,*APT] #f 
,:Y ,DO ,WE AS A ,SOCIETY ,NOT ,OBJECT TO ! ,GR[? ( ,PO9TLESS ,EMPLOYM5T8 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #f3 ,:Y ,DO ,WE AS A ,SOCIETY ,NOT ,OBJECT TO ! ,GR[? ( ,PO9TLESS ,EMPLOYM5T8 

  
  

,H[ VA9 ! OP9ION IS ( SOME C]TA9 PEOPLE ( ! ,EA/ ,9DIES1 :O ?9K ?AT APES & BABOONS1 :I* >E ) !M 9 GREAT NUMB]S1 >E IMBU$ ) UND]/&+1 & ?AT !Y CAN SPEAK BUT WILL NOT1 = FE> !Y %\LD BE IMPLOY$ & SET TO WORK4  
  

--,ANTO9E ,LE ,GR&1 C4 #afge 

,WE HAVE ALREADY CONSID]$ ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL =CES ?AT HAVE L$ TO ! PROLIF]ATION ( BULL%IT JOBS1 AS WELL AS ! MIS]Y & DI/RESS ?OSE JOBS CAUSE = ?OSE :O HAVE TO DO !M4 ,YET DESPITE ?IS EVID5T & WIDESPREAD DI/RESS1 ! FACT ?AT MILLIONS ( PEOPLE %[ UP TO WORK EV]Y DAY CONV9C$ !Y >E DO+ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ HAS NOT1 UNTIL N[1 BE5 CONSID]$ A SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,WE HAVE NOT SE5 POLITICIANS D5\NC+ BULL%IT JOBS1 ACADEMIC CONF]5CES D$ICAT$ TO UND]/&+ ! REASONS = ! RISE ( BULL%IT JOBS1 OP9ION PIECES DEBAT+ ! CULTURAL CONSEQU5CES ( BULL%IT JOBS1 OR PROTE/ MOVEM5TS CAMPAIGN+ TO ABOLI% !M4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y3 IF POLITICIANS1 ACADEMICS1 $ITORIALI/S1 OR SOCIAL MOVEM5TS DO WEI< 9 ON ! MATT]1 IT'S USUALLY BY ACT+ DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY TO MAKE ! PROBLEM WORSE4 

,! SITUATION SEEMS ALL ! MORE EXTRAORD9>Y :5 WE CONSID] ! L>G] SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS PROLIF]ATION4 ,IF IT'S REALLY TRUE ?AT AS MU* ( HALF ! WORK WE DO C\LD BE ELIM9AT$ )\T ANY SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON OV]ALL PRODUCTIVITY1 :Y NOT JU/ R$I/RIBUTE ! REMA9+ WORK 9 SU* A WAY ?AT EV]YONE IS WORK+ F\R-H\R DAYS8 ,OR F\R-DAY WEEKS ) F\R MON?S' YE>LY VACATION TIME8 ,OR SOME SIMIL>LY EASYGO+ >RANGEM5T8 ,:Y NOT />T %UTT+ D[N ! GLOBAL WORK MA*9E8 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 IT W\LD PROBABLY BE ! MO/ EFFECTIVE ?+ WE C\LD DO TO PUT A BREAK ON GLOBAL W>M+4 ,A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 MANY ASSUM$ ?AT ! /EADY ADVANCE ( TE*NOLOGY & LABOR-SAV+ DEVICES W\LD HAVE MADE ?IS POSSIBLE BY N[1 & ! IRONY IS ?AT !Y W]E PROBABLY RI<T4 ,WE C\LD EASILY ALL BE PUTT+ 9 A TW5TY- OR EV5 FIFTE5-H\R WORKWEEK4 ,YET = SOME REASON1 WE AS A SOCIETY HAVE COLLECTIVELY DECID$ IT'S BETT] TO HAVE MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S SP5D+ YE>S ( !IR LIVES PRET5D+ TO TYPE 9TO SPREAD%EETS OR PREP>+ M9D MAPS = ,P,R MEET+S ?AN FREE+ !M TO KNIT SWEAT]S1 PLAY ) !IR DOGS1 />T A G>AGE B&1 EXP]IM5T ) NEW RECIPES1 OR SIT 9 CAFES >GU+ AB\T POLITICS1 & GOSSIP+ AB\T !IR FRI5DS' COMPLEX POLYAMOR\S LOVE AFFAIRS4 

,I ?9K ! EASIE/ WAY TO UND]/& H[ ?IS HAPP5$ IS TO CONSID] H[ DIFFICULT IT IS TO IMAG9E AN OP9ION WRIT] = A MAJOR NEWSPAP] OR MAGAZ9E WRIT+ A PIECE SAY+ ?AT SOME CLASS ( PEOPLE IS WORK+ TOO H>D & MI<T DO WELL TO CUT IT \T4 ,IT'S EASY 5\< TO F9D PIECES COMPLA9+ ?AT C]TA9 CLASSES ( PEOPLE 7Y\NG PEOPLE1 POOR PEOPLE1 RECIPI5TS ( V>I\S =MS ( PUBLIC ASSI/ANCE1 ?OSE ( C]TA9 NATIONAL OR E?NIC GR\PS.<#a#e#a.>7 >E WORK %Y1 5TITL$1 LACK+ 9 DRIVE OR MOTIVATION1 OR UNWILL+ TO E>N A LIV+4 ,! 9T]NET IS LITT]$ ) !M4 ,AS ,RA*EL PUT IT 9 *APT] #d1 0,I CAN B>ELY SCROLL ?R\< ,FACEBOOK )\T HITT+ SOME PREA*Y ?9K PIECE AB\T MY G5]ATION'S 5TITLEM5T & RELUCTANCE TO JU/ DO A BLOODY DAY'S WORK40 ,:5EV] !RE'S A CRISIS1 EV5 AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 !RE >E CALLS = COLLECTIVE SACRIFICE4 ,!SE CALLS ALWAYS SEEM TO 9VOLVE EV]YONE WORK+ MORE--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT1 AS NOT$1 9 ECOLOGICAL T]MS1 A MASS R$UCTION ( WORK+ H\RS IS PROBABLY ! QUICKE/ & EASIE/ ?+ ?AT C\LD BE DONE TO SAVE ! PLANET4 

,OP9ION WRIT]S >E ! MORALI/S ( \R DAY4 ,!Y >E ! SECUL> EQUIVAL5T ( PREA*]S1 & :5 !Y WRITE AB\T WORK1 !IR >GUM5TS REFLECT A V]Y LONG !OLOGICAL TRADITION ( VALORIZ+ WORK AS A SACR$ DUTY1 AT ONCE CURSE & BLESS+1 & SEE+ HUMANS AS 9H]5TLY S9FUL1 LAZY BE+S :O CAN BE EXPECT$ TO %IRK ?AT DUTY IF !Y CAN4 ,! DISCIPL9E ( ECONOMICS ITSELF EM]G$ \T ( MORAL PHILOSOPHY 7,ADAM ,SMI? WAS A PR(ESSOR ( MORAL PHILOSOPHY71 & MORAL PHILOSOPHY1 9 TURN1 WAS ORIG9ALLY A BRAN* ( !OLOGY4 ,MANY ECONOMIC CONCEPTS TRACE BACK DIRECTLY TO RELIGI\S IDEAS4 ,AS A RESULT1 >GUM5TS AB\T VALUE ALWAYS HAVE SOME?+ ( A !OLOGICAL T+E4 ,SOME ORIG9ALLY !OLOGICAL NOTIONS AB\T WORK >E SO UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ ?AT !Y SIMPLY CAN'T BE QUE/ION$4 ,ONE CANNOT ASS]T ?AT H>DWORK+ PEOPLE >E NOT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ADMIRABLE 7REG>DLESS ( :AT !Y MI<T BE WORK+ H>D AT71 OR ?AT ?OSE :O AVOID WORK >E NOT 9 ANY WAY CONTEMPTIBLE1 & EXPECT TO BE TAK5 S]I\SLY 9 PUBLIC DEBATE4 ,IF SOMEONE SAYS A POLICY CREATES JOBS1 IT IS NOT CONSID]$ ACCEPTABLE TO REPLY ?AT SOME JOBS >5'T WOR? HAV+4 7,I KN[ ?IS BECAUSE ,I HAVE OCCASIONALLY DONE SO TO POLICY WONKS1 P>TLY JU/ TO OBS]VE ! %OCK$ CONFUSION ?AT 5SUES47 ,SAY ANY ( !SE ?+S1 & ANY?+ ELSE Y\ MI<T SAY WILL BE WRITT5 (F AS WELL AS ! EFFUSIONS ( A PROVOCATEUR1 A COM$IAN1 A LUNATIC--ANYWAY1 SOMEONE :OSE FUR!R >GUM5TS CAN N[ BE AUTOMATICALLY DISMISS$4 

,/ILL1 :ILE ! VOICE ( ! MORALI/S MAY BE SUFFICI5T TO CONV9CE US NOT TO MAKE A SC&AL ( ! PROLIF]ATION ( BULL%IT JOBS 7S9CE 9 PUBLIC DEBATE1 ALL WORK MU/ BE TREAT$ AS SACR$ DUTY1 & !RE=E ANY WORK IS ALWAYS PREF]ABLE TO NONE AT ALL71 :5 IT COMES TO \R [N JOBS1 WE T5D TO APPLY V]Y DIFF]5T CRIT]IA4 ,WE EXPECT A JOB TO S]VE SOME PURPOSE OR HAVE SOME MEAN+ & >E DEEPLY DEMORALIZ$ IF WE F9D IT DOES NOT4 ,BUT ?IS LEADS TO ANO!R QUE/ION3 ,IF WORK IS NOT SIMPLY A VALUE 9 ITSELF1 9 :AT WAY IS IT A VALUE TO O!RS8 ,AFT] ALL1 :5 PEOPLE SAY !IR JOBS >E 0WOR?LESS0 OR 0NO GOOD TO ANYONE10 !Y >E MAK+ >GUM5TS AB\T VALUE4 ,( :AT SORT8 

,! FIELD ( VALUE IS ALWAYS CONTE/$ T]RITORY4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT :5EV] !RE'S A WORD = SOME?+ EV]YONE AGREES TO BE DESIRABLE--0TRU?10 0BEAUTY10 0LOVE10 0DEMOCRACY0--!N !RE WILL BE NO CONS5SUS AS TO :AT IT REALLY MEANS4 7,ODDLY 5\<1 ?IS IS EV5 TRUE ( MONEY3 ECONOMI/S >E DIVID$ OV] :AT IT IS47 ,BUT 9 \R [N SOCIETY1 >GUM5TS AB\T ! VALUE ( WORK >E P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT TO CONSID] BECAUSE !Y HAVE L$ TO :AT ANY \TSIDE OBS]V] W\LD HAVE TO DESCRIBE AS WEIRD1 TOPSY-TURVY EFFECTS4 ,AS WE'LL SEE1 PEOPLE DO HAVE A NOTION ( ! SOCIAL VALUE ( !IR WORK2 BUT \R SOCIETY HAS REA*$ ! PO9T :]E NOT ONLY IS ! SOCIAL VALUE ( WORK USUALLY 9 9V]SE PROPORTION TO ITS ECONOMIC VALUE 7! MORE ONE'S WORK B5EFITS O!RS1 ! LESS ONE IS LIKELY TO BE PAID = IT71 BUT MANY PEOPLE HAVE COME TO ACCEPT ?IS SITUATION IS MORALLY RI<T--!Y G5U9ELY BELIEVE ?IS IS H[ ?+S \<T TO BE4 ,?AT WE %\LD REW>D USELESS OR EV5 DE/RUCTIVE BEHAVIOR1 &1 EFFECTIVELY1 PUNI% ?OSE :OSE DAILY LABORS MAKE ! WORLD A BETT] PLACE4 

,?IS IS G5U9ELY P]V]SE4 ,TO UND]/& H[ IT HAPP5$1 ?\<1 WILL REQUIRE A BIT ( WORK ON \R [N P>T4 

ON ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ AN ABSOLUTE MEASURE ( VALUE 

  

,:5 SOMEONE DESCRIBES HIS JOB AS PO9TLESS OR WOR?LESS1 HE IS NECESS>ILY OP]AT+ )9 SOME SORT ( TACIT !ORY ( VALUE3 AN IDEA ( :AT W\LD BE A WOR?:ILE OCCUPATION1 & !RE=E :AT IS NOT4 ,IT IS NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT1 H[EV]1 TO TEASE \T EXACTLY :AT ?AT !ORY IS 9 ANY GIV5 9/ANCE1 LET ALONE TO COME UP ) ANY RELIABLE SY/EM ( MEASUREM5T ?AT W\LD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT JOB ,X IS MORE VALUABLE OR USEFUL TO SOCIETY ?AN JOB ,Y4 

,ECONOMI/S MEASURE VALUE 9 T]MS ( :AT !Y CALL 0UTILITY03 ! DEGREE TO :I* A GOOD OR S]VICE IS USEFUL 9 SATISFY+ A WANT OR NE$1.<#a#e#b.> & MANY APPLY SOME?+ LIKE ?IS TO !IR [N JOBS4 ,DO ,I PROVIDE SOME?+ USEFUL TO ! PUBLIC8 ,SOMETIMES ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION IS SELF-EVID5T4 ,IF ONE IS BUILD+ A BRIDGE1 ONE CONSID]S IT A WOR?:ILE TASK IF ONE ANTICIPATES ?AT O!R PEOPLE :O WI% TO GET ACROSS ! RIV] WILL F9D IT USEFUL4 ,IF WORK]S >E BUILD+ A BRIDGE NO ONE IS EV] LIKELY TO USE1 SU* AS ! FAM\S 0BRIDGES TO NO:]E0 ?AT LOCAL POLITICIANS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WILL OCCASIONALLY SPONSOR TO DIRECT F$]AL MONEY TO !IR DI/RICTS1 !Y >E LIKELY TO CONCLUDE !Y >E 5GAG$ 9 A BULL%IT JOB4 

,/ILL1 !RE'S AN OBVI\S PROBLEM ) ! CONCEPT ( UTILITY4 ,SAY+ ?AT SOME?+ IS 0USEFUL0 IS JU/ SAY+ IT'S EFFECTIVE AS A WAY ( GETT+ SOME?+ ELSE4 ,IF Y\ BUY A DRESS1 ! 0UTILITY0 ( ?AT DRESS IS P>TLY ?AT IT PROTECTS Y\ FROM ! ELEM5TS OR 5SURES Y\ DON'T VIOLATE LAWS AGA9/ WALK+ D[N ! /REET NAK$1 BUT IT'S L>GELY ! DEGREE TO :I* IT MAKES Y\ LOOK OR FEEL NICE4 ,SO :Y W\LD ONE DRESS A*IEVE ?AT & NOT ANO!R8 ,ECONOMI/S WILL USUALLY SAY ?IS IS A MATT] ( TA/E & !RE=E NOT !IR DEP>TM5T4 ,BUT ANY UTILITY ULTIMATELY 5DS UP 9 ?IS K9D ( SUBJECTIVE PROBLEM IF Y\ PU% IT BACK F> 5\<1 EV5 SOME?+ SO RELATIVELY UNCOMPLICAT$ AS A BRIDGE4 ,YES1 IT CAN MAKE IT EASI] = PEOPLE TO GET TO ! O!R SIDE ( A RIV]1 BUT :Y DO !Y WANT TO DO ?AT8 ,TO VISIT AN AG+ RELATIVE8 ,TO GO B[L+8 ,EV5 IF IT'S JU/ TO %OP = GROC]IES4 ,ONE DOES NOT BUY GROC]IES SIMPLY TO MA9TA9 ONE'S PHYSICAL HEAL?3 ONE ALSO EXPRESSES ONE'S P]SONAL TA/E1 MA9TA9S AN E?NIC OR FAMILY TRADITION1 ACQUIRES ! MEANS TO ?R[ DR9K+ P>TIES ) ONE'S FRI5DS OR TO CELEBRATE RELIGI\S HOLIDAYS4 ,WE CAN'T REALLY DISCUSS ANY ( !SE ?+S 9 T]MS ( A LANGUAGE ( 0NE$S40 ,= MU* ( HUMAN HI/ORY--& ?IS IS /ILL TRUE 9 MU* ( ! WORLD TODAY--:5 POOR PEOPLE 5D UP 9 CRIPPL+ DEBT TO LOCAL MONEYL5D]S1 IT'S BECAUSE !Y FELT !Y HAD TO BORR[ MONEY TO ?R[ PROP] FUN]ALS = !IR P>5TS OR W$D+S = !IR *ILDR54 ,DID !Y 0NE$0 TO DO ?IS8 ,CLE>LY1 !Y FELT /RONGLY ?AT !Y DID4 ,& S9CE !RE'S NO SCI5TIFIC DEF9ITION ( :AT A 0HUMAN NE$0 ACTUALLY IS1 BEYOND ! BODY'S M9IMAL CALORIC & NUTRITIONAL REQUIREM5TS1 & A FEW O!R PHYSICAL FACTORS1 SU* QUE/IONS MU/ ALWAYS BE SUBJECTIVE4 ,TO A L>GE DEGREE1 NE$S >E JU/ O!R PEOPLE'S EXPECTATIONS4 ,IF Y\ DON'T ?R[ A PROP] W$D+ = Y\R DAU<T]1 IT W\LD BE A FAMILY DISGRACE4 

,MO/ ECONOMI/S CONCLUDE !RE=E ?AT !RE'S NO PO9T 9 SITT+ 9 JUDGM5T AB\T :AT PEOPLE %\LD WANT2 BETT] TO JU/ ACCEPT ?AT !Y DO WANT1 & !N SIT 9 JUDGM5T AB\T H[ EFFECTIVELY 70RATIONALLY07 !Y SET AB\T PURSU+ !IR DESIRES4 ,MO/ WORK]S SEEM TO AGREE4 ,AS ,I'VE NOT$1 ?OSE :O FELT !IR JOBS W]E PO9TLESS ALMO/ NEV] SAID ?+S SU* AS 0,I PRODUCE SELFIE /ICKS4 ,SELFIE /ICKS >E /UPID4 ,PEOPLE %\LDN'T BUY /UPID ?+S LIKE ?AT10 OR1 0,:O REALLY NE$S A TWO-HUNDR$-DOLL> PAIR ( SOCKS80 ,EV5 ! ONE OR TWO EXCEPTIONS W]E REVEAL+4 ,TAKE ,DIETRI*1 :O WORK$ = A COMPANY ?AT PROVID$ P>TY SUPPLIES1 MO/LY TO LOCAL *UR*ES3  
  

,DIETRI*3 ,I WORK$ = YE>S 9 ! W>EH\SE ( A NOVELTY /ORE4 ,I DON'T REALLY KN[ :AT TO SAY O!R ?AN IT WAS COMPLETE & TOTAL ,B,S4 ,ONE DOESN'T KN[ TRUE DEGRADATION UNTIL ONE HAS SP5T A GOOD PORTION ( ONE'S WAK+ H\RS S*LEPP+ >\ND BOXES ( CL[N NOSES1 SNEEZ+ P[D]S1 PLA/IC *AMPAGNE FLUTES1 C>DBO>D CUT\TS ( BASKETBALL PLAY]S1 & ALL O!R MANN] ( O!R PO9TLESS KNICKKNACKS & NONS5SE4 ,MO/ ( ! TIME1 WE JU/ SAT 9 ! BACK ( ! W>EH\SE ) LITTLE TO NO?+ TO DO1 MUS+ ON ! TOTAL IRRELEVANCE ( :AT WE W]E DO+1 YE> AFT] YE>1 AS ! BUS9ESS PROV$ MORE & MORE UNSU/A9ABLE4 

,TO ADD 9SULT TO 9JURY1 \R PAY*ECKS W]E BRI<T R$ & HAD CL[N FACES ON !M1 MU* TO ! AMUSEM5T ( BANK TELL]S EV]Y:]E--AS IF !IR JOBS W]E ANY MORE MEAN+FUL6  
  

,ONE MI<T SPECULATE AT L5G? AB\T :Y ,DIETRI* F\ND ?IS P>TICUL> COLLECTION ( PRODUCTS SO (F5SIVE4 7,:AT'S WRONG ) A LITTLE SILLY FUN87 ,MY GUESS W\LD BE3 BECAUSE IT WASN'T ,DIETRI* :O DECID$ HE WAS WORK+ = PURVEYORS ( EPHEM]AL JUNK2 !SE PRODUCTS NEV] CLAIM$ TO BE ANY?+ O!R ?AN EPHEM]AL JUNK1 ANTI-UTILITIES DE/9$ ONLY TO BE ?R[N AWAY1 MOCK]IES ( 0REAL0 OBJECTS & 0REAL0 VALUES4 7,EV5 ! MONEY WAS A JOKE47 ,EV5 MORE1 NOVELTY ITEMS DO NOT REJECT 0REAL0 VALUES 9 ! NAME ( ANY?+ 9 P>TICUL>2 !Y PROVIDE NO ACTUAL *ALL5GE TO :AT !Y CLAIM TO BE MAK+ FUN (4 ,SO ONE C\LD SAY !Y >5'T EV5 G5U9E MOCK]Y2 !Y'RE A MOCK]Y ( A MOCK]Y1 R$UC$ TO SOME?+ ) SO LITTLE REAL SUBV]SIVE CONT5T ?AT !Y CAN BE EMBRAC$ BY EV5 ! MO/ BOR+ & /ODGY MEMB]S ( SOCIETY 0= ! SAKE ( ! *ILDR540 

,!RE'S LITTLE MORE DEPRESS+ ?AN 5=C$ GAIETY4 ,/ILL1 EV5 TE/IMONIES SU* AS ,DIETRI*'S W]E R>E4 

,9 MO/ CASES1 :5 EMPLOYES ASSESS$ ! SOCIAL VALUE ( !IR WORK1 !Y APPEAL$ TO SOME V>IANT ( ! POSITION PRES5T$ BY ,TOM1 ! SPECIAL EFFECTS >TI/ WE MET 9 *APT] #b3 0,I CONSID] A WOR?:ILE JOB TO BE ONE ?AT FULFILLS A PREEXI/+ NE$1 OR EV5 ?AT CREATES A PRODUCT OR S]VICE ?AT PEOPLE HADN'T ?\<T (1 ?AT SOMEH[ 5HANCES & IMPROVES !IR LIVES0--AS OPPOS$ TO1 9 ,TOM'S CASE1 HIS 0BEAUTY WORK10 :I* 9VOLV$ MANIPULAT+ IMAGES ( CELEBRITIES SO AS TO MAKE AUDI5CES FEEL UNATTRACTIVE & !N SELL+ !M CURES ?AT DIDN'T REALLY WORK4 ,TELEM>KET]S SOMETIMES EXPRESS$ SIMIL> CONC]NS1 BUT1 AGA91 MU* ( :AT !Y W]E DO+ WAS SIMPLE FRAUD2 Y\ DON'T REALLY NE$ AN ELABORATE !ORY ( SOCIAL VALUE TO TELL Y\ :Y CAJOL+ RETIREES 9TO BUY+ SUBSCRIPTIONS !Y CAN'T AF=D TO MAGAZ9ES !Y'LL NEV] READ IS PROBLEMATIC4 ,V]Y FEW SAT 9 JUDGM5T ON !IR CU/OM]S' TA/ES & PREF]5CES2 IT WAS MORE ! AGGRESSIV5ESS & DI%ONE/Y ( !IR [N 9T]V5TIONS ?AT !Y FELT PROV$ !Y PROVID$ NO?+ ( REAL VALUE4 

,O!R OBJECTIONS APPEAL$ TO MU* OLD] TRADITIONS ( SOCIAL CRITIQUE4 ,TAKE ,RUP]T1 ! BANK EMPLOYEE1 :O ASS]T$ ?AT 0! 5TIRE .<BANK+.> SECTOR ADDS NO VALUE & IS !RE=E BULL%IT10 S9CE F9ANCE WAS REALLY JU/ A MATT] ( 0APPROPRIAT+ LABOR ?R\< USURY40 ,! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE HE'S REF]5C+ H]E1 :I* TRACES BACK AT LEA/ TO ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 />TS FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! REAL VALUE ( A COMMODITY IS ! WORK ?AT HAS BE5 9VE/$ 9 MAK+ ITS EXI/5CE POSSIBLE4 ,SO :5 WE GIVE MONEY 9 EX*ANGE = A LOAF ( BREAD1 :AT WE >E REALLY PAY+ = IS ! HUMAN EF=T ?AT W5T 9TO GR[+ ! :EAT1 BAK+ ! BREAD1 & PACK+ & TRANSPORT+ ! LOAVES4 ,IF SOME LOAVES ( BREAD >E MORE EXP5SIVE ?AN O!RS1 IT'S EI!R BECAUSE IT TOOK MORE WORK TO PRODUCE & TRANSPORT !M1 OR1 ALT]NATELY1 BECAUSE WE CONSID] SOME ( ?AT WORK TO ITSELF BE ( HI<] QUALITY--TO 9VOLVE MORE SKILL1 MORE >TI/RY1 MORE EF=T--?AN O!RS1 & !RE=E >E WILL+ TO PAY MORE = ! RESULT+ PRODUCT4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IF Y\'RE DEFRAUD+ O!RS ( !IR WEAL?1 AS ,RUP]T FELT HE WAS DO+ WORK+ = AN 9T]NATIONAL 9VE/M5T BANK1 Y\'RE REALLY /EAL+ ! REAL1 PRODUCTIVE WORK ?AT W5T 9TO CREAT+ ?AT WEAL?4 

,N[1 ( C\RSE1 !RE'S A LONG HI/ORY ( US+ >GUM5TS LIKE ?IS TO *ALL5GE >RANGEM5TS :]E SOME >E--OR AT LEA/ CAN BE SAID TO BE--LIV+ (F ! BACKS ( O!RS2 BUT ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( BULL%IT JOBS RAISES C]TA9 PROBLEMS = ANY LABOR !ORY ( VALUE4 ,TRUE1 SAY+ ALL VALUE COMES FROM WORK.<#a#e#c.> IS OBVI\SLY NOT ! SAME ?+ AS SAY+ ?AT ALL WORK PRODUCES VALUE4 ,RUP]T FELT ?AT MO/ BANK EMPLOYES W]E 9 NO S5SE IDL+ AB\T2 ACTUALLY1 HE FELT MO/ WORK$ QUITE H>D2 ONLY ALL !IR LABOR WAS ULTIMATELY ACCOMPLI%+1 9 HIS E/IMATION1 WAS TO COME UP ) CLEV] WAYS TO APPROPRIATE ! FRUITS ( ! REAL LABOR DONE BY O!RS4 ,BUT ?AT /ILL LEAVES US ) ! SAME PROBLEM ( H[ TO DI/+UI% 0REAL0 VALUE-CREAT+ WORK FROM ITS OPPOSITE4 ,IF GIV+ SOMEONE A HAIRCUT IS PROVID+ A VALUABLE S]VICE1 :Y IS PROVID+ ADVICE ON !IR 9VE/M5T PORTFOLIO NOT8 

,YET ,RUP]T'S FEEL+S W]E NOT UNUSUAL4 ,HE MI<T HAVE BE5 UNUSUAL 9 FRAM+ !M EXPLICITLY 9 T]MS ( ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE1 BUT HE WAS EXPRESS+ AN UNEAS9ESS ?AT MANY ( ?OSE WORK+ 9 F9ANCE & RELAT$ FIELDS CLE>LY DO FEEL4 ,PRESUMABLY1 HE HAD TO TURN TO SU* !ORIES BECAUSE MA9/REAM ECONOMICS JU/ DIDN'T GIVE HIM MU* TO WORK )4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PREVAIL+ VIEW AMONG CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMI/S1 S9CE VALUE IS ULTIMATELY SUBJECTIVE1 !RE'S SIMPLY NO WAY TO JU/IFY SU* FEEL+S4 ,EV]YONE %\LD !RE=E )HOLD JUDGM5T & OP]ATE ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT1 IF !RE'S A M>KET = A GIV5 GOOD OR S]VICE 7& 9 ?IS1 !Y W\LD 9CLUDE F9ANCIAL S]VICES71 !N IT'S CLE>LY VALUABLE TO SOMEONE1 & ?AT'S ALL ONE NE$S TO KN[4 ,UP TO A PO9T1 AS WE'VE SE51 MO/ WORK]S W\LD REALLY APPE> TO AGREE ) ! ECONOMI/S ON PR9CIPLE1 AT LEA/ :5 IT COMES TO ! TA/ES & PROCLIVITIES ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC2 BUT :5 IT COMES TO !IR [N JOBS1 !IR EXP]I5CE (T5 GL>+LY CONTRADICTS ! IDEA ?AT ! M>KET CAN ALWAYS BE TRU/$ 9 SU* MATT]S4 ,AFT] ALL1 !RE'S A M>KET 9 LABOR AS WELL4 ,IF ! M>KET W]E ALWAYS RI<T1 !N SOMEONE BE+ PAID @s#d1 TO PLAY COMPUT] GAMES & GOSSIP ) OLD FRI5DS ON ,:ATS,APP ALL DAY W\LD HAVE TO ACCEPT ?AT ! S]VICE HE PROVIDES = ! COMPANY BY PLAY+ COMPUT] GAMES & GOSSIP+ WAS ACTUALLY WOR? @s#d14 ,IT CLE>LY IS NOT4 ,SO M>KETS CAN'T ALWAYS BE RI<T4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT1 IF ! M>KET CAN GET ?+S SO WRONG 9 ! ONE >EA ! WORK] KN[S BE/1 !N SURELY %E CANNOT JU/ BL&LY ASSUME ! M>KET CAN BE TRU/$ TO ASSESS ! TRUE VALUE ( GOODS & S]VICES 9 ?OSE >EAS :]E %E LACKS FIR/H& 9=MATION4 

,ANYONE :O HAS A BULL%IT JOB1 OR KN[S SOMEONE :O HAS A BULL%IT JOB1 IS AW>E1 !N1 ?AT ! M>KET IS NOT AN 9FALLIBLE >BIT] ( VALUE4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT NO?+ ELSE IS1 EI!R4 ,QUE/IONS ( VALUE >E ALWAYS AT LEA/ A LITTLE MURKY4 ,MO/ PEOPLE W\LD AGREE ?AT SOME COMPANIES MI<T JU/ AS WELL NOT EXI/1 BUT IT'S MORE LIKELY TO BE BAS$ ON SOME K9D ( GUT 9/9CT ?AN ANY?+ !Y CAN >TICULATE PRECISELY4 ,IF ,I HAD TO TEASE \T ! PREVAIL+1 UN/AT$ COMMON S5SE1 = A FIR/ PASS1 ANYWAY1 ,I W\LD SAY ?AT MO/ PEOPLE SEEM TO OP]ATE ) A COMB9ATION ( ,TOM'S & ,RUP]T'S POSITIONS3 ?AT :5 A GOOD OR S]VICE ANSW]S A DEM& OR O!RWISE IMPROVES PEOPLE'S LIVES1 !N IT CAN BE CONSID]$ G5U9ELY VALUABLE1 BUT :5 IT M]ELY S]VES TO CREATE DEM&1 EI!R BY MAK+ PEOPLE FEEL !Y >E FAT & UGLY1 OR LUR+ !M 9TO DEBT & !N *>G+ 9T]E/1 IT IS NOT4 ,?IS SEEMS REASONABLE 5\<4 ,BUT IT /ILL DOESN'T ANSW] ! QUE/ION ( :AT IT MEANS TO 0IMPROVE PEOPLE'S LIVES10 & ON ?AT1 ( C\RSE1 RE/S EV]Y?+4 

H[ MO/ PEOPLE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY DO ACCEPT ! NOTION ( A SOCIAL VALUE ?AT CAN BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ECONOMIC VALUE1 EV5 IF IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO P9 D[N :AT IT IS 

  

,SO WE >E BACK1 AGA91 TO !ORIES ( VALUE4 ,:AT CAN ACTUALLY BE SAID TO IMPROVE PEOPLE'S LIVES8 

,9 ECONOMICS1 !ORIES ( VALUE HAVE L>GELY S]V$ AS A WAY TO EXPLA9 COMMODITY PRICES3 ! PRICE ( A LOAF ( BREAD WILL FLUCTUATE ACCORD+ TO ! CONT+5CIES ( SUPPLY & DEM&1 BUT ?AT PRICE WILL ALWAYS GRAVITATE >\ND SOME K9D ( C5T] ?AT SEEMS ! NATURAL PRICE A LOAF ( BREAD %\LD HAVE4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ?IS WAS SE5 EXPLICITLY AS A MORAL QUE/ION3 ,H[ CAN ONE DET]M9E ! 0JU/ PRICE0 ( A COMMODITY8 ,IF A M]*ANT RAIS$ PRICES DUR+ W>TIME1 AT :AT PO9T WAS HE PAY+ HIMSELF LEGITIMATE HAZ>D PAY1 & AT :AT PO9T WAS HE JU/ G\G+8 ,ONE POPUL> EXAMPLE 9VOK$ BY JURI/S AT ! TIME WAS A PRISON] LIV+ ON BREAD & WAT] :O TRAD$ HIS =TUNE TO ANO!R PRISON] = A BOIL$ EGG4 ,C\LD ?IS REALLY BE CONSID]$ A FREE *OICE8 ,%\LD SU* A CONTRACT BE CONSID]$ 5=CEABLE ONCE BO? PRISON]S W]E RELEAS$8 

,SO ! IDEA ?AT ! M>KET CAN UND]VALUE OR OV]VALUE ?+S HAS BE5 ) US = A V]Y LONG TIME4 ,IT'S /ILL AN 9H]5T P>T ( \R COMMON S5SE1 O!RWISE IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE = ANYONE TO EV] SAY !Y W]E RIPP$ (F OR GOT AN ESPECIALLY GOOD DEAL--EV5 IF NO ONE HAS EV] MANAG$ TO COME UP ) A RELIABLE =MULA TO CALCULATE EXACTLY :AT ! 0REAL0 VALUE ( ANY GIV5 COMMODITY %\LD BE1 & !RE=E1 JU/ H[ BADLY ONE WAS RIPP$ (F OR JU/ H[ GOOD A DEAL ONE REALLY GOT4 ,!RE >E TOO MANY FACTORS TO TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION1 & MANY--S5TIM5TAL VALUE1 9DIVIDUAL OR SUBCULTURAL TA/E--CLE>LY CAN'T BE QUANTIFI$4 ,IF ANY?+ IS SURPRIS+1 IT'S ! DOGG$ 9SI/5CE ( SO MANY ECONOMI/S1 AMATEUR & O!RWISE1 ?AT IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE TO DO SO4 

,MANY HOLD ?AT ALL ?OSE O!R =MS ( VALUE >E SOMEH[ ILLUSORY1 OR IRRELEVANT TO M>KET CONC]NS4 ,ECONOMI/S1 = 9/ANCE1 WILL (T5 TAKE ! POSITION ?AT1 S9CE VALUE IS ULTIMATELY JU/ UTILITY1 COMMODITY PRICES WILL GRAVITATE >\ND !IR REAL M>KET VALUE OV] TIME--EV5 IF ?IS COMES D[N TO A PURELY CIRCUL> PROPOSITION ?AT :ATEV] PRICE A COMMODITY T5DS TO GRAVITATE >\ND OV] TIME MU/ BE ITS REAL M>KET VALUE4 ,M>XI/S & O!R ANTICAPITALI/S HAVE (T5 BE5 KN[N TO TAKE AN EV5 MORE EXTREME POSITION1 9SI/+ ?AT S9CE CAPITALISM IS A TOTAL SY/EM1 ANYONE :O IMAG9ES %E IS OP]AT+ \TSIDE IT OR PURSU+ VALUES O!R ?AN ?OSE CREAT$ BY ! SY/EM IS FOOL+ H]SELF4 ,(T51 :5 ,I PRES5T ! CONCEPT ( BULL%IT JOBS 9 RADICAL =UMS1 SOMEONE AWA% 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY WILL 9/ANTLY /& UP TO DECL>E ,I HAVE IT WRONG3 MAYBE SOME WORK]S ?9K !IR WORK IS USELESS1 BUT ?AT WORK MU/ BE PRODUC+ PR(ITS = CAPITALISM1 :I* IS ALL ?AT MATT]S UND] ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ SY/EM4.<#a#e#d.> ,O!RS1 EV5 MORE F9ELY ATTUN$ TO ! NICETIES ( SU* MATT]S1 WILL EXPLA9 ?AT CLE>LY ,I AM REALLY TALK+ AB\T ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 :AT ,M>X T]MS 0PRODUCTIVE0 & 0UNPRODUCTIVE0 LABOR--BY :I* HE MEANT LABOR ?AT IS EI!R PRODUCTIVE OR UNPRODUCTIVE = CAPITALI/S4 ,PRODUCTIVE LABOR YIELDS SOME K9D ( SURPLUS VALUE ?AT CAPITALI/S CAN EXTRACT 9 PR(ITS2 O!R LABOR IS AT BE/ 0REPRODUCTIVE0--?AT IS1 LIKE H\SEWORK OR $UCATION 7!SE >E ALWAYS PUT =W>D AS ! PRIM>Y EXAMPLES71 SU* TASKS P]=M ! NECESS>Y SECOND-ORD] WORK ( KEEP+ WORK]S ALIVE & RAIS+ NEW G5]ATIONS ( WORK]S SO ?AT 9 ! FUTURE !Y CAN1 9 TURN1 DO ! 0REAL0 WORK ( BE+ EXPLOIT$4.<#a#e#e.> 

,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT CAPITALI/S !MSELVES WILL (T5 SEE ?+S 9 ?IS WAY4 ,BUS9ESS LOBBIES1 = 9/ANCE1 >E NOTORI\S = URG+ GOV]NM5TS TO TREAT S*OOLS PRIM>ILY AS PLACES = TRA9+ FUTURE EMPLOYES4 ,IT MI<T SEEM A LITTLE /RANGE SEE+ ! SAME LOGIC COM+ FROM ANTICAPITALI/S1 BUT1 9 A WAY1 IT MAKES S5SE2 IT'S A MEANS ( SAY+ ?AT HALF MEASURES WILL NEV] WORK4 ,= 9/ANCE1 A WELL-MEAN+ LIB]AL :O BUYS FAIR TRADE C(FEE & SPONSORS A FLOAT 9 ! ,GAY ,PRIDE ,P>ADE ISN'T REALLY *ALL5G+ P[] /RUCTURES ( P[] & 9JU/ICE 9 ! WORLD 9 ANY SIGNIFICANT WAY1 BUT1 ULTIMATELY1 JU/ REPRODUC+ !M ON ANO!R LEVEL4 ,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT PO9T TO MAKE--SANCTIMONI\S LIB]ALS >E IRRITAT+ & DES]VE TO BE REM9D$ ( ?IS--BUT ! PROBLEM1 AT LEA/ = ME1 IS ! LEAP FROM SAY+ ?AT FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( CAPITALISM1 A MO!R'S LOVE OR A TEA*]'S LABORS HAVE NO MEAN+ EXCEPT AS A MEANS ( REPRODUC+ ! LABOR =CE1 & ! ASSUMPTION ?AT !RE=E ANY O!R P]SPECTIVE ON ! MATT] IS NECESS>ILY IRRELEVANT1 ILLUSORY1 OR 9CORRECT4 ,CAPITALISM IS NOT A S+LE TOTALIZ+ SY/EM ?AT %APES & EMBRACES EV]Y ASPECT ( \R EXI/5CE4 ,IT'S NOT EV5 CLE> IT MAKES S5SE TO SPEAK ( 0CAPITALISM0 AT ALL 7,M>X1 = 9/ANCE1 NEV] REALLY DID71 IMPLY+ AS IT DOES ?AT 0CAPITALISM0 IS A SET ( AB/RACT IDEAS ?AT HAVE SOMEH[ COME TO TAKE MAT]IAL =M 9 FACTORIES & (FICES4 ,! WORLD IS MORE COMPLICAT$ & MESSY ?AN ?AT4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! FACTORIES & (FICES EM]G$ FIR/1 LONG BE=E ANYONE KNEW QUITE :AT TO CALL !M1 & TO ?IS DAY1 !Y OP]ATE ON MULTIPLE CONTRADICTORY LOGICS & PURPOSES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 VALUE ITSELF IS A CON/ANT POLITICAL >GUM5T4 ,NO ONE IS EV] QUITE SURE :AT IT IS4 

,9 ,5GLI%1 AS CURR5TLY SPOK51 WE T5D TO MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 0VALUE0 9 ! S+UL>1 AS 9 ! VALUE ( GOLD1 PORK BELLIES1 ANTIQUES1 & F9ANCIAL D]IVATIVES1 & 0VALUES0 9 ! PLURAL3 ?AT IS1 FAMILY VALUES1 RELIGI\S MORALITY1 POLITICAL IDEALS1 BEAUTY1 TRU?1 9TEGRITY1 & SO ON4 ,BASICALLY1 WE SPEAK ( 0VALUE0 :5 TALK+ AB\T ECONOMIC AFFAIRS1 :I* USUALLY COMES D[N TO ALL ?OSE HUMAN 5DEAVORS 9 :I* PEOPLE >E PAID = !IR WORK OR !IR ACTIONS >E O!RWISE DIRECT$ T[>D GETT+ MONEY4 0,VALUES0 APPE> :5 ?AT IS NOT ! CASE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 H\SEWORK & *ILD C>E >E1 SURELY1 ! S+LE MO/ COMMON =MS ( UNPAID WORK4 ,H5CE1 WE CON/ANTLY HE> AB\T ! IMPORTANCE ( 0FAMILY VALUES40 ,BUT P>TICIPAT+ 9 *UR* ACTIVITIES1 *>ITABLE WORKS1 POLITICAL VOLUNTE]+1 & MO/ >TI/IC & SCI5TIFIC PURSUITS >E EQUALLY UNREMUN]AT$4 ,EV5 IF A SCULPTOR DOES 5D UP BECOM+ FABUL\SLY WEAL?Y & M>RIES A PORN />1 OR A GURU 5DS UP 9 POSSESSION ( A FLEET ( ,ROLLS-,ROYCES1 MO/ WILL CONSID] HIS WEAL? LEGITIMATE ONLY 9S(> AS IT IS A K9D ( SIDE EFFECT1 BECAUSE ORIG9ALLY1 AT LEA/1 HE WASN'T 9 IT JU/ = ! MONEY4 

,:AT MONEY BR+S 9TO ! PICTURE IS ! ABILITY TO MAKE PRECISE QUANTITATIVE COMP>ISONS4 ,MONEY MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ?IS AM\NT ( PIG IRON IS EQUIVAL5T 9 VALUE TO ?AT NUMB] ( FRUIT DR9KS OR P$ICURES OR TICKETS TO ! ,GLA/ONBURY MUSIC FE/IVAL4 ,?IS MI<T S\ND OBVI\S1 BUT ! IMPLICATIONS >E PR(\ND4 ,IT MEANS ! M>KET VALUE ( A COMMODITY IS1 PRECISELY1 ! DEGREE TO :I* IT CAN BE COMP>$ TO 7&1 H5CE1 EX*ANG$ =7 SOME?+ ELSE4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY :AT IS MISS+ 9 ! DOMA9 ( 0VALUES0--IT MI<T SOMETIMES BE POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT ONE WORK ( >T IS MORE BEAUTIFUL1 OR ONE RELIGI\S DEVOTEE MORE PI\S ?AN ANO!R1 BUT IT W\LD BE BIZ>RE TO ASK H[ MU* MORE1 TO SAY ?AT ?IS MONK IS FIVE TIMES MORE PI\S ?AN ?AT ONE1 OR ?IS ,REMBR&T IS TWICE AS LOVELY AS ?AT ,MONET4.<#a#e#f.> ,IT W\LD BE IF ANY?+ EV5 MORE ABSURD TO TRY TO COME UP ) A MA!MATICAL =MULA TO CALCULATE JU/ H[ MU* IT W\LD BE LEGITIMATE TO NEGLECT ONE'S FAMILY 9 PURSUIT ( >T1 OR BREAK ! LAW 9 ! NAME ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,OBVI\SLY1 PEOPLE DO MAKE SU* DECISIONS ALL ! TIME1 BUT BY DEF9ITION1 !Y CANNOT BE QUANTIFI$4 

,9 FACT1 ONE C\LD EV5 FUR!R SAY ?AT IS PRECISELY ! KEY TO !IR VALUE4 ,JU/ AS COMMODITIES HAVE ECONOMIC 0VALUE0 BECAUSE !Y CAN BE COMP>$ PRECISELY ) O!R COMMODITIES1 0VALUES0 >E VALUABLE BECAUSE !Y CANNOT BE COMP>$ ) ANY?+4 ,!Y >E EA* CONSID]$ UNIQUE1 9COMM5SURABLE--9 A WORD1 PRICELESS4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! WORDS 0VALUE0 & 0VALUES0 HAVE BECOME \R COMMONS5SE %OR?& = H[ TO ?9K AB\T SU* COMPLICAT$ QUE/IONS4 ,IT'S NOT A T]RIBLE ONE4 ,/ILL1 EV5 ?IS IS MORE AN IDEAL ( H[ WE LIKE TO ?9K ?+S %\LD WORK ?AN AN ACCURATE REPRES5TATION ( H[ !Y ACTUALLY DO WORK4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT'S NOT AS IF LIFE IS REALLY DIVID$ BETWE5 AN 0ECONOMY0 :]E EV]YONE ?9KS ONLY AB\T MONEY & MAT]IAL SELF-9T]E/1 & A S]IES ( O!R SPH]ES 7POLITICS1 RELIGION1 FAMILY1 & SO ON7 :]E PEOPLE BEHAVE 5TIRELY DIFF]5TLY4 ,REAL MOTIVES >E ALWAYS MIX$4 ,IT'S ALWAYS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE H]E ?AT = MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 IT W\LD NEV] HAVE OCCURR$ TO ANYONE ?AT IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO EV5 MAKE SU* DI/9CTIONS2 ! V]Y IDEA ( EI!R PURE SELF-9T]E/1 OR PURE SELFLESS ALTRUISM1 W\LD HAVE SEEM$ EQUALLY BIZ>RE--JU/ AS BIZ>RE1 9 FACT1 AS ! IDEA ( 0SELL+ ONE'S TIME40 ,SU* CONCEPTS BECAME POSSIBLE ONLY ) ! RISE ( IMP]SONAL M>KETS ACROSS ,EURASIA R\<LY >\ND #f ,B,C4 ,! 9V5TION ( CO9AGE MADE IT POSSIBLE TO CREATE M>KETS :]E /RANG]S C\LD 9T]ACT ) ONE ANO!R ONLY ) AN EYE TO MAT]IAL ADVANTAGE2 :]EV] !SE CA% M>KETS APPE>$1 :E!R 9 ,*9A1 ,9DIA1 OR ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD1 !Y W]E QUICKLY FOLL[$ BY ! BIR? ( UNIV]SAL RELIGIONS ?AT 9 EV]Y CASE PREA*$ ?AT MAT]IAL ?+S W]E NOT IMPORTANT1 & ?AT ! PI\S %\LD GIVE !IR GOODS SELFLESSLY TO *>ITY4 ,BUT NO ATTEMPT TO CREATE AN ABSOLUTE FIREWALL BETWE5 MAT]IAL SELFI%NESS & SELFLESS IDEALISM 7VALUE & VALUES7 HAS EV] BE5 SUCCESSFUL2 EA* ALWAYS 5DS UP LEAK+ 9TO ! O!R4 ,?IS LEAKAGE1 IT %\LD BE EMPHASIZ$1 IS NOT JU/ 9 ONE DIRECTION4 ,YES1 IT (T5 TURNS \T ?AT >TI/S1 IDEALI/S1 PRIE/S1 & /ATESM5 WILL TURN \T TO BE SECRETLY PURSU+ SOME P]SONAL MAT]IAL ADVANTAGE1 OR SOMETIMES SOME?+ EV5 WORSE2 BUT IT IS EQUALLY ! CASE ?AT BUS9ESSM5 WILL (T5 TAKE PRIDE 9 !IR HONOR OR 9TEGRITY1 OR WORK]S WILL AGONIZE OV] :E!R !IR WORK ACTUALLY DOES ANYONE ANY GOOD4 

,?IS WAS C]TA9LY ! PRIM>Y CONSID]ATION ( ?OSE :O WOND]$ AB\T ! L>G] MEAN+ ( !IR JOBS4 ,9 MO/ ( ! TE/IMONIES ,I COLLECT$1 0MEAN+FUL0 WAS JU/ A SYNONYM = 0HELPFUL10 & 0VALUABLE10 = 0B5EFICIAL40 ,LET'S TAKE A GLANCE AT SOME ( ! WAYS PEOPLE REFLECT$ ON ! VALUE ( !IR JOBS3  
  

,C> ,SALESMAN3 ,I WORK = A L>GE US$-C> F9ANCE COMPANY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT CAT]S TO ! SUBPRIME M>KET4 ,(T5TIMES1 ,I F9D MYSELF WOND]+ IF MY JOB REALLY HAS ANY VALUE AT ALL BESIDES TO ! [N]S ( ! COMPANY4  
  
  

,A]OSPACE ,5G9E]3 ,! S5IOR MANAGEM5T >E HAPPY TO WORK FIFTY TO SIXTY H\RS A WEEK 7& 5C\RAGE ALL !IR M9IONS TO DO LIKEWISE7 TO BE SE5 TO BE BUSY BUT )\T EV] PRODUC+ ANY?+ ( VALUE444 ,TRUE1 IF KN[L$GE & NEW TE*NOLOGY >E CREAT$ AS BYPRODUCTS1 !N ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ! JOB RETA9S SOME VALUE4 ,9 SOME 9/ANCES ( MY JOB1 ?IS DID OCCUR1 BUT IT T5D$ TO BE ! EXCEPTION RA!R ?AN ! RULE4  
  
  

,TELEM>KET]3 ,IT'S A JOB ) NO SOCIAL VALUE :ATSOEV]4 ,AT LEA/ IF Y\ /ACK %ELVES AT A SUP]M>KET1 Y\ >E DO+ SOME?+ ?AT B5EFITS PEOPLE4 ,EV]YBODY NE$S GROC]IES & ! ?+S SUP]M>KETS SELL4 ,9 CALL C5T] WORK1 ! CALLS >E ESS5TIALLY TIME-WA/+ NUISANCE CALLS4  
  
  

,FREELANCE ,ACADEMIC ,TRANSLATOR3 ,OV] ! YE>S1 ,I HAVE TRANSLAT$ PAP]S FROM JU/ AB\T EV]Y ACADEMIC DISCIPL9E--FROM ECOLOGY TO CORPORATE LAW1 SOCIAL SCI5CE TO COMPUT] SCI5CE4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( IT IS ( NO DISC]NIBLE VALUE TO HUMANITY :ATSOEV]4  
  
  

,PH>MACI/3 ,I 5T]$ ! M$ICAL PR(ESSION UND] ! ASSUMPTION ?AT MY JOB W\LD BE MEAN+FUL & MY WORK W\LD BE HELPFUL4 ,9 REALITY1 ,I'VE REALIZ$ MO/ ( ! M$ICAL FIELD IS A H\SE ( C>DS4 ,I W\LD CONTE/ ! IDEA ?AT DOCTORS HAVE G5U9ELY HELPFUL JOBS4  
  
  

,CIVIL ,S]VANT3 ,NEI!R ( !SE JOBS HELP$ ANYONE 9 ANY WAY4.<#a#e#g.>  
  

,NONE ( ?IS IS LIKELY TO BE NEWS TO MO/ READ]S2 ?IS IS ! WAY PRETTY MU* ANYONE MI<T TALK AB\T HIS JOB IF HE HAD TO REFLECT ON IT 9 ! AB/RACT4 ,AS ,]IC'S FA!R REM>K$ 9 *APT] #c1 AFT] DUTIFULLY *EW+ ,]IC \T AS A 0NONS5SICAL IDIOT0 = QUITT+ SU* A HI<-PAY+ JOB1 0,WELL1 :AT GOOD C\LD ?AT JOB DO = ANYONE ANYWAY80 

,! TELEM>KET] CIT$ ABOVE MADE AN EXPLICIT APPEAL TO ! CONCEPT ( 0SOCIAL VALUE0--VALUE TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,?IS CONCEPT CAME UP P]IODICALLY 9 O!R ACC\NTS AS WELL3  
  

,HOME[N] ,ASSOCIATION ,MANAG]3 ,MANAG+ HOME[N]S ASSOCIATIONS IS ONE HUNDR$ P]C5T BULL%IT4 ,WEAL?Y PEOPLE BUY A CONDO BUILD+ ) A BUN* ( O!R WEAL?Y /RANG]S1 !N HIRE SOMEONE ELSE TO MANAGE & MA9TA9 IT4 ,! ONLY REASON ?IS JOB EXI/S IS ?AT ! [N]S DON'T LIKE OR TRU/ EA* O!R4 ,I DID ?IS JOB = ?REE YE>S & NEV] SAW ONE H9T ( SOCIAL VALUE4  
  

,OR RECALL ,NIGEL ! ,DATA ,P]FECT]1 ALREADY QUOT$ 9 *APT] #d1 :O SP5T HUNDR$S ( H\RS />+ AT COMPANY LOYALTY C>D 9=MATION LOOK+ = NONEXI/5T MI/AKES3  
  

,DATA ,P]FECT]3 ,I REALLY ?9K ?AT IF WE HAD BE5 PROCESS+ APPLICATIONS = SOME?+ ?AT HAD A MORE OBVI\S SOCIAL VALUE--ORGAN TRANSPLANT REGI/RATION1 SAY1 OR TICKETS TO ,GLA/ONBURY--!N IT W\LD HAVE FELT DIFF]5T4  
  

,IT'S 9T]E/+ TO JUXTAPOSE !SE TWO1 BECAUSE !Y %[ ?AT = MO/ PEOPLE1 0SOCIAL VALUE0 ISN'T JU/ AB\T CREAT+ WEAL? OR EV5 LEISURE4 ,IT IS EQUALLY AB\T CREAT+ SOCIABILITY4 ,ORGAN DONATION ALL[S PEOPLE TO SAVE ONE ANO!R'S LIVES2 ! ,GLA/ONBURY MUSIC FE/IVAL ALL[S !M TO SLOG ?R\< ! MUD TOGE!R SMOK+ DRUGS & PLAY+ OR LI/5+ TO !IR FAVORITE MUSIC--?AT IS1 TO GIVE ONE ANO!R JOY & HAPP9ESS4 ,SU* COLLECTIVE EXP]I5CES CAN BE CONSID]$ ( 0OBVI\S SOCIAL VALUE40 ,9 CONTRA/1 MAK+ IT EASI] = RI* PEOPLE TO AVOID ONE ANO!R 7IT'S A NOTORI\S ?+ ?AT V]Y WEAL?Y PEOPLE ALMO/ 9V>IABLY DISLIKE !IR NEI<BORS71 %[S 0NOT ONE H9T ( SOCIAL VALUE40 

,N[1 0SOCIAL VALUE0 ( ?IS SORT CLE>LY CAN'T BE MEASUR$1 & UND\BT$LY IF ONE W]E TO SIT D[N ) ANY ONE ( ! WORK]S :OSE TE/IMONIES ,I'VE CIT$1 ONE W\LD F9D ?AT EA* HAD A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T IDEA ( :AT WAS USEFUL OR VALUABLE TO SOCIETY & :AT WAS NOT4 ,/ILL1 ,I SUSPECT !Y W\LD ALL HAVE AGRE$ ON AT LEA/ TWO ?+S3 FIR/1 ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+S ONE GETS \T ( A JOB >E 7#a7 MONEY TO PAY ! BILLS1 & 7#b7 ! OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE A POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO ! WORLD4 ,SECOND1 ?AT !RE IS AN 9V]SE RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,! MORE Y\R WORK HELPS & B5EFITS O!RS1 & ! MORE SOCIAL VALUE Y\ CREATE1 ! LESS Y\ >E LIKELY TO BE PAID = IT4 

CONC]N+ ! 9V]SE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! SOCIAL VALUE ( WORK & ! AM\NT ( MONEY ONE IS LIKELY TO BE PAID = IT 

  
  

,VIRTUTUM OMNIUM PRETIUM 9 IPSIS E/4  
  

--,EPICTETUS 

,I MADE ?IS PO9T 9 ! ORIG9AL BULL%IT JOBS >TICLE 9 #bac BECAUSE IT HAD /RUCK ME DUR+ MY EXP]I5CE ) ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET TWO YE>S E>LI]4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ FREQU5TLY HE>D COMPLA9TS FROM SUPPORT]S ( ! MOVEM5T--P>TICUL>LY ! ONES WORK+ TOO MU* TO SP5D MU* TIME 9 ! CAMPS1 BUT :O C\LD ONLY %[ UP = M>*ES OR TO EXPRESS SUPPORT ON ! ,WEB--RAN ALONG ! L9ES (3 0,I WANT$ TO DO SOME?+ USEFUL ) MY LIFE2 WORK ?AT HAD A POSITIVE EFFECT ON O!R PEOPLE OR1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 WASN'T HURT+ ANYONE4 ,BUT ! WAY ?IS ECONOMY WORKS1 IF Y\ SP5D Y\R WORK+ LIFE C>+ = O!RS1 Y\'LL 5D UP SO UND]PAID & SO DEEPLY 9 DEBT Y\ WON'T BE ABLE TO C>E = Y\R [N FAMILY40 ,!RE WAS A DEEP & ABID+ S5SE ( RAGE AT ! 9JU/ICE ( SU* >RANGEM5TS4.<#a#e#h.> ,I BEGAN TO REF] TO IT1 MO/LY TO MYSELF1 AS ! 0REVOLT ( ! C>+ CLASSES40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 OCCUPI]S 9 ,MANHATTAN'S ,ZUCCOTTI ,P>K REGUL>LY REPORT$ CONV]SATIONS ) Y\NG ,WALL ,/REET TRAD]S :O'D DROP BY & SAY ?+S TO ! EFFECT (3 0,LOOK1 ,I KN[ Y\ GUYS >E RI<T2 ,I'M NOT CONTRIBUT+ ANY?+ POSITIVE TO ! WORLD1 ! SY/EM IS CORRUPT1 & ,I'M PROBABLY P>T ( ! PROBLEM4 ,I'D QUIT TOMORR[ IF Y\ C\LD %[ ME H[ TO LIVE 9 ,NEW ,YORK ON A LESS-?AN-SIX-FIGURE SAL>Y40 

,SOME ( ! TE/IMONIES WE'VE ALREADY READ E*O$ SIMIL> DILEMMAS3 ?9K H]E ( ,ANNIE1 :O NOT$ H[ MANY WOM5 TAK+ C>E ( PRES*OOL]S W]E ULTIMATELY =C$ TO QUIT & F9D (FICE JOBS TO PAY ! R5T1 OR ,HANNIBAL1 ! M$ICAL RESE>*]1 :O SUMM$ UP HIS EXP]I5CE 9 ! M$ICAL FIELD ) ! =MULA 0! AM\NT ( MONEY ,I CAN *>GE = DO+ ! WORK ,I DO IS ALMO/ P]FECTLY 9V]SELY CORRELAT$ ) H[ USEFUL IT IS40 

,?AT !RE'S A REAL PROBLEM H]E CAN BE DEMON/RAT$ BY A SIMPLE ?\<T EXP]IM5T PROPOS$ 9 ! ORIG9AL #bac PIECE3 IMAG9E IF A C]TA9 CLASS ( PEOPLE W]E TO SIMPLY VANI%4 ,LET ME EXP& ON ?IS = A MOM5T4 ,IF WE ALL WOKE UP ONE MORN+ & DISCOV]$ ?AT NOT ONLY NURSES1 G>BAGE COLLECTORS1 & ME*ANICS1 BUT = ?AT MATT]1 BUS DRIV]S1 GROC]Y /ORE WORK]S1 FIREFI<T]S1 OR %ORT-ORD] *EFS HAD BE5 :ISK$ AWAY 9TO ANO!R DIM5SION1 ! RESULTS W\LD BE EQUALLY CATA/ROPHIC4 ,IF ELEM5T>Y S*OOL TEA*]S W]E TO VANI%1 MO/ S*OOL*ILDR5 W\LD LIKELY CELEBRATE = A DAY OR TWO1 BUT ! LONG-T]M EFFECTS W\LD BE IF ANY?+ EV5 MORE DEVA/AT+4 ,& :ILE WE CAN NO D\BT >GUE AB\T ! RELATIVE M]ITS ( DEA? METAL V]SUS KLEZM] MUSIC1 OR ROMANCE NOVELS V]SUS SCI5CE FICTION1 !RE'S NO D\BT ?AT EV5 IF ! SUDD5 DISAPPE>ANCE ( C]TA9 CATEGORIES ( AU?ORS1 >TI/S1 OR MUSICIANS LEFT C]TA9 SECTORS ( ! POPULATION 9DIFF]5T OR EV5 HAPPY1 = O!RS ! WORLD W\LD BECOME A F> MORE DISMAL & DEPRESS+ PLACE4.<#a#e#i.> 

,! SAME CANNOT BE SAID ( H$GE FUND MANAG]S1 POLITICAL CONSULTANTS1 M>KET+ GURUS1 LOBBYI/S1 CORPORATE LAWY]S1 OR PEOPLE :OSE JOB IT IS TO APOLOGIZE = ! FACT ?AT ! C>P5T] DIDN'T COME4 ,AS ,F9N SAID ( HIS S(TW>E LIC5S+ FIRM 9 *APT] #d3 0,IF ,I %[$ UP ON ,MONDAY & ! BUILD+ HAD DISAPPE>$1 NOT ONLY W\LD SOCIETY NOT C>E1 ,I W\LDN'T1 EI!R40 ,& !RE >E C]TA9LY (FICE BUILD+S 9 ! WORLD--,I'M SURE ANYONE READ+ ?IS BOOK CAN ?9K1 JU/ (F ! TOP ( H] HEAD1 ( SEV]AL--?AT1 W]E !Y TO SIMPLY VANI%1 W\LD LEAVE ! WORLD MU* BETT] (F4 

,YET 9 MANY ( !SE >E PRECISELY ! PEOPLE :O GET PAID ! V]Y HI<E/ SAL>IES4 

,9 FACT1 IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT1 AT ! V]Y TOP ( ORGANIZATIONS1 APP>5TLY CRUCIAL POSITIONS CAN GO UNFILL$ = LONG P]IODS ( TIME )\T !RE BE+ ANY NOTICEABLE EFFECT--EV51 ON ! ORGANIZATION ITSELF4 ,9 REC5T YE>S1 ,BELGIUM HAS GONE ?R\< A S]IES ( CON/ITUTIONAL CRISES ?AT HAVE LEFT IT TEMPOR>ILY )\T A SITT+ GOV]NM5T3 NO PRIME M9I/] & NO ONE 9 *>GE ( HEAL?1 TRANSPORTATION1 OR $UCATION4 ,!SE CRISES HAVE BE5 KN[N TO CONT9UE = CONSID]ABLE P]IODS ( TIME--! RECORD SO F> IS #$a DAYS--)\T !RE BE+ ANY OBS]VABLE NEGATIVE IMPACT ON HEAL?1 TRANSPORTATION1 OR $UCATION4 ,ONE HAS TO IMAG9E ?AT IF ! SITUATION W]E TO 5DURE = DECADES1 IT W\LD MAKE SOME SORT ( DIFF]5CE2 BUT IT'S NOT CLE> H[ MU* ( ONE OR :E!R ! POSITIVE EFFECTS W\LD \TWEI< ! NEGATIVE ONES4.<#a#f.> ,SIMIL>LY1 AT TIME ( WRIT+1 ! ,UB] CORPORATION1 CONSID]$ ONE ( ! WORLD'S MO/ DYNAMIC1 HAS SE5 ! RESIGNATION NOT ONLY ( ITS F\ND]1 ,TRAVIS ,KALANICK1 BUT A HO/ ( O!R TOP EXECUTIVES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT IT 0IS CURR5TLY OP]AT+ )\T A ,C,E,O1 *IEF OP]AT+ (FIC]1 *IEF F9ANCIAL (FIC]1 OR *IEF M>KET+ (FIC]0--ALL )\T ANY APP>5T EFFECT ON DAY-TO-DAY OP]ATIONS4.<#a#f#a.> 

,SIMIL>LY1 !RE'S A REASON :Y ?OSE :O WORK 9 ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR1 & :O HAVE EXTREMELY WELL-PAID OCCUPATIONS MORE G5]ALLY1 ALMO/ NEV] GO ON /RIKE4 ,AS ,RUTG] ,B]GMAN LIKES TO PO9T \T1 9 #aig !RE WAS A SIX-MON? BANK /RIKE 9 ,IREL&2 RA!R ?AN ! ECONOMY GR9D+ TO A HALT AS ! ORGANIZ]S HAD ANTICIPAT$1 MO/ PEOPLE SIMPLY CONT9U$ TO WRITE *ECKS1 :I* BEGAN TO CIRCULATE AS A =M ( CURR5CY1 BUT O!RWISE C>RI$ ON MU* AS !Y HAD BE=E4 ,TWO YE>S BE=E1 :5 G>BAGE COLLECTORS HAD GONE ON /RIKE = A M]E T5 DAYS 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ! CITY CAV$ 9 TO !IR DEM&S BECAUSE IT HAD BECOME UN9HABITABLE4.<#a#f#b.> 

,V]Y FEW ECONOMI/S HAVE ACTUALLY ATTEMPT$ TO MEASURE ! OV]ALL SOCIAL VALUE ( DIFF]5T PR(ESSIONS2 MO/ W\LD PROBABLY TAKE ! V]Y IDEA AS SOME?+ ( A FOOL'S ]R&2 BUT ?OSE :O HAVE TRI$ T5D TO CONFIRM ?AT !RE IS 9DE$ AN 9V]SE RELATION BETWE5 USEFULNESS & PAY4 ,9 A #bag PAP]1 ,U,S ECONOMI/S ,B5JAM9 ,B4 ,LOCKWOOD1 ,*>LES ,G4 ,NA?ANSON1 & ,E4 ,GL5 ,WEYL COMB$ ?R\< ! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE ON ! 0EXT]NALITIES0 7SOCIAL CO/S7 & 0SPILLOV] EFFECTS0 7SOCIAL B5EFITS7 ASSOCIAT$ ) A V>IETY ( HI<LY PAID PR(ESSIONS1 TO SEE IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO CALCULATE H[ MU* EA* ADDS TO OR SUBTRACTS FROM ! ECONOMY OV]ALL4 ,!Y CONCLUD$ ?AT :ILE 9 SOME CASES--NOTABLY ANY?+ ASSOCIAT$ ) CREATIVE 9DU/RIES--! VALUES 9VOLV$ W]E JU/ TOO SUBJECTIVE TO MEASURE1 9 O!R CASES1 A R\< APPROXIMATION WAS POSSIBLE4 ,!IR CONCLUSION3 ! MO/ SOCIALLY VALUABLE WORK]S :OSE CONTRIBUTIONS C\LD BE CALCULAT$ >E M$ICAL RESE>*]S1 :O ADD @s#i ( OV]ALL VALUE TO SOCIETY = EV]Y @s#a !Y >E PAID4 ,! LEA/ VALUABLE W]E ?OSE :O WORK$ 9 ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR1 :O1 ON AV]AGE1 SUBTRACT A NET @s#a4#h 9 VALUE FROM SOCIETY = EV]Y @s#a ( COMP5SATION4 7,&1 ( C\RSE1 WORK]S 9 ! F9ANCIAL SECTOR >E (T5 COMP5SAT$ EXTREMELY WELL47 

,H]E WAS !IR OV]ALL BREAKD[N3.<#a#f#c.>  

RESE>*]S "4#i  

S*OOLTEA*]S "4#a  

5G9E]S "44#b  

CONSULTANTS & ,I,T PR(ESSIONALS   

LAWY]S -4#b  

ADV]TIZ]S & M>KET+ PR(ESSIONALS -4#c  

MANAG]S -4#h  

F9ANCIAL SECTOR -#a4#e  
  

,?IS W\LD C]TA9LY SEEM TO CONFIRM A LOT ( PEOPLE'S GUT SUSPICIONS AB\T ! OV]ALL VALUE ( SU* PR(ESSIONS1 SO IT'S NICE TO SEE IT SPELL$ \T1 BUT ! AU?ORS' FOCUS ON ! MO/ HI<LY PAID PR(ESSIONALS MAKES IT ( LIMIT$ USE = PRES5T PURPOSES4 ,S*OOLTEA*]S >E PROBABLY ! L[E/-PAID WORK]S ON ! LI/1 AT LEA/ ON AV]AGE1 & MANY RESE>*]S GET BY ON V]Y LITTLE1 SO ! RESULTS C]TA9LY DON'T CONTRADICT A NEGATIVE RELATION BETWE5 PAY & USEFULNESS2 BUT TO GET A REAL S5SE ( ! FULL GAMUT ( EMPLOYM5T1 ONE NE$S A BROAD] SAMPLE4 

,! CLOSE/ ,I KN[ TO SU* A /UDY ?AT DOES USE SU* A BROAD] SAMPLE WAS ONE C>RI$ \T BY ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,F\NDATION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 :OSE AU?ORS APPLI$ A ME?OD CALL$ 0,SOCIAL ,RETURN ON ,9VE/M5T ,ANALYSIS0 TO EXAM9E SIX REPRES5TATIVE OCCUPATIONS1 ?REE HI<-9COME1 ?REE L[4 ,H]E'S A SUMM>Y ( ! RESULTS3  

CITY BANK] - YE>LY SAL>Y C4 ,G,B,P#e MILLION - E/IMAT$ ,G,B,P#g ( SOCIAL VALUE DE/ROY$ = EV]Y ,G,B,P#a E>N$2  

ADV]TIS+ EXECUTIVE - YE>LY SAL>Y C4 ,G,B,P#e11 E/IMAT$ ,G,B,P#a#a4#e ( SOCIAL VALUE DE/ROY$ P] ,G,B,P#a PAID2  

TAX ACC\NTANT - YE>LY SAL>Y C4 ,G,B,P#a#b#e11 E/IMAT$ ,G,B,P#a#a4#b ( SOCIAL VALUE DE/ROY$ P] ,G,B,P#a PAID2  

HOSPITAL CLEAN] - YE>LY 9COME C4 ,G,B,P#a#c1 7,G,B,P#f4#b#f P] H\R71 E/IMAT$ ,G,B,P#a ( SOCIAL VALUE G5]AT$ P] ,G,B,P#a PAID2  

RECYCL+ WORK] - YE>LY 9COME C4 ,G,B,P#a#b1#e 7,G,B,P#f4#a P] H\R7 - E/IMAT$ ,G,B,P#a#b 9 SOCIAL VALUE G5]AT$ P] ,G,B,P#a PAID2  

NURS]Y WORK] - SAL>Y C4 ,G,B,P#a#a1#e - E/IMAT$ ,G,B,P#g 9 SOCIAL VALUE G5]AT$ P] ,G,B,P#a PAID4.<#a#f#d.>  
  

,! AU?ORS ADMIT ?AT MANY ( !IR CALCULATIONS >E SOME:AT SUBJECTIVE1 AS ALL SU* CALCULATIONS MU/ BE1 & ! /UDY FOCUSES ONLY ON ! TOP & BOTTOM ( ! 9COME SCALE4 ,AS A RESULT1 IT LEAVES \T ! MAJORITY ( JOBS DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS BOOK1 :I* >E MO/LY MIDRANGE 9 PAY1 & 9 MO/ CASES1 AT LEA/1 ! SOCIAL B5EFIT IS NEI!R POSITIVE NOR NEGATIVE BUT SEEMS TO HOV] >\ND Z]O4 ,/ILL1 AS F> AS IT GOES1 IT /RONGLY CONFIRMS ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ?AT ! MORE ONE'S WORK B5EFITS O!RS1 ! LESS ONE T5DS TO BE PAID = IT4 

,!RE >E EXCEPTIONS TO ?IS PR9CIPLE4 ,DOCTORS >E ! MO/ OBVI\S4 ,PHYSICIANS' SAL>IES T5D TO ! UPP] 5D ( ! SCALE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,AM]ICA1 YET !Y DO SEEM TO PLAY AN 9DISPUTABLY B5EFICIAL ROLE4 ,YET EV5 H]E1 !RE >E HEAL? PR(ESSIONALS :O W\LD >GUE !Y'RE NOT AS MU* EXCEPTIONS AS !Y MI<T SEEM--SU* AS ! PH>MACI/ CIT$ A FEW PAGES BACK1 :O WAS CONV9C$ MO/ DOCTORS CONTRIBUTE V]Y LITTLE TO HUMAN HEAL? OR HAPP9ESS BUT >E MA9LY JU/ DISP5S]S ( PLACEBOS4 ,?IS MAY OR MAY NOT BE ! CASE2 FRANKLY1 ,I DON'T HAVE ! COMPET5CE TO SAY2 BUT IF NO?+ ELSE1 ! (T-CIT$ FACT ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( IMPROVEM5T 9 LONGEVITY S9CE #ai IS REALLY DUE TO HYGI5E1 NUTRITION1 & O!R PUBLIC HEAL? IMPROVEM5TS & NOT TO IMPROVEM5TS 9 M$ICAL TREATM5T1.<#a#f#e.> SUGGE/S A CASE C\LD BE MADE ?AT ! 7V]Y POORLY PAID7 NURSES & CLEAN]S EMPLOY$ 9 A HOSPITAL >E ACTUALLY MORE RESPONSIBLE = POSITIVE HEAL? \TCOMES ?AN ! HOSPITAL'S 7V]Y HI<LY PAID7 PHYSICIANS4 

,!RE >E A SMATT]+ ( O!R EXCEPTIONS4 ,MANY PLUMB]S & ELECTRICIANS1 = 9/ANCE1 DO QUITE WELL DESPITE !IR USEFULNESS2 SOME L[-PAID WORK IS FAIRLY PO9TLESS--BUT 9 L>GE MEASURE1 ! RULE DOES SEEM TO HOLD TRUE4.<#a#f#f.> 

,! REASONS = ?IS 9V]SE RELATION BETWE5 SOCIAL B5EFIT & LEVEL ( COMP5SATION1 H[EV]1 >E QUITE ANO!R MATT]4 ,NONE ( ! OBVI\S ANSW]S SEEM TO WORK4 ,= 9/ANCE3 $UCATION LEVELS >E V]Y IMPORTANT 9 DET]M9+ SAL>Y LEVELS1 BUT IF ?IS W]E SIMPLY A MATT] ( TRA9+ & $UCATION1 ! ,AM]ICAN HI<] $UCATION SY/EM W\LD H>DLY BE 9 ! /ATE ?AT IT IS1 ) ?\S&S ( EXQUISITELY TRA9$ ,PH,DS SUBSI/+ ON ADJUNCT TEA*+ JOBS ?AT LEAVE !M WELL BEL[ ! POV]TY L9E--EV5 DEP5D5T ON FOOD /AMPS4.<#a#f#g.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF WE W]E SIMPLY TALK+ AB\T SUPPLY & DEM&1 IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& :Y ,AM]ICAN NURSES >E PAID SO MU* LESS ?AN CORPORATE LAWY]S1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS CURR5TLY EXP]I5C+ AN ACUTE %ORTAGE ( TRA9$ NURSES & A GLUT ( LAW S*OOL GRADUATES4.<#a#f#h.> 

,:ATEV] ! REASONS--& MYSELF1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT CLASS P[] & CLASS LOYALTY HAVE A GREAT DEAL TO DO ) IT--:AT IS P]HAPS MO/ DI/URB+ AB\T ! SITUATION IS ! FACT ?AT SO MANY PEOPLE NOT ONLY ACKN[L$GE ! 9V]SE RELATION BUT ALSO FEEL ?IS IS H[ ?+S \<T TO BE4 ,?AT VIRTUE1 AS ! ANCI5T ,/OICS US$ TO >GUE1 %\LD BE ITS [N REW>D4 

,>GUM5TS LIKE ?IS HAVE LONG BE5 MADE AB\T TEA*]S4 ,IT'S COMMONPLACE TO HE> ?AT GRADE S*OOL OR MIDDLE S*OOL TEA*]S %\LDN'T BE PAID WELL1 OR C]TA9LY NOT AS WELL AS LAWY]S OR EXECUTIVES1 BECAUSE ONE W\LDN'T WANT PEOPLE MOTIVAT$ PRIM>ILY BY GRE$ TO BE TEA*+ *ILDR54 ,! >GUM5T W\LD MAKE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( S5SE IF IT W]E APPLI$ CONSI/5TLY--BUT IT NEV] IS4 7,I HAVE YET TO HE> ANYONE MAKE ! SAME >GUM5T AB\T DOCTORS47 

,ONE MI<T EV5 SAY ?AT ! NOTION ?AT ?OSE :O B5EFIT SOCIETY %\LD NOT BE PAID TOO WELL IS A P]V]SION ( EGALIT>IANISM4 

,LET ME EXPLA9 :AT ,I MEAN BY ?IS4 ,! MORAL PHILOSOPH] ,G4 ,A4 ,COH5 >GU$ ?AT A CASE C\LD BE MADE = EQUALITY ( 9COME = ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON ! FOLL[+ LOGIC 7OR1 AT LEA/1 ?IS IS MY [N BA/>DIZ$ SUMM>Y73 ,:Y1 HE BEG9S1 MI<T ONE PAY C]TA9 PEOPLE MORE ?AN O!RS8 ,NORMALLY1 ! JU/IFICATION IS ?AT SOME PRODUCE MORE OR B5EFIT SOCIETY MORE ?AN O!RS4 ,BUT !N WE MU/ ASK :Y !Y DO SO3  

,IF SOME PEOPLE >E MORE TAL5T$ ?AN O!RS 7= EXAMPLE1 HAVE A BEAUTIFUL S++ VOICE1 >E A COMIC G5IUS OR A MA? :IZ71 WE SAY !Y >E 0GIFT$40 ,IF SOMEONE HAS ALREADY RECEIV$ A B5EFIT 7A 0GIFT071 !N IT MAKES NO S5SE TO GIVE !M AN ADDITIONAL B5EFIT 7MORE MONEY7 = ?AT REASON4  

,IF SOME PEOPLE WORK H>D] ?AN O!RS1 IT IS USUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% ! DEGREE TO :I* ?IS IS BECAUSE !Y HAVE A GREAT] CAPACITY = WORK 7A GIFT AGA971 & ! DEGREE TO :I* IT IS BECAUSE !Y *OOSE TO WORK H>D]4 ,9 ! =M] CASE1 IT W\LD AGA9 MAKE NO S5SE TO REW>D !M FUR!R = HAV+ AN 9NATE ADVANTAGE OV] O!RS4  

,EV5 IF IT C\LD BE PROV$ ?AT SOME WORK H>D] ?AN O!RS PURELY \T ( *OICE1 ONE W\LD !N HAVE TO E/ABLI% :E!R !Y DID SO \T ( ALTRUI/IC MOTIVES--?AT IS1 !Y PRODUC$ MORE BECAUSE !Y WI%$ TO B5EFIT SOCIETY--OR \T ( SELFI% MOTIVES1 BECAUSE !Y S\<T A L>G] PROPORTION = !MSELVES4  

,9 ! =M] CASE1 IF !Y PRODUC$ MORE BECAUSE !Y W]E /RIV+ TO 9CREASE SOCIAL WEAL?1 !N GIV+ !M A DISPROPORTIONATE %>E ( ?AT WEAL? W\LD CONTRADICT !IR PURPOSE4 ,IT W\LD ONLY MAKE MORAL S5SE TO REW>D ?OSE DRIV5 BY SELFI% MOTIVES4  

,S9CE HUMAN MOTIVES >E G5]ALLY %IFT+ & CONFUS$1 ONE CANNOT SIMPLY DIVIDE ! WORK=CE 9TO EGOI/S & ALTRUI/S4 ,ONE IS LEFT ) ! *OICE ( EI!R REW>D+ EV]YONE :O MAKES GREAT] EF=TS1 OR NOT DO+ SO4 ,EI!R OPTION MEANS ?AT SOME PEOPLE'S 9T5TIONS WILL BE FRU/RAT$4 ,ALTRUI/S WILL BE FRU/RAT$ 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO B5EFIT SOCIETY1 :ILE EGOI/S WILL BE FRU/RAT$ 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO B5EFIT !MSELVES4 ,IF ONE IS =C$ TO *OOSE ONE OR ! O!R1 IT MAKES BETT] MORAL S5SE TO FRU/RATE ! EGOI/S4  

,!RE=E1 PEOPLE %\LD NOT BE PAID MORE OR O!RWISE REW>D$ = GREAT] EF=T OR PRODUCTIVITY AT WORK4.<#a#f#i.>  
  

,! LOGIC IS IMPECCABLE4 ,MANY ( ! UND]LY+ ASSUMPTIONS C\LD NO D\BT BE *ALL5G$ ON A V>IETY ( GR\NDS1 BUT 9 ?IS *APT]1 ,I'M NOT SO MU* 9T]E/$ 9 :E!R !RE IS1 9 FACT1 A MORAL CASE = EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( 9COME1 AS MU* AS OBS]V+ ?AT 9 MANY WAYS1 \R SOCIETY SEEMS TO HAVE EMBRAC$ 9 PO9TS #c & #d--JU/ )\T #a1 #b1 #e1 OR #f4 ,CRITICALLY1 IT REJECTS ! PREMISE ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SORT WORK]S BY MOTIVES4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY LOOK AT :AT SORTS ( C>E]S A WORK] HAS *OS54 ,IS !RE ANY REASON A P]SON MI<T BE DO+ ?IS JOB O!R ?AN ! MONEY8 ,IF SO1 !N ?AT P]SON %\LD BE TREAT$ AS IF PO9T #d APPLIES4 

,AS A RESULT1 !RE IS A S5SE ?AT ?OSE :O *OOSE TO B5EFIT SOCIETY1 & ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O HAVE ! GRATIFICATION ( KN[+ !Y B5EFIT SOCIETY1 REALLY HAVE NO BUS9ESS ALSO EXPECT+ MIDDLE-CLASS SAL>IES1 PAID VACATIONS1 & G5]\S RETIREM5T PACKAGES4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 !RE IS ALSO A FEEL+ ?AT ?OSE :O HAVE TO SUFF] FROM ! KN[L$GE !Y >E DO+ PO9TLESS OR EV5 H>MFUL WORK JU/ = ! SAKE ( ! MONEY \<T TO BE REW>D$ ) MORE MONEY = EXACTLY ?AT REASON4 

,ONE SEES ?IS ON ! POLITICAL LEVEL ALL ! TIME4 ,9 ! ,U,K1 = 9/ANCE1 EI<T YE>S ( 0AU/]ITY0 HAVE SE5 EFFECTIVE PAY CUTS TO ALMO/ ALL GOV]NM5T WORK]S :O PROVIDE IMM$IATE & OBVI\S B5EFITS TO ! PUBLIC3 NURSES1 BUS DRIV]S1 FIREFI<T]S1 RAILROAD 9=MATION BOO? WORK]S1 EM]G5CY M$ICAL P]SONNEL4 ,IT HAS COME TO ! PO9T :]E !RE >E FULL-TIME NURSES :O >E DEP5D5T ON *>ITY FOOD BANKS4 ,YET CREAT+ ?IS SITUATION BECAME SU* A PO9T ( PRIDE = ! P>TY 9 P[] ?AT ,P>LIAM5T>IANS W]E KN[N TO GIVE \T COLLECTIVE *E]S ON VOT+ D[N BILLS PROPOS+ TO GIVE NURSES OR POLICE A RAISE4 ,! SAME P>TY TOOK A NOTORI\SLY 9DULG5T VIEW ( ! %>PLY RIS+ COMP5SATION ( ?OSE ,CITY BANK]S :O HAD V]Y NE>LY CRA%$ ! WORLD ECONOMY A FEW YE>S BE=E4 ,YET ?AT GOV]NM5T REMA9$ HI<LY POPUL>4 ,!RE IS A S5SE1 IT W\LD SEEM1 ?AT AN E?OS ( COLLECTIVE SACRIFICE = ! COMMON GOOD %\LD FALL DISPROPORTIONATELY ON ?OSE :O >E ALREADY1 BY !IR *OICE ( WORK1 5GAG$ 9 SACRIFICE = ! COMMON GOOD4 ,OR :O SIMPLY HAVE ! GRATIFICATION ( KN[+ !IR WORK IS PRODUCTIVE & USEFUL4 

,?IS CAN MAKE S5SE ONLY IF ONE FIR/ ASSUMES ?AT WORK--MORE SPECIFICALLY1 PAID WORK--IS A VALUE 9 ITSELF2 9DE$1 SO MU* A VALUE 9 ITSELF ?AT EI!R ! MOTIVES ( ! P]SON TAK+ ! JOB1 OR ! EFFECTS ( ! WORK1 >E AT BE/ SECOND>Y CONSID]ATIONS4 ,! FLIP SIDE ( ! LEFT-W+ PROTE/ M>*]S WAV+ SIGNS DEM&+ 0,MORE ,JOBS0 IS ! RI<T-W+ ONLOOK] MUTT]+ 0,GET A JOB60 AS !Y PASS BY4 ,!RE SEEMS A BROAD CONS5SUS NOT SO MU* EV5 ?AT WORK IS GOOD BUT ?AT NOT WORK+ IS V]Y BAD2 ?AT ANYONE :O IS NOT SLAV+ AWAY H>D] ?AN HE'D LIKE AT SOME?+ HE DOESN'T ESPECIALLY 5JOY IS A BAD P]SON1 A SCR\NG]1 A SKIV]1 A CONTEMPTIBLE P>ASITE UNWOR?Y ( SYMPA?Y OR PUBLIC RELIEF4 ,?IS FEEL+ IS E*O$ AS MU* 9 ! LIB]AL POLITICIAN'S PROTE/ AGA9/ ! SUFF]+S ( 0H>DWORK+ PEOPLE0 7:AT AB\T ?OSE :O WORK ) ONLY MOD]ATE 9T5SITY87 AS IT IS 9 CONS]VATIVE PROTE/S AB\T SKIV]S & 0WELF>E QUE5S40 ,EV5 MORE /RIK+LY1 ! SAME VALUES >E N[ APPLI$ AT ! TOP4 ,NO LONG] DO WE HE> MU* AB\T ! IDLE RI*--?IS IS NOT BECAUSE !Y DON'T EXI/1 BUT BECAUSE !IR IDL5ESS IS NO LONG] CELEBRAT$4 ,DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION ( ! #a#i#cS1 IMPOV]I%$ AUDI5CES LIK$ TO WAT* HI< SOCIETY MOVIES AB\T ! ROMANTIC ESCAPADES ( PLAYBOY MILLIONAIRES4 ,N[ADAYS !Y >E MORE LIKELY TO BE REGAL$ ) /ORIES ( H]OIC ,C,E,OS & !IR DAWN-TO-MIDNI<T WORKAHOLIC S*$ULES4.<#a#g.> ,9 ,5GL&1 NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES EV5 WRITE SIMIL> ?+S AB\T ! ROYAL FAMILY1 :O1 WE N[ LE>N1 SP5D SO MANY H\RS A WEEK PREP>+ = & EXECUT+ !IR RITUAL FUNCTIONS ?AT !Y B>ELY HAVE TIME TO HAVE A PRIVATE LIFE AT ALL4 

,MANY TE/IMONIES REM>K$ ON ?IS WORK-AS-AN-5D-9-ITSELF MORALITY4 ,CLEM5T HAD :AT HE DESCRIB$ AS 0A ,B,S JOB EVALUAT+ GRANTS AT A PUBLIC UNIV]SITY 9 ! ,MIDWE/40 ,DUR+ HIS (F-H\RS1 :I* WAS MO/ ( !M1 HE SP5T A LOT ( TIME ON ! ,WEB FAMILI>IZ+ HIMSELF ) ALT]NATIVE POLITICAL P]SPECTIVES & EV5TUALLY CAME TO REALIZE MU* ( ! MONEY FL[+ ?R\< HIS (FICE WAS 9TIMATELY TI$ TO ! ,U,S W> EF=TS 9 ,IRAQ & ,AF<ANI/AN4 ,HE QUIT1 &1 TO ! SURPRISE & CON/]NATION ( HIS C[ORK]S1 TOOK A SIGNIFICANTLY L[]-PAY+ JOB ) ! LOCAL MUNICIPALITY4 ,!RE1 HE SAID1 ! WORK IS H>D]1 BUT 0AT LEA/ SOME ( IT IS 9T]E/+ & HELPFUL TO HUMANS40 

,ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT PUZZL$ ,CLEM5T WAS ! WAY ?AT EV]YONE AT HIS OLD JOB FELT !Y HAD TO PRET5D TO ONE ANO!R !Y W]E OV]:ELM$ BY !IR RESPONSIBILITIES1 DESPITE ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT !Y HAD V]Y LITTLE TO DO3  
  

,CLEM5T3 ,MY COLLEAGUES (T5 DISCUSS$ H[ BUSY ?+S W\LD GET & H[ H>D !Y WORK1 EV5 ?\< !Y W\LD R\T9ELY BE GONE AT TWO OR ?REE 9 ! AFT]NOON4 ,:AT IS ! NAME = ?IS K9D ( PUBLIC D5IAL ( ! CRY/AL-CLE> REALITY8 

,MY M9D KEEPS GO+ BACK TO ! PRESSURE TO VALUE \RSELVES & O!RS ON ! BASIS ( H[ H>D WE WORK AT SOME?+ WE'D RA!R NOT BE DO+4 ,I BELIEVE ?IS ATTITUDE EXI/S 9 ! AIR >\ND US4 ,WE SNIFF IT 9TO \R NOSES & EXHALE IT AS A SOCIAL REFLEX 9 SMALL-TALK2 IT IS ONE ( ! GUID+ PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL RELATIONS H]E3 IF Y\'RE NOT DE/ROY+ Y\R M9D & BODY VIA PAID WORK1 Y\'RE NOT LIV+ RI<T4 ,>E WE TO BELIEVE ?AT WE >E SACRIFIC+ = \R KIDS1 OR SOME?+1 :O WE DON'T GET TO SEE BECAUSE WE'RE AT WORK ALL FUCK+ DAY68  
  

,CLEM5T FELT ?IS K9D ( PRESSURE WAS ESPECIALLY ACUTE 9 :AT HE DESCRIB$ AS ! ,G]MAN-,PROTE/ANT-9FLECT$ CULTURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,MIDWE/4 ,O!RS SPOKE ( ,PURITANISM1 BUT ! FEEL+ DOES NOT APPE> TO BE LIMIT$ TO ,PROTE/ANT OR ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC 5VIRONM5TS4 ,IT EXI/S EV]Y:]E2 ! DIFF]5CES >E MORE A MATT] ( V>Y+ DEGREES & 9T5SITIES4 ,& IF ! VALUE ( WORK IS 9 P>T ! FACT ?AT IT'S 0SOME?+ WE'D RA!R NOT BE DO+10 IT /&S TO REASON ?AT ANY?+ WE W\LD WI% TO BE DO+ IS LESS LIKE WORK & MORE LIKE PLAY1 OR A HOBBY1 OR SOME?+ WE MI<T CONSID] DO+ 9 \R SP>E TIME1 & !RE=E LESS DES]V+ ( MAT]IAL REW>D4 ,PROBABLY WE %\LDN'T BE PAID = IT AT ALL4 

,?IS C]TA9LY RESONATES ) MY [N EXP]I5CE4 ,MO/ ACADEMICS >E FIR/ DRAWN TO !IR C>E]S BECAUSE !Y LOVE KN[L$GE & >E EXCIT$ BY IDEAS4 ,AFT] ALL1 PRETTY MU* ANYONE CAPABLE ( SP5D+ SEV5 YE>S E>N+ A ,PH,D KN[S ?AT %E C\LD JU/ AS EASILY HAVE SP5T ?REE YE>S 9 LAW S*OOL & COME \T ) A />T+ SAL>Y MANY TIMES HI<]4 ,YET DESPITE ?AT1 :5 TWO ACADEMICS 9 ! SAME DEP>TM5T HOBNOB OV] C(FEE1 A LOVE ( KN[L$GE OR EXCITEM5T AB\T IDEAS IS LIKELY TO BE ! LA/ ?+ !Y EXPRESS4 ,9/EAD1 !Y WILL ALMO/ 9V>IABLY COMPLA9 AB\T H[ OV]:ELM$ !Y >E ) ADM9I/RATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,TRUE1 ?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE ACADEMICS ACTUALLY >E EXPECT$ TO SP5D LESS & LESS ( !IR TIME READ+ & WRIT+1 & MORE & MORE TIME DEAL+ ) ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS1.<#a#g#a.> BUT EV5 IF ONE IS PURSU+ SOME EXCIT+ NEW 9TELLECTUAL DISCOV]Y1 IT W\LD BE SE5 AS 9CONSID]ATE TO ACT AS IF ONE WAS 5JOY+ ONE'S WORK :5 O!RS CLE>LY >5'T4 ,SOME ACADEMIC 5VIRONM5TS >E MORE ANTI-9TELLECTUAL ?AN O!RS4 ,BUT EV]Y:]E1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 !RE IS A S5SE ?AT ! PLEASURABLE ASPECTS ( ONE'S CALL+1 SU* AS ?9K+1 W]E NOT REALLY :AT ONE IS BE+ PAID =2 !Y W]E BETT] SE5 AS OCCASIONAL 9DULG5CES ONE IS GRANT$ 9 RECOGNITION ( ONE'S REAL WORK1 :I* IS L>GELY AB\T FILL+ \T =MS4 

,ACADEMICS >5'T PAID = WRIT+ OR REVIEW+ RESE>* >TICLES1 BUT AT LEA/ ! UNIV]SITIES ?AT DO PAY !M ACKN[L$GE1 H[EV] RELUCTANTLY1 ?AT RESE>* IS P>T ( !IR JOB DESCRIPTION4 ,9 ! BUS9ESS WORLD1 IT'S WORSE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,GE(F ,%ULL5B]G]1 A WRIT+ PR(ESSOR AT ,NEW ,YORK ,UNIV]SITY1 REACT$ TO MY ORIG9AL #bac ESSAY ) A BLOG PO9T+ \T ?AT MANY BUS9ESSES N[ FEEL ?AT IF !RE'S WORK ?AT'S GRATIFY+ 9 ANY WAY AT ALL1 !Y REALLY %\LDN'T HAVE TO PAY = IT3 

,= ,GRAEB]1 BULL%IT JOBS C>RY ) !M A MORAL IMP]ATIVE3 0,IF Y\'RE NOT BUSY ALL ! TIME DO+ SOME?+1 ANY?+--DOESN'T REALLY MATT] :AT IT IS--Y\'RE A BAD P]SON40 ,BUT ! FLIPSIDE ( ?AT LOGIC SEEMS TO BE3 IF Y\ ACTUALLY LIKE DO+ ,X ACTIVITY1 IF IT IS VALUABLE1 MEAN+FUL1 & C>RIES 9TR9SIC REW>DS = Y\1 IT IS WRONG = Y\ TO EXPECT TO BE PAID 7WELL7 = IT2 Y\ %\LD GIVE IT FREELY1 EV5 7ESPECIALLY7 IF BY DO+ SO Y\ >E ALL[+ O!RS TO PR(IT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE'LL MAKE A LIV+ FROM Y\ DO+ :AT Y\ LOVE 7= FREE71 BUT WE'LL KEEP Y\ 9 *ECK BY MAK+ SURE Y\ HAVE TO MAKE A LIV+ DO+ :AT Y\ HATE4 

,%ULL5B]G] GAVE ! EXAMPLE ( TRANSLATION WORK4 ,TRANSLAT+ A P>AGRAPH OR DOCUM5T FROM ONE LANGUAGE TO ANO!R--P>TICUL>LY FROM A DRY BUS9ESS DOCUM5T--IS NOT A TASK ?AT MANY PEOPLE W\LD DO = FUN2 /ILL1 ONE CAN IMAG9E SOME REASONS PEOPLE MI<T DO IT O!R ?AN ! MONEY4 7,!Y >E TRY+ TO P]FECT !IR LANGUAGE ABILITIES1 = EXAMPLE47 ,!RE=E1 MO/ EXECUTIVES' FIR/ 9/9CT1 UPON HE>+ ?AT TRANSLATION WORK IS REQUIR$1 IS TO TRY TO SEE IF !Y CAN'T F9D SOME WAY TO MAKE SOMEONE DO IT = FREE4 ,YET !SE V]Y SAME EXECUTIVES >E WILL+ TO %ELL \T H&SOME SAL>IES = 0,VICE ,PRESID5TS = ,CREATIVE ,DEVELOPM5T0 & ! LIKE1 :O DO ABSOLUTELY NO?+4 7,9 FACT1 SU* EXECUTIVES MI<T !MSELVES BE ,VICE ,PRESID5TS = ,CREATIVE ,DEVELOPM5T1 & DO NO?+ AT ALL O!R ?AN TRY+ TO FIGURE \T H[ TO GET O!RS TO DO WORK = FREE47 

,%ULL5B]G] SPEAKS ( AN EM]G+ 0VOLUNT>IAT10 ) CAPITALI/ FIRMS 9CREAS+LY H>VE/+ ! RESULTS NOT ( PAID LABOR BUT ( UNPAID 9T]NS1 9T]NET 5?USIA/S1 ACTIVI/S1 VOLUNTE]S1 & HOBBYI/S1 & 0DIGITALLY %>ECROPP+0 ! RESULTS ( POPUL> 5?USIASM & CREATIVITY TO PRIVATIZE & M>KET ! RESULTS4.<#a#g#b.> ,! FREE S(TW>E 9DU/RY1 P]V]SELY 5\<1 HAS BECOME A P>ADIGM 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,! READ] MAY RECALL ,PABLO1 :O 9TRODUC$ ! NOTION ( DUCT TAP+ 9 *APT] #b3 S(TW>E 5G9E]+ WORK WAS DIVID$ BETWE5 ! 9T]E/+ & *ALL5G+ WORK ( DEVELOP+ CORE TE*NOLOGIES1 & ! T$I\S LABOR ( 0APPLY+ DUCT TAPE0 TO ALL[ DIFF]5T CORE TE*NOLOGIES TO WORK TOGE!R1 BECAUSE ! DESIGN]S HAD NEV] BO!R$ TO ?9K AB\T !IR COMPATIBILITY4 ,HIS MA9 PO9T1 ?\<1 WAS ?AT1 9CREAS+LY1 OP5 S\RCE MEANS ?AT ALL ! REALLY 5GAG+ TASKS >E DONE = FREE3 

,PABLO3 ,:]E TWO DECADES AGO1 COMPANIES DISMISS$ OP5 S\RCE S(TW>E & DEVELOP$ CORE TE*NOLOGIES 9-H\SE1 N[ADAYS COMPANIES RELY HEAVILY ON OP5 S\RCE & EMPLOY S(TW>E DEVELOP]S ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO APPLY DUCT TAPE ON CORE TE*NOLOGIES !Y GET = FREE4 

,9 ! 5D1 Y\ CAN SEE PEOPLE DO+ ! NONGRATIFY+ DUCT-TAP+ WORK DUR+ (FICE H\RS & !N DO+ GRATIFY+ WORK ON CORE TE*NOLOGIES DUR+ ! NI<T4 

,?IS LEADS TO AN 9T]E/+ VICI\S CIRCLE3 GIV5 ?AT PEOPLE *OOSE TO WORK ON CORE TE*NOLOGIES = FREE1 NO COMPANY IS 9VE/+ 9 ?OSE TE*NOLOGIES4 ,! UND]9VE/M5T MEANS ?AT ! CORE TE*NOLOGIES >E (T5 UNF9I%$1 LACK+ QUALITY1 HAVE A LOT ( R\< $GES1 BUGS1 ETC4 ,?AT1 9 TURN1 CREATES NE$ = DUCT TAPE & ?US PROLIF]ATION ( DUCT-TAP+ JOBS4 

,P>ADOXICALLY1 ! MORE ?AT S(TW>E 5G9E]S COLLABORATE ONL9E TO DO FREE CREATIVE LABOR SIMPLY = ! LOVE ( DO+ IT1 AS A GIFT TO HUMANITY1 ! LESS 9C5TIVE !Y HAVE TO MAKE !M COMPATIBLE ) O!R SU* S(TW>E1 & ! MORE ?OSE SAME 5G9E]S WILL HAVE TO BE EMPLOY$ 9 !IR DAY JOBS FIX+ ! DAMAGE--DO+ ! SORT ( MA9T5ANCE WORK ?AT NO ONE W\LD BE WILL+ TO DO = FREE4 ,HE CONCLUDES3  
  

,PABLO3 ,MY GUESS IS ?AT WE >E GO+ TO SEE ! SAME DYNAMICS 9 O!R 9DU/RIES AS WELL4 ,E4G41 IF PEOPLE >E WILL+ TO WRITE NEWS >TICLES = FREE1 NOBODY W\LD PAY PR(ESSIONAL J\RNALI/S4 ,9/EAD1 ! MONEY WILL BE R$IRECT$ TO ! ,P,R & ADV]TISEM5T 9DU/RIES4 ,EV5TUALLY ! QUALITY ( NEWS WILL DECREASE BECAUSE ( LACK ( FUND+4  
  

,ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ?IS HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO HAPP51 AS FEW] & FEW] NEWSPAP]S & NEWS S]VICES EMPLOY ACTUAL REPORT]S4 ,MY PURPOSE H]E1 ?\<1 IS NOT TO UNRAVEL ! COMPLEX & (T5 >CANE LABOR >RANGEM5TS ?AT GR[ \T ( ?IS E?OS1 BUT SIMPLY TO DOCUM5T ! EXI/5CE ( ! E?OS ITSELF4 ,ATTITUDES T[>D LABOR HAVE *ANG$4 ,:Y8 ,H[ HAVE SO MANY HUMANS REA*$ ! PO9T :]E !Y ACCEPT ?AT EV5 MIS]ABLE1 UNNECESS>Y WORK IS ACTUALLY MORALLY SUP]IOR TO NO WORK AT ALL8 

,H]E WE MU/ CONSID] ! HI/ORY ( *ANG+ IDEAS AB\T WORK ITSELF4 

ON ! !OLOGICAL ROOTS ( \R ATTITUDES T[>D LABOR 

  
  

,MAN IS MADE TO BE 9 ! VISIBLE UNIV]SE AN IMAGE & LIK5ESS ( ,GOD ,HIMSELF1 & HE IS PLAC$ 9 IT 9 ORD] TO SUBDUE ! E>?444 ,ONLY MAN IS CAPABLE ( WORK1 & ONLY MAN WORKS1 AT ! SAME TIME BY WORK OCCUPY+ HIS EXI/5CE ON E>?4  
  

--,POPE ,JOHN ,PAUL ,I,I1 ,LABOREM ,EX]C5S 7,ON ,HUMAN ,LABOR71 #aiha  
  

,WE MAY DEF9E LABOR AS ANY EX]TION ( M9D OR BODY UND]GONE P>TLY OR :OLLY ) A VIEW TO SOME GOOD O!R ?AN ! PLEASURE D]IV$ FROM ! WORK4  
  

--,ALFR$ ,M>%ALL1 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,ECONOMICS1 #ahi 

,:AT IS 0WORK08 ,NORMALLY WE SEE IT AS ! OPPOSITE ( PLAY4 ,PLAY1 9 TURN1 IS DEF9$ MO/ (T5 AS ACTION ?AT ONE DOES = ITS [N SAKE1 = PLEASURE1 OR JU/ = ! SAKE ( DO+ IT4 ,WORK1 !RE=E1 IS ACTIVITY--TYPICALLY1 ON]\S & REPETITIVE--?AT ONE DOES NOT C>RY \T = ITS [N SAKE1 & ?AT ONE PROBABLY W\LD NEV] C>RY \T = ITS [N SAKE1 OR IF ONE DID C]TA9LY NOT = V]Y LONG1 BUT 5GAGES 9 ONLY TO ACCOMPLI% SOME?+ ELSE 7TO OBTA9 FOOD1 = EXAMPLE1 OR BUILD A MAUSOLEUM74 

,MO/ LANGUAGES HAVE SOME WORD ?AT TRANSLATES AT LEA/ R\<LY AS 0WORK10 BUT ! PRECISE BORD]S BETWE5 :AT WE'D DESIGNATE 0WORK10 0PLAY10 0TEA*+10 0LE>N+10 0RITUAL10 OR 0NURTURANCE0 T5D TO V>Y A GREAT DEAL FROM ONE CULTURE TO ANO!R4 ,! P>TICUL> TRADITION ?AT HAS COME TO %APE S5SIBILITIES AB\T WORK 9 MO/ P>TS ( ! WORLD TODAY H>K5S BACK TO ! ,EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN1 :]E IT IS FIR/ DOCUM5T$ 9 ! E>LY *APT]S ( ! BOOK ( ,G5ESIS1 & 9 ! WORKS ( ! ,GREEK EPIC POET ,HESIOD4 ,9 BO? ! /ORY ( ! ,G>D5 ( ,$5 & 9 ! MY? ( ,PROME!US1 ! FACT ?AT HUMANS HAVE TO WORK IS SE5 AS !IR PUNI%M5T = HAV+ DEFI$ A DIV9E ,CREATOR1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 9 BO?1 WORK ITSELF1 :I* GIVES HUMANS ! ABILITY TO PRODUCE FOOD1 CLO?+1 CITIES1 & ULTIMATELY \R [N MAT]IAL UNIV]SE1 IS PRES5T$ AS A MORE MODE/ 9/ANTIATION ( ! DIV9E P[] ( ,CREATION ITSELF4 ,WE >E1 AS ! EXI/5TIALI/S LIK$ TO PUT IT1 CONDEMN$ TO BE FREE1 =C$ TO WIELD ! DIV9E P[] ( CREATION AGA9/ \R WILL1 S9CE MO/ ( US W\LD REALLY RA!R BE NAM+ ! ANIMALS 9 ,$51 D9+ ON NECT> & AMBROSIA AT FEA/S ON ,M\NT ,OLYMPUS1 OR WAT*+ COOK$ GEESE FLY 9TO \R WAIT+ GULLETS 9 ! ,L& ( ,COCKAYGNE1 ?AN HAV+ TO COV] \RSELVES ) CUTS & CALLUSES TO COAX SU/5ANCE FROM ! SOIL4 

,N[1 ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ?IS IS SIMPLY 9 EA* CASE A POETIC EXTRAPOLATION ( ! TWO KEY ASPECTS ( :AT HAS BECOME \R COMMON DEF9ITION ( WORK3 FIR/1 ?AT IT IS SOME?+ NO ONE W\LD ORD9>ILY WI% TO BE DO+ = ITS [N SAKE 7H5CE1 PUNI%M5T72 SECOND1 ?AT WE DO IT ANYWAY TO ACCOMPLI% SOME?+ BEYOND ! WORK ITSELF 7H5CE1 CREATION74 ,BUT ! FACT ?AT ?IS 0SOME?+ BEYOND0 %\LD BE CONCEIV$ AS 0CREATION0 IS NOT SELF-EVID5T4 ,9 FACT1 IT'S SOME:AT ODD4 ,AFT] ALL1 MO/ WORK CAN'T BE SAID TO 0CREATE0 ANY?+2 MO/ ( IT IS A MATT] ( MA9TA9+ & RE>RANG+ ?+S4.<#a#g#c.> ,CONSID] A C(FEE CUP4 ,WE 0PRODUCE0 IT ONCE4 ,WE WA% IT A ?\S& TIMES4 ,EV5 WORK WE ?9K ( AS 0PRODUCTIVE0--GR[+ POTATOES1 =G+ A %OVEL1 ASSEMBL+ A COMPUT]--C\LD JU/ AS EASILY BE SE5 AS T5D+1 TRANS=M+1 RE%AP+1 & RE>RANG+ MAT]IALS & ELEM5TS ?AT ALREADY EXI/4 

,?IS IS :Y ,I W\LD 9SI/ \R CONCEPT ( 0PRODUCTION10 & \R ASSUMPTION ?AT WORK IS DEF9$ BY ITS 0PRODUCTIVITY10 IS ESS5TIALLY !OLOGICAL4 ,! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN ,GOD CREAT$ ! UNIV]SE \T ( NO?+4 7,?IS 9 ITSELF IS SLI<TLY UNUSUAL3 MO/ ,GODS WORK ) EXI/+ MAT]IALS47 ,HIS LATT]-DAY WOR%IP]S1 & !IR DESC5DANTS1 HAVE COME TO ?9K ( !MSELVES AS CURS$ TO IMITATE ,GOD 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,! SLEI<T ( H& 9VOLV$1 ! WAY ?AT MO/ HUMAN LABOR1 :I* CANNOT 9 ANY S5SE BE CONSID]$ 0PRODUCTION10 IS ?US MADE TO DISAPPE>1 IS L>GELY EFFECT$ ?R\< G5D]4 ,9 ! FAMILI> L9ES FROM ! /ORY ( ! ,FALL1 FROM ! BOOK ( ,G5ESIS1 ,GOD CONDEMNS M5 TO TILL ! SOIL 70,BY ! SWEAT ( Y\R BR[ Y\ WILL EAT Y\R FOOD07 & WOM5 TO BE> *ILDR5 9 SIMIL>LY UNHAPPY CIRCUM/ANCES 70,I WILL MAKE Y\R PA9S 9 *ILDBE>+ V]Y SEV]E2 ) PA9FUL LABOR Y\ WILL GIVE BIR? TO *ILDR5047.<#a#g#d.> ,MALE 0PRODUCTIVE0 LABOR IS ?US BE+ FRAM$ H]E AS ! EQUIVAL5T ( *ILDBIR?1 :I*1 FROM A MALE PO9T ( VIEW 7NOT SO MU* FROM A FEMALE ONE1 BUT IT IS V]Y MU* A MALE PO9T ( VIEW BE+ PRES5T$ H]E71 CAN SEEM AB\T AS CLOSE TO PURE CREATION EX NIHILIO--! 9FANT APPE>+ FULLY =M$ APP>5TLY \T ( NO:]E--?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN P]=M4 

,YET IT IS ALSO PA9FUL 0LABOR40 

,?IS CONCEPTION IS /ILL ) US1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! WAY SOCIAL SCI5TI/S SPEAK ( 0PRODUCTION0 & 0REPRODUCTION40 ,ETYMOLOGICALLY1 ! ,5GLI% V]B 0PRODUCE0 D]IVES FROM ! ,LAT9 PRODUC]E1 0TO BR+ =?10 OR 0PUT \T10 AS ONE MI<T /ILL SAY 0,%E PRODUC$ A WALLET FROM H] H&BAG40 ,BO? ! WORDS 0PRODUCTION0 & 0REPRODUCTION0 >E BAS$ ON ! SAME CORE METAPHOR3 9 ! ONE CASE1 OBJECTS SEEM TO JUMP1 FULLY =M$1 \T ( FACTORIES2 9 ! O!R1 BABIES SEEM TO JUMP1 FULLY =M$1 \T ( WOM5'S BODIES4 ,9 NEI!R CASE1 ( C\RSE1 IS ?IS ACTUALLY TRUE4 ,BUT AS 9 SO MANY PATRI>*AL SOCIAL ORD]S1 M5 LIKE TO CONCEIVE ( !MSELVES AS DO+ SOCIALLY1 OR CULTURALLY1 :AT !Y LIKE TO ?9K ( WOM5 AS DO+ NATURALLY4 0,PRODUCTION0 IS ?US SIMULTANE\SLY A V>IATION ON A MALE FANTASY ( *ILDBIR?1 & ( ! ACTION ( A MALE ,CREATOR ,GOD :O SIMIL>LY CREAT$ ! 5TIRE UNIV]SE ?R\< ! %E] P[] ( HIS M9D & WORDS1 JU/ AS M5 SEE !MSELVES AS CREAT+ ! WORLD FROM !IR M9DS & BRAWN1 & SEE ?AT AS ! ESS5CE ( 0WORK10 LEAV+ TO WOM5 MO/ ( ! ACTUAL LABOR ( TIDY+ & MA9TA9+ ?+S TO MAKE ?IS ILLUSION POSSIBLE4 

ON ! ORIG9S ( ! NOR!RN EUROPEAN NOTION ( PAID LABOR AS NECESS>Y TO ! FULL =MATION ( AN ADULT HUMAN BE+ 

  

,IT'S ESS5TIAL TO EMPHASIZE ! !OLOGICAL ORIG9S ( ?IS SORT ( ?\<T4 ,MO/ ( ! CORE ASSUMPTIONS ( MOD]N ECONOMICS ORIG9ALLY TRACE BACK TO !OLOGICAL >GUM5TS3 = 9/ANCE1 ,SA9T ,AUGU/9E'S >GUM5T ?AT WE >E CURS$ ) 9F9ITE DESIRES 9 A F9ITE WORLD & ?US NATURALLY 9 A SITUATION ( COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R--:I* REAPPE>S 9 SECUL> =M 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY 9 ,?OMAS ,HOBBES--HAS BECOME ! BASIS = ! ASSUMPTION ?AT RATIONAL HUMAN ACTION IS L>GELY A MATT] ( 0ECONOMIZ+10 ! OPTIMAL ALLOCATION ( SC>CE RES\RCES BY RATIONAL ACTORS 9 A COMPETITIVE WORLD4 

,( C\RSE1 9 ! ,EUROPEAN ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :5 ECONOMIC MATT]S FELL UND] ! JURISDICTION ( *UR* LAW1 NO ONE REALLY PRET5D$ !SE QUE/IONS W]E NOT !OLOGICAL4 ,/ILL1 ?AT P]IOD 9TRODUC$ A FUR!R ELEM5T1 NOT EXPLICITLY !OLOGICAL1 ! IMPORTANCE ( :I* = LAT] CONCEPTIONS ( LABOR CAN H>DLY BE OV]/AT$4 ,?IS IS ! NOTION ( 0S]VICE40.<#a#g#e.> ,IT IS V]Y MU* A ,NOR!RN ,EUROPEAN IDEA4 

,9 !ORY1 FEUDAL SOCIETY WAS A VA/ SY/EM ( S]VICE3 NOT ONLY S]FS BUT ALSO L[]-RANK+ FEUDAL LORDS 0S]V$0 HI<] ONES1 JU/ AS HI<] ONES PROVID$ FEUDAL S]VICE TO ! K+4 ,H[EV]1 ! =M ( S]VICE ?AT HAD ! MO/ IMPORTANT & P]VASIVE 9FLU5CE ON MO/ PEOPLE'S LIVES WAS NOT FEUDAL S]VICE BUT :AT HI/ORICAL SOCIOLOGI/S HAVE CALL$ 0LIFE-CYCLE0 S]VICE4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 ALMO/ EV]YONE WAS EXPECT$ TO SP5D R\<LY ! FIR/ SEV5 TO FIFTE5 YE>S ( HIS OR H] WORK+ LIFE AS A S]VANT 9 SOMEONE ELSE'S H\SEHOLD4 ,MO/ ( US >E FAMILI> ) H[ ?IS WORK$ ITSELF \T )9 CRAFT GUILDS1 :]E TE5AG]S W\LD FIR/ BE ASSIGN$ TO MA/] CRAFTSM5 AS APPR5TICES1 & !N BECOME J\RNEYM51 BUT ONLY :5 !Y A*IEV$ ! /ATUS ( MA/] CRAFTSM5 W\LD !Y HAVE ! MEANS TO M>RY & SET UP !IR [N H\SEHOLDS & %OPS1 & TAKE APPR5TICES ( !IR [N4 ,9 FACT1 ! SY/EM WAS 9 NO S5SE LIMIT$ TO >TISANS4 ,EV5 PEASANTS NORMALLY EXPECT$ TO SP5D !IR TE5AGE YE>S ONW>D AS 0S]VANTS 9 HUSB&RY0 9 ANO!R F>M H\SEHOLD1 TYPICALLY1 ?AT ( SOMEONE JU/ SLI<TLY BETT] (F4 ,S]VICE WAS EXPECT$ EQUALLY ( GIRLS & BOYS 7?AT'S :AT MILKMAIDS W]E3 DAU<T]S ( PEASANTS DUR+ !IR YE>S ( S]VICE71 & WAS USUALLY EXPECT$ EV5 ( ! ELITE4 ,! MO/ FAMILI> EXAMPLE H]E W\LD BE PAGES1 :O W]E APPR5TICE KNI<TS1 BUT EV5 NOBLEWOM51 UNLESS !Y W]E AT ! V]Y TOP ( ! HI]>*Y1 W]E EXPECT$ TO SP5D !IR ADOLESC5CE AS LADIES-9-WAIT+--?AT IS1 S]VANTS :O W\LD 0WAIT UPON0 A M>RI$ NOBLEWOMAN ( SLI<TLY HI<] RANK1 ATT5D+ TO H] PRIVY *AMB]1 TOILETTE1 MEALS1 & SO =?1 EV5 AS !Y W]E ALSO 0WAIT+0 = SU* TIME AS !Y1 TOO1 W]E 9 A POSITION TO M>RY & BECOME ! LADY ( AN >I/OCRATIC H\SEHOLD !MSELVES4 ,ROYAL C\RTS SIMIL>LY HAD 0G5TLEMAN WAIT]S10 :O ATT5D$ TO ! PRIVY *AMB] ( ! K+4.<#a#g#f.> 

,9 ! CASE ( Y\NG NOBLES1 0WAIT+0 L>GELY MEANT WAIT+ = AN 9H]ITANCE--OR = ONE'S P>5TS TO DECIDE ONE WAS OLD & SUFFICI5TLY WELL GROOM$ TO M]IT A TRANSF] ( TITLE & PROP]TY4 ,?IS MI<T BE ! CASE = S]VANTS 9 HUSB&RY AS WELL1 BUT G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 AMONG COMMON]S1 S]VANTS W]E PAID & EXPECT$ TO SAVE A GOOD %>E ( !IR WAGES4 ,SO !Y W]E ACQUIR+ BO? ! KN[L$GE & EXP]I5CE NE$$ TO MANAGE A H\SEHOLD1 %OP1 OR F>M1 & ALSO ! WEAL? NE$$ TO ACQUIRE ONE--OR1 9 ! CASE ( WOM51 TO BE ABLE TO (F] A D[RY TO A SUITOR ABLE TO DO ! SAME4 ,AS A RESULT1 M$IEVAL PEOPLE M>RI$ LATE1 USUALLY >\ND ?IRTY1 :I* MEANT ?AT 0Y\?0--ADOLESC5CE1 A TIME :5 ONE WAS EXPECT$ TO BE AT LEA/ A LITTLE WILD1 LU/FUL1 & REBELLI\S--W\LD (T5 LA/ A GOOD FIFTE5 TO TW5TY YE>S4 

,! FACT ?AT S]VANTS W]E PAID IS CRUCIAL BECAUSE IT MEANT ?AT :ILE WAGE LABOR DID EXI/ 9 ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE1 C5TURIES BE=E ! DAWN ( CAPITALISM1 ALMO/ EV]YONE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ASSUM$ ?AT IT WAS SOME?+ RESPECTABLE PEOPLE 5GAG$ 9 ONLY 9 ! FIR/ PHASE ( !IR WORK+ LIFE4 ,S]VICE & WAGE LABOR W]E L>GELY ID5TIFI$2 EV5 9 ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL'S TIME1 DAY LABOR]S C\LD /ILL BE REF]R$ TO AS 0S]VANTS40 ,S]VICE1 9 TURN1 WAS SE5 ABOVE ALL AS ! PROCESS :]EBY Y\NG PEOPLE LE>N$ NOT ONLY !IR TRADE1 BUT ! 0MANN]S10 ! COMPORTM5T APPROPRIATE TO A RESPONSIBLE ADULT4 ,AS ONE (T-QUOT$ ACC\NT BY A ,V5ETIAN VISITOR TO ,5GL& PUT IT >\ND #a#e3  
  

,! WANT ( AFFECTION 9 ! ,5GLI% IS /RONGLY MANIFE/$ T[>D !IR *ILDR52 = AFT] HAV+ KEPT !M AT HOME TILL !Y >RIVE AT ! AGE ( SEV5 OR N9E YE>S AT ! UTMO/1 !Y PUT !M \T1 BO? MALES & FEMALES1 TO H>D S]VICE 9 ! H\SEHOLDS ( O!R PEOPLE1 B9D+ !M G5]ALLY = SEV5 OR N9E YE>S4.<#a#g#g.> ,& !SE >E CALL$ APPR5TICES1 & DUR+ ?AT TIME !Y P]=M ALL ! MO/ M5IAL (FICES2 & FEW >E BORN :O >E EXEMPT$ FROM ?IS FATE1 = EV]YONE1 H[EV] RI* HE MAY BE1 S5DS AWAY HIS *ILDR5 9TO ! H\SES ( O!RS1 :IL/ HE1 9 RETURN1 RECEIVES ?OSE ( /RANG]S 9TO HIS [N4 ,& ON 9QUIR+ !IR REASON = ?IS SEV]ITY1 !Y ANSW]$ ?AT !Y DID IT 9 ORD] ?AT !IR *ILDR5 LE>N BETT] MANN]S4.<#a#g#h.>  
  

,MANN]S1 9 ! M$IEVAL & ,E>LY ,MOD]N S5SE1 W5T WELL BEYOND ETIQUETTE2 ! T]M REF]R$ TO ONE'S MANN] ( ACT+ & BE+ 9 ! WORLD MORE G5]ALLY1 ONE'S HABITS1 TA/ES1 & S5SIBILITIES4 ,Y\NG PEOPLE W]E EXPECT$ TO WORK = WAGES 9 ! H\SEHOLDS ( O!RS BECAUSE--UNLESS ONE WAS 9T5D+ TO JO9 ! CL]GY & BECOME A S*OL>--:AT WE W\LD CONSID] PAID WORK1 & :AT WE W\LD CONSID] $UCATION1 W]E SE5 AS L>GELY ! SAME ?+1 & BO? W]E A PROCESS ( LE>N+ SELF-DISCIPL9E1 AB\T 0A*IEV.<+.> MA/]Y ( ONE'S BAS] DESIRES0.<#a#g#i.> & LE>N+ H[ TO BEHAVE LIKE A PROP] SELF-CONTA9$ ADULT4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT M$IEVAL & ,E>LY ,MOD]N CULTURE HAD NO PLACE = ! RAMBUNCTI\SNESS ( Y\?4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,Y\NG PEOPLE1 EV5 ?\< 9 S]VICE 9 O!RS' H\SEHOLDS1 TYPICALLY ALSO CREAT$ AN ALT]NATIVE CULTURE ( !IR [N1 C5T]$ ON Y\? LODGES ) NAMES SU* AS ! ,LORDS ( ,MISRULE & ,ABBOTS ( ,UNREASON1 :I* SOMETIMES W]E EV5 ALL[$ TO TAKE TEMPOR>Y P[] DUR+ ! POPUL> FE/IVALS4 ,YET ULTIMATELY1 DISCIPL9$ WORK UND] ! DIRECTION ( AN ADULT HEAD ( A H\SEHOLD WAS TO TRANS=M ! Y\NG 9TO SELF-DISCIPL9$ ADULTS1 AT :I* PO9T !Y W\LD NO LONG] HAVE TO WORK = O!RS BUT W\LD BE SELF-EMPLOY$4 

,AS A RESULT ( SU* >RANGEM5TS1 ATTITUDES T[>D WORK 9 M$IEVAL ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE LOOK QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ?AT PREVAIL$ 9 ! CLASSICAL WORLD1 OR EV51 AS WE'VE SE51 ! LAT] ,M$IT]RANEAN4 7,! ,V5ETIAN AMBASSADOR WAS SC&ALIZ$ BY ,5GLI% PRACTICES47 ,MO/ ( \R S\RCES FROM ,GREEK & ,ROMAN ANTIQUITY >E MALE >I/OCRATS :O SAW PHYSICAL LABOR OR S]VICE AS FIT ONLY = WOM5 OR SLAVES4 ,WORK1 ,>I/OTLE 9SI/$1 9 NO S5SE MAKES Y\ A BETT] P]SON2 9 FACT1 IT MAKES Y\ A WORSE ONE1 S9CE IT TAKES UP SO MU* TIME1 ?US MAK+ IT DIFFICULT TO FULFILL ONE'S SOCIAL & POLITICAL OBLIGATIONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! PUNI%M5T ASPECT ( WORK T5D$ TO BE EMPHASIZ$ 9 CLASSICAL LIT]ATURE1 :ILE ! CREATIVE & GODLIKE ASPECT WAS L>GELY SE5 AS FALL+ TO ?OSE MALE HEADS ( H\SEHOLD RI* 5\< ?AT !Y DIDN'T ACTUALLY HAVE TO GET !IR H&S DIRTY BUT C\LD TELL O!RS :AT TO DO4 ,9 ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ! ,R5AISSANCE1 ALMO/ EV]YONE WAS EXPECT$ TO GET !IR H&S DIRTY AT SOME PO9T OR ANO!R4.<#a#h.> ,AS A RESULT1 WORK1 ESPECIALLY PAID WORK1 WAS SE5 AS TRANS=MATIVE4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT MEANS ?AT C]TA9 KEY ASPECTS ( :AT WAS TO BECOME KN[N AS ! ,PROTE/ANT WORK E?IC W]E ALREADY !RE1 LONG BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( ,PROTE/ANTISM4 

H[1 ) ! ADV5T ( CAPITALISM1 WORK CAME TO BE SE5 9 MANY QU>T]S EI!R AS A MEANS ( SOCIAL RE=M OR ULTIMATELY AS A VIRTUE 9 ITS [N RI<T1 & H[ LABOR]S C\NT]$ BY EMBRAC+ ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE 

  
  

,NO ADEQUATE HI/ORY ( ! MEAN+S ( WORK HAS BE5 WRITT54  
  

--,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS1 ,:ITE ,COLL>3 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,MIDDLE ,CLASSES1 #aiea 

,ALL ?IS WAS TO *ANGE ) ! ADV5T ( CAPITALISM4 ,BY 0CAPITALISM10 H]E ,I AM REF]R+ NOT TO M>KETS--!SE HAD LONG EXI/$--BUT TO ! GRADUAL TRANS=MATION ( RELATIONS ( S]VICE 9TO P]MAN5T RELATIONS ( WAGE LABOR3 ?AT IS1 A RELATION BETWE5 SOME PEOPLE :O [N$ CAPITAL1 & O!RS :O DID NOT & ?US W]E OBLIG$ TO WORK = !M4 ,:AT ?IS MEANT 9 HUMAN T]MS WAS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ?AT MILLIONS ( Y\NG PEOPLE F\ND !MSELVES TRAPP$ 9 P]MAN5T SOCIAL ADOLESC5CE4 ,AS ! GUILD /RUCTURES BROKE D[N1 APPR5TICES C\LD BECOME J\RNEYM51 BUT J\RNEYM5 C\LD NO LONG] BECOME MA/]S1 :I* MEANT ?AT1 9 TRADITIONAL T]MS1 !Y W\LD NOT BE A POSITION TO M>RY & />T FAMILIES ( !IR [N4 ,!Y W]E EXPECT$ TO LIVE !IR 5TIRE LIVES EFFECTIVELY AS UNF9I%$ HUMAN BE+S4.<#a#h#a.> ,9EVITABLY1 MANY BEGAN TO REBEL1 GIVE UP ON ! 9T]M9ABLE WAIT+1 & BEGAN M>RY+ E>LY1 AB&ON+ !IR MA/]S TO SET UP COTTAGES & FAMILIES ( !IR [N--:I*1 9 TURN1 SET (F A WAVE ( MORAL PANIC AMONG ! EM]G+ EMPLOY+ CLASS V]Y REM9ISC5T ( LAT] MORAL PANICS AB\T TE5AGE PREGNANCY4 ,! FOLL[+ IS FROM ,! ,ANATOMIE ( ,ABUSES1 A SIXTE5?-C5TURY MANIFE/O BY A ,PURITAN NAM$ ,PHILLIP ,/UBBES3  
  

,& BESIDES ?IS1 Y\ %ALL HAVE EV]Y SAUCY BOY1 ( T51 F\RTE51 SIXTE51 OR TW5TY YE>S ( AGE1 CAT* UP A WOMAN1 & M>RY H]1 )\T ANY FE> ( ,GOD AT ALL444 OR1 :I* IS MORE1 )\T ANY RESPECT H[ !Y MAY LIVE TOGE!R1 ) SUFFICI5T MA9T5ANCE = !IR CALL+S & E/ATE4 ,NO1 NO6 ,IT MAKE? NO MATT] = !SE ?+S1 SO HE HAVE HIS PRETTY PUSSY TO HUGGLE )ALL1 = ?AT IS ! ONLY ?+ HE DESIRE?4 ,!N BUILD !Y UP A COTTAGE1 ?\< BUT ( ELD] POLES1 9 EV]Y LANE 5D ALMO/1 :]E !Y LIVE AS BEGG]S ALL !IR LIFE AFT]4 ,?IS FILLE? ! L& ) SU* /ORE ( M5DICANTS 4 4 4 ?AT 9 %ORT TIME IT IS LIKE TO GR[ TO GREAT POV]TY & SC>C5ESS4.<#a#h#b.>  
  

,IT WAS AT ?IS MOM5T ?AT ONE CAN SPEAK ( ! BIR? ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS--A T]M D]IV$ APPROPRIATELY 5\< FROM A ,LAT9 WORD = 0?OSE :O PRODUCE (FSPR+10 S9CE 9 ,ROME1 ! POORE/ CITIZ5S :O DID NOT HAVE 5\< WEAL? TO TAX W]E USEFUL TO ! GOV]NM5T ONLY BY PRODUC+ SONS :O C\LD BE DRAFT$ 9TO ! >MY4 

,/UBBES'S ,ANATOMIE ( ,ABUSES MI<T BE CONSID]$ ! V]Y MANIFE/O ( ! ,PURITAN 0,RE=MATION ( ,MANN]S10 AS !Y CALL$ IT1 :I* WAS V]Y MU* A MIDDLE-CLASS VISION1 ) AN EQUALLY JAUNDIC$ VIEW ( BO? ! C>NALITY ( C\RT LIFE1 & ! 0HEA!NI% RIOT+0 ( POPUL> 5T]TA9M5T4 ,IT ALSO %[S IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& DEBATES AB\T ,PURITANISM & ! ORIG9S ( ! ,PROTE/ANT WORK E?IC )\T UND]/&+ ?IS L>G] CONTEXT ( ! DECL9E ( LIFE-CYCLE S]VICE & CREATION ( A PROLET>IAT4 ,5GLI% ,CALV9I/S 7ACTUALLY !Y W]E ONLY CALL$ 0,PURITANS0 BY ?OSE :O DISLIK$ !M7 T5D$ TO BE DRAWN FROM ! CLASS ( MA/] CRAFTSM5 & 0IMPROV+0 F>M]S :O W]E EMPLOY+ ?IS NEWLY CREAT$ PROLET>IAT1 & !IR 0,RE=MATION ( ,MANN]S0 TOOK SPECIAL AIM AT POPUL> FE/IVALS1 GAM+1 DR9K+1 0& ALL ! ANNUAL RITES ( MISRULE :5 Y\? TEMPOR>ILY 9V]T$ ! SOCIAL ORD]40.<#a#h#c.> ,! ,PURITAN IDEAL WAS = ALL SU* 0MA/]LESS M50 TO BE R\ND$ UP1 & PLAC$ UND] ! /]N DISCIPL9E ( A PI\S H\SEHOLD :OSE PATRI>* C\LD DIRECT !M 9 WORK & PRAY]4 ,BUT ?IS WAS JU/ ! FIR/ ( A LONG HI/ORY ( ATTEMPTS TO RE=M ! MANN]S ( ! L[] CLASSES ?AT HAS FOLL[$1 FROM ,VICTORIAN WORKH\SES :]E ! POOR W]E TAU<T PROP] TIME DISCIPL9E1 TO WORKF>E & SIMIL> GOV]NM5T PROGRAMS TODAY4 

,:Y1 />T+ 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 DID ! MIDDLE CLASSES SUDD5LY DEVELOP SU* AN 9T]E/ 9 RE=M+ ! MORAL COMPORTM5T ( ! POOR--A SUBJECT !Y HAD NOT PREVI\SLY F\ND ( MU* 9T]E/ ONE WAY OR ! O!R8 ,?IS HAS ALWAYS BE5 SOME?+ ( A HI/ORICAL MY/]Y4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( LIFE-CYCLE S]VICE1 ?\<1 IT ACTUALLY MAKES P]FECT S5SE4 ,! POOR W]E SE5 AS FRU/RAT$ ADOLESC5TS4 ,WORK--& SPECIFICALLY1 PAID LABOR UND] ! EYE ( A MA/]--HAD TRADITIONALLY BE5 ! MEANS BY :I* SU* ADOLESC5TS LE>N$ H[ TO BE PROP]1 DISCIPL9$1 SELF-CONTA9$ ADULTS4 ,:ILE 9 PRACTICAL T]MS ,PURITANS & O!R PI\S RE=M]S C\LD NO LONG] PROMISE MU* TO ! POOR--C]TA9LY NOT ADUL?OOD AS IT US$ TO BE CONCEIV$1 AS FRE$OM FROM ! NE$ TO WORK UND] ! ORD]S ( O!RS--!Y SUB/ITUT$ *>ITY1 DISCIPL9E1 & A R5EW$ 9FUSION ( !OLOGY4 ,WORK1 !Y TAU<T1 WAS BO? PUNI%M5T & R$EMPTION4 ,WORK WAS SELF-MORTIFICATION & AS SU* HAD VALUE 9 ITSELF1 EV5 BEYOND ! WEAL? IT PRODUC$1 :I* WAS M]ELY A SIGN ( ,GOD'S FAVOR 7& NOT TO BE 5JOY$ TOO MU*47.<#a#h#d.> 

,AFT] ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 ! CELEBRATION ( WORK WAS TAK5 UP ) R5EW$ VIGOR BY ! ,ME?ODI/S1 BUT EV5 MORE1 IF ANY?+1 9 $UCAT$ MIDDLE-CLASS CIRCLES ?AT DIDN'T SEE !MSELVES AS P>TICUL>LY RELIGI\S4 ,P]HAPS ITS GREATE/ ADVOCATE WAS ,?OMAS ,C>LYLE1 AN 5ORM\SLY POPUL> ESSAYI/1 :O1 CONC]N$ ) ! DECL9E ( MORALITY 9 ! NEW ,AGE ( ,MAMMON1 PROPOS$ :AT HE CALL$ A ,GOSPEL ( ,WORK4 ,C>LYLE 9SI/$ ?AT LABOR %\LD NOT BE VIEW$ AS A WAY TO SATISFY MAT]IAL NE$S1 BUT AS ! ESS5CE ( LIFE ITSELF2 ,GOD HAD 9T5TIONALLY CREAT$ ! WORLD UNF9I%$ SO AS TO ALL[ HUMANS ! OPPORTUNITY TO COMPLETE ,HIS WORK ?R\< LABOR3  
  

,A MAN P]FECTS HIMSELF BY WORK+444 ,CONSID] H[1 EV5 9 ! MEANE/ SORTS ( ,LABOR1 ! :OLE S\L ( MAN IS COMPOS$ 9TO A K9D ( REAL H>MONY1 ! 9/ANT HE SETS HIMSELF TO WORK6 ,D\BT1 ,DESIRE1 ,SORR[1 ,REMORSE1 ,9DIGNATION1 ,DESPAIR ITSELF1 ALL !SE LIKE HELLDOGS LIE BELEAGU]+ ! S\L ( ! POOR DAY-WORK]1 AS ( EV]Y MAN2 BUT HE B5DS HIMSELF ) FREE VALOR AGA9/ HIS TASK1 & ALL !SE >E /ILL$1 ALL !SE %R9K MURMUR+ F> (F 9TO !IR CAVES4 ,! MAN IS N[ A MAN4 ,! BLESS$ GL[ ( ,LABOR 9 HIM1 IS IT NOT PURIFY+ FIRE1 :]E9 ALL POISON IS BURNT UP8 

,ALL TRUE ,WORK IS SACR$2 9 ALL TRUE ,WORK1 W]E IT BUT TRUE H&-LABOR1 !RE IS SOME?+ ( DIV95ESS444 ,OH BRO!R1 IF ?IS IS NOT 0WOR%IP10 !N ,I SAY1 ! MORE ! PITY = WOR%IP2 = ?IS IS ! NOBLE/ ?+ YET DISCOV]$ UND] ,GOD'S SKY4 ,:O >T ?\ ?AT COMPLA9E/ ( ?Y LIFE ( TOIL8 ,COMPLA9 NOT4 ,LOOK UP1 MY WE>I$ BRO!R2 SEE ?Y FELL[ ,WORKM5 !RE1 9 ,GOD'S ,ET]NITY1 SACR$ ,B& ( ! ,IMMORTALS1 CELE/IAL ,BODYGU>D ( ! ,EMPIRE ( ,MANK9D4.<#a#h#e.>  
  

,C>LYLE WAS ULTIMATELY L$ TO ! CONCLUSION SO MANY REA* TODAY3 ?AT IF WORK IS NOBLE1 !N ! MO/ NOBLE WORK %\LD NOT BE COMP5SAT$1 S9CE IT IS OBSC5E TO PUT A PRICE ON SOME?+ ( SU* ABSOLUTE VALUE 70! 'WAGES' ( EV]Y NOBLE ,WORK DO YET LIE 9 ,HEAV5 OR ELSE NO:]E07.<#a#h#f.>--?\< HE WAS G5]\S 5\< TO ALL[ ?AT ! POOR DID NE$ TO BE AF=D$ 0FAIR WAGES0 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 ! MEANS TO LIVE4 

,SU* >GUM5TS W]E IMM5SELY POPUL> 9 MIDDLE-CLASS CIRCLES4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! WORK]'S MOVEM5T BEG9N+ TO =M 9 ,EUROPE >\ND ,C>LYLE'S TIME WAS LESS IMPRESS$4 ,MO/ WORK]S 9VOLV$ 9 ,LUDDISM1 ,*>TISM1 ,RIC>DIAN ,SOCIALISM1 & ! V>I\S E>LY /RA9S ( ,5GLI% RADICALISM W\LD PROBABLY HAVE AGRE$ !RE WAS SOME?+ DIV9E 9 WORK1 BUT ?AT DIV9E QUALITY LAY NOT 9 ITS EFFECT ON ! S\L & BODY--AS LABOR]S1 !Y KNEW BETT] ?AN ?AT--BUT ?AT IT WAS ! S\RCE ( WEAL?2 EV]Y?+ ?AT MADE RI* & P[]FUL PEOPLE RI* & P[]FUL WAS1 9 FACT1 CREAT$ BY ! EF=TS ( ! POOR4 ,ADAM ,SMI? & ,DAVID ,RIC>DO1 ! F\ND]S ( ,BRITI% ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 HAD EMBRAC$ ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE--AS DID MANY ( ! NEW 9DU/RIALI/S1 S9CE IT ALL[$ !M TO DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM ! L&$ G5TRY1 :OM !Y REPRES5T$ AS M]E IDLE CONSUM]S--BUT ! !ORY WAS ALMO/ 9/ANTLY TAK5 UP BY ,SOCIALI/S & LABOR ORGANIZ]S & TURN$ AGA9/ ! 9DU/RIALI/S !MSELVES4 ,BE=E LONG ECONOMI/S BEGAN SEEK+ = ALT]NATIVES ON EXPLICITLY POLITICAL GR\NDS4 ,ALREADY 9 #a#h#c#b--?AT IS1 ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL--WE 5C\NT] W>N+S LIKE ! FOLL[+3 0,?AT LABOR IS ! SOLE S\RCE ( WEAL? SEEMS TO BE A DOCTR9E AS DANG]\S AS IT IS FALSE1 AS IT UNHAPPILY AF=DS A H&LE TO ?OSE :O W\LD REPRES5T ALL PROP]TY AS BELONG+ TO ! WORK+ CLASSES1 & ! %>E :I* IS RECEIV$ BY O!RS AS A ROBB]Y OR FRAUD UPON !M40.<#a#h#g.> 

,BY ! #a#h#cS1 MANY W]E1 9 FACT1 PROCLAIM+ EXACTLY ?AT4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE JU/ H[ UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE BECAME 9 ! G5]ATIONS IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION--EV5 BE=E ! DISSEM9ATION ( ,M>X'S WORKS1 :I* GAVE SU* >GUM5TS A R5EW$ 5]GY & A MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ !ORETICAL LANGUAGE4 ,IT WAS P>TICUL>LY P[]FUL 9 ,BRITA9'S ,AM]ICAN COLONIES4 ,! ME*ANICS & TRADESM5 :O BECAME ! FOOT SOLDI]S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,W> ( ,9DEP5D5CE REPRES5T$ !MSELVES AS PRODUC]S ( ! WEAL? ?AT !Y SAW ! ,BRITI% CR[N AS LOOT+1 & AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 MANY TURN$ ! SAME LANGUAGE AGA9/ W\LD-BE CAPITALI/S4 0,! SOLID ROCK ON :I* !IR IDEA ( ! GOOD SOCIETY RE/$10 AS ONE HI/ORIAN PUT IT1 0WAS ?AT LABOR CREAT$ ALL WEAL?40.<#a#h#h.> ,! WORD 0CAPITALI/0 AT ?AT TIME WAS L>GELY A T]M ( ABUSE4 ,:5 ,U,S ,PRESID5T ,ABRAHAM ,L9COLN DELIV]$ HIS FIR/ ANNUAL MESSAGE TO ,CONGRESS 9 #a#h#f#a1 = 9/ANCE1 HE 9CLUD$ ! FOLL[+ L9ES1 :I*1 RADICAL ?\< !Y SEEM TO A CONTEMPOR>Y E>1 :]E REALLY JU/ A REFLECTION ( ! COMMON S5SE ( ! TIME3.<#a#h#i.> 0,LABOR IS PRIOR TO & 9DEP5D5T ( CAPITAL4 ,CAPITAL IS ONLY ! FRUIT ( LABOR1 & C\LD NEV] HAVE EXI/$ IF LABOR HAD NOT FIR/ EXI/$4 ,LABOR IS ! SUP]IOR ( CAPITAL1 & DES]VES MU* ! HI<] CONSID]ATION40 

,/ILL1 ,L9COLN W5T ON TO 9SI/1 :AT MADE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DIFF]5T FROM ,EUROPE1 9DE$ :AT MADE ITS DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE1 WAS ?AT IT LACK$ A P]MAN5T POPULATION ( WAGE LABOR]S3  
  

0,!RE IS NOT ( NECESSITY ANY SU* ?+ AS ! FREE HIR$ LABOR] BE+ FIX$ TO ?AT CONDITION = LIFE4 ,MANY 9DEP5D5T M5 EV]Y:]E 9 !SE ,/ATES A FEW YE>S BACK 9 !IR LIVES W]E HIR$ LABOR]S4 ,! PRUD5T1 P5NILESS BEG9N] 9 ! WORLD LABORS = WAGES A :ILE1 SAVES A SURPLUS ) :I* TO BUY TOOLS OR L& = HIMSELF1 !N LABORS ON HIS [N ACC\NT ANO!R :ILE1 & AT L5G? HIRES ANO!R NEW BEG9N] TO HELP HIM40  
  

,9 O!R WORDS1 EV5 ?\< HE DIDN'T PUT IT QUITE ?IS WAY1 ,L9COLN >GU$ ?AT1 [+ TO ,AM]ICA'S RAPID ECONOMIC & T]RITORIAL EXPANSION1 IT WAS POSSIBLE !RE TO MA9TA9 SOME?+ LIKE ! OLD M$IEVAL SY/EM1 9 :I* EV]YONE />T$ \T WORK+ = O!RS1 !N US$ ! PROCE$S ( WAGE LABOR TO SET UP %OP1 OR BUY A F>M 7ON L& SEIZ$ FROM ITS 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS71 & !N EV5TUALLY !MSELVES PLAY ! CAPITALI/1 EMPLOY+ Y\NG PEOPLE AS LABOR]S 9 !IR [N RI<T4 

,?IS WAS DEF9ITELY ! IDEAL 9 PRE-,CIVIL ,W> ,AM]ICA--?\< ,L9COLN WAS FROM ,ILL9OIS1 NOT TOO F> FROM ! FRONTI]2 WORK+M5'S ASSOCIATIONS 9 ! OLD CITIES ( ! ,EA/]N ,SEABO>D W]E ALREADY TAK+ ISSUE ) >GUM5TS LIKE ?IS4.<#a#i.> ,:AT'S SIGNIFICANT H]E IS ?AT ,L9COLN FELT HE HAD TO ACCEPT ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE AS ! FRAMEWORK ( DEBATE4 ,EV]YONE DID4 ,?IS REMA9$ ! CASE AT LEA/ UNTIL ! 5D ( ! C5TURY4 ,IT WAS TRUE EV5 ALONG ! ,WE/]N FRONTI]1 :]E ONE MI<T HAVE IMAG9$ ,EUROPEAN-/YLE CLASS T5SIONS W]E LEA/ LIKELY TO FL>E UP4 ,9 #ahh A ,PROTE/ANT 0HOME MISSION>Y0 :O HAD SP5T SOME YE>S TRAVEL+ ALONG ! ,WE/]N FRONTI] REPORT$ ?AT3 0,Y\ CAN H>DLY F9D A GR\P ( RAN*M5 OR M9]S FROM ,COLORADO TO ! ,PACIFIC :O WILL NOT HAVE ON !IR TONGUE'S 5D ! LABOR SLANG ( ,D5IS ,KE>NEY1 ! 9FIDEL RIBALDRY ( .<A!I/ PAMPHLETE].> ,ROB]T ,+]SOLL1 ! ,SOCIALI/IC !ORIES ( ,K>L ,M>X40.<#a#i#a.> 

,C]TA9LY A DETAIL LEFT \T ( EV]Y C[BOY MOVIE ,I EV] SAW6 7,! NOTABLE EXCEPTION BE+ ,! ,TREASURE ( ! ,SI]RA ,MADRE1 :I* DOES 9DE$ BEG9 ) A SC5E :]E ,JOHN ,HU/ON1 AS A M9]1 EXPLA9S ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE TO ,HUMPHREY ,BOG>T47.<#a#i#b.> 

CONC]N+ ! KEY FLAW 9 ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE AS IT BECAME POPUL> 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & H[ ! [N]S ( CAPITAL EXPLOIT$ ?AT FLAW 

  
  

,VIRTUALLY ANY =M ( LABOR CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS 0C>+0 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT RESULTS 9 ACTIVITIES ?AT HELP MEET ! NE$S ( O!RS4  
  

--,NANCY ,FOLBRE 

,I TURN$ TO ,AM]ICA = A REASON4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PLAYS A KEY ROLE 9 \R /ORY4 ,NO:]E WAS ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ALL WEAL? D]IVES FROM LABOR MORE UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ AS ORD9>Y COMMON S5SE1 YET NO:]E1 TOO1 WAS ! C\NT]ATTACK AGA9/ ?IS COMMON S5SE SO CALCULAT$1 SO SU/A9$1 & SO ULTIMATELY EFFECTIVE4 ,BY ! E>LY DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :5 ! FIR/ C[BOY MOVIES W]E BE+ MADE1 ?IS WORK WAS L>GELY COMPLETE1 & ! IDEA ?AT RAN* H&S HAD ONCE BE5 AVID READ]S ( ,M>X W\LD HAVE SEEM$ AS RIDICUL\S AS IT W\LD TO MO/ ,AM]ICANS TODAY4 ,EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 ?IS C\NT](F5SIVE LAID ! GR\NDWORK = ! APP>5TLY BIZ>RE ATTITUDES T[>D WORK1 L>GELY EMANAT+ FROM ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ?AT WE CAN /ILL OBS]VE SPREAD+ ACROSS ! WORLD1 ) P]NICI\S RESULTS4 

,L9COLN WAS NO D\BT OV]/AT+ HIS CASE1 BUT IT IS NONE!LESS TRUE ?AT 9 ! 0,>TISANS ,REPUBLIC0 ?AT EXI/$ BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 SOME?+ R\<LY LIKE ! OLD] TRADITION ( LIFE-CYCLE S]VICE DID 5DURE--) ! NOTABLE DIFF]5CE ?AT MO/ HIR$ LABOR]S W]E NOT CALL$ 0S]VANTS0 & DID NOT LIVE 9 !IR EMPLOY]S' HOMES4 ,POLITICIANS DID SEE ?IS AS ! IDEAL & LEGISLAT$ ACCORD+LY4 ,W\LD-BE CAPITALI/S W]E NOT GRANT$ ! RI<T TO CREATE LIMIT$-LIABILITY CORPORATIONS UNLESS !Y C\LD PROVE DO+ SO W\LD CON/ITUTE A CLE> & 9CONTE/ABLE 0PUBLIC B5EFIT0 79 O!R WORDS1 ! NOTION ( SOCIAL VALUE NOT ONLY EXI/$ BUT WAS 9SCRIB$ 9 LAW7--?IS USUALLY MEANT1 9 PRACTICE1 ONLY IF !Y W]E PROPOS+ TO DIG A CANAL OR BUILD A RAILROAD4.<#a#i#c.> ,AP>T FROM ! A!I/S ALONG ! FRONTI]1 MU* ( ?IS ANTICAPITALI/ FEEL+ WAS JU/IFI$ ON RELIGI\S GR\NDS2 POPUL> ,PROTE/ANTISM1 DRAW+ ON ITS ,PURITAN ROOTS1 NOT ONLY CELEBRAT$ WORK1 BUT EMBRAC$ ! BELIEF ?AT1 AS MY FELL[ AN?ROPOLOGI/S ,DIMITRA ,D\KAS & ,PAUL ,DURR5B]G] HAVE PUT IT1 0WORK WAS A SACR$ DUTY & A CLAIM TO MORAL & POLITICAL SUP]IORITY OV] ! IDLE RI*0--A MORE EXPLICITLY RELIGI\S V]SION ( ,C>LYLE'S 0GOSPEL ( WORK0 7MO/ HI/ORIANS SIMPLY CALL IT 0PRODUC]ISM071 :I* 9SI/$ ?AT WORK WAS BO? A VALUE 9 ITSELF & ! ONLY REAL PRODUC] ( VALUE4 

,9 ! IMM$IATE WAKE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> ALL ?IS BEGAN TO *ANGE ) ! FIR/ /IRR+S ( L>GE-SCALE BUREAUCRATIC1 CORPORATE CAPITALISM4 ,! 0,ROBB] ,B>ONS10 AS ! NEW TYCOONS CAME TO BE CALL$1 W]E AT FIR/ MET 7AS ! NAME GIV5 !M IMPLIES7 ) EXTRAORD9>Y HO/ILITY4 ,BUT BY ! #a#h#iS !Y EMB>K$ ON AN 9TELLECTUAL C\NT](F5SIVE1 PROPOS+ :AT ,D\KAS & ,DURR5B]G] CALL1 AFT] AN ESSAY BY ,&REW ,C>NEGIE1 A 0,GOSPEL ( ,WEAL?03 

,! FL$GL+ CORPORATE GIANTS1 !IR BANK]S1 & !IR POLITICAL ALLIES OBJECT$ TO PRODUC]I/ MORAL CLAIMS &1 />T+ 9 ! #a#h#iS1 REA*$ \T ) A NEW IDEOLOGY ?AT CLAIM$1 TO ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT CAPITAL1 NOT LABOR1 CREATES WEAL? & PROSP]ITY4 ,P[]FUL COALITIONS ( CORPORATE 9T]E/S MADE CONC]T$ EF=TS TO TRANS=M ! MESSAGE ( S*OOLS1 UNIV]SITIES1 *UR*ES1 & CIVIC GR\PS1 CLAIM+ ?AT 0BUS9ESS HAD SOLV$ ! FUNDAM5TAL E?ICAL & POLITICAL PROBLEMS ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY40 

,/EEL MAGNATE ,&REW ,C>NEGIE WAS A LEAD] ( ?IS CULTURAL CAMPAIGN4 ,TO ! MASSES1 ,C>NEGIE >GU$ = :AT WE'D N[ CALL CONSUM]ISM3 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( 0CONC5TRAT$0 CAPITAL1 UND] ! WISE /EW>D%IP ( ! FIT1 W\LD SO L[] ! PRICE ( COMMODITIES ?AT ! WORK]S ( TOMORR[ W\LD LIVE AS WELL AS ! K+S ( ! PA/4 ,TO ! ELITE1 HE >GU$ ?AT CODDL+ ! POOR ) HI< WAGES WAS NOT GOOD = 0! RACE40.<#a#i#d.> 

,! PROMULGATION ( CONSUM]ISM ALSO CO9CID$ ) ! BEG9N+S ( ! MANAG]IAL REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS1 ESPECIALLY AT FIR/1 L>GELY AN ATTACK ON POPUL> KN[L$GE4 ,:]E ONCE HOOP]S & WA9WRI<TS & SEAM/RESSES SAW !MSELVES AS HEIRS TO A PR\D TRADITION1 EA* ) ITS SECRET KN[L$GE1 ! NEW BUREAUCRATICALLY ORGANIZ$ CORPORATIONS & !IR 0SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T0 S\<T AS F> AS POSSIBLE TO LIT]ALLY TURN WORK]S 9TO EXT5SIONS ( ! MA*9]Y1 !IR EV]Y MOVE PR$ET]M9$ BY SOMEONE ELSE4 

,! REAL QUE/ION TO BE ASK$ H]E1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS3 ,:Y WAS ?IS CAMPAIGN SO SUCCESSFUL8 ,BECAUSE IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT1 )9 A G5]ATION1 0PRODUC]ISM0 HAD GIV5 WAY TO 0CONSUM]ISM10 ! 0S\RCE ( /ATUS10 AS ,H>RY ,BRAV]MAN PUT IT1 WAS 0NO LONG] ! ABILITY TO MAKE ?+S BUT SIMPLY ! ABILITY TO PUR*ASE !M10.<#a#i#e.> & ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE--:I* HAD1 MEAN:ILE1 BE5 KNOCK$ \T ( ECONOMIC !ORY BY ! 0M>G9AL REVOLUTION0--HAD SO FALL5 AWAY FROM POPUL> COMMON S5SE ?AT N[ADAYS1 ONLY GRADUATE /UD5TS OR SMALL CIRCLES ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XI/ !ORI/S >E LIKELY TO HAVE HE>D ( IT4 ,N[ADAYS1 IF ONE SPEAKS ( 0WEAL? PRODUC]S10 PEOPLE WILL AUTOMATICALLY ASSUME ONE IS REF]R+ NOT TO WORK]S BUT TO CAPITALI/S4 

,?IS WAS A MONUM5TAL %IFT 9 POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS4 ,:AT MADE IT POSSIBLE8 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! MA9 REASON LIES 9 A FLAW 9 ! ORIG9AL LABOR !ORY ( VALUE ITSELF4 ,?IS WAS ITS FOCUS ON 0PRODUCTION0--A CONCEPT :I*1 AS E>LI] NOT$1 IS BASICALLY !OLOGICAL1 & BE>S 9 IT A PR(\ND PATRI>*AL BIAS4 ,EV5 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! ,*RI/IAN ,GOD WAS SE5 AS A CRAFTSMAN & AN >TIFIC]1.<#a#i#f.> & HUMAN WORK--:I* WAS ALWAYS CONCEIV$ PRIM>ILY AS MALE WORK--AS A MATT] ( MAK+ & BUILD+ ?+S1 OR P]HAPS COAX+ !M FROM ! SOIL1 :ILE = WOM5 0LABOR0 WAS SE5 PRIM>ILY & EMBLEMATICALLY AS A MATT] ( PRODUC+ BABIES4 ,MO/ REAL WOM5'S LABOR DISAPPE>$ FROM ! CONV]SATION4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! />TL+1 UNPREC$5T$ 9CREASES 9 PRODUCTIVITY ?AT FOLL[$ 9 ! WAKE ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION PLAY$ A ROLE H]E1 TOO3 !Y C\LD ONLY HAVE HAD L$ TO >GUM5TS AB\T ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( MA*9ES1 & ! PEOPLE OP]AT+ !M1 & 9DE$ ?OSE >GUM5TS REMA9$ AT ! C5T] ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEBATE ?R\<\T ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,BUT EV5 :5 IT COMES TO FACTORY LABOR1 !RE IS SOME?+ ( A D>K] /ORY4 ,! 9ITIAL 9/9CT ( MO/ E>LY FACTORY [N]S WAS NOT TO EMPLOY M5 9 ! MILLS AT ALL1 BUT WOM5 & *ILDR53 ! LATT] W]E1 AFT] ALL1 CONSID]$ MORE TRACTABLE1 & WOM5 ESPECIALLY1 MORE 9UR$ TO MONOTON\S1 REPETITIVE WORK4 ,! RESULTS W]E (T5 BRUTAL & HORRIFIC4 ,! SITUATION ALSO LEFT TRADITIONAL MALE CRAFTSM5 9 A P>TICUL>LY DI/RESS+ SITUATION2 NOT ONLY W]E !Y ?R[N \T ( WORK BY ! NEW FACTORIES1 !IR WIVES & *ILDR51 :O US$ TO WORK UND] !IR DIRECTION1 W]E N[ ! BREADW9N]S4 ,?IS WAS CLE>LY A FACTOR 9 ! E>LY WAVE ( MA*9E-BREAK+ DUR+ ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,W>S ?AT CAME TO BE KN[N AS ,LUDDISM1 & A KEY ELEM5T 9 ALLAY+ ?AT REBELLION SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A TACIT SOCIAL COMPROMISE :]EBY IT CAME TO BE UND]/OOD ?AT IT W\LD BE PRIM>ILY ADULT M5 :O W\LD BE EMPLOY$ 9 FACTORY WORK4 ,?IS1 & ! FACT ?AT = ! NEXT C5TURY OR SO LABOR ORGANIZ+ T5D$ TO FOCUS ON FACTORY WORK]S 7P>TLY SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y W]E ! EASIE/ TO ORGANIZE71 L$ TO ! SITUATION WE HAVE N[1 :]E SIMPLY 9VOK+ ! T]M 0WORK+ CLASS0 9/ANTLY DRAWS UP IMAGES ( M5 9 OV]ALLS TOIL+ ON PRODUCTION L9ES1 & IT'S COMMON TO HE> O!RWISE 9TELLIG5T MIDDLE-CLASS 9TELLECTUALS SUGGE/ ?AT1 ) ! DECL9E ( FACTORY WORK1 ! WORK+ CLASS 91 SAY1 ,BRITA9 OR ,AM]ICA NO LONG] EXI/S--AS IF IT W]E ACTUALLY +5I\SLY CON/RUCT$ &ROIDS ?AT W]E DRIV+ !IR BUSSES1 TRIMM+ !IR H$GES1 9/ALL+ !IR CABLES1 OR *ANG+ !IR GR&P>5TS' B$PANS4 

,9 FACT1 !RE WAS NEV] A TIME MO/ WORK]S WORK$ 9 FACTORIES4 ,EV5 9 ! DAYS ( ,K>L ,M>X1 OR ,*>LES ,DICK5S1 WORK+-CLASS NEI<BORHOODS H\S$ F> MORE MAIDS1 BOOTBLACKS1 DU/M51 COOKS1 NURSES1 CABBIES1 S*OOLTEA*]S1 PRO/ITUTES1 C>ETAK]S1 & CO/]MONG]S ?AN EMPLOYES 9 COAL M9ES1 TEXTILE MILLS1 OR IRON F\NDRIES4 ,>E !SE =M] JOBS 0PRODUCTIVE08 ,9 :AT S5SE & = :OM8 ,:O 0PRODUCES0 A S\FFLE8 ,IT'S BECAUSE ( !SE AMBIGUITIES ?AT SU* ISSUES >E TYPICALLY BRU%$ ASIDE :5 PEOPLE >E >GU+ AB\T VALUE2 BUT DO+ SO BL9DS US TO ! REALITY ?AT MO/ WORK+-CLASS LABOR1 :E!R C>RI$ \T BY M5 OR WOM51 ACTUALLY MORE RESEMBLES :AT WE >*ETYPALLY ?9K ( AS WOM5'S WORK1 LOOK+ AFT] PEOPLE1 SEE+ TO !IR WANTS & NE$S1 EXPLA9+1 REASSUR+1 ANTICIPAT+ :AT ! BOSS WANTS OR IS ?9K+1 NOT TO M5TION C>+ =1 MONITOR+1 & MA9TA9+ PLANTS1 ANIMALS1 MA*9ES1 & O!R OBJECTS1 ?AN IT 9VOLVES HAMM]+1 C>V+1 HOI/+1 OR H>VE/+ ?+S4 

,?IS BL9DNESS HAS CONSEQU5CES4 ,LET ME GIVE AN ILLU/RATION4 ,9 #bad !RE WAS A TRANSIT /RIKE :5 ,LONDON'S MAYOR ?REAT5$ TO CLOSE P]HAPS A HUNDR$ ,LONDON ,UND]GR\ND TICKET (FICES1 LEAV+ ONLY MA*9ES4 ,?IS SP>K$ AN ONL9E DEBATE AMONG C]TA9 LOCAL ,M>XI/S AB\T :E!R ! WORK]S ?REAT5$ ) R$UNDANCY HAD 0BULL%IT JOBS0--! LOGIC PUT =W>D BY SOME BE+ ?AT1 EI!R A JOB PRODUC$ VALUE = CAPITALISM1 :I* ! CAPITALI/S CLE>LY NO LONG] ?\<T !SE JOBS DID1 OR ELSE IT S]V$ A SOCIAL FUNCTION ?AT W\LD BE NECESS>Y EV5 IF CAPITALISM DID NOT EXI/1 :I* CLE>LY !SE DID NOT S9CE UND] FULL COMMUNISM1 TRANSPORT W\LD BE FREE4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY ,I WAS DRAWN 94 ,ASK$ TO RESPOND1 ,I EV5TUALLY REF]R$ MY 9T]LOCUTORS TO A CIRCUL> PUT \T BY ! /RIK]S !MSELVES1 CALL$ 0,ADVICE TO ,PASS5G]S ,US+ ! ,FUTURE ,LONDON ,UND]GR\ND40 ,IT 9CLUD$ L9ES LIKE !SE3  
  

,PLEASE 5SURE Y\ >E ?OR\<LY FAMILI> ) ,LONDON ,UND]GR\ND'S #aa L9ES & #bg /ATIONS BE=E TRAVEL+ 4 4 4 ,PLEASE 5SURE ?AT !RE >E NO DELAYS 9 Y\R J\RNEY1 OR ANY ACCID5TS1 EM]G5CIES1 9CID5TS1 OR EVACUATIONS4 ,PLEASE DO NOT BE DISABL$4 ,OR POOR4 ,OR NEW TO ,LONDON4 ,PLEASE AVOID BE+ TOO Y\NG OR TOO OLD4 ,PLEASE DO NOT BE H>ASS$ OR ASSAULT$ :ILE TRAVEL+4 ,PLEASE DO NOT LOSE Y\R PROP]TY OR Y\R *ILDR54 ,PLEASE DO NOT REQUIRE ASSI/ANCE 9 ANY WAY4  
  

,IT APP>5TLY NEV] HAV+ OCCURR$ TO MANY ADVOCATES ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION TO 9VE/IGATE :AT IT IS ?AT TRANSIT WORK]S ACTUALLY DID1 !Y APPE> TO HAVE LAPS$ 9TO SOME?+ V]Y LIKE ! RI<T-W+ TABLOID /]EOTYPE ( CITY EMPLOYES AS OV]PAID IDL]S L\NG+ AB\T ON ! PUBLIC DIME4 

,:AT TUBE WORK]S ACTUALLY DO1 !N1 IS SOME?+ MU* CLOS] TO :AT FEM9I/S HAVE T]M$ 0C>+ LABOR40 ,IT HAS MORE 9 COMMON ) A NURSE'S WORK ?AN A BRICKLAY]'S4 ,IT'S JU/ ?AT1 9 ! SAME WAY AS WOM5'S UNPAID C>+ LABOR IS MADE TO DISAPPE> FROM \R ACC\NTS ( 0! ECONOMY10 SO >E ! C>+ ASPECTS ( O!R WORK+-CLASS JOBS MADE TO DISAPPE> AS WELL4 ,ONE MI<T MAKE A CASE1 P]HAPS1 ?AT ,BRITI% WORK+-CLASS TRADITIONS ( C>+ LABOR DO MAKE !MSELVES KN[N 9 POPUL> CULTURE1 :I* IS L>GELY A WORK+-CLASS PRODUCT1 ) ALL ! *>ACT]I/IC GE/URES1 MANN]S1 & CAD5CES BY :I* WORK+-CLASS PEOPLE *E] ONE ANO!R UP REFLECT$ 9 ,BRITI% MUSIC1 ,BRITI% COM$Y1 & ,BRITI% *ILDR5'S LIT]ATURE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT RECOGNIZ$ AS VALUE-CREAT+ LABOR 9 ITSELF4 

0,C>+ LABOR0 IS G5]ALLY SE5 AS WORK DIRECT$ AT O!R PEOPLE1 & IT ALWAYS 9VOLVES A C]TA9 LABOR ( 9T]PRETATION1 EMPA?Y1 & UND]/&+4 ,TO SOME DEGREE1 ONE MI<T >GUE ?AT ?IS IS NOT REALLY WORK AT ALL1 IT'S JU/ LIFE1 OR LIFE LIV$ PROP]LY--HUMANS >E NATURALLY EMPA!TIC CREATURES1 & TO COMMUNICATE ) ONE ANO!R AT ALL1 WE MU/ CON/ANTLY CA/ \RSELVES IMAG9ATIVELY 9TO EA* O!R'S %OES & TRY TO UND]/& :AT O!RS >E ?9K+ & FEEL+1 :I* USUALLY MEANS C>+ AB\T !M AT LEA/ A LITTLE--BUT IT V]Y MU* BECOMES WORK :5 ALL ! EMPA?Y & IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION IS ON ONE SIDE4 ,! KEY TO C>+ LABOR AS A COMMODITY IS NOT ?AT SOME PEOPLE C>E BUT ?AT O!RS DON'T2 ?AT ?OSE PAY+ = 0S]VICES0 7NOTE H[ ! OLD FEUDAL T]M IS /ILL RETA9$7 FEEL NO NE$ TO 5GAGE 9 9T]PRETIVE LABOR !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS EV5 TRUE ( A BRICKLAY]1 IF ?AT BRICKLAY] IS WORK+ = SOMEONE ELSE4 ,UND]L+S HAVE TO CON/ANTLY MONITOR :AT ! BOSS IS ?9K+2 ! BOSS DOESN'T HAVE TO C>E4 ,?AT1 9 TURN1 IS ONE REASON1 ,I BELIEVE1 :Y PSY*OLOGICAL /UDIES REGUL>LY F9D ?AT PEOPLE ( WORK+-CLASS BACKGR\ND >E MORE ACCURATE AT READ+ O!R PEOPLE'S FEEL+S1 & MORE EMPA!TIC & C>+1 ?AN ?OSE ( MIDDLE-CLASS1 LET ALONE WEAL?Y1 BACKGR\NDS4.<#a#i#g.> ,TO SOME DEGREE1 ! SKILL AT READ+ O!RS' EMOTIONS IS JU/ AN EFFECT ( :AT WORK+-CLASS WORK ACTUALLY CONSI/S (3 RI* PEOPLE DON'T HAVE TO LE>N H[ TO DO 9T]PRETIVE LABOR NE>LY AS WELL BECAUSE !Y CAN HIRE O!R PEOPLE TO DO IT = !M4 ,?OSE HIREL+S1 ON ! O!R H&1 :O HAVE TO DEVELOP A HABIT ( UND]/&+ O!R'S PO9TS ( VIEW1 WILL ALSO T5D TO C>E AB\T !M4.<#a#i#h.> 

,BY ?IS TOK51 AS MANY FEM9I/ ECONOMI/S HAVE PO9T$ \T1 ALL LABOR CAN BE SE5 AS C>+ LABOR1 S9CE--TO TURN TO AN EXAMPLE FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! *APT]--EV5 IF ONE BUILDS A BRIDGE1 IT'S ULTIMATELY BECAUSE ONE C>ES AB\T PEOPLE :O MI<T WI% TO CROSS ! RIV]4 ,AS ! EXAMPLES ,I CIT$ AT ! TIME MAKE CLE>1 PEOPLE DO REALLY ?9K 9 !SE T]MS :5 !Y REFLECT ON ! 0SOCIAL VALUE0 ( !IR JOBS4.<#a#i#i.> 

,TO ?9K ( LABOR AS VALUABLE PRIM>ILY BECAUSE IT IS 0PRODUCTIVE10 & PRODUCTIVE LABOR AS TYPIFI$ BY ! FACTORY WORK]1 EFFECT+ ?AT MAGIC TRANS=MATION BY :I* C>S OR TEABAGS OR PH>MACEUTICAL PRODUCTS >E 0PRODUC$0 \T ( FACTORIES ?R\< ! SAME PA9FUL BUT ULTIMATELY MY/]I\S 0LABOR0 BY :I* WOM5 >E SE5 TO PRODUCE BABIES1 ALL[S ONE TO MAKE ALL ?IS DISAPPE>4 ,IT ALSO MAKES IT MAXIMALLY EASY = ! FACTORY [N] TO 9SI/ ?AT NO1 ACTUALLY1 WORK]S >E REALLY NO DIFF]5T FROM ! MA*9ES !Y OP]ATE4 ,CLE>LY1 ! GR[? ( :AT CAME TO BE CALL$ 0SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T0 MADE ?IS EASI]2 BUT IT W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE HAD ! P>ADIGMATIC EXAMPLE ( 0WORK]0 9 ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION BE5 A COOK1 A G>D5]1 OR A MASSEUSE4 

,MO/ ECONOMI/S N[ADAYS SEE ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE AS A CURIOSITY FROM ! =MATIVE DAYS ( ! DISCIPL9E2 & IT'S PROBABLY TRUE ?AT1 IF ONE'S PRIM>Y 9T]E/ IS TO UND]/& PATT]NS ( PRICE =MATION1 !RE >E BETT] TOOLS AVAILABLE4 ,BUT = ! WORK]'S MOVEM5T--& >GUABLY1 = REVOLUTION>IES LIKE ,K>L ,M>X--?AT WAS NEV] ! REAL PO9T4 ,! REAL PO9T IS PHILOSOPHICAL4 ,IT IS A RECOGNITION ?AT ! WORLD WE 9HABIT IS SOME?+ WE MADE1 COLLECTIVELY1 AS A SOCIETY1 & !RE=E1 ?AT WE C\LD ALSO HAVE MADE DIFF]5TLY4 ,?IS IS TRUE ( ALMO/ ANY PHYSICAL OBJECT LIKELY TO BE )9 REA* ( US AT ANY GIV5 MOM5T4 ,EV]Y ONE WAS GR[N OR MANUFACTUR$ BY SOMEONE ON ! BASIS ( :AT SOMEONE IMAG9$ WE MI<T BE LIKE1 & :AT !Y ?\<T WE MI<T WANT OR NE$4 ,IT'S EV5 MORE TRUE ( AB/RACTIONS LIKE 0CAPITALISM10 0SOCIETY10 OR 0! GOV]NM5T40 ,!Y ONLY EXI/ BECAUSE WE PRODUCE !M EV]Y DAY4 ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY1 P]HAPS ! MO/ POETIC ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,M>XI/S1 ONCE PROPOS$ TO WRITE A BOOK 5TITL$ ,/OP ,MAK+ ,CAPITALISM4.<#b.> ,AFT] ALL1 HE NOT$1 EV5 ?\< WE ALL ACT AS IF CAPITALISM IS SOME K9D ( BEHEMO? T[]+ OV] US1 IT'S REALLY JU/ SOME?+ WE PRODUCE4 ,EV]Y MORN+ WE WAKE UP & RE-CREATE CAPITALISM4 ,IF ONE MORN+ WE WOKE UP & ALL DECID$ TO CREATE SOME?+ ELSE1 !N !RE W\LDN'T BE CAPITALISM ANYMORE4 ,!RE W\LD BE SOME?+ ELSE4 

,ONE MI<T EV5 SAY ?AT ?IS IS ! CORE QUE/ION--P]HAPS ULTIMATELY ! ONLY QUE/ION--( ALL SOCIAL !ORY & ALL REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T4 ,TOGE!R WE CREATE ! WORLD WE 9HABIT4 ,YET IF ANY ONE ( US TRI$ TO IMAG9E A WORLD WE'D LIKE TO LIVE 91 :O W\LD COME UP ) ONE EXACTLY LIKE ! ONE ?AT CURR5TLY EXI/S8 ,WE CAN ALL IMAG9E A BETT] WORLD4 ,:Y CAN'T WE JU/ CREATE ONE8 ,:Y DOES IT SEEM SO 9CONCEIVABLE TO JU/ /OP MAK+ CAPITALISM8 ,OR GOV]NM5T8 ,OR AT ! V]Y LEA/ BAD S]VICE PROVID]S & ANNOY+ BUREAUCRATIC R$ TAPE8 

,VIEW+ WORK AS PRODUCTION ALL[S US TO ASK SU* QUE/IONS4 ,?IS C\LDN'T BE MORE IMPORTANT4 ,IT'S NOT CLE>1 H[EV]1 IF IT GIVES US ! MEANS TO ANSW] !M4 ,IT /RIKES ME ?AT RECOGNIZ+ ?AT A GREAT DEAL ( WORK IS NOT /RICTLY SPEAK+ PRODUCTIVE BUT C>+1 & ?AT !RE IS ALWAYS A C>+ ASPECT EV5 TO ! MO/ APP>5TLY IMP]SONAL WORK1 DOES SUGGE/ ONE REASON :Y IT'S SO DIFFICULT TO SIMPLY CREATE A DIFF]5T SOCIETY ) A DIFF]5T SET ( RULES4 ,EV5 IF WE DON'T LIKE :AT ! WORLD LOOKS LIKE1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ! CONSCI\S AIM ( MO/ ( \R ACTIONS1 PRODUCTIVE OR O!RWISE1 IS TO DO WELL BY O!RS2 (T51 V]Y SPECIFIC O!RS4 ,\R ACTIONS >E CAU<T UP 9 RELATIONS ( C>+4 ,BUT MO/ C>+ RELATIONS REQUIRE WE LEAVE ! WORLD MORE OR LESS AS WE F\ND IT4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ?AT TE5AGE IDEALI/S REGUL>LY AB&ON !IR DREAMS ( CREAT+ A BETT] WORLD & COME TO ACCEPT ! COMPROMISES ( ADULT LIFE AT PRECISELY ! MOM5T !Y M>RY & HAVE *ILDR51 C>+ = O!RS1 ESPECIALLY OV] ! LONG T]M1 REQUIRES MA9TA9+ A WORLD ?AT'S RELATIVELY PR$ICTABLE AS ! GR\NDS ON :I* C>+ CAN TAKE PLACE4 ,ONE CANNOT SAVE TO 5SURE A COLLEGE $UCATION = ONE'S *ILDR5 UNLESS ONE IS SURE 9 TW5TY YE>S !RE WILL /ILL BE COLLEGES--OR = ?AT MATT]1 MONEY4 ,& ?AT1 9 TURN1 MEANS ?AT LOVE = O!RS--PEOPLE1 ANIMALS1 L&SCAPES--REGUL>LY REQUIRES ! MA9T5ANCE ( 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES ONE MI<T O!RWISE DESPISE4 

H[1 OV] ! C\RSE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 WORK CAME TO BE 9CREAS+LY VALU$ PRIM>ILY AS A =M ( DISCIPL9E & SELF-SACRIFICE 

  
  

,WE KEEP 9V5T+ JOBS BECAUSE ( ?IS FALSE IDEA ?AT EV]YONE HAS TO BE EMPLOY$ AT SOME SORT ( DRUDG]Y BECAUSE1 ACCORD+ TO ,MAL?USIAN ,D>W9IAN !ORY1 HE MU/ JU/IFY HIS RI<T TO EXI/4  
  

--,BUCKM9/] ,FULL] 

,H[EV] ?IS MAY BE1 ! 0,GOSPEL ( ,WEAL?0 C\NT](F5SIVE HAS BE5 SUCCESSFUL1 & ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY1 FIR/ 9 ,AM]ICA1 !N 9CREAS+LY EV]Y:]E1 HAVE BE5 ABLE TO CONV9CE ! PUBLIC ?AT !Y1 & NOT ?OSE !Y EMPLOY1 >E ! REAL CREATORS ( PROSP]ITY4 ,!IR V]Y SUCCESS1 H[EV]1 CREAT$ AN 9EVITABLE PROBLEM4 ,H[ >E WORK]S SUPPOS$ TO F9D MEAN+ & PURPOSE 9 JOBS :]E !Y >E EFFECTIVELY BE+ TURN$ 9TO ROBOTS8 ,:]E !Y >E ACTUALLY BE+ TOLD !Y >E LITTLE BETT] ?AN ROBOTS1 EV5 AS AT ! SAME TIME !Y >E 9CREAS+LY EXPECT$ TO ORGANIZE !IR LIVES >\ND !IR WORK8 

,! OBVI\S ANSW] IS TO FALL BACK ON ! OLD IDEA ?AT WORK =MS *>ACT]2 & ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT SEEMS TO HAVE HAPP5$4 ,ONE C\LD CALL IT A REVIVAL ( ,PURITANISM1 BUT AS WE'VE SE5 ?IS IDEA GOES MU* FUR!R BACK3 TO A FUSION ( ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E ( ! CURSE ( ,ADAM ) ! ,NOR!RN ,EUROPEAN NOTION ?AT PAID LABOR UND] A MA/]'S DISCIPL9E IS ! ONLY WAY TO BECOME A G5U9E ADULT4 ,?IS HI/ORY MADE IT V]Y EASY TO 5C\RAGE WORK]S TO SEE !IR WORK NOT SO MU* AS WEAL?-CREATION1 OR HELP+ O!RS1 OR AT LEA/ NOT PRIM>ILY SO1 BUT AS SELF-ABNEGATION1 A K9D ( SECUL> HAIR-%IRT1 A SACRIFICE ( JOY & PLEASURE ?AT ALL[S US TO BECOME AN ADULT WOR?Y ( \R CONSUM]I/ TOYS4 

,A GREAT DEAL ( CONTEMPOR>Y RESE>* HAS CONFIRM$ ?IS ASSESSM5T4 ,TRUE1 PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE OR ,AM]ICA HAVE NOT HI/ORICALLY SE5 !IR AVOCATION AS :AT %\LD M>K !M 9 ! EYES ( ET]NITY4 ,VISIT A GRAVEY>D2 Y\ WILL SE>* 9 VA9 = A TOMB/ONE 9SCRIB$ ) ! WORDS 0/EAM-FITT]10 0EXECUTIVE VICE PRESID5T10 0P>K RANG]10 OR 0CL]K40 ,9 DEA?1 ! ESS5CE ( A S\L'S BE+ ON E>? IS SE5 AS M>K$ BY ! LOVE !Y FELT =1 & RECEIV$ FROM1 !IR HUSB&S1 WIVES1 & *ILDR51 OR SOMETIMES ALSO BY :AT MILIT>Y UNIT !Y S]V$ ) 9 TIME ( W>4 ,!SE >E ALL ?+S :I* 9VOLVE BO? 9T5SE EMOTIONAL COMMITM5T1 & ! GIV+ & TAK+ ( LIFE4 ,:ILE ALIVE1 9 CONTRA/1 ! FIR/ QUE/ION ANYONE WAS LIKELY TO HAVE ASK$ ON MEET+ ANY ( ?OSE PEOPLE WAS1 0,:AT DO Y\ DO = A LIV+80 

,?IS CONT9UES TO BE ! CASE4 ,! FACT ?AT IT DOES REMA9S SOME?+ ( A /UBBORN P>ADOX BECAUSE ! 0,GOSPEL ( ,WEAL?0 & SUBSEQU5T RISE ( CONSUM]ISM WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE *ANG$ ALL ?AT4 ,NO LONG] W]E WE TO ?9K ( \RSELVES AS EXPRESS+ \R BE+ ?R\< :AT WE PRODUC$1 BUT RA!R1 ?R\< :AT WE CONSUM$3 :AT SORTS ( CLO!S WE WE>1 MUSIC WE LI/5 TO1 SPORTS TEAMS WE FOLL[4 ,ESPECIALLY S9CE ! SEV5TIES1 EV]YONE HAS BE5 EXPECT$ TO SORT !MSELVES \T 9TO TRIBAL SUBCULTURES AS SCI-FI GEEKS1 DOG LOV]S1 PA9TBALL 5?USIA/S1 /ON]S1 OR SUPPORT]S ( ! ,*ICAGO ,BULLS OR ,MAN*E/] ,UNIT$ BUT DEF9ITELY NOT AS LONG%OREM5 OR ,CATA/ROPHE ,RISK ,ANALY/S4 ,& IT IS TRUE ?AT ON ONE LEVEL1 MO/ ( US DO PREF] TO ?9K ( \RSELVES AS BE+ DEF9$ BY ANY?+ O!R ?AN \R JOBS4.<#b#a.> ,YET SOMEH[1 P>ADOXICALLY1 PEOPLE REGUL>LY REPORT ?AT WORK IS :AT GIVES ! ULTIMATE MEAN+ TO !IR LIVES1 & ?AT UNEMPLOYM5T HAS DEVA/AT+ PSY*OLOGICAL EFFECTS4 

,!RE HAVE BE5 AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( SURVEYS1 /UDIES1 9QUE/S1 & E?NOGRAPHIES ( WORK OV] ! C\RSE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,WORK AB\T WORK HAS BECOME A K9D ( M9OR 9DU/RY 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,! CONCLUSIONS REA*$ BY ?IS BODY ( RESE>*--& :AT FOLL[S APPE>S TO HOLD TRUE1 ) ONLY M9OR V>IATIONS1 = BO? BLUE- & :ITE-COLL> WORK]S VIRTUALLY ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD--MI<T BE SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S3  

,MO/ PEOPLE'S S5SE ( DIGNITY & SELF-WOR? IS CAU<T UP 9 WORK+ = A LIV+4  

,MO/ PEOPLE HATE !IR JOBS4  
  

,WE MI<T REF] TO ?IS AS 0! P>ADOX ( MOD]N WORK40 ,! 5TIRE DISCIPL9E ( ! SOCIOLOGY ( WORK1 NOT TO M5TION 9DU/RIAL RELATIONS1 HAS L>GELY BE5 CONC]N$ ) TRY+ TO UND]/& H[ BO? !SE ?+S CAN BE TRUE AT ! SAME TIME4 ,AS TWO P>AGONS ( ! FIELD1 ,AL ,G9I & ,T]RY ,SULLIVAN1 PUT IT 9 #a#i#h#g3  
  

,9 WELL OV] A HUNDR$ /UDIES 9 ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 WORK]S HAVE REGUL>LY DEPICT$ !IR JOBS AS PHYSICALLY EXHAU/+1 BOR+1 PSY*OLOGICALLY DIM9I%+ OR P]SONALLY HUMILIAT+ & UNIMPORTANT4 

.<,BUT AT ! SAME TIME.> !Y WANT TO WORK BECAUSE !Y >E AW>E AT SOME LEVEL ?AT WORK PLAYS A CRUCIAL & P]HAPS UNP>ALLEL$ PSY*OLOGICAL ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( HUMAN *>ACT]4 ,WORK IS NOT JU/ A C\RSE ( LIVELIHOOD1 IT IS ALSO ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUT+ FACTORS TO AN 9N] LIFE444 ,TO BE D5I$ WORK IS TO BE D5I$ F> MORE ?AN ! ?+S ?AT WORK CAN BUY2 IT IS TO BE D5I$ ! ABILITY TO DEF9E & RESPECT ONE'S SELF40.<#b#b.>  
  

,AFT] MANY YE>S ( RESE>* ON ! TOPIC1 ,G9I F9ALLY CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT WORK WAS COM+ TO BE CONSID]$ LESS & LESS A MEANS TO AN 5D--?AT IS1 A WAY ( OBTA9+ RES\RCES & EXP]I5CES ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO PURSUE PROJECTS 7AS ,I'VE PUT IT1 VALUES O!R ?AN ! ECONOMIC3 FAMILY1 POLITICS1 COMMUNITY1 CULTURE1 RELIGION7--& MORE & MORE AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME IT WAS AN 5D 9 ITSELF ?AT MO/ PEOPLE F\ND H>MFUL1 DEGRAD+1 & OPPRESSIVE4 

,H[ TO RECONCILE !SE TWO OBS]VATIONS8 ,ONE WAY MI<T BE TO RETURN TO ! >GUM5TS ,I MADE 9 *APT] #c & TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT HUMAN BE+S ESS5TIALLY >E A SET ( PURPOSES1 SO ?AT )\T ANY S5SE ( PURPOSE1 WE W\LD B>ELY BE SAID TO EXI/ AT ALL4 ,!RE IS SURELY TRU? 9 ?IS4 ,9 SOME S5SE WE >E ALL 9 ! SITUATION ( ! 9MATE :O PREF]S WORK+ 9 ! PRISON LAUNDRY TO SITT+ 9 ! CELL WAT*+ ,T,V ALL DAY4 ,BUT ONE POSSIBILITY ! SOCIOLOGI/S G5]ALLY OV]LOOK IS ?AT1 IF WORK IS A =M ( SELF-SACRIFICE OR SELF-ABNEGATION1 !N ! V]Y AWFULNESS ( MOD]N WORK IS :AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO SEE IT AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,WE HAVE RETURN$ TO ,C>LYLE3 WORK %\LD BE PA9FUL1 ! MIS]Y ( ! JOB IS ITSELF :AT 0=MS *>ACT]40 

,WORK]S1 9 O!R WORDS1 GA9 FEEL+S ( DIGNITY & SELF-WOR? BECAUSE !Y HATE !IR JOBS4 

,?IS IS ! ATTITUDE ?AT1 AS ,CLEM5T OBS]V$1 SEEMS TO REMA9 9 ! AIR ALL >\ND US1 IMPLICIT 9 (FICE SMALL-TALK4 0,! PRESSURE TO VALUE \RSELVES & O!RS ON ! BASIS ( H[ H>D WE WORK AT SOME?+ WE'D RA!R NOT BE DO+444 ,IF Y\'RE NOT DE/ROY+ Y\R M9D & BODY VIA PAID WORK1 Y\'RE NOT LIV+ RI<T40 ,IT IS1 TO BE SURE1 MORE COMMON AMONG MIDDLE-CLASS (FICE WORK]S LIKE ,CLEM5T ?AN AMONG MIGRANT F>M WORK]S1 P>K+ LOT ATT5DANTS1 OR %ORT-ORD] *EFS4 ,BUT EV5 9 WORK+-CLASS 5VIRONM5TS1 ! ATTITUDE CAN BE OBS]V$ ?R\< ITS NEGATION1 S9CE EV5 ?OSE :O DO NOT FEEL !Y HAVE TO VALIDATE !IR EXI/5CE1 ON A DAY-TO-DAY BASIS1 BY BOA/+ H[ OV]WORK$ !Y >E WILL NONE!LESS AGREE ?AT ?OSE :O AVOID WORK 5TIRELY %\LD PROBABLY DROP DEAD4 

,9 ,AM]ICA1 /]EOTYPES ( ! LAZY & UNDES]V+ POOR HAVE LONG BE5 TI$ UP 9 RACISM3 G5]ATIONS ( IMMIGRANTS LE>N$ :AT IT MEANS TO BE A 0H>DWORK+ ,AM]ICAN0 BY BE+ TAU<T TO DESPISE ! IMAG9$ 9DISCIPL9E ( ! DESC5DANTS ( SLAVES1 JU/ AS ,JAPANESE WORK]S W]E TAU<T TO DISDA9 ,KOREANS1 OR ,5GLI% WORK]S1 ,IRI%4.<#b#c.> ,N[ADAYS MA9/REAM M$IA IS USUALLY OBLIG$ TO BE MORE SUBTLE1 BUT !RE IS AN 5DLESS DRUMBEAT ( VILIFICATION ( ! POOR1 ! UNEMPLOY$1 & ESPECIALLY ?OSE ON PUBLIC RELIEF--& MO/ PEOPLE DO SEEM TO ACCEPT ! BASIC LOGIC ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y MORALI/S3 ?AT SOCIETY IS BESIEG$ BY ?OSE :O WANT SOME?+ = NO?+1 ?AT ! POOR >E L>GELY POOR BECAUSE !Y LACK ! WILL & DISCIPL9E TO WORK1 ?AT ONLY ?OSE :O DO OR HAVE WORK$ H>D] ?AN !Y'D LIKE TO AT SOME?+ !Y W\LD RA!R NOT BE DO+1 PREF]ABLY UND] A H>% TASKMA/]1 DES]VE RESPECT & CONSID]ATION FROM !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! SADOMASO*I/IC ELEM5T 9 WORK DESCRIB$ 9 *APT] #d1 RA!R ?AN BE+ AN UGLY1 IF PR$ICTABLE1 SIDE EFFECT TO TOP-D[N *A9S ( COMM& 9 ! WORKPLACE1 HAS ACTUALLY BECOME C5TRAL TO :AT VALIDATES WORK ITSELF4 ,SUFF]+ HAS BECOME A BADGE ( ECONOMIC CITIZ5%IP4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT MU* DIFF]5T ?AN A HOME ADDRESS4 ,)\T IT1 Y\ HAVE NO RI<T TO MAKE ANY O!R CLAIM4 

,WE HAVE COME FULL CIRCLE1 !N1 TO ! SITUATION ) :I* WE BEGAN2 BUT AT LEA/ N[ WE CAN UND]/& IT 9 ITS FULL HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4 ,BULL%IT JOBS PROLIF]ATE TODAY 9 L>GE P>T BECAUSE ( ! PECULI> NATURE ( MANAG]IAL FEUDALISM ?AT HAS COME TO DOM9ATE WEAL?Y ECONOMIES--BUT TO AN 9CREAS+ DEGREE1 ALL ECONOMIES4 ,!Y CAUSE MIS]Y BECAUSE HUMAN HAPP9ESS IS ALWAYS CAU<T UP 9 A S5SE ( HAV+ EFFECTS ON ! WORLD2 A FEEL+ :I* MO/ PEOPLE1 :5 !Y SPEAK ( !IR WORK1 EXPRESS ?R\< A LANGUAGE ( SOCIAL VALUE4 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME !Y >E AW>E ?AT ! GREAT] ! SOCIAL VALUE PRODUC$ BY A JOB1 ! LESS ONE IS LIKELY TO BE PAID TO DO IT4 ,LIKE ,ANNIE1 !Y >E FAC$ ) ! *OICE BETWE5 DO+ USEFUL & IMPORTANT WORK LIKE TAK+ C>E ( *ILDR5 BUT BE+ EFFECTIVELY TOLD ?AT ! GRATIFICATION ( HELP+ O!RS %\LD BE ITS [N REW>D1 & IT'S UP TO !M TO FIGURE \T H[ TO PAY !IR BILLS1 OR ACCEPT+ PO9TLESS & DEGRAD+ WORK ?AT DE/ROYS !IR M9D & BODY = NO P>TICUL> REASON1 O!R ?AN A WIDESPREAD FEEL+ ?AT IF ONE DOES NOT 5GAGE 9 LABOR ?AT DE/ROYS ! M9D & BODY1 :E!R OR NOT !RE IS A REASON TO BE DO+ IT1 ONE DOES NOT DES]VE TO LIVE4 

,P]HAPS WE %\LD LEAVE ! LA/ WORD TO ,C>LYLE1 :O 9CLUDES 9 HIS CELEBRATION ( WORK ONE *APT] ?AT CONSI/S 5TIRELY ( A PECULI> DIATRIBE AGA9/ HAPP9ESS4 ,H]E HE WAS RESPOND+ TO ! UTILIT>IAN DOCTR9ES ( M5 LIKE ,J]EMY ,B5?AM1 :O HAD PROPOS$ ?AT HUMAN PLEASURE C\LD BE PRECISELY QUANTIFI$1 & !RE=E ALL MORALITY R$UC$ TO CALCULAT+ :AT W\LD PROVIDE 0! GREATE/ HAPP9ESS = ! GREATE/ NUMB]40.<#b#d.> ,HAPP9ESS1 ,C>LYLE OBJECT$1 IS AN IGNOBLE CONCEPT4 0,! ONLY HAPP9ESS A BRAVE MAN EV] TR\BL$ HIMSELF ) ASK+ MU* AB\T WAS1 HAPP9ESS 5\< TO GET HIS WORK DONE4 ,IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 ! ONE UNHAPP9ESS ( A MAN ?AT HE CANNOT WORK1 ?AT HE CANNOT GET HIS DE/9Y AS MAN FULFILL$40.<#b#e.> 

,B5?AM & ! ,UTILIT>IANS1 :O SAW NO PURPOSE ( HUMAN LIFE O!R ?AN ! PURSUIT ( PLEASURE1 CAN BE SE5 AS ! PHILOSOPHICAL ANCE/ORS ( MOD]N CONSUM]ISM1 :I* IS /ILL JU/IFI$ BY AN ECONOMIC !ORY ( 0UTILITY40 ,BUT ,C>LYLE'S P]SPECTIVE ISN'T REALLY ! NEGATION ( ,B5?AM'S2 OR IF IT IS1 !N ONLY 9 ! DIALECTICAL S5SE1 :]E TWO APP>5T OPPOSITES REMA9 P]MAN5TLY AT W> ) ONE ANO!R1 !IR ADVOCATES UNAW>E ?AT 9 !IR /RUGGLE1 !Y CON/ITUTE A HI<] UNITY :I* W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T BO?4 ,! BELIEF ?AT :AT ULTIMATELY MOTIVATES HUMAN BE+S HAS ALWAYS BE51 & MU/ ALWAYS BE1 ! PURSUIT ( WEAL?1 P[]1 COM=TS1 & PLEASURE1 HAS ALWAYS & MU/ ALWAYS BE COMPLEM5T$ BY A DOCTR9E ( WORK AS SELF-SACRIFICE1 AS VALUABLE PRECISELY BECAUSE IT IS ! PLACE ( MIS]Y1 SADISM1 EMPT9ESS1 & DESPAIR4 ,AS ,C>LYLE PUT IT3  
  

0,ALL WORK1 EV5 COTTON-SP9N+1 IS NOBLE2 WORK IS ALONE NOBLE1 BE ?AT H]E SAID & ASS]T$ ONCE MORE4 ,& 9 LIKE MANN] TOO1 ALL DIGNITY IS PA9FUL4 ,A LIFE ( EASE IS NOT = ANY MAN444 ,\R HI<E/ RELIGION IS NAM$ ! ,WOR%IP ( ,SORR[4 ,= ! SON ( MAN !RE IS NO NOBLE CR[N1 WELL WORN OR EV5 ILL WORN1 BUT !RE IS A CR[N ( ?ORNS60.<#b#f.>  

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