,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

,TAGS 3 L>GE L&[N]S1 GA/ON LEVAL1 COLLECTIVE WORK1 SMALL PROPRIETORS1 WORK1 COLLECTIVES1 SMALL1 >AGON1 LOCAL1 L&[N]S4 

,TEXT 3 

,GA/ON ,LEVAL3 ,SOCIAL ,RECON/RUCTION 9 ,SPA9 7,LONDON #a#i#c#h72 

QUOT$ 9 ,V]NON ,RI*>DS3  ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,LONDON #a#i#h#c7 

  

,PHOTO BY ,P$RO ,RIBEIRO ,SIMOES1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,! ME*ANISM ( ! =MATION ( ! ,>AGONESE COLLECTIVES HAS BE5 

G5]ALLY ! SAME4  ,AFT] HAV+ OV]COME ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES :5 

!Y W]E FASCI/1 OR HAV+ REPLAC$ !M BY ,ANTI-FASCI/ OR 

,REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES :5 !Y W]E NOT1 AN ASSEMBLY WAS SUMMON$ 

( ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! LOCALITY TO DECIDE ON !IR L9E ( 

ACTION4 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ /EPS WAS TO GA!R 9 ! CROP NOT ONLY 9 ! 

FIELDS ( ! SMALL L&[N]S :O /ILL REMA9$1 BUT1 :AT WAS EV5 

MORE IMPORTANT1 ALSO ON ! E/ATES ( ! L>GE L&[N]S ALL ( 

:OM W]E CONS]VATIVES & RURAL ^*CACIQUES' OR *IEFS4  ,GR\PS W]E 

ORGANIZ$ TO REAP & ?RE% ! :EAT :I* BELONG$ TO !SE L>GE 

L&[N]S4  ,COLLECTIVE WORK BEGAN SPONTANE\SLY4  ,!N1 AS ?IS :EAT 

C\LD NOT BE GIV5 TO ANYONE 9 P>TICUL> )\T BE+ UNFAIR TO 

ALL1 IT WAS PUT UND] ! CONTROL ( A LOCAL COMMITTEE1 = ! USE ( 

ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 EI!R = CONSUMPTION OR = ! PURPOSE ( 

EX*ANGE = MANUFACTUR$ GOODS1 SU* AS CLO!S1 BOOTS1 ETC41 7IT'S = ?OSE :O W]E MO/ 9 NE$47 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y1 AFT]W>DS1 TO WORK ! L&S ( ! L>GE L&[N]S4  ,!Y W]E G5]ALLY ! MO/ EXT5SIVE & F]TILE 9 ! REGION4  ,! QUE/ION WAS AGA9 RAIS$ BE=E ! VILLAGE ASSEMBLY4  ,IT WAS !N ?AT ! ^*COLLECTIVITY' IF NOT ALREADY 

DEF9ITELY CON/ITUT$---(T5 ?IS HAD BE5 DONE AT ! FIR/ 

MEET+---WAS DEF9ITELY E/ABLI%$4 

,A DELEGATE = AGRICULTURE & /OCK BRE$+ WAS NOM9AT$ 7OR ONE 

= EA* ( !SE ACTIVITIES :5 BRE$+ WAS EXT5SIVELY C>RI$ 

ON71 ONE DELEGATE EA* = LOCAL DI/RIBUTION1 EX*ANGES1 PUBLIC 

WORKS1 HYGI5E & $UCATION & REVOLUTION>Y DEF5SE4  ,SOMETIMES 

!RE W]E MORE2 ON O!R OCCASIONS LESS4 

,WORK]S' GR\PS W]E !N =M$4  ,!SE GR\PS G5]ALLY W]E 

DIVID$ 9TO ! NUMB] ( ZONES 9TO :I* ! MUNICIPAL T]RITORY 

HAD BE5 DIVID$1 SO AS MORE EASILY TO 9CLUDE ALL K9DS ( WORK4  

,EA* GR\P ( WORK]S NAMES ITS DELEGATES4  ,! DELEGATES MEET EV]Y 

TWO DAYS OR EV]Y WEEK ) ! C\NCILOR ( AGRICULTURE & /OCK 

BRE$+1 SO AS TO COORD9ATE ALL ! DIFF]5T ACTIVITIES4 

,9 ?IS NEW ORGANIZATION1 SMALL PROP]TY HAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY 

DISAPPE>$4  ,9 ,>AGON #ge P] C5T ( SMALL PROPRIETORS HAVE 

VOLUNT>ILY ADH]$ TO ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S4  _<_*IT ,?OSE :O 

REFUS$ HAVE BE5 RESPECT$4_>  ,IT IS UNTRUE TO SAY ?AT ?OSE :O 

TOOK P>T 9 ! COLLECTIVES W]E =C$ TO DO SO4  ,ONE CANNOT /RESS 

?IS PO9T TOO /RONGLY 9 FACE ( ! CALUMNIES :I* HAVE BE5 

DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! COLLECTIVES ON ?IS PO9T4  ,IT IS SO F> FROM 

! TRU? ?AT ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVITY HAS BR\<T 9TO =CE1 

EV]Y:]E1 A SPECIAL ACC\NT = SMALL PROPRIETORS & HAS PR9T$ 

CONSUM]S TICKETS ESPECIALLY = !M1 SO AS TO 5SURE = !M ! 

9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS !Y REQUIRE1 9 ! SAME WAY AS !Y DO = ! 

^*COLLECTIVI/S4' 

,9 ?IS TRANS=MATION ( PROP]TY1 ONE MU/ PUT SPECIAL /RESS ON 

! PRACTICAL S5SE & PSY*OLOGICAL F9ESSE ( ! ORGANIZ]S :O 

9 ALMO/ ALL ! VILLAGES HAVE CONC$$ OR GIV5 TO EA* FAMILY A 

BIT ( GR\ND ON :I* EA* PEASANT CULTIVATES = HIS [N USE1 ! 

VEGETABLES :I* HE PREF]S 9 ! WAY HE PREF]S4  ,!IR 9DIVIDUAL 

9ITIATIVE CAN !REBY BE DEVELOP$ & SATISFI$4 

,COLLECTIVE WORK HAS MADE IT POSSIBLE TO A*IEVE 9 AGRICULTURE AS 

WELL AS 9 9DU/RY1 A RATIONALIZATION :I* WAS IMPOSSIBLE UND] ! 

REGIME ( SMALL L& [N]%IP & EV5 UND] ?AT ( BIG L&$ 

PROP]TIES4444 

,ON ! O!R H&1 BETT] QUALITY SE$S >E US$4  ,?IS WAS R5D]$ 

POSSIBLE BY BE+ ABLE TO BUY UP L>GE /OCKS1 :I* ! SMALL 

PEASANT C\LD NOT AF=D TO DO 9 ! PA/4  ,POTATO SE$S COME FROM 

,IREL& & SELECT$ :EAT SE$S ONLY >E US$4  ,*EMICAL F]TILIZ]S 

HAVE ALSO BE5 US$4  ,AS MOD]N MA*9]Y PROP]LY US$---TRACTORS 

& MOD]N PL[S W]E OBTA9$ BY EX*ANGE OR B\<T DIRECTLY FROM 

ABROAD---P]MITS ! SOIL TO BE MORE DEEPLY WORK$1 !SE SE$S HAVE 

PRODUC$ A YIELD P] ACRE F> SUP]IOR TO ?AT :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 

OBTA9$ UND] ! CONDITIONS :I* EXI/$ DUR+ PREVI\S YE>S4  

,!SE NEW ME?ODS HAVE ALSO MADE IT POSSIBLE TO 9CREASE ! ACREAGE 

S[N4  ,9 ,>AGON MY RESE>* ON ! SPOT P]MITS ME TO AFFIRM ?AT 

G5]ALLY SPEAK+ _<_*IT ! 9CREASE 9 :EAT CROP HAS REA*$ AN 

AV]AGE ( #c P] C5T4_>  ,AN 9CREASE 9 YIELD1 ?\< 9 A SMALL] 

PROPORTION1 HAS BE5 OBTA9$ = O!R C]EALS1 POTATOES1 SUG> 

BEET1 LUC]NE1 ETC4 

,9 !SE AGRICULTURAL REGIONS ! ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ! PEASANTS 

HAS G5]ALLY IMPROV$4  ,IT HAS ONLY SUFF]$ A SETBACK 9 ?OSE 

LOCALITIES :I* HAD SPECIALIZ$ 9 PRODUCTION = EXPORT1 & :I* 

W]E CONSEQU5TLY UNABLE TO PLACE !IR PRODUCTS & OBTA9 

FOOD/UFFS 9 EX*ANGE4  ,?IS HAPP5$ 9 C]TA9 REGIONS 9 ,LEVANTE 

:OSE PRODUCE CONSI/$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ( ORANGES4  ,BUT ?IS /ATE 

( AFFAIRS LA/$ ONLY A FEW MON?S4 

,?IS LATT] FACT IS ( UTMO/ IMPORTANCE4  ,IT IS ! FIR/ TIME 9 

MOD]N SOCIETY ?AT ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE ^*TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS 

NE$S' HAS BE5 PRACTIC$4  ,IT HAS BE5 APPLI$ 9 TWO WAYS2 )\T 

MONEY 9 MANY VILLAGES 9 ,>AGON & BY A LOCAL MONEY 9 O!RS1 & 

9 ! GREAT] P>T ( COLLECTIVES E/ABLI%$ 9 O!R REGIONS4  ,! 

_<_*IT FAMILY WAGE_> IS PAID ) ?IS MONEY & IT V>IES ACCORD+ TO 

! NUMB] ( MEMB]S 9 EA* FAMILY4  ,A H\SEHOLD 9 :I* ! MAN 

& HIS WIFE BO? WORK BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO *ILDR5 RECEIVES1 = 

! SAKE ( >GUM5T1 SAY #e PESETAS A DAY4  ,ANO!R H\SEHOLD 9 

:I* ONLY ! MAN WORKS1 AS HIS WIFE HAS TO C>E = TWO1 ?REE OR 

F\R *ILDR51 RECEIVES SIX1 SEV5 OR EI<T PESETAS RESPECTIVELY4  ,IT 

IS ! ^*NE$S' & NOT ONLY ! ^*PRODUCTION' TAK5 9 ! /RICTLY 

ECONOMIC S5SE :I* CONTROLS ! WAGE SCALE OR ?AT ( ! 

DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS :]E WAGES DO NOT EXI/4 

,?IS PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE IS CONT9UALLY EXT5D$4  ,IT DOES AWAY ) 

*>ITY & BEGG+ & ! SPECIAL BUDGETS = ! 9DIG5T4  ,!RE 

>E NO MORE DE/ITUTES4  ,?OSE :O WORK DO SO = O!RS 9 ! SAME 

WAY AS O!RS WILL WORK TO HELP !M & !IR *ILDR5 LAT] ON4 

,BUT ?IS MUTUAL AID EXT5DS BEYOND ! VILLAGE4  ,BE=E ! FASCI/ 

9VAD]S DE/ROY$ ! ,>AGON COLLECTIVES1 ! CANTONAL F$]ATIONS 

DID ALL 9 !IR P[] TO C\NT]ACT ! 9JU/ICES ( NATURE BY 

OBTA9+ = ! LESS FAVOR$ VILLAGES ! MA*9]Y1 MULES1 SE$1 

ETC4444:I* W]E TO HELP !M 9CREASE ! YIELD ( !IR L&4  

,!SE IMPLEM5TS W]E OBTA9$ ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( ! 

,F$]ATION1 :I* UND]TOOK ! DELIV]Y ( ! PRODUCE ( TW5TY1 

?IRTY1 =TY OR EV5 FIFTY LOCALITIES & ASK$ 9 !IR NAME1 FROM 

! 9DU/RIAL & /OCK-BRE$+ C5T]S1 = ! PRODUCTS :I* 

!Y REQUIR$4 

,FROM 3 ,FLAG4,BLACK5$4NET4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON -- ,UPDAT$4 

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