,*APT] #c 
,:Y ,DO ,?OSE 9 ,BULL%IT ,JOBS ,REGUL>LY ,REPORT ,!MSELVES ,UNHAPPY8 7,ON ,SPIRITUAL ,VIOL5CE1 ,P>T #a7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #c3 ,:Y ,DO ,?OSE 9 ,BULL%IT ,JOBS ,REGUL>LY ,REPORT ,!MSELVES ,UNHAPPY8 7,ON ,SPIRITUAL ,VIOL5CE1 ,P>T #a7 

  
  

,WORKPLACES >E FASCI/4 ,!Y'RE CULTS DESIGN$ TO EAT Y\R LIFE2 BOSSES HO>D Y\R M9UTES JEAL\SLY LIKE DRAGONS HO>D GOLD4  
  

--,N\RI 

,9 ?IS *APT]1 ,I'D LIKE TO />T EXPLOR+ SOME ( ! MORAL & PSY*OLOGICAL EFFECTS ( BE+ TRAPP$ 9SIDE A BULL%IT JOB4 

,9 P>TICUL>1 ,I WANT TO ASK ! OBVI\S QUE/ION3 ,:Y IS ?IS EV5 A PROBLEM8 ,OR TO PHRASE IT MORE PRECISELY3 ,:Y DOES HAV+ A PO9TLESS JOB SO REGUL>LY CAUSE PEOPLE TO BE MIS]ABLE8 ,ON ! FACE ( IT1 IT'S NOT OBVI\S ?AT IT %\LD4 ,AFT] ALL1 WE'RE TALK+ AB\T PEOPLE :O >E EFFECTIVELY BE+ PAID--(T5 V]Y GOOD MONEY--TO DO NO?+4 ,ONE MI<T IMAG9E ?AT ?OSE BE+ PAID TO DO NO?+ W\LD CONSID] !MSELVES =TUNATE1 ESPECIALLY :5 !Y >E MORE OR LESS LEFT TO !MSELVES4 ,BUT :ILE EV]Y N[ & !N ,I DID HE> TE/IMONIES FROM ?OSE :O SAID !Y C\LDN'T BELIEVE !IR LUCK 9 L&+ SU* A POSITION1 ! REM>KABLE ?+ IS H[ V]Y FEW ( !M !RE W]E4.<#f#f.> ,MANY1 9 FACT1 SEEM$ P]PLEX$ BY !IR [N REACTION1 UNABLE TO UND]/& :Y !IR SITUATION LEFT !M FEEL+ SO WOR?LESS OR DEPRESS$4 ,9DE$1 ! FACT ?AT !RE WAS NO CLE> EXPLANATION = !IR FEEL+S--NO /ORY !Y C\LD TELL !MSELVES AB\T ! NATURE ( !IR SITUATION & :AT WAS WRONG AB\T IT--(T5 CONTRIBUT$ TO !IR MIS]Y4 ,AT LEA/ A GALLEY SLAVE KN[S ?AT HE'S OPPRESS$4 ,AN (FICE WORK] =C$ TO SIT = SEV5 & A HALF H\RS A DAY PRET5D+ TO TYPE 9TO A SCRE5 = @s#a#h AN H\R1 OR A JUNIOR MEMB] ( A CONSULTANCY TEAM =C$ TO GIVE ! EXACT SAME SEM9> ON 9NOVATION & CREATIVITY WEEK 9 & WEEK \T = @s#e1 A YE>1 IS JU/ CONFUS$4 

,9 AN E>LI] BOOK AB\T DEBT1 ,I WROTE AB\T ! PH5OM5ON ( 0MORAL CONFUSION40 ,I TOOK AS MY EXAMPLE ! FACT ?AT ?R\<\T HUMAN HI/ORY1 MO/ PEOPLE SEEM TO HAVE AGRE$ BO? ?AT PAY+ BACK ONE'S DEBTS WAS ! ESS5CE ( MORALITY & ?AT MONEYL5D]S W]E EVIL4 ,:ILE ! RISE ( BULL%IT JOBS IS A COMP>ATIVELY REC5T PH5OM5ON1 ,I ?9K IT CREATES A SIMIL> MORAL EMB>RASSM5T4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 EV]YONE IS 5C\RAG$ TO ASSUME ?AT HUMAN BE+S WILL ALWAYS T5D TO SEEK !IR BE/ ADVANTAGE1 ?AT IS1 TO F9D !MSELVES A SITUATION :]E !Y CAN GET ! MO/ B5EFIT = ! LEA/ EXP5DITURE ( TIME & EF=T1 & = ! MO/ P>T1 WE DO ASSUME ?IS--ESPECIALLY IF WE >E TALK+ AB\T SU* MATT]S 9 ! AB/RACT4 70,WE CAN'T JU/ GIVE POOR PEOPLE H&\TS6 ,!N !Y WON'T HAVE ANY 9C5TIVE TO LOOK = WORK607 ,ON ! O!R H&1 \R [N EXP]I5CE1 & ?OSE ( ! PEOPLE WE >E CLOSE/ TO1 T5DS TO CONTRADICT !SE ASSUMPTIONS AT MANY PO9TS4 ,PEOPLE ALMO/ NEV] ACT & REACT TO SITUATIONS 9 QUITE ! WAY \R !ORIES ( HUMAN NATURE W\LD PR$ICT4 ,! ONLY REASONABLE CONCLUSION IS ?AT1 AT LEA/ 9 C]TA9 KEY ESS5TIALS1 !SE !ORIES AB\T HUMAN NATURE >E WRONG4 

,9 ?IS *APT]1 ,I DON'T JU/ WANT TO ASK :Y PEOPLE >E SO UNHAPPY DO+ :AT SEEMS TO !M MEAN+LESS MAKE-WORK1 BUT TO ?9K MORE DEEPLY AB\T :AT ?AT UNHAPP9ESS CAN TELL US AB\T :AT PEOPLE >E & :AT !Y >E BASICALLY AB\T4 

AB\T ONE Y\NG MAN APP>5TLY H&$ A S9ECURE :O NONE!LESS F\ND HIMSELF UNABLE TO H&LE ! SITUATION 

  

,I WILL BEG9 ) A /ORY4 ,! FOLL[+ IS ! TALE ( A Y\NG MAN NAM$ ,]IC1 :OSE FIR/ EXP]I5CE ( ! WORLD ( WORK WAS ( A JOB ?AT PROV$ ABSOLUTELY1 EV5 COMICALLY1 PO9TLESS4  
  

,]IC3 ,I'VE HAD MANY1 MANY AWFUL JOBS1 BUT ! ONE ?AT WAS UND\BT$LY PURE1 LIQUID BULL%IT WAS MY FIR/ 0PR(ESSIONAL JOB0 PO/GRADUATION1 A DOZ5 YE>S AGO4 ,I WAS ! FIR/ 9 MY FAMILY TO ATT5D UNIV]SITY1 & DUE TO A PR(\ND NAIVETE AB\T ! PURPOSE ( HI<] $UCATION1 ,I SOMEH[ EXPECT$ ?AT IT W\LD OP5 UP VI/AS ( HI!RTO-UN=ESE5 OPPORTUNITY4 

,9/EAD1 IT (F]$ GRADUATE TRA9+ S*EMES AT ,PRICEWAT]H\SE,COOP]S1 ,K,P,M,G1 ETC4 ,I PREF]R$ TO SIT ON ! DOLE = SIX MON?S US+ MY GRADUATE LIBR>Y PRIVILEGES TO READ ,FR5* & ,RUSSIAN NOVELS BE=E ! DOLE =C$ ME TO ATT5D AN 9T]VIEW :I*1 SADLY1 L$ TO A JOB4 

,?AT JOB 9VOLV$ WORK+ = A L>GE DESIGN FIRM AS ITS 0,9T]FACE ,ADM9I/RATOR40 ,! ,9T]FACE WAS A CONT5T MANAGEM5T SY/EM--AN 9TRANET ) A GRAPHICAL US] 9T]FACE1 BASICALLY--DESIGN$ TO 5ABLE ?IS COMPANY'S WORK TO BE %>$ ACROSS ITS SEV5 (FICES >\ND ! ,U,K4  
  

,]IC SOON DISCOV]$ ?AT HE WAS HIR$ ONLY BECAUSE ( A COMMUNICATION PROBLEM 9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE WAS A DUCT TAP]3 ! 5TIRE COMPUT] SY/EM WAS NECESS>Y ONLY BECAUSE ! P>TN]S W]E UNABLE TO PICK UP ! PHONE & COORD9ATE ) ONE ANO!R3  
  

,]IC3 ,! FIRM WAS A P>TN]%IP1 ) EA* (FICE MANAG$ BY ONE P>TN]4 ,ALL ( !M SEEM TO HAVE ATT5D$ ONE ( ?REE PRIVATE S*OOLS & ! SAME DESIGN S*OOL 7! ,ROYAL ,COLLEGE ( ,>T74 ,BE+ UNBELIEVABLY COMPETITIVE =TYSOME?+ PUBLIC S*OOLBOYS1 !Y (T5 TRI$ TO \TCOMPETE ONE ANO!R TO W9 BIDS1 & ON MORE ?AN ONE OCCASION1 TWO DIFF]5T (FICES HAD F\ND !MSELVES >RIV+ AT ! SAME CLI5T'S (FICE TO PIT* WORK & HAV+ TO HA/ILY COMB9E !IR BIDS 9 ! P>K+ LOT ( SOME DISMAL BUS9ESS P>K4 ,! ,9T]FACE WAS DESIGN$ TO MAKE ! COMPANY SUP]COLLABORATIVE1 ACROSS ALL ( ITS (FICES1 TO 5SURE ?AT ?IS 7& O!R MYRIAD FUCKUPS7 DIDN'T HAPP5 AGA91 & MY JOB WAS TO HELP DEVELOP IT1 RUN IT1 & SELL IT TO ! /AFF4  
  

,! PROBLEM WAS1 IT SOON BECAME APP>5T ?AT ,]IC WASN'T EV5 REALLY A DUCT TAP]4 ,HE WAS A BOX TICK]3 ONE P>TN] HAD 9SI/$ ON ! PROJECT1 &1 RA!R ?AN >GUE ) HIM1 ! O!RS PRET5D$ TO AGREE4 ,!N !Y DID EV]Y?+ 9 !IR P[] TO MAKE SURE IT DIDN'T WORK4  
  

,]IC3 ,I %\LD HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT ?IS WAS ONE P>TN]'S IDEA ?AT NO ONE ELSE ACTUALLY WANT$ TO IMPLEM5T4 ,:Y ELSE W\LD !Y BE PAY+ A TW5TY-ONE-YE>-OLD HI/ORY GRADUATE ) NO ,I,T EXP]I5CE TO DO ?IS8 ,!Y'D B\<T ! *EAPE/ S(TW>E !Y C\LD F9D1 FROM A BUN* ( ABSOLUTE CROOKS1 SO IT WAS BUGGY1 PRONE TO CRA%+1 & LOOK$ LIKE A ,W9D[S #c4#a SCRE5 SAV]4 ,! 5TIRE WORK=CE WAS P>ANOID ?AT IT WAS DESIGN$ TO MONITOR !IR PRODUCTIVITY1 RECORD !IR KEY/ROKES1 OR FLAG ?AT !Y W]E TORR5T+ PORN ON ! COMPANY 9T]NET1 & SO !Y WANT$ NO?+ TO DO ) IT4 ,AS ,I HAD ABSOLUTELY NO BACKGR\ND 9 COD+ OR S(TW>E DEVELOPM5T1 !RE WAS V]Y LITTLE ,I C\LD DO TO IMPROVE ! ?+1 SO ,I WAS BASICALLY TASK$ ) SELL+ & MANAG+ A BADLY FUNCTION+1 UNWANT$ TURD4 ,AFT] A FEW MON?S1 ,I REALIZ$ ?AT !RE WAS V]Y LITTLE = ME TO DO AT ALL MO/ DAYS1 ASIDE FROM ANSW] A FEW QU]IES FROM CONFUS$ DESIGN]S WANT+ TO KN[ H[ TO UPLOAD A FILE1 OR SE>* = SOMEONE'S EMAIL ON ! ADDRESS BOOK4  
  

,! UTT] PO9TLESSNESS ( HIS SITUATION SOON L$ TO SUBTLE--& !N1 9CREAS+LY UNSUBTLE--ACTS ( REBELLION3  
  

,]IC3 ,I />T$ >RIV+ LATE & LEAV+ E>LY4 ,I EXT5D$ ! COMPANY POLICY ( 0A P9T ON ,FRIDAY LUN*TIME0 9TO 0P9TS EV]Y LUN*TIME40 ,I READ NOVELS AT MY DESK4 ,I W5T \T = LUN*TIME WALKS ?AT LA/$ ?REE H\RS4 ,I ALMO/ P]FECT$ MY ,FR5* READ+ ABILITY1 SITT+ ) MY %OES (F ) A COPY ( ,LE ,MONDE & A ,PETIT ,ROB]T4 ,I TRI$ TO QUIT1 & MY BOSS (F]$ ME A ,G,B,P#b1#f RAISE1 :I* ,I RELUCTANTLY ACCEPT$4 ,!Y NE$$ ME PRECISELY BECAUSE ,I DIDN'T HAVE ! SKILLS TO IMPLEM5T SOME?+ ?AT !Y DIDN'T WANT TO IMPLEM5T1 & !Y W]E WILL+ TO PAY TO KEEP ME4 7,P]HAPS ONE C\LD P>APHRASE ,M>X'S ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #ahdd H]E3 TO =E/ALL !IR FE>S ( ALI5ATION FROM !IR [N LABOR1 !Y HAD TO SACRIFICE ME UP TO A GREAT] ALI5ATION FROM POT5TIAL HUMAN GR[?47  
  

,AS TIME W5T ON1 ,]IC BECAME MORE & MORE FLAGRANT 9 HIS DEFIANCE1 HOP+ HE C\LD F9D SOME?+ HE C\LD DO ?AT MI<T ACTUALLY CAUSE HIM TO BE FIR$4 ,HE />T$ %[+ UP TO WORK DRUNK & TAK+ PAID 0BUS9ESS TRIPS0 = NONEXI/5T MEET+S3  
  

,]IC3 ,A COLLEAGUE FROM ! ,$9BUR< (FICE1 TO :OM ,I HAD P\R$ \T MY WOES :5 DRUNK AT ! ANNUAL G5]AL MEET+1 />T$ TO >RANGE PHONY MEET+S ) ME1 ONCE ON A GOLF C\RSE NE> ,GL5EAGLES1 ME HACK+ AT ! TURF 9 BORR[$ GOLF %OES TWO SIZES TOO L>GE4 ,AFT] GETT+ AWAY ) ?AT1 ,I />T$ >RANG+ FICTIONAL MEET+S ) PEOPLE 9 ! ,LONDON (FICE4 ,! FIRM W\LD PUT ME UP 9 A NICOT9E-COAT$ ROOM 9 ! ,/4 ,A?ANS 9 ,BLOOMSBURY1 & ,I W\LD MEET OLD ,LONDON FRI5DS = SOME GOOD OLD-FA%ION$ ALL-DAY DR9K+ 9 ,SOHO PUBS1 :I* (T5 TURN$ 9TO ALL-NI<T DR9K+ 9 ,%OR$IT*4 ,MORE ?AN ONCE1 ,I RETURN$ TO MY (FICE ! FOLL[+ ,MONDAY 9 LA/ ,W$NESDAY'S WORK %IRT4 ,I'D LONG S9CE /OPP$ %AV+1 & BY ?IS PO9T1 MY HAIR LOOK$ LIKE IT WAS ROBB$ FROM A ,ZEPPEL9 ROADIE4 ,I TRI$ ON TWO MORE OCCASIONS TO QUIT1 BUT BO? TIMES MY BOSS (F]$ ME MORE CA%4 ,BY ! 5D1 ,I WAS BE+ PAID A /UPID SUM = A JOB ?AT1 AT MO/1 9VOLV$ ME ANSW]+ ! PHONE TWICE A DAY4 ,I EV5TUALLY BROKE D[N ON ! PLAT=M ( ,BRI/OL ,TEMPLE ,MEADS TRA9 /ATION ONE LATE SUMM]'S AFT]NOON4 ,I'D ALWAYS FANCI$ SEE+ ,BRI/OL1 & SO ,I DECID$ TO 0VISIT0 ! ,BRI/OL (FICE TO LOOK AT 0US] TAKE-UP40 ,I ACTUALLY SP5T ?REE DAYS TAK+ ,M,D,M,A AT AN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ H\SE P>TY 9 ,/4 ,PAULS1 & ! DISSOCIATIVE COM$[N MADE ME REALIZE H[ PR(\NDLY UPSETT+ IT WAS TO LIVE 9 A /ATE ( UTT] PURPOSELESSNESS4  
  

,AFT] H]OIC EF=TS1 ,]IC DID F9ALLY MANAGE TO GET HIMSELF REPLAC$3  
  

,]IC3 ,EV5TUALLY1 RESPOND+ TO PRESSURE1 MY BOSS HIR$ A JUNIOR FRE% \T ( A COMPUT] SCI5CE DEGREE TO SEE IF SOME IMPROVEM5TS C\LD BE MADE TO \R GRAPHICAL US] 9T]FACE4 ,ON ?IS KID'S FIR/ DAY AT WORK1 ,I WROTE HIM A LI/ ( :AT NE$$ TO BE DONE--& !N IMM$IATELY WROTE MY RESIGNATION LETT]1 :I* ,I PO/$ UND] MY BOSS'S DOOR :5 HE TOOK HIS NEXT VACATION1 SURR5D]+ MY LA/ PAY*ECK OV] ! TELEPHONE 9 LIEU ( ! /ATUTORY NOTICE P]IOD4 ,I FLEW ?AT SAME WEEK TO ,MOROCCO TO DO V]Y LITTLE 9 ! COA/AL T[N ( ,ESSA\IRA4 ,:5 ,I CAME BACK1 ,I SP5T ! NEXT SIX MON?S LIV+ 9 A SQUAT1 GR[+ MY [N VEGETABLES ON ?REE ACRES ( L&4 ,I READ Y\R ,/RIKE6 PIECE :5 IT FIR/ CAME \T4 ,IT MI<T HAVE BE5 A REVELATION = SOME ?AT CAPITALISM CREATES UNNECESS>Y JOBS 9 ORD] = ! :EELS TO M]ELY KEEP ON TURN+1 BUT IT WASN'T TO ME4  
  

,! REM>KABLE ?+ AB\T ?IS /ORY IS ?AT MANY W\LD CONSID] ,]IC'S A DREAM JOB4 ,HE WAS BE+ PAID GOOD MONEY TO DO NO?+4 ,HE WAS ALSO ALMO/ COMPLETELY UNSUP]VIS$4 ,HE WAS GIV5 RESPECT & EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO GAME ! SY/EM4 ,YET DESPITE ALL ?AT1 IT GRADUALLY DE/ROY$ HIM4 

,:Y8 

,TO A L>GE DEGREE1 ,I ?9K1 ?IS IS REALLY A /ORY AB\T SOCIAL CLASS4 ,]IC WAS A Y\NG MAN FROM A WORK+-CLASS BACKGR\ND--A *ILD ( FACTORY WORK]S1 NO LESS--FRE% \T ( COLLEGE & FULL ( EXPECTATIONS1 SUDD5LY CONFRONT$ ) A JOLT+ 9TRODUCTION TO ! 0REAL WORLD40 ,REALITY1 9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 CONSI/$ ( ! FACT ?AT 7A7 :ILE MIDDLE-AG$ EXECUTIVES CAN BE C\NT$ ON TO SIMPLY ASSUME ?AT ANY TW5TYSOME?+ :ITE MALE WILL BE AT LEA/ SOME?+ ( A COMPUT] :IZ 7EV5 IF1 AS 9 ?IS CASE1 HE HAD NO COMPUT] TRA9+ ( ANY K9D71 & 7B7 MI<T EV5 GRANT SOMEONE LIKE ,]IC A CU%Y SITUATION IF IT SUIT$ !IR MOM5T>Y PURPOSES1 7C7 !Y BASICALLY SAW HIM AS SOME?+ ( A JOKE4 ,:I* HIS JOB ALMO/ LIT]ALLY WAS4 ,HIS PRES5CE 9 ! COMPANY WAS V]Y CLOSE TO A PRACTICAL JOKE SOME DESIGN]S W]E PLAY+ ON ONE ANO!R4 

,EV5 MORE1 :AT DROVE ,]IC CRAZY WAS ! FACT !RE WAS SIMPLY NO WAY HE C\LD CON/RUE HIS JOB AS S]V+ ANY SORT ( PURPOSE4 ,HE C\LDN'T EV5 TELL HIMSELF HE WAS DO+ IT TO FE$ HIS FAMILY2 HE DIDN'T HAVE ONE YET4 ,COM+ FROM A BACKGR\ND :]E MO/ PEOPLE TOOK PRIDE 9 MAK+1 MA9TA9+1 & FIX+ ?+S1 OR ANYWAY FELT ?AT WAS ! SORT ( ?+ PEOPLE %\LD TAKE PRIDE 91 HE HAD ASSUM$ ?AT GO+ TO UNIV]SITY & MOV+ 9TO ! PR(ESSIONAL WORLD W\LD MEAN DO+ ! SAME SORTS ( ?+ ON A GR&]1 EV5 MORE MEAN+FUL1 SCALE4 ,9/EAD1 HE 5D$ UP GETT+ HIR$ PRECISELY = :AT HE WASN'T ABLE TO DO4 ,HE TRI$ TO JU/ RESIGN4 ,!Y KEPT (F]+ HIM MORE MONEY4 ,HE TRI$ TO GET HIMSELF FIR$4 ,!Y W\LDN'T FIRE HIM4 ,HE TRI$ TO RUB !IR FACES 9 IT1 TO MAKE HIMSELF A P>ODY ( :AT !Y SEEM$ TO ?9K HE WAS4 ,IT DIDN'T MAKE ! SLI<TE/ BIT ( DIFF]5CE4 

,TO GET A S5SE ( :AT WAS REALLY HAPP5+ H]E1 LET US IMAG9E A SECOND HI/ORY MAJOR--WE CAN REF] TO HIM AS ANTI-,]IC--A Y\NG MAN ( A PR(ESSIONAL BACKGR\ND BUT PLAC$ 9 EXACTLY ! SAME SITUATION4 ,H[ MI<T ANTI-,]IC HAVE BEHAV$ DIFF]5TLY8 ,WELL1 LIKELY AS NOT1 HE W\LD HAVE PLAY$ ALONG ) ! *>ADE4 ,9/EAD ( US+ PHONY BUS9ESS TRIPS TO PRACTICE =MS ( SELF-ANNIHILATION1 ANTI-,]IC W\LD HAVE US$ !M TO ACCUMULATE SOCIAL CAPITAL1 CONNECTIONS ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY ALL[ HIM TO MOVE ON TO BETT] ?+S4 ,HE W\LD HAVE TREAT$ ! JOB AS A /EPP+-/ONE1 & ?IS V]Y PROJECT ( PR(ESSIONAL ADVANCEM5T W\LD HAVE GIV5 HIM A S5SE ( PURPOSE4 ,BUT SU* ATTITUDES & DISPOSITIONS DON'T COME NATURALLY4 ,*ILDR5 FROM PR(ESSIONAL BACKGR\NDS >E TAU<T TO ?9K LIKE ?AT FROM AN E>LY AGE4 ,]IC1 :O HAD NOT BE5 TRA9$ TO ACT & ?9K ?IS WAY1 C\LDN'T BR+ HIMSELF TO DO IT4 ,AS A RESULT1 HE 5D$ UP1 = A TIME1 AT LEA/1 9 A SQUAT GR[+ TOMATOES4.<#f#g.> 

CONC]N+ ! EXP]I5CE ( FALS5ESS & PURPOSELESSNESS AT ! CORE ( BULL%IT JOBS1 & ! IMPORTANCE N[ FELT ( CONVEY+ ! EXP]I5CE ( FALS5ESS & PURPOSELESSNESS TO Y\? 

  

,9 A DEEP] WAY1 ,]IC'S /ORY BR+S TOGE!R ALMO/ EV]Y?+ ?AT ?OSE ) BULL%IT JOBS SAY IS DI/RESS+ AB\T !IR SITUATION4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ ! PURPOSELESSNESS--?\< C]TA9LY1 IT'S ?AT4 ,IT'S ALSO ! FALS5ESS4 ,I'VE ALREADY M5TION$ ! 9DIGNATION TELEM>KET]S FEEL :5 !Y >E =C$ TO TRY TO TRICK OR PRESSURE PEOPLE 9TO DO+ SOME?+ !Y ?9K IS AGA9/ !IR BE/ 9T]E/S4 ,?IS IS A COMPLICAT$ FEEL+4 ,WE DON'T EV5 REALLY HAVE A NAME = IT4 ,:5 WE ?9K ( SCAMS1 AFT] ALL1 WE ?9K ( GRIFT]S1 CONFID5CE >TI/S2 !Y >E EASY TO SEE AS ROMANTIC FIGURES1 REBELS LIV+ BY !IR WITS1 AS WELL AS ADMIRABLE BECAUSE !Y HAVE A*IEV$ A C]TA9 =M ( MA/]Y4 ,?IS IS :Y !Y MAKE ACCEPTABLE H]OES 9 ,HOLLYWOOD MOVIES4 ,A CONFID5CE >TI/ C\LD EASILY TAKE DELI<T 9 :AT %E'S DO+4 ,BUT BE+ =C$ TO SCAM SOMEONE IS ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T4 ,9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT'S H>D NOT TO FEEL Y\'RE ULTIMATELY 9 ! SAME SITUATION AS ! P]SON Y\'RE SCAMM+3 Y\'RE BO? BE+ PRESSUR$ & MANIPULAT$ BY Y\R EMPLOY]1 ONLY 9 Y\R CASE1 ) ! ADD$ 9DIGNITY ?AT Y\'RE ALSO BETRAY+ ! TRU/ ( SOMEONE :OSE SIDE Y\ %\LD BE ON4 

,ONE MI<T IMAG9E ! FEEL+S SP>K$ BY MO/ BULL%IT JOBS W\LD BE V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF ! EMPLOYEE IS SCAMM+ ANYONE1 IT'S HIS EMPLOY]1 & HE'S DO+ IT ) HIS EMPLOY]'S FULL CONS5T4 ,BUT SOMEH[1 ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT MANY REPORT TO BE SO DI/URB+ AB\T ! SITUATION4 ,Y\ DON'T EV5 HAVE ! SATISFACTION ( KN[+ Y\'RE PUTT+ SOME?+ OV] ON SOMEONE4 ,Y\'RE NOT EV5 LIV+ Y\R [N LIE4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME1 Y\'RE NOT EV5 QUITE LIV+ SOMEBODY ELSE'S LIE1 EI!R4 ,Y\R JOB IS MORE LIKE A BOSS'S UNZIPP]$ FLY ?AT EV]YONE CAN SEE BUT ALSO KN[S BETT] ?AN TO M5TION4 

,IF ANY?+1 ?IS APPE>S TO COMP\ND ! S5SE ( PURPOSELESSNESS4 

,P]HAPS ANTI-,]IC W\LD1 9DE$1 HAVE F\ND A WAY TO TURN >\ND ?AT PURPOSELESSNESS & SE5 HIMSELF AS 9 ON ! JOKE2 P]HAPS IF HE W]E A REAL GO-GETT]1 HE'D HAVE US$ HIS ADM9I/RATIVE SKILLS TO EFFECTIVELY TAKE OV] ! (FICE2 BUT EV5 *ILDR5 ( ! RI* & P[]FUL (T5 F9D ?IS DIFFICULT TO PULL (F4 ,! FOLL[+ TE/IMONY GIVES A S5SE ( ! MORAL CONFUSION !Y CAN (T5 FEEL3  
  

,RUFUS3 ,I GOT ! JOB BECAUSE MY DAD WAS A ,VICE ,PRESID5T AT ! COMPANY4 ,I WAS *>G$ ) H&L+ COMPLA9TS4 ,GIV5 ?AT IT WAS 79 NAME7 A BIOM$ICAL COMPANY1 ALL RETURN$ PRODUCT WAS CONSID]$ A BIOHAZ>D4 ,SO ,I WAS ABLE TO SP5D A LOT ( TIME 9 A ROOM ALL BY MYSELF1 ) NO SUP]VISION & ESS5TIALLY NO WORK TO DO4 ,! BULK ( MY MEMORY ( ! JOB 9VOLVES EI!R PLAY+ ,M9ESWEEP] OR LI/5+ TO PODCA/S4 

,I DID SP5D H\RS POR+ OV] SPREAD%EETS1 TRACK+ *ANGES ON ,WORD DOCUM5TS1 ETC41 BUT ,I GU>ANTEE Y\ ?AT ,I CONTRIBUT$ NO?+ TO ?IS COMPANY4 ,I SP5T EV]Y M9UTE AT ! (FICE WE>+ HEADPHONES4 ,I PAID ONLY ! SMALLE/ ATT5TION POSSIBLE TO ! PEOPLE >\ND ME & ! 0WORK0 ,I WAS ASSIGN$4 

,I HAT$ EV]Y M9UTE WORK+ !RE4 ,9 FACT1 MORE DAYS ?AN NOT1 ,I W5T HOME E>LY FROM WORK1 TOOK TWO- OR ?REE-H\R LUN* BREAKS1 SP5T H\RS 09 ! BA?ROOM0 7W&]+ >\ND71 & NOBODY EV] SAID A WORD4 ,I WAS COMP5SAT$ = EV]Y M9UTE4 

,?9K+ BACK ON IT1 IT WAS K9D ( A DREAM JOB4  
  

,RETROSPECTIVELY1 ,RUFUS UND]/&S ?AT HE GOT A RIDICUL\SLY SWEET DEAL--HE SEEMS RA!R BAFFL$1 ACTUALLY1 :Y HE HAT$ ! JOB SO MU* AT ! TIME4 ,BUT SURELY HE C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 5TIRELY UNAW>E ( H[ HIS C[ORK]S MU/ HAVE SE5 HIM3 BOSS'S KID GETT+ PAID TO GO( (F2 FEELS HE'S TOO GOOD TO TALK TO !M2 SUP]VISORS CLE>LY 9=M$ 0H&S (F40 ,IT C\LD H>DLY HAVE EVOK$ W>M FEEL+S4 

,/ILL1 ?IS /ORY RAISES ANO!R QUE/ION3 ,IF ,RUFUS'S FA!R DIDN'T ACTUALLY EXPECT HIS SON TO DO ! JOB1 :Y DID HE 9SI/ HE TAKE IT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,HE C\LD PRESUMABLY JU/ AS EASILY HAVE GIV5 HIS SON AN ALL[ANCE1 OR1 ALT]NATELY1 ASSIGN$ HIM A JOB ?AT NE$$ DO+1 COA*$ HIM ON HIS DUTIES1 & TAK5 SOME M9IMAL EF=T TO MAKE SURE ?OSE TASKS W]E ACTUALLY C>RI$ \T4 ,9/EAD1 HE SEEMS TO HAVE FELT IT WAS MORE IMPORTANT = ,RUFUS TO BE ABLE TO SAY HE HAD A JOB ?AN TO ACTUALLY ACQUIRE WORK EXP]I5CE4.<#f#h.> 

,?AT'S PUZZL+4 ,IT'S ALL ! MORE PUZZL+ BECAUSE ! FA!R'S ATTITUDE APPE>S TO BE EXTREMELY COMMON4 ,IT WASN'T ALWAYS SO4 ,!RE WAS ONCE A TIME :5 MO/ /UD5TS 9 COLLEGE :OSE P>5TS C\LD AF=D IT1 OR :O QUALIFI$ = S*OL>%IPS OR ASSI/ANCE1 RECEIV$ A /IP5D4 ,IT WAS CONSID]$ A GOOD ?+ ?AT !RE MI<T BE A FEW YE>S 9 A Y\NG MAN'S OR WOMAN'S LIFE :]E MONEY WAS NOT ! PRIM>Y MOTIVATION2 :]E HE OR %E C\LD ?US BE FREE TO PURSUE O!R =MS ( VALUE3 SAY1 PHILOSOPHY1 POETRY1 A?LETICS1 SEXUAL EXP]IM5TATION1 ALT]$ /ATES ( CONSCI\SNESS1 POLITICS1 OR ! HI/ORY ( ,WE/]N >T4 ,N[ADAYS IT IS CONSID]$ IMPORTANT !Y %\LD WORK4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT CONSID]$ IMPORTANT !Y %\LD WORK AT ANY?+ USEFUL4 ,9 FACT1 LIKE ,RUFUS !Y'RE B>ELY EXPECT$ TO WORK AT ALL1 JU/ TO %[ UP & PRET5D TO DO SO4 ,A NUMB] ( /UD5TS WROTE JU/ TO COMPLA9 TO ME AB\T ?IS PH5OM5ON4 ,H]E ,PATRICK REFLECTS ON HIS JOB AS A CASUAL RETAIL ASSI/ANT 9 A /UD5T UNION CONV5I5CE /ORE3  
  

,PATRICK3 ,I DIDN'T ACTUALLY NE$ ! JOB 7,I WAS GETT+ BY F9ANCIALLY )\T IT71 BUT AFT] SOME PRESSURE FROM MY FAMILY1 ,I APPLI$ = IT \T ( SOME W>P$ S5SE ( OBLIGATION TO GET EXP]I5CE 9 WORK TO PREP>E ME = :ATEV] LAY AHEAD BEYOND UNIV]SITY4 ,9 REALITY1 ! JOB JU/ TOOK AWAY TIME & 5]GY FROM O!R ACTIVITIES ,I HAD BE5 DO+1 LIKE CAMPAIGN+ & ACTIVISM1 OR READ+ = PLEASURE1 :I* ,I ?9K MADE ME RES5T IT EV5 MORE4 

,! JOB WAS PRETTY /&>D = A /UD5T UNION CONV5I5CE /ORE & 9VOLV$ S]V+ PEOPLE ON ! TILL 7C\LD HAVE EASILY BE5 DONE BY A MA*9E7 ) ! EXPLICITLY /AT$ REQUIREM5T1 9 MY P]=MANCE REVIEW AFT] MY TRIAL P]IOD1 ?AT ,I 0%\LD BE MORE POSITIVE & HAPPY :5 S]V+ CU/OM]S40 ,SO NOT ONLY DID !Y WANT ME TO DO WORK ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 P]=M$ BY A MA*9E JU/ AS EFFECTIVELY1 !Y WANT$ ME TO PRET5D ?AT ,I WAS 5JOY+ ?AT /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 

,IT WAS JU/ AB\T BE>ABLE IF MY %IFT WAS DUR+ LUN*TIME1 :5 IT GOT REALLY BUSY1 SO TIME W5T BY RELATIVELY QUICKLY4 ,BE+ ON %IFT ON A ,SUNDAY AFT]NOON :5 NOBODY FREQU5T$ ! ,S,U WAS JU/ APPALL+4 ,!Y HAD ?IS ?+ AB\T US NOT BE+ ABLE TO JU/ DO NO?+1 EV5 IF ! %OP WAS EMPTY4 ,SO WE C\LDN'T JU/ SIT AT ! TILL & READ A MAGAZ9E4 ,9/EAD1 ! MANAG] MADE UP UTT]LY MEAN+LESS WORK = US TO DO1 LIKE GO+ R\ND ! :OLE %OP & *ECK+ ?AT ?+S W]E 9 DATE 7EV5 ?\< WE KNEW = A FACT !Y W]E BECAUSE ( ! TURNOV] RATE7 OR RE>RANG+ PRODUCTS ON %ELVES 9 EV5 MORE PRI/9E ORD] ?AN !Y ALREADY W]E4 

,! V]Y1 V]Y WOR/ ?+ AB\T ! JOB WAS ?AT IT GAVE Y\ SO MU* TIME TO ?9K1 BECAUSE ! WORK WAS SO LACK+ 9 ANY 9TELLECTUAL DEM&4 ,SO ,I JU/ ?\<T SO MU* AB\T H[ BULL%IT MY JOB WAS1 H[ IT C\LD BE DONE BY A MA*9E1 H[ MU* ,I C\LDN'T WAIT = FULL COMMUNISM1 & JU/ 5DLESSLY !ORIZ$ ! ALT]NATIVES TO A SY/EM :]E MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S HAVE TO DO ?AT K9D ( WORK = !IR :OLE LIVES 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,I C\LDN'T /OP ?9K+ AB\T H[ MIS]ABLE IT MADE ME4  
  

,?IS IS :AT HAPP5S1 ( C\RSE1 :5 Y\ FIR/ OP5 ! 5TIRE WORLD ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL POSSIBILITY TO A Y\NG M9D BY S5D+ IT TO COLLEGE & !N TELL IT TO /OP ?9K+ & TIDY UP ALREADY TIDY %ELVES4 ,P>5TS N[ FEEL IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT Y\NG M9DS %\LD HAVE ?IS EXP]I5CE4 ,BUT :AT1 PRECISELY1 WAS ,PATRICK SUPPOS$ TO BE LE>N+ ?R\< ?IS EX]CISE8 

,H]E'S ANO!R EXAMPLE3  
  

,BR5DAN3 ,I'M AT A SMALL COLLEGE 9 ,MASSA*USETTS TRA9+ TO BE A HI< S*OOL HI/ORY TEA*]4 ,REC5TLY ,I />T$ WORK AT ! D9+ COMMONS4 

,A C[ORK] TOLD ME ON MY FIR/ DAY3 0,HALF ( ?IS JOB IS MAK+ ?+S LOOK CLEAN1 & ! O!R HALF IS LOOK+ BUSY40 

,= ! FIR/ C\PLE ( MON?S1 !Y HAD ME 0MONITOR0 ! BACK ROOM4 ,I W\LD CLEAN ! BUFFET SLID]1 RE/OCK ! DESS]TS1 & WIPE D[N TABLES :5 PEOPLE LEFT4 ,IT'S NOT A BIG ROOM1 SO USUALLY ,I C\LD DO ALL MY TASKS 9 FIVE M9UTES \T ( EV]Y ?IRTY4 ,I 5D$ UP BE+ ABLE TO GET A LOT ( READ+ = MY C\RSEWORK DONE4 

,H[EV]1 SOMETIMES ONE ( ! LESS UND]/&+ SUP]VISORS W\LD BE WORK+4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 ,I W\LD HAVE TO KEEP ! CORN] ( MY EYE OP5 AT ALL TIMES 9 ORD] TO MAKE SURE !Y W\LD ALWAYS SEE ME ACT+ BUSY4 ,I HAVE NO IDEA :Y ! JOB DESCRIPTION C\LDN'T JU/ ACKN[L$GE ?AT ,I W\LDN'T HAVE MU* TO DO--IF ,I DIDN'T HAVE TO SP5D SO MU* TIME & 5]GY LOOK+ BUSY1 ,I C\LD GET MY READ+ & ! TABLE CLEAN+ DONE QUICK] & MORE EFFICI5TLY4  
  

,BUT ( C\RSE1 EFFICI5CY IS NOT ! PO9T4 ,9 FACT1 IF WE >E SIMPLY TALK+ AB\T TEA*+ /UD5TS AB\T EFFICI5T WORK HABITS1 ! BE/ ?+ W\LD BE TO LEAVE !M TO !IR /UDIES4 ,S*OOLWORK IS1 AFT] ALL1 REAL WORK 9 EV]Y S5SE EXCEPT ?AT Y\ DON'T GET PAID = IT 7?\< IF Y\'RE RECEIV+ A S*OL>%IP OR AN ALL[ANCE1 Y\ ACTUALLY >E GETT+ PAID = IT74 ,9 FACT1 LIKE ALMO/ ALL ! O!R ACTIVITIES ,PATRICK OR ,BR5DAN MI<T HAVE BE5 5GAG$ 9 HAD !Y NOT BE5 OBLIG$ TO TAKE ON 0REAL WORLD0 JOBS1 !IR CLASSWORK IS ACTUALLY MORE REAL ?AN ! L>GELY MAKE-WORK PROJECTS !Y 5D$ UP BE+ =C$ TO DO4 ,S*OOLWORK HAS REAL CONT5T4 ,ONE MU/ ATT5D CLASSES1 DO ! READ+S1 WRITE EX]CISES OR PAP]S1 & BE JUDG$ ON ! RESULTS4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 ?IS APPE>S TO BE EXACTLY :AT MAKES S*OOLWORK APPE> 9ADEQUATE TO ?OSE AU?ORITIES--P>5TS1 TEA*]S1 GOV]NM5TS4 ADM9I/RATORS--:O HAVE ALL COME TO FEEL ?AT !Y MU/ ALSO TEA* /UD5TS AB\T ! REAL WORLD4 ,IT'S TOO RESULTS-ORI5T$4 ,Y\ CAN /UDY ANY WAY Y\ WANT TO SO LONG AS Y\ PASS ! TE/4 ,A SUCCESSFUL /UD5T HAS TO LE>N SELF-DISCIPL9E1 BUT ?IS IS NOT ! SAME AS LE>N+ H[ TO OP]ATE UND] ORD]S4 ,( C\RSE1 ! SAME IS TRUE ( MO/ ( ! O!R PROJECTS & ACTIVITIES /UD5TS MI<T O!RWISE BE 5GAG$ 93 :E!R REHE>S+ = PLAYS1 PLAY+ 9 A B&1 POLITICAL ACTIVISM1 OR BAK+ COOKIES OR GR[+ POT TO SELL TO FELL[ /UD5TS4 ,ALL ( :I* MI<T BE APPROPRIATE TRA9+ = A SOCIETY ( SELF-EMPLOY$ ADULTS1 OR EV5 ONE MADE UP PRIM>ILY ( ! L>GELY AUTONOM\S PR(ESSIONALS 7DOCTORS1 LAWY]S1 >*ITECTS1 & SO =?7 ?AT UNIV]SITIES W]E ONCE DESIGN$ TO PRODUCE4 ,IT MI<T EV5 BE APPROPRIATE TO TRA9 Y\NG PEOPLE = ! DEMOCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVES ?AT W]E ! SUBJECT ( ,PATRICK'S REV]IES AB\T FULL COMMUNISM4 ,BUT AS ,BR5DAN PO9TS \T1 IT IS V]Y MU* NOT PREP>ATION = WORK 9 TODAY'S 9CREAS+LY BULL%ITIZ$ WORKPLACE3  
  

,BR5DAN3 ,A LOT ( !SE /UD5T WORK JOBS HAVE US DO+ SOME SORT ( BULL%IT TASK LIKE SCANN+ ,I,DS1 OR MONITOR+ EMPTY ROOMS1 OR CLEAN+ ALREADY-CLEAN TABLES4 ,EV]YONE IS COOL ) IT1 BECAUSE WE GET MONEY :ILE WE /UDY1 BUT O!RWISE !RE'S ABSOLUTELY NO REASON NOT TO JU/ GIVE /UD5TS ! MONEY & AUTOMATE OR ELIM9ATE ! WORK4 

,I'M NOT ALTOGE!R FAMILI> ) H[ ! :OLE ?+ WORKS1 BUT A LOT ( ?IS WORK IS FUND$ BY ! ,F$S & TI$ TO \R /UD5T LOANS4 ,IT'S P>T ( A :OLE F$]AL SY/EM DESIGN$ TO ASSIGN /UD5TS A LOT ( DEBT--!REBY PROMIS+ TO CO]CE !M 9TO LABOR 9 ! FUTURE1 AS /UD5T DEBTS >E SO H>D TO GET RID (--ACCOMPANI$ BY A BULL%IT $UCATION PROGRAM DESIGN$ TO TRA9 & PREP>E US = \R FUTURE BULL%IT JOBS4  
  

,BR5DAN HAS A PO9T1 & ,I'LL BE RETURN+ TO HIS ANALYSIS 9 A LAT] *APT]4 ,H]E1 ?\<1 ,I WANT TO FOCUS ON :AT /UD5TS =C$ 9TO !SE MAKE-WORK JOBS ACTUALLY LE>N FROM !M--LESSONS ?AT !Y DO NOT LE>N FROM MORE TRADITIONAL /UD5T OCCUPATIONS & PURSUITS SU* AS /UDY+ = TE/S1 PLANN+ P>TIES1 & SO ON4 ,EV5 JUDG+ BY ,BR5DAN'S & ,PATRICK'S ACC\NTS 7& ,I C\LD EASILY REF]5CE MANY O!RS71 ,I ?9K WE CAN CONCLUDE ?AT FROM !SE JOBS1 /UD5TS LE>N AT LEA/ FIVE ?+S3  

H[ TO OP]ATE UND] O!RS' DIRECT SUP]VISION2  

H[ TO PRET5D TO WORK EV5 :5 NO?+ NE$S TO DONE2  

?AT ONE IS NOT PAID MONEY TO DO ?+S1 H[EV] USEFUL OR IMPORTANT1 ?AT ONE ACTUALLY 5JOYS2  

?AT ONE IS PAID MONEY TO DO ?+S ?AT >E 9 NO WAY USEFUL OR IMPORTANT & ?AT ONE DOES NOT 5JOY2 &  

?AT AT LEA/ 9 JOBS REQUIR+ 9T]ACTION ) ! PUBLIC1 EV5 :5 ONE IS BE+ PAID TO C>RY \T TASKS ONE DOES NOT 5JOY1 ONE ALSO HAS TO PRET5D TO BE 5JOY+ IT4  
  

,?IS IS :AT ,BR5DAN MEANT BY H[ MAKE-WORK /UD5T EMPLOYM5T WAS A WAY ( 0PREP>+ & TRA9+0 /UD5TS = !IR FUTURE BULL%IT JOBS4 ,HE WAS /UDY+ TO BE A HI< S*OOL HI/ORY TEA*]--A MEAN+FUL JOB1 C]TA9LY1 BUT1 AS ) ALMO/ ALL TEA*+ POSITIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ONE :]E ! PROPORTION ( H\RS SP5T TEA*+ 9 CLASS OR PREP>+ LESSONS HAS DECL9$1 :ILE ! TOTAL NUMB] ( H\RS D$ICAT$ TO ADM9I/RATIVE TASKS HAS 9CREAS$ DRAMATICALLY4 ,?IS IS :AT ,BR5DAN IS SUGGE/+3 ?AT IT'S NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ! MORE JOBS REQUIR+ COLLEGE DEGREES BECOME SUFFUS$ 9 BULL%IT1 ! MORE PRESSURE IS PUT ON COLLEGE /UD5TS TO LE>N AB\T ! REAL WORLD BY D$ICAT+ LESS ( !IR TIME TO SELF-ORGANIZ$ GOAL-DIRECT$ ACTIVITY & MORE ( IT TO TASKS ?AT WILL PREP>E !M = ! MORE M9DLESS ASPECTS ( !IR FUTURE C>E]S4 

:Y MANY ( \R FUNDAM5TAL ASSUMPTIONS ON HUMAN MOTIVATION APPE> TO BE 9CORRECT 

  
  

,I DO NOT ?9K !RE IS ANY ?RILL ?AT CAN GO ?R\< ! HUMAN HE>T LIKE ?AT FELT BY ! 9V5TOR AS HE SEES SOME CREATION ( ! BRA9 UNFOLD+ TO SUCCESS444 SU* EMOTIONS MAKE A MAN =GET FOOD1 SLEEP1 FRI5DS1 LOVE1 EV]Y?+4  
  

--,NIKOLA ,TESLA 

,IF ! >GUM5T ( ! PREVI\S SECTION IS CORRECT1 ONE C\LD P]HAPS CONCLUDE ?AT ,]IC'S PROBLEM WAS JU/ ?AT HE HADN'T BE5 SUFFICI5TLY PREP>$ = ! PO9TLESSNESS ( ! MOD]N WORKPLACE4 ,HE HAD PASS$ ?R\< ! OLD $UCATION SY/EM--SOME TRACES ( IT >E LEFT--DESIGN$ TO PREP>E /UD5TS TO ACTUALLY DO ?+S4 ,?IS L$ TO FALSE EXPECTATIONS & AN 9ITIAL %OCK ( DISILLUSIONM5T ?AT HE C\LD NOT OV]COME4 

,P]HAPS4 ,BUT ,I DON'T ?9K ?AT'S ! FULL /ORY4 ,!RE IS SOME?+ MU* DEEP] GO+ ON H]E4 ,]IC MI<T HAVE BE5 UNUSUALLY ILL-PREP>$ TO 5DURE ! MEAN+LESSNESS ( HIS FIR/ JOB1 BUT JU/ AB\T EV]YONE DOES SEE SU* MEAN+LESSNESS AS SOME?+ TO BE 5DUR$--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT WE >E ALL TRA9$1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 TO ASSUME ?AT HUMAN BE+S %\LD BE P]FECTLY DELI<T$ TO F9D !MSELVES 9 HIS SITUATION ( BE+ PAID GOOD MONEY NOT TO WORK4 

,LET US RETURN TO \R 9ITIAL PROBLEM4 ,WE MAY BEG9 BY ASK+ :Y WE ASSUME ?AT SOMEONE BE+ PAID TO DO NO?+ %\LD CONSID] HIMSELF =TUNATE4 ,:AT IS ! BASIS ( ?AT !ORY ( HUMAN NATURE FROM :I* ?IS FOLL[S8 ,! OBVI\S PLACE TO LOOK IS AT ECONOMIC !ORY1 :I* HAS TURN$ ?IS K9D ( ?\<T 9TO A SCI5CE4 ,ACCORD+ TO CLASSICAL ECONOMIC !ORY1 HOMO OECONOMICUS1 OR 0ECONOMIC MAN0--?AT IS1 ! MODEL HUMAN BE+ ?AT LIES BEH9D EV]Y PR$ICTION MADE BY ! DISCIPL9E--IS ASSUM$ TO BE MOTIVAT$ ABOVE ALL BY A CALCULUS ( CO/S & B5EFITS4 ,ALL ! MA!MATICAL EQUATIONS BY :I* ECONOMI/S B$AZZLE !IR CLI5TS1 OR ! PUBLIC1 >E F\ND$ ON ONE SIMPLE ASSUMPTION3 ?AT EV]YONE1 LEFT TO HIS [N DEVICES1 WILL *OOSE ! C\RSE ( ACTION ?AT PROVIDES ! MO/ ( :AT HE WANTS = ! LEA/ EXP5DITURE ( RES\RCES & EF=T4 ,IT IS ! SIMPLICITY ( ! =MULA ?AT MAKES ! EQUATIONS POSSIBLE3 IF ONE W]E TO ADMIT ?AT HUMANS HAVE COMPLICAT$ MOTIVATIONS1 !RE W\LD BE TOO MANY FACTORS TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT1 IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO PROP]LY WEI<T !M1 & PR$ICTIONS C\LD NOT BE MADE4 ,!RE=E1 :ILE AN ECONOMI/ WILL SAY ?AT :ILE ( C\RSE EV]YONE IS AW>E ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E NOT REALLY SELFI%1 CALCULAT+ MA*9ES1 ASSUM+ ?AT !Y >E MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO EXPLA9 A V]Y L>GE PROPORTION ( :AT HUMANS DO1 & ?IS PROPORTION--& ONLY ?IS--IS ! SUBJECT MATT] ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE4 

,?IS IS A REASONABLE /ATEM5T AS F> AS IT GOES4 ,! PROBLEM IS !RE >E MANY DOMA9S ( HUMAN LIFE :]E ! ASSUMPTION CLE>LY DOESN'T HOLD--& SOME ( !M >E PRECISELY 9 ! DOMA9 ( :AT WE LIKE TO CALL ! ECONOMY4 ,IF 0M9IMAX0 7M9IMIZE CO/1 MAXIMIZE B5EFIT7 ASSUMPTIONS W]E CORRECT1 PEOPLE LIKE ,]IC W\LD BE DELI<T$ ) !IR SITUATION4 ,HE WAS RECEIV+ A LOT ( MONEY = VIRTUALLY Z]O EXP5DITURE ( RES\RCES & 5]GY--BASICALLY BUS F>E1 PLUS ! AM\NT ( CALORIES IT TOOK TO WALK >\ND ! (FICE & ANSW] A C\PLE ( CALLS4 ,YET ALL ! O!R FACTORS 7CLASS1 EXPECTATIONS1 P]SONALITY1 & SO ON7 DON'T DET]M9E :E!R SOMEONE 9 ?AT SITUATION W\LD BE UNHAPPY--S9CE IT W\LD APPE> ?AT JU/ AB\T ANYONE 9 ?AT SITUATION W\LD BE UNHAPPY4 ,!Y ONLY REALLY AFFECT H[ UNHAPPY !Y WILL BE4 

,MU* ( \R PUBLIC DISC\RSE AB\T WORK />TS FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! ECONOMI/S' MODEL IS CORRECT4 ,PEOPLE HAVE TO BE COMPELL$ TO WORK2 IF ! POOR >E TO BE GIV5 RELIEF SO !Y DON'T ACTUALLY />VE1 IT HAS TO BE DELIV]$ 9 ! MO/ HUMILIAT+ & ON]\S WAYS POSSIBLE1 BECAUSE O!RWISE !Y W\LD BECOME DEP5D5T & HAVE NO 9C5TIVE TO F9D PROP] JOBS4.<#f#i.> ,! UND]LY+ ASSUMPTION IS ?AT IF HUMANS >E (F]$ ! OPTION TO BE P>ASITES1 ( C\RSE !Y'LL TAKE IT4 

,9 FACT1 ALMO/ EV]Y BIT ( AVAILABLE EVID5CE 9DICATES ?AT ?IS IS NOT ! CASE4 ,HUMAN BE+S C]TA9LY T5D TO RANKLE OV] :AT !Y CONSID] EXCESSIVE OR DEGRAD+ WORK2 FEW MAY BE 9CL9$ TO WORK AT ! PACE OR 9T5SITY ?AT 0SCI5TIFIC MANAG]S0 HAVE1 S9CE ! #a#i#bS1 DECID$ !Y %\LD2 PEOPLE ALSO HAVE A P>TICUL> AV]SION TO BE+ HUMILIAT$4 ,BUT LEAVE !M TO !IR [N DEVICES1 & !Y ALMO/ 9V>IABLY RANKLE EV5 MORE AT ! PROSPECT ( HAV+ NO?+ USEFUL TO DO4 

,!RE IS 5DLESS EMPIRICAL EVID5CE TO BACK ?IS UP4 ,TO *OOSE A C\PLE ( P>TICUL>LY COLORFUL EXAMPLES3 WORK+-CLASS PEOPLE :O W9 ! LOTT]Y & F9D !MSELVES MULTIMILLIONAIRES R>ELY QUIT !IR JOBS 7& IF !Y DO1 USUALLY !Y SOON SAY !Y REGRET IT74.<#g.> ,EV5 9 ?OSE PRISONS :]E 9MATES >E PROVID$ FREE FOOD & %ELT] & >E NOT ACTUALLY REQUIR$ TO WORK1 D5Y+ !M ! RI<T TO PRESS %IRTS 9 ! PRISON LAUNDRY1 CLEAN LATR9ES 9 ! PRISON GYM1 OR PACKAGE COMPUT]S = ,MICROS(T 9 ! PRISON WORK%OP IS US$ AS A =M ( PUNI%M5T--& ?IS IS TRUE EV5 :]E ! WORK DOESN'T PAY OR :]E PRISON]S HAVE ACCESS TO O!R 9COME4.<#g#a.> ,H]E WE >E DEAL+ ) PEOPLE :O CAN BE ASSUM$ TO BE AMONG ! LEA/ ALTRUI/IC SOCIETY HAS PRODUC$1 YET !Y F9D SITT+ >\ND ALL DAY WAT*+ TELEVISION A F> WORSE FATE ?AN EV5 ! H>%E/ & LEA/ REW>D+ =MS ( LABOR4 

,! R$EEM+ ASPECT ( PRISON WORK IS1 AS ,DO/OYEVSKY NOT$1 ?AT AT LEA/ IT WAS SE5 TO BE USEFUL--EV5 IF IT IS NOT USEFUL TO ! PRISON] HIMSELF4 

,ACTUALLY1 ONE ( ! FEW POSITIVE SIDE EFFECTS ( A PRISON SY/EM IS ?AT1 SIMPLY BY PROVID+ US ) 9=MATION ( :AT HAPP5S1 & H[ HUMANS BEHAVE UND] EXTREME SITUATIONS ( DEPRIVATION1 WE CAN LE>N BASIC TRU?S AB\T :AT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN4 ,TO TAKE ANO!R EXAMPLE3 WE N[ KN[ ?AT PLAC+ PRISON]S 9 SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T = MORE ?AN SIX MON?S AT A /RET* 9EVITABLY RESULTS 9 PHYSICALLY OBS]VABLE =MS ( BRA9 DAMAGE4 ,HUMAN BE+S >E NOT JU/ SOCIAL ANIMALS2 !Y >E SO 9TR9SICALLY SOCIAL ?AT IF !Y >E CUT (F FROM RELATIONS ) O!R HUMANS1 !Y BEG9 TO DECAY PHYSICALLY4 

,I SUSPECT ! WORK EXP]IM5T CAN BE SE5 9 SIMIL> T]MS4 ,HUMANS MAY OR MAY NOT BE CUT \T = REGUL> N9E-TO-FIVE LABOR DISCIPL9E--IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !RE IS CONSID]ABLE EVID5CE ?AT !Y >5'T--BUT EV5 H>D5$ CRIM9ALS G5]ALLY F9D ! PROSPECT ( JU/ SITT+ >\ND DO+ NO?+ EV5 WORSE4 

,:Y %\LD ?IS BE ! CASE8 ,& JU/ H[ DEEPLY ROOT$ >E SU* DISPOSITIONS 9 HUMAN PSY*OLOGY8 ,!RE IS REASON TO BELIEVE ! ANSW] IS3 V]Y DEEP 9DE$4 

,AS E>LY AS #a#i#a1 ! ,G]MAN PSY*OLOGI/ ,K>L ,GROOS DISCOV]$ ?AT 9FANTS EXPRESS EXTRAORD9>Y HAPP9ESS :5 !Y FIR/ FIGURE \T !Y CAN CAUSE PR$ICTABLE EFFECTS 9 ! WORLD1 PRETTY MU* REG>DLESS ( :AT ?AT EFFECT IS OR :E!R IT C\LD BE CON/RU$ AS HAV+ ANY B5EFIT TO !M4 ,LET'S SAY !Y DISCOV] ?AT !Y CAN MOVE A P5CIL BY R&OMLY MOV+ !IR >MS4 ,!N !Y REALIZE !Y CAN A*IEVE ! SAME EFFECT BY MOV+ 9 ! SAME PATT]N AGA94 ,EXPRESSIONS ( UTT] JOY 5SUE4 ,GROOS CO9$ ! PHRASE 0! PLEASURE AT BE+ ! CAUSE10 SUGGE/+ ?AT IT IS ! BASIS = PLAY1 :I* HE SAW AS ! EX]CISE ( P[]S SIMPLY = ! SAKE ( EX]CIS+ !M4 

,?IS DISCOV]Y HAS P[]FUL IMPLICATIONS = UND]/&+ HUMAN MOTIVATION MORE G5]ALLY4 ,BE=E ,GROOS1 MO/ ,WE/]N POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]S--& AFT] !M1 ECONOMI/S & SOCIAL SCI5TI/S--HAD BE5 9CL9$ EI!R TO ASSUME ?AT HUMANS SEEK P[] SIMPLY BECAUSE ( AN 9H]5T DESIRE = CONQUE/ & DOM9ATION1 OR ELSE = A PURELY PRACTICAL DESIRE TO GU>ANTEE ACCESS TO ! S\RCES ( PHYSICAL GRATIFICATION1 SAFETY1 OR REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS4 ,GROOS'S F9D+S--:I* HAVE S9CE BE5 CONFIRM$ BY A C5TURY ( EXP]IM5TAL EVID5CE--SUGGE/$ MAYBE !RE WAS SOME?+ MU* SIMPL] BEH9D :AT ,NIETZS*E CALL$ ! 0WILL TO P[]40 ,*ILDR5 COME TO UND]/& ?AT !Y EXI/1 ?AT !Y >E DISCRETE 5TITIES SEP>ATE FROM ! WORLD >\ND !M1 L>GELY BY COM+ TO UND]/& ?AT 0!Y0 >E ! ?+ :I* JU/ CAUS$ SOME?+ TO HAPP5--! PRO( ( :I* IS ! FACT ?AT !Y CAN MAKE IT HAPP5 AGA94.<#g#b.> ,CRUCIALLY1 TOO1 ?IS REALIZATION IS1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 M>K$ ) A SPECIES ( DELI<T ?AT REMA9S ! FUNDAM5TAL BACKGR\ND ( ALL SUBSEQU5T HUMAN EXP]I5CE4.<#g#c.> ,IT IS H>D P]HAPS TO ?9K ( \R S5SE ( SELF AS GR\ND$ 9 ACTION BECAUSE :5 WE >E TRULY 5GROSS$ 9 DO+ SOME?+--ESPECIALLY SOME?+ WE KN[ H[ TO DO V]Y WELL1 FROM RUNN+ A RACE TO SOLV+ A COMPLICAT$ LOGICAL PROBLEM--WE T5D TO =GET ?AT WE EXI/4 ,BUT EV5 AS WE DISSOLVE 9TO :AT WE DO1 ! F\NDATIONAL 0PLEASURE AT BE+ ! CAUSE0 REMA9S1 AS IT W]E1 ! UN/AT$ GR\ND ( \R BE+4 

,GROOS HIMSELF WAS PRIM>ILY 9T]E/$ 9 ASK+ :Y HUMANS PLAY GAMES1 & :Y !Y BECOME SO PASSIONATE & EXCIT$ OV] ! \TCOME EV5 :5 !Y KN[ IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE :O W9S OR LOSES \TSIDE ! CONF9ES ( ! GAME ITSELF4 ,HE SAW ! CREATION ( IMAG9>Y WORLDS AS SIMPLY AN EXT5SION ( HIS CORE PR9CIPLE4 ,?IS MI<T BE SO4 ,BUT :AT WE'RE CONC]N$ ) H]E1 UN=TUNATELY1 IS LESS ) ! IMPLICATIONS = HEAL?Y DEVELOPM5T & MORE ) :AT HAPP5S :5 SOME?+ GOES T]RIBLY WRONG4 ,9 FACT1 EXP]IM5TS HAVE ALSO %[N ?AT IF ONE FIR/ ALL[S A *ILD TO DISCOV] & EXP]I5CE ! DELI<T 9 BE+ ABLE TO CAUSE A C]TA9 EFFECT1 & !N SUDD5LY D5IES IT TO !M1 ! RESULTS >E DRAMATIC3 FIR/ RAGE1 REFUSAL TO 5GAGE1 & !N A K9D ( CATATONIC FOLD+ 9 ON ONESELF & )DRAW+ FROM ! WORLD 5TIRELY4 ,PSY*IATRI/ & PSY*OANALY/ ,FRANCIS ,BR\CEK CALL$ ?IS ! 0TRAUMA ( FAIL$ 9FLU5CE0 & SUSPECT$ ?AT SU* TRAUMATIC EXP]I5CES MI<T LIE BEH9D MANY M5TAL HEAL? ISSUES LAT] 9 LIFE4.<#g#d.> 

,IF ?IS IS SO1 !N IT BEG9S TO GIVE US A S5SE ( :Y BE+ TRAPP$ 9 A JOB :]E ONE IS TREAT$ AS IF ONE W]E USEFULLY EMPLOY$1 & HAS TO PLAY ALONG ) ! PRET5SE ?AT ONE IS USEFULLY EMPLOY$1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 IS KE5LY AW>E ONE IS NOT USEFULLY EMPLOY$1 W\LD HAVE DEVA/AT+ EFFECTS4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ AN ASSAULT ON ! P]SON'S S5SE ( SELF-IMPORTANCE BUT ALSO A DIRECT ATTACK ON ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( ! S5SE ?AT ONE EV5 IS A SELF4 ,A HUMAN BE+ UNABLE TO HAVE A MEAN+FUL IMPACT ON ! WORLD CEASES TO EXI/4 

A BRIEF EXCURSUS ON ! HI/ORY ( MAKE-WORK & P>TICUL>LY ( ! CONCEPT ( BUY+ O!R PEOPLE'S TIME 

  
  

,BOSS3 ,H[ COME Y\'RE NOT WORK+8 

,WORK]3 ,!RE'S NO?+ TO DO4 

,BOSS3 ,WELL1 Y\'RE SUPPOS$ TO PRET5D LIKE Y\'RE WORK+4 

,WORK]3 ,HEY1 ,I GOT A BETT] IDEA4 ,:Y DON'T Y\ PRET5D LIKE ,I'M WORK+8 ,Y\ GET PAID MORE ?AN ME4  
  

--,BILL ,HICKS COM$Y R\T9E 

,GROOS'S !ORY ( 0! PLEASURE AT BE+ ! CAUSE0 L$ HIM TO DEVISE A !ORY ( PLAY AS MAKE-BELIEVE3 HUMANS 9V5T GAMES & DIV]SIONS1 HE PROPOS$1 = ! EXACT SAME REASON ! 9FANT TAKES DELI<T 9 HIS ABILITY TO MOVE A P5CIL4 ,WE WI% TO EX]CISE \R P[]S AS AN 5D 9 !MSELVES4 ,! FACT ?AT ! SITUATION IS MADE UP DOESN'T DETRACT FROM ?IS2 9 FACT1 IT ADDS ANO!R LEVEL ( CONTRIVANCE4 ,?IS1 ,GROOS SUGGE/$--& H]E HE WAS FALL+ BACK ON ! IDEAS ( ,ROMANTIC ,G]MAN PHILOSOPH] ,FRI$RI* ,S*ILL]--IS REALLY ALL ?AT FRE$OM IS4 7,S*ILL] >GU$ ?AT ! DESIRE TO CREATE >T IS SIMPLY A MANIFE/ATION ( ! URGE TO PLAY AS ! EX]CISE ( FRE$OM = ITS [N SAKE AS WELL4.<#g#e.>7 ,FRE$OM IS \R ABILITY TO MAKE ?+S UP JU/ = ! SAKE ( BE+ ABLE TO DO SO4 

,YET AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS PRECISELY ! MAKE-BELIEVE ASPECT ( !IR WORK ?AT /UD5T WORK]S LIKE ,PATRICK & ,BR5DAN F9D ! MO/ 9FURIAT+--9DE$1 ?AT JU/ AB\T ANYONE :O'S EV] HAD A WAGE-LABOR JOB ?AT WAS CLOSELY SUP]VIS$ 9V>IABLY F9DS ! MO/ MADD5+ ASPECT ( H] JOB4 ,WORK+ S]VES A PURPOSE1 OR IS MEANT TO DO SO4 ,BE+ =C$ TO PRET5D TO WORK JU/ = ! SAKE ( WORK+ IS AN 9DIGNITY1 S9CE ! DEM& IS P]CEIV$--RI<TLY--AS ! PURE EX]CISE ( P[] = ITS [N SAKE4 ,IF MAKE-BELIEVE PLAY IS ! PURE/ EXPRESSION ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 MAKE-BELIEVE WORK IMPOS$ BY O!RS IS ! PURE/ EXPRESSION ( LACK ( FRE$OM4 ,IT'S NOT 5TIRELY SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT ! FIR/ HI/ORICAL EVID5CE WE HAVE = ! NOTION ?AT C]TA9 CATEGORIES ( PEOPLE REALLY \<T TO BE WORK+ AT ALL TIMES1 EV5 IF !RE'S NO?+ TO DO1 & ?AT WORK NE$S TO BE MADE UP TO FILL !IR TIME1 EV5 IF !RE'S NO?+ ?AT REALLY NE$S DO+1 REF]S TO PEOPLE :O >E NOT FREE3 PRISON]S & SLAVES1 TWO CATEGORIES ?AT HI/ORICALLY HAVE L>GELY OV]LAPP$4.<#g#f.> 

,IT W\LD BE FASC9AT+1 ?\< PROBABLY IMPOSSIBLE1 TO WRITE A HI/ORY ( MAKE-WORK--TO EXPLORE :5 & 9 :AT CIRCUM/ANCES 0IDL5ESS0 FIR/ CAME TO BE SE5 AS A PROBLEM1 OR EV5 A S94 ,I'M NOT AW>E ?AT ANYONE HAS ACTUALLY TRI$ TO DO ?IS4.<#g#g.> ,BUT ALL EVID5CE WE HAVE 9DICATES ?AT ! MOD]N =M ( MAKE-WORK ?AT ,PATRICK & ,BR5DAN >E COMPLA9+ AB\T IS HI/ORICALLY NEW4 ,?IS IS 9 P>T BECAUSE MO/ PEOPLE :O HAVE EV] EXI/$ HAVE ASSUM$ ?AT NORMAL HUMAN WORK PATT]NS TAKE ! =M ( P]IODIC 9T5SE BUR/S ( 5]GY1 FOLL[$ BY RELAXATION1 FOLL[$ BY SL[LY PICK+ UP AGA9 T[>D ANO!R 9T5SE B\T4 ,?IS IS :AT F>M+ IS LIKE1 = 9/ANCE3 ALL-H&S-ON-DECK MOBILIZATION >\ND PLANT+ & H>VE/1 BUT O!RWISE1 :OLE SEASONS TAK5 UP L>GELY BY M9D+ & M5D+ ?+S1 M9OR PROJECTS1 & PUTT]+ >\ND4 ,BUT EV5 DAILY TASKS1 OR PROJECTS SU* AS BUILD+ A H\SE OR PREP>+ = A FEA/1 T5D TO TAKE R\<LY ?IS =M4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! TRADITIONAL /UD5T'S PATT]N ( LACKADAISICAL /UDY LEAD+ UP TO 9T5SE CRAMM+ BE=E EXAMS & !N SLACK+ (F AGA9--,I LIKE TO REF] TO IT AS 0PUNCTUAT$ HY/]IA0--IS TYPICAL ( H[ HUMAN BE+S HAVE ALWAYS T5D$ TO GO AB\T NECESS>Y TASKS IF NO ONE =CES !M TO ACT O!RWISE4.<#g#h.> ,SOME /UD5TS MAY 5GAGE 9 C>TOONI%LY EXAGG]AT$ V]SIONS ( ?IS PATT]N4.<#g#i.> ,BUT GOOD /UD5TS FIGURE \T H[ TO GET ! PACE R\<LY RI<T4 ,NOT ONLY IS IT :AT HUMANS WILL DO IF LEFT TO !IR [N DEVICES1 BUT !RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT =C+ !M TO ACT O!RWISE IS LIKELY TO CAUSE GREAT] EFFICI5CY OR PRODUCTIVITY4 ,(T5 IT WILL HAVE PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE EFFECT4 

,OBVI\SLY1 SOME TASKS >E MORE DRAMATIC & !RE=E L5D !MSELVES BETT] TO ALT]NAT+ 9T5SE1 FR5ETIC BUR/S ( ACTIVITY & RELATIVE TORPOR4 ,?IS HAS ALWAYS BE5 TRUE4 ,HUNT+ ANIMALS IS MORE DEM&+ ?AN GA!R+ VEGETABLES1 EV5 IF ! LATT] IS DONE 9 SPORADIC BUR/S2 BUILD+ H\SES BETT] L5DS ITSELF TO H]OIC EF=TS ?AN CLEAN+ !M4 ,AS !SE EXAMPLES IMPLY1 9 MO/ HUMAN SOCIETIES1 M5 T5D TO TRY1 & USUALLY SUCCE$1 TO MONOPOLIZE ! MO/ EXCIT+1 DRAMATIC K9DS ( WORK--!Y'LL SET ! FIRES ?AT BURN D[N ! =E/ ON :I* !Y PLANT !IR FIELDS1 = EXAMPLE1 &1 IF !Y CAN1 RELEGATE TO WOM5 ! MORE MONOTON\S & TIME-CONSUM+ TASKS1 SU* AS WE$+4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT M5 WILL ALWAYS TAKE = !MSELVES ! K9D ( JOBS ONE CAN TELL /ORIES AB\T AFT]W>DS1 & TRY TO ASSIGN WOM5 ! K9D Y\ TELL /ORIES DUR+4.<#h.> ,! MORE PATRI>*AL ! SOCIETY1 ! MORE P[] M5 HAVE OV] WOM51 ! MORE ?IS WILL T5D TO BE ! CASE4 ,! SAME PATT]N T5DS TO REPRODUCE ITSELF :5EV] ONE GR\P CLE>LY IS 9 A POSITION ( P[] OV] ANO!R1 ) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS4 ,FEUDAL LORDS1 9S(> AS !Y WORK$ AT ALL1 W]E FI<T]S.<#h#a.>--!IR LIVES T5D$ TO ALT]NATE BETWE5 DRAMATIC FEATS ( >MS & NE>-TOTAL IDL5ESS & TORPOR4 ,PEASANTS & S]VANTS OBVI\SLY W]E EXPECT$ TO WORK MORE /EADILY4 ,BUT EV5 SO1 !IR WORK S*$ULE WAS NO?+ REMOTELY AS REGUL> OR DISCIPL9$ AS ! CURR5T N9E-TO-FIVE--! TYPICAL M$IEVAL S]F1 MALE OR FEMALE1 PROBABLY WORK$ FROM DAWN TO DUSK = TW5TY TO ?IRTY DAYS \T ( ANY YE>1 BUT JU/ A FEW H\RS A DAY O!RWISE1 & ON FEA/ DAYS1 NOT AT ALL4 ,& FEA/ DAYS W]E NOT 9FREQU5T4 

,! MA9 REASON :Y WORK C\LD REMA9 SO IRREGUL> WAS BECAUSE IT WAS L>GELY UNSUP]VIS$4 ,?IS IS TRUE NOT ONLY ( M$IEVAL FEUDALISM BUT ALSO ( MO/ LABOR >RANGEM5TS ANY:]E UNTIL RELATIVELY REC5T TIMES4 ,IT WAS TRUE EV5 IF ?OSE LABOR >RANGEM5TS W]E /RIK+LY UNEQUAL4 ,IF ?OSE ON ! BOTTOM PRODUC$ :AT WAS REQUIR$ ( !M1 ?OSE ON TOP DIDN'T REALLY FEEL !Y %\LD HAVE TO BE BO!R$ KN[+ :AT ?AT 5TAIL$4 ,WE SEE ?IS AGA9 QUITE CLE>LY 9 G5D] RELATIONS4 ,! MORE PATRI>*AL A SOCIETY1 ! MORE SEGREGAT$ M5'S & WOM5'S QU>T]S WILL ALSO T5D TO BE2 AS A RESULT1 ! LESS M5 T5D TO KN[ AB\T WOM5'S WORK1 & C]TA9LY1 ! LESS ABLE M5 W\LD BE ABLE TO P]=M WOM5'S WORK IF ! WOM5 W]E TO DISAPPE>4 7,WOM51 9 CONTRA/1 USUALLY >E WELL AW>E ( :AT M5'S WORK 5TAILS & >E (T5 ABLE TO GET ON QUITE WELL W]E ! M5 = SOME REASON TO VANI%--?IS IS :Y 9 SO MANY PA/ SOCIETIES1 L>GE P]C5TAGES ( ! MALE POPULATION C\LD TAKE (F = LONG P]IODS = W> OR TRADE )\T CAUS+ ANY SIGNIFICANT DISRUPTION47 ,9S(> AS WOM5 9 PATRI>*AL SOCIETIES W]E SUP]VIS$1 !Y W]E SUP]VIS$ BY O!R WOM54 ,N[1 ?IS DID (T5 9VOLVE A NOTION ?AT WOM51 UNLIKE M51 %\LD KEEP !MSELVES BUSY ALL ! TIME4 0,IDLE F+]S KNIT SWEAT]S = ! DEVIL10 MY GREAT-GR&MO!R US$ TO W>N H] DAU<T] BACK 9 ,POL&4 ,BUT ?IS K9D ( TRADITIONAL MORALIZ+ IS ACTUALLY QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! MOD]N 0,IF Y\ HAVE TIME TO LEAN1 Y\ HAVE TIME TO CLEAN10 BECAUSE ITS UND]LY+ MESSAGE IS NOT ?AT Y\ %\LD BE WORK+ BUT ?AT Y\ %\LDN'T BE DO+ ANY?+ ELSE4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 MY GREAT-GR&MO!R WAS SAY+ ?AT ANY?+ A TE5AGE GIRL 9 A ,POLI% %TETL MI<T BE GETT+ UP TO :5 %E WASN'T KNITT+ WAS LIKELY TO CAUSE TR\BLE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ONE CAN F9D OCCASIONAL W>N+S BY N9ETE5?-C5TURY PLANTATION [N]S 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\? OR ! ,C>IBBEAN ?AT IT'S BETT] TO KEEP SLAVES BUSY EV5 AT MADE-UP TASKS ?AN TO ALL[ !M TO IDLE AB\T 9 ! (F-SEASON2 ! REASON GIV5 ALWAYS BE+ ?AT IF SLAVES W]E LEFT ) TIME ON !IR H&S1 !Y W]E LIKELY TO />T PLOTT+ TO FLEE OR REVOLT4 

,! MOD]N MORALITY ( 0,Y\'RE ON MY TIME2 ,I'M NOT PAY+ Y\ TO L\NGE >\ND0 IS V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,IT IS ! 9DIGNITY ( A MAN :O FEELS HE'S BE+ ROBB$4 ,A WORK]'S TIME IS NOT HIS [N2 IT BELONGS TO ! P]SON :O B\<T IT4 ,9S(> AS AN EMPLOYEE IS NOT WORK+1 %E IS /EAL+ SOME?+ = :I* ! EMPLOY] PAID GOOD MONEY 7OR1 ANYWAY1 HAS PROMIS$ TO PAY GOOD MONEY = AT ! 5D ( ! WEEK74 ,BY ?IS MORAL LOGIC1 IT'S NOT ?AT IDL5ESS IS DANG]\S4 ,IDL5ESS IS !FT4 

,?IS IS IMPORTANT TO UND]L9E BECAUSE ! IDEA ?AT ONE P]SON'S TIME CAN BELONG TO SOMEONE ELSE IS ACTUALLY QUITE PECULI>4 ,MO/ HUMAN SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE EV] EXI/$ W\LD NEV] HAVE CONCEIV$ ( SU* A ?+4 ,AS ! GREAT CLASSICI/ ,MOSES ,F9LEY PO9T$ \T3 IF AN ANCI5T ,GREEK OR ,ROMAN SAW A POTT]1 HE C\LD IMAG9E BUY+ HIS POTS4 ,HE C\LD ALSO IMAG9E BUY+ ! POTT]--SLAV]Y WAS A FAMILI> 9/ITUTION 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD4 ,BUT HE W\LD HAVE SIMPLY BE5 BAFFL$ BY ! NOTION ?AT HE MI<T BUY ! POTT]'S TIME4 ,AS ,F9LEY OBS]VES1 ANY SU* NOTION W\LD HAVE TO 9VOLVE TWO CONCEPTUAL LEAPS :I* EV5 ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ ,ROMAN LEGAL !ORI/S F\ND DIFFICULT3 FIR/1 TO ?9K ( ! POTT]'S CAPACITY TO WORK1 HIS 0LABOR-P[]10 AS A ?+ ?AT WAS DI/9CT FROM ! POTT] HIMSELF1 & SECOND1 TO DEVISE SOME WAY TO P\R ?AT CAPACITY \T1 AS IT W]E1 9TO UNI=M TEMPORAL CONTA9]S--H\RS1 DAYS1 WORK %IFTS--?AT C\LD !N BE PUR*AS$1 US+ CA%4.<#h#b.> ,TO ! AV]AGE ,A!NIAN OR ,ROMAN1 SU* IDEAS W\LD HAVE LIKELY SEEM$ WEIRD1 EXOTIC1 EV5 MY/ICAL4 ,H[ C\LD Y\ BUY TIME8 ,TIME IS AN AB/RACTION6.<#h#c.> ,! CLOSE/ HE W\LD HAVE LIKELY BE5 ABLE TO COME W\LD BE ! IDEA ( R5T+ ! POTT] AS A SLAVE = A C]TA9 LIMIT$ TIME P]IOD--A DAY1 = 9/ANCE--DUR+ :I* TIME ! POTT] W\LD1 LIKE ANY SLAVE1 BE OBLIG$ TO DO :ATEV] HIS MA/] ORD]$4 ,BUT = ?IS V]Y REASON1 HE W\LD PROBABLY F9D IT IMPOSSIBLE TO LOCATE A POTT] WILL+ TO 5T] 9TO SU* AN >RANGEM5T4 ,TO BE A SLAVE1 TO BE =C$ TO SURR5D] ONE'S FREE WILL & BECOME ! M]E 9/RUM5T ( ANO!R1 EV5 TEMPOR>ILY1 WAS CONSID]$ ! MO/ DEGRAD+ ?+ ?AT C\LD POSSIBLY BEFALL A HUMAN BE+4.<#h#d.> 

,AS A RESULT1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( EXAMPLES ( WAGE LABOR ?AT WE DO 5C\NT] 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD >E ( PEOPLE :O >E ALREADY SLAVES3 A SLAVE POTT] MI<T 9DE$ >RANGE ) HIS MA/] TO WORK 9 A C]AMICS FACTORY1 S5D+ HALF ! WAGES TO HIS MA/] & KEEP+ ! RE/ = HIMSELF4.<#h#e.> ,SLAVES MI<T OCCASIONALLY DO FREE CONTRACT WORK AS WELL--SAY1 WORK+ AS PORT]S AT ! DOCKS4 ,FREE M5 & WOM5 W\LD NOT4 ,& ?IS REMA9$ TRUE UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY3 WAGE LABOR1 :5 IT DID OCCUR 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 WAS TYPICAL ( COMM]CIAL PORT CITIES SU* AS ,V5ICE1 OR ,MALACCA1 OR ,ZANZIB>1 :]E IT WAS C>RI$ \T ALMO/ 5TIRELY BY UNFREE LABOR4.<#h#f.> 

,SO H[ DID WE GET TO ! SITUATION WE SEE TODAY1 :]E IT'S CONSID]$ P]FECTLY NATURAL = FREE CITIZ5S ( DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES TO R5T !MSELVES \T 9 ?IS WAY1 OR = A BOSS TO BECOME 9DIGNANT IF EMPLOYES >E NOT WORK+ EV]Y MOM5T ( 0HIS0 TIME8 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT HAD TO 9VOLVE A *ANGE 9 ! COMMON CONCEPTION ( :AT TIME ACTUALLY WAS4 ,HUMAN BE+S HAVE LONG BE5 ACQUA9T$ ) ! NOTION ( ABSOLUTE1 OR SID]EAL1 TIME BY OBS]V+ ! HEAV5S1 :]E CELE/IAL EV5TS HAPP5 ) EXACT & PR$ICTABLE REGUL>ITY4 ,BUT ! SKIES >E TYPICALLY TREAT$ AS ! DOMA9 ( P]FECTION4 ,PRIE/S OR MONKS MI<T ORGANIZE !IR LIVES >\ND CELE/IAL TIME1 BUT LIFE ON E>? WAS TYPICALLY ASSUM$ TO BE MESSI]4 ,BEL[ ! HEAV5S1 !RE IS NO ABSOLUTE Y>D/ICK TO APPLY4 ,TO GIVE AN OBVI\S EXAMPLE3 IF !RE >E TWELVE H\RS FROM DAWN TO DUSK1 !RE'S LITTLE PO9T SAY+ A PLACE IS ?REE H\RS' WALK AWAY :5 Y\ DON'T KN[ ! SEASON :5 SOMEONE IS TRAVEL+1 S9CE W9T] H\RS WILL BE HALF ! L5G? ( SUMM] ONES4 ,:5 ,I LIV$ 9 ,MADAGASC>1 ,I F\ND ?AT RURAL PEOPLE--:O HAD LITTLE USE = CLOCKS--/ILL (T5 DESCRIB$ DI/ANCE ! OLD-FA%ION$ WAY & SAID ?AT TO WALK TO ANO!R VILLAGE W\LD TAKE TWO COOK+S ( A POT ( RICE4 ,9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 PEOPLE SPOKE SIMIL>LY ( SOME?+ AS TAK+ 0?REE PAT]NO/]S10 OR TWO BOIL+S ( AN EGG4 ,?IS SORT ( ?+ IS EXTREMELY COMMON4 ,9 PLACES )\T CLOCKS1 TIME IS MEASUR$ BY ACTIONS RA!R ?AN ACTION BE+ MEASUR$ BY TIME4 ,!RE IS A CLASSIC /ATEM5T ON ! SUBJECT BY ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,$W>D ,EVAN ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D ON ! SUBJECT2 HE'S SPEAK+ ( ! ,NU]1 A PA/ORAL PEOPLE ( ,EA/ ,AFRICA3 

.<,T.>HE ,NU] HAVE NO EXPRESSION EQUIVAL5T TO 0TIME0 9 \R LANGUAGE1 & !Y CANNOT1 !RE=E1 AS WE CAN1 SPEAK ( TIME AS ?\< IT W]E SOME?+ ACTUAL1 :I* PASSES1 CAN BE WA/$1 CAN BE SAV$1 & SO =?4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT !Y EV] EXP]I5CE ! SAME FEEL+ ( FI<T+ AGA9/ TIME OR HAV+ TO COORD9ATE ACTIVITIES ) AN AB/RACT PASSAGE ( TIME1 BECAUSE !IR PO9TS ( REF]5CE >E MA9LY ! ACTIVITIES !MSELVES1 :I* >E G5]ALLY ( A LEISURELY *>ACT]4 ,EV5TS FOLL[ A LOGICAL ORD]1 BUT !Y >E NOT CONTROLL$ BY AN AB/RACT SY/EM1 !RE BE+ NO AUTONOM\S PO9TS ( REF]5CE TO :I* ACTIVITIES HAVE TO CON=M ) PRECISION4 ,NU] >E =TUNATE4.<#h#g.> 

,TIME IS NOT A GRID AGA9/ :I* WORK CAN BE MEASUR$1 BECAUSE ! WORK IS ! MEASURE ITSELF4 

,! ,5GLI% HI/ORIAN ,E4 ,P4 ,?OMPSON1 :O WROTE A MAGNIFIC5T #aifg ESSAY ON ! ORIG9S ( ! MOD]N TIME S5SE CALL$ 0,TIME1 ,WORK ,DISCIPL9E1 & ,9DU/RIAL ,CAPITALISM10.<#h#h.> PO9T$ \T ?AT :AT HAPP5$ W]E SIMULTANE\S MORAL & TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGES1 EA* PROPELL+ ! O!R4 ,BY ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 MO/ ,EUROPEAN T[NS HAD CREAT$ CLOCK T[]S--USUALLY FUND$ & 5C\RAG$ BY ! LOCAL M]*ANT GUILD4 ,IT WAS !SE SAME M]*ANTS :O DEVELOP$ ! HABIT ( PLAC+ HUMAN SKULLS ON !IR DESKS AS MEM5TO MORI1 TO REM9D !MSELVES ?AT !Y %\LD MAKE GOOD USE ( !IR TIME BECAUSE EA* *IME ( ! CLOCK BR\<T !M ONE H\R CLOS] TO DEA?4.<#h#i.> ,! DISSEM9ATION ( DOME/IC CLOCKS & !N POCKET WAT*ES TOOK MU* LONG]1 CO9CID+ L>GELY ) ! ADV5T ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION BEG9N+ 9 ! LATE #a#gS1 BUT ONCE IT DID HAPP51 IT ALL[$ = SIMIL> ATTITUDES TO DIFFUSE AMONG ! MIDDLE CLASSES MORE G5]ALLY4 ,SID]EAL TIME1 ! ABSOLUTE TIME ( ! HEAV5S1 HAD TO COME TO E>? & BEGAN TO REGULATE EV5 ! MO/ 9TIMATE DAILY AFFAIRS4 ,BUT TIME WAS SIMULTANE\SLY A FIX$ GRID1 & A POSSESSION4 ,EV]YONE WAS 5C\RAG$ TO SEE TIME AS DID ! M$IEVAL M]*ANT3 AS A F9ITE PROP]TY TO BE C>EFULLY BUDGET$ & DISPOS$ (1 MU* LIKE MONEY4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ! NEW TE*NOLOGIES ALSO ALL[$ ANY P]SON'S FIX$ TIME ON E>? TO BE *OPP$ UP 9TO UNI=M UNITS ?AT C\LD BE B\<T & SOLD = MONEY4 

,ONCE TIME WAS MONEY1 IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( 0SP5D+ TIME10 RA!R ?AN JU/ 0PASS+0 IT--ALSO ( WA/+ TIME1 KILL+ TIME1 SAV+ TIME1 LOS+ TIME1 RAC+ AGA9/ TIME1 & SO =?4 ,PURITAN1 ,ME?ODI/1 & EVANGELICAL PREA*]S SOON BEGAN 9/RUCT+ !IR FLOCKS AB\T ! 0HUSB&RY ( TIME10 PROPOS+ ?AT ! C>EFUL BUDGET+ ( TIME WAS ! ESS5CE ( MORALITY4 ,FACTORIES BEGAN EMPLOY+ TIME CLOCKS2 WORK]S CAME TO BE EXPECT$ TO PUN* ! CLOCK UPON 5T]+ & LEAV+2 *>ITY S*OOLS DESIGN$ TO TEA* ! POOR DISCIPL9E & PUNCTUALITY GAVE WAY TO PUBLIC S*OOL SY/EMS :]E /UD5TS ( ALL SOCIAL CLASSES W]E MADE TO GET UP & M>* FROM ROOM TO ROOM EA* H\R AT ! S\ND ( A BELL1 AN >RANGEM5T SELF-CONSCI\SLY DESIGN$ TO TRA9 *ILDR5 = FUTURE LIVES ( PAID FACTORY LABOR4.<#i.> 

,MOD]N WORK DISCIPL9E & CAPITALI/ TE*NIQUES ( SUP]VISION HAVE !IR [N PECULI> HI/ORIES1 TOO1 AS =MS ( TOTAL CONTROL FIR/ DEVELOP$ ON M]*ANT %IPS & SLAVE PLANTATIONS 9 ! COLONIES W]E IMPOS$ ON ! WORK+ POOR BACK HOME4.<#i#a.> ,BUT ! NEW CONCEPTION ( TIME WAS :AT MADE IT POSSIBLE4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO UND]L9E H]E IS ?AT ?IS WAS BO? A TE*NOLOGICAL & A MORAL *ANGE4 ,IT IS USUALLY LAID AT ! FEET ( ,PURITANISM1 & ,PURITANISM C]TA9LY HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) IT2 BUT ONE C\LD >GUE EQUALLY COMPELL+LY ?AT ! MORE DRAMATIC =MS ( ,CALV9I/ ASCETICISM W]E JU/ OV]BL[N V]SIONS ( A NEW TIME S5SE ?AT WAS1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 RE%AP+ ! S5SIBILITIES ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES ACROSS ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD4 ,AS A RESULT1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES1 />T+ 9 ,5GL&1 ! OLD EPISODIC /YLE ( WORK+ CAME 9CREAS+LY TO BE VIEW$ AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES CAME TO SEE ! POOR AS POOR L>GELY BECAUSE !Y LACK$ TIME DISCIPL9E2 !Y SP5T !IR TIME RECKLESSLY1 JU/ AS !Y GAMBL$ AWAY !IR MONEY4 

,MEAN:ILE1 WORK]S REBELL+ AGA9/ OPPRESSIVE CONDITIONS BEGAN ADOPT+ ! SAME LANGUAGE4 ,MANY E>LY FACTORIES DIDN'T ALL[ WORK]S TO BR+ !IR [N TIMEPIECES1 S9CE ! [N] REGUL>LY PLAY$ FA/ & LOOSE ) ! FACTORY CLOCK4 ,BE=E LONG1 H[EV]1 WORK]S W]E >GU+ ) EMPLOY]S AB\T H\RLY RATES1 DEM&+ FIX$-H\R CONTRACTS1 OV]TIME1 TIME & A HALF1 ! TWELVE-H\R DAY1 & !N ! EI<T-H\R DAY4 ,BUT ! V]Y ACT ( DEM&+ 0FREE TIME10 H[EV] UND]/&ABLE UND] ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 HAD ! EFFECT ( SUBTLY RE9=C+ ! IDEA ?AT :5 A WORK] WAS 0ON ! CLOCK10 HIS TIME TRULY DID BELONG TO ! P]SON :O HAD B\<T IT--A CONCEPT ?AT W\LD HAVE SEEM$ P]V]SE & \TRAGE\S TO !IR GREAT-GR&P>5TS1 AS1 9DE$1 TO MO/ PEOPLE :O HAVE EV] LIV$4 

CONC]N+ ! CLA% BETWE5 ! MORALITY ( TIME & NATURAL WORK RHY?MS1 & ! RES5TM5T IT CREATES 

  

,IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! SPIRITUAL VIOL5CE ( MOD]N WORK )\T UND]/&+ ?IS HI/ORY1 :I* LEADS REGUL>LY TO A DIRECT CLA% BETWE5 ! MORALITY ( ! EMPLOY] & ! COMMON S5SE ( ! EMPLOYEE4 ,NO MATT] H[ MU* WORK]S MAY HAVE BE5 CONDITION$ 9 TIME DISCIPL9E BY PRIM>Y S*OOL+1 !Y WILL SEE ! DEM& TO WORK CONT9UALLY AT A /EADY PACE = EI<T H\RS A DAY REG>DLESS ( :AT !RE IS TO DO AS DEFY+ ALL COMMON S5SE--& ! PRET5D MAKE-WORK !Y >E 9/RUCT$ TO P]=M AS ABSOLUTELY 9FURIAT+4.<#i#b.> 

,I WELL REMEMB] MY V]Y FIR/ JOB1 AS A DI%WA%] 9 A SEASIDE ,ITALIAN RE/AURANT4 ,I WAS ONE ( ?REE TE5AGE BOYS HIR$ AT ! />T ( ! SUMM] SEASON1 & ! FIR/ TIME !RE WAS A MAD RU%1 WE NATURALLY MADE A GAME ( IT1 DET]M9$ TO PROVE ?AT WE W]E ! V]Y BE/ & MO/ H]OIC DI%WA%]S ( ALL TIME1 PULL+ TOGE!R 9TO A MA*9E ( LI<TN+ EFFICI5CY1 PRODUC+ A VA/ & SP>KL+ PILE ( DI%ES 9 RECORD TIME4 ,WE !N KICK$ BACK1 PR\D ( :AT WE'D ACCOMPLI%$1 PAUS+ P]HAPS TO SMOKE A CIG>ETTE OR SC>F \RSELVES A SCAMPI--UNTIL1 ( C\RSE1 ! BOSS %[$ UP TO ASK US :AT ! HELL WE W]E DO+ JU/ L\NG+ >\ND4 

0,I DON'T C>E IF !RE >E NO MORE DI%ES COM+ 9 RI<T N[1 Y\'RE ON MY TIME6 ,Y\ CAN GO( >\ND ON Y\R [N TIME4 ,GET BACK TO WORK60 

0,SO :AT >E WE SUPPOS$ TO DO80 

0,GET SOME /EEL WOOL4 ,Y\ CAN SC\R ! BASEBO>DS40 

0,BUT WE ALREADY SC\R$ ! BASEBO>DS40 

0,!N GET BUSY SC\R+ ! BASEBO>DS AGA960 

,( C\RSE1 WE LE>N$ \R LESSON3 IF Y\'RE ON ! CLOCK1 DO NOT BE TOO EFFICI5T4 ,Y\ WILL NOT BE REW>D$1 NOT EV5 BY A GRUFF NOD ( ACKN[L$GM5T 7:I* IS ALL WE W]E REALLY EXPECT+74 ,9/EAD1 Y\'LL BE PUNI%$ ) MEAN+LESS BUSYWORK4 ,& BE+ =C$ TO PRET5D TO WORK1 WE DISCOV]$1 WAS ! MO/ ABSOLUTE 9DIGNITY--BECAUSE IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO PRET5D IT WAS ANY?+ BUT :AT IT WAS3 PURE DEGRADATION1 A %E] EX]CISE ( ! BOSS'S P[] = ITS [N SAKE4 ,IT DIDN'T MATT] ?AT WE W]E ONLY PRET5D+ TO SCRUB ! BASEBO>D4 ,EV]Y MOM5T SP5T PRET5D+ TO SC\R ! BASEBO>D FELT LIKE SOME S*OOLY>D BULLY GLOAT+ AT US OV] \R %\LD]S--EXCEPT1 ( C\RSE1 ?IS TIME1 ! BULLY HAD ! FULL =CE ( LAW & CU/OM ON HIS SIDE4 

,SO ! NEXT TIME A BIG RU% CAME1 WE MADE SURE TO TAKE \R SWEET TIME4 

,IT'S EASY TO SEE :Y EMPLOYES MI<T *>ACT]IZE SU* MAKE-WORK TASKS AS BULL%IT1 & MANY ( ! TE/IMONIES ,I RECEIV$ 5L>G$ ON ! RES5TM5T ?IS PRODUC$4 ,H]E IS AN EXAMPLE ( :AT MI<T BE CALL$ 0TRADITIONAL MAKE-WORK10 FROM ,MIT*1 A =M] RAN* H& 9 ,WYOM+4 ,RAN* WORK1 HE WROTE1 IS H>D BUT REW>D+1 & IF Y\ >E LUCKY 5\< TO WORK = AN EASYGO+ EMPLOY]1 IT T5DS TO ALT]NATE *E]FULLY BETWE5 9T5SE BUR/S ( EF=T & JU/ SORT ( HANG+ >\ND4 ,MIT* WAS NOT SO LUCKY4 ,HIS BOSS1 0A V]Y OLD & WELL-RESPECT$ MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY1 ( SOME REGIONAL /&+ 9 ! ,MORMON *UR*10 9SI/$ AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE ?AT :5EV] !RE WAS NO?+ TO DO1 FREE H&S HAD TO SP5D !IR TIME 0PICK+ ROCKS40  
  

,MIT*3 ,HE W\LD DROP US (F 9 SOME R&OM FIELD1 :]E WE W]E TOLD TO PICK UP ALL ! ROCKS & PUT !M 9 A PILE4 ,! IDEA1 WE W]E TOLD1 WAS TO CLE> ! L& SO ?AT TRACTOR IMPLEM5TS W\LDN'T CAT* ON !M4 

,I CALL$ ,B,S ON ?AT RI<T (F4 ,?OSE FIELDS HAD BE5 PL[$ MANY TIMES BE=E ,I EV] SAW !M1 PLUS ! FRO/ HEAVES ( ! SEV]E W9T]S !RE W\LD JU/ RAISE MORE ROCKS TO ! SURFACE OV] TIME4 ,BUT IT KEPT ! PAID H&S 0BUSY0 & TAU<T US PROP] WORK E?IC 7MEAN+ OB$I5CE1 A V]Y HI< PR9CIPLE AS TAU<T 9 ,MORMONISM71 BLAH1 BLAH4 

,RIIII<T4 ,A HUNDR$-SQU>E-FOOT >EA ( DIRT W\LD HAVE HUNDR$S ( ROCKS ! SIZE ( A FI/ OR BIGG]4 

,I REMEMB] ONCE SP5D+ SEV]AL H\RS 9 A FIELD1 BY MYSELF1 PICK+ ROCKS1 & ,I HONE/LY TRI$ TO DO MY BE/ AT IT 7,GOD KN[S :Y71 ?\< ,I C\LD SEE H[ FUTILE IT WAS4 ,IT WAS BACKBREAK+4 ,:5 ! OLD BOSS CAME BACK TO PICK ME UP TO DO SOME?+ ELSE1 HE LOOK$ DISAPPROV+LY AT MY PILE & DECL>$ ?AT ,I HADN'T REALLY DONE V]Y MU* WORK4 ,AS IF BE+ TOLD TO DO M5IAL LABOR = M5IAL LABOR'S SAKE WASN'T DEGRAD+ 5\<1 IT WAS MADE MORE SO BY MY BE+ TOLD ?AT MY H\RS ( H>D WORK1 P]=M$ 5TIRELY BY H& ) NO :EELB>R[ OR ANY O!R TOOL :ATSOEV]1 SIMPLY WASN'T GOOD 5\<4 ,GEE1 ?ANKS4 ,:AT'S MORE1 NO ONE EV] CAME TO HAUL (F ! ROCKS ,I HAD COLLECT$4 ,FROM ?AT DAY1 !Y SAT 9 ?AT FIELD EXACTLY :]E ,I HAD PIL$ !M1 & ,I W\LDN'T BE SURPRIS$ IF !Y W]E /ILL !RE TO ?IS DAY4 

,I HAT$ ?AT OLD MAN EV]Y DAY UNTIL ! DAY HE DI$4  
  

,MIT*'S /ORY HI<LI<TS ! RELIGI\S ELEM5T3 ! IDEA ?AT DUTIFUL SUBMISSION EV5 TO MEAN+LESS WORK UND] ANO!R'S AU?ORITY IS A =M ( MORAL SELF-DISCIPL9E ?AT MAKES Y\ A BETT] P]SON4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IS A MOD]N V>IANT ( ,PURITANISM4 ,= N[1 ?\<1 ,I MA9LY WANT TO EMPHASIZE H[ ?IS ELEM5T JU/ ADDS AN EV5 MORE EXASP]AT+ LAY] TO ! P]V]SE MORALITY :]EBY IDL5ESS IS A !FT ( SOMEONE ELSE'S TIME4 ,DESPITE ! HUMILIATION1 ,MIT* C\LD NOT HELP BUT TRY TO TREAT EV5 ! MO/ PO9TLESS TASK AS A *ALL5GE TO BE OV]COME1 AT ! SAME TIME FEEL+ A VISC]AL RAGE AT HAV+ NO *OICE BUT TO PLAY A GAME ( MAKE-BELIEVE HE HAD NOT 9V5T$1 & :I* WAS >RANG$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT HE C\LD NEV] POSSIBLY W94 

,ALMO/ AS S\L DE/ROY+ AS BE+ =C$ TO WORK = NO PURPOSE IS BE+ =C$ TO DO NO?+ AT ALL4 ,9 A WAY IT'S EV5 WORSE1 = ! SAME REASON ?AT ANY PRISON 9MATE W\LD PREF] SP5D+ A YE> WORK+ ON A *A9 GANG BREAK+ ROCKS TO A YE> />+ AT ! WALL 9 SOLIT>Y4 

,OCCASIONALLY ! V]Y RI* HIRE !IR FELL[ HUMAN BE+S TO POSE AS /ATUES ON !IR LAWNS DUR+ P>TIES4.<#i#c.> ,SOME 0REAL0 JOBS SEEM V]Y CLOSE TO ?IS3 AL?\< ONE DOES NOT NE$ TO /& QUITE AS /ILL1 ONE MU/ ALSO DO IT = MU* LONG] P]IODS ( TIME3  
  

,CL>5CE3 ,I WORK$ AS A MUSEUM GU>D = A MAJOR GLOBAL SECURITY COMPANY 9 A MUSEUM :]E ONE EXHIBITION ROOM WAS LEFT UNUS$ MORE OR LESS P]MAN5TLY4 ,MY JOB WAS TO GU>D ?AT EMPTY ROOM1 5SUR+ NO MUSEUM GUE/S T\*$ !444 WELL1 NO?+ 9 ! ROOM1 & 5SURE NOBODY SET ANY FIRES4 ,TO KEEP MY M9D %>P & ATT5TION UNDIVID$1 ,I WAS =BIDD5 ANY =M ( M5TAL /IMULATION1 LIKE BOOKS1 PHONES1 ETC4 

,S9CE NOBODY WAS EV] !RE1 9 PRACTICE ,I SAT /ILL & TWIDDL$ MY ?UMBS = SEV5 & A HALF H\RS1 WAIT+ = ! FIRE AL>M TO S\ND4 ,IF IT DID1 ,I WAS TO CALMLY /& UP & WALK \T4 ,?AT WAS IT4  
  

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b#g1 SECONDS A WORK %IFT2 #a#c#e1 SECONDS A WEEK2 #c1#c#g#e1 SECONDS A MON?40 ,H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT ?OSE ASSIGN$ SU* UTT]LY EMPTY LABOR R>ELY LA/ A YE> UNLESS SOMEONE UP/AIRS TAKES PITY & GIVES !M SOME?+ ELSE TO DO4 

,CL>5CE LA/$ SIX MON?S 7R\<LY TW5TY MILLION SECONDS7 & !N TOOK A JOB AT HALF ! PAY ?AT AF=D$ AT LEA/ A MODICUM ( M5TAL /IMULATION4 

,!SE >E OBVI\SLY EXTREME EXAMPLES4 ,BUT ! MORALITY ( 0,Y\'RE ON MY TIME0 HAS BECOME SO NATURALIZ$ ?AT MO/ ( US HAVE LE>N$ TO SEE ! WORLD FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! RE/AURANT [N]--TO ! EXT5T ?AT EV5 MEMB]S ( ! PUBLIC >E 5C\RAG$ TO SEE !MSELVES AS BOSSES & TO FEEL 9DIGNANT IF PUBLIC S]VANTS 7SAY1 TRANSIT WORK]S7 SEEM TO BE WORK+ 9 A CASUAL OR DILATORY FA%ION1 LET ALONE JU/ L\NG+ >\ND4 ,W5DY1 :O S5T ME A LONG HI/ORY ( H] MO/ PO9TLESS JOBS1 REFLECT$ ?AT MANY ( !M SEEM TO COME AB\T BECAUSE EMPLOY]S CAN'T ACCEPT ! IDEA ?AT !Y'RE REALLY PAY+ SOMEONE TO BE ON CALL 9 CASE !Y'RE NE$$3  
  

,W5DY3 ,EXAMPLE ONE3 AS A RECEPTIONI/ = A SMALL TRADE MAGAZ9E1 ,I WAS (T5 GIV5 TASKS TO P]=M :ILE ,I WAS WAIT+ = ! PHONE TO R+4 ,FAIR 5\<--BUT ! TASKS W]E ALMO/ UNI=MLY ,B,S4 ,ONE ,I WILL REMEMB] = ! RE/ ( MY LIFE3 ONE ( ! AD SALES PEOPLE CAME TO MY DESK & DUMP$ ?\S&S ( PAP] CLIPS ON MY DESK & ASK$ ME TO SORT !M BY COLOR4 ,I ?\<T %E WAS JOK+1 BUT %E WASN'T4 ,I DID IT1 ONLY TO OBS]VE ?AT %E !N US$ !M 9T]*ANGEABLY )\T ! SLI<TE/ ATT5TION TO ! COLOR ( ! CLIP4 

,EXAMPLE TWO3 MY GR&MO!R1 :O LIV$ 9DEP5D5TLY 9 AN AP>TM5T 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY 9TO H] E>LY N9ETIES4 ,%E DID NE$ HELP1 ?\<1 SO WE HIR$ A V]Y NICE WOMAN TO LIVE ) H] & KEEP AN EYE \T4 ,BASICALLY1 %E WAS !RE 9 CASE MY GR&MO!R FELL OR NE$$ HELP1 & TO HELP H] DO %OPP+ & LAUNDRY1 BUT IF ALL W5T WELL1 !RE WAS BASICALLY NO?+ = H] TO DO4 ,?IS DROVE MY GR&MO!R CRAZY4 0,%E'S JU/ SITT+ !RE60 %E W\LD COMPLA94 ,WE W\LD EXPLA9 ?AT WAS ! PO9T4 

,TO HELP MY GR&MO!R SAVE FACE1 WE ASK$ ! WOMAN IF %E W\LD M9D /RAI<T5+ \T CAB9ETS :5 %E WASN'T O!RWISE OCCUPI$4 ,%E SAID NO PROBLEM4 ,BUT ! AP>TM5T WAS SMALL1 ! CLOSETS & CAB9ETS W]E QUICKLY PUT 9 ORD]1 & !RE WAS NO?+ TO DO AGA94 ,AGA91 MY GR&MO!R WAS GO+ CRAZY ?AT %E WAS JU/ SITT+ !RE4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! WOMAN QUIT4 ,:5 %E DID1 MY MO!R SAID TO H]1 0,:Y8 ,MY MO!R LOOKS GREAT60 ,TO :I* ! WOMAN RESPOND$ FAM\SLY1 0,SURE1 %E LOOKS GREAT4 ,I'VE LO/ FIFTE5 P\NDS1 & MY HAIR IS FALL+ \T4 ,I CAN'T TAKE H] ANYMORE40 ,! JOB WASN'T ,B,S1 BUT ! NE$ TO CON/RUCT A COV] BY WAY ( CREAT+ SO MU* ,B,S BUSYWORK WAS DEEPLY DEMEAN+ TO H]4 ,I ?9K ?IS IS A COMMON PROBLEM = PEOPLE WORK+ = ! ELD]LY4 7,IT COMES UP ) BABYSITT+1 TOO1 BUT 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T WAY47.<#i#d.>  
  

,NOT JU/4 ,ONCE Y\ RECOGNIZE ! LOGIC1 IT BECOMES EASY TO SEE ?AT :OLE JOBS1 C>E]S1 & EV5 9DU/RIES CAN COME TO CON=M TO ?IS LOGIC--A LOGIC ?AT NOT SO V]Y LONG AGO W\LD HAVE BE5 UNIV]SALLY CONSID]$ UTT]LY BIZ>RE4 ,IT HAS ALSO SPREAD ACROSS ! WORLD4 ,RAMADAN ,AL ,SOK>RY1 = EXAMPLE1 IS A Y\NG ,EGYPTIAN 5G9E] WORK+ = A PUBLIC 5T]PRISE 9 ,CAIRO3  
  

,RAMADAN3 ,I GRADUAT$ FROM ! ,ELECTRONICS & ,COMMUNICATIONS ,DEP>TM5T 9 ONE ( ! BE/ 5G9E]+ S*OOLS 9 MY C\NTRY1 :]E ,I HAD /UDI$ A COMPLICAT$ MAJOR1 & :]E ALL ! /UD5TS HAD HI< EXPECTATIONS ( C>E]S TI$ TO RESE>* & ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW TE*NOLOGIES4 

,WELL1 AT LEA/ ?AT'S :AT \R /UDIES MADE US ?9K4 ,BUT IT WASN'T ! CASE4 ,AFT] GRADUATION1 ! ONLY JOB ,I C\LD F9D WAS AS A CONTROL & ,H,V,A,C .<HEAT+1 V5TILAT+1 & AIR-CONDITION+.> 5G9E] 9 A CORPORATIZ$ GOV]NM5T COMPANY--ONLY TO DISCOV] IMM$IATELY ?AT ,I HADN'T BE5 HIR$ AS AN 5G9E] AT ALL BUT REALLY AS SOME K9D ( A TE*NICAL BUREAUCRAT4 ,ALL WE DO H]E IS PAP]WORK1 FILL+ \T *ECKLI/S & =MS1 & NO ONE ACTUALLY C>ES AB\T ANY?+ BUT :E!R ! PAP]WORK IS FIL$ PROP]LY4 

,! POSITION IS DESCRIB$ (FICIALLY AS FOLL[S3 0HEAD+ A TEAM ( 5G9E]S & TE*NICIANS TO C>RY \T ALL ! PREV5TIVE MA9T5ANCE1 EM]G5CY MA9T5ANCE OP]ATIONS1 & BUILD+ NEW SY/EMS ( CONTROL 5G9E]+ TO A*IEVE MAXIMUM EFFICI5CY40 ,9 REALITY1 IT MEANS ,I MAKE A BRIEF DAILY *ECK ON SY/EM EFFICI5CY1 !N FILE ! DAILY PAP]WORK & MA9T5ANCE REPORTS4 

,TO /ATE ! MATT] BLUNTLY3 ! COMPANY REALLY JU/ NE$$ TO HAVE A TEAM ( 5G9E]S TO COME 9 EV]Y MORN+ TO *ECK IF ! AIR CONDITION]S W]E WORK+ & !N HANG >\ND 9 CASE SOME?+ BROKE4 ,( C\RSE1 MANAGEM5T C\LDN'T ADMIT ?AT4 ,RAMADAN & ! O!R MEMB]S ( HIS TEAM C\LD HAVE JU/ AS EASILY BE5 SITT+ >\ND PLAY+ C>DS ALL DAY1 OR--:O KN[S8--EV5 WORK+ ON SOME ( ?OSE 9V5TIONS !Y'D BE5 DREAM+ AB\T 9 COLLEGE1 SO LONG AS !Y W]E READY TO LEAP 9TO ACTION IF A CONVECTOR MALFUNCTION$4 ,9/EAD1 ! FIRM 9V5T$ AN 5DLESS >RAY ( =MS1 DRILLS1 & BOX-TICK+ RITUALS CALCULAT$ TO KEEP !M BUSY EI<T H\RS A DAY4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! COMPANY DIDN'T HAVE ANYONE ON /AFF :O C>$ 5\< TO *ECK IF !Y W]E ACTUALLY COMPLY+4 ,RAMADAN GRADUALLY FIGUR$ \T :I* ( ! EX]CISES DID NE$ TO BE C>RI$ \T1 & :I* ONES NOBODY W\LD NOTICE IF HE IGNOR$ & US$ ! TIME TO 9DULGE A GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 FILM & LIT]ATURE4  
  

,/ILL1 ! PROCESS LEFT HIM FEEL+ HOLL[3  
  

,RAMADAN3 ,9 MY EXP]I5CE1 ?IS WAS PSY*OLOGICALLY EXHAU/+ & IT LEFT ME DEPRESS$1 HAV+ TO GO EV]Y WORKDAY TO A JOB ?AT ,I CONSID]$ PO9TLESS4 ,GRADUALLY ,I />T$ LOS+ 9T]E/ 9 MY WORK1 & />T$ WAT*+ FILMS & READ+ NOVELS TO FILL ! EMPTY %IFTS4 ,I N[ EV5 LEAVE MY WORKPLACE = H\RS ALMO/ EA* %IFT )\T ANYONE NOTIC+4  
  

,ONCE AGA91 ! 5D RESULT1 H[EV] EXASP]AT+1 DOESN'T SEEM ALL ?AT IMPOSSIBLY BAD4 ,ESPECIALLY ONCE ,RAMADAN HAD FIGUR$ \T H[ TO GAME ! SY/EM4 ,:Y C\LDN'T HE SEE IT1 !N1 AS /EAL+ BACK TIME ?AT HE'D SOLD TO ! CORPORATION8 ,:Y DID ! PRET5SE & LACK ( PURPOSE GR9D HIM D[N8 

,IT W\LD SEEM WE >E BACK AT ! SAME QUE/ION ) :I* WE />T$4 ,BUT AT ?IS PO9T1 WE >E MU* BETT] EQUIPP$ TO F9D ! ANSW]4 ,IF ! MO/ HATEFUL ASPECT ( ANY CLOSELY SUP]VIS$ WAGE-LABOR JOB IS HAV+ TO PRET5D TO WORK TO APPEASE A JEAL\S BOSS1 JOBS SU* AS ,RAMADAN'S 7& ,]IC'S7 >E ESS5TIALLY ORGANIZ$ BAS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE4 ,!Y MI<T BE 9F9ITELY MORE PLEASANT ?AN MY EXP]I5CE ( HAV+ TO SP5D H\RS 7IT SEEM$ LIKE H\RS7 APPLY+ /EEL WOOL TO CLEAN P]FECTLY CLEAN BASEBO>DS4 ,SU* JOBS >E LIKELY TO BE NOT WAG$ BUT SAL>I$4 ,!RE MAY NOT EV5 BE AN ACTUAL BOSS BREA?+ D[N ONE'S NECK--9 FACT1 USUALLY !RE ISN'T4 ,BUT ULTIMATELY1 ! NE$ TO PLAY A GAME ( MAKE-BELIEVE NOT ( ONE'S [N MAK+1 A GAME ?AT EXI/S ONLY AS A =M ( P[] IMPOS$ ON Y\1 IS 9H]5TLY DEMORALIZ+4 

,SO ! SITUATION WAS NOT1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ALL ?AT FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM :5 ME & MY FELL[ DI%WA%]S HAD TO PRET5D TO CLEAN ! BASEBO>DS4 ,IT IS LIKE TAK+ ! V]Y WOR/ ASPECT ( MO/ WAGE-LABOR JOBS & SUB/ITUT+ IT = ! OCCUPATION ?AT WAS O!RWISE SUPPOS$ TO GIVE MEAN+ TO Y\R EXI/5CE4 ,IT'S NO WOND] ! S\L CRIES \T4 ,IT IS A DIRECT ASSAULT ON EV]Y?+ ?AT MAKES US HUMAN4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,UPDAT$4 

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