,*APT] #ag 
,TRAVAIL 9 ,ATLANTK ,CITY 

#aideaide 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ROSE ,PESOTTA 

,TEXT 3 

,ROSE ,PESOTTA 

,BREAD UPON ! ,WAT]S  

,*,A,P,T,] #ag 

,TRAVAIL 9 ,ATLANTIC ,CITY 

,A,T,L,A,N,T,I,C ,C,I,T,Y ,W,A,S ,S,U,R,*,>,G,$ 
) EXPECTATION ( /RIFE :5 ,I >RIV$ ON ,OCTOB] #a#a4 ,MO/ ( ! O!R 
MEMB]S ( \R ,G5]AL ,EXECUTIVE ,BO>D W]E !RE = ITS QU>T]LY MEET+1 
& WE DISCUSS$ :AT WAS BREW+4 

,! AFFAIRS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LADIES' ,G>M5T ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 H[EV] 
IMPORTANT TO US1 W\LD BE OV]%AD[$ BY A L>G] ISSUE COM+ UP AT ! 
,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR CONV5TION_/! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZ+ MASS-PRODUCTION 
WORK]S 9TO 9DU/RIAL UNIONS4 ,?IS HAD CAUS$ A SIX-DAY BATTLE AT ! 
,F$]ATION'S #aicd CONV5TION 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO4 ,A COMPROMISE HAD SIDETRACK$ 
! ISSUE = A YE>4 ,N[1 9 #a#i#c#e1 IT WAS COM+ UP AGA91 & W\LD HAVE 
TO BE FAC$4 

,HOT DEBATE ALSO WAS LOOK$ = ON A RESOLUTION TO =M A ,LABOR ,P>TY4 
,! PROGRESSIVE DELEGATES SPONSOR+ IT *OSE ,FRANCIS ,J4 ,GORMAN1 VISE-PRESID5T 
( ! ,UNIT$ ,TEXTILE ,WORK]S1 AS SPOKESMAN4 ,IMM$IATELY HE BEGAN PREP>+ 
HIS SPEE*4 ,%ORT /ATUR$1 ,GORMAN HAD AN AIR ( SELF-IMPORTANCE1 P]HAPS 
A HANG-OV] FROM ! BUILDUP HE GOT 9 ! PRESS :5 HE L$ ! ILL-PREP>$ 
#aicd TEXTILE WORK]S' /RIKE4 

,! ,BRITI% ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS HAD S5T TWO FRAT]NAL DELEGATES_/,&REW 
,CONLEY1 NATIONAL SECRET>Y ( ! ,TAILORS & ,G>M5T ,WORK]S' ,UNION & 
,&REW ,NAESMI?1 :O HELD ! SAME (FICE 9 ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,WEAV]S' ,ASSOCIATION4 
,) !M WAS A GUE/1 ,ANNE ,L\<L91 A G5]AL ORGANIZ] = ,CONLEY'S 
ORGANIZATION4 ,%E HAD MADE A /IRR+ EXTEMPORANE\S ADDRESS ! DAY BE=E 
MY >RIVAL1 & MY FELL[ BO>D MEMB]S W]E /ILL TALK+ AB\T IT4 

,9TRODUC$ TO ,MISS ,L\<L91 ,I 9VIT$ H] TO TEA NEXT AFT]NOON4 ,L+]+ 
ON ! ,HOTEL ,*ELSEA V]&A1 ,I GOT ILLUM9AT+ 9=MATION AB\T ,GREAT 
,BRITA9'S LABOR SITUATION1 & ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL CONDITIONS 
!RE4 

,IT WAS /IMULAT+ TO LI/5 TO ?IS WOMAN4 ,SPL5DIDLY ALIVE & 5]GETIC 
AB\T #e FEET #c1 & 9 H] E>LY =TIES1 %E HAD SP>KL+ BLUE EYES1 
& A LOVELY COMPLEXION1 & WAS UNMI/AKABLY ,BRITI%4 ,ONE C\LD HAVE NO 
D\BT AB\T H] GREAT DEVOTION TO ! CAUSE :I* %E S]V$1 NOR ( H] 
LOVE = H] C\NTRY4 ,TO H] ! LABOR MOVEM5T WAS A MEANS TO AN 5D1 
& NOT AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,IT MU/ GA9 = ! WAGE-E>N]S A BETT] LIFE1 
BO? PHYSICALLY & SPIRITUALLY4 

,ANNE ,L\<L9'S FA!R WAS A %OP /EW>D 9 ! ,BOOT & ,%OE ,WORK]S' 
,UNION4 ,AS A Y\NG GIRL %E W5T TO WORK ON 0RA9COATS & HEAVY L9ES0 
9 ,LE$S1 ,YORK%IRE1 *IEF CLO?+ C5T] 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,9 #aiaf 
%E WAS APPO9T$ AS 0TEMPOR>Y0 W>-TIME ORGANIZ] = ! ,TAILORS' 
& ,G>M5T ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 & HAD HELD ?AT JOB EV] S9CE4 ,! ,T,G,W,U 
HAD #h1 MEMB]S1 ( :OM #f1 W]E WOM54 ,MISS ,L\<L9 WAS A MEMB] 
( ! EXECUTIVE BO>D ( ! ,BRITI% ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS4 ,K+ ,GEORGE 
,V1 AT A SPECIAL C]EMONY ?AT YE>1 HAD MADE H] AN ,(FIC] ( ,! ,BRITI% 
,EMPIRE--A TITLE =M]LY GIV5 ONLY TO MEMB]S ( HI< SOCIETY_/?US MAK+ 
H] ! FIR/ WOMAN 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T TO RECEIVE ?IS COVET$ HONOR4 

,AS A FIELD ORGANIZ] ,MISS ,L\<L9 HAD HAD MU* ! SAME TR\BLE1 :5 
ORGANIZ+ NEW >EAS1 AS WE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,EMPLOY]S 9 H] 9DU/RY 
US$ TO RUN \T ( T[N :5 ! UNION BEGAN AN ORGANIZATION DRIVE4 ,BUT 
9 #aib ! ,T,G,W,U DEVIS$ A S*EME TO KEEP ! EMPLOY]S B\ND BY A NATIONAL 
AGREEM5T SPECIFY+ WAGES & H\RS = ALL SECTIONS ( ! C\NTRY1 & 
! 9DU/RY BECAME MORE /ABILIZ$4 ,UNION AGREEM5TS W]E SIGN$ = #ab 
MON?S1 & !N C\LD BE R5EW$ ?R\< NEGOTIATIONS4 ,I ASK$ ,MISS ,L\<L9 
:AT IMPRESS$ H] MO/ AT ! ,A ,F ( ,L CONV5TION4 

0,! GREAT WA/E ( TIME 9 USELESS DETAIL10 %E SAID4 0,WE 
MANAGE TO AVOID ?AT 9 ! ,BRITI% ,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS40 

,MORE ?AN SIX WEEKS AHEAD ( CONV5TIONS1 %E TOLD ME1 ! EXECUTIVE 
C\NCIL PROPOS$ A T5TATIVE AG5DA & LOCAL UNIONS W]E ASK$ TO S5D 
9 !IR RESOLUTIONS & PROPOSALS4 ,RESOLUTIONS ON A GIV5 SUBJECT W]E 
WOV5 9TO A COMPOSITE RESOLUTION BY A SPECIAL COMMITTEE & (F]$ TO 
! CONCLAVE ) A DEF9ITE RECOMM5DATION4 

,9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#d#d1 ,ANNE ,L\<L9 WAS ONE ( ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR AD- VISORS 
TO ! HI/ORIC ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,ORGANIZATION CONF]5CE 9 ,PHILADELPHIA4 
,?US WE MET AGA94 ,H] HAIR N[ SILV]Y GRAY1 ! %AD[S ( MORE ?AN 
F\R YE>S ( W> HAD LEFT AN 9DELIBLE M>K ON H] VIVACI\S FACE1 BUT 
%E CON/ANTLY RADIAT$ 5]GY4 

,AFT]W>DS %E CAME TO MY HOME 9 ,NEW ,YORK = D9N]1 ) ,MISS ,FLOR5CE 
,HANCOCK1 ( ! ,G5]AL ,WORK]S' ,UNION1 ALSO A TITL$ ,(FIC] ( ! ,BRITI% 
,EMPIRE4 ,SEV]AL FRI5DS :O JO9$ US GOT AN 9TIMATE PICTURE ( LIFE 9 
W>-TIME ,5GL&4 ,BE=E LEAV+ ,5GL&1 ,MISS ,HANCOCK HAD ASK$ A Y\NG 
NEPHEW :AT HE W\LD LIKE H] TO BR+ HIM FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,HE WANT$ 
JU/ ONE ?+3 A BANANA4 ,5GLI% *ILDR51 :O LOV$ BANANAS1 HAD HAD 
NONE = ?REE YE>S4 

,9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#d#c1 ,K+ ,GEORGE ,V,I KNI<T$ ,ANNE ,L\<L91 GIV+ H] ! 
TITLE ( ,DAME ,ANNE4 ,AGA9 %E WAS ! FIR/ WOMAN 9 LABOR'S RANKS TO BE 
GIV5 A ROYAL HONOR4 ,:5 ONE ( MY O!R GUE/S ASK$ H]3 0,W]E 
Y\ ?RILL$ :5 Y\ RECEIV$ ?AT TITLE80 H] REPLY WAS *>ACT]I/IC3 
0,NO1 BUT ,I WAS ?RILL$ :5 !Y ELECT$ ME *AIRMAN ( ! ,BRITI% 
,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS40 

,AK9 TO \R ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 ! ,B,T,U,C HAS A *AIRMAN :O 
IS ELECT$ = ONE YE> AT ! ANNUAL CONV5TION1 9/EAD ( A PRESID5T4 

,! FIR/ WOMAN ELECT$ TO ?AT (FICE1 ,ANNE ,L\<L9 HEAD$ ! ,BRITI% 
,TRADE ,UNION ,CONGRESS ?R\< #a#i#d#c4 ,9 ?AT CAPACITY %E PRESID$ OV] ITS 
SESSIONS1 L$ DELEGATIONS TO ! ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 & ADJU/$ S]I\S PROBLEMS 
SUBMITT$ BY ITS AFFILIAT$ TRADE UNIONS4 

,ON ,OCTOB] #ae 7#a#i#c#e7 ,JOHN ,L4 ,LEWIS1 LEON9E-MAN$ HEAD ( ! ,UNIT$ 
,M9E ,WORK]S1 ELECTRIFI$ ! CONV5TION BY 9TRODUC+ TWO RESOLUTIONS4 
,ONE PROVID$ ?AT 0NO (FIC] ( ! ,A ,F ( ,L %ALL ACT AS AN ( FIC] 
( ! ,NATIONAL ,CIVIC ,F$]ATION OR BE A MEMB] !RE(40 ,! O!R 
WAS TO B> ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATIONI/1 ! ,A ,F ( ,L ( FICIAL ORGAN1 FROM 
ACCEPT+ ADV]TISEM5TS FROM ANY CONC]N :I* DID NOT RECOGNIZE & PRACTICE 
COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ ) ITS WORK]S4 

,! FIR/ DEM& PUT ,MAT!W ,WOLL1 VISE-PRESID5T ( ! ,A ,F ( ,L1 ON 
! DEF5SIVE4 ,HE MADE NO FI<T AGA9/ IT1 & DID NOT EXPLA9 :Y HE 
WAS S]V+ AS ACT+ PRESID5T ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CIVIC ,F$]ATION1 AN ORGANIZATION 
L>GELY COMPOS$ ( ANTI-UNION BUS9ESS M54 

,9 ?AT (FICE1 ,WOLL HAD GOT 9TO ! NEWSPAP]S BY REPEAT$ ATTACKS 
ON ! 0R$S40 4 4 4 ,BE=E ! DAY 5D$1 HE RESIGN$ FROM ! 
,CIVIC ,F$]ATION4 

,LEWIS'S SECOND RESOLUTION /RUCK AT ! ,A ,F ( ,L EXECUTIVE C\NCIL'S 
PRACTICE ( SELL+ ADV]TIS+ SPACE 9 ITS MON?LY MAGAZ9E TO ,U4,S4 ,/EEL1 
C]TA9 ANTI-UNION TEXTILE FIRMS1 ,G5]AL ,MOTORS1 & O!R IMPLACABLE 
5EMIES ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR4 ,! DELEGATES PASS$ IT UNANIM\SLY4 

,!N ! CONV5TION BEGAN ITS MOM5T\S DEBATE ON ! ISSUE ( 9DU/RIAL 
V]SUS CRAFT UNIONISM4 ,*>LES ,P4 ,H[>D1 PRESID5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 
,TYPOGRAPHICAL ,UNION1 READ1 AS A MEMB] ( ! RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE1 A 
M9ORITY REPORT FAVOR+ ! 9DU/RIAL =M4 

,! CASE = ! MASS-PRODUCTION WORK]S WAS *AMPION$ BY SPOKESM5 
= ! M9]S & = ! G>M5T1 TEXTILE1 TYPOGRAPHICAL1 & O!R WORK]S4 
,LEWIS1 ,PHILIP ,MURRAY1 & ,VAN ,A4 ,BITTN] REPRES5T$ ! ,UNIT$ ,M9E ,WORK]S 
( ,AM]ICA1 :I* CLAIM$ A MEMB]%IP ( #f11 BUT :I* PAID P] CAPITA 
DUES TO ! ,A ,F ( ,L = ONLY #d1 M9]S1 SO ?AT IT HAD PRECISELY 
#d1 VOTES 9 ! CONV5TION4 ,MY [N OP9ION WAS ?AT IT WAS DO+ WELL 
IF IT ACTUALLY HAD #c1 DUES-PAY+ MEMB]S1 ) MO/ ( ! UNION 
M9]S WORK+ ONLY P>T TIME 9 ! DEPRESSION YE>S4 

,LEWIS HAD A PRESS+ REASON = HIS CONC]N ) ! UNSKILL$ 9 ! 
BASIC 9DU/RIES4 ,! COAL M9]S1 :O HAD ALWAYS HAD ! 9DU/RIAL =M 
( ORGANIZATION1 W]E CONFRONT$ BY A CRITICAL PROBLEM4 ,?R\< ! LEAN 
YE>S S9CE ! W>1 ) C\NTLESS M9ES %UT D[N1 L>GE NUMB]S ( COAL 
DIGG]S NATURALLY HAD DRIFT$ 9TO O!R FIELDS1 ESPECIALLY /EEL1 AUTOMOTIVE1 
RUBB]1 METAL M9+1 CEM5T1 RADIO1 OIL1 & LUMB]_/9DU/RIES ) EI!R 
NO UNIONS OR COMPANY UNIONS4 

,BY E/ABLI%+ COMPANY UNIONS1 (T5 ?R\< ! USE ( 9DU/RIAL 
UND]-COV] M5 KN[N AS 0DIPLOMATS10 MANY EMPLOY]S HAD BE5 
ABLE TO CIRCUMV5T ,NEW ,DEAL LAWS AIM$ TO SAFEGU>D LABOR4 ,! COMPANY 
UNIONS ALSO W]E ORGANIZ$ ALONG 9DU/RIAL L9ES1 EA* TAK+ 9 ALL ?OSE 
EMPLOY$ 9 A GIV5 PLANT4 ,:5 WORK]S 9 !SE SET-UPS ATTEMPT$ 9 ! 
,N,R,A P]IOD TO =M LEGITIMATE LABOR UNIONS1 & S\<T 5TRY 9TO ! ,A 
,F ( ,L1 !Y BUMP$ !IR HEADS AGA9/ SO MANY CRAFT UNIONS ?AT !Y 
BECAME CONFUS$ & (T5 DISGU/$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! MASS-PRODUCTION COMPANIES 
C\LD BR+ 9 T5S ( ?\S&S ( F>M H&S & O!R UNSKILL$ WORK]S1 
L>GELY Y\NG PEOPLE1 TO REPLACE ?OSE DEM&+ BETT] CONDITIONS4 ,SO 
JOB T5URE WAS ALWAYS UNC]TA94 

,WR\<T UP1 WORK]S 9 /EEL1 AUTO1 RUBB]1 & O!R BASIC 9DU/RIES 
:O HAD BE5 COAL M9]S CAME BACK TO !IR OLD UNION = HELP4 ,! DELEGATES 
:O SPOKE 9 !IR BEHALF AT ! ,A ,F ( ,L CONV5TION DEM&$ A CLE>-CUT 
DECISION4 ,!Y WANT$ ! UNSKILL$ & MASS-PRODUCTION WORK]S TO BE ABLE 
TO ORGANIZE ALONG 9DU/RIAL L9ES )\T 9T]F]5CE BY ! CRAFT UNIONS4 
,NO LONG] C\LD ! ISSUE BE SIDETRACK$4 

,O!RS ALSO 9SI/$ ON A HE>+ Y\NG] M51 BORN 9 A P]IOD :5 
MASS-PRODUCTION HAD SPREAD B\NDLESSLY BEYOND ! REA* ( SKILL$ CRAFTSMAN%IP2 
:5 MA*9ES C\LD TURN \T VA/LY MORE & BETT] PRODUCTS ?AN M5'S 
H&S1 ! /REAML9$ BELT CONVEYOR MAK+ HUMAN SKILL ONLY AN 9CID5TAL 
P>T ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS4 

,ON ! PLAT=M ( ! CONV5TION HALL1 ABOVE :I* WAS EMBLAZON$ ! 
,A ,F ( ,L WAT*-WORD1 ,LABOR ,OMNIA ,V9CIT1 ,LABOR ,CONQU]S ,ALL1 A POIGNANT 
CRY WAS UTT]$1 E*O$1 & AMPLIFI$_/A CRY S5T UP = YE>S 9 ! WILD]NESS 
BY HUMANS :O FOLL[$ A WILL-O'-!-WISP1 A CRY S\ND$ BY ! ,I,W,W 9 
LUMB] & CON/RUCTION CAMPS1 BY LEAN M5 ON ! WAT]-FRONTS1 BY SWEAT+ 
FURNACE WORK]S 9 ! /EEL MILLS4 ,IT WAS ! OLD PLEA ( MILLIONS ( 
UNSKILL$ & SEMI-SKILL$ TOIL]S :O = DECADES HAD CLAMOR$ = ADMISSION 
9TO ! H\SE ( LABOR ONLY TO F9D ! DOOR SLAMM$ 9 !IR FACES BECAUSE 
!Y W]E CONSID]$ 0TRA%01_/WORK+ 9 BASIC 9DU/RIES1 !Y 
C\LD NOT BE PROP]LY CLASSIFI$ 9TO ! EXI/+ 0LEGITIMATE0 
UNIONS ( HORSE-&-BUGGY DAYS4 

,HEADS ( CRAFT 9T]NATIONALS LIKEWISE SPOKE1 HEAT$LY1 AS !Y RESI/$ 
! ASSAULT UPON !IR SUPREMACY4 ,GEORGE ,F4 ,BA]1 ,P5NSYLVANIA COAL MAGNATE1 
HAD DECL>$ ?AT ! COAL B>ONS HELD ! DE/9Y ( LABOR 9 !IR H&S 
BY 0DIV9E RI<T40 ,LIKEWISE ! DICTATORS ( !SE 9T]NATIONALS 
DEF5D$ !IR 0RI<T TO KEEP & TO HOLD :ATEV] COMES UND] !IR 
CON/ITUTIONAL JURISDICTION40 

,V>I\S 0F$]AL LOCALS10 BORN S9CE ! ,N,R,A1 W]E REPRES5T$ 
AT ! CONV5TION1 !IR DELEGATES HAV+ 9 ! AGGREGATE ! SMALLE/ 
NUMB] ( VOTES4 ,I ?\<T ( ! MILLIONS ( WORK]S1 & POT5TIAL MEMB]S1 
!Y REPRES5T$ ( 9DU/RIES ?AT W]E CONSI/5TLY KEPT \TSIDE1 & 
!IR VOTES3 AUTO1 #hf VOTES2 CEM5T1 #g2 ALUM9UM1 #a2 RUBB]1 #b#h2 RADIO1 
REFRIG]ATION1 & TELEVISION1 #g#e2 /EEL1 #h#f2 LUMB]1 ) NO REPRES5TATION_/& 
,I FELT A PANG 9 MY HE>T4 

,!IR CAUSE WAS *AMPION$ BY SPOKESM5 = ! ,UNIT$ ,M9E ,WORK]S1 
TO :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,VAN ,A4 ,BITTN]1 0EV5 HAIRCUTT]S 9 ! COAL 
T[NS BELONG$40 ,SOME ( ! !SE NEW UNIONI/S M\NT$ ! PLAT=M4 
,ONE ( !M WAS #b#f-YE>-OLD ,JAMES ,B4 ,C>EY ( ,F$]AL ,LOCAL #a#i#g#g#d1 ,*ICAGO1 
HAV+ A LONE VOTE4 ,C>EY LOOK$ LIKE A HI< S*OOL BOY :O HAD JU/ DONN$ 
LONG PANTS1 BUT HE SPOKE TOO S]I\SLY = SOME ( ! DELEGATES1 :OSE 
BIG CIG>S 9 ! CORN]S ( !IR M\?S & L>GE DIAMOND R+S ON !IR 
F+]S DID NOT BESPEAK ANY DEEP WISDOM AS !Y SNE]$ AT SPEE*ES LIKE 
HIS4 

,SITT+ ) \R DELEGATION1 ,I HAD OPPORTUNITY TO OBS]VE ! GA!R+ 
DISPASSIONATELY4 ,IT WAS EASY TO TELL FROM !IR FACIAL EXPRESSIONS :O 
W]E VITALLY CONC]N$ ) ! PROBLEM BE=E ! ASSEMBLAGE & :O W]E 
9DIFF]5T OR HO/ILE4 

,SOME ( !M1 0BORN TO BE DELEGATES10 & ATT5D+ A CONV5TION 
= P]HAPS ! #e#e? CONSECUTIVE TIME1 W]E A TRADITION4 ,TO BE SE5 !RE 
WAS 5\< = !M3 ,SOME W]E ELECT$ YE> AFT] YE> BY !IR MEMB]%IP 
AS RECOGNITION ( S]VICES AT HOME4 ,MO/ W]E TOP (FICIALS HEAD+ ! 
DELEGATIONS FROM !IR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ONLY A FEW DELEGATES HAD ! DEF9ITE 
AIM ( ACCOMPLI%+ SOME?+ CONCRETE = ! RANK-&-FILE1 ! UNSKILL$1 
! UNORGANIZ$4 

,C]TA9 DELEGATES REPRES5T$ PAP] UNIONS1 OR ONLY !MSELVES1 RA!R 
?AN A MEMB]%IP LIKE ! SPOKESMAN = ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,ASSOCIATION ( 
,IRON1 ,/EEL1 & ,T9 ,WORK]S1 :I* HAD LO/ A /RIKE AT ,C>NEGIE ,/EEL 
9 #a#h#i#b1 & TWO O!RS 9 #aia & #a#i#i1 & HAD NEV] MADE ANO!R ORGANIZ+ 
ATTEMPT4 ,ITS DELEGATE1 A TIMID LOOK+ 9DIVIDUAL1 DIDN'T /RIKE ME AS 
ONE :O C\LD 9DUCE A MOD]N 9DU/RIAL WORK] TO JO9 HIS UNION4 ,CONTROV]SIAL 
ISSUES W]E NUM]\S1 & NATURALLY W]E DECID$ BY ROLL-CALL VOTE1 SO 
!SE DELEGATES C\LD NOT LEAVE ! HALL AS FREQU5TLY AS USUAL4 ,SOME W]E 
IRRITAT$ AT BE+ ?US P5ALIZ$1 = !Y W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ A GOOD 
TIME4 ,!Y CAME TO LIFE ONLY :5 ! ELECTION ( (FIC]S TOOK PLACE4 

,JULIUS ,HO*MAN ( ! ,I,L,G,W,U DELEGATION READ A REPORT DESCRIB + H[ 
! 9DU/RIAL SPY RACKET HAD FA/5$ ITS CLAWS UPON VIRTUALLY EV]Y 9DU/RY 
9 ! C\NTRY1 & URG+ ! CONV5TION TO TAKE /EPS TO C\NT]ACT ?IS 
M5ACE TO ALL UNIONIZATION EF=TS4 

,CLOSE BY \R TABLE SAT ! AG$ PRESID5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SEAM5'S 
,UNION1 ,&REW ,FURUSE?1 :O SEEM$ AN ANA*RONISM H]E4 ,A TIR$ OLD MAN1 
A BUNDLE ( DRY BONES COV]$ ) P>*M5T-LIKE SK91 HIS LONG LEGS W]E 
/RET*$ \T ON ! NEXT *AIR1 HIS H&S LAY LIFELESS ON HIS LAP4 ,(T5 
HIS EYES W]E CLOS$1 BUT HIS JAWS KEPT MOV+1 AS IF HE W]E *EW+ HIS 
[N GUMS4 

,ONCE A H>DY W>RIOR :O HAD F\<T A BRAVE FI<T = ! M5 ( ! 
M]*ANT M>9E1 HE HAD TAK5 UP ! CUDGELS = 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM AT 
! ,A ,F ( ,L CONV5TION 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO A YE> E>LI]4 ,N[ HE APPE>$ 
ALL ?R\<4 

,9 HIS SPEE* AT ! #aicd CONV5TION HE HAD DECL>$ ?AT 0IT IS 
NOT ! WORK ?AT ONE DOES 9 ONE H\R OR ANO!R ?AT C\NTS H]E2 IT 
IS ! WORK ?AT ACCOMPLI%ES A SPECIFIC PURPOSE 4 4 4 ,NEW ?+S WILL 
COME 9TO ! WORLD 4 4 4 M5 WILL HAVE TO LE>N H[ TO MAKE !M40 

,HE R\S$ HIMSELF TWICE 9 ,ATLANTIC ,CITY1 SPEAK+ AT SOME L5G? _/ON 
! QUE/ION ( ANTI-LABOR 9JUNCTIONS1 :5 ! REPORT ( ! ,COMMITTEE 
ON ,/ATE ,ORGANIZATIONS WAS BE+ CONSID]$1 & ON ! MATT] ( GOV]NM5TAL 
SUBSIDIES TO %IP [N]S4 

0,\R ANTI-9JUNCTION BILL1 AS IT IS PI\SLY CALL$10 HE AV]R$1 
9 A DRY1 CRACKL+ VOICE1 0IS AN AU?ORIZATION & 9/RUCTION TO 
! C\RTS TO ISSUE 9JUNCTIONS4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR HAS EVID5TLY 
GIV5 UP ! FI<T ON ! QUE/ION ( 9JUNCTIONS40 ,HE ASSAIL$ ! 
PAY+ ( @s#c11 A YE> 9 GOV]NM5T %IP SUB"7 SIDIES AS A RACKET 
5JOY$ BY VESSEL [N]S1 :ILE ! %IPS RAN BY BREAK+ ALL ! LAWS 
COV]+ 9SPECTION S]VICE & SAFETY4 

,LOOK+ AT ,FURUSE? AS HE WAS1 OLD & TIR$1 IT SEEM$ 9CR$IBLE ?AT 
HE WAS ! P]SON :O HAD WON = ! SEAF>]S !IR PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION4 
,I C\LD ?9K ( ! MANY SU* OLD & SICK LABOR LEAD]S1 :O 9 !IR 
ZEAL & DEVOTION TO ! CAUSE NEV] TOOK COGNIZANCE ( ! FACT ?AT SOME 
DAY !Y MI<T BE TOO DECREPIT TO R5D] ANY USEFUL S]VICE & W\LD BECOME 
A BURD5 TO !MSELVES & A LIABILITY TO ! MOVEM5T4 ,DUR+ REC5T YE>S1 
H[EV]1 MANY A LABOR ORGANIZATION1 9CLUD+ MY [N ,9T]NATIONAL1 HAS 
E/ABLI%$ 9SURANCE & RETIREM5T FUNDS = !IR (FIC]S1 & PLANS 
>E TO CONT9UE ALONG ?IS L9E4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT DEVELOP A CRADLE-TO-!-GRAVE 
=MULA ! UNIONS WILL AT LEA/ PROVIDE = ?OSE :O >E NO LONG] ABLE 
TO C>RY ON1 SO !Y WILL NOT BE ?R[N ON ! SCRAP HEAP4 

,&REW ,FURUSE? DI$ AT ! AGE ( #hc 9 #ai* 9 ,WA%+TON1 :]E HE 
HAD SP5T MANY YE>S 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! SEAM54 ,HIS BODY LAY 9 /ATE 
9 ! ,LABOR ,DEP>TM5T ,AUDITORIUM4 ,S5ATOR ,BOB ,LA,FOLLETTE ! Y\NG] 
DELIV]$ A EULOGY AT HIS FUN]AL & ,&Y'S A%ES W]E SCATT]$ 9 ! 
MIDDLE ( ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN4 

,SATURDAY1 ! CLOS+ DAY1 BR\<T A CLIMAX4 

,DELEGATE ,?OMPSON ( ,RUBB] ,WORK]S ,UNION #ahcba SPOKE ON A RESOLUTION 
DEM&+ JURISDICTION OV] ALL RUBB] WORK]S ?R\< ! GRANT+ ( 
AN 9T]NATIONAL *>T]4 ,?OSE HE REPRES5T$1 HE DECL>$1 FLATLY REFUS$ 
TO LET !MSELVES OR !IR FELL[-WORK]S BE SCATT]$ AMONG ! CRAFT 
UNIONS4 ,A B>RAGE ( PO9TS ( ORD] & QUE/IONS T5D$ TO CONFUSE ?IS 
9EXP]I5C$ DELEGATE4 ,!N CAME ! N[ FAM\S V]BAL & PHYSICAL 5C\NT] 
BETWE5 ,WILLIAM ,HUT*ESON1 C>P5T]S' LEAD]1 & HIS FRI5D1 ,JOHN ,L4 
,LEWIS4 ,LEWIS WAS ACCLAIM$ ! H]O ( ! DAY1 BUT ACTUALLY ! CR$IT 
= ?AT VICTORY %\LD GO TO ! ,UNIT$ ,M9E ,WORK]S' DELEGATION AS A 
:OLE4 

,! POPUL> /ORY IS ?AT ,JOHN ,L4 ,LEWIS /RUCK ,HUT*ESON4 ,MAYBE HE DID_/BUT 
!RE IS MORE TO ! /ORY ?AN ?AT4 ,I WAS ONE ( ! MANY EYE-WITNESSES 
TO ! FA/-MOV+ MELEE4 

,AS ! COMMOTION />T$1 ,I HA/5$ T[>D ?AT P>T ( ! HALL1 AS 
,I WAS US$ TO DO+ :5 !RE WAS A CLA% ON \R PICKET L9ES4 ,DI/9CTLY 
,I SAW ONE ( ! M9]S L& A HEAVY WALLOP ON ,HUT*ESON'S JAW :5 HE 
GRABB$ ,LEWIS BY ! COLL>4 ,A FREE-=-ALL 5SU$1 A TABLE BE+ OV]TURN$ 
) SEV]AL DELEGATES UND] IT4 ,:5 ! CONT5DANTS W]E F9ALLY UNTANGL$ 
,LEWIS WAS /&+ DEFIANT1 HAIR DI%EVEL$1 HIS COLL> TORN FROM HIS %IRT_/:ILE 
,HUT*ESON WAS NURS+ A BADLY SWOLL5 FACE4 

,LEWIS EM]G$ FROM ! CONV5TION ! REPUT$ SAVIOR ( LABOR4 ,TO ME 
HE WAS NO?+ ( ! K9D4 ,LOOK+ AT HIM REALI/ICALLY1 ,I SAW ! MAN 
AS A CONSI/5T CONS]VATIVE ,REPUBLICAN1 :O MI<T AT ANY TIME SUPPORT 
! ,DEMOCRATS IF IT MEANT GA9 = HIS ORGANIZATION OR FAME = HIMSELF4 
,I C\LD NOT ACCEPT HIS VOCAL CONC]N = ! MASS-PRODUCTION WORK]S AS 
ALTRUI/IC2 ! ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ! M9]S' UNION WAS AN AMPLE MOTIVE 
= HIS DEM& = ! BROAD SPREAD+ ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM4 

,HE WAS P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/$ 9 ORGANIZ+ /EEL TO LIB]ATE & UNIONIZE 
! SO-CALL$ 0CAPTIVE0 M9ES1 [N$ BY ! /EEL MAGNATES & 
DOM9AT$ BY COMPANY UNIONS4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,/EEL ,CORPORATION [N$ 
MORE ?AN #a1 ACRES ( COAL L&S 9 ,K5TUCKY & ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA1 & 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,/EEL & ,COKE ALSO HAD L>GE COAL HOLD+S4 ,M9]S GO+ 
TO UNION MEET+S (T5 HAD TO WALK N9E MILES BE=E !Y W]E CLE> ( 
COMPANY GR\ND4 ,CAPTIVE M9ES SPELL$ UNEQUAL COMPETITION = [N]S & 
UNIONIZ$ M9ES1 & !Y CLAMOR$ = ! ,U,M,W *IEFS TO L9E UP ! O!RS 
& E/ABLI% UNION CONDITIONS 9 !M4 ,! ,M9]S' ,POLICY ,COMMITTEE MU/ 
HAVE DISCUSS$ ?IS PROBLEM TIME AFT] TIME & DEM&$ ?AT ! ,U,M,W LEAD]S 
BR+ PRESSURE ON ! ,A ,F ( ,L TO WORK \T A SOLUTION4 

,LEWIS WAS UPHOLD+ ! PROGRESSIVE SIDE 9 ,ATLANTIC ,CITY & ! ,COMMUNI/S 
W]E *ANT+ HOSANNAS TO HIS NAME1 BUT ,I RECALL$ ?AT 9 HIS [N UNION 
HE WAS SUPREME DICTATOR1 ,COMMUNI/S BE+ B>R$ FROM MEMB]%IP1 & ?AT 
?OSE :O DISAGRE$ ) ,JOHN ,L4 W]E EXPELL$ & HAD TO %IFT ELSE:]E4 
,! ,LEWIS DYNA/Y HAD LONG DEM&$ UNQUALIFI$ OB$I5CE4 

,YET ,I NOT$ CURI\SLY ?AT ,LEWIS WAS N[ FLIRT+ BEH9D HIS %AGGY 
BR[S ) ,JOHN ,BROPHY & ,P[]S ,HAPGOOD1 HI!RTO ANA!MA TO HIM4 ,AS 
MEMB]S ( ! M9]S' UNION !Y HAD *ALL5G$ HIS POLICIES1 EV5 D>+ 
TO OPPOSE HIS REELECTION AT ,U,M,W CONV5TIONS4 

,DESPITE ! FI/CUFFS1 ,I FELT ?AT ,JOHN ,L4 WAS MU* CLOS] TO REACTION>Y 
,HUT*ESON1 BO? BE+ MEMB]S ( ! ,REPUBLICAN P>TY1 ?AN TO ! RADICAL 
W+ 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,ONE 9CID5T AT ! CLOS+ SESSION ON ,SATURDAY AFT]NOON WAS A CLASSIC4 

,A RESOLUTION NOT TO =M A ,LABOR ,P>TY WAS READ4 ,DELEGATE ,FRANCIS ,J4 
,GORMAN ( ! ,UNIT$ ,TEXTILE ,WORK]S M\NT$ ! PLAT=M4 

,HIS SECRET>Y DI/RIBUT$ MIMEOGRAPH$ COPIES ( HIS PREP>$ ADDRESS 
AT ! PRESS TABLE1 :I* WAS CLOSE TO \RS4 ,I BORR[$ A COPY FROM A REPORT] 
ELEV5 PAGES1 S+LE-SPAC$1 ON LEGAL SIZE PAP]4 0,HE'S CRAZY10 
,I REM>K$4 0,!Y'LL NEV] SIT ?R\< ?IS40 

,GORMAN READ = A FEW M9UTES 9 A MONOTON\S VOICE1 TO A RAPIDLY DW9DL+ 
AUDI5CE4 ,!N ,DELEGATE ,&]SON ( ! PLUMB]S /OOD UP4 

0,MR4 ,*AIRMAN1 A QUE/ION ( PRIVILEGE4 ,DON'T Y\ ?9K IT W\LD 
BE ! RI<T ?+ = ! G5TLEMAN TO TURN OV] HIS REPORT TO ! SECRET>Y 
& HAVE IT BECOME A P>T ( ! RECORD ( ?IS CONV5TION 8,! TIME IS 
GETT+ LATE & HE IS JU/ RECIT+ SOME?+ WE CAN ALL READ AT HOME40 

,PRESID5T ,GRE53 0,DELEGATE ,GORMAN HAS ! FLOOR4 ,HE HAS A PAP] 
H]E ?AT HE HAS SUBMITT$ TO ! CONV5TION1 & ( C\RSE HE HAS ! 
RI<T TO SUBMIT IT UNLESS ! CONV5TION DESIRES O!RWISE40 

,DELEGATE ,&]SON3 0,!N ,I MOVE' ,MR4 ,*AIRMAN1 ?AT ,DELEGATE ,GORMAN 
SUBMIT HIS PAP] TO ! SECRET>Y & ?AT IT BECOME A P>T ( ! RECORD 
9/EAD ( TAK+ UP ! TIME ( ! CONV5TION40 

,ANO!R DELEGATE PO9T$ \T ?AT MANY *AIRS ALREADY W]E EMPTY1 & 
?AT ! DELEGATES WANT$ TO LEAVE SO !Y C\LD GET BACK TO !IR JOBS 
,MONDAY MORN+4 

,9 ! FACE ( ! PREVAIL+ S5TIM5T1 ,GORMAN HAD NO ALT]NATIVE BUT 
TO H& 9 HIS ADDRESS = ! RECORD4 

,?US ANO!R EXPECT$ 0HOT0 DEBATE CAME TO NAU<T4 ,! VOTE 
ON ! ,LABOR ,P>TY RESOLUTION AGA9 PROV$ ?AT ! OLD POLITICAL ALIGNM5TS 
/OOD FIRM1 ! *AMPIONS ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM VOT+ REGUL>1 ) EI!R 
! ,REPUBLICAN OR ,DEMOCRATIC BLOC1 & AGA9/ =M+ A LABOR P>TY4 

,I D\BT :E!R ,DELEGATE ,&]SON OR ANY ( ! O!RS EV] F\ND TIME 
TO READ ,GORMAN'S SPEE*4 ,ANY ONE 9T]E/$ CAN F9D IT1 SET 9 F9E TYPE1 
ON PAGES #g#f#b-#g#g#c ( ! REPORT ( ! #aice ,A ,F ( ,L PROCE$+S4 ,:ATEV] 
M]ITS IT MAY HAVE HAD W]E LO/4 

,?R\<\T ! SESSIONS ,I NOTIC$ ?AT :5EV] SOME IMPORTANT QUE/ION 
WAS UP ! /EAM-ROLL] MANAG$ SOMEH[ TO SQUA% IT2 BY REPORT+ IT TOO 
E>LY1 :5 ?OSE :O WI%$ TO PRESS ! ISSUE W]E EI!R ABS5T OR NOT 
PREP>$1 OR BY LEAV+ IT TILL ! LA/ DAY1 :5 MO/ ( ! DELEGATES1 
AFT] TWO /R5U\S WEEKS1 W]E SITT+ ON !IR SUITCASES4 

,AS SOON AS ! CONV5TION ADJ\RN$1 ! DELEGATES :O HAD DRAWN UP 
! M9ORITY REPORT ON 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM MET & DECID$ TO =M A COMMITTEE 
TO AID ! MASS-PRODUCTION WORK]S 9 SELF-ORGANFZATION & TO PROMOTE 
! CAUSE ( 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,PROM95T AMONG ?IS GR\P ( TRAIL-BREAK]S1 
BESIDE ,JOHN ,L4 ,LEWIS1 W]E ! PRESID5TS ( O!R \T/&+ 9T]NATIONALS3 
,DAVID ,DUB9SKY1 \R PRESID5T2 ,SIDNEY ,HILLMAN ( ! ,AMALGAMAT$ ,CLO?+ 
,WORK]S ( ,AM]ICA1 ,*>LES ,P4 ,H[>D ( ! ,TYPOGRAPHICAL ,UNION1 ,H4 ,C4 
,FREMM+ ( ! ,OIL ,FIELD1 ,GAS ,WELL1 & ,REF9]Y ,WORK]S1 ,?OMAS ,F4 ,MC,MAHON 
( ! ,UNIT$ ,TEXTILE ,WORK]S1 ,MAX ,Z>ITZKY ( ! ,HATT]S1 ,CAP1 & ,MILL9]Y 
,WORK]S1 & ,PAUL ,M4 ,PET]SON ( ! ,M9E1 ,MILL1 & ,SMELT] ,WORK]S4 

,! NEW ,COMMITTEE = ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATION HAD BE5 =M$1 IT /AT$ 
PUBLICLY1 0TO 5C\RAGE & PROMOTE ! ORGANIZATION ( ! UNORGANIZ$ 
WORK]S 9 MASS PRODUCTION & O!R 9DU/RIES UPON AN 9DU/RIAL BASIS4 
,ITS AIM IS TO FO/] RECOGNITION & ACCEPTANCE ( COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ 
9 SU* BASIC 9DU/RIES2 TO C\NSEL & ADVISE UNORGANIZ$ & NEWLY ORGANIZ$ 
GR\PS ( WORK]S2 TO BR+ !M UND] ! BANN] ( & 9 AFFILIATION 
) ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR AS 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS40 

,AT ONCE ! COMMITTEE BEGAN ACTIVE WORK1 S]V+ AS A CLE>+ H\SE 
= 9=MATION & ADVICE1 & S5D+ ORGANIZ]S TO WORK ) V>I\S 
GR\PS ?AT S\<T ORGANIZATION4 ,A PUBLIC ACTION SUBCOMMITTEE ( NATIONAL 
SCOPE WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S 9 ! BASIC 9DU/RIES 
SW>M$ 9TO ! 9DU/RIAL UNIONS N[ BE+ SET UP4 ,MANY :O HAD PLEAD$ 
= SU* ORGANIZATION VOLUNTE]$ !IR S]VICES1 & HUNDR$S ( LABOR 
ORGANIZ]S ALREADY ON ! PAYROLLS ( OLD UNIONS CAU<T ! FEV] & ASK$ 
!IR (FIC]S TO PLACE !M AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! NEW MOVEM5T4 

,:ILE ?IS F>-REA*+ 5ROLLM5T ( WORK]S 9 UNIONS ( !IR [N 
*OOS+ PROCE$$1 ! NATIONAL COMMITTEE :I* GUID$ II KNEW IT WAS 
VITAL ALSO TO BR+ ! MAJOR 9DU/RIES UND] UNION CONTRACTS4 ,OPPORTUNITY1 
& ! ACID TE/ = ! COMMITTEE1 CAME 9 A FEW MON?S ) A SIT-D[N 
( WORK]S 9 ! GIGANTIC ,GOODYE> ,TIRE & ,RUBB] ,COMPANY PLANT 9 ,AKRON1 
,OHIO4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aidd 3 ,*APT] #ag -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ag -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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