,BOOK*9 ,BREAKS ) ,AN>*ISM 

#bg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL 

,TEXT 3 

,= MU* ( HIS ADULT LIFE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 WAS KN[N AS A MAJOR AN>*I/ !ORI/1 P]HAPS ! MO/ WIDE-RANG+ & 9NOVATIVE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4  ,:5 HE DI$ 9 ,JULY #b#f1 ! ,TIMES 7,LONDON7 ,ONL9E CALL$ HIM 0! MO/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/ ?9K] 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA = MORE ?AN A QU>T] ( A C5TURY40.<#a.>  ,BUT ! FACT IS ?AT BY ! TIME ( HIS DEA? ,MURRAY NO LONG] ID5TIFI$ HIMSELF AS AN AN>*I/4 

,AS E>LY AS #aiie HE WAS TELL+ ! PEOPLE CLOSE/ TO HIM ?AT HE NO LONG] CONSID]$ HIMSELF P>T ( ?AT MOVEM5T4  ,AT A CONF]5CE 9 #aiii 9 ,PLA9FIELD ,V]MONT HE MADE ! RUPTURE PUBLIC2 & HE PUT IT 9 WRIT+ 9 #b#b1 9 AN >TICLE PUBLI%$ ONL9E4 

,! BREAK1 H[EV]1 WAS FAIRLY EASY TO MISS4  ,AFT] HE DI$1 ,I NOTIC$ ?AT MANY ( HIS ADMIR]S DID NOT REALIZE ?AT HE HAD P>T$ WAYS ) AN>*ISM1 OR IF !Y DID1 !Y DID NOT UND]/& ! REASONS = IT4  ,! /ORY !RE=E NE$S TELL+4  ,AS HIS COMPANION & COLLABORATOR = ALMO/ TWO DECADES 7\R RELATION%IP BEGAN 9 ,M>* #aihg & CONT9U$ TO HIS DEA?71 ,I HAD A FRONT-R[ SEAT TO WAT* ! EV5TS UNFOLD4  ,I AM WRIT+ ?IS >TICLE TO TELL :AT ,I KN[ & SAW AB\T ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S BREAK ) AN>*ISM4 

,ECOLOGY 

,MURRAY ALWAYS SAID ?AT TO UND]/& A ?+1 Y\ HAVE TO KN[ ITS HI/ORY4  ,SO TO UND]/& :AT HAPP5$ ) HIM & AN>*ISM1 WE MU/ FIR/ GO BACK TO ! #a#i#eS1 :5 HE WAS UND]GO+ HIS TRANSITION FROM ,M>XISM TO AN>*ISM4 

,9 #a#i#d#h1 AS A MEMB] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,AUTO ,WORK]S & A %OP /EW>D1 ,MURRAY P>TICIPAT$ 9 A L>GE ,UNIT$ ,AUTO ,WORK]S /RIKE AGA9/ ,G5]AL ,MOTORS ?AT RESULT$ 9 ! WORK]S W9N+ QU>T]LY CO/-(-LIV+ 9CREASES1 COMPANY-PAID HEAL? 9SURANCE & P5SION FUNDS1 & EXT5D$ PAID VACATIONS -- 9 EX*ANGE = ABJUR+ WALK\TS = TWO YE>S4  ,?AT \TCOME CONV9C$ HIM ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS SU*1 WAS NOT GO+ TO BE ! PRIM>Y REVOLUTION>Y AG5T4  ,CONTR>Y TO ,M>XI/ PR$ICTIONS1 CAPITALISM WAS NOT GO+ TO SO 0IMMIS]ATE0 ! WORK+ CLASS ?AT IT ROSE UP 9 REBELLION AGA9/ IT4  ,RA!R1 WORK]S W]E GO+ TO TRY TO MAKE IMPROVEM5TS 9 !IR WORK+ CONDITIONS )9 CAPITALISM4 

,?IS REALIZATION MU/ HAVE BE5 HI<LY DI/RESS+ TO ,MURRAY4  ,HE WAS1 AFT] ALL1 A COMMITT$ ANTICAPITALI/ REVOLUTION>Y4  ,IF WORK]S W]E NOT GO+ TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM1 !N :O W\LD1 & UND] :AT CIRCUM/ANCES8  ,:AT1 IF ANY1 W]E ! LIMITS TO CAPITALISM8  ,9 ?OSE YE>S HE WAS DEVELOP+ AN 9T]E/ 9 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES SU* AS *EMICALS -- PE/ICIDES & H]BICIDES -- COMMONLY US$ 9 & AGRICULTURE & 9 FOOD PRES]VATION2 HE ?\<T !Y MI<T HAVE DELET]I\S HEAL? EFFECTS1 EV5 CAUS+ CANC]4  ,HE WROTE AB\T ! SUBJECT 9 #aieb 9 A LONG ESSAY CALL$ 0,! ,PROBLEM ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD40.<#b.>  ,P]HAPS ! LIMITS ( CAPITALISM1 HE ?\<T1 W]E 5VIRONM5TAL OR ECOLOGICAL 9 NATURE4  ,BUT ?OSE PROBLEMS AFFECT$ EV]YONE1 REG>DLESS ( CLASS4  ,! REVOLUTION>Y AG5T1 9 AN ECOLOGICAL REBELLION AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 W\LD !N BE NOT ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4  ,OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM C\LD BECOME A G5]AL1 TRANSCLASS 9T]E/4  ,?IS ASSUMPTION -- ?AT CITIZ5S1 NOT WORK]S1 W]E ! REVOLUTION>Y AG5T ( GREATE/ SIGNIFICANCE -- REMA9$ F\NDATIONAL = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE4 

,:]E HAD ,MURRAY'S IDEAS AB\T ECOLOGY COME FROM8  ,SURPRIS+LY1 CONSID]+ SOME ( HIS LAT] WRIT+S1 !Y CAME FROM ,M>XISM ITSELF4  0,I WROTE MY E>LIE/1 ALMO/ BOOK-L5G? WORK ON ! ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATIONS PRODUC$ BY CAPITALISM1 ',! ,PROBLEMS ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD1' 9 #a#i#e#b10 HE RECALL$ =TY YE>S LAT]1 0:ILE ,I WAS A NEO-,M>XI/ & HAD 9 NO WAY BE5 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*I/ ?9K]S40.<#c.>  ,HE W\LD 9 LAT] YE>S BITT]LY CRITICIZE ,M>XISM = ITS ANTI-ECOLOGICAL PREMISES 791 = EXAMPLE1 ! #aigi 0,M>XISM AS ,B\RGEOIS ,SOCIOLOGY074  ,BUT 9 ! E>LY #a#i#eS1 :ILE HE WAS /ILL A ,M>XI/1 HE HAD COME UPON PASSAGES 9 ,5GELS ?AT GOT HIM ?9K+ AB\T NONHUMAN NATURE & AB\T ECOLOGY AS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON4  0,MY BASIC IDEAS ON AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY REALLY CAME FROM MY DECADES-LONG /UDIES ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 ,HEGEL1 & EV5 ,M>X4  ,SPECIFICALLY1 MY ?9K+ ON ECOLOGY WAS 9/IGAT$ NOT BY ! WORKS ( ANY AN>*I/ ?9K] BUT BY ,M>X & ,5GELS'S REM>KS ON ! NE$ TO RECONCILE T[N & C\NTRY40.<#d.>  ,A PASSAGE 9 ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS'S ,ANTI-,DUHR+ WAS P>TICUL>LY FASC9AT+3 

,ABOLITION ( ! ANTI!SIS BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY IS NOT M]ELY POSSIBLE4  ,IT HAS BECOME A DIRECT NECESSITY4 444 ! PRES5T POISON+ ( ! AIR1 WAT] & L& CAN BE PUT TO AN 5D ONLY BY ! FUSION ( T[N & C\NTRY40.<#e.> 

,ANO!R PASSAGE FROM ,5GELS WAS ALSO ?\<T PROVOK+1 ?IS ONE FROM ! #ahgb ,! ,H\S+ ,QUE/ION3 

,! H\S+ QUE/ION CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY :5 SOCIETY HAS BE5 SUFFICI5TLY TRANS=M$ = A />T TO BE MADE T[>DS ABOLI%+ ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 :I* HAS BE5 BR\<T TO ITS EXTREME PO9T BY PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4  ,F> FROM BE+ ABLE TO ABOLI% ?IS ANTI!SIS1 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ON ! CONTR>Y IS COMPELL$ TO 9T5SIFY IT DAY BY DAY4.<#f.> 

,SU* PASSAGES L$ ,MURRAY TO ! 9SI<T ?AT \R PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] IS ON A COLLISION C\RSE ) ! NATURAL WORLD 70T[N & C\NTRY07 & ?AT WE MU/ HAVE AN ANTICAPITALI/ REVOLUTION 9 FAVOR ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4  ,?AT BE+ ! CASE1 HE REALIZ$1 HE HAD TO DEF9E ! NATURE ( ! PO/REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY4  ,:AT W\LD AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY LOOK LIKE8  ,AN OBS]VATION FROM ,5GELS WAS /RIK+3  BECAUSE IT REQUIR$ A 0UNI=M DI/RIBUTION ( ! POPULATION OV] ! :OLE C\NTRY0 IT W\LD NECESSITATE 0! PHYSICAL DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! CITIES40.<#g.> 

,ACCORD+LY1 ,MURRAY WROTE 9 #aifb ?AT DEC5TRALIZATION WAS ESS5TIAL = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY3 

,SOME K9D ( DEC5TRALIZATION WILL BE NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE A LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,URBAN DEC5TRALIZATION UND]LIES ANY HOPE ( A*IEV+ ECOLOGICAL CONTROL ( PE/ 9FE/ATIONS 9 AGRICULTURE4  ,ONLY A COMMUNITY WELL 9TEGRAT$ ) ! RES\RCES ( ! SURR\ND+ REGION CAN PROMOTE AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL DIV]SITY4 444 A DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY HOLDS ! GREATE/ PROMISE = CONS]V+ NATURAL RES\RCES1 P>TICUL>LY AS IT W\LD PROMOTE ! USE ( LOCAL S\RCES ( 5]GY .<& USE.> W9D P[]1 SOL> 5]GY1 & HYDROELECTRIC P[]4.<#h.> 

,AN>*ISM 

,GIV5 HE IMPORTANCE ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 ,M>XISM 7DESPITE ,5GELS'S REM>K7 WAS NOT ! MO/ CONG5IAL IDEOLOGICAL HOME = ,MURRAY'S NEW ECOLOGICAL IDEAS4  ,9 ! LATE #a#i#eS HE HAD BE5 ATT5D+ MEET+S ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE 9 ,NEW ,YORK & LE>N+ AB\T AN>*ISM4  ,AS HE LAT] RECALL$1 :AT L$ HIM TO TURN FROM ,M>XISM TO ?AT ALT]NATIVE REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION WAS 0NOT ANY EXT5SIVE READ+S 9TO ! WORKS ( E>LY AN>*I/S0 LIKE ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 & ,KROPOTK94  ,RA!R IT WAS 0MY REACTION AGA9/ ,M>X & ,5GELS'S CRITIQUES ( AN>*ISM1 MY READ+S 9TO ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK'S 9=MATIVE HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM1 MY [N AVOCATION AS A BIOLOGI/1 & MY /UDIES 9 TE*NOLOGY ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! VIEWS 9 MY E>LY ESSAYS40.<#i.>  ,! FIR/ AN>*I/ WORK ?AT ,MURRAY READ WAS ,H]B]T ,READ'S BRIEF ESSAY 0,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*ISM10 ,READ BE+ 0ONE ( ! FEW AN>*I/S :OSE WRIT+S ,I C\LD F9D0 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS & E>LY #a#i#fS4 .<#a.> 

,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 EXI/+ )\T ! /ATE1 W\LD BY DEF9ITION BE A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY4  0,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY10 ,MURRAY WROTE1 0%\LD BE A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY TO E/ABLI% A LA/+ BASIS = ! H>MONIZATION ( MAN & NATURE1 BUT ALSO TO ADD NEW DIM5SIONS TO ! H>MONIZATION ( MAN & MAN40.<#a#a.>  ,O!R AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES AS WELL SEEM$ TO CONV]GE ) HIS ECOLOGICAL IDEAS1 SO MU* SO ?AT 9 HIS EYES AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY SEEM$ TAILOR MADE = EA* O!R4  ,ONE EXAMPLE IS ! PR9CIPLE ( DIFF]5TIATION 7:I* ,READ M5TIONS 9 HIS ESSAY74  ,TO ,MURRAY 7:OSE LIFELONG PHILOSOPHICAL GR\ND+ WAS 9 ! ,HEGELIAN DIALECTIC71 DIFF]5TIATION -- A ,HEGELIAN CONCEPT -- SEEM$ TO HAVE AN AFF9ITY TO ! ORGANIC1 ! ORGANISMIC1 & ! ECOLOGICAL3  0,PROGRESS IS MEASUR$ BY ! DEGREE ( DIFF]5TIATION )9 A SOCIETY4 444 ,BO? ! ECOLOGI/ & ! AN>*I/ VIEW DIFF]5TIATION AS A MEASURE ( PROGRESS4 444 TO BO? ! ECOLOGI/ & ! AN>*I/1 AN EV]-9CREAS+ UNITY IS A*IEV$ BY GR[+ DIFF]5TIATIONS40.<#a#b.> 

,ANO!R KEY CONCEPT 9 ! CONV]G5CE WAS DIV]SITY1 CONSID]+ 0! ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLE ( :OL5ESS & BALANCE AS A PRODUCT ( DIV]SITY40  0,AN EXP&+ :OLE IS CREAT$ BY ! DIV]SIFICATION & 5RI*M5T ( ITS P>TS10 HE WROTE2 & 0,I SUBMIT ?AT AN AN>*I/ COMMUNITY W\LD APPROXIMATE A CLE>LY DEF9ABLE ECOSY/EM3  IT W\LD BE DIV]SIFI$1 BALANC$ & H>MONI\S40  ,&3  0,TO SUM UP ! RECON/RUCTIVE MESSAGE ( ECOLOGY3  IF WE WI% TO ADVANCE ! UNITY & /ABILITY ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 IF WE WI% TO H>MONIZE IT1 WE MU/ CONS]VE & PROMOTE V>IETY40.<#a#c.> 

,MURRAY >TICULAT$ !SE PO9TS ( CONV]G5CE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY 9 HIS PA?-BREAK+ #aifd >TICLE 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T40  ,AS HE PUT !M ALL TOGE!R1 !Y L$ HIM TO AFFIRM ?AT 0AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 F> FROM BE+ A REMOTE IDEAL1 HAS BECOME A PRECONDITION = ! PRACTICE ( ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES40.<#a#d.>  ,AN>*ISM HAD FUR!R APPEAL = HIM1 9 :AT HE SAW AS ITS RI* REVOLUTION>Y ANTEC$5TS3  9 ! ,G]MAN ,PEASANT ,W>S ( ! #a#eS2 9 ! ,DIGG]S ( #a#f#dS ,5GL&2 9 ! ,5RAGES ( ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION2 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUN>DS ( #a#h#g#a2 & ABOVE ALL 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 

,P]HAPS 9 RETROSPECT IT SEEMS OPPORTUNI/IC TO TRY TO M>RY ONE'S PREEXI/+ IDEAS TO AN EXI/+ IDEOLOGY4  ,BUT 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS AN>*ISM SEEM$ LIKE A HI/ORICAL RELIC1 MORE OR LESS UP = GRABS4  ,FEW PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA W]E 9T]E/$ 9 IT AS AN IDEOLOGY4  ,9 #aifb 7! YE> ,MURRAY PUBLI%$ ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T1 ) ! PASSAGES AB\T DEC5TRALIZATION7 ! HI/ORIAN ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK PRON\NC$ AN>*ISM ALL BUT DEAD1 AFT] ITS LA/ FL[]+ 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f-#c#i4 

,TODAY !RE >E /ILL ?\S&S ( AN>*I/S SCATT]$ ?9LY OV] MANY C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD4  ,!RE >E /ILL AN>*I/ GR\PS & AN>*I/ P]IODICALS1 AN>*I/ S*OOLS & AN>*I/ COMMUNITIES4  ,BUT !Y =M ONLY ! <O/ ( ! HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 A <O/ ?AT 9SPIR$ NEI!R FE> AMONG GOV]NM5TS NOR HOPE AMONG PEOPLES NOR EV5 9T]E/ AMONG NEWSPAP]M54  ,CLE>Y1 AS A MOVEM5T1 AN>*ISM HAS FAIL$4  444 ,DUR+ ! PA/ =TY YE>S ! 9FLU5CE IT ONCE E/ABLI%$ HAS DW9DL$1 BY DEFEAT AFT] DEFEAT & BY ! SL[ DRA9+ ( HOPE1 ALMO/ TO NO?+4.<#a#e.> 

,JU/ AS ,MURRAY WAS 5GAG+ ) AN>*ISM1 !N1 AN>*ISM WAS ON LIFE SUPPORT4  ,BY 9FUS+ IT ) P>ALLEL CONCEPTS FROM :AT HE W\LD CALL 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY10 HE DID MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE 9 ! #a#i#fS TO RESUSCITATE AN>*ISM4  ,& 9DE$ BY PROMOT+ ?IS REFURBI%$ AN>*ISM1 BY 9DEFATIGABLY WRIT+ & LECTUR+ AB\T IT TO ! C\NT]CULTURE & ! ,NEW ,LEFT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE1 HE GAVE RISE TO A REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM ITSELF4 

,AS ,MURRAY W\LD LAT] PO9T \T1 AN>*ISM SEEMS TO HAVE ALWAYS BE5 MO/ FUNCTIONAL :5 M]G$ ) ANO!R IDEOLOGY OR SET ( IDEAS4  ,= EXAMPLE1 SYN!SIZ$ ) SYNDICALISM1 OR TRADE UNIONISM1 IT BECAME AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 ONE ( ITS MORE SIGNIFICANT T5D5CIES & ! BANN] UND] :I* ! GREATE/ AN>*I/ EXP]IM5T ( ALL WAS CONDUCT$1 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4  ,SYN!SIZ$ ) COMMUNISM1 ! IDEA ( ! ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO NE$1 IT BECAME AN>*O-COMMUNISM1 A LIB]T>IAN =M ( COMMUNISM4  ,9 SOME S5SE AN>*ISM FUNCTIONS BE/ AS P>T ( A DUALITY4 

,! M>RIAGE ( ECOLOGY & AN>*ISM APPE>$ TO BE NO EXCEPTION1 & ,MURRAY D$ICAT$ HIMSELF PASSIONATELY TO ADVANC+ ! IDEAS4  ,HE FELT CONFID5T & EV5 MILITANT AB\T HIS *OICE3  HIS #aifi ESSAY 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 REPRES5T$1 NOT SIMPLY A W>N+ TO ! ,S,D,S TO AVOID A TAKEOV] BY ,MAOI/S ( ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,LABOR ,P>TY1 BUT ALSO HIS DEF9ITIVE P]SONAL BREAK ) ,M>XISM AS ! IDEOLOGY BY :I* HE DEF9$ HIMSELF4  ,HE TOOK PRIDE :51 A FEW YE>S LAT]1 ,VICTOR ,F]KISS ID5TIFI$ HIM ) A T5D5CY ?AT HE CALL$ 0ECO-AN>*I/40.<#a#f.> 

,PO/-SC>CITY1 HI]>*Y1 & SPONTANEITY 

,9 ! FOLL[+ DECADE ,MURRAY W5T ON TO ELABORATE HIS AN>*I/ IDEAS1 DEVELOP+ !M 9TO A SOCIAL !ORY ( GREAT RI*NESS & DEP?4  ,AN>*I/ HI/ORY & IDEAS SEEM$ TO /IR HIS EXTRAORD9>ILY FECUND !ORETICAL IMAG9ATION4  ,ONE IDEA AFT] ANO!R /RUCK HIM AS RELEVANT TO ! ECOLOGY-AN>*I/ PROJECT1 & HE 5?USIA/ICALLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO IT A NUMB] ( 9NOVATIVE IDEAS4 

,ONE WAS PO/-SC>CITY1 ! IDEA ?AT ! LEISURE TIME POT5TIALLY AF=D$ TO ALL 9 PRES5T-DAY ,WE/]N SOCIETIES NE$ NOT NECESS>ILY LEAD TO COMPLAC5CY OR EMB\RGEOISEM5T BUT C\LD PROVIDE ! FRE$OM TO CREATE A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4  ,A HI< LEVEL ( TE*NOLOGICAL A*IEVEM5T PROMIS$ TO ELIM9ATE ! TOIL & DRUDG]Y & !REBY TO OP5 ! DOORS TO POLITICAL P>TICIPATION TO PEOPLE ( ALL CLASSES4  ,! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF C\LD EV5 BE ITS WAY \T DEMOGRAPHICALLY3  ?ANKS TO AUTOMATION TE*NOLOGIES1 JOBS P]=M$ BY PEOPLE W]E 9CREAS+LY P]=M$ BY MA*9ES4  ,MURRAY SAW ?IS DEVELOPM5T AS POT5TIALLY POSITIVE1 AS IT C\LD GIVE PEOPLE ! FREE TIME TO FUNCTION AS POLITICAL BE+S 9 !IR COMMUNITIES4  ,HAV+ WORK$ AS A F\NDRYMAN & AUT[ORK] AS A Y\NG MAN1 HE P]SONALLY EXP]I5C$ ! DRUDG]Y ( FACTORY WORK & UND]/OOD WELL ! DIFFICULTY ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY :ILE =C$ TO WORK UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES4  ,PO/-SC>CITY1 HE CONCLUD$1 WAS POT5TIALLY LIB]ATORY4 

,ANO!R MAJOR 9NOVATION ?AT HE BR\<T TO AN>*ISM WAS ! CRITIQUE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 :I* HE CAME TO CONSID] ! AU!NTIC 0SOCIAL QUE/ION40.<#a#g.>  ,SOCIAL HI]>*IES1 HE CAME TO BELIEVE1 W]E MORE FUNDAM5TAL ?AN ECONOMIC CLASSES1 EXI/+ AS !Y DID LONG BE=E CAPITALISM4  ,IT WAS ?R\< HI]>*IES ?AT SOCIAL /RATA DOM9AT$ ONE ANO!R4  ,9DE$1 SOCIAL HI]>*IES GAVE RISE TO ! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE4 ,! CONCEPT ( HI]>*Y WAS ?US ( GREAT RELEVANCE TO ,MURRAY'S /ILL-DEVELOP+ 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY40.<#a#h.> 

,MURRAY MAY NOT HAVE BE5 ! FIR/ LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL !ORI/ TO WRITE AB\T HI]>*Y1 BUT HE T[]$ ABOVE ALL O!RS 9 ELABORAT+ IT AS A SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL-POLITICAL CONCEPT4  ,9 HIS ELABORATE DIALECTICAL EXPOSITION ( HI]>*Y1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 HE TRI$ TO DO :AT ,M>X HAD DONE ) CAPITAL3  %[ ITS EM]G5CE1 ITS 9N] T5SIONS1 ITS LIMITS1 ITS D[NFALL4  ,HE TURN$ TO AN?ROPOLOGY TO TRACE ITS ORIG9S2 TO HI/ORY TO TRACE ITS DEVELOPM5T2 & TO E?ICS & PHILOSOPHY TO =ESEE POSSIBILITIES = ITS D[NFALL4.<#a#i.>  ,PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#h#b1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM BECAME AN AN>*I/ CLASSIC & A CORN]/ONE ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 :ILE ! CRITIQUE ( HI]>*Y HAS BECOME CONV5TIONAL 9 AN>*I/ ?9K+4 .<#b.> 

,/ILL ANO!R PO9T ( CONV]G5CE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY WAS ! EMPHASIS ON SPONTANEITY3 0,EV]Y DEVELOPM5T MU/ BE FREE TO F9D ITS [N EQUILIBRIUM4  ,SPONTANEITY1 F> FROM 9VIT+ *AOS1 9VOLVES RELEAS+ ! 9N] =CES ( A DEVELOPM5T TO F9D !IR AU!NTIC ORD] & /ABILITY4 444 ,SPONTANEITY 9 SOCIAL LIFE CONV]GES ) SPONTANEITY 9 NATURE TO PROVIDE ! BASIS = AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY40.<#b#a.>  ,! CONCEPT HAD ITS SOCIAL P>ALLEL NOT ONLY 9 PREVI\S AN>*I/ WRIT+ BUT 9 REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY & !ORY ITSELF4  ,HI/ORICALLY1 ,MURRAY OBS]V$1 ! 9ITIAL /AGE ( REVOLUTIONS T5D$ TO BE SPONTANE\S2 REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLES CREAT$ REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS SPONTANE\SLY1 AS ! ,P>ISIANS ( #agic DID ) !IR SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES1 & ! ,RUSSIANS ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ 9 #aie ) !IR SOVIETS1 & AS ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S DID 9 #aicf ) !IR COLLECTIVES4  ,ITS CONV]G5CE ) ! ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( SPONTANEITY MADE IT NEWLY RELEVANT4 

,MURRAY W5T ON 9 ! #a#i#gS TO MAKE FUR!R CONTRIBUTIONS TO BO? ECO-AN>*ISM & TO AN>*ISM AS SU*4  ,HE PIONE]$ EXPLORATION ( ALT]NATIVE 5]GY S\RCES & ECO-TE*NICS 9 HIS #aife ESSAY 0,T[>DS A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY40  ,9 ! #a#i#gS HE DEVELOP$ A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ECOLOGY 79H]5TLY RADICAL7 & 5VIRONM5TALISM 7RE=MI/74  ,HE EXPLOR$ ! HI/ORY ( ,SPANI% AN>*ISM 9 ,! ,SPANI% ,AN>*I/S 7#a#i#g#g74  ,HE NUANC$ HIS IDEAS BY F9D+ 9TELLECTUAL AFF9ITIES ) ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ( ,WE/]N ,M>XISM 7! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL74  ,HE (T5 WROTE UND] ! RUBRIC ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY BUT SOMETIMES SEEM$ TO CONSID] SOCIAL ECOLOGY & AN>*ISM TO BE MORE OR LESS ! SAME ?+4  ,HE ONCE SUMM>IZ$ HIS [N CONTRIBUTION TO AN>*ISM ?IS WAY3 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY IS A FAIRLY 9TEGRAT$ & COH]5T VIEW PO9T ?AT 5COMPASSES A PHILOSOPHY ( NATURAL EVOLUTION & ( HUMANITY' S PLACE 9 ?AT EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS2 A RE=MULATION ( DIALECTICS ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES2 AN ACC\NT ( ! EM]G5CE ( HI]>*Y2 A HI/ORICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! DIALECTIC BETWE5 LEGACIES & EPI/EMOLOGIES ( DOM9ATION & FRE$OM2 AN EVALUATION ( TE*NOLOGY FROM AN HI/ORICAL 1 E?ICAL1 & PHILOSOPHICAL /&PO9T2 A WIDE-RANG+ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM1 ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL1 JU/ICE1 RATIONALISM1 SCI5TISM1 & 9/RUM5TALISM2 & F9ALLY AN $UCATION ( A VISION ( A UTOPIAN1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 CONF$]AL1 & ES!TICALLY GR\ND$ FUTURE SOCIETY BAS$ ON AN OBJECTIVE E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY4  444 ,:E!R ADEQUATELY OR NOT1 ?IS HOLI/IC BODY ( IDEAS 5DEAVORS TO PLACE 0ECO-AN>*ISM0 ON A !ORETICAL & 9TELLECTUAL P> ) ! BE/ SY/EMATIC WORKS 9 RADICAL SOCIAL !ORY4 .<#b#b.> 

,FACE-TO-FACE ,DEMOCRACY 

,DAT+ BACK TO ! DAYS ( HIS #a#i#cS DISILLUSIONM5T ) ,/AL9ISM1 ,MURRAY HAD A LIFELONG FASC9ATION ) REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS -- ! V>I\S COMMITTEES1 C\NCILS1 ASSEMBLIES1 SOVIETS1 & SO ON ?AT W]E HI/ORICALLY CREAT$ DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4  ,!RE MU/ BE NO MORE ,ROBESPI]RES1 HE RESOLV$1 NO MORE ,/AL9S1 NO MORE ,MAOS4  ,!RE MU/ BE NO MORE GUILLOT9ES OR GULAGS4  ,REVOLUTION>IES MU/ LE>N ! LESSONS IF HI/ORY4  ,IF A NEW REVOLUTION W]E TO SUCCE$ 9 CREAT+ A LIB]ATORY1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 & NOT DEVOLVE 9TO JU/ ANO!R BRUTAL P[] GRAB1 REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE 9 PLACE ?AT W\LD CONTROL & ! SELFI% DESIRES ( SOME 9DIVIDUALS = DOM9ATION4  ,! ONLY K9D ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT C\LD BO? LIB]ATE PEOPLE & AT ! SAME TIME KEEP ! P[]-HUNGRY 9 *ECK1 HE BELIEV$1 W]E DEMOCRATIC ONES ?AT C\LD HOLD REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S ACC\NTABLE4 ,9DE$ ! S9E QUA NON ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTION MU/ BE ITS ABILITY TO FACILITATE DEMOCRACY4  ,& BY 0DEMOCRACY0 ,MURRAY DID NOT MEAN ! SY/EM PRACTIC$ BY NATION-/ATES TODAY1 ) REPRES5TATIVES & LEGISLATURES & P>LIAM5TS1 :I* HE CONSID]$ TO BE REPUBLICANISM1 A =M ( /ATISM4  ,HE MEANT1 RA!R1 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 

,9 HIS MUS+S AB\T ! ORIG9S ( HIS 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ,MURRAY M5TION$1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 0MY READ+S 9TO ! ,A!NIAN POLIS0 -- ?AT IS1 ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY4  ,9 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T0 ,MURRAY HAD REF]R$ TO 0! AN>*I/ CONCEPT ( 444 A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY10 CALL+ IT A 0RI* LIB]T>IAN CONCEPT10 AS IF DEMOCRACY HAD A LONG L9EAGE 9 AN>*I/ HI/ORY & !ORY4.<#b#c.>  ,FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY SEEM$ TO HIM TO BE NOT ONLY ! IDEAL REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTION BUT ! P]FECT POLITICAL 9/ITUTION = A DEC5TRALIZ$1 DIFF]5TIAT$1 DIV]SE1 ECO-AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 

,TO MY KN[L$GE ,MURRAY'S FIR/ DISCUSSION ( DEMOCRACY APPE>$ 9 ! REM>KABLE ESSAY 0,=MS ( ,FRE$OM10 AN 9QUIRY 9TO REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS WRITT5 9 ! ANNUS MIRABILIS #a#i#f#h4  0,LET US TURN TO ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY = AN 9SI<T 9TO UNM$IAT$ =MS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS10 HE URGES -- ?AT IS1 UNM$IAT$ BY LEGISLATORS & P>LIAM5T>IANS4  ,9 ANCI5T ,A!NS1 HE SAYS1 0! TR5D T[>D POPUL> DEMOCRACY 444 A*IEV$ A =M ?AT HAS NEV] QUITE BE5 EQUAL$ ELSE:]E4  ,BY ,P]ICLEAN TIMES ! ,A!NIANS HAD P]FECT$ !IR POLIS TO A PO9T :]E IT REPRES5T$ A TRIUMPH ( RATIONALITY )9 ! MAT]IAL LIMITATIONS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD40  ,NOT ?AT ,A!NIAN SOCIETY ITSELF WAS IDEAL1 F> FROM IT1 M>R$ AS IT WAS BY SLAV]Y1 SOCIAL CLASSES1 & ! EXCLUSION ( WOM54  ,BUT 0,A!NS1 DESPITE ! SLAVE1 PATRI>*AL & CLASS FEATURES IT %>$ ) CLASSICAL SOCIETY1 AS A :OLE DEVELOP$ 9TO A WORK+ DEMOCRACY 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! T]M40  ,AS A POLITICAL 9/ITUTION1 HE NOT$1 ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY LAT] 0REAPPE>$ 9 ! M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE T[NS ( ,EUROPE40.<#b#d.> 

,AMONG ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES W]E ! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES ( #a#g#i#c1 ,MURRAY WROTE1 :I* 0EM]G$ AS ! 9SURG5T BODIES 9 ,P>IS DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION40  ,! SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES  0BY DEGREES 444 TURN$ 9TO NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES ( ALL 'ACTIVE' CITIZ5S1 V>Y+ 9 =M1 SCOPE & P[] =M ONE DI/RICT TO ANO!R40  ,H]E WAS AN ULTRA-DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTION RI<T 9 ! HE>T ( REVOLUTION>Y ,EUROPE3  ! SECTIONS 0REPRES5T$ G5U9E =MS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T40  ,SOME MI<T >GUE ?AT A CITY LIKE ,P>IS WAS TOO L>GE TO H&LE FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 BUT 0! SECTIONS PROVIDE US ) A R\< MODEL ( ASSEMBLY ORGANIZATION 9 A L>GE CITY & DUR+ A P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y TRANSITION FROM A C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL /ATE TO A POT5TIALLY DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY40  ,JU/ SO1 ! ,A!NIAN 0ECCLESIA PROVIDES US ) A R\< MODEL ( ASSEMBLY ORGANIZATION 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY40.<#b#e.> 

,MURRAY'S 9T5TION1 !N1 WAS TO PLACE FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY ON ! ECO-AN>*I/ PROGRAM4 

0,SPR+ ,(F5SIVES1 ,SUMM] ,VACATIONS0 

,9 #aifi ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY 7,S,D,S71 ! PRIM>Y POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,NEW ,LEFT1 COLLAPS$1 ITS LEAD]%IP HAV+ BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ULTRALEFT GU]RILLA GR\PS LIKE ,WEA!RMAN4  ,! ,MAOI/ GU]RILLA CAMPAIGNS ?AT HAD SEEM$ TO BE ! PA? AHEAD 5D$ UP DE/ROY+ ! ORGANIZATION4  ,! /UD5T MOVEM5T HAD ALWAYS SUFF]$ FROM ! 5DEMIC PROBLEM ( FA/ TURNOV] -- NO SOON] DO /UD5TS ORGANIZE A DEMON/RATION ?AN SUMM] VACATION BEG9S2 NO SOON] DO /UD5TS DEVELOP POLITICAL EXP]I5CE ?AN !Y GRADUATE4  ,9 ,APRIL #aig ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS KILL$ F\R /UD5T DEMON/RATORS AT ,K5T ,/ATE 9 ,OHIO4  ,AMONG ! ,NEW ,LEFT'S RANK & FILE ! ,NATIONAL ,MOBILIZATION ,COMMITTEE TO ,5D ! ,W> 9 ,VIETNAM CONT9U$ TO PULL TOGE!R 9T]MITT5T DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,WA%+TON4  ,! #aigb PRESID5TIAL CAMPAIGN ( ,GEORGE ,MC,GOV]N *ANNEL$ ! 5]GY ( MANY ANTIW> ACTIVI/S4  ,AMID ! ONCE-VIBRANT ,AM]ICAN RADICAL MOVEM5T CONFUSION REIGN$4 

,9 !SE YE>S ,MURRAY WAS 9VOLV$ ) ! ,EA/ ,SIDE ,AN>*I/S 9 ,NEW ,YORK AS WELL AS A LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVE ?AT PUBLI%$ ! P]IODICAL ,AN>*OS4  ,:AT ! ,AM]ICAN RADICAL MOVEM5T NE$$1 HE REALIZ$1 9 ORD] TO FUNCTION AS A REAL SOCIAL & POLITICAL ALT]NATIVE1 WAS A SET ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT W\LD HAVE AT LEA/ SOME P]MAN5CE4  ,BUT NO SU* 9/ITUTIONS REMA9$ FROM ! DETRITUS ( ,S,D,S OR EM]G$ FROM ! ANTIW> DEMON/RATIONS4  ,M>*ES W]E 0EPHEM]AL SPECTACLES10 HE WROTE 9 0,SPR+ ,(F5SIVES & ,SUMM] ,VACATIONS10 PUBLI%$ 9 ,AN>*OS 9 ,JUNE #a#i#g#b4  0,AFT] EA* DEMON/RATION1 /REET ACTION1 OR CONFRONTATION1 ?IS HOLL[ CONE .<( ORGANIZATIONAL LEAD]%IP.> ALL BUT COLLAPS$1 ONLY TO BE RECREAT$ AGA9 ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS = ANO!R DEMON/RATION1 /REET ACTION1 OR CONFRONTATION40.<#b#f.> 

,SOME?+ MORE LA/+ HAD TO BE BUILT3  0,! HOLL[ CONE ?AT WE CALL A MOVEM5T MU/ ACQUIRE A MORE SOLID GEOMETRY4  ,IT MU/ BE FILL$ 9 BY AN AU!NTIC POPUL> MOVEM5T BAS$ ON ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 NOT ! !ATRICAL ]UPTIONS ( A D$ICAT$ M9ORITY40  ,ANTIW> ACTIVI/S1 HE URG$1 %\LD BUILD /ABLE 9/ITUTIONS -- SOME:AT LIKE ! ONES HE HAD WRITT5 AB\T F\R YE>S E>LI]1 9 0,=MS ( ,FRE$OM03 

,\R EF=T MU/ N[ BE DIRECT$ ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE YE> TO CATALYZ+ POPUL> ANTIW> GR\PS3  POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & LOCAL ACTION COMMITTEES1 IF Y\ LIKE1 EA* ROOT$ 9 A COMMUNITY1 CAMPUS1 S*OOL1 PR(ESSIONAL >5A1 444 FACTORY1 (FICE1 & RESE>* E/ABLI%M5T4  ,A REAL MOVEM5T MU/ BE BUILT \T ( !SE =MATIONS = ! IMM$IATE PURPOSE ( ANTIW> ACTIVITY & P]HAPS 9 ! LONG RUN AS POPUL> MODES ( SELF-ACTIVITY TO A*IEVE A SOCIETY BAS$ ON SELF-MANAGEM5T4 444 EA* POPUL> 9/ITUTION IS FREE TO MAKE ITS [N LOCAL DECISIONS1 FREE TO ACT OR NOT ACT AS IT FEELS NECESS>Y4 

,?OSE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES & LOCAL ACTION COMMITTEES1 HE WROTE1 %\LD !MSELVES =M CONF$]ATIONS OV] L>G] REGIONS3 

,WE PROPOSE A QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T LEVEL ( POLITICAL ACTIVITY3  ! CONF$]AL OR1 IF Y\ LIKE1 ! 0COMMUN>D0 CONCEPT ( 9/ITUTIONAL ORGANIZATION ?AT ALSO F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! ,P>IS COMMUNES ( #a#g#i#c-#i#d & #a#h#g#a4  ,?IS 0COMMUN>D0 APPROA* 444 ESS5TIALLY CALL$ = A CONF$]ATION ( ! MUNICIPALITIES AS OPPOS$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 444 ,= ,AM]ICAN RADICALS TO RAISE ?IS APPROA* TODAY & RE/ORE ITS REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T BAS$ ON A PO/-SC>CITY TE*NOLOGY W\LD M>K A DECISIVE1 9DE$ A HI/ORICAL ADVANCE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN AU!NTIC LEFT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! >TICLE WAS SIGN$ BY ! ,AN>*OS ,GR\P BUT WAS CLE>LY WRITT5 BY ,MURRAY1 CONTA9+ MANY ( HIS IDIOSYNCRATIC PHRAS+S4  ,IT HAS NOT BE5 REPUBLI%$ 7TO MY KN[L$GE7 & SO ITS KEY P>TS >E WOR? TRANSCRIB+ H]E AT SOME L5G?1 ESPECIALLY ITS LI/ ( PROPOSALS3 

#a4  ,! =MATION ( LOCAL COALITIONS ( NONP>TY GR\PS -- ! BE/ ( ! URBAN & RURAL COMMUNES1 9DEP5D5T /UD5T GR\PS1 RADICAL PR(ESSIONAL1 WORK+ CLASS1 & WOM5'S GR\PS 444 9DEP5D5T ANTIW> GR\PS -- TO ACT CONC]T$LY 9 *OOS+ & PRES5T+ C&IDATES = CITY C\NCILS 9 ! MUNICIPALITIES ( ?IS C\NTRY4  ,!SE COALITIONS1 WE BELIEVE1 MU/ BE FREE & NONHI]>*ICAL2 !Y MU/ TRY TO BE ROOT$ 9 !IR LOCAL COMMUNITIES & ACT OP5LY ) EA* O!R 9 A CONSI/5TLY DEMOCRATIC MANN]1 ES*EW+ ANY =M ( BUREAUCRATIC OR MANIPULATORY BEHAVIOR 444 

,AN>*OS1 ?AT IS1 WAS CALL+ UPON AN>*I/S TO ELECT C&IDATES TO CITY C\NCILS4  ,ON :AT PLAT=M8  ,! ANSW]3  !Y C\LD WRITE PROGRAMS ON MANY TOPICS BUT 

C\LD ALSO DEM& A RADICAL RE/RUCTUR+ ( MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS ALONG DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC L9ES1 9VOLV+ ABOVE ALL ! RI<T BY POPUL> CON/ITU5CIES & ASSEMBLIES TO RECALL REPRES5TATIVES :O DO NOT REFLECT !IR WILL1 ! REPLACEM5T ( ! POLICE BY A POPUL> GU>D ORGANIZ$ ON A RO/] BASIS FROM NEI<BORHOODS & FACTORIES1 & OP5 DEFIANCE AGA9/ ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T'S P>ASITIZATION ( ! MUNICIPALITY'S FISCAL & ECONOMIC RES\RCES4 

,?AT IS1 ! AN>*I/ PROGRAMS W\LD CALL = A DEMOCRATIZATION ( CITY GOV]NM5T1 ABOLI%+ CITY C\NCILS & REPLAC+ !M ) POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4  ,!Y W\LD ?US USE ! P[] ( ! MUNICIPALITY -- ! LEVEL ( ! /ATE CLOSE/ TO ! PEOPLE -- TO CREATE POPUL> & POT5TIALLY ANTI/ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 0UNM$IAT$0 BY REPRES5TATIVES4 

,?US ! NEXT PROPOSAL WAS3 

#b4  ,! DISSOLUTION ( ! GIGANTIC MEGALOPOLITAN 0CITY0 GOV]NM5TS 9TO LOCAL T[N HALLS & CITY C\NCILS ) DIRECT NEI<BORHOOD CONTROL OV] CIVIC LIFE4 

,& ! NEXT3 

#c4  ,LA/LY1 A DEM& = A CONF$]ATION ( ! CITY C\NCILS TO RESI/ ! 5CROA*M5T BY ,/ATE GOV]NM5TS & BY ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T ON LOCAL & MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY4 

,! GR\P ISSU$ A CAVEAT AGA9/ ! USE ( !SE PROPOSALS = /ATI/ PURPOSES3 

,IF ! PROPOSALS WE ADVANCE >E TO BE MORE ?AN M]E LIB]AL OR  ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC PAP1 IF !Y >E TO ACQUIRE A TRULY RADICAL ?RU/1 ! COALITIONS :I* ADVANCE !M MU/ !MSELVES BE ALLIANCES ( AU!NTIC POPUL> GR\PS SU* AS ! GRASS-ROOTS ANTIW> MOVEM5T WE HAVE PROPOS$1 NOT CADRE ORGANIZATIONS 444 ,%\LD ! LOCAL COALITIONS & MUNICIPAL CONF$]AL MOVEM5T WE PROPOSE GO BEYOND A MUNICIPAL & CONF$]AL LEVEL1 %\LD IT GRASP = 9/ITUTIONAL CONTROL OR 9FLU5CE ON ! ,/ATE & ,F$]AL LEVEL1 IT W\LD BECOME NO?+ MORE ?AN ANO!R TREA*]\S ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY -- ANO!R BETRAYAL ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T & ! PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM & REVOLUTION4 

,! GR\P EMPHASIZ$ ! CONFRONTATIONAL NATURE ( ! APPROA*3 

,! ISSUE ( LOCAL CONTROL V]SUS ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE IS BE+ JO9$ TODAY :E!R WE LIKE IT OR NOT4 ,A LONG-RANGE HI/ORICAL DIALECTIC T[>D /ATE CAPITALISM PITS ! NEI<BORHOOD AGA9/ ! MEGALOPOLIS1 ! VILLAGE1 T[N1 & SMALL CITY AGA9/ ! ,/ATE GOV]NM5TS & ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 ! MUNICIPALITY AGA9/ ! NATIONAL /ATE4 

,AN>*I/ OBJECTIONS 

,! ESSAY 0,SPR+ ,(F5SIVES & ,SUMM] ,VACATIONS0 DID NOT GO UN*ALL5G$ -- NOT EV5 AT ITS V]Y MOM5T ( PUBLICATION4  ,SOME MEMB]S ( ! ,AN>*OS COLLECTIVE /RONGLY DISAGRE$ ) ITS CALLS = P>TICIPATION 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS4  ,AS !SE MEMB]S W]E 9 *>GE ( PR9T+ ! P]IODICAL1 !Y W]E ABLE 5CLOSE AN 9S]T 9 ?AT ,JUNE #aigb ISSUE1 EXPRESS+ !IR OBJECTIONS4  ,JUDI? ,MAL9A 7YES1 %E ( ! ,LIV+ ,!AT]7 WROTE ! DISS5T+ >TICLE3 

,:AT IS VOT+8  ,VOT+ IS AN AGREEM5T BY ALL ?AT ! WILL ( ! MO/ %ALL BE C>RI$ \T4  ,:5 !RE IS UNANIM\S AGREEM5T ! DECISION ( ! PEOPLE IS SELF-EVID5T4  ,BUT :5 !RE IS NO UNANIMITY ! VOTE BECOMES ! TYRANNY ( ! MANY OV] ! RELUCTANT FEW4  ,?IS TYRANNY IS ! EXPRESSION ( A PR9CIPLE 9H]5T 9 ! DEMOCRATIC E?IC3  A TACIT UND]/&+ ?AT ! FEW WILL NOT FI<T ! MANY BECAUSE ! MANY W\LD W9 BY VIRTUE ( !IR SUP]IOR NUMB]S4  444 ,! MY? IS ?AT JU/ICE CONSI/S ( A FEW 0B[+ D[N TO ! ILL ( ! MAJORITY02 :]EAS1 ! TYRANNY ( ! MAJORITY IS 9JU/ICE LIKE ANY O!R =M ( TYRANNY4.<#b#g.> 

,?AT IS1 DEMOCRACY1 EV5 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 BAS$ AS IT IS ON ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY1 IS 9H]5TLY TYRANNICAL4  ,MAL9A (F]$ AN AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVE3 

,YES1 ! PEOPLE %\LD TAKE OV] LOCAL CONTROL AT ! COMMUNITY LEVEL -- BUT NOT ?R\< ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS :I*1 ?R\< P>TY L9ES1 >E ALWAYS CLOSELY B\ND TO /ATE & F$]AL GOV]NM5TAL /RUCTURES4  ,9/EAD1 ! PEOPLE %\LD TAKE OV] CONTROL BY CREAT+ COMMUNITY /RUCTURES FROM BEL[4  ,SU* /RUCTURES WILL NOT EXI/ P>ALLEL TO ! GOV]NM5TAL MUNICIPAL /RUCTURES -- BUT WILL 9 FACT -- WRE/ ! P[] FROM !M4 444 ,! CRITICISM H]E IS NOT ( ! =MS ( LOCAL ORGANIZATION ?AT ! ,AN>*OS GR\P PROPOSES1 BUT ONLY ( ! SUBMISSION TO ! JURISDICTION ( ! LOCAL CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T4.<#b#h.> 

,MURRAY SURELY RESPOND$ 9 SOME WAY TO ,MAL9A1 BUT TO MY KN[L$GE NO WRITT5 RECORD ( IT SURVIVES4  ,HE DID RECALL ! 9CID5T 9 #a#i#h#e3 

,SOMEONE WROTE A REPLY TO ME /AT+ ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD NEV] P>TICIPATE 9 ANY ELECTIONS ( ANY K9D 444 ,I'M SAY+ ?AT CITY GOV]NM5T1 AS Y\ CALL IT1 HAS TO BE RE/RUCTUR$ AT ! GRASSROOTS LEVEL4  444 :AT AN>*I/S %\LD BE DO+ IS NOT HESITAT+ TO GET 9VOLV$ 9 LOCAL POLITICS TO CREATE =MS ( ORGANIZATION 9 :I* !Y MAY RUN ONCE !Y'VE E/ABLI%$ !SE =MS OR1 ALT]NATIVELY1 RUNN+ ON A PLAT=M TO E/ABLI% !SE =MS4.<#b#i.> 

,MAL9A'S OBJECTION W\LD RECUR FREQU5TLY 9 ! FOLL[+ DECADES1 BUT FEW EXPRESS$ IT AS CLE>LY & ?OR\<LY AS %E DID1 AT ! \TSET4  ,MURRAY1 9 TURN1 W\LD FREQU5TLY RESPOND TO ,MAL9A'S TYPE ( >GUM5T AB\T P>ALLEL 9/ITUTIONS4   ,ALT]NATIVE COMMUNITY GR\PS ?AT EXI/ P>ALLEL TO ! MUNICIPALITY HAVE NO REAL P[]1 HE >GU$4  ,CITIZ5S MI<T BE MOTIVAT$ TO ATT5D ONE OR TWO MEET+S1 \T ( CONC]N OV] A SPECIFIC ISSUE1 BUT !Y W\LD HAVE NO REAL REASON TO CONT9UE TO P>TICIPATE 9 !M OV] TIME1 OR TO MA9TA9 !IR EXI/5CE = ITS [N SAKE4  ,= A GR\P ( PEOPLE TO ACTIVELY WORK TO KEEP AN 9/ITUTION ALIVE1 IT MU/ HAVE SOME =M ( /RUCTURAL P[]4 

,MURRAY W\LD LAT] CONCLUDE ?AT AN>*I/S MISUND]/& ! NATURE ( P[] & W]E !RE=E UNPREP>$ TO ADDRESS IT4 

,AN>*I/S CONCEIVE ( P[] AS AN ESS5TIALLY MALIGNANT EVIL ?AT MU/ BE DE/ROY$4  ,PR\DHON1 = EXAMPLE1 ONCE /AT$ ?AT HE W\LD DIVIDE & SUBDIVIDE P[] UNTIL IT1 9 EFFECT1 CEAS$ TO EXI/ 444 A NOTION AS ABSURD AS ! IDEA ?AT GRAVITY CAN BE ABOLI%$ 444 ,! TRULY P]T95T ISSUE 444 IS NOT :E!R P[] WILL EXI/ BUT :E!R IT WILL RE/ 9 ! H&S ( AN ELITE OR 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE 444 ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES 444 MU/ ADDRESS ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO GIVE P[] A CONCRETE 9/ITUTIONAL EMANCIPATORY =M4.<#c.> 

,/ILL1 ,MAL9A'S OBJECTION EXEMPLIFI$ AN IMPORTANT PO9T3  AN>*ISM HAD NOT HI/ORICALLY BE5 P>TICUL>LY FRI5DLY TO DEMOCRACY4  ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK HAD PO9T$ ?IS \T BACK 9 #a#i#f#b3 

,! EXTREME CONC]N = ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 444 EXPLA9S ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( DEMOCRACY AS WELL AS AUTOCRACY4  ,NO CONCEPTION ( AN>*ISM IS F>!R FROM ! TRU? ?AN ?AT :I* REG>DS IT AS AN EXTREME =M ( DEMOCRACY4  ,DEMOCRACY ADVOCATES ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE4  ,AN>*ISM ADVOCATES ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! P]SON4  ,?IS MEANS ?AT AUTOMATICALLY ! AN>*I/S D5Y MANY ( ! =MS & VIEWPO9TS ( DEMOCRACY4.<#c#a.> 

,MURRAY HAD READ ,WOODCOCK'S BOOK1 BUT IF HE NOTIC$ ?IS CAVEAT1 HE MU/ HAVE RESPOND$ ) SKEPTICISM4  ,AFT] ALL1 AN>*ISM 9 ! PA/ HAD NOT BE5 ECOLOGICAL1 EI!R1 OR CONC]N$ ) PO/-SC>CITY OR HI]>*Y4  ,YET HE HAD 9JECT$ ?OSE CONCEPTS 9TO AN>*ISM4  ,:Y NOT DEMOCRACY TOO8  ,IT MU/ HAVE SEEM$ OBVI\S TO HIM3  IF HE CALL$ AN>*I/S' ATT5TION TO FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 SURELY !Y W\LD AGREE ?AT IT WAS ! BE/ MODEL ( SELF-MANAGEM5T = A DEC5TRALIZ$ & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,AN>*ISM IS AFT] ALL POT5TIALLY DYNAMIC3 

,AN>*ISM C\LD BE ! MO/ CREATIVE & 9NOVATIVE MOVEM5T 9 RADICALISM TODAY 444 .<,).> \R IDEALS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 CONF$]ALISM1 & MUTUAL AID  444 WE HAVE LONG BE5 ! PROG5ITORS ( AN ORGANIC1 NATURALI/1 & MUTUALI/IC S5SIBILITY ?AT ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T HAS APPROPRIAT$ ) FEW REF]5CES TO !IR S\RCE -- ! NATURALISM ( ,KROPOTK94.<#c#b.> 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 

,9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS ,MURRAY DEVELOP$ HIS IDEAS AB\T FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY 9TO A SPECIFIC APPROA* ?AT1 = PURPOSES ( EASY ID5TIFICATION1 HE GAVE A NAME4  ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM WAS HIS /RATEGY = A*IEV+ DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS1 AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE ( A RATIONAL ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4  ,HE HAD SKET*$ ! RUDIM5TS ( ?IS APPROA* 9 0,SPR+ ,(F5SIVES10 BUT DID NOT WRITE MU* AB\T IT AFT] #a#i#g#b4  ,!N 9 #aihc HE RETURN$ TO ! SUBJECT1 DEVELOP+ IT 9 A MATURE & DETAIL$ =M4  ,I WILL SUMM>IZE IT V]Y BRIEFLY H]E4 .<#c#c.> 

,WE NE$ A 0NEW POLITICS10 ,MURRAY >GU$1 ONE BAS$1 NOT 9 A NATIONAL CAPITAL1 BUT AT ! COMMUNITY LEVEL4  0,H]E1 9 ! MO/ IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL -- ! COMMUNITY1 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 ! T[N1 OR ! VILLAGE -- :]E PRIVATE LIFE SL[LY BEG9S TO PHASE 9TO PUBLIC LIFE1 ! AU!NTIC LOCUS = FUNCTION+ ON A BASE LEVEL EXI/S 9S(> AS URBANIZATION HAS NOT TOTALLY DE/ROY$ IT40.<#c#d.>  ,H]E A 0NEW POLITICS0 ( CITIZ5%IP MAY BE 9/ITUT$1 ONE 9 :I* PEOPLE TAKE *>GE ( !IR [N POLITICAL LIFE1 ?R\< P>TICIPATION 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4  ,MURRAY DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 POLITICS 7:I* IS PRACTIC$ BY CITIZ5S 9 ASSEMBLIES7 & /ATECRAFT 7:I* IS PRACTIC$ BY (FICEHOLD]S 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! NATION-/ATE74  ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT POLITICS MU/ BE 0A S*OOL = G5U9E CITIZ5%IP4 

,ULTIMATELY !RE IS NO CIVIC 0CURRICULUM10 AS IT W]E1 ?AT CAN BE A SUB/ITUTE = A LIV+ & CREATIVE POLITICAL REALM4  ,BUT :AT WE MU/ CLE>LY DO 9 AN ]A ( COMMODIFICATION1 RIVALRY1 ANOMIE1 & EGOISM IS =MULATE & CONSCI\SLY 9CULCATE ! VALUES ( HUMANISM1 COOP]ATION1 COMMUNITY1 & PUBLIC S]VICE 9 ! EV]YDAY PRACTICE ( CIVIC LIFE4 444 ,GRASS-ROOTS CITIZ5%IP MU/ GO H& 9 H& ) GRASS-ROOTS POLITICS4.<#c#e.> 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ ACTIVI/S W\LD !RE=E CREATE GR\PS TO RUN C&IDATES 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS1 ON PLAT=MS CALL+ = ! CREATION ( FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4  ,:5 ! CITIZ5RY ELECT$ 5\< SU* C&IDATES TO (FICE1 ! NEW CITY C\NCILORS W\LD FULFILL ! ONE PURPOSE = :I* !Y HAD BE5 ELECT$3  !Y W\LD ALT] CITY & T[N *>T]S TO CREATE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4  ,?US ! ASSEMBLIES W\LD COME AB\T AS A RESULT ( A CONSCI\S DEVOLUTION ( P[] FROM EXI/+ /ATI/ MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS3  ,! ASSEMBLIES1 SO EMP[]$1 W\LD TAKE OV] ! FUNCTIONS ( MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS4  ,!Y W\LD MUNICIPALIZE ! ECONOMY1 TAK+ OV] ! [N]%IP & MANAGEM5T ( LOCAL ECONOMIC LIFE1 ALL[+ ! PEOPLE ( COMMUNITY TO MAKE DECISIONS AB\T ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 9 !IR >EA4 

,! T[N%IP %\LD HAVE CONTROL OV] ! L&2 IT %\LD HAVE CONTROL OV] ! 9DU/RIES4  ,COLLECTIVIZATION ITSELF CAN LEAD MANY DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS 4444 ,MUNICIPALIZATION MEANS ! MUNICIPALITY CONTROLS IT ?R\< NEI<BORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS OR ?R\< T[N MEET+S4.<#c#f.> 

,OV] L>G] REGIONS ! DEMOCRATIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES W\LD 9T]L9K BY CONF$]AT+ ) ONE ANO!R3 

,:AT1 !N1 IS CONF$]ALISM8  ,IT IS ABOVE ALL A NETWORK ( ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCILS :OSE MEMB]S OR DELEGATES >E ELECT$ FROM POPUL> FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES1 444 ,! MEMB]S ( !SE CONF$]AL C\NCILS >E /RICTLY M&AT$1 RECALLABLE1 & RESPONSIBLE TO ! ASSEMBLIES ?AT *OSE !M = ! PURPOSE ( COORD9AT+ & ADM9I/]+ ! POLICIES =M$ BY ! ASSEMBLIES !MSELVES4  ,!IR FUNCTION IS ?US A PURELY ADM9I/RATIVE & PRACTICAL ONE1 NOT A POLICY-MAK+ ONE LIKE ! FUNCTION ( REPRES5TATIVES 9 REPUBLICAN SY/EMS ( GOV]NM5T4.<#c#g.> 

,! CONF$]AT$ MUNICIPALITIES1 9 :I* P[] FL[$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 W\LD =M A DUAL P[]1 A C\NT]P[]1 AGA9/ ! NATION-/ATE4 

,I'M CONC]N$ ) DEVELOP+ LOCAL 9/ITUTIONS -- NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS ?AT WILL BE ?R[N 9TO DYNAMIC OPPOSITION TO ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4  ,MY MO/ IMPORTANT CONC]N IS TO /OP ! C5TRALIZATION ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL P[] 444 TO SEE ?AT ! MUNICIPAL LEVEL ACTS AS A BRAKE UPON ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE & ULTIMATELY LEADS TO ! ABOLITION ( ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 9 A FREE MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATION ( T[N & CITIES & VILLAGES /RUCTUR$ 9 A LIB]T>IAN =M4.<#c#h.> 

,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ?AT IT IS GR\ND$ 9 HI/ORICAL REALITY & LOCAL TRADITIONS 0TO LEGITIMATE ITS CLAIMS1 

TRADITIONS :I*1 H[EV] FRAGM5T>Y & TATT]$1 /ILL (F] ! POT5TIALITY = A P>TICIPATORY POLITICS ( *ALL5G+ DIM5SIONS TO ! ,/ATE4  ,! ,COMMUNE /ILL LIES BURI$ 9 ! CITY C\NCIL2 ! SECTIONS /ILL LIE BURI$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD2 ! T[N MEET+ /ILL LIES BURI$ 9 ! T[N%IP2 CONF$]AL =MS ( MUNICIPAL ASSOCIATION /ILL LIE BURI$ 9 REGIONAL NETWORKS ( T[NS & CITIES4.<#c#i.> 

,?IS APPROA* ALSO HAD ROOTS 9 REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY4  ,MANY RADICAL WORK]S' MOVEM5TS1 ,MURRAY WROTE1 

W]E L>GELY CIVIC PH5OM5A1 GR\ND$ 9 SPECIFIC NEI<BORHOODS 9 ,P>IS1 ,PETROGRAD1 & ,B>CELONA1 & 9 SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES ?AT =M$ ! >5AS NOT ONLY ( CLASS UNRE/ BUT ( CIVIC OR COMMUNAL UNRE/4  ,9 SU* MILIEUS OPPRESS$ & DISCONT5T$ PEOPLE ACT$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! PROBLEMS !Y FAC$ NOT ONLY AS ECONOMIC BE+S BUT AS COMMUNAL BE+S4.<#d.> 

,?R\< !SE DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS A REVOLUTION>Y PEOPLE W\LD BE 5ABL$ TO REPLACE ! NATION-/ATE & EX]CISE ITS P[] ?R\< POPUL> SELF-GOV]NM5T4 

,N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/ COMMUNALISM 

,/>T+ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS ,MURRAY M\NT$ A V]ITABLE CAMPAIGN TO TRY TO P]SUADE AN>*I/S TO ADOPT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4  ,HE DELV$ 9TO AN>*I/ HI/ORY TO F9D SUPPORT = IT !RE1 = ORGANIC1 COMMUNITY-LEVEL POLITICS1 & = CONF$]AT$ MUNICIPALITIES4  ,9 FACT ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ORIG9ATORS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T1 HE F\ND1 HAD HAD A LOT TO SAY AB\T SU* IDEAS4 

,PR\DHON1 = ONE1 HAD WRITT5 FAVORABLY AB\T F$]ALISM 7ALSO KN[N AS CONF$]ALISM OR CONF$]ATION7 AS A LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE4  ,9 ,! ,F$]AL ,PR9CIPLE 7#a#h#f#c71 WRITT5 T[>D ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 HE ADVOCAT$ A DEC5TRALIZ$ !ORY ( F$]AL 7CONF$]AL7 GOV]NM5T4  ,PUBLIC ADM9I/RATION1 HE >GU$1 %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ MO/ BASICALLY AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 ) COMMUNES & ASSOCIATIONS4  ,!SE COMMUNES W\LD GR\P TOGE!R REGIONALLY1 & A CONF$]ATION ( REGIONS W\LD REPLACE ! NATION-/ATE4  ,P[] W\LD RISE FROM BEL[4  ,DELEGATES W\LD BE RECALLABLE1 5SUR+ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ! POPUL> WILL4  ,PR\DHON'S WAS ! FIR/ EXPOSITION ( ! IDEA ?AT A CONF$]ATION C\LD BE AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE4.<#d#a.> 

0,DUE HONOR %\LD C]TA9LY BE GIV5 TO ,PR\DHON10 ,MURRAY >GU$1 0= DEVELOP+ F$]ALI/IC NOTIONS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AGA9/ ! NATION-/ATE & DEF5D+ ! RI<TS ( CRAFTS PEOPLE & PEASANTS :O W]E UND] ! ASSAULT ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM40.<#d#b.>  ,9DE$1 

,:AT ,I F9D MO/ WOR? EMPHASIZ+ 9 ,PR\DHON IS HIS HI<LY COMMUNAL NOTION ( CONF$]ALISM4  ,HE WAS AT HIS BE/1 ALL[+ = C]TA9 RES]VATIONS1 :5 HE DECL>$ ?AT 0! F$]AL SY/EM IS ! CONTR>Y ( HI]>*Y OR ADM9I/RATIVE & GOV]NM5TAL C5TRALIZATION02 ?AT ! 0ESS5CE0 ( F$]AL CONTRACTS IS 0ALWAYS TO RES]VE MORE P[]S ( ! CITIZ5 ?AN = ! /ATE1 & = MUNICIPAL & PROV9CIAL AU?ORITIES ?AN = ! C5TRAL P[]02 ?AT 0! C5TRAL P[]0 MU/ BE 'IMP]CEPTIBLY SUBORD9AT$ IT444 TO ! REPRES5TATIVES ( DEP>TM5TS OR PROV9CES1 PROV9CIAL AU?ORITY TO ! DELEGATES ( T[N%IPS1 & MUNICIPAL AU?ORITY TO ITS 9HABITANTS40.<#d#c.> 

,V]Y POPUL> AMONG N9ETE5?-C5TURY LIB]T>IANS WAS ! IDEA ( :AT 9 ,FR5* & O!R ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES WAS CALL$ ! COMMUNE -- ! UNIT ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T CLOSE/ TO ! PEOPLE2 ?AT IS1 ! MUNICIPALITY4  ,! WORD 0COMMUNE0 ALSO HAD OV]TONES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#g#i#c-#i#d4  0,! IMPORTANCE ( ! COMMUNE 9 TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ ?\<T10 WROTE ,MURRAY1 0HAS NOT RECEIV$ ! FULL ATT5TION IT DES]VES40.<#d#d.>  ,LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S1 9 ! WAKE ( ,PR\DHON1 COMMONLY ?\<T ( ! CONF$]ATION TO REPLACE ! NATION-/ATE AS CON/ITUT+ A NETWORK ( COMMUNES4  ,WROTE ,MURRAY3  0,! AN>*IC IDEAL ( DEC5TRALIZ$1 /ATELESS1 COLLECTIVELY MANAG$1 & DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES -- ( CONF$]AT$ MUNICIPALITIES OR 'COMMUNES' -- SPEAKS ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY 444 TO ! TRANS=M+ ROLE ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM 9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( A LIB]ATORY SOCIETY40.<#d#e.> 

,! COMMUNE WAS ALSO AN IMPORTANT IDEA TO ,BAKUN94  ,9 HIS 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM0 ( #a#h#f#e-#f#f ! ,RUSSIAN SAW ! COMMUNE AS A REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTION1 CLOSE TO ! PEOPLE & RESPONSIVE TO !IR NE$S1 & FUNCTION+ 9 A CONF$]ATION3 

,IMM$IATELY AFT] GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 OV]?R[N1 COMMUNES WILL HAVE TO REORGANIZE !MSELVES ALONG REVOLUTION>Y L9ES 444 ,NO COMMUNE CAN DEF5D ITSELF 9 ISOLATION4  ,SO IT WILL BE NECESS>Y = EA* ( !M TO RADIATE REVOLUTION \TW>D1 TO RAISE ALL ( ITS NEI<BOR+ COMMUNES 9 REVOLT TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y WILL RISE UP1 & TO F$]ATE ) !M = COMMON DEF5SE4  ,BETWE5 !MSELVES !Y WILL ( NECESSITY 5T] 9TO A F$]AL PACT F\ND$ SIMULTANE\SLY UPON SOLID>ITY ( ALL & AUTONOMY ( EA*4  444 ,! SAME REVOLUTION>Y REQUIREM5TS 9DUCE ! AUTONOM\S PROV9CES TO F$]ATE 9TO REGIONS1 REGIONS 9TO NATIONAL F$]ATIONS1 NATIONS 9TO 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATIONS4.<#d#f.> 

,LAT] 9 ! SAME DOCUM5T HE WROTE3 

,FIR/3  ALL ORGANIZATIONS MU/ PROCE$ BY WAY ( F$]ATION FROM ! BASE TO ! SUMMIT1 FROM ! COMMUNE TO ! COORD9AT+ ASSOCIATION ( ! C\NTRY OR NATION4  ,SECOND3  !RE MU/ BE AT LEA/ ONE AUTONOM\S 9T]M$IATE BODY BETWE5 ! COMMUNE & ! C\NTRY1 ! DEP>TM5T1 ! REGION1 OR ! PROV9CE 444 ,! BASIC UNIT ( ALL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 9 EA* C\NTRY MU/ BE ! COMPLETELY AUTONOM\S COMMUNE1 CON/ITUT$ BY ! MAJORITY VOTE ( ALL ADULTS ( BO? SEXES 444 ! PROV9CE MU/ BE NO?+ BUT A FREE F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES4.<#d#g.> 

,9 #ahga ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 DESPITE ITS BRIEF EXI/5CE1 EXCIT$ MANY LIB]T>IANS4  ,MURRAY ONCE NOT$ ?AT IT 0PROVID$ ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM ) ITS E>LIE/ MODELS ( A LIB]AT$ SOCIETY0 & 0WAS PRECISELY A REVOLUTION>Y MUNICIPAL MOVEM5T :OSE GOAL ( A 'SOCIAL REPUBLIC' HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ )9 A CONF$]ALI/ FRAMEWORK ( FREE MUNICIPALITIES OR 'COMMUNES4'0.<#d#h.>  ,IT GAVE ! ALREADY-9T]E/+ CONCEPT ( ! 0COMMUNE0 EV5 MORE ELECTRICITY4 

,! COMMUNE LOOM$ L>GE ON ! HORIZON ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ! AN>*I/ !ORI/ CLOSELY ID5TIFI$ ) AN>*O-COMMUNISM4.<#d#i.>  ,9 #ahgi ,KROPOTK9 WROTE3 

,ONCE EXPROPRIATION HAS BE5 C>RI$ ?R\<1 & ! CAPITALI/S' P[] TO RESI/ BE5 SMA%$1 ! 444 !RE WILL NECESS>ILY >ISE A NEW SY/EM ( ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE 444 ! F\NDATIONS ( ! NEW ORGANIZATION WILL BE ! FREE F$]ATION ( PRODUC]S' GR\PS & ! FREE F$]ATION ( ,COMMUNES & GR\PS ( 9DEP5D5T ,COMMUNES4.<#e.> 

,& A YE> LAT]3  0,! COMMUNES ( ! NEXT REVOLUTION WILL PROCLAIM & E/ABLI% !IR 9DEP5D5CE BY DIRECT SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 ABOLI%+ PRIVATE PROP]TY4  ,:5 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T HAPP5S 444 ! PEOPLE !MSELVES WILL ABOLI% PROP]TY BY A VIOL5T EXPROPRIATION40.<#e#a.> 

,! COMMUNES ( ! NEXT REVOLUTION WILL NOT ONLY BREAK D[N ! /ATE & SUB/ITUTE FREE F$]ATION = P>LIAM5T>Y RULE2 !Y WILL P>T ) P>LIAM5T>Y RULE )9 ! COMMUNE ITSELF4  ,!Y WILL TRU/ ! FREE ORGANIZATION ( FOOD SUPPLY & PRODUCTION TO FREE GR\PS ( WORK]S -- :I* WILL F$]ATE ) LIKE GR\PS 9 O!R CITIES & VILLAGES NOT ?R\< ! M$IUM ( A COMMUNAL P>LIAM5T BUT DIRECTLY1 TO ACCOMPLI% !IR AIM4.<#e#b.> 

,& ,KROPOTK9 WROTE 9 #aiac ?AT 0! =M ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ TAKE .<IS.> ! 9DEP5D5T COMMUNE40.<#e#c.> 

,WE NOTICE 9 !SE C\NTRIES ! EVID5T T5D5CY TO =M 9TO GR\PS ( 5TIRELY 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES1 :I* W\LD COMB9E BY MEANS ( FREE F$]ATION1 9 ORD] TO SATISFY 9NUM]ABLE NE$S & ATTA9 C]TA9 IMM$IATE 5DS 444 ,! FUTURE REVOLUTIONS 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA9 WILL BE COMMUNALI/ -- NOT C5TRALI/4.<#e#d.> 

,9 SUM1 ! COMMUNE 9 CONF$]ATION 70! ,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES07 WAS CRUCIAL TO !SE MAJOR N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/S AS WELL AS O!RS4  ,TOGE!R !IR WRIT+S1 SAID ,MURRAY 9 ! #a#i#hS1 CON/ITUT$ A 0COMMUNALI/0 T5D5CY )9 AN>*ISM1 A T5D5CY ?AT HAD BE5 L>GELY OV]LOOK$ AMID ! MORE CONSPICU\S T5D5CIES ( AN>*O-9DIVIDUALISM & AN>*O SYNDICALISM4  ,HE N[ CAMPAIGN$ TO CALL ATT5TION TO IT3  0,IT W\LD BE WELL TO REMEMB] ?AT !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 A COMMUNALI/ T5D5CY 9 AN>*ISM1 NOT ONLY A SYNDICALI/ & AN 9DIVIDUALI/ ONE4  ,MOREOV]1 ?IS COMMUNALI/ T5D5CY HAS ALWAYS HAD A /RONG MUNICIPALI/ ORI5TATION40.<#e#e.>  ,HE TOLD ,KICK ,IT ,OV] 9 #a#i#h#e3 

,LONG BE=E SYNDICALISM EM]G$ 9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 !RE WAS A COMMUNALI/  TRADITION :I* DATES BACK TO ,PR\DHON & :I* APPE>S 9 ,KROPOTK9 & ,I DON'T KN[ :Y ?AT'S BE5 SO COMPLETELY NEGLECT$4  ,SO IF ,I'M TO TAKE ?AT S]I\SLY & UPDATE IT UP 9TO \R [N TIME & EXPLORE ITS LOGIC COMPLETELY1 !N ,I HAVE TO ASK MYSELF3  :AT CAN ,I DO TO RECOV] ! NEI<BORHOOD & ! COMMUNITY8  ,H[ CAN ,I EMP[] ! CITIZ5S TO TAKE CONTROL ( !IR COMMUNITY AT ! BASE GRASSROOTS LEVEL1 444 & NOT TO DEVELOP ! BAD HABITS ( P>LIAM5T>ISM1 BUT TO TRY TO CREATE NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES SU* AS WE HAVE 9 ,BURL+TON -- T[N MEET+ TYPE =MS -- C\NCILS 9 NEI<BORHOODS -- CONF$]ATE !M1 & CONF$]ATE ! COMMUNITIES 9TO A DUAL P[] AGA9/ ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE ON ! BASIS ( A LIB]T>IAN TRADITION4.<#e#f.> 

,TO BE SURE1 9 ,MURRAY'S H&S ! COMMUNALI/ T5D5CY UND]W5T TRANS=MATION4  ,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY !ORI/S HAD SE5 ! COMMUNES AS MA9LY ADM9I/RATIVE 9 FUNCTION1 PROVID+ 0PUBLIC S]VICES10 & HAD GIV5 ACTUAL DECISION-MAK+ P[] OV] TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS ?AT COMPRIS$ ! COMMUNAL F$]ATIONS4  ,! COMMUNES !MSELVES W\LD BE K9D ( M9I-CONF$]ATIONS AT ! MUNICIPAL LEVEL1 MADE UP ( SMALL] COMPON5TS LIKE PRODUC]S' GR\PS1 COLLECTIVES1 COOP]ATIVES1 & ! LIKE4  ,MURRAY 9/EAD 5VISION$ ! COMMUNE AS A DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 MADE UP ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES1 ?AT CONTROLS ! ECONOMY4 

,BUT !N1 H[ W\LD ! =EBE>S' WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & COMMUNES MAKE DECISIONS8  ,AS BODIES = POLICYMAK+ AS WELL AS ADM9I/RATION1 !Y W\LD HAVE TO MAKE DECISIONS4 ,P]HAPS !Y W\LD COMPRISE C\NCILS1 OR COMMITTEES4  ,!SE C\NCILS OR COMMITTEES MI<T CONSI/ ( C\NCILORS :O W]E DELEGATES -- RECALLABLE DELEGATES1 EMP[]$ TO C>RY \T ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4  ,AS ,BAKUN9 WROTE 9 #a#h#f#h3  0,AS REG>DS ORGANIZATION ( ! ,COMMUNE1 !RE WILL BE A F$]ATION ( /&+ B>RICADES & A ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL WILL OP]ATE ON ! BASIS ( ONE OR TWO DELEGATES FROM EA* B>RICADE1 ONE P] /REET OR P] DI/RICT1 !SE DEPUTIES BE+ 9VE/$ ) B9D+ M&ATES & ACC\NTABLE & REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES40.<#e#g.> 

,BUT H[ W\LD ! DEPUTIES BE *OS58  ,BAKUN9 DOES NOT SAY2 NOR DOES ,KROPOTK9 OR ANY ( ! O!R =EBE>S4  ,P]HAPS ! DEPUTIES W\LD BE H&-PICK$ BY REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]S1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT SEEM P>TICUL>LY 5LI<T5$4  ,OR P]HAPS ! DELEGATES W\LD BE ELECT$ DEMOCRATICALLY4  ,BY ! PEOPLE4  ,P]HAPS BY ! PEOPLE 9 ASSEMBLIES4  ,! =EBE>S DO NOT SAY4 

,! FACT IS ?AT1 IF ,I MAY G5]ALIZE WILDLY1 ! ,EUROPEAN ,LEFT ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY T5D$ NOT TO ?9K ( DEMOCRACY AS A DESID]ATUM 9 ITS [N RI<T4  ,EV5 DEMOCRATIC GRASSROOTS SELF-GOV]NM5T HELD LITTLE APPEAL4  ,DEMOCRACY1 AS A CONCEPT1 SEEM$ ! POLITICS ( COMPROMISE1 REQUIR+ TOL]ANCE & MOD]ATION1 UNSUIT$ = VIOL5T REVOLUTION>Y GOALS ( EXPROPRIATION4  ,/ATI/ DEMOCRACY 7:AT ,MURRAY W\LD CALL REPUBLICANISM7 WAS A MEANS = ! ACQUISITION P[] BY ! WORK+ CLASS RA!R ?AN A GOAL 9 ITS [N RI<T4  ,= ,EUROPEAN LEFTI/S ! REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS P> EXCELL5CE W]E FACTORY COMMITTEES & WORK]S' C\NCILS1 9/ITUTIONS :OSE ORIG9S LAY 9 ECONOMIC ?\<T4  ,P]HAPS IT REQUIR$ AN ,AM]ICAN RADICAL TO 9SI/ ?AT DEMOCRACY WAS EXCIT+ 9 ITS [N RI<T1 TO GIVE IT PRIORITY1 TO MAKE IT A GOAL WOR? FI<T+ =4 

,& IT BECAME HIS JOB TO TRY TO P]SUADE AN>*I/S ?AT DEMOCRACY WAS WOR? FI<T+ =1 TO BE VALU$ 9 ITS [N RI<T4  ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 HE BELIEV$1 AS A TRANSLATION & UPDATE ( AN>*I/-COMMUNALISM1 C\LD BECOME ! BASIS = A NEW AN>*ISM D$ICAT$ TO FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 

0,! REVOLUTION>Y ]A IS OV]0 

,BE=E ,I GO ON1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO LOOK AT ANO!R NOTABLE FACT AB\T ! 0COMMUNE0 =MATIONS DESCRIB$ BY ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY =EBE>S3  !SE COMMUNES W]E 9T5D$ TO COME 9TO EXI/5CE AFT] ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION4  ,?AT IS1 ONCE ! WORK]S HAD EXPROPRIAT$ PRIVATE PROP]TY & =C$ ! COLLAPSE ( ! /ATE1 !Y W\LD SPONTANE\SLY =M COMMUNES4  ,NOTE ?AT ONE ( ! ,BAKUN9 QUOTES ABOVE BEG9S 0,IMM$IATELY AFT] GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 OV]?R[N 444 0 ,& ?AT ONE ( ! ,KROPOTK9 QUOTES BEG9S 0,ONCE EXPROPRIATION HAS BE5 C>RI$ ?R\< 4440  ,= BO? ?9K]S1 ! WORK]S' REVOLUTION W\LD COME FIR/4 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,MURRAY HAD >GU$ ?AT REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS >E =M$ SPONTANE\SLY BY ! PEOPLE DUR+ ! C\RSE ( A REVOLUTION4  7,SPONTANEITY WAS ONE ( HIS PR9CIPLES ( CONV]G5CE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY47  ,BUT 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS SOME?+ HAPP5$ ?AT P]MAN5TLY *ANG$ HIS ?9K+3  HE CAME TO ! REALIZATION ?AT HE WAS NOT GO+ TO SEE A REVOLUTION W\LD HAPP5 9 HIS LIFETIME4  ,! WAY HE PUT IT TO ME WAS3  HE REALIZ$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A IS OV]4 

,HE HAD BE5 WORK+ ) ! ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE1 ! GR\P ?AT PREV5T$ ! ,SEABROOK NUCLE> REACTOR FROM GO+ ON L9E4  ,WAS IT SOME?+ AB\T ?AT EXP]I5CE ?AT L$ TO ?IS REALIZATION8  ,HE WAS FRU/RAT$ BY ! DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES US$ 9 ?AT GR\P3  CONS5SUS1 HE F\ND1 WAS A PROCESS V]Y PRONE TO MANIPULATION4  ,OR WAS IT ! *ANGES HAPP5+ 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE 9 ! #a#i#gS8  ,C]TA9LY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS 5T]+ A P]IOD ( RI<T-W+ BACKLA% AGA9/ ! #a#i#fS 7A BACKLA% ?AT CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY74  ,ONETIME RADICALS W]E N[ PURSU+ C>E]S1 GETT+ 0A PIECE ( ! PIE0 = !MSELVES4  ,! NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS W]E EM]G+1 :I* (F]$ HOPE BUT ALSO FRAGM5TATION ( ANY BROAD MOVEM5T2 !Y MOV$ RADICAL ?9K+ 9CREAS+LY T[>D ID5TITY POLITICS4  ,ECOLOGY WAS EM]G+ AS AN ISSUE ( G5]AL CONC]N1 BUT AS ,WA%+TON ADOPT$ A FEW 5VIRONM5T-FRI5DLY LAWS1 RADICAL ECOLOGI/S W]E BECOM+ RE=MI/ 5VIRONM5TALI/S4  ,F9ALLY ! ALT]NATIVE 7NON-,WE/]N & NONCR$AL7 SPIRITUALITIES ?AT MADE UP ! ,NEW ,AGE W]E EV] MORE POPUL>1 LUR+ =M] POLITICAL ACTIVI/S 9TO PRIVATE LIFE & PROMIS+ TO REPLACE EXTROV]T$ DEM&S TO *ANGE SOCIETY ) 9N] QUE/S = S]5ITY & 5LI<T5M5T4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y ]A1 ,MURRAY REALIZ$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS1 WAS OV]4  ,! ]A ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS HAD BEGUN ON ! B>RICADES ( ,JUNE #ahdh & HAD CONT9U$ ?R\< ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & BEYOND4  ,BUT IT HAD COME TO AN 5D 9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 ON ! B>RICADES ( ,B>CELONA4  ,?AT WAS ! LA/ TIME WORK]S HAD RIS5 UP 9 PURSUIT ( A NEW1 UTOPIAN SOCIETY4.<#e#h.>  ,HE SAID 9 A #aihe SPEE*3  0,I BELIEVE ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y ]A 9 ! CLASSICAL S5SE IS OV]4 444  ,I LIV$ ?R\< ! ]A ( ! B>RICADES4  ,! GLAM\R ( !M HAS ALWAYS 5*ANT$ ME1 BUT ,I'VE LE>N$ :5 AN EPIC HAS COME TO AN 5D40.<#e#i.>  ,HE LAT] TOLD ME ?AT HE CAME TO ?AT REALIZATION AFT] ,CLAM%ELL4  0,H>DLY ANY AU!NTIC REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION EXI/S 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPE10 HE WROTE 9 #a#i#g#i4.<#f.> 

,?IS REALIZATION MU/ HAVE BE5 WR5*+1 AS MU* SO AS HIS #aidh REALIZATION ?AT ! WORK]S W\LD NOT BE REVOLUTION>Y AG5TS4  ,AFT] ALL1 CAPITALISM & ! NATION-/ATE /ILL HAD TO BE OV]?R[N1 EV5 MORE URG5TLY N[ ) ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 & ,MURRAY HIMSELF1 AS WELL AS O!R REVOLUTION>IES1 HAD NO 9T5TION ( GIV+ UP !IR FI<T4  ,HE C\LD HAVE SETTL$ BACK & ADJU/$ HIS VIEWS TO ! T5OR ( ! TIMES1 BUT IT WAS NOT 9 HIS P]SONALITY TO DO SO -- HE HAD ALWAYS BE5 A REVOLUTION>Y1 & W\LD REMA9 ONE4  ,BUT N[ ?AT REVOLUTION WAS NO LONG] ON ! HORIZON1 H[ WAS HE TO CONT9UE8  ,H[ %\LD ANY REVOLUTION>IES FUNCTION1 GIV5 ?AT HI/ORY WAS NO LONG] ON !IR SIDE8 

,HIS ?9K+ %IFT$1 & ONE HALLM>K ( ! %IFT1 9 MY VIEW1 WAS HIS VIRTUAL AB&ONM5T ( ! CONCEPT ( SPONTANEITY4  ,REVOLUTION>IES HAD TO /OP SUPPOS+ ?AT REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS W\LD BE =M$ AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 OR EV5 DUR+ ! C\RSE ( AN UPRIS+4  ,9/EAD1 REVOLUTION>IES HAD TO />T CREAT+ REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS N[4  ,?AT WAY ! 9/ITUTIONS W\LD NOT SIMPLY BE A PRODUCT ( REVOLUTION2 !Y C\LD HELP FOM5T A REVOLUTION4  ,REVOLUTION>IES HAD TO CREATE !SE 9/ITUTIONS CONSCI\SLY & DELIB]ATELY4  ,C]TA9LY EV5TS MI<T ]UPT ?AT W\LD FUEL SOCIAL *ANGE2 A GR[+ AW>5ESS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS C\LD LEAD TO A BROAD SOCIAL MOVEM5T2 GLOBAL W>M+1 WREAK+ HAVOC1 C\LD ?REAT5 SURVIVAL & LEAD TO A MAJOR SOCIAL & POLITICAL UPHEAVAL4  ,BUT = N[1 9 ! ABS5CE ( SU* BROAD POPUL> UNRE/1 REVOLUTION HAD TO BE WORK$ = CONSCI\SLY4  ,& TO P]=M ?AT CONSCI\S WORK1 AN ORGANIZ$1 COH]5T1 & PURPOSIVE LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS NE$$4 

,! /RATEGY ( ?AT MOVEM5T1 ( C\RSE1 WAS LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4  ,! 9/ITUTIONS ( FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY W]E ! ONES ?AT C\LD BE CREAT$ BE=E ! REVOLUTION & ?AT W\LD BE 9 PLACE IF & :5 ! REVOLUTION F9ALLY CAME4  ,AFT] ALL1 9 ! WAKE ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 #a#i#i#a1 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD SEEM$ TO BE EMBRAC+ DEMOCRACY1 9 ! =M ( ! REPUBLICAN NATION-/ATE4  ,MUNICIPALI/ REVOLUTION>IES C\LD DO NO LESS1 BUT 9 !IR CASE ! DEMOCRACY !Y EMBRAC$ W\LD BE DIRECT & FACE-TO-FACE4 

,! AN>*I/ RESPONSE 

,AS WE HAVE SE51 ,MURRAY M\NT$ A CAMPAIGN TO CONV9CE HIS FELL[ AN>*I/S ?AT ?IS WAS ! PA? !Y %\LD TAKE4  ,HE PASSIONATELY ADVOCAT$ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM AT A MAJOR 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ CONF]5CE HELD 9 ,V5ICE 9 #a#i#h#d4  ,HE WROTE ,! ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION & ! ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP 7A CUMB]SOME & ACADEMIC-S\ND+ TITLE = A BRILLIANT BOOK %OT ?R\< ) POLITICAL 5GAGEM5T71 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#h#e1 TRAC+ ! DEMOCRATIC TRADITION & EXPLOR+ ! AGE-OLD CONFLICT BETWE5 ! MUNICIPALITY & ! /ATE4  ,FROM #aihc TO ! E>LY #a#i#iS HE PRODUC$ A S]IES ( >TICLES ON V>I\S ASPECTS ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 MANY ( !M PUBLI%$ 9 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES 7LAT] R5AM$ ,LEFT ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES74  ,HE =M$ A LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ POLITICAL GR\P 9 ,BURL+TON1 ,V]MONT4  7,BY ?IS TIME ,I WAS 9 HIS LIFE & BECAME A MEMB] ( ?AT GR\P1 ! ,BURL+TON ,GRE5S2 ,I CO$IT$ ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES ) HIM47 

,H[ DID AN>*I/S RESPOND TO ?IS CAMPAIGN8  ,= ! MO/ P>T1 ! RESPONSE ,I HE>D1 BO? 9 MY PRES5CE & 9 WRIT+S ?AT CROSS$ \R DESKS1 IT WAS UNIVOCAL3  AN>*I/S WILL NEV] P>TICIPATE 9 ELECTIONS4  ,MUNICIPALISM IS /ATISM1 IT IS P>LIAM5T>ISM1 !Y SAID1 JU/ AS ,JUDI? ,MAL9A HAD 9 #a#i#g#b4 

,BUT AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 ,MURRAY REPLI$1 POLITICS IS NOT /ATISM2 IT IS SOME?+ QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T4  ,! /ATE1 9 HIS DEF9ITION1 WAS ! 9/ITUTION ?AT 9VOLVES A SURR5D] ( SOV]EIGNTY TO LEGISLATORS2 POLITICS1 BY CONTRA/1 TAKES PLACE AT ! COMMUNITY LEVEL1 :]E COMMUNAL SELF-MANAGEM5T IS POSSIBLE2 IT 9VOLVES PEOPLE ACTIVELY MANAG+ !IR [N COMMUNITIES1 NOT SURR5D]+ P[] TO LEGISLATORS BUT EX]CIS+ IT !MSELVES4  ,?AT FACT MADE ALL ! DIFF]5CE4  0,CIVIC POLITICS IS NOT 9TR9SICALLY P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS10 HE WROTE 9 #a#i#h#d4.<#f#a.> ,&3  0,IF ?IS K9D ( ASSEMBLY BR+S AN>*I/S 9TO CITY C\NCILS1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y SU* A POLITICS %\LD BE CON/RU$ AS P>LIAM5T>Y1 P>TICUL>LY IF IT IS CONF9$ TO ! CIVIC LEVEL & IS CONSCI\SLY POS$ AGA9/ ! /ATE40.<#f#b.> 

,HE FREQU5TLY QUOT$ ,BAKUN9 ON ! QUALITATIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 LOCAL POLITICS & ! NATIONAL /ATE4  ,9 #ahg ,BAKUN9 HAD DRAWN AN IMPLICIT DI/9CTION BETWE5 !M3 

,DUE TO !IR ECONOMIC H>D%IPS ! PEOPLE >E IGNORANT & 9DIFF]5T & >E AW>E ONLY ( ?+S CLOSELY AFFECT+ !M4  ,!Y UND]/& & KN[ H[ TO CONDUCT !IR DAILY AFFAIRS4  ,AWAY FROM !IR FAMILI> CONC]NS !Y BECOME CONFUS$1 UNC]TA91 & POLITICALLY BAFFL$4  ,!Y .<! PEOPLE.> HAVE A HEAL?Y PRACTICAL COMMON S5SE :5 IT COMES TO COMMUNAL AFFAIRS4  ,!Y >E FAIRLY WELL 9=M$ & KN[ H[ TO SELECT FROM !IR MID/ ! MO/ CAPABLE (FICIALS4  ,UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 EFFECTIVE CONTROL IS QUITE POSSIBLE1 BECAUSE ! PUBLIC BUS9ESS IS CONDUCT$ UND] ! WAT*FUL EYES ( ! CITIZ5S & VITALLY & DIRECTLY CONC]NS !IR DAILY LIVES4  ,?IS IS :Y MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ALWAYS BE/ REFLECT ! REAL ATTITUDE & WILL ( ! PEOPLE4  ,PROV9CIAL & C\NTY GOV]NM5TS1 EV5 :5 ! LATT] >E DIRECTLY ELECT$1 >E ALREADY LESS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! PEOPLE4.<#f#c.> 

0,I W\LD WANT TO RE/ATE HIS =MULATION TO MEAN ?AT MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS CAN MORE ACCURATELY REFLECT ! POPUL> WILL ?AN P>LIAM5T>Y ONES10 ,MURRAY WROTE4.<#f#d.> 

,MOREOV]1 ! MUNICIPALITY & ! /ATE HAVE LONG BE5 9 T5SION IF NOT CONFLICT4 

,! /ATE1 UNTIL COMP>ATIVELY REC5T TIMES1 HAS NEV] BE5 ABLE TO FULLY CLAIM ! MUNICIPALITY AS ITS [N 444 ,ALMO/ EV]Y MAJOR REVOLUTION HAS 9VOLV$ -- 9DE$1 HAS (T5 BE5 -- A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! LOCAL COMMUNITY & ! C5TRALIZ$ /ATE 444 ,! MUNICIPALITY MAY WELL BE ! ONE >5A 9 :I* TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONAL =MS CAN BE REWORK$ TO REPLACE ! NATION-/ATE ITSELF 444 ,! MUNICIPALITY'S CAPACITY TO PLAY A HI/ORIC ROLE 9 *ANG+ SOCIETY DEP5DS ON ! EXT5T TO :I* IT CAN %AKE (F ! /ATE 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HAVE 9FILTRAT$ IT3  ITS MAYORALTY /RUCTURE1 CIVIC BUREAUCRACY1 & ITS [N PR(ESSIONALIZ$ MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE4  ,RESCU$ FROM !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 H[EV]1 IT RETA9S ! HI/ORICAL MAT]IALS & POLITICAL CULTURE ?AT CAN PIT IT AGA9/ ! NATION-/ATE & ! CANC]\S CORPORATE WORLD4.<#f#e.> 

,BUT /ILL ! OBJECTIONS CONT9U$4  ,9 #aiif ! P]IODICAL ,ORGANIZE6 SUGGE/$ ?AT ,MURRAY WAS ADVOCAT+ A PROCESS :]E9 0'LIB]T>IANS' CAPTURE ! LOCAL /ATE &  5D UP CAPTUR$ BY IT40.<#f#f.>  ,HIS RESPONSE3 

,MY VIEWS ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM >E 5TIRELY ORI5T$ T[>D CREAT+ A DUAL P[] COMPOS$ ( DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE 9 REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE4  ,! IDEA ?AT LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM %\LD TRY TO CAPTURE ! LOCAL /ATE & OP]ATE )9 A /ATI/ FRAMEWORK IS ALI5 TO MY VIEWS4  ,MY HOPE IS ?AT A MOVEM5T CAN BE CREAT$ ?AT SEEKS TO 5L>GE :ATEV] LOCAL DEMOCRACY /ILL REMA9S 9 A COMMUNITY -- P>TICUL>LY A DIRECT FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY -- 9 ! HOPE ?AT IT CAN BE ?R[N AGA9/ ! /ATE ON ALL LEVELS1 FROM ! MUNICIPALITY TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4.<#f#g.> 

,BUT ALREADY 9 #aiib HE WAS BECOM+ DISC\RAG$4  0,! EXTREME RESI/ANCE ,I HAVE 5C\NT]$ FROM AN>*I/ TRADITIONALI/S & 'PURI/S' ON ?IS ISSUE HAS VIRTUALLY =ECLOS$ ANY POSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ A LIB]T>IAN1 P>TICIPATORY1 MUNICIPALI/1 & CONF$]AL POLITICS TODAY AS P>T ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION40.<#f#h.> 

,MO/ DISC\RAG+LY1 MANY AN>*I/S OBJECT$ TO ! BASIC PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRATIC DECISION-MAK+1 MAJORITY RULE4  0,MAJORITY RULE IS /ILL RULE10 HE WAS TOLD4  ,AS HE DESCRIB$ ! DIFFICULTY3 

,LIB]T>IANS COMMONLY CONSID] DEMOCRACY1 EV5 9 ?IS .<FACE-TO-FACE.> S5SE1 AS A =M ( 0RULE0 -- S9CE 9 MAK+ DECISIONS1 A MAJORITY VIEW PREVAILS & ?US 0RULES0 OV] A M9ORITY4  ,AS SU*1 DEMOCRACY IS SAID TO BE 9CONSI/5T ) A TRULY LIB]T>IAN IDEAL4  ,EV5 SO KN[L$GEABLE A HI/ORIAN ( AN>*ISM AS ,PET] ,M>%ALL OBS]VES ?AT1 = AN>*I/S1 0! MAJORITY HAS NO MORE RI<T TO DICTATE TO ! M9ORITY1 EV5 A M9ORITY ( ONE1 ?AN ! M9ORITY TO ! MAJORITY40.<#f#i.> 

,SU* ?9K+ DATES BACK TO ,KROPOTK91 :O ASS]T$ ?AT 0MAJORITY RULE IS AS DEFECTIVE AS ANY O!R K9D ( RULE40.<#g.> 

,AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO MAJORITY RULE1 SOME AN>*I/S >GU$ ?AT CONS5SUS WAS PREF]ABLE2 BY SEEK+ UNANIM\S OR NE>-UNANIM\S CONS5T1 IT SEEM$ TO ELIM9ATE ! PROBLEM ( OV]RUL$ M9ORITIES4 

,BUT ,MURRAY DID NOT AGREE4  ,CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+1 HE ?\<T1 WAS SUITABLE = SMALL GR\PS ( PEOPLE :O KN[ EA* O!R BUT WAS 5TIRELY IMPRACTICABLE = L>GE ASSEMBLIES ( /RANG]S4  ,MOREOV]1 IT T5D$ TO TURN CITIZ5S 9TO MANIPULATORS1 WORK+ BEH9D ! SC5ES TO GET FULL SUPPORT = !IR PROPOSAL1 RA!R ?AN OP5LY >TICULAT+ VALID DISAGREEM5TS4  ,& BY 9SI/+ ON UNANIM\S OR NE>-UNANIM\S SUPPORT = A DECISION1 CONS5SUS T5D$ TO SUPPRESS DISS5T1 SUBTLY CO]C+ ?OSE :O DISAGRE$ ) ! MAJORITY TO 0/EP ASIDE0 -- ?AT IS1 TO NEGATE !MSELVES AS CITIZ5S & P>TICIPANTS4  ,AS A F\RTE5-YE>-OLD MEMB] ( ! ,Y\NG ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE1 ,MURRAY HAD DEFI$ ! ,/AL9I/S' BAN ON TALK+ -- EV5 TALK+6 -- TO ,TROTSKYI/S4  ,HE HAD NEV] BE5 ONE TO AGREE TO ! SUPPRESSION ( DISS5T -- ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE W\LD ALWAYS *AMPION DISS5T1 NOT SIMPLY = ALL[+ IT BUT = 5C\RAG+ IT1 BECAUSE 0DISS5SUS0 BR\<T CREATIVITY4  ,A DEMOCRACY DID 9DE$ 9SI/ ?AT ! \TVOT$ M9ORITY HAD TO ABIDE BY ! DECISIONS ( ! MAJORITY1 BUT IT ALWAYS LEFT OP5 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT A DISS5T+ M9ORITY C\LD EXPRESS ITS VIEWS FREELY & !REBY HOPE ONE DAY TO REV]SE ! NOXI\S DECISION4.<#g#a.> 

,YES1 AN>*I/S >E RI<TLY CONC]N$ AB\T /ATISM1 ,MURRAY SAID1 & !IR 0CONC]N OV] P>LIAM5T>ISM & /ATISM0 HAS BE5 0AMPLY JU/IFI$ BY HI/ORY40  ,BUT 0IT CAN ALSO LEAD TO A SIEGE M5TALITY ?AT IS NO LESS DOGMATIC 9 !ORY ?AN AN ELECTORAL RADICALISM IS CORRUPT 9 PRACTICE40.<#g#b.>  ,MURRAY FELT PASSIONATELY ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD NOT LET !IR JU/IFI$ OPPOSITION TO P>LIAM5T>ISM LEAD !M TO OPPOSE ELECTIONS & FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 

,TODAY1 SO GREAT IS ! FE> ( A LOCALI/ POLITICS ( ANY SORT -- ( CROSS+ ! MY/ICAL L9E BETWE5 NONVOT+ & VOT+ -- ?AT ! REJECTION ( ELECTORAL ACTIVITY1 EV5 IF BASE DON ! LOCALITY 9 :I* ONE LIVES1 HAS BECOME A P>ALYZ+ DOGMA4.<#g#c.> 

,AN>*ISM1 ,MURRAY 9SI/$ OV] & OV] AGA91 HAS TO BE ABLE TO MOVE =W>D2 IT %\LDN'T ALL[ ITSELF TO BE OSSIFI$4 

,WE CAN C]TA9LY BUILD ON VIEWS ADVANC$ BY ! GREAT AN>*I/ ?9K]S ( ! PA/4  ,BUT MU/ WE IGNORE ! NE$ = MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ NOTIONS ( CONF$]ALISM1 ANTI-/ATISM1 DEC5TRALISM1 DEF9ITIONS ( FRE$OM1 A S5SITIVITY TO ! NATURAL WORLD ?AN ?OSE ?AT !Y ADVANCE8  444 ,IF AN>*I/ !ORY & PRACTICE CANNOT KEEP PACE ) -- LET ALONE GO BEYOND -- HI/ORIC *ANGES ?AT HAVE ALT]$ ! 5TIRE SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & MORAL L&SCAPE 444 ! 5TIRE MOVEM5T WILL 9DE$ BECOME :AT ,ADORNO CALL$ IT -- A 0<O/40.<#g#d.> 

0,Y\ KN[10 HE SAID TO ME & TO O!RS SEV]AL TIMES 9 !SE YE>S1 0! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S BACK 9 ! #a#h#iS WANT$ TO DROP ! NAME 'AN>*I/' 9 FAVOR ( 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM4'  ,MAYBE ,I'LL DO ! SAME ?+40 

,9DIVIDUALISM & LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 AN>*ISM WAS 9DE$ *ANG+ ) ! TIMES -- BUT NOT 9 ! WAY ?AT ,MURRAY HAD BE5 URG+4  ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 DUR+ ALL ?OSE YE>S :5 HE HAD BE5 TRY+ TO REVIVE AN>*O-COMMUNALISM1 MU* ( AN>*I/ ?9K+ HAD ACTUALLY BE5 GO+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 T[>D 9DIVIDUALISM4  ,MURRAY BECAME AL>M$ BY ?IS T5D5CY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#iS4  ,AN>*ISM1 HE W>N$1 WAS MOV+ AWAY FROM A 0COLLECTIVI/ COMMITM5T TO SOCIALI/ FRE$OM0 & T[>D 0A P]SONALI/IC COMMITM5T TO 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY40  ,!SE T5D5CIES HAD ONCE 0SIMPLY COEXI/$ )9 AN>*ISM AS A M9IMALI/ CR$O ( OPPOSITION TO ! ,/ATE40  ,BUT DUR+ ! #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS1 

AS ! 5TIRE SOCIAL & POLITICAL SPECTRUM HAS %IFT$ IDEOLOGICALLY TO ! RI<T1 0AN>*ISM0 ITSELF HAS NOT BE5 IMMUNE TO R$EF9ITION4  ,9 ! ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN SPH]E1 AN>*ISM IS BE+ DIVE/$ ( ITS SOCIAL IDEAL BY AN EMPHASIS ON P]SONAL AUTONOMY1 AN EMPHASIS ?AT IS DRA9+ IT ( ITS HI/ORIC VITALITY4  ,A ,/IRN]ITE 9DIVIDUALISM 444 HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY PROM95T4  ,?IS P]SONALI/IC 0LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM0 IS /EADILY ]OD+ ! SOCIALI/IC CORE ( AN>*I/ CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM4.<#g#e.> 

,SU* 9DIVIDUALISM LAY AT ! ROOT ( A COMPLEX ?AT ,BOOK*9 CALL$ 0LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM10 :I* HE CRITICIZ$ 9 ! ESSAY 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM3  ,AN ,UNBRIDGEABLE ,*ASM40.<#g#f.>  ,AS ,MURRAY DESCRIB$ LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM3 

,9V]TEBRATE PROTE/S1 DIRECTIONLESS ESCAPADES1 SELF-ASS]TIONS1 & A V]Y P]SONAL 0RECOLONIZATION0 ( EV]YDAY LIFE P>ALLEL ! PSY*O!RAPEUTIC1 ,NEW ,AGE1 SELF-ORI5T$ LIFE/YLES ( BOR$ BABY BOOM]S & MEMB]S ( ,G5]ATION ,X4  ,TODAY :AT PASSES = AN>*ISM 9 ,AM]ICA & 9CREAS+LY 9 ,EUROPE IS LITTLE MORE ?AN AN 9TROSPECTIVE P]SONALISM ?AT D5IGRATES RESPONSIBLE SOCIAL COMMITM5T2 AN 5C\NT] GR\P V>I\SLY R5AM$ A COLLECTIVE OR AN AFF9ITY GR\P2 A /ATE ( M9D ?AT >ROGANTLY D]IDES /RUCTURE1 ORGANIZATION1 & PUBLIC 9VOLVEM5T2 & A PLAYGR\ND = JUV5ILE ANTICS4.<#g#g.> 

,P]SONALI/IC OR LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM WAS PREOCCUPI$ ) ! EGO1 ,MURRAY ?\<T1 TYPIFI$ BY A N>CISSI/IC 9W>DNESS & SEEK+ SELF-5*ANTM5T4  ,ITS V]Y =MS ( REBELLION W]E PETULANT & EGOI/IC1 EPISODES ( 0AD HOC ADV5TURISM0 M>K$ BY P]SONAL BRAVURA4  ,LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S W]E /RID5TLY ANTIPOLITICAL & ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL4 

,P]HAPS MO/ GRIEV\SLY1 LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM REJECT$ ! CORE VALUES ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 TO :I* ,MURRAY HAD ALWAYS BE5 COMMITT$ & ?AT HE HAD ALWAYS PRESUPPOS$1 NEV] IMAG9+ ?AT !Y W\LD ONE DAY BE *ALL5G$4  ,ATTRACT$ TO MY/ICISM1 DESIRE1 EC/ASY1 IMAG9ATION1 PAGANISM1 & ! ,NEW ,AGE1 LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM WAS HO/ILE TO REASON AS SU* & H>BOR$ AN AV]SION TO !ORY1 EV5 CELEBRAT+ !ORETICAL 9COH]5CE2 & :5 IT WAS NOT 5GAG$ 9 BRAVURA1 IT REC$$ 9TO ,TAOI/ QUIETISM & ,BUDDHI/ SELF-EFFACEM5T4  ,IT CONDEMN$ MOD]N TE*NOLOGY AS WELL AS SCI5CE1 EV5 ?\< ,KROPOTK91 = ONE1 SIGNIFICANTLY EMPHASIZ$ 0! PROGRESS ( MOD]N TE*NICS1 :I* WOND]FULLY SIMPLIFIES ! PRODUCTION ( ALL ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE40.<#g#h.> 

,LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM FUR!RMORE WAS ANTI-CIVILIZATIONAL1 (F]+ 0A GLORIFICATION ( PREHI/ORY & ! DESIRE TO SOMEH[ RETURN TO ITS PUTATIVE 9NOC5CE10 ,LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S 0DRAW !IR 9SPIRATION FROM ABORIG9AL PEOPLES & MY?S ( AN $5IC PREHI/ORY40  ,!Y BELIEVE ?AT 0LIFE BE=E DOME/ICATION_/AGRICULTURE WAS 9 FACT L>GELY ONE ( A LEISURE1 9TIMACY ) NATURE1 S5SUAL WISDOM1 SEXUAL EQUALITY1 & HEAL?40  ,PRIMITIVE PEOPLES 0REFUS$ TE*NOLOGY0 BECAUSE 0) !IR ANIMI/IC BELIEFS .<!Y.> W]E SATURAT$ BY A 'LOVE' ( ANIMAL LIFE & WILD]NESS4'0  ,PEOPLE 9 PREHI/ORY CONSCI\SLY DECID$ TO REFUSE NOT ONLY TOOLS BUT EV5 LANGUAGE4  ,!IRS WAS 0A DANC+ SOCIETY1 A S++ SOCIETY1 A CELEBRAT+ SOCIETY1 A DREAM+ SOCIETY40  ,LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S SEEM$ TO IMAG9E ?AT COMPLEX SOCIETIES C\LD ONE DAY RETURN TO ! SIMPLE =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( TRIBAL OR EV5 B& SOCIETIES4 

,LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S CATEGORICALLY REJECT$ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & ANY?+ RESEMBL+ DEMOCRACY 

,BY D5Y+ 9/ITUTIONS & DEMOCRACY1 LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM 9SULATES ITSELF FROM SOCIAL REALITY1 SO ?AT IT CAN FUME ALL ! MORE ) FUTILE RAGE1 !REBY REMA9+ A SUBCULTURAL CAP] = GULLIBLE Y\? & BOR$ CONSUM]S ( BLACK G>M5TS & EC/ASY PO/]S4  ,TO >GUE ?AT DEMOCRACY & AN>*ISM >E 9COMPATIBLE BECAUSE ANY IMP$IM5T TO ! SWI%ES ( EV5 A M9ORITY ( ONE CON/ITUTES A VIOLATION ( P]SONAL AUTONOMY IS TO ADVOCATE NOT A FREE SOCIETY BUT A H]D4  ,NO LONG] W\LD 0IMAG9ATION0 COME TO P[]4  ,P[]1 :I* ALWAYS EXI/S1 WILL BELONG EI!R TO ! COLLECTIVE 9 A FACE-TO-FACE & CLE>LY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ DEMOCRACY1 OR TO ! EGOS ( A FEW OLIG>*S :O WILL PRODUCE A 0TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS4.<#g#i.> 

,& ABOVE ALL !Y REJECT$ SOCIALISM4  ,KROPOTK9 HAD ONCE SAID ?AT AN>*ISM WAS ! LEFT W+ ( SOCIALISM4  0,! RISE ( MOD]N SECUL>ISM1 SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE1 UNIV]SALISM1 REASON & TE*NOLOGIES10 WROTE ,MURRAY1 0POT5TIALLY (F] ! HOPE ( A RATIONAL & EMANCIPATORY DISP5SATION ( SOCIAL AFFAIRS40  ,BUT 09 A V]Y REAL S5SE .<LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S.> >E NO LONG] SOCIALI/S -- ! ADVOCATES ( A COMMUNALLY ORI5T$ LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY-& !Y ES*EW ANY S]I\S COMMITM5T TO AN ORGANIZ$1 PROGRAMMATICALLY COH]5T SOCIAL CONFRONTATION ) ! EXI/+ ORD]40.<#h.> 

,NOR DID !Y SEEM TO GRASP1 ,MURRAY WROTE1 ?AT TRUE 9DIVIDUALITY 7AS OPPOS$ TO 9DIVIDUALISM7 DEP5DS ON A SOCIAL CONTEXT4  0,LEFT TO HIS OR H] [N SELF1 ! 9DIVIDUAL LOSES ! 9DISP5SABLE SOCIAL MOOR+S ?AT MAKE = :AT AN AN>*I/ MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO PRIZE 9 9DIVIDUALITY3  REFLECTIVE P[]S1 :I* D]IVE 9 GREAT P>T FROM DISC\RSE2 ! EMOTIONAL EQUIPM5T ?AT N\RI%ES RAGE AGA9/ UNFRE$OM2 ! SOCIALITY ?AT MOTIVATES ! DESIRE = RADICAL *ANGE2 & ! S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY ?AT 5G5D]S SOCIAL ACTION40.<#h#a.> 

,AGA9/ ?IS CULTURAL TIDE1 ,MURRAY W>N$1 AN>*ISM MU/ RETA9 ITS SOCIAL & POLITICAL CORE4 

,!RE MU/ BE A PLACE ON ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM :]E A BODY ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ?\<T ?AT ADVANCES HUMANITY'S BITT] /RUGGLE TO >RIVE AT ! REALIZATION ( ITS AU!NTIC SOCIAL LIFE -- ! FAM\S 0,COMMUNE ( COMMUNES0 -- CAN BE CLE>LY >TICULAT$ 9/ITUTIONALLY AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICALLY4  ,!RE MU/ BE A MEANS BY :I* SOCIALLY CONC]N$ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS CAN DEVELOP A PROGRAM & A PRACTICE = ATTEMPT+ TO *ANGE ! WORLD1 NOT M]ELY !IR PSY*ES4  ,!RE MU/ BE AN >5A ( /RUGGLE ?AT CAN MOBILIZE PEOPLE1 HELP !M TO $UCATE !MSELVES & DEVELOP AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICS 444 ?AT PITS A NEW PUBLIC SPH]E AGA9/ ! /ATE & CAPITALISM4  ,9 %ORT1 WE MU/ RECOV] NOT ONLY ! SOCIALI/ DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM BUT ITS POLITICAL DIM5SION1 DEMOCRACY4 '0.<#h#b.> 

,= ! NAME ( ?IS 0PLACE ON ! POLITICAL SPECTRUM10 ,MURRAY US$ HIS OLD WORD 0COMMUNALISM10 N[ EXPLICITLY DEF9+ IT AS 0! DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM03  0 ,I WI% TO PROPOSE ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC & POT5TIALLY PRACTICABLE DIM5SION ( ! LIB]T>IAN GOAL BE EXPRESS$ AS ,COMMUNALISM1 A T]M ?AT HAS NOT BE5 HI/ORICALLY SULLI$ BY ABUSE40.<#h#c.> 

,LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S RESPOND 

,LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S RESPOND$ TO 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM10 (T5 9 AD HOM9EM WAYS4  ,K+SLEY ,WIDM]1 = ONE1 ACCUS$ ,MURRAY ( 5GAG+ 9 AN 09QUISITIONAL BURN+ :I* ALL[S ONLY ONE TRADITION & /YLE ( AN>*ISM0 -- AN ABSURD ACCUSATION1 GIV5 EV5 ! TITLE ( ,MURRAY'S ESSAY4  ,ANO!R TACTIC WAS TO DIAGNOSE ,MURRAY AS SUFF]+ FROM A M5TAL DI/URBANCE3  ,JASON ,MC,QU9N ASS]T$ ?AT ! >TICLE REVEAL$ HIS 0P>ANOID SIDE03  0,MURRAY 0AIMS TO P9 ! BLAME = HIS LIFETIME ( FRU/RATION .<9 CONTE/+ ! P[]S-?AT-BE.> 1 4 4 ON AN EVIL ANTI-SOCIALI/ CONSPIRACY :I* HAS SUBV]T$ HIS DRAMS AT EV]Y TURN40  ,F> FROM SEE+ A CONSPIRACY1 ,MURRAY CLE>LY ID5TIFI$ LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM AS A SYMPTOM ( A L>G] SOCIAL MALAISE1 ( SOCIAL REACTION & CAPITALI/ COMMODIFICATION4  ,O!RS DIAGNOS$ ,BOOK*9 AS P[] HUNGRY1 OR AS 9T5T ON MAK+ A P[] PLAY4  ,LAURE ,AKAI1 A REVIEW] = ,AN>*Y1 ASS]T$ ?AT ,MURRAY WAS 0FI<T+ = HIS SEAT AS LEAD+ !ORETICIAN40  ,%E NONS5SICALLY DISMISS$ HIM 7ALONG ) ,HAKIM ,BEY7 AS 0OLD M5 HUNGRY = AFFECTION :O WANT TO LEAVE !IR M>K ON RADICAL !ORY BE=E !Y CROAK40  ,BOB ,BLACK ALSO PORTRAY$ ,MURRAY AS WEAL?Y & PRIVILEG$1 MOTIVAT$ BY A LU/ = P[]4.<#h#d.> 

,! MO/ POPUL> TACTIC WAS TO C>ICATURE ,MURRAY AS AN AU?ORIT>IAN -- ESPECIALLY ( ! ,M>XI/ OR ,/AL9I/ V>IETY4  ,MURRAY'S DEF5SE ( ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL-REVOLUTION>Y LEFT WAS DI/ORT$ 9TO A DEVI\S1 9DIRECT DEF5SE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 ,/AL9I/ LEFT4  ,DAVID ,WATSON1 UNTR\BL$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,MURRAY HAD BROK5 ) ,M>XISM 9 ! #a#i#eS1 DESIGNAT$ HIM AS BO? 0,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y0 & 0,*AIRMAN10 SUFF]+ FROM MEGALOMANIA TO BOOT4  ,/EVE ,A% WROTE ?AT ,MURRAY 0RETA9S A K9D ( ,M>XOID DET]M9ISM ?AT UND]M9ES HIS CLAIM TO BE A LIB]T>IAN40  ,JOHN ,CL>K ACCUS$ ,BOOK*9 ( A P]NICI\S 0,BAKUN9I/ 7OR AN>*O-,L59ISM740  ,TAK+ ISSUE ) NONE ( ,MURRAY'S >GUM5TS1 HE W5T ON TO WRITE A 0,CONFESSION  TO ,COMRADE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*910 CA/+ ,BOOK*9 METAPHORICALLY AS ,/AL91 /AG+ A ,MOSC[ %[ TRIAL -- & SELF-S]V+LY CA/+ HIMSELF 7,CL>K7 AS A ,BUKH>9 -- TYPE VICTIM4 

,ON ! ISSUES ( SUB/ANCE1 ,DAVID ,WATSON WROTE AN 5TIRE BOOK1 ,BEYOND ,BOOK*91 9 :I* HE MILITANTLY DEF5D$ PRIMITIVISM & MY/ICISM4 .<#h#e.>  ,PEOPLE1 HE WROTE1 %\LD 0HUMBLE !MSELVES 444 BE=E ! SMALLE/ ANT1 REALIZ+ !IR [N NO?+NESS40  ,MURRAY WROTE A LONG >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,:I!R ,AN>*ISM80 9 :I* HE DEF5D$ HIMSELF AGA9/ ,WATSON'S1 ,CL>K'S1 & O!R CRITICISMS4.<#h#f.>  ,A/ONI%+LY1 SC>CELY A YE> AFT] ! PUBLICATION ( ,BEYOND ,BOOK*91 9 ! PAGES ( ,FIF? ,E/ATE1 ,WATSON PROCE$$ TO REV]SE HIMSELF & REJECT$ 0PRET5SES TO AN AN>*O-PRIMITIVE P]SPECTIVE OR MOVEM5T10 CALL+ PRIMITIVISM 0A FOOL'S P>ADISE0 & 0SELF-PROCLAIM$ PRIMITIVI/S0 AS 0DELUD$40.<#h#g.>  ,MURRAY C\LDN'T HAVE SAID IT BETT]4 

,CONCLUSIONS AB\T CAPITALISM 

,9 ! WAKE ( ! LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM FI<T1 ,MURRAY WAS EXHAU/$4  ,9 #aiif HE WAS SEV5TY-FIVE YE>S OLD4  ,! 9TRACTABLE & UNWAV]+ AN>*I/ REJECTION ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM DEMORALIZ$ HIM1 & ! ATTACKS BY ! LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S W]E P]SONALLY DISC\RAG+4  ,NO ONE SEEM$ TO /& UP = HIM1 TO TAKE HIS P>T4  ,HE FELT ALONE & MISUND]/OOD1 A MAN \T ( HIS TIME1 EV5 A RELIC FROM ANO!R ]A4 

,! :OLE EXP]I5CE1 HE BELIEV$1 SAID A GREAT DEAL AB\T ! WORLD HE WAS LIV+ 94  ,! PRIMITIVI/S 0>E TELL+ US TO LOOK 9SIDE \RSELVES & DISCOV] \R [N 'REAL' SELVES10 HE NOT$4  ,APP>5TLY WE >E 0TO %$ ! PSY*IC LAY]S ?AT CIVILIZATION HAS IMPOS$ ON US = ?\S&S ( YE>S -- CIVILIZATION BE+ RESPONSIBLE = \R PROBLEMS -- & PEEL AWAY \R V>I\S CIVILIZ$ ATTRIBUTES1 MU* LIKE AN ONION1 UNTIL WE GET TO ! 9N]MO/ CORE40  ,BUT 0IF WE DO SO1 WE >E LIKELY TO F9D V]Y LITTLE 9 ! CORE1 IF ANY?+1 BUT \R B>E/ PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES1 9/9CTS1 & EMOTIONS40 

,! FACT IS ?AT 0HUMAN BE+S >E SOCIAL BE+S40  ,AS SU* WE 0HAVE NO NATURAL 9N] SELF ?AT EXI/S AP>T FROM 444 ! CIVILIZATION 9 :I* WE LIVE1 :E!R WE ACCEPT ITS VALUES & LIFEWAYS OR >E 9 REVOLT AGA9/ !M4  ,?IS IS TRUE = EV5 ! MO/ MILITANT 9DIVIDUALI/4  ,:AT WE DO HAVE IS ! ABILITY TO DEVELOP 9TELLECTUALLY1 TO ABSORB KN[L$GE1 TO BECOME EMOTIONALLY1 MATURE1 & ABOVE ALL TO 9NOVATE & CREATE4  ,= ?AT WE REQUIRE ! PRES5CE ( O!R PEOPLE40 

,ORI5T$ AS HE WAS T[>D ! FUTURE1 HE LOOK$ FONDLY BACK TO SOME ASPECTS ( PRECAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ESPECIALLY 9S(> AS PEOPLE W]E 0TI$ TO ONE ANO!R BY !IR FEEL+S1 COMMUNITIES1 & A G5]\S CAPACITY = EMPA?Y40  ,UND] CAPITALISM1 BY CONTRA/1 0COMMODIFICATION SEV]S ALL ! TIES CREAT$ BY FEEL+ & COMMUNITY1 DECOMPOS+ !M 444 CAPITALISM TURNS ! ORGANIC 9TO ! 9ORGANIC1 SO TO SPEAK 444 ,IT FETI%IZES COMMODITIES AS SUB/ITUTES = G5U9E SOCIAL TIES4 

,?US PEOPLE COME TO RELATE TO ONE ANO!R ?R\< ?+S4  ,IF WE'RE UNHAPPY1 WE >E ADVIS$ TO BUY A NEW \TFIT OR H\SEHOLD DEVICE1 & !N WE'LL FEEL BETT]4  ,! FAMILY MUTATES 9TO A UNIT ( CONSUMPTION4  ,ACQUIR+ AN $UCATION IS R$UC$ TO TRA9+ = E>N+ AN 9COME2 GA9+ ONE'S LIVELIHOOD (T5 9VOLVES ! EXPLOITATION ( O!R PEOPLE & PLUND]+ ! NATURAL WORLD4  ,FRI5D%IPS >E R$UC$ TO RELATION%IPS DESIGN$ TO ADVANCE ONE'S C>E]4  ,COMMODIFICATION1 9 %ORT1 REPLACES G5U9E SOCIAL TIES TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ?+S SEEM TO PRESIDE OV] HUMAN RELATION%IPS1 AS ,M>X OBS]V$1 9/EAD ( HUMAN BE+S ADM9I/]+ ! DISPOSITION ( ?+S4 

,PEOPLE TODAY HAVE BECOME 9T]E/$ 9 MY/ICISM & RELIGION \T ( EMPT9ESS & DESPAIR4  0,9 ! ,WE/]N 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES1 ! MY/ICAL REVIVAL IS PRIM>ILY A SUB/ITUTE = ! CREATION ( A POLITICS ?AT W\LD O!RWISE G5U9ELY EMP[] PEOPLE4  ,?US1 RA!R ?AN 5T]+ 9TO A POLITICAL SPH]E1 TRY+ TO *ANGE ! SOCIETY >\ND !M1 TO DE/ROY ! DISEASE -- CAPITALISM -- & REPLACE IT ) A NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 PEOPLE TODAY >E MORE LIKELY TO TURN 9W>D1 9 !IR DESPAIR1 & TO BELIEF 9 A GOD40  ,BUT EV5 ! GOD BECOMES COMMODIFI$4  0,CAPITALISM COMM]CIALIZES EMOTIONS BY PLAC+ A DOLL> SIGN ON EV]Y?+ PEOPLE BELIEVE OR FEEL40  ,IT NOT ONLY CREATES DESP]ATION BUT !N 0TRIES TO PR(IT FROM ! ASPIRATIONS ?AT SURGE )9 & YE>N = MEAN+ & SIGNIFICANCE40 

,MURRAY BELIEV$ ?AT 0TODAY CAPITALISM & COMMODIFICATION >E TRIVIALIZ+ PEOPLE TO A REM>KABLE EXT5T10 & ?AT 0! EGOISM1 ! N>CISSISM1 & ! PSY*O!RAPEUTIC M5TALITY ?AT >E ALL SO TYPICAL ( \R SOCIETY TODAY0 >E SYMPTOMS ( ?AT TRIVIALIZATION4  0,ONE ( \R MO/ IMPORTANT FIR/ TASKS1 AS REVOLUTION>IES1 IS TO DE-TRIVIALIZE \RSELVES & O!RS1 444 TO RECOV] ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS ?AT ONCE EXI/$ :5 PEOPLE DEVOT$ !IR LIVES TO CREAT+ A BETT] SOCIETY40.<#h#h.> 

,! *ASM WID5S 

,AS ! DEBATE WORE ON1 ! 0UNBRIDGEABLE *ASM0 BETWE5 SOCIAL & LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM BECAME EV] MORE EVID5TLY UNBRIDGEABLE4  ,MURRAY HAD TREAT$ LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM & SOCIAL AN>*ISM AS TWO /RA9S ( ! SAME MOVEM5T1 9 ! HOPES ( BOL/]+ ! SOCIAL /RA91 BUT MANY ( HIS CRITICS SEEM$ 9T5T ON CONSIGN+ SOCIAL AN>*ISM TO ! UNRECOV]ABLE PA/4  ,! GREAT DIVIDE1 ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/ ,K+SLEY ,WIDM]1 WAS NOT SIMPLY ! ONE BETWE5 SOCIAL & LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM BUT ! ONE BETWE5 AN>*ISM PA/ & AN>*ISM PRES5T4  ,MURRAY1 9 ?IS VIEW1 WAS AN ANA*RONISM1 /&+ 09 LONELY SPL5DOR 444 ON ! <O/LY %\LD]S ( ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & !IR DESC5DANTS 9 SU* AS ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S ( MORE ?AN TWO G5]ATIONS AGO40  ,SOCIAL AN>*ISM1 ,WIDM] WROTE1 IS HI/ORICALLY OV]3  0,:AT ,BOOK*9 PROP\NDS OV]ALL SEEMS A SOMETIMES ADMIRABLE BUT N[ N>R[ & ?9 LIB]T>IANISM ( A DIFF]5T TIME & PLACE & CONDITIONS4  ,TO PUT IT K9DLY1 MU* ( ,BOOK*9ISM /EAMS ) QUA9TNESS40.<#h#i.> 

,SU* CRITICS SEEM$ 9T5T ON DEF9+ SOCIAL AN>*ISM AS AN>*ISM-(-!-PA/1 & LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM AS AN>*ISM-(-TODAY4  ,/EVE ,A%1 WRIT+ 9 ,FRE$OM1 W5T EV5 FUR!R1 ASS]T+ ?AT 9DIVIDUALI/IC AN>*ISM WAS AN>*ISM-(-ALWAYS3  0,AN>*ISM AS A :OLE 444 HAS ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$ SELF DET]M9ISM0 -- ?AT IS1 AUTONOMY4  ,IF ,MURRAY ?\<T AN>*ISM EV] HAD SOME COLLECTIVI/ OR COMMUNAL DIM5SION1 HE WAS APP>5TLY MI/AK52 9DE$1 ,A% ASS]T$1 ,BOOK*9 HAD JO9$ ! 0AN>*I/ MOVEM5T MI/AK+ IT = A RADICAL =M ( ANTI-HI]>*ICAL COMMUNISM40  ,TO :I* ,MURRAY REPLI$3 0,CAN IT BE ?AT ,MR4 ,A% HAS NEV] HE>D ( COMUNISMO LIB]T>IO OR ! T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S :O RAIS$ ! CRY = IT 9 ! /REETS ( ,Z>AGOZA1 ,B>CELONA1 & ,ALCOY1 AMONG O!R ,SPANI% CITIES & T[NS1 AS WELL AS ON ! BATTLEFRONTS ( ,>AGON8  ,IF IT IS A MI/AKE TO BELIEVE ?AT 'ANTI-HI]>*ICAL COMMUNISM' BELONGS TO 'G5U9E .<6.> AN>*I/ IDEA1' !N WE HAVE *OS5 TO IGNORE A MAJOR *APT] ( AN>*I/ HI/ORY40  ,A%'S CRITIQUE NOT ONLY CONSIGN$ SOCIAL AN>*ISM TO ! PA/ BUT LO/ ALL HI/ORICAL MEMORY ( IT4 

,?OSE ( US :O KNEW ,MURRAY P]SONALLY UND]/OOD ?AT HE HAD PRIVATELY REJECT$ AN>*ISM AS SU* 9 #a#i#i#e1 >\ND ! TIME HE WROTE 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM40  ,9 ?AT BOOKLET HE ESS5TIALLY WAS SAY+1 ,IF AN>*ISM CONT9UES 9 ?IS VE91 ,I'LL HAVE TO LEAVE ! MOVEM5T4  ,BUT 9 REALITY HE HAD ALREADY LEFT1 EMOTIONALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY4  ,/ILL1 = F\R YE>S HE HESITAT$ TO MAKE A PUBLIC BREAK4  ,HE HAD =TY YE>S ( HI/ORY ) ! MOVEM5T & MANY AN>*I/ FRI5DS4  ,HE HAD AN>*I/ PUBLI%]S & A MAJOR REPUTATION4  ,WAS HE GO+ TO JETTISON ?AT8  ,BUT ,MURRAY1 TO HIS CR$IT1 NEV] MADE ! 9TELLECTUAL MI/AKE ( C>+ AB\T REPUTATION4  ,HE C>$ ONLY AB\T DO+ :AT HE ?\<T WAS RI<T4 

,:Y1 !N1 DID HE PROCRA/9ATE ) ! BREAK8  ,9 MY VIEW1 AN IMPORTANT REASON WAS HIS AGE4  ,HE HAD JU/ BE5 ?R\< A VICI\S FI<T ) ! LIFE/YLE AN>*I/S4  ,HE MI<T N[ WRITE AN >TICLE CALL$ 0,COMMUNALISM VS4 ,AN>*ISM10 BUT IF HE DID SO HE W\LD OP5 UP ANO!R FI<T4  ,AT SEV5TY-FIVE1 HE FELT HIMSELF TO BE TOO FRAGILE1 & HIS HEAL? TOO POOR1 TO )/& ! C\NT]ATTACK4  ,HE KNEW ?AT HE W\LD NE$ MY HELP TO WRITE ! REPLIES1 BUT ,I WAS ALREADY H>D AT WORK $IT+ & RESE>*-ASSI/+ ! F9AL TWO VOLUMES ( ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION4 

,ANO!R REASON WAS ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM CONF]5CE S]IES ( #a#i#i#g-#i#i4  ,9 #aiig ,I WROTE A SMALL BOOK SUMM>IZ+ HIS POLITICAL IDEAS1 CALL$ ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM1 :I* WAS ALMO/ IMM$IATELY TRANSLAT$ 9TO SEV]AL LANGUAGES4  ,SOME ( HIS FRI5DS WANT$ TO USE ! BOOK TO TRY TO 9T]E/ :ATEV] SOCIAL AN>*I/S REMA9$ 9 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4  ,! PUBLI%] PROPOS$ ?AT WE ORGANIZE A S]IES ( TWO 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CES1 TO PIT* DEMOCRACY TO AN>*I/S ONE LA/ TIME4  ,S9CE ,MURRAY WAS TOO CRIPPL$ BY >?RITIS TO TRAVEL1 ,I AGRE$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 HIS /EAD4  ,HE WAS IMPATI5T ) ! :OLE PROJECT BUT1 P]HAPS \T ( DEF]5CE TO ME1 KEPT HIS MISGIV+S TO HIMSELF4  ,! FIR/ CONF]5CE TOOK PLACE 9 #aiih 9 ,LISBON1 ,PORTUGAL2 ! SECOND1 9 #a#i#i#i1 9 ,PLA9FIELD1 ,V]MONT4  ,AS ,MURRAY HAD PR$ICT$1 ! CONF]5CE S]IES FAIL$ TO PRODUCE A MOVEM5T OR EV5 A SET ( 9ITIATIVES4  ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! AN>*I/S ?AT ! CONF]5CES REA*$ CONT9U$ TO MAKE ! SAME OBJECTIONS3  ,DEMOCRACY IS RULE4  ,LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS /ATISM4 

,BY !N HIS FRI5DS UND]/OOD AS WELL AS ,MURRAY DID ?AT NO PROGRESS C\LD BE MADE4  ,HE HAD GIV5 IT HIS BE/ %OT4  0,I'M TIR$ ( DEF5D+ AN>*ISM AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S10 HE US$ TO SAY4  ,WRIT+ TO ! ,5GLI% P]IODICAL ,ORGANIZE6  HE ADMITT$ ?AT HIS ATTEMPT TO TRANS=M AN>*ISM HAD BE5 A FAILURE3 

,I DO NOT FAULT MYSELF = TRY+ TO EXP& ! HORIZON ( AN>*ISM 9 ! SIXTIES ALONG CULTURAL L9ES4  ,I REGRET ONLY ?AT ,I FAIL$1 NOT ?AT ,I SAW ! WRONG POSSIBILITIES = PR(\NDLY *ANG+ \R SOCIETY4  ,TRAGICALLY1 MANY SELF-PR(ESS$ ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S DIDN'T EV5 TRY TO DO MU* BACK !N & HAVE S9CE AB&ON$ !IR CONVICTIONS = PRIVATE LIFE & ACADEMIC C>E]S4 ,SURELY FAILURE DOESN'T MEAN ?AT ONE %\LDN'T TRY8.<#i.> 

,OV] ! DECADES ,MURRAY HAD 9DE$ TRANS=M$ AN>*ISM -- MU* TO ITS B5EFIT1 HE HAD 9FUS$ IT ) ECOLOGY & ! CRITIQUE ( HI]>*Y & O!R IDEAS4.<#i#a.>  ,BUT ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK TURN$ \T TO BE RI<T -- AN>*I/S HAD NO TA/E = DEMOCRACY4  ,AT LEA/ ,MURRAY HAD ! SATISFACTION ( KN[+ HE HAD TRI$4  ,9 ! 5D1 HIS LOYALTY TO DEMOCRACY AS A CONCEPT & A PRAXIS WAS /RONG] ?AN HIS LOYALTY TO AN>*ISM4  ,SO :5 HE HAD TO *OOSE BETWE5 !M1 HE *OSE DEMOCRACY4 

,9 ! MEANTIME A GR\P ( TAL5T$ ,SC&9AVIAN COMMUNALI/S HAD COME 9TO HIS LIFE4  ,!Y MET ) US 9 #a#i#i#f-#i#g &1 UPON RETURN+ HOME1 PROCE$$ TO CREATE A SOLID ORGANIZATION1 ,DEMOCRATIC ,ALT]NATIVE4  ,!Y =M$ /UDY GR\PS4  ,!Y HELD MEET+S & PUBLIC =UMS4  ,!Y WROTE PLAT=MS & PROGRAMS4  ,!Y HELD 9T]NAL CONGRESSES & EXT]NAL CONF]5CES4  ,!Y TRANSLAT$ ,MURRAY'S & MY WORKS 9TO ,NORWEGIAN & PUBLI%$ !M4  ,!Y WROTE !IR [N >TICLES4  ,!Y $IT$ & PUBLI%$ P]IODICALS4  ,!Y DE-TRIVIALIZ$ !MSELVES4  ,!Y W]E A/ONI%+4 

,9 ,NORWEGIAN1 AS 9 O!R ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES1 ! WORD MUNICIPALISM IS TRANSLAT$ AS AN EQUIVAL5T ( 0COMMUNALISM40  ,\R ,NORWEGIAN COMRADES !RE=E EASILY CALL$ !MSELVES 0COMMUNALI/S40  ,9 #aiid ,MURRAY HAD REF]R$ TO COMMUNALISM AS 0! DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM02 HIS NEXT1 9EVITABLE /EP WAS TO SEP>ATE COMMUNALISM FROM AN>*ISM4  ,! ,NORWEGIANS GAVE HIM ! POLITICAL & PSY*OLOGICAL SUPPORT HE NE$$ 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! BREAK ) ! IDEOLOGY ?AT HAD BE5 HIS HOME = =TY YE>S4 

,AT ! SECOND CONF]5CE ( ! LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM S]IES1 9 ,V]MONT 9 #a#i#i#i1 ,MURRAY BROKE ) AN>*ISM4  ,!N ?REE YE>S LAT]1 HE WROTE IT D[N 9 HIS F9AL !ORETICAL >TICLE1 ! BRILLIANT SUMMATION ( HIS LATE-LIFE VIEWS ?AT HE CALL$ 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT40.<#i#b.> 

,9 ! LATE #a#i#eS1 :5 AN>*ISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS A B>ELY DISC]NIBLE PRES5CE1 IT SEEM$ LIKE A SUFFICI5TLY CLE> FIELD 9 :I* ,I C\LD DEVELOP SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 AS WELL AS ! 444 POLITICAL IDEAS ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME 444 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4  ,I WELL KNEW ?AT !SE VIEWS W]E NOT CONSI/5T ) TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ IDEAS 444 ,TODAY ,I F9D ?AT AN>*ISM REMA9S ! V]Y SIMPLI/IC 9DIVIDUALI/IC & ANTIRATIONALI/ SOCIETY IT HAS ALWAYS BE54  ,MY ATTEMPT TO RETA9 AN>*ISM UND] ! NAME ( 0SOCIAL AN>*ISM0 HAS L>GELY BE5 A FAILURE1 & ,I N[ F9D ?AT ! T]M ,I HAVE US$ TO D5OTE MY VIEWS MU/ BE REPLAC$ ) ,COMMUNALISM1 :I* COH]5TLY 9TEGRATE & GOES BEYOND ! MO/ VIABLE FEATURES ( ! AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS4 

,! >TICLE IS NOTABLE = ITS SOBRIETY -- AL?\< CRITICAL ( AN>*ISM1 IT DOES NOT POLEMICIZE AGA9/ IT BUT RA!R CALMLY EXPLICATES A TRANS=MATION3 

,I MYSELF ONCE US$ ?IS POLITICAL LABEL .<AN>*ISM.>1 BUT FUR!R ?\<T HAS OBLIG$ ME TO CONCLUDE ?AT1 ITS (T5-REFRE%+ APHORISMS & 9SI<TS NOT)/&+1 IT SIMPLY IS NOT A SOCIAL !ORY 444 ,REGRETTABLY1 ! USE ( SOCIALI/IC T]MS HAS (T5 PREV5T$ AN>*I/S FROM TELL+ US OR EV5 UND]/&+ CLE>LY :AT !Y >E3  9DIVIDUALI/S :OSE CONCEPTS ( AUTONOMY ORIG9ATE 9 A /RONG COMMITM5T TO P]SONAL LIB]TY RA!R ?AN TO SOCIAL FRE$OM1 OR SOCIALI/S COMMITT$ TO A /RUCTUR$1 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & RESPONSIBLE =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 444 ,! HI/ORY ( HIS IDEOLOGY IS PEPP]$ ) IDIOSYNCRATIC ACTS ( DEFIANCE ?AT V]GE ON ! ECC5TRIC1 :I* NOT SURPRIS+LY HAVE ATTRACT$ MANY Y\NG PEOPLE & ES!TES4  ,9 FACT1 AN>*ISM REPRES5TS ! MO/ EXTREME =MULATION ( LIB]ALISM'S IDEOLOGY ( UNFETT]$ AUTONOMY1 CULM9AT+ 9 A CELEBRATION ( H]OIC ACTS ( DEFIANCE ( ! /ATE4 

,HE DID NOT LA% \T AT AN>*ISM1 HIS =M] IDEOLOGICAL HOME4 

,SEV]AL YE>S AGO1 :ILE ,I /ILL ID5TIFI$ MYSELF AS AN AN>*I/1 ,I ATTEMPT$ TO =MULATE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0SOCIAL0 & 0LIFE/YLE0 AN>*ISM1 & ,I WROTE AN >TICLE ?AT ID5TIFI$ ,COMMUNALISM AS 0! DEMOCRATIC DIM5SION ( AN>*ISM40 444 ,I NO LONG] BELIEVE ?AT ,COMMUNALISM IS A M]E 0DIM5SION0 ( AN>*ISM1 DEMOCRATIC OR O!RWISE2 RA!R1 IT IS A DI/9CT IDEOLOGY ) A REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ?AT HAS YET TO BE EXPLOR$4 

,AS = ! COMMUNALISM ?AT HE N[ AFFIRM$1 ,MURRAY SAW IT AS A TRANSC5D5CE ( BO? AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 & HE ATTRIBUT$ TO IT ALL ! POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIAL IDEAS ?AT HE HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ = DECADES4 

,IT IS MY CONT5TION ?AT ,COMMUNALISM IS ! OV]>*+ POLITICAL CATEGORY MO/ SUITABLE TO 5COMPASS ! FULLY ?\<T \T & SY/EMATIC VIEWS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 9CLUD+ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM & DIALECTICAL NATURALISM4  ,AS AN IDEOLOGY1 ,COMMUNALISM DRAWS ON ! BE/ ( ! OLD] ,LEFT IDEOLOGIES -- ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM1 MORE PROP]LY ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ TRADITION -- :ILE (F]+ A WID] & MORE RELEVANT SCOPE = \R TIME4 

,MY [N VIEW IS ?AT ,MURRAY HAD NO ALT]NATIVE BUT TO DO :AT HE DID4  ,AN>*I/S HAD REPEAT$LY & CONSI/5TLY REJECT$ HIS APPROA*4  0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT0 IS A FITT+ CAP/ONE TO A LIFE ( IMM5SE 9TELLECTUAL 9TEGRITY4  ,H]E HE HOP$ ?AT1 HAV+ BLAZ$ A NEW TRAIL1 HE W\LD GIVE LIB]T>IAN SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES A NEW PA? =W>D4  ,! TASK ( FUR!R DEVELOP+ COMMUNALISM & WORK+ TO BUILD A COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T !RE=E N[ FALLS TO ! NEXT G5]ATION ( SOCIAL ECOLOGI/S4 

,SEPTEMB] #b#h1 #bg 

,?IS >TICLE WILL APPE> 9 ,AN>*ISM = ! #b#a/ ,C5TURY1 $4 ,L>RY ,GAMBONE & ,PAT ,MURTA< 7,$9BUR< & ,OAKL&3  ,A4,K4 ,PRESS1 =?COM+74 

  

.<#a.> ,TIMES ,ONL9E1 ,AUGU/ #a1 #b#f4 

.<#b.> ,BOOK*91 ,! ,PROBLEM ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD4  ,?IS >TICLE1 LIKE MANY O!RS CIT$ 9 !SE NOTES1 MAY BE F\ND ONL9E AT ! ,AN>*Y ,>*IVE1 DW>DMAC4PITZ]4$U4 

.<#c.> ,BOOK*91 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM1 & ! ,FUTURE ( ,AN>*I/ ,?\<T10 9 ,BOOK*91 ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE1 ,BRIAN ,MORRIS1 & ,RODNEY ,AIT*TEY1 CONTRIBUTORS1 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY & ,AN>*ISM 7,LONDON3  ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c71 P4 #e#d4 

.<#d.> ,EMPHASIS ADD$4  ,BOOK*91 ,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM1 & ! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LEFT3  ,9T]VIEWS & ,ESSAYS1 #a#i#i#c-#a#i#i#h 7,$9BUR< & ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3  ,A4,K4 ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#i71 P4 #e#g4 

.<#e.> ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS1 ,H]R ,EUG5 ,DUHR+'S ,REVOLUTION 9 ,SCI5CE 7,ANTI-,DUHR+7 7,NEW ,YORK3  ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#c#i71 P4 #c#b#c1 QUOT$ 9 ,BOOK*91 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 9 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7,B]KELEY1 ,CALIPH43  ,RAMP>TS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#a71 P4 #b#i4 

.<#f.> ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,! ,H\S+ ,QUE/ION 7,MOSC[3  ,PROGRESSIVE ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#g71 P4 #d#i4  ,MURRAY QUOTES ?IS PASSAGE 9 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY 7,MONTREAL3  ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#f71 P4 #a#c#hN4 

.<#g.> ,BOOK*91 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 P4 #b#i4  ,9 ?IS ESSAY ,MURRAY ?\<T ( DEC5TRALISM AS A COMMON GOAL ( BO? AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM3  0,BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM HAVE ALWAYS AGRE$ ?AT A LIB]AT$1 COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 5TAILS SWEEP+ DEC5TRALIZATION1 ! DISSOLUTION ( BUREAUCRACY1 ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 & ! BREAKUP ( ! L>GE CITIES07P4 #b#i74 

.<#h.> ,BOOK*91 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T 7#a#i#f#b2 REPR9T$ BY ,NEW ,YORK3  ,H>P]1 @& ,R[1 #a#i#g#d71 PP4 #b#d#b-#d#c4 

.<#i.> ,BOOK*91 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*OSYNDICALISM10 PP4 #e#c-#e#d4 

.<#a.> ,BOOK*91 ,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM1 P4 #e#g4 

.<#a#a.> ,BOOK*91 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 9 ,PO/ ,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #g#i4 

.<#a#b.> ,IBID41 PP4 #g#g1 #g#h4 

.<#a#c.> ,IBID41 PP4 #g#h1 #h1 #g#f4 

.<#a#d.> ,IBID41 P4 #g#f4 

.<#a#e.> ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 ,AN>*ISM3  ,A HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS4 7,CLEVEL&3 ,WORLD1 #a#i#f#b71 P4 #d#f#h4 

.<#a#f.> ,VICTOR ,F]KISS1 ,! ,FUTURE ( ,TE*NOLOGICAL ,CIVILIZATION 7,NEW ,YORK3  ,GEORGE ,BRAZILL]1 #a#i#g#d71 P4 #g#e4  ,MURRAY WROTE 9 #a#i#i#i1 0,I REG>D ,KROPOTK9 AS ! REAL PIONE] 9 ! ECO-AN>*I/ TRADITION1 AS WELL AS AN>*I/ COMMUNISM40  ,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM1 P4 #e#h4  ,9 #bb HE REJECT$ ECO-AN>*ISM AS PRIMITIVI/IC4  ,SEE ,BOOK*91 0,! ,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT10 9 ,COMMUNALISM3  ,J\RNAL = A ,RATIONAL ,SOCIETY 7#b#b71 ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ ONL9E AT WWW4COMMUNALISM4NET2 REPUBLI%$ 9 ,BOOK*91 ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,COMMUNALISM 7,OAKL& & ,$9BUR<3 ,A4,K4 ,PRESS1 #b#g74 

.<#a#g.> ,BOOK*91 9TRODUCTION TO ,T[>DS AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 7,MONTREAL3  ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h71 P4 #b#i4 

.<#a#h.> ,MURRAY FIR/ M5TION$ ! PHRASE 0SOCIAL ECOLOGY0 9 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T40  ,HE CO-F\ND$ ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 9 #a#i#g#d4  ,HE DID NOT WRITE HIS FIR/ >TICLE DEF9+ SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 0,:AT ,IS ,RADICAL ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY801 UNTIL #a#i#h#c4 

.<#a#i.> ,9 ! ESSAY 0,PO/ ,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM0 ,MURRAY QUOT$ ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM'S 0,TOTALITY = ,KIDS40 ,SEE  ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7,B]KELEY1 ,CALIPH43  ,RAMP>TS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#a71 P4 #c#i4  ,VANEIGEM1 9 ?IS TWO-P>T ESSAY 7PUBLI%$ 9 #aifb & #a#i#f#c71 REF]R$ SEV]AL TIMES TO 0HI]>*ICAL P[]40  ,ORIG9ALLY TITL$ 0,BANALITES DE BASE10 ! ESSAY HAS MORE REC5TLY BE5 RETRANSLAT$ AS 0,BASIC ,BANALITIES0 & PUBLI%$ 7P>TS #a & #b7 9 ,K5 ,KNABB1 $41 ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN?OLOGY1 REV4 & UPDAT$ $4 7,B]KELEY3  ,BUREAU ( ,PUBLIC ,SECRETS1 #b#f74  ,TO MY KN[L$GE1 ,MURRAY FIR/ WROTE AB\T 0HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY0 9 ! #aifg ESSAY 0,DESIRE & ,NE$10 !N AT GREAT] L5G? 9 ! #aifi 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 & F9ALLY 9 HIS MAGI/]IAL #aihb ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4  0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 AS REPR9T$ 9 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 CONTA9S A DISCUSSION ( HI]>*Y1 BUT IT WAS A REVISION ADD$ TO ! #aiga BOOK & DID NOT APPE> 9 ! ORIG9AL >TICLE4 

.<#b.> ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7,PALO ,ALTO1 ,CALIPH43  ,*E%IRE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#b7 OP5S ) AN EPIGRAPH FROM ,KROPOTK9'S ,E?ICS4  ,MURRAY'S ACKN[L$GM5TS SAY3  0,PET] ,KROPOTK9'S WRIT+S ON MUTUAL AID & AN>*ISM REMA9 AN ABID+ TRADITION TO :I* ,I AM COMMITT$40 

.<#b#a.> ,BOOK*91 9TRODUCTION1 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 P4 #b#a4 

.<#b#b.> ,BOOK*91 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM10 PP4 #e#b-#e#c4 

.<#b#c.> ,BOOK*91 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 P4 #f#i4 

.<#b#d.> ,QUOTES 9 ?IS P>AGRAPH >E FROM ,BOOK*91 0,=MS ( ,FRE$OM10 9 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM1 PP4 #a#e#e-#e#h4 

.<#b#e.> 0,=MS ( ,FRE$OM10 PP4 #a#e#e-#f#e4  ,9 HIS PREFACE TO ! #aihe ,BLACK ,ROSE $ITION ( ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,MURRAY WROTE3  0',! ,=MS ( ,FRE$OM1' WRITT5 SEV5TE5 YE>S AGO1 /ILL CON/ITUTES ! BASIS = MY VIEWS ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM3  ! ASSEMBLY AS ! AU!NTIC BASIS = DEMOCRACY & MY CRITICISM ( SYNDICALISM40 

.<#b#f.> ,! >TICLE WAS SIGN$ 0,! ,AN>*OS ,GR\P40  ,9 MANY RESPECTS ?IS REM>KABLE >TICLE =E%AD[S ! #aiid POLEMIC 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM VS4 ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM40  ,MURRAY'S #aigb COMPLA9TS AB\T ! TRANSI5CE & !ATRICALITY ( ! ANTIW> MOVEM5T ANTICIPATE HIS LAT] CRITICISMS ( LIFE/YLE 0AD HOC ADV5TURI/S40  ,?IS >TICLE WAS ALSO HIS FIR/ EXPOSITION ( IDEAS ?AT1 T5 YE>S LAT]1 HE W\LD CALL 0LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM40 

.<#b#g.> ,JUDI? ,MAL9A1 0,AN>*I/S & ! ,PRO-,HI]>*ICAL ,LEFT10 ,AN>*OS 7,JUNE #a#i#g#b71 9S]T4 

.<#b#h.> ,IBID4 

.<#b#i.> 0,DEMOCRATIZ+ ! ,REPUBLIC & ,RADICALIZ+ ! ,DEMOCRACY3  ,AN ,9T]VIEW ) ,MURRAY ,BOOK*90 7P>T #b71 ,KICK ,IT ,OV] 7,W9T] #a#i#h#e-#h#f71 P4 #i4 

.<#c.> ,BOOK*91 0,COMMUNALI/ ,PROJECT40 

.<#c#a.> ,WOODCOCK1 ,AN>*ISM1 PP4 #b#h1 #c4 

.<#c#b.> ,BOOK*91 0,AN>*ISM3 #aihd & ,BEYOND10 ADDRESS TO ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ GA!R+1 ,V5ICE1 ,SEPT4 #b#d-#c1 #aihd 7UNPUBLI%$74 

.<#c#c.> ,MURRAY'S MAJOR BOOK ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM IS ,! ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION & ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP 7,SI]RA ,CLUB1 #a#i#h#g71 REPUBLI%$ AS ,URBANIZATION ,AGA9/ ,CITIES 7,MONTREAL3  ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#b7 & AS ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7,LONDON3  ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#e74  ,FROM ! E>LY #a#i#hS HE WROTE NUM]\S >TICLES ON ! SUBJECT AS WELL4  ,= A LI/ ( ?OSE WORKS1 AS WELL AS A BRIEF SUMM>Y ( ! IDEAS1 SEE MY ,! ,POLITICS ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY3  ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM 7,MONTREAL3  ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#i#h74 

.<#c#d.> ,BOOK*91 0,!SES ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM0 7#a#i#h#d71 9 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY1 REV4 $4 7,MONTREAL3  ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#f71 P4 #a#g#b4 

.<#c#e.> ,BOOK*91 ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION1 P4 #b#e#h4 

.<#c#f.> 0,DEMOCRATIZ+ ! ,REPUBLIC10 P4 #i4 

.<#c#g.> ,BOOK*91 0,! ,MEAN+ ( ,CONF$]ALISM10 9 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES1 PP4 #b#e#b-#e#c4 

.<#c#h.> 0,DEMOCRATIZ+ ! ,REPUBLIC10 P4 #i4 

.<#c#i.> ,BOOK*91 0,!SES10 P4 #a#g#h4 

.<#d.> ,BOOK*91 0,! ,<O/ ( ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM10 ,AN>*I/ ,/UDIES #a 7#a#i#i#c71 P4 #g4 

.<#d#a.> ,MURRAY HAD SOME MAJOR DISAGREEM5TS ) ,PR\DHON1 SU* AS HIS 0COMMITM5T TO A CONTRACTUAL =M ( ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! COMMUNI/IC MAXIM ( 'FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO  HIS OR H] ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS OR H] NE$S1' A COMMITM5T ?AT 444 CAN SC>CELY BE DI/+UI%$ FROM B\RGEOIS CONCEPTIONS ( 'RI<T4'0 ,SEE ,BOOK*91 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM40  ,HE ALSO OBJECT$ TO 0! PROPRIET>IAN M5TALITY ?AT APPE>S 9 SO MANY ( ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S10 :I* HE SAYS IS 0DISP5SABLE40  ,SEE ,BOOK*91 0,<O/10 P4 #g4 

.<#d#b.> ,BOOK*91 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM10 P4 #e#d4 

.<#d#c.> ,BOOK*91 0,<O/10 P4 #f2 HE IS CIT+ ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION 7#a#h#f#c71 TRANS4 ,RI*>D ,V]NON 7,TORONTO3  ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i71 PP4 #d#a1 #d#e1 #d#h4 

.<#d#d.> ,BOOK*91 0,<O/10 P4 #f4 

.<#d#e.> ,BOOK*91 0,!SES ON ,LIB]T>IAN ,MUNICIPALISM10 P4 #a#f#f4 

.<#d#f.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOCIETY OR ,BRO!RHOOD0 7#a#h#f#e71 9 ,DANIEL ,GU]91 $41 ,NO ,GODS ,NO ,MA/]S3 ,AN ,AN?OLOGY ( ,AN>*ISM1 TRANS4 ,PAUL ,%>KEY 7,$9BUR< & ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A4 ,K4 ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h71 BOOK #a1 P4 #a#d#b4 

.<#d#g.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,CATE*ISM0 7#a#h#f#f7 9 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 $4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7,NEW ,YORK3  ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#g#b71 PP4 #h#b-#h#c2 QUOT$ 9 ,BOOK*91 0,<O/10 P4 #g4 

.<#d#h.> ,BOOK*91 0,T[>D A ,VISION ( ! ,URBAN ,FUTURE10 9 ,T[>DS AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 P4 #a#h#c4 

.<#d#i.> ,MURRAY WAS C>EFUL TO DEF9E HIS DIFF]5CES ) ,KROPOTK9'S ?\<T1 OBJECT+ TO ,KROPOTK9'S NOTION ( A 0SOCIAL 9/9CT0 TO VALIDATE HIS MUTUALISM4  ,?AT IDEA WAS 0TR\BL+1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT IS BAS$ ON A HI<LY SELECTIVE /UDY ( ANIMALS1 BUT BECAUSE IT T5DS TO IGNORE A HO/ ( SOLIT>Y ANIMALS1 9CLUD+ HI<LY ADVANC$ MAMMALS4  ,EV5 MORE TR\BL+ IS ?AT HE T5DS TO CONFUSE ANIMAL TROOPS1 H]DS1 PACKS1 & TRANSI5T COMMUNITIES ) SOCIETIES -- ?AT IS1 ) HI<LY MUTABLE 9/ITUTIONS1 ALT]ABLE AS !Y >E BY VIRTUE ( ! DI/9CTLY HUMAN ABILITY TO =M1 DEVELOP1 SUBV]T1 & OV]?R[ !M ACCORD+ TO !IR 9T]E/S & WILL40  ,SEE ,BOOK*91 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM40 

.<#e.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0,! ,AN>*I/ ,IDEA10 ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#h#g#i2 REPR9T$ 9 ,DANIEL ,GU]91 ,NO ,GODS ,NO ,MA/]S1 BOOK #a1 P4 #b#c#b4 

.<#e#a.> ,KROPOTK91 0,! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS10 ,M>* #b1 #a#h#h2 REPR9T$ 9 ,P4 ,A4 ,KROPOTK91 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ON ,AN>*ISM & ,REVOLUTION1 $4 ,M>T9 ,A4 ,MILL] 7,CAMBRIDGE1 ,MASS43  ,M,I,T1 #a#i#g71 PP4 #a#b#h-#b#i4 

.<#e#b.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#c#b4 

.<#e#c.> ,KROPOTK91 0,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM0 7#a#i#a#c71 9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS1 $4 ,ROG] ,BALDW9 7#a#i#b#g2 REPR9T$ ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#g71 P4 #a#f#c2 QUOT$ 9 ,BOOK*91 0,<O/10 P4 #h4 

.<#e#d.> ,IBID4 

.<#e#e.> ,BOOK*91 0,!SES10 P4 #a#g#g4 

.<#e#f.> 0,DEMOCRATIZ+ ! ,REPUBLIC10 P4 #i1 EMPHASIS ADD$4 

.<#e#g.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0,PROGRAM & ,OBJECT ( ! ,SECRET ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRE?R510 9 ,GU]91 ,NO ,GODS ,NO ,MA/]S1 BOOK #a1 P4 #a#e#e4 

.<#e#h.> ,MURRAY CONSID]$ ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,*9A & ,CUBA & ,VIETNAM TO BE NATIONALI/ 9 NATURE1 NOT AU!NTICALLY SOCIALI/4  ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BOOK*91 ,MOD]N ,CRISIS1 P4 #a#b#i4 

.<#e#i.> ,BOOK*91 ,KEYNOTE ,ADDRESS TO ,WAT]LOO-,P,I,R,G1 ,WAT]LOO1 ,ONT>IO1 #a#i#h#e1 VIDEOTAPE1 ,BOOK*9 ,PAP]S1 ,TAMIM5T ,9/ITUTE ,LIBR>Y1 ,NEW ,YORK4 

.<#f.> ,BOOK*91 9TRODUCTION TO ,T[>DS AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY1 P4 #a#a4 

.<#f#a.> ,BOOK*91 0,!SES10 P4 #a#g#h4 

.<#f#b.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#g#i4 

.<#f#c.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0,REPRES5TATIVE ,GOV]NM5T & ,UNIV]SAL ,SUFFRAGE0 7#a#h#g71 9 ,DOLG(F1 $41 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 PP4 #b#a#h-#b#d2 QUOT$1 E4G41 9 0,<O/10 PP4 #g-#h4 

.<#f#d.> ,BOOK*91 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM10 P4 #e#e4 

.<#f#e.> ,QUOTATIONS 9 ?IS P>AGRAPH >E FROM ,MOD]N ,CRISIS1 PP4 #c#i-#d#a4 

.<#f#f.> ,ORGANIZE1 NO4 #dc 7,SUMM] #a#i#i#f74 

.<#f#g.> ,ORGANIZE1 NO4 #dd 7,AUTUMN #a#i#i#f74 

.<#f#h.> ,BOOK*91 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM10 P4 #e#e4 

.<#f#i.> ,BOOK*91 0,:AT ,IS ,COMMUNALISM8  ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,DIM5SION ( ,AN>*ISM10 ,GRE5 ,P]SPECTIVES NO4 #ca 7,OCTOB] #a#i#i#d71 P4 #c1 QUOT+ ,PET] ,M>%ALL1 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,LONDON3  ,H>P],COLL9S1 #a#i#i#b71 P4 #b#b4 

.<#g.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM3  ,ITS ,BASIS & ,PR9CIPLES10 9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS1 $4 ,ROG] ,BALDW9 7#a#i#b#g2 REPR9T$ BY ,NEW ,YORK3  ,DOV]1 #a#i#g71 P4 #f#h4 

.<#g#a.> ,= ,MURRAY'S OBJECTIONS TO CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+1 SEE 0,:AT ,IS ,COMMUNALISM80 

.<#g#b.> ,BOOK*91 0,!SES10 P4 #a#g#h4 

.<#g#c.> ,BOOK*91 LETT] TO ! $ITOR1 ,A3 ,RIVI/A ,AN>*ICA .<,MILAN.> #ahe 7,SEPT4-,OCT4 #a#i#i#a71 PP4 #d-#d#a2 WRITT5 ,AUG4 #a#d1 #a#i#i#a4 

.<#g#d.> ,BOOK*91 0,DEEP ,ECOLOGY1 ,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM10 PP4 #e#g-#e#h4 

.<#g#e.> ,BOOK*91 0,:AT ,IS ,COMMUNALISM80 P4 #a4 

.<#g#f.> ,BOOK*91 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM3  ,AN ,UNBRIDGEABLE ,*ASM10 9 ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM3 ,AN ,UNBRIDGEABLE ,*ASM 7,$9BUR< & ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3  ,A4,K4 ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#e74 

.<#g#g.> ,IBID41 P4 #a4 

.<#g#h.> ,IBID41 P4 #c#e4 

.<#g#i.> ,IBID41 P4 #e#h4  ,ON 0! TYRANNY ( /RUCTURELESSNESS10 SEE ,JO ,FREEMAN'S CLASSIC #aig >TICLE BY ?AT NAME ONL9E AT FLAG4BLACK5$4NET74 

.<#h.> ,KROPOTK91 0,AN>*ISM0 7#a#i#a71 9 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS2 ,BOOK*91 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM10 PP4 #c#e1 #a-#b4 

.<#h#a.> ,BOOK*91 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM10 P4 #a#f4 

.<#h#b.> ,BOOK*91 0,:AT ,IS ,COMMUNALISM80 P4 #d4 

.<#h#c.> ,IBID41 P4 #e4 

.<#h#d.> ,K+SLEY ,WIDM]1 0,H[ ,BROAD & ,DEEP ,IS ,AN>*ISM80 ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM1 NO4 #bd 7#a#i#i#g72 ,JASON ,MC,QU9N1 REVIEW ( ,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM OR ,LIFE/YLE ,AN>*ISM1 9 ,ALT]NATIVE ,PRESS ,REVIEW 7,SPR+ -- ,SUMM] #a#i#h#g72 ,LAURE ,AKAI1 0,SOCIAL ,AN>*ISM ,REVISIT$10 9 ,AN>*Y3  ,J\RNAL ( ,DESIRE ,>M$1 NO4 #dd 7,FALL-,W9T] #a#i#i#g-#i#h72 ,BOB ,BLACK1 ,AN>*Y ,AFT] ,LEFTISM 7,COLUMBIA1 ,MO43 ,C4,A4,L4 ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#g74 

.<#h#e.> ,DAVID ,WATSON1 ,BEYOND ,BOOK*93  ,PREFACE = A ,FUTURE ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 7,BROOKLYN3  ,AUTONOM$IA1 #a#i#i#f74 

.<#h#f.> ,BOOK*91 0,:I!R ,AN>*ISM80 9 ,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM4 

.<#h#g.> ,DAVID ,WATSON1 0,SWAMP ,FEV]1 ,PRIMITIVISM1 & ! ',IDEOLOGICAL ,VORTEX'3  ,F>EWELL TO ,ALL ,?AT10 ,FIF? ,E/ATE 7,FALL #a#i#i#g74 

.<#h#h.> ,QUOTATIONS 9 ?IS SECTION >E FROM ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM1 PP4 #a#b#b-#b#d4 

.<#h#i.> ,WIDM]1 0,H[ ,BROAD & ,DEEP80 

.<#i.> ,BOOK*91 LETT] TO ,ORGANIZE61 P4 #a#h4  ,SADLY1 ,IA9 ,MACKAY1 A WRIT] ASSOCIAT$ ) ,ORGANIZE61 IS CURR5TLY CIRCULAT+ A RUMOR ?AT LATE 9 LIFE ,MURRAY SUFF]$ FROM ,ALZHEIM]'S DISEASE4  ,AS HIS PRIM>Y C>EGIV]1 ,I CAN /ATE CATEGORICALLY ?AT ?IS RUMOR IS 5TIRELY FALSE4  ,MURRAY REMA9$ LUCID ALMO/ TO ! 5D ( HIS LIFE4 

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