE TWO L9ES M]GE & COMMUNICATE ?+S WILL HEAT UP3 IT C\LD BE ! PRECONDITION = F9ALLY PUTT+ AN 5D TO ?IS SY/EM & />T+ SOME?+ NEW & BETT]6 ,AT ONE FRONTL9E ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS ( ! HI<LY PRODUCTIVE WEB ( FACTORIES1 (FICES & 9=MAL ECONOMY WILL HAVE TO SMA% ! 9CREAS$ POL>IZATION BETWE5 OV]-EXPLOITATION & UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,AT ! SECOND FRONTL9E ALL ?OSE WILL FI<T :O W]E SUBJECT$ TO & SUBJECTS 9 ! SIL5T & 9VISIBLE REVOLUTION ( ! LA/ DECADES3 ! RURAL PROLET>IAT ( ! GLOBAL S\?4 ,! MA9 DIVISION ( ANY PREVI\S REVOLUTION HAS BE5 DISSOLV$1 ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS & ! PEASANTRY4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ DECADES ! P]SONAL RELATIONS ( EXPLOITATION ( ! SOIL & VILLAGE LIFE HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ BY A MASS EXI/5CE ( SEMI-PROLET>IANIZATION3 MORE ?AN TWO BILLION PEOPLE ON ?IS PLANET LIVE UND] ?IS CONDITION1 DEP5D+ BO? ON WAGE WORK & SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES4 ,MANY ( ?OSE ON ?IS 'SECOND FRONTL9E' FREQU5TLY MIGRATE BACK & =? ACROSS ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 C\NTRYSIDE & T[N1 B\ND>IES :I* >E !MSELVES 9CREAS+LY BLURR$ BY ?IS LABOR MOBILITY & BY ! SPREAD ( 9FRA/RUCTURE4 ,CURR5T MASS LAY-(FS 9 ! ,*9ESE & ,9DIAN EXPORT ZONES ON ONE H&1 & ! 9CREAS+ PU% ( ! RURAL POOR T[>DS ! PROMISES ( URBAN LIFE ON ! O!R WILL 5G5D] HUGE SOCIAL WAVES 9 BO? DIRECTIONS4 ,:5 ! ANG] & DESIRE ( !SE TWO SECTIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT MEET1 ! 5D ( ?IS SY/EM WILL BECOME VISIBLE4 ,& ?OSE 9 P[] KN[ AB\T ?IS3 ! MA9 CONC]N ( ! ,*9ESE & ,9DIAN RUL+ CLASS WAS TO PREV5T A SITUATION 9 :I* ! OV]PRODUCTION CRISIS ( ! GLOBAL NOR? & ! 5SU+ FL[ ( *EAP AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS W\LD 9CREASE ! TURMOIL 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ,W,T,O SUMMIT 9 ,JULY #bh FAIL$' AT LEA/ 9 PROPAG&A T]MS' :5 IT CAME TO ! QUE/ION ( ! POOR ,9DIAN PEASANTS4 ,CURR5TLY ! ,9DIAN & ,*9ESE /ATES >E COM+ UP ) HI/ORY'S L>GE/ 'L&-RE=MS' 7,*9A7 & WORK S*EMES 7,N,R,E,G,A 9 ,9DIA71 9 ORD] TO CONTROL ! REPRODUCTION & MOVEM5TS ( ! RURAL POOR4 ,!Y NE$ A CALM H9T]L& = !SE TIMES ( CRISIS1 & !Y HAVE TO MAKE SURE ?AT ! URBAN_/RURAL DIVIDE WILL REMA9 AS !IR LA/ /EADY PILL> ( P[]4 ! FOOD RIOTS ?IS SUMM] ALL MAJOR ?9K-TANKS1 RANG+ FROM AGRIBUS9ESS TO ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T TO ! ,U,N1 W>N$ ?AT TOO QUICK A DEMISE ( ! SMALL PEASANTRY C\LD CAUSE EV5 HEAVI] TR\BLE 9 FUTURE4 ,!Y HELPLESSLY SUGGE/$ A REVIVAL ( ! SMALL RURAL PETTY PRODUC]1 :O W\LD EXI/ AT />VATION LEVEL1 BUT AT LEA/ 9 A /ABLE1 ISOLAT$ & CONTROLLABLE />VATION4 ,:ILE ?OSE 9 P[] >E 5GAG$ 9 AN EXI/5TIAL BATTLE ) GLOBAL PROLET>IAN MOBILITY1 L>GE SECTIONS ( ! LEFT /ILL HAV5'T AB&ON$ ! IDEOLOGICAL NOTIONS ( ! LONG-GONE WORLD4 ,!Y /ILL POND] 9 ,MAOI/ & ,L59I/ T]MS AB\T POSSIBLE ALLIANCES BETWE5 WORK]S & PEASANTS1 OR !Y CREATE NEW IDEOLOGIES ( SMALL-SCALE SUBSI/5CE AS A SOCIAL ALT]NATIVE4 

,ON !SE TWO FRONT-L9ES1 M]ELY 'ANTI-NEOLIB]AL' IDEOLOGIES & ! 'PEASANT ROMANTICISM' ( ! LEFT WILL DO ! MO/ H>M TO PROSPECTS ( RADICAL *ANGE4 ,9 ! CURR5T SOCIAL TURMOIL !SE IDEOLOGIES WILL BECOME H&Y TOOLS 9 ! CAPITALI/ RESCUE-KIT RA!R ?AN HELP+ US TO GRASP ! POT5TIAL = LIB]ATION )9 ! ONGO+ DEVELOPM5TS4 ,) ! FOLL[+ TEXT ON ! 'AGR>IAN QUE/ION & PEASANT MOVEM5TS'1 PUBLI%$ ?IS SUMM] 9 ISSUE #hb ( ! ,G]MAN MAGAZ9E ,WILDCAT1 WE WANT TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEBATE = A REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE & TO HELP MAKE ! WAVES MEET4 ,LET'S SPILL6 

"9 "9 "9 

,! ,W,T,O SUMMIT 9 ,JULY #bh FAIL$ -- AT LEA/ 9 PROPAG&A T]MS -- :5 IT CAME TO ! QUE/ION ( '! POOR ,9DIAN PEASANTS'4 ,9 ! SUPPLEM5T TO ?IS ISSUE ( ,WILDCAT .<N4#h#b.> WE EMPHASIZE ?AT ! SITUATION 9 ! NEW 9DU/RIAL C5T]S 9 ,9DIA & ! DYNAMICS ( ! LOCAL CLASS /RUGGLE CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ! SITUATION 9 ! RURAL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,FUR!RMORE 9 REC5T YE>S ! ',NEW ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS' HAVE REPEAT$LY BE5 ! FOCAL PO9T ( GLOBAL CAMPAIGNS4 ,!IR /RUGGLES RAISE ! REALLY FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS -- ! CONDITIONS ( ! MAJORITY ( ! 7POOR7 GLOBAL POPULATION1 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS1 ! QUE/ION ( H[ WE PRODUCE \R FOOD -- & !Y GIVE ANSW]S6 ,BY APPROPRIAT+ MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LIVELIHOOD1 E4G4 BY OCCUPY+ L&1 ! POSSIBILITY ( 'ANO!R WORLD' SEEMS TO MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 A DIRECT MANN]4 ,)9 ! EXP]I5CE ( 'C5TURIES' ( /RUGGLES L$ BY 'SMALL FACTIONS' ( ?IS MOVEM5T1 E4G4 BY ! ,9DIG5AS 9 ,C5TRAL & ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ! HI/ORY ( #e YE>S ( CAPITALISM IS COND5S$4 ,BY FACT ! GLOBAL MOVEM5TS FI<T+ AGA9/ AGRO-CORPORATIONS1 ! ,W,T,O & ,WORLD ,BANK >E ! NEW ',9T]NATIONAL' -- 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ! GLOBALLY FRAGM5T$ SITUATIONS ( EXPLOITATION 9 FACTORIES1 CALL C5T]S & (FICES4 ,JUXTAPOS$ TO ?IS VIEW1 ! HI/ORIAN ,HOBSBAWN PROCLAIM$ ! 'DEMISE ( ! PEASANTRY' 9 ! MID #iS4 ,= HIM ! FACT ?AT ! MAJORITY ( HUMANITY IS NOT 5GAG$ 9 DIRECT PRODUCTION ( MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ANY MORE CON/ITUTES ! 'MO/ SIGNIFICANT TRANS=MATION ( CLASS RELATIONS S9CE ! ,NEOLI?IC .<#a.> ,9 E>LI] PHASES ( HI/ORY HUMANS US$ TO PRODUCE !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE 9 SMALL COMMUNITIES & !Y W]E DEP5D5T ON ! NATURAL FLUCTUATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ?AT CAPITALISM CREAT$ ! WORLD M>KET RI<T FROM ITS />T1 & ITS MA9 PRODUCTIVE =CE 7MA*9]Y7 IS ITSELF A PRODUCT ( HUMAN LABOR4 ,! G5]AL CONTEXT ( A GLOBAL SOCIETY BECOMES ! BASIC CONDITION ( \R EXI/5CE & REPRODUCTION 7',SECOND ,NATURE'7 & 9 ?IS S5SE IT IS ! REAL HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,ONLY S9CE HUMANS' LIVELIHOOD />T$ TO DEP5D ON SOCIAL RA!R ?AN ON 9DIVIDUAL LABOR HAVE WE BE5 ABLE TO RAISE ! QUE/ION ( COLLECTIVE APPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION AT ALL -- & N[ADAYS ACTUALLY ON A GLOBAL LEVEL6 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & TO ! PHASE ( ',NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5TS' AFT] #a#i#d#e1 TODAY ! 'ALLIANCE BETWE5 PEASANTS & WORK]S' IS NOT ! ISSUE ANYMORE4 ,WE F9ALLY HAVE TO GET ! ,L59I/ 7'WORK]S' VANGU>DS =M ALLIANCES ) ! PEASANTS'7 & ,MAOI/ 7'SURR\ND+ ( ! T[NS BY ! RURAL MASSES'7 P]SPECTIVES \T ( \R HEADS2 BO? P]SPECTIVES W]E IDEOLOGIES JU/IFY+ ! DEVELOPM5T DICTATOR%IPS ( CAPITALI/ CAT*-UP4 ,TODAY IT'S NOT AB\T CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 'FROM ABOVE' ANYMORE1 BUT AB\T RE-COMPOSITION AS A GLOBAL CLASS FROM BEL[4 ,! FOLL[+ >TICLE WANTS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEBATE BY TRY+ TO ASSESS ! SO-CALL$ ',NEW ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS'4 

,! ,5D ( ! ',PEASANT ,QUE/ION' 

,! GLOBAL PROCESS ( PROLET>IANIZATION1 MEAN+ ! SEP>ATION ( PRODUC]S & MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! TRANS=MATION ( ! PRODUC]S 9TO WAGE LABOR]S1 IS A VIOL5T ACT4 ,BUT ! PROLET>IANS !MSELVES HAVE BE5 & /ILL >E DRIV+ =CE T[>DS COMPLETE PROLET>IANIZATION3 CAPITALI/S HAVE (T5 TRI$ TO AVOID HAV+ TO BE> ! TOTAL REPRODUCTION CO/ ( ! LABOR =CE4 ,IT IS 9 P>TICUL> ?IS FACT -- ! FACT ( ! DRIV+ =CE BEH9D PROLET>IANIZATION -- :I* IS NEGLECT$ BY ?OSE >GUM5TS PRES5T+ 'SUBSI/5CE' AS A SOCIAL =MATION OPPOS$ TO CAPITALISM4 ,!SE >GUM5TS EM]G$1 = EXAMPLE1 DUR+ ! DEBATES AB\T ! ,I,M,F RIOTS 9 ! #a#i#hS1 DUR+ ! ROMANTICIZ+ DISCUSSIONS CONC]N+ ! '9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES' 9 ,*IAPAS & 9 ! CURR5T !ORIZATIONS ( ! 'NEW COMMONS'4 

,ONE REASON :Y /RUGGLES ( ! ',NEW ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS' &_/OR ! 'SUBSI/5CE P]SPECTIVE' >E POLITICALLY PRES5T$ AS BE+ OPPOS$ TO ! !SIS ( PROLET>IANIZATION IS ! COMMON EQUATION ( 'PROLET>IAN' ) ':ITE1 MALE1 P]MAN5T FACTORY WORK]'4 ,?IS EQUATION IS A LEGACY ( ! TRADITIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T & ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 AN EQUATION :I* HAS ALWAYS BE5 F> FROM MAT*+ REALITY -- TODAY MORE ?AN EV]6 

,WE WANT TO MAKE FIVE PO9TS >GU+ ?AT ! 'PEASANT QUE/ION' HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/ TODAY1 AS MU* AS 'PEASANTS' HAVE DISAPPE>$ AS A SOCIAL CLASS DETA*$ FROM 'WORK]S' OR 'PROLET>IANS'4 

,S9CE ! #a#i#gS AGRICULTURAL WORK 9CREAS+LY BECOMES WAGE LABOR4 

,MORE & MORE AGRICULTURAL WORK]S PRODUCE = ! WORLD M>KET4 

,AN 9CREAS+ P>T ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK-=CE T5DS TO LIVE 9 SMALL & M$IUM-SIZ$ T[NS -- 9 ,*ILI1 ,BRAZIL1 & ,V5EZUELA AB\T #b P] C5T ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S LIVE 9 T[NS4 

,! GR[+ RURAL PROLET>IAT REPRODUCES ITSELF %IFT+ BETWE5 TEMPOR>Y WAGE LABOR1 MIGRATION1 F>M WORK ON !IR REMA9+ L& OR ON L& ( O!RS1 & 9=MAL S]VICE WORK -- ?IS RURAL PROLET>IAT CAN NOT BE UND]/OOD AS 'PEASANTRY' ANYMORE4 

,! ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ( AGRICULTURE 9 ! GLOBAL S\? IS %R9K+ -- E4G4 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA ONLY #a TO #b P] C5T ( ! ,G,D,P /EMS FROM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION4 

,A SUP]FICIAL LOOK AT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SUFFICES TO %[ ?AT ! EQUATION ( 'FOOD PRODUC]S' ) 'PEASANTS' IS F> FROM ! TRU?4 ,N[ADAYS GLOBAL GRA9 PRODUCTION TAKES PLACE 9 ! METROPOLITAN C\NTRIES & IT IS HI<LY ME*ANIZ$4 ,9 ! ,U,S ! ANNUAL PRODUCTIVITY ( A AGRICULTURAL WORK]S IS UP TO #b1 TONS P] HEAD2 HALF ( ! ?REE BILLION SMALL PEASANTS WORLDWIDE PRODUCE LESS ?AN ONE TON ( GRA9 P] HEAD P] YE> -- :I* DOES NOT ALL[ !M TO SURVIVE4 ,9 ! P]IPH]Y PEASANTS GR[ LABOR-9T5SIVE PRODUCTS LIKE VEGETABLES OR FL[]S -- COMMODITIES :I* W\LD NOT S]VE !M = !IR [N NUTRITION4 ,9DU/RIALIZATION FUR!R AGGRAVATES ! MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS ( REPRODUCTION ( ! SMALL PEASANTS & AGRICULTURAL WORK]S3 BY R$UC+ ! NUMB] ( JOBS AVAILABLE1 BY CAUS+ FALL+ PUR*ASE PRICES = AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS & BY DISPLAC+ PEOPLE FROM GOOD SOIL4 

,S9CE ! MO/ REMOTE RURAL REGIONS >E CONNECT$ ) ! 7WORLD7 M>KET1 MONEY HAS BECOME ! MEANS :I* MAKES EV]Y?+ AVAILABLE3 EV]Y?+ :I* IS NECESS>Y = SURVIVAL1 :I* MAKES WORK EASI] OR 9CREASES ! CROP1 :I* ALL[S MOBILITY OR ACCESS TO ! GLOBAL CONSUM] GOODS 7= EXAMPLE RADIOS1 BICYCLES1 SCOOT]S1 NEW FOOD ITEMS OR O!R /IMULANTS74 

,GIV5 ! CONNECTION TO ! M>KET1 WAGE LABOR BECOMES ! PRECONDITION = A LIFE )\T H>D%IP1 9DEP5D5TLY FROM ! VICISSITUDES ( NATURE4 

,AFT] ! CRISIS AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i#fS TO MID-#a#i#gS ! PROCESS ( PROLET>IANIZATION ACCEL]AT$4 ,S9CE !N ONLY 9 A FEW REGIONS PROLET>IANIZATION HAS MEANT DIRECT TRANS=MATION 9TO CAPITALI/ WAGE LABOR4 ,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ITSELF '9=MAL' SMALL & FAMILY BUS9ESSES1 PROLET>IANIZ$ AGRICULTURAL WORK & WAGE LABOR BECOME 9CREAS+LY SIGNIFICANT4 ,OR PEOPLE LEAVE & MOVE DIRECTLY TO ! FACTORIES1 :I* >E CONC5TRAT$ 9 A FEW REGIONS4 ,! WORLD M>KET FACTORIES & SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES >E CLASSICAL CONC5TRATIONS ( WORK]S2 9 #bf MORE ?AN #f MILLION WORK]S W]E EMPLOY$ 9 !SE CONC5TRATIONS1 #d MILLION 9 ,*9A ALONE 7T5 YE>S AGO !RE HAD BE5 ONLY #bg MILLION74 

,MIGRATION IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT MODE ( PROLET>IANIZATION3 GLOBALLY MILLIONS ( PROLET>IANS >E ON ! MOVE1 SE>*+ = A BETT] LIFE4 .<#b.> ,9 RELATION TO ! G5]AL POPULATION ! FLUX ( TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION IS NOT HI<] ?AN1 E4G41 ONE HUNDR$S YE>S AGO4 ,! NATIONAL BORD]S & MIGRATION LAWS RE/RICT TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION HEAVILY1 BUT EV5 MORE IMPORTANT IS ! FACT ?AT !Y REGULATE IT3 ,! ILLEGAL /ATUS OR LEGALLY WORSE /ATUS ( ! MIGRANTS RESULTS 9 !M DO+ ! BAD JOBS :ILE ! LOCAL WORK]S MANAGE TO KEEP !IR /ATUS 7D[NW>D RIGIDITY ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR74 

,! ABILITY ( CAPITAL TO /RATIFY ANO!R LAY] BEL[ ! LOCAL WORK+ CLASSES 9 ORD] TO VALORIZE !M PRODUCTIVELY & CONTROL !M POLITICALLY DEP5DS ON A CONT9U\S 9FLUX ( NEW LABOR P[]3 CONTR>Y TO ! VIEW ( MIGRATION AS 5DLESS1 ,I4 ,WALL]/E9 ASSUMES ?AT ! GLOBAL RES]VE ( FRE% LABOR P[] WILL BE EXHAU/$ 'BY #b#b#e'4 ,ALREADY TODAY '%ORTAGES ( LABOR P[]' PO9T TO ?IS TR5D3 ! LIMITS ( ! 'LABOR RES]VOIR' 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 9 ,*9A & ,9DIA >E BECOM+ VISIBLE4 

,K>L & ,V]A TODAY 

,! >GUM5T MADE ABOVE IS ONLY VALID ONCE PROLET>IANIZATION IS UND]/OOD AS AN IRREV]SIBLE PROCESS4 ,HI/ORICALLY !RE >E ONLY A FEW EXCEPTIONAL CASES ( REV]SION1 E4G4 ! SETTL] COLONIES4 ,PROLET>IANS :O HAVE GOT TO KN[ ! MAT]IAL POT5TIAL ( CAPITALISM ?R\< MIGRATION & WAGE LABOR WILL NOT ACCEPT BE+ PALM$ (F ) LESS4 ,! /RUGGLES )9 ! PROCESS ( PROLET>IANIZATION >E NOT /RUGGLES AGA9/ PROLET>IANIZATION1 BUT RA!R AB\T ITS CONDITIONS4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD SY/EM ! PEASANT_/AGR>IAN QUE/ION HAS BE5 RAIS$ 9 A POLITICAL S5SE F\R TIMES1 & EA* TIME IT HAS ALSO BE5 A DEBATE AB\T RE=M OR REVOLUTION3 FIR/ DUR+ ! TRANSITION FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM 7! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS AN URBAN REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! PEASANTS72 !N AFT] ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY IT EM]G$ )9 ! CONTEXT ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION '9 ! WE/' & 9 ,RUSSIA2 ?IRDLY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I )9 ! ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,MOVEM5TS2 & N[ AGA9 S9CE ! 'NEOLIB]AL CRISIS ATTACKS' & ! EM]G5CE ( ! ',NEW ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS'4 

,! FIR/ ?REE TIMES ! QUE/ION WAS RAIS$ IT WAS AB\T H[ A M9ORITY W\LD BE ABLE TO SEIZE P[] BY =M+ ALLIANCES ) O!RS4 ,! P>TY ( ! M9ORITY 7! URBAN WORK]S7 DREW !IR CLAIM = A VANGU>D POSITION UPON !IR 'HI/ORIC MISSION'1 :I* C\LD ONLY BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY 5T]+ 9 A TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE ) ! MAJORITY 7! PEASANTS74 ,?IS IS 'CLASSICAL ,M>XISM' -- OR NAMELY :AT ,KAUTSKY & ,L59 TURN$ ,M>X 9TO4 ,! CURR5T DEBATE CAN NOT BE L$ 9 ?AT WAY4 

,9 #ahii ,K>L ,KAUTSKY DEVELOP$ ?IS 'CLASSICAL POSITION' 9 HIS WORKS ',! ,AGR>IAN ,QUE/ION'3 ! DECOMPOSITION ( PEASANTRY1 ! PRIMACY ( L>GE-SCALE AGRICULTURE 9 SOCIALISM4 ,L59 FOCUS$ ON ! /RUGGL+ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS 9 ! POSITION ( A M9ORITY & ONLY HAD A *ANCE TO MAKE ! REVOLUTION BY JO9+ =CES ) ! PEASANTS3 ',WE HAVE TO SUPPORT ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION 9 EV]Y WAY UP TO ! CONFISCATION ( ! L&1 BUT NEV] UP TO AB/RACT PETTY-B\RGEOIS PROJECTS4 ,WE SUPPORT ! PEASANT MOVEM5TS TO ! EXT5D TO :I* IT IS A DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,WE PREP>E \RSELVES 7IMM$IATELY1 9/ANTANE\SLY7 = ! FI<T AGA9/ IT1 9 CASE ?AT IT TAKES ON A REACTION>Y1 ANTI-PROLET>IAN *>ACT]4 7,L591 ,! ASSESSM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,! LESSONS ( ! REVOLUTION1 #a#i#h1 #a#i#a7 .<#c.> ,LOR5 ,GOLDN] CL>IFIES3 ,L59 WANT$ ! 'WORK]S' /ATE' TO REALIZE CONSCI\SLY & HUMANELY :AT1 HI/ORICALLY1 ! CAPITALI/ /ATE HAD REALIZ$ BL9DLY & BLOODILY3 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! AGR>IAN PETTY PRODUC]S 9TO FACTORY WORK]S4 7,IT WAS LEFT TO ,/AL9 TO REALIZE ?IS TRANS=MATION CONSCI\SLY & BLOODILY47 .<#d.> 

,IT IS SYMPTOMATIC ?AT 9 ANY HI/ORICAL P]IOD OR REGION ONCE ! PEASANTS BECOME A M9ORITY ! COMMUNI/ MASS P>TIES DISAPPE> AS WELL 7OR TURN 9TO SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TIES72 !Y >E 7OR W]E7 ! P>TIES ( =C$ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & !Y HAD !IR MA9 /RON<OLDS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE 7E4G4 AS LATE AS #aif ! MAJORITY ( ! ,C,P,I MEMB]%IP WAS =M$ BY AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S67 .<#e.> 

,M>X HIMSELF FOCUS$ ON ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! RAPIDLY GR[+1 VISIBLE & /RUGGL+ WORK+ CLASS = A LONG TIME1 BUT AFT] ! DEFEATS ( #ahdh & #ahga HAD DE/ROY$ ! HOPE = A QUICK VICTORY1 ! C5T] ( HIS ANALYSIS %IFT$ T[>DS F9D+ \T :AT MADE CAPITALISM 'UN/ABLE & /ABLE' AT ! SAME TIME4 ,ONCE MORE HE HAD A CLOSE LOOK AT :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 ! EX*ANGE ( LETT]S ) ,V]A ,ZASULI* HE WROTE AB\T A 'SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL OPPORTUNITY3 ,:5 ! CRISIS ( ! ',ASIATIC =M ( PRODUCTION 9 ,RUSSIA CO9CIDES ) ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM 9 ! C\NTRIES ( WE/]N ,EUROPE !RE IS A *ANCE ?AT ! /RUGGLES ( ! WORK]S COME TOGE!R ) ?OSE ( ! RURAL POPULATION4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS1 SOME?+ REVOLUTION>Y & 'NEW' C\LD DEVELOP4 ,M>X HAD ELABORAT$ ! '9H]5T DUALISM ( ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE COMMUNITY3 COLLECTIVE PROP]TY & ! PRIVATE PRODUCTION4 ,A REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA C\LD BE ABLE TO /OP ! DEMISE ( ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 & ONCE ! COLLECTIVE MOM5TS 9 ! GIV5 'HI/ORICAL SURR\ND+S 7! CRISIS ( ! WE/]N CAPITALISM7 COME TOGE!R ) ! 'WORK]S' REVOLUTION' !Y MI<T BECOME ! />T+ PO9T ( A NEW =M ( COMMUNIZATION .<,V]GEME9S*AFTUNG.>4 ,USUALLY !SE LETT]S >E TAK5 AS EVID5CE ?AT ,M>X DID NOT HAVE A 'DET]M9I/IC VIEW ( HI/ORY' AFT] ALL OR ?AT HE WANT$ TO PROPAGATE ! 'DIRECT LEAP' \T ( ! PRE-CAPITALI/IC COMMUNITIES .<,GEME9WES5.>4 ,H[EV]1 MORE IMPORTANT IS ! WAY H[ ,M>X APPROA*$ !SE CONC]NS4 ,M>X TACKL$ ! QUE/ION ?R\< NOTIONS ( 'GLOBAL RECOMPOSITION' -- H[EV]1 TODAY WE >E ABLE TO1 & MU/1 DEBATE ?IS QUE/ION 9 A DIFF]5T MANN]1 E4G4 TODAY IT WILL BE LESS AB\T '! COM+ TOGE!R ( ! BE/ ( TWO DIFF]5T WORLDS'444 

,S9CE ! #a#i#iS ! ',NEW ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS' HAVE BE5 CONCEIV$ AS BE+ ! GLOBAL VANGU>D ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ 'NEOLIB]ALISM' & AS BE+ AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T4 ,!IR =MS ( /RUGGLE >E DIV]SE & SPREAD \T 9TO ALL CORN]S ( ! PLANET3 PEASANT UNRE/ 9 ,*9A1 ,VIETNAM & ,EGYPT1 L& OCCUPATION 9 ,BRAZIL OR ELSE:]E1 BLOCKADES1 ACTIONS AGA9/ 'L>GE-SCALE DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS' TO ! PO9T ( >M$ /RUGGLE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ,MEXICO1 ,9DIA & 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES4 ,)9 ?IS MOVEM5T ORGANIZATIONS COMPRIS+ HUNDR$ OR A ?\S& MEMB]S 7E4G4 LIKE ! RURAL LABOR]S' UNION ,S,O,C 9 ,&ALUSIA7 >E ACTIVE ALONG ) MASS ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! ,M,/ 9 ,BRAZIL OR ! ,9DIAN PEASANT_/F>M]S' ORGANIZATIONS :OSE MEMB]%IP T\*ES A MILLION4 ,S9CE #aiic ,VIA ,CAMPES9A1 AN UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION1 COORD9ATES ! GLOBAL PEASANT MOVEM5T & ! ACTIONS ( ITS AFFILIAT$ ORGANIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ P>TICIPATION 9 ,WORLD ,SOCIAL ,=UM & ! PRES5CE AT_/AGA9/ ! ,G#h SUMMITS4 ,9 T]MS ( P[] POLITICS ! '%IFT T[>DS ! POLITICAL LEFT' 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 7,BRAZIL1 ,BOLIVIA7 IS ATTRIBUT$ TO !SE MOVEM5TS4 

,! UPRIS+ 9 ,*IAPAS WAS DECISIVE 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,E,Z,L,N DID NOT PLACE !IR EMPHASIS & HOPE ON ! POT5TIAL & REALITIES ( PROLET>IANIZATION1 ! EXP]I5CES ( RURAL & URBAN WAGE LABOR1 ! EXP]I5CES ( MIGRATION4 .<#f.> ,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !IR [N BASE IS COMPOS$ ( 7RE-MIGRAT$7 RURAL PROLET>IANS1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS RI<T FROM ! />T EMPHASIZ$ ! VALUES ( 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES & LOOK$ = ALLIANCES ) ! GLOBAL POLITICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,?IS ATTEMPT TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ ! P]MAN5T 5CIRCLEM5T BY ! ,MEXICAN >MY & 'AGA9/ NEO-LIB]ALISM' REMA9$ WEAK4 ,! SUBSEQU5T EF=T TO RELY LESS ON AN OM9\S CIVIL SOCIETY & LEFT-W+ P>TIES1 BUT TO CREATE A NET-WORK ) 9DEP5D5T & MORE RADICAL GR\PS 9/EAD -- ! ,O!R ,CAMPAIGN -- WAS NOT ABLE TO PREV5T ! 9T5SIFICATION ( REPRESSION4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #bg ,SUBCOM&ANTE ,M>COS ANN\NC$ ! PRELIM9>Y )DRAWAL FROM ! PUBLIC1 REF]R+ TO ! 'LACK+ SOCIAL RESPONSE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CIVIL ,SOCIETY' & ! 'SMELL ( W>'4 ,P>TICUL>LY ! EXAMPLES ( ,BRAZIL & ,BOLIVIA %[ ?AT ! 'MOVE TO ! POLITICAL LEFT' HAPP5S AT ! EXP5SES ( ! MOVEM5T :I* HAD HELP$ ! NEW GOV]NM5TS TO SEIZE P[] 7SEE BEL[7 -- ! MOVEM5TS HAD FOCUS$ ON ! POLITICAL >5A DISREG>D+ ! POSSIBILITY ( TAK+ MORE RADICAL /EPS DUE TO ! CURR5T SOCIAL TURMOIL & TRANS=MATION .<,UMWALZUNG.>4 

,PROLET>IANIZATION & ,SEMI-,PROLET>IANIZATION 

,CLASSICAL ,M>XISM & ,MAOISM CATEGORIZ$ ! RURAL POPULATION ACCORD+ TO !IR L&-PROP]TY3 BIG1 M$IUM & SMALL F>M]S & RURAL LABOR]S4 ,?IS MADE S5SE = ! SO-CALL$ 'C5T]'1 = ?OSE C\NTRIES :I* W]E 9DU/RIALIZ$ BETWE5 ! 5D ( ! #a#i? & ! MID-#b? C5TURY4 ,9 ! ,U,S & 9 ,EUROPE ! %>E ( WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 9DU/RIES T\*$ #d P] C5T AS E>LY AS BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 #ahg & #aig ! NUMB]S WORK+ 9 AGRICULTURE %RUNK TO FIVE TO T5 P] C5T OR EV5 L[] 79 ! ,U,S TODAY ! PROPORTION IS BEL[ TWO P] C5T74 ,9 ,5GL&1 ! ,U,S1 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO CAPITALI/IC RELATIONS -- A PROCESS :I* WAS /ILL HAPP5+ UP TO ! #a#i#fS6 -- ) ! RESULT ?AT '9 ! WE/' ! PEASANT QUE/ION HAS CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,9 ! SO-CALL$ ,?IRD ,WORLD ! RURAL POPULATION IS SUCK$ 9 BY A PROCESS ( DEP5D5T 9DU/RIALIZATION3 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION = ! WORLD M>KET4 ,9 SOME REGIONS /RONG LABOR MOVEM5TS EM]G$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS PROCESS 7E4G4 9 ,S\? ,KOREA 9 ! #a#i#hS74 ,UNLIKE 9 ! C\NTRIES ( ! 'C5T]'1 9 ?OSE ( ! 'P]IPH]Y' ! TRI*OTOMY ( BIG1 M$IUM & SMALL PEASANTS_/RURAL WORK]S MAKES LITTLE S5SE4 ,9 !SE REGIONS ! SOCIAL /RATA >E POL>IZ$ BETWE5 BIG F>M]S & SMALL PEASANTS_/RURAL WORK]S2 ! PROCESS ( SEMI-PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! SMALL PEASANTS & RURAL LABOR]S DESCRIB$ ABOVE IS ! MAT]IAL BACKGR\ND = ! ',NEW ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS'4 

,! NEW F>M]S' MOVEM5TS 

,9 ! FOLL[+ WE N>R[ \R FOCUS TO ,9DIA1 ,BRAZIL & P>TS ( ,C5TRAL & ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ANY?+ ELSE W\LD GO BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ONE >TICLE4 

,9DIA 

,9DIA IS ! C\NTRY ( VILLAGES H>BOR+ ! CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 L&$ PEASANTS1 BIG F>M]S & A CLASS ( ! L&LESS4 ,MANY H\SEHOLDS BECAME SMALL PEASANTS NO E>LI] !N DUR+ ! TIME ( L& RE=MS #c YE>S AGO -- A PROCESS ( 'PEASANTISATION' TAK+ PLACE ON LITTLE & BAD L& :I* RESULTS 9 A CONT9U\S FL[ BACK & =? BETWE5 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION & WAGE LABOR4 ,! AV]AGE SIZE ( L& P] H\SEHOLD HAS HALV$ S9CE ! #a#i#fS 7#a#i#f#a3 #b4#f HECT>ES -- #a#i#i#b3 #a4#c HECT>ES7 & ! NUMB] ( FAMILIES HOLD+ LESS ?AN 4#b HECT>ES HAS 9CREAS$ FROM #fb P] C5T 9 #aiga TO #ga P] C5T 9 #a#i#i#b4 ,AB\T #db P] C5T ( ! RURAL POPULATION DOES [N L& AT ALL4 ,! APPROXIMATELY FIVE P] C5T ( BIG & MIDDLE-SIZE F>M]S HOLD #db P] C5T ( ! L&4 #h P] C5T ( ! ,9DIAN PEASANTS >E NOT ABLE TO SURVIVE BY PL[+ !IR L&1 ONLY #ce P] C5T ( ! AV]AGE L&$ RURAL H\SEHOLD'S 9COME /EMS FROM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION4 ,! POORE/ P>T ( ! POPULATION /AYS ON ! C\NTRYSIDE1 BECAUSE MOV+ TO ! CITY REQUIRES A M9IMUM ( RES\RCES 7A PIECE ( L&74 

,! ',NEW ,F>M]S' ,MOVEM5T' 7IT IS (T5 CALL$ A 'F>M]' 9/EAD ( 'PEASANT' MOVEM5T7 :I* EM]G$ AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i#gS >E A PRODUCT ( ! SO-CALL$ ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION .<#g.>4 ,! NEW LAY]S ( M$IUM & BIG F>M]S :O PRODUCE = ! M>KET >E ITS ACTIVE CORE4 ,!Y >E HELD TOGE!R BY POPULI/ IDEOLOGIES 7E4G4 RURAL POPULATION AGA9/ ! URBAN SOCIETY7 & !IR COMMON 9T]E/ 9 HI<] PRICES = AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#hS !SE /RATA ( F>M]S1 :O MANAG$ TO PROSP] DUR+ ! ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION1 >E CONFRONT$ ) DECREAS+ PRICES & PR(ITS3 ! CLIMAX ( ! MOVEM5T HAPP5$ 9 ! MID-LATE #a#i#hS 9 ! /ATES ( ! ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION 7,MAH>A/RA1 ,UTT> ,PRADE%1 ,PUNJAB1 ,H>YANA74 ,BACK !N HUNDR$S ( ?\S& PEOPLE TOOK P>T 9 ! MOBILIZATIONS1 ?\S&S GOT >RE/$ DUR+ ACTIONS1 DOZ5S GOT KILL$4 ,%ETK>I ,SANGA?ANA 9 ,MAH>A/RA1 ! ,BH>ATIYA ,KISAN ,UNION 7,B,K,U1 MA9LY ,PUNJAB & ,U,P7 & ! ,K,R,R,S 9 ,K>NATAKA >E ! BIGGE/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!SE RURAL MOVEM5TS >E TITL$ 'NEW'1 BECAUSE !Y H>DLY EV] ADDRESS ! QUE/ION ( L& DI/RIBUTION1 9/EAD ! PRICES TAKE C5T] /AGE 7F]TILIZ]1 ELECTRICITY ETC41 & M>KET & /ATE-GU>ANTE$ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT PRICES74 ,! =MS ( ACTION >E '( ! ACTIVI/ TYPE'3 RAILROADS >E BLOCK$1 /ATE (FICIALS >E D5I$ ACCESS TO ! VILLAGES2 AGRO-PRODUCTS >E )DRAWN FROM ! M>KET1 BILLS >E BOYCOTT$444 ,9 P>TS ( ! MOVEM5T WOM5 PLAY A DECISIVE ROLE1 'WOM5-SPECIFIC' DEM&S >E RAIS$1 AMONG O!RS AGA9/ ! D[RY-SY/EM1 AGA9/ ALCOHOL ABUSE & = ! SAME RI<T TO L& [N]%IP4 ,%ETK>I HAS ITS [N WOM5'S ORGANIZATION -- 9 #aihf AB\T #a#e1 WOM5 GA!R$ DUR+ A MEET+ -- :ILE ! ,B,K,U REPRES5TS ! RA!R PATRI>*AL NOR?4 

,9 G5]AL ! AGR>IAN ELITE -- ! BIG & M$IUM F>M]S1 ! UPP] L&[N+ CA/ES -- DOM9ATES ! MOVEM5T4 ,RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+ = ! MAJORITY ( ! RURAL PROLET>IAT !SE MOVEM5TS (F]$ ONLY LIMIT$ FUTURE PROMISES4 ,%ETK>I REGUL>LY SPOKE POSITIVELY AB\T ! POT5TIAL ( ! GLOBAL TRADE AGREEM5T & DUR+ ! F\ND+ CONF]5CE ! ISSUE ( ! 'SITUATION ( ! AGR>IAN LABOR]S' WAS DROPP$ FROM ! AG5DA4 ,DUR+ ! ,BOMBAY TEXTILE WORK]S' /RIKE 9 ! #a#i#hS ,%ETK>I HAD BETT] RELATIONS ) ! ASSOCIATIONS ( ! SMALL 5TREPR5EURS ( ! TRADE & TRANSPORT SECTOR ?AN ) ! URBAN UNIONS4 ,! ,B,K,U DIDN'T EV5 WANT TO DISCUSS ! M9IMUM WAGE = AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S4 ,DUR+ ! 5D ( ! #a#i#hS ! MORE MILITANT ACTIONS W]E R5\NC$ MORE (T5 GIV5 ?AT IT HAD BECOME CLE> TO ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT ! LEAP 9TO (FICIAL POLITICS WAS AB\T TO HAPP5 7E4G4 ,%ETK>I-BOSS ,JO%I GOT ! /ATUS ( A M9I/] 9 #aihi & ! *AIRMAN POSITION ( ! P]MAN5T GOV]NM5T C\NCIL = AGRICULTURAL QUE/IONS74 

,BRAZIL 

,ORIG9AT+ 9 ! COLONIAL PLANTATION ECONOMY1 AN EXTREME POL>IZATION BETWE5 L>GE-SCALE L& [N]%IP & A CLASS ( L&LESS WORK]S DEVELOP$4 ,ONLY 9 A FEW NI*ES >E SMALL PEASANTS ABLE TO SU/A9 !MSELVES4 ,ALONG ) ! D\BL+ ( ! AM\NT ( L& US$ = AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION S9CE ! #a#i#dS1 ! NUMB] ( M9IFUNDIAS 7SMALL FAMILY 5T]PRISES7 D\BL$ TOO4 ,!SE 5T]PRISES >E NOT A 'PRODUCT ( DIS9TEGRATION'1 BUT RA!R ! \TCOME ( A LATIFUNDIA-BAS$ ECONOMY 7LATIFUNDIA3 L>GE-SCALE L&HOLD+7 & ! EXT5SION ( AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RIES4 ,\T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( #ahh MILLION NE>LY #e MILLION H\SEHOLDS >E NOT ABLE TO LIVE (F !IR L&1 & #d4#e MILLION H\SEHOLDS DON'T [N L& AT ALL4 ,(FICIALLY ! NUMB] ( RURAL PROLET>IANS HAS HALV$ S9CE ! #a#i#gS4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ME*ANIZATION1 WAGE-LABOR IS ON ! 9CREASE 9 AGRICULTURAL FACTORIES1 EV5 9 ! =M ( P]MAN5T EMPLOYM5T1 :ILE WORK]S ( SMALL_/FAMILY BUS9ESSES *ANGE EMPLOYM5T BETWE5 RURAL LABOR1 WAGE LABOR 9 AGRO-BUS9ESSES OR O!R K9D ( WAGE LABOR4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( AGRO-FACTORIES & M>G9ALIZ$ M9IFUNDIAS RESULTS 9 =MS ( BOND$ LABOR BECOM+ MORE COMMON AGA94 .<#h.> 

,! ,M,/ WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#i#h#d4 ,! ORGANIZATION HAS A MEMB]%IP ( TWO MILLION1 AL?\< !RE >E S\RCES :I* /ATE SIGNIFICANTLY L[] NUMB]S4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #bg #a#g1 PEOPLE TOOK P>T 9 ITS #e? ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS4 

,! ISSUE ( L& OCCUPATION WAS ON ! AG5DA RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,! ORGANIZATION REF]S TO >TICLE #ahf ( ! ,BRAZILIAN CON/ITUTION ACCORD+ TO :I* !RE IS ! LEGAL RI<T TO OCCUPY 'UNPRODUCTIVE L&'4 ,! OCCUPATIONS >E P>T ( AN EF=T TO =M A BROAD-BAS$ ORGANIZATION AS P>T ( ! UNION MOVEM5T4 ,?REE POLITICAL-ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS >E AT ! C5T] ( ?IS EF=T3 ! RELATION TO ! ,BRAZILIAN ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,P,T71 POLICE_/MILIT>Y REPRESSION & ! '$UCATION' ( ! ORGANIZATION'S [N RANK-&-FILE MEMB]%IP4 ,P>TS ( ! ,M,/ MEMB]%IP >E =M] RURAL LABOR]S1 *ILDR5 ( SMALL PEASANTS1 MIGRANTS = :OM ! CITY CEAS$ TO BE A DE/9ATION4 ,!Y GA!R 9 CAMPS PIT*$ UP ALONGSIDE ! C5TRAL ROADS4 ,IT IS AN 9T5TIONAL PRACTICE ( ! ORGANIZATION ?AT !Y >E GA!R$1 $UCAT$ & TRA9$ 9 ! ACAMPAM5TOS1 VISIBLY AT ! ROAD-SIDE4 ,!Y LIVE 9 SIMPLE HUTS MADE ( PLA/IC T>PAUL91 & >E KN[N AS 'FILHOS DA LONA PR5TA' 7*ILDR5 ( ! BLACK T>PAUL974 ,!Y GR[ FOOD OR WORK 9 ! SURR\ND+ >EAS1 & !IR *ILDR5 GO ! S*OOL 9 ! NE>BY SETTLEM5TS OR T[NS4 ,9 MANY CASES A BROAD SUPPORT-NETWORK IS BUILT1 ) BUS CONNECTIONS E/ABLI%$4 ,! CAMPS >E ! />T+ PO9T = L& OCCUPATIONS4 ,! SECOND P>T ( ! ,M,/ LIVES ON ! ACTUAL OCCUPI$ L&1 ! SETTLEM5TS ( AGR>IAN RE=M4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ DECADE ( ITS EXI/5CE ! ,M,/ TRI$ TO SET UP 'PRODUCTION COOP]ATIVES' 9 ?OSE SETTLEM5TS4 ,9 MO/ CASES !SE EF=TS HAVE BE5 /OPP$ S9CE ! MID-#a#i#iS1 GIV5 ?AT DIFF]5TIATIONS ALONG ! B\ND>IES ( FAMILY CLANS OCCURR$ & ?AT MANY PEOPLE DIDN'T SEE ! 'RETURN' TO ! L& AS BE+ P]MAN5T4 ,MA9LY ! Y\NG] FOLKS LEAVE AGA91 ) AB\T #c P] C5T ( ! FAMILIES LEAV+ ! SETTLEM5TS AFT] A FEW YE>S4 

,ONCE ,LULA TOOK OV] GOV]NM5T ! ,M,/ GOT UND] D\BLE PRESSURE4 ,! ,M,/ ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE FROM ANY POLITICAL P>TY1 FIR/ ( ALL FROM ,LULA'S ,P,T4 ,NEV]!LESS ! ,M,/ ALWAYS RECEIV$ SUPPORT FROM ! /ATE1 & AGR>IAN & WELF>E POLICIES >E ( MAJOR IMPORTANCE = ! ,M,/'S ABILITY TO MOBILIZE4 ,! PROMIS$ L& RE=M DID NOT TAKE PLACE UND] ,LULA EI!R3 ! GOV]NM5T BETS ON PRODUCTION = EXPORT & ( AGR(UELS4 ,9 #bd AS MANY PEOPLE W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! L& AS GOT HOLD ( L& ?R\< AGR>IAN RE=M4 ,DESPITE ?IS FACT ! NUMB]S ( L& OCCUPATIONS HAVE DRA/ICALLY %RUNK S9CE ,LULA TOOK OV] GOV]NM5T 9 #b#b3 9 #bc !RE W]E /ILL AB\T #c1 9 #bd !RE W]E #a#e1 9 #bg NOT EV5 #e4 ,! NUMB]S ( ACAMPAM5TOS HAVE ALL$G$LY DECREAS$ BY #f P] C5T S9CE #b#c4 ,9/EAD ( C>RY+ \T L& RE=M ,LULA R$I/RIBUT$ WELF>E MONEY ON A L[ LEVEL3 TODAY AB\T ELEV5 MILLION FAMILIES RECEIVE ! SO-CALL$ ,BOLSA ,FAMILIA1 A K9D ( 'FAMILY B5EFIT'4 ,AS A RESULT ! LIFE 9 ! T[NS BECOMES MORE ATTRACTIVE AGA91 COMP>$ TO ! 'H>D LIFE' 9 ! CAMPS4 ',! PEOPLE FROM ! URBAN >EAS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 \R T>GET GR\P1 BUT N[ !Y DON'T WANT TO RETURN TO ! L& & BE> ! H>D LIFE 9 ! CAMPS4 .<#i.> 

,BOLIVIA 

,9 ,BOLIVIA !RE IS A L&LESS MOVEM5T1 TOO4 ,! ,MOVIMI5TO ,S9 ,T]RA 7,M,/7 WAS F\ND$ 9 #b4 ,SIMIL>LY TO ! ,M,/ 9 ,BRAZIL ! ORGANIZATION COMPRISES PROLET>IANS :O 'LIVE 9 BETWE5 C\NTRYSIDE & T[N'4 ,ITS /RON<OLDS >E 9 ! EA/]N PROV9CES1 :]E ! POL>IZATION BETWE5 AGRO-FACTORIES & L&LESS_/RURAL PROLET>IAT IS ! MO/ PRON\NC$4 ,L& OCCUPATIONS HAVE BE5 SUCCESSFUL TIME & AGA9 DESPITE REPRESSION1 & HAVE RESULT$ 9 ! MEMB]%IP ( ! MOVEM5T 9CREAS+ TO #e14 ,%ORTLY BE=E ,MORALES' GOV]NM5T TOOK OV]1 ! ,M,/ SPLIT3 AMONG O!R REASONS OV] ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ! MOVEM5T %\LD CONT9UE ! L& OCCUPATIONS 9 FUTURE4 ,?IS CONTROV]SY WAS ! 5TRY PO9T ,MORALES' GOV]NM5T TRI$ TO USE TO GET A FOOT 9 ! DOOR3 ,! MOVEM5T'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! GOV]NM5TAL DEBATES CONC]N+ ! CON/ITUTIONAL ASSEMBLY .<V]FASSUNGSGEB5DE ,V]SAMMLUNG.> WAS ONLY GRANT$ ON ! CONDITION ?AT ! L& OCCUPATIONS W\LD BE SUSP5D$4 

,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA3 ,HONDURAS 

,!RE >E TWO MA9 REASONS = ! COLLAPSE ( SUBSI/5CE F>M+ AMONG SMALL PEASANTS 9 ,HONDURAS3 9T]NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL REGULATION & ! PROXIMITY TO ! ,U,S4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#iS RICE -- AFT] CORN & BEANS ! ?IRD MO/ IMPORTANT FOOD-/UFF 9 ,HONDURAS -- WAS PRODUC$ BY #b#e1 RICE F>M]S2 BY #be !IR NUMB] HAD %RUNK5 TO #a1#c4 ,! REASON BEH9D ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS ! IMPORTS FROM ! ,U,S4 ,BETWE5 #aiid & #b ! PRICES ( ! FIVE LEAD+ RICE IMPORT]S DECREAS$ BY #d P] C5T :ILE CONSUM] PRICES 9CREAS$ BY OV] T5 P] C5T4 ,= ! SMALL PEASANTS ?IS MEANT ?AT !Y >E =C$ TO EKE \T A LIV+ *ANG+ BETWE5 SUBSI/5CE F>M+ & WORK MIGRATION 9 A 'D\BLE S5SE'3 SOME ( !M MIGRATE TO ! ,U,S OR TO ! 9DU/RIAL >EAS ( ! ,MAQUILADORAS 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA2 ! SURVIVAL ( !IR RELATIVES BACK HOME IS BAS$ ON !IR MONEY TRANSF]4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE MORE & MORE PEOPLE LEAVE !IR SOIL1 LOOK+ = DIFF]5T S\RCES ( 9COME4 ,! PRODUCTION ON !IR [N PAT* ( L& JU/ AB\T COV]S ! DAILY NE$ = FOOD-/UFFS4 

,LA ,VIA ,CAMPES9A 

444:5 IT WAS F\ND$ 9 #aiic ,LA ,VIA ,CAMPES9A WAS AN EXPRESSION ( ! BROAD BASE & /R5G? ( ! ',NEW ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS'1 BUT FIFTE5 YE>S LAT] ! LIMITATIONS CONC]N+ ITS POLITICAL CONT5T 7'! PEASANTS'7 & ORGANIZATIONAL =MS 7'NETWORK+'7 HAVE BECOME OBVI\S4  

,IT WAS NOT BY *ANCE ?AT ,LA ,VIA ,CAMPES9A WAS =M$ #aiic 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA & ?AT BETWE5 #aiif & #bc ! MA9 (FICE WAS SITUAT$ 9 ,HONDURAS4 ,LA ,VIA ,CAMPES9A WAS PRODUCT ( AN 9ITIATIVE ( PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS FROM ,NOR?1 ,C5TRAL & ,S\? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE4 ,! #a#i#iS W]E '! DECADE ( ! ,N,G,OS'3 MANY ( ! 9ITIAL MEMB]-ORGANIZATIONS ( ,VIA ,CAMPES9A W]E F9ANCIALLY & ORGANIZATIONALLY DEP5D5T ON !SE ,N,G,OS4 ,LA ,VIA ,CAMPES9A LE>N$ FROM ?IS & MADE AN EF=T TO BECOME MORE 9DEP5D5T4 ,S9CE ! #a#i#iS ! 'GLOBAL CAMPAIGN = AGR>IAN RE=M' WAS A FOCAL PO9T ( ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,VIA ,CAMPES9A CRITICIZ$ ! IMPACT ( ! L& RE=MS SPONSOR$ BY ! ,WORLD ,BANK 7'RE=MS DET]M9$ BY ! M>KET'7 & OPPOS$ !SE POLICIES ) DEM&S = A 'TRUE L& RE=M'3 ! /RATEGY ( ! ORGANIZATION CAN BE SUMM$ UP AS 'EXPOSE & OPPOSE'4 ,A /RATEGIC BL5D ( M$IA CAMPAIGNS1 WELL-PUBLICIZ$ PRES5CE AT BIG GLOBAL EV5TS & LOCAL SUPPORT ( PEASANT MOVEM5TS1 BUT ALSO MEET+S ) REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,F,A,O 7! AGR>IAN ORGANIZATION ( ! ,U,N7 & ,I,F,A,D 7,9T]NATIONAL ,FUND = ,AGRICULTURAL ,DEVELOPM5T1 ANO!R ,U,N 9/ITUTION74 

,9 ! MEANTIME ! GA9S >E EVALUAT$ ACCORD+ TO SELF-DEF9$ CRIT]IA3 DID WE MANAGE TO IMPOSE ! TOPIC8 ,WAS IT POSSIBLE TO PUT PRESSURE ON POLITICAL ACTORS8 ,DID !Y *ANGE !IR ATTITUDE8 ,DID ?IS RESULT 9 REAL *ANGES8 ,CRIT]IA FROM ! WORLD ( NETWORK+4 ,BUT EV5 IF WE APPLY SU* CRIT]IA WE CAN /ATE AS A MATT] ( FACT ?AT QUANTITATIVELY NOT MU* HAS BE5 A*IEV$4 ,ESS5TIALLY !RE >E TWO REASONS = ?IS3 ,FIR/LY1 ! =M ( ! NETWORK TOO (T5 REPLACES 'A POLITICAL ANALYSIS ( REALITY1 (T5 EV5 IMP$ES IT 7,RILES1 #b#a1 ,$ELMANN #b#h74 ,SECONDLY1 ! 9ITIAL /R5G? ( ! MOVEM5T 7MULTI-FACET$ COMPOSITION7 HAS TURN$ 9TO A WEAKNESS 7CLASS DIFF]5TIATIONS & POLITICAL DIFF]5CES74 ,9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES & ,9DIA ! SITUATION IS D[NRI<T 'BLOCK$'1 E4G4 9 ,9DIA ! ,K,R,R,S & ! ,B,K,U 7SEE ABOVE7 >E ! MA9 ORGANIZATIONS ( ,VIA ,CAMPES9A4 ,!SE TWO ORGANIZATIONS (T5 KEEP SMALL]1 MO/LY PROLET>IAN GR\PS '\T'4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE DUR+ ! PA/ YE>S !RE HAVE BE5 V>I\S R[S 9SIDE ! ORGANIZATION4 

,REVOLUTION 9/EAD ( ',ALLIANCES' 

,! QUE/ION ( H[ WORK]S & PEASANTS W\LD BE ABLE TO GET TOGE!R HAS BE5 ONE ( ! QUE/IONS ( ! #b? C5TURY1 P]HAPS ! MA9 ONE4 ,& = A LONG TIME ! ANSW] ( A MAJOR P>T ( ! POLITICAL LEFT WAS PEASANT REVOLUTION ( ONE K9D OR ! O!R4 ,EV5 AFT] ! GLOBAL MOVEM5T ( #aifh ,MAOISM SEEP$ 9TO ! T[NS ( ! WE/]N WORLD -- IF ONLY 9 ! =M ( RIDICUL\S ATTEMPTS ( P>TY =MATION ( V>I\S SELF-PROCLAIM$ NEW ,C,PS1 BUT AFT] ALL ?AT WAS A GLOBAL PH5OM5ON6 ,9 ! LONG T]M H[EV]1 '#a#i#f#h' WAS ! F9AL BL[ = ,MAOISM1 AS = ANY O!R DEVELOPM5TAL IDEOLOGY4 ,TODAY ! PEASANTS >E NOT PRESS$ 9TO S]VICE = CAT*-UP CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 TODAY !Y >E CALL$ ON AS A =CE TO *ECK ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 E4G4 ,JAMES ,PETRAS ASSUMES ?AT ! ',NEW ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS' >E ! VANGU>D AGA9/ IMP]IALISM 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,& 9 ?IS S5SE S9CE ,*IAPAS & ,SEATTLE ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T SEES ! ',NEW ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS' AT ! FRONT-L9E ( ! /RUGGLE 'GLOBAL S\? AGA9/ GLOBAL NOR?'4 

,\R %ORT GLIMPSE AT ! SOCIAL COMPOSITION ( ! V>I\S PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS SUFFIC$ TO REFUTE !SE ASSUMPTIONS4 ,DISREG>D+ ALL !ORETICAL-POLITICAL DIFF]5CES ! F9D+S -- BE IT ( LEFT-W+_/,M>XI/ AGRO-EXP]TS OR ( 'MA9/REAM ECONOMI/S' -- >E ! SAME3 'SEMI-PROLET>IANIZATION' IS ! PREVAIL+ =M ( PROLET>IANIZATION1 A SITUATION :I* RESULTS 9 SUBSI/5CE (T5 NOT BE+ AVAILABLE AS A 'FALL-BACK OPTION' ANY MORE4 ',TRADITIONAL F>M+' .<#a.> H>DLY EXI/S ANYMORE1 & AT ! SAME TIME WAGE LABOR 9CREASES ON A GLOBAL SCALE1 9CLUD+ FACTORY WAGE LABOR4 .<#a#a.> 

,EV5 ! FOLL[]S ( AN 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL REPRES5TATION ( ! SMALL PEASANTRY CRITICIZE ! 'SUBSI/5CE P]SPECTIVE' AS A VIEW FROM ! IVORY T[] 7E4G4 ,WI5OLD #b#g1 ,9KOTA LETT] #a#d#d74 ,IT HAS BE5 ! /RONG PO9T ( ! 'PEASANT MOVEM5TS' ?AT !Y TAKE ! REAL DEVELOPM5TS AS !IR />T+ PO9T 9/EAD ( />T+ FROM IDEOLOGIES 7'SUBSI/5CE'7 & ROMANTICIZ$ PICTURES :I* >E PROJECT$ ONTO !M4 

,DUR+ ! LA/ #ce YE>S ( CRISIS-ATTACK ! PEASANT MOVEM5TS HAVE SEEM$ /RONG2 FIR/LY1 BECAUSE ! WORK]S' MOVEM5TS HAVE BE5 WEAK2 SECONDLY1 BECAUSE ! 'NEW PEASANT MOVEM5TS' TOOK AS ITS />T+ PO9T ! 'UNEV5 & NONUNI=M' *>ACT] ( PROLET>IANIZATION4 ,SOME POLITICAL APPROA*ES TRY TO CAPTURE ! RELATION BETWE5 SURPLUS VALUE PRODUCTION 9 ! =M ( 9DU/RIAL COMMODITY PRODUCTION ON ONE SIDE & ! PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION ( LABOR P[] -- ! PRECONDITION = CAPITALI/ ACCUMULATION -- ON ! O!R4 ,9 ! #a#i#hS SOME ( !M SEEM$ ABLE TO BR+ TOGE!R !SE TWO POLES 7,=TUNATI1 ,CAFF5TZIS1 ,MEILLASS\X1 ,F$]ICI74 ,JU/ LIKE ! FACTORY AS LOCATION = ! /RUGGLE ( ! PRODUC]S1 ! LABOR M>KET & FAMILY >E PLACES ( /RUGGLE OV] ! PRODUCTION & REPRODUCTION ( ! COMMODITY LABOR =CE4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 BAS$ ON ?IS DEBATE1 ,G4,CAFF5TZIS FROM ! ,MIDNI<T ,NOTES HAS DEVELOP$ A ',LABOR-,P[] ,PRODUCTION APPROA*'4 ,HE >GUES ?AT ! DEF5SE ( 'GU>ANTEES ( SUBSI/5CE' AGA9/ ! ATTACKS ( CAPITAL 7EXPULSION FROM ! L&1 CUTS ( WELF>E-/ATE B5EFITS1 ! DISMANTL+ ( ! C\NTRIES ( ! =M] REAL-SOCIALISM7 & ! /RUGGLES OV] ! 'COMMONS' >E ! GLOBAL FRONT-L9E4 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE AN ATTRACTIVE APPROA* GIV5 ?AT IT IT DOESN'T SEEM TO BE TOO DIFFICULT TO PLACE ONESELF ON ! RI<T SIDE ( ! B>RICADE1 BUT ?IS IDEALIZ+ P]SPECTIVE IS LESS & LESS ABLE TO CLE>LY SEE & UND]/& ! ACTUAL /RUGGLES4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE DRIFTS T[>DS A MORAL D5UNCIATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! NOR? & BY ONLY FOCUS+ ON ! 'DEF5SE AGA9/ ! ATTACKS ( CAPITAL' MISSES TO NOTICE ! POT5TIALS :I* EM]GE1 E4G4 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLES 9 ,9DIA OR ,EGYPT 7SEE RELAT$ >TICLES 9 ! ,G]MAN ISSUE ( ,WILDCAT74 ,9 ,*9A1 AS WELL1 ! SECOND G5]ATION ( MIGRANT WORK]S1 = :OM ! RETURN TO ! C\NTRYSIDE IS LESS & LESS ( AN OPTION1 9DICATES A POLITICAL RE-COMPOSITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,COMP>$ TO SU* BR&-NEW RELEASES ( IDEOLOGY PRODUCTION1 ,M>X'S EF=T TO RELATE ! CRISIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE COMMUNITY TO ! CRISIS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION IS WAY MORE UP-TO-DATE3 TODAY WE ACTUALLY EXP]I5CE ! =MATION ( A GLOBAL WORK+ CLASS :OSE CONDITIONS >E IMM5SELY DIV]SE1 BUT :O EXI/ 9 DIRECT RELATION TO EA* O!R4 ,AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( AN ABS\TE & RELATIVE 7TO ! TOTAL WORLD POPULATION7 9CREASE ( WAGE LABOR 9 ! NOR?1 S\?1 EA/ & WE/1 9 ! T[NS1 9 ! C\NTRY-SIDE1 9 ! FACTORIES1 CALL C5T]S & AGRO-FACTORIES1 WE HAVE TO TRY TO CAPTURE ! GLOBAL P]SPECTIVE )9 =MS ( EXPLOITATION & WORK & ( C\RSE )9 ! /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! SUBORD9ATION UND] ! GLOBAL CAPITAL RELATION3 H[ DOES A GLOBAL WORK+ CLASS CON/ITUTES ITSELF )9 GLOBAL SOCIAL COOP]ATION AS AN ACT+ SUBJECT8 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS >TICLE WE ADVOCAT$ F9ALLY GETT+ RID (F ,L59I/ & ,MAOI/ P]SPECTIVES4 ,WE ALSO HAVE TO GET ! P]SPECTIVE ( '! /RUGGLE AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM' \T ( ! HEADS1 ! RE=MI/ NOTION ( WANT+ TO 'TAME' CAPITALISM4 .<#a#b.> 

,=MULAT+ HIS !SIS ( A ',NEW ,PROLET>ITY' 9 #a#i#i#d1 ,K4,H4 ,RO? TRI$ TO 9ITIATE A DEBATE ON ! GLOBAL 'HOMOG5IZATION' UND] A GLOBAL CAPITAL RELATION4 ,GIV5 ! =MATION ( A GLOBAL WORK+ CLASS HE POS$ ! QUE/ION ( '! TASKS ( ! LEFT'4 ,! ATTEMPT FAIL$1 ! !SIS ( 'HOMOG5IZATION' WAS MISUND]/OOD AS A GLOBAL ALIGNM5T ( LIV+ CONDITIONS1 ! QUE/ION CONC]N+ ! =MATION ( A GLOBAL WORK+ CLASS WAS MADE DEFUNCT BY PETTY !ORETICAL QU>RELS4 ,N[ W\LD BE ! RI<T TIME TO RE/>T FROM ! 'GLOBAL PAT*WORK' ( EXPLOITATION .<#a#c.>1 AFT] FIFTE5 YE>S ( EXP]I5CES ) & )9 ! 'NEW PEASANT MOVEM5TS'1 ) T5 YE>S )9 V>I\S NO-GLOBAL MOVEM5TS1 AGA9/ ! BACKGR\ND ( ! CURR5T FOOD RIOTS1 ! FOOD CRISIS & ! SO-CALL$ 'CLIMATE-QUE/ION'4 

,LIT]ATURE 

,]IC ,WOLF1 ,PEASANT ,W>S ( ! ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY1 #aifi 

,B>R+TON ,MOORE1 ,SOZIALE ,URSPRUNGE VON ,DIKATUR UND ,DEMOKRATIE1 #aiff 

,HANS ,WI5OLD1 ,LEB5 UND ,/]B5 AUF DEM ,L& 7,9DI5 UND ,BRASILI571 ,WE/FALIS*ES ,DAMPFBOOT #bg 

,LOR5 ,GOLDN]1 ,COMMUNISM IS ! MAT]IAL HUMAN COMMUNITY1 WWW4GEOCITIES4COM 

,SILVIA ,P]EZ-,VITORIA1 ,BAU]N FUR DIE ,ZUKUNFT1 ,ROTPUNKTV]LAG #bg 

,ANETTE ,DESM>AIS1 ,LA ,VIA ,CAMPES9A1 ,PLUTO ,PRESS #bg 

,ANNELISE ,RILES1 ,! NETWORK 9SIDE \T1 ,MI*IGAN ,PRESS #b 

,TOM ,BRASS1 ,NEW ,F>M] ,MOVEM5TS 9 ,9DIA1 #a#i#i#e1 ,LIBR>Y ( ,PEASANT ,/UDIES ,NO4#a#b 

,BRYCESON1 ,KAY & ,MOOJI1 ,DISAPPE>+ ,PEASANTRIES1 ,RURAL ,LABOR 9 ,AFRICA1 ,ASIA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 #b 

,SAM ,MOYO @& ,P>IS ,Y]OS1 ,RECLAIM+ ! ,L&2 ,! ,RESURG5CE ( ,RURAL ,MOVEM5TS 9 ,AFRICA1 ,ASIA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA2 ,Z$ ,BOOKS #be 

,J\RNAL ( ,AGR>IAN ,*ANGE1 ,SPECIAL ,ISSUE ON ,TRANSNATIONAL ,AGR>IAN ,MOVEM5TS1 ,APRIL_/,JULY #b#h2 ,BALETTI1 ,M>C ,$ELMANN1 ,SATURNIO ,M4 ,BORRAS1 ,XO*TIL ,BADA_/,J4,FOX 

,GEORGE ,CAFF5TZIS1 ,ON ! ,NOTION ( A ,CRISIS ( ,SOCIAL ,REPRODUCTION3 ,A ,!ORETICAL ,REVIEW4 7,CAFF5TZIS #b#b3 WWW4COMMON]4ORG4UK 1 ,S4#a#cFF74 

,GEORGE ,CAFF5TZIS1 ,NO ,BLOOD ,= ,O,I,L1 ,5]GY1 ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE1 & ,W>1 #a#i#i#h-#b#d1 9 ! WEB3 WWW4RADICALPOLYTICS4ORG 

,WALL]/E91 ,IMMANUEL1 #a#i#i#e3 ,HI/ORICAL ,CAPITALISM1 ) ,CAPITALI/ ,CIVILIZATION4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO 

,JAMES ,PETRAS3 PETRAS4LAHA9E4ORG 

  

.<#a.> ',! MO/ DRAMATIC & F>-REA*+ SOCIAL *ANGE ( ! SECOND HALF ( ?IS C5TURY1 :I* HAS SEP>AT$ US FROM ! WORLD ( ! PA/ = EV]1 WAS ! DEA? ( ! PEASANTRY444 ,ONCE ! C\NTRYSIDE GETS DES]T$1 ! T[NS BEG9 TO GR[4 ,! WORLD ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY WAS URBANIZ$ ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE4@<@< 7,]IC ,HOBSBAWN1 ,! ,AGE ( ,EXTREMES3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,WORLD #aiad -- #a#i#i#a7 

.<#b.> ,S9CE #aif ! ABSOLUTE VOLUME ( TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION HAS D\BL$3 9 #be #ahe MILLION MIGRANTS W]E ON ! MOVE1 ?IS WAS ?REE P] C5T ( ! WORLD POPULATION4 ,! REGIONAL CONC5TRATION ( MIGRATION CORRESPONDS TO ! 9CREAS+ POL>IZATION ( ! GLOBAL SOCIETY3 :ILE 9 ! #a#i#gS ONLY HALF ( ! TOTAL 9CREASE ( MIGRATION REA*$ ! METROPOLITAN C\NTRIES1 9 ! #a#i#iS NE>LY ! TOTAL 9CREASE ( MIGRATION 5D$ UP 9 ,ASIA1 ,EUROPE OR ! ,U,S,A4 ,MO/ ( ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES HAVE BECOME 'DEPLOYM5T C\NTRIES'4 

.<#c.> ,?IS QUOTE /EMS FROM ! ,G]MAN V]SION ( ,L59'S WORKS1 IT DOES NOT SEEM TO APPE> 9 ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ! M5TION$ TWO TEXTS4 

.<#d.> 0,PREOBRAZH5SKY POSITS ?AT ! 'WORK]S' /ATE CAN CONSCI\SLY & REALIZE :AT1 HI/ORICALLY1 ! CAPITALI/ /ATE HAD REALIZ$ BL9DLY & BLOODILY -- ! TRANS=MATION ( ! AGR>IAN PETTY PRODUC]S 9TO FACTORY WORK]S4 7,IT WAS LEFT TO ,/AL9 TO REALIZE ?IS TRANS=MATION CONSCI\SLY & BLOODILY470 ,! >TICLE ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ 93 ,CRITIQUE #b#c1 #aiia 

.<#e.> ,SEE3 ,WILDCAT >TICLE ',:I* WAY TO ! REVOLUTION PLEASE8' OR ,LOR5 ,GOLDN]'S >TICLE ',COMMUNISM IS ! MAT]IAL HUMAN COMMUNITY' WWW4WILDCAT-WWW4DE WWW4GEOCITIES4COM 

.<#f.> ,= FUR!R READ+ AB\T ! 9T5SE DEBATE AB\T ,*IAPAS3 FLAG4BLACK5$4NET 

.<#g.> ,! 'OLD PEASANT MOVEM5T' :I* EM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#cS UND] ! DOM9ANCE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TURN$ MORE & MORE 9TO A MASS MOBILIZATION = ! POLITICAL P>TIES -- UP TO ! COM+ 9TO P[] ( ! ,C,PS 9 ,WE/ ,B5GAL & ,K]ALA4 ,ONCE IT GOT HOLD ( /ATE P[] ! ,C,P TURN$ AGA9/ ! MORE RADICAL W+S ( ! RURAL MOVEM5TS4 ,! ,MAOI/ MOVEM5TS :I* APPE>$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS CONT9UE TO EXI/ TO ?IS DAY4 ,?IS MOVEM5T WAS =M$ MA9LY BY AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 /UD5TS & URBAN PROLET>IAT1 LESS BY PEASANTS4 ,TODAY ! ,MAOI/ MOVEM5T -- = EXAMPLE 9 ,ORISSA & ,BIH> -- HAS MORE OR LESS TURN$ 9TO A MILIT>IZ$ >MY OR E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS LOCAL ADM9I/RATIONS4 

.<#h.> ,9 REC5T YE>S 9 ,BRAZIL #d1 TO #f1 CASES ( 'DEBT-BONDAGE' OR 'NEW SLAV]Y' >E (FICIALLY D5\NC$ EA* YE>1 MO/ ( !M 9 ! BIGG] AGRO-BUS9ESSES DUR+ ! PEAK P]IOD ( ! H>VE/4 ,! P5ALTIES CAN BE PAID FROM ! PETTY CA%4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! 'OLD SLAV]Y' !RE IS NO LEGAL [N]-%IP ( ! P]SON 9 QUE/ION4 ,LABOR IS 5=C$ BY VIOL5CE & '9DEBT$NESS' 7E4G4 'ADVANC$ FOOD-/UFF' HAS TO BE PAID1 MEAN+ WORK$ (F74 

.<#i.> ,QUOTATION FROM ! ,M,/1 QUOT$ 9 ! ,G]MAN NEWSLETT] ,9KOTA #a#d#d1 ,JUNE #bh 

.<#a.> ',TRADITIONAL F>M+' IS A HEAVILY DEBAT$ NOTION4 ,9 ! 'WE/'1 DUE TO 9DU/RIALIZATION1 F>M+ WASN'T ?AT 'TRADITIONAL' ANY MORE FROM V]Y E>LY ON4 ,! CURR5T MODES ( F>M+ 9 ! P]IPH]Y >E PRODUCTS ( COLONIALISM4 ,TODAY 'TRADITIONAL F>M+' IS COMMONLY UND]/OOD AS A UNITY :I* EMPLOYS ONLY LITTLE OR NO ALI5 WORK-=CE1 :I* PRODUCES = ITSELF OR ONLY SELLS A SMALL SURPLUS PRODUCT 7FAMILY F>M+7 

.<#a#a.> ,I,L,O FIGURES FROM #b#g3 9 #bf !RE WAS AN (FICIAL WORK+ POPULATION ( #b4#i BILLION1 ?IS IS #af P] C5T MORE ?AN 9 #a#i#i#f4 ,9 #bf \T ( !SE #b4#i BILLION #bb P] C5T WORK 9 MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES1 9 #aiif IT HAS BE5 #b#a4#e P] C5T4 ,! NUMB] ( PEOPLE WORK+ 9 AGRICULTURE HAS DECREAS$ FROM #dc P] C5T 9 #aiif TO #* P] C5T 9 #b#f4 ,9 ! SAME P]IOD ! %>E ( S]VICE 9DU/RIES HAS 9CREAS$ FROM #ce P] C5T TO #d P] C5T4 7LOT ( '9DU/RIAL WORK' IS HIDD5 BEH9D ! NUMB]S = AGRICULTURAL WORK & S]VICE7 

.<#a#b.> ,= FUR!R READ+3 ,RI*>D ,GREEMAN1 ,DANG]\S ,%ORTCUTS -- CAN BE D[NLOAD$ H]E3 WWW4LULU4COM 

.<#a#c.> ,K4,H4 ,RO? COMP>$ ! SPREAD \T C5T]S ( 9DU/RIALIZATION1 ! PAT*ES ( DEVELOPM5T & UND]DEVELOPM5T ) ! SPOTS ( A LEOP>D4 ,K4,H4,RO?3 ,DIE ,WI$]KEHR D] ,PROLET>ITAT1 ,DOKUM5TATION E9] ,DEBATTE1 ,I,S,P #aiid 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#i1 #bba 3 ,BEYOND ! ,PEASANT ,9T]NATIONAL -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,BEYOND ! ,PEASANT ,9T]NATIONAL -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/