,P>T #f 
,F9AL ,REFLECTIONS 

#aigeaige 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,GA/ON ,LEVAL 

,TEXT 3 

,X,V,I,I,I3 ,F9AL ,REFLECTIONS 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,V,I,I,I 

,F,9,A,L ,R,E,F,L,E,C,T,I,O,N,S 

,WE HAVE SO MANY TIMES SAID1 = IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE> ?IS 9 M9D ?AT ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION WAS SET 9 MOTION AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,FRANCOI/ ATTACK :I* MADE IT POSSIBLE TO PUT 9TO ACTION REVOLUTION>Y =CES :I* )\T IT W]E CONDEMN$ TO NEW & /]ILE FAILURES4 ,& :5 WE SAY 0/]ILE FAILURES0 WE >E REF]R+ TO ! ATTEMPTS MADE 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#b1 ,JANU>Y & ,DECEMB] #aicc 7REVOLUTION>Y & 9SURRECTIONAL ATTEMPTS ORGANIZ$ & MANN$ BY ! ,C4,N4,T4-,F4,A4,I47 TO :I* ONE MU/ ADD ! ,A/URIAN M9]S' 9SURRECTION 9 ,OCTOB] #aicd 9 :I* SOCIALI/1 ,U4,G4,T4 & ,C4,N4,T4 WORK]S 79 SPITE ( ! /UPID OPPOSITION ( ! NATIONAL ,COMITE ( ! ,C4,N4,T47 & EV5 ,COMMUNI/S TOOK P>T4 .<#a.> ,ALL !SE ATTEMPTS W]E CRU%$ BY ! MORE P[]FUL =CES ( ! ,/ATE1 SUPPORT$ BY ! NON-REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL P>TIES :I*1 = ALL ?AT1 W]E NOT FASCI/4 

,?IS LA/ PO9T NE$S ELABORAT+4 ,! TACTICAL CONCEPTS ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM 7& BE=E IT AN>*I/ COLLECTIVISM7 IMPLI$1 ACCORD+ TO A TRADITION GO+ BACK TO ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 ! ATTACK BY1 & ! VICTORY (1 ! PEOPLE4 ,!RE=E ! >M$ /RUGGLES :I* TOOK PLACE UND] ! ,SECOND ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC CORRESPOND$ TO A DOCTR9E ( ACTION !ORETICALLY E/ABLI%$4 ,?IS DOCTR9E1 :I* CO9CID$ ) ! TEA*+S ( ,KROPOTK9 & TAK5 UP BY HIS DISCIPLES 9CLUD+ ! PRES5T WRIT]1 CONSID]$ ?AT LOCAL UPRIS+S1 ! ATTEMPTS1 EV5 SPORADIC1 & SO NUM]\S BE=E ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 CON/ITUT$ A TRA9+1 A REVOLUTION>Y EX]CISE 9 :I* ! PEOPLE LE>N$ TO FI<T1 & W\LD 5D BY W9N+ ! LA/ H&4 ,A LITTLE LIKE ,PET] ! ,GREAT'S CELEBRAT$ REM>K 9 FACE ( ! CONT9U$ DEFEATS 9FLICT$ ON HIM BY ! ,SW$ES3 0,BY GO+ ON FI<T+ !Y WILL TEA* US H[ TO BEAT !M40 

,UN=TUNATELY !RE WAS NO PROLET>IAN ,POLTAVA & :AT WE HAVE JU/ RECALL$ PROVIDES AN EXPLANATION ?AT %\LD BE BORNE 9 M9D4 ,IF WE RETURN TO ALL ! FACTORS ?AT 9T]V5$ 9 ?IS *APT] ( HI/ORY WE >E OBLIG$ TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,= EV]Y SOCIAL REVOLUTION PROVOKES ! COHESION ( ! ?REAT5$ =CES DRAWN TOGE!R = EXCEPTIONAL REASONS1 & 9 SPITE ( ?OSE :I* NORMALLY DIVIDE !M4 ,IT IS ! LESSON ?AT WE LE>N NOT ONLY FROM ! F9AL DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION BUT ( HI/ORY :5 /UDI$ ) A CONC]N = ! TRU?4 

,AP>T FROM SOME CONTEMPOR>Y EXCEPTIONS :I* HAVE ANYWAY L$ TO NEW =MS ( OPPRESSION1 .<#b.> G5]ALLY SPEAK+ IT IS ! POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE TRIUMPH$1 BUT ! SAME M5 OR ! SAME P>TIES :O W]E FI<T+ AMONG !MSELVES = A *ANGE 9 ! P[] /RUCTURE BECAME RECONCIL$ :5 !Y W]E FAC$ ) A POPUL> MOVEM5T :I* ?REAT5$ !IR POSITIONS1 OR !IR PRIVILEGES4 ,?US 9 ,FRANCE1 ! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #ahdh WAS SIMPLE3 LIB]AL B\RGEOIS & WORK]S JO9$ =CES TO OV]?R[ ! MON>*Y ( ,L\IS ,PHILIPPE4 ,BUT EV]Y?+ WAS *ANG$ F\R MON?S LAT] :5 ! WORK]S WANT$ TO 9TRODUCE SOCIALISM4 ,!N ! LIB]AL B\RGEOIS ALLI$ !MSELVES ) ! MON>*I/S & ,CAVAIGNAC1 ! REPUBLICAN G5]AL1 /RUGGL$ ) ALL HIS MI<T AGA9/ ! 9SURG5T WORK]S4 

,O!R SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS1 OR ?OSE :I* HAD A DEF9ITE SOCIAL CONT5T1 :E!R IT WAS ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS1 OR ! ,PEASANT ,W> 9 ,G]MANY 9 :I* ,LU!R WAS ALLI$ TO ! NOBILITY 9 PROVOK+ !M TO ! :OLESALE MASSACRE ( ! S]FS 9 REVOLT1 OR AGA9 ! ,HUSSITE MOVEM5T 9 ,BOHEMIA1 & ALL ! PEASANT RIS+S 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 >E ALL A REPETITION ( ! SAME FACTS4 ,ONE MU/ GO BACK TO ,EGYPT 9 #b#b-#b ,B4,C4 TO F9D A VICTORI\S SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,& EV5 !N1 TWO C5TURIES LAT] -- PROBABLY EV5 BE=E ?AT -- A NEW DYNA/Y HAD BE5 5?RON$ & ! CA/ES REE/ABLI%$4 

,BAKUN9 HIMSELF WROTE EI<TE5 MON?S BE=E HIS DEA?1 !REBY CONFIRM+ :AT ,ELIS#fE ,RECLUS HAD WRITT5 TO HIM3 0,Y\ >E RI<T1 ! DAY ( REVOLUTIONS IS PA/1 WE HAVE 5T]$ ?AT ( EVOLUTION40 ,& HE EXPLA9$ HIS OP9ION BY RECALL+ NOT ONLY ! T]RIBLE DEFEATS SUFF]$ BY ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! C\RSE ( NE>LY HALF A C5TURY ( H]OIC /RUGGLES1 BUT 9 FACE ( ! SCI5TIFICALLY ORGANIZ$ MILIT>Y P[] ( MOD]N /ATES1 & ! LACK ( REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 OR DESIRE = EMANCIPATION AMONG ! MASSES4 

,TO BE SURE ?IS LATT] CONSID]ATION DID NOT APPLY TO ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE1 OR AT LEA/ TO ?AT L>GE1 DYNAMIC SECTION :I* MADE HI/ORY4 ,BUT FACTS OBLIGE US TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,KROPOTK9IAN !SIS1 TO SOME EXT5T 9 OPPOSITION TO ! PO/HUM\S !SES ( ,BAKUN91 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & EV5 ( ,PR\DHON1#c HAS NOT BE5 BORNE \T BY EXP]I5CE4 ,= FASCI/ TOTALIT>IANISM1 :I* 9 ,ITALY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I WAS ANSW]+ BACK AT A LONG P]IOD ( DI/URBANCES :I* DID NOT 5D 9 REVOLUTION1 MADE ITS HI/ORICAL APPE>ANCE4 ,& FASCISM IS ! 0PREV5TIVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 ( ?OSE :O >E ?REAT5$ BY SUBV]SION1 EV5 :5 IT IS 9CAPABLE ( *ANG+ ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! PEOPLE !MSELVES 5D BY PREF]R+1 ! SUPPRESSION ( POLITICAL & CIVIC LIB]TY TO P]MAN5T DISORD] :I*1 LET US FACE IT1 IS ALSO AN ATTACK ON FRE$OM IF ONLY ( LIV+ A NORMAL LIFE4 

,!RE IS !RE=E ! DANG] 9 PURSU+ !SE REVOLUTION>Y EX]CISES1 ) AN UN5D+ S]IES ( P>TIAL /RIKES1 CONT9U\S G5]AL /RIKES & 9SURRECTIONAL ATTEMPTS1 ( H>M+ ! /ABILITY ( SOCIETY4 

,?IS IS PROBABLY :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,SPA9 BE=E ! UNLEA%+ ( ! FASCI/ ATTACK4 ,C]TA9LY IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( CONDEMN+ \TBUR/S CAUS$ BY HUNG]1 IMPATI5CE1 DESPAIR1 ANG] A HUNDR$ TIMES JU/IFI$ 9 ?OSE :O SAW !IR BABIES DY+ FROM LACK ( TREATM5T1 OR :O HAD SP5T MO/ ( ! YE> LOOK+ 9 VA9 = WORK1 & HAV+ TO S5D !IR *ILDR5 B>EFOOT TO S*OOL :5 A S*OOL WAS AVAILABLE4 ,BUT ?OSE :O SET !MSELVES UP AS LEAD]S ( ! ,C4,N4,T4 & ! ,F4,A4,I4 -- ! LATT] ORGANIZATION EMBODI$ A REVOLUTION>Y PASSION RA!R ?AN 9TELLECTUAL WOR? -- NE$$ A /RATEGIC VISION :I* !Y LACK$4 ,H]E TOO !Y W]E NOT EQUAL TO ! SITUATION4 ,! GREATNESS ( ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T WAS ITS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY PROLET>IAN *>ACT]1 BUT IT WAS ALSO ITS WEAKNESS4 ,& ?IS WEAKNESS P]MITT$ !1 DEMAGOGUES1 & WE HAD \R %>E ( !M1 TO PLAY A ROLE = :I* !Y W]E NOT CUT \T4 

,BUT EV5 MORE RESPONSIBLE W]E ! SOCIALI/ & REPUBLICAN LEAD]S :O HAD NEI!R ! 9SPIR$ 9ITIATIVE1 ! 9TELLIG5CE NOR ! C\RAGE TO UND]TAKE1 ) ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 D>+ SOCIAL RE=MS :I* MI<T HAVE SATISFI$ ! HUNG] ( SOME & TEMP]$ ! IMPATI5CE ( O!RS4 ,!Y HAVE A GREAT] %>E ( ! RESPONSIBILITY BECAUSE !Y W]E BETT] $UCAT$ & HAD GREAT] MEANS = ACTION4 ,:AT WAS ! REASON = !IR 9DIFF]5CE8 ,UND\BT$LY P[] HAD MADE !M FA9!>T$1 HAD DULL$ !IR IMAG9ATION AS SO (T5 HAPP5S TO ! HAPPY B5EFICI>IES ( NEW POLITICAL REGIMES4 ,WE >E NOT SAY+ ?IS 9 A P>TISAN SPIRIT4 ,AB\T #aice AN 9QUIRY HAD %[N ?AT ! L>GE/ P]C5TAGE ( 5*UFI/AS 7PEOPLE :O HOLD MORE ?AN ONE (FICIAL EMPLOYM5T7 W]E TO BE F\ND AMONG ! ,SOCIALI/S & ! ,LEFT ,CATALANI/S4 ,SOCIAL RE=MS 9T]E/$ !M MU* LESS ?AN ! 5JOYM5T ( NEWLY ACQUIR$ PRIVILEGES4 ,9 SU* AN 5SEMBLE ( CONDITIONS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y FACT HAD TO OCCUR4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ONE ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! CONT9U\S SOCIAL CONFLICTS WAS TO DRIVE PEOPLE ( ! ,C5T] P>TIES T[>DS ! ,RI<T1 & TO SWELL ! CONS]VATIVE1 REACTION>Y1 & FASCI/ =CES4 ,! FIGURES AT ! ,FEBRU>Y #aicf ELECTIONS PROVE ?IS1 & H]E ONE CAN SPEAK ( ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! REVOLUTION>IES1 ,BUT IF ! SOCIALI/S & LEFT REPUBLICANS HAD GIV5 L& TO ! />V+ PEASANTS .<#d.> & HAD UND]TAK5 D>+ SOCIAL RE=MS :I* W]E CLE>LY EXCEPTIONAL 9 A SITUATION :I* WAS ITSELF EXCEPTIONAL1 ! TUMULTU\S SOCIAL /RUGGLES W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ( SU* A GRAVE NATURE & P]HAPS ! FASCI/ REACTION W\LD NOT HAVE RESULT$4 ,BUT !Y PREF]R$ TO LIMIT !MSELVES TO COPY+ ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC4 

,WE HAVE SAID & REPEAT$ ?AT ! FASCI/ ATTACK CREAT$ A FAVORABLE SITUATION = ! LIB]T>IAN SECTOR TO TAKE OV] AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! G5]AL SITUATION & ( ALMO/ ! :OLE ECONOMY4 ,NEV]!LESS ! REP]CUSSIONS W]E ONLY FAVORABLE1 = NEGATIVE & POSITIVE CONSEQU5CES W]E AB\T EQUALLY BALANC$4 ,ON ! ONE H& MANY MILITANTS1 (T5 ! BE/1 W]E1 BECAUSE ( ! W>1 MOBILIZ$ & MANY DI$ AT ! FRONT4 ,IT WAS ALSO ! BE/ :O W]E MISS+ FROM ! ,SYNDICATES1 9 ! ,COLLECTIVES1 9 ! VILLAGES :]E !Y EX]CIS$ A SALUT>Y 9FLU5CE4 ,& ON ! O!R H&1 ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O BECAME A P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T BUREAUCRACY W]E ALSO NUM]\S 5\< = !IR ABS5CE TO BE FELT4 

,ONE ( ! DOM9ANT *>ACT]I/ICS :I* IMPRESSES :OEV] /UDIES ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION IS ITS MANY SID$NESS4 ,?IS REVOLUTION WAS GUID$ BY C]TA9 V]Y CLE> & V]Y DEF9ITE PR9CIPLES1 :I* 9VOLV$ ! G5]AL EXPROPRIATION ( ! HOLD]S ( SOCIAL ,I WEAL?1 ! SEIZURE BY ! WORK]S ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 ! DIRECT ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC S]VICES1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLE4 ,BUT ! UNI=MITY ( !SE PR9CIPLES DID NOT PREV5T A DIV]SITY 9 ! ME?ODS = !IR APPLICATION1 SO MU* SO ?AT ONE CAN TALK ( 0DIV]SITY )9 UNITY0 & ( A SURPRIS+LY DIV]SIFI$ F$]ALISM4 

,9 A V]Y %ORT TIME1 9 ! AGR>IAN REGIONS & ESPECIALLY 9 ,>AGON1 A NEW ORGANISM APPE>$3 ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,NOBODY HAD SPOK5 AB\T IT BE=E4 ,! ?REE 9/RUM5TS ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION =ESE5 AMONG ?OSE LIB]T>IANS :O HAD EXPRESS$ !MSELVES ON A -POSSIBLE FUTURE W]E FIR/LY ! ,SYNDICATE1 !N ! ,COOP]ATIVE1 :I* DID NOT W9 MANY SUPPORT]S1 & F9AL ' ON A RA!R L>GE SCALE1 ! COMMUNE1 OR COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION4 ,SOME =E%AD[$-& ?IS WRIT] WAS AMONG !M-?AT A NEW & COMPLEM5T>Y ORGANISM C\LD & %\LD APPE>1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 SEE+ ?AT ! ,SYNDICATE HAD NOT ASSUM$ ! IMPORTANCE IT HAD 9 ! T[NS1 & ! K9D ( LIFE1 ( WORK & PRODUCTION1 DID NOT FIT 9TO AN ORGANIC MONOLI?IC /RUCTURE :I* WAS CONTR>Y TO ! MULTI=MITY ( DAILY LIFE4 

,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ?AT ,COLLECTIVE WAS BORN ) *>ACT]I/ICS ( ITS' [N4 ,IT IS NOT ! ,SYNDICATE1 = IT 5COMPASSES ALL ?OSE :O WI% TO JO9 IT :E!R !Y >E PRODUC]S 9 ! CLASSIC ECONOMIC S5SE OR NOT4 ,!N IT BR+S !M TOGE!R AT ! COMPLETE HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL & NOT JU/ AT A CRAFT LEVEL4 ,)9 IT1 FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T1 ! RI<TS & DUTIES >E ! SAME = EV]YBODY2 !RE >E NO LONG] PR(ESSIONAL CATEGORIES 9 MUTUAL OPPOSITION MAK+ ! PRODUC]S 9TO PRIVILEG$ CONSUM]S COMP>$ ) ?OSE1 SU* AS H\SEWIVES1 :O >E NOT PRODUC]S 9 ! CLASSICAL DEF9ITION ( ! WORD4 

,NEI!R IS ! ,COLLECTIVE ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL OR :AT IS CALL$ ! ,COMMUNE1 ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,= IT P>TS COMPANY ) ! POLITICAL P>TY TRADITIONS ON :I* ! COMMUNE IS NORMALLY BAS$4 ,IT 5COMPASSES AT ! SAME TIME ! ,SYNDICATE & MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS4 ,IT IS ALL-EMBRAC+4 ,EA* ( ITS ACTIVITIES IS ORGANIZ$ )9 ITS ORGANISM1 & ! :OLE POPULATION TAKES P>T 9 ITS MANAGEM5T1 :E!R IT IS A QUE/ION ( A POLICY = AGRICULTURE1 = ! CREATION ( NEW 9DU/RIES1 = SOCIAL SOLID>ITY1 M$ICAL S]VICE OR PUBLIC $UCATION4 ,9 ?IS G5]AL ACTIVITY ! ,COLLECTIVE BR+S EA* & EV]YBODY TO AN AW>5ESS ( LIFE 9 ! R\ND1 & EV]YONE TO ! PRACTICAL NECESSITY ( MUTUAL UND]/&+4 

,COMP>$ ) ! ,COLLECTIVE ! ,SYNDICATE HAS SIMPLY A SECOND>Y OR SUBORD9ATE ROLE4 ,IT IS /RIK+ TO OBS]VE H[ 9 ! AGRICULTURAL DI/RICTS1 IT WAS MORE (T5 ?AN NOT SPONTANE\SLY RELEGAT$1 ALMO/ =GOTT51 9 SPITE ( ! EF=TS ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN SYNDICALI/S & ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 HAD PREVI\SLY MADE4 ,! ,COLLECTIVE REPLAC$ !M4 ,! WORD ITSELF WAS BORN SPONTANE\SLY & SPREAD 9TO ALL ! REGIONS ( ,SPA9 :]E ! AGR>IAN REVOLUTION HAD BE5 BR\<T AB\T4 ,& ! WORD 0COLLECTIVI/0 WAS ADOPT$ JU/ AS QUICKLY & SPREAD ) ! SAME SPONTANEITY4 

,ONE C\LD ADVANCE ! HYPO!SIS ?AT !SE TWO WORDS -- COLLECTIVE & COLLECTIVISM -- BETT] EXPRESS$ ! PEOPLE'S MORAL1 HUMAN1 FRAT]NAL FEEL+S ?AN DID ! T]MS ,SYNDICATES & SYNDICALISM4 ,A QUE/ION ( EUPHONY P]HAPS1 & ( A BREAD? ( VIEWS1 ( HUMANISM3 MAN AS SOME?+ MORE ?AN ! PRODUC]4 ,! NE$ = SYNDICATES NO LONG] EXI/S :5 !RE >E NO MORE EMPLOY]S4 

,IF WE PASS FROM ,>AGON TO ! ,LEVANTE WE SEE ,COLLECTIVES EM]G+ !RE TOO BUT NOT AS SU* A SPONTANE\S1 ONE MI<T ALMO/ SAY 9/ANT1 CREATION4 ,IT WAS ! AGRICULTURAL & SOMETIMES ! NONAGRICULTURAL1 SYNDICATES :I* W]E !RE AT ! BEG9N+1 NOT TO F\ND O!R ,SYNDICATES1 & ?IS IS MO/ SIGNIFICANT1 BUT TO F\ND ,COLLECTIVES4 ,& ?OSE :O JO9$ !SE ,COLLECTIVES1 ,(T5 )\T BELONG+ TO ! ,SYNDICATES1 W]E ALSO COLLECTIVI/S & ACT$ & BEHAV$ AS WELL AS ANYBODY ELSE4 ,LET US HA/5 TO ADD ?AT ! GR\PS ( 'ORGANIZ]S (T5 CONSI/$ ( M5 :O HAD UNTIL !N BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! ,SYNDICATES OR EV5 9 LIB]T>IAN GR\PS4 

,BUT !RE W]E SOME CASES :]E ! ,COMMUNE FULFILL$ ! ROLE ( ! ,COLLECTIVE4 ,AMONG ! EXAMPLES WE HAVE GIV5 ONE ESPECIALLY RECALLS ,GRANOLL]S1 ,HOSPITALET1 ,FRAGA1 ,B9EF>1 & MANY PLACES 9 ,CA/ILE4 ,WE ALSO F9D MUNICIPALITIES :I* HAD BE5 RECON/RUCT$ TO CON=M ) GOV]NM5TAL DECISIONS 7,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g7 & HAD1 AS A RESULT1 PLAY$ A MORE OR LESS IMPORTANT1 MORE OR LESS SUBORD9ATE1 ROLE2 & 9 ! ,LEVANTE ! ,SYNDICATE & ! ,COLLECTIVE 9 ! 5D L9K$ !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,BUT 9 ?AT REGION ! ROLE ( ! ,SYNDICATE WAS (T5 TO BECOME MORE IMPORTANT1 BO? ?R\< DIRECT P>TICIPATION & AS 9SPIR] & GUIDE1 :I* IT WAS NOT 9 ,>AGON4 

,F9ALLY WE SEE 9 ,CA/ILE1 ! ,COLLECTIVES BE+ />T$ 9 L>GE NUMB]S1 UND] '! IMPULSE ( MILITANT WORK]S & EV5 9TELLECTUALS :O LEFT ,MADRID & SPREAD \T 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,?IS PLA/ICITY1 ?IS V>IETY ( WAYS ( ACT+ ALL[$ = ! CREATION ( TRUE SOCIALISM1 9 EA* PLACE ACCORD+ TO ! SITUATION1 CIRCUM/ANCES ( TIME & PLACE1 & = ! RESOLUTION ( A GREAT NUMB] ( PROBLEMS :I* AN AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPT1 TOO RIGID1 TOO BUREAUCRATIC W\LD HAVE ONLY MADE MORE COMPLICAT$ )1 9 ! 5D1 A DICTATOR%IP R$UC+ EV]Y?+ TO A UNI=M PATT]N4 ,! V>IETY ( ME?ODS US$ REFLECT$ ! V>IETY ( ! FACETS ( LIFE4 ,(T5 9 ! SAME REGION1 VILLAGES ) SIMIL> =MS ( PRODUCTION1 ) A SOME:AT SIMIL> SOCIAL HI/ORY1 W\LD />T BY SOCIALIZ+ ! LOCAL 9DU/RIES & 5D ) AGRICULTURE1 :ILE O!RS W\LD />T ) ! SOCIALIZATION ( AGRICULTURE & 5D ) ?AT ( LOCAL 9DU/RIES4 ,9 SOME CASES1 9 ! ,LEVANTE = 9/ANCE1 WE HAVE SE5 IT />T ) DI/RIBUTION !N PROCE$ T[>DS SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 :I* WAS ! OPPOSITE PROC$URE TO MO/ O!R PLACES4 

,BUT IT IS REM>KABLE ?AT ?IS DIV]SITY ( ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES DID NOT PREV5T MEMB]%IP ( ! SAME REGIONAL F$]ATIONS NOR1 ?R\< !M1 NATIONAL COORD9ATION1 PRACTICAL SOLID>ITY1 :E!R IT CONC]N$ \R ,COLLECTIVES1 MIX$ ,SYNDICAL ,COLLECTIVES OR COMMUNITIES AT DIFF]5T /AGES ( MUNICIPALIZATION4 

,! G5]AL LAW WAS UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY4 ,WE HAVE UND]L9$1 9 PASS+1 ?AT ! ,*>T]S OR ,/ATUTES 9 :I* ! PR9CIPLES W]E DEF9$ & FROM :I* /EMM$ ! PRACTICAL ATTITUDE ( EA* & ALL1 MADE NO M5TION ( ! RI<TS & LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,NOT ?AT ! ,COLLECTIVES HAD IGNOR$ !SE RI<TS1 BUT SIMPLY BECAUSE ! RESPECT ( !SE RI<TS W5T )\T SAY+1 & ?AT !Y W]E ALREADY RECOGNIZ$ BY ! /&>D ( LIFE GU>ANTE$ TO EV]YBODY1 9 !IR ACCESS TO CONSUM] GOODS1 TO WELLBE+ & CULTURE1 TO ! ATT5TION1 CONSID]ATION & HUMAN RESPONSIBILITIES ( :I* EA* ONE1 AS A MEMB] ( ! ,COLLECTIVE1 WAS ASSUR$4 ,IT WAS KN[N1 SO :Y M5TION IT8 ,9 RETURN1 = ?IS TO BE POSSIBLE1 EV]YONE HAD TO C>RY \T HIS DUTY1 DO HIS WORK LIKE ! O!R COMRADES1 %[ SOLID>ITY ACCORD+ TO ! E?IC ( A UNIV]SAL MUTUAL AID4 

,ONE WAS ! GU>ANTEE ( ! O!R4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON WE SO (T5 READ ?AT SAME S5T5CE 9 ! ,*>T]S ?\< !RE HAD BE5 NO PREVI\S DISCUSSION BETWE5 ,COLLECTIVES HUNDR$S ( KILOMET]S AP>T3 0,ANYONE NOT HAV+ ANY WORK 9 HIS TRADE WILL HELP COMRADES 9 O!R ACTIVITIES :O MI<T NE$ HIS HELP40 ,?IS WAS SUPRA-PR(ESSIONAL SOLID>ITY 9 PRACTICE4 

,GO+ DEEPLY 9TO !SE MATT]S IT C\LD P]HAPS BE SAID ?AT !Y W]E DEVELOP+ A NEW CONCEPT ( LIB]TY4 ,9 ! VILLAGE ,COLLECTIVES 9 !IR NATURAL /ATE1 & 9 ! SMALL T[NS :]E EV]YBODY KNEW ONE ANO!R & W]E 9T]DEP5D5T1 LIB]TY DID NOT CONSI/ 9 BE+ A P>ASITE1 & NOT 9T]E/+ ONESELF 9 ANY?+4 ,LIB]TY ONLY EXI/$ AS A FUNCTION ( PRACTICAL ACTIVITY4 ,TO HE IS TO DO1 ,BAKUN9 WROTE4 ,TO BE IS TO REALIZE1 VOLUNT>ILY1 ,LIB]TY IS SECUR$ NOT ONLY :5 ONE DEM&S ! RI<TS ( ! 0SELF0 AGA9/ O!RS1 BUT :5 IT IS A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( SOLID>ITY4 ,M5 :O >E 9T]DEP5D5T FEEL FREE AMONG !MSELVES & NATURALLY RESPECT EA* O!R'S LIB]TY4 ,FUR!RMORE SO F> AS COLLECTIVE LIFE IS CONC]N$1 ! FRE$OM ( EA* IS !1 RI<T TO P>TICIPATE SPONTANE\SLY ) ONE'S ?\<T1 ONE'S HE>T1 ONE'S WILL1 ONE'S 9ITIATIVE TO ! FULL EXT5T ( ONE'S CAPACITIES4 ,A NEGATIVE LIB]TY IS NOT LIB]TY3 IT IS NO?+NESS4 

,?IS6 CONCEPT ( LIB]TY GAVE RISE TO A NEW MORALITY-UNLESS IT WAS ?IS NEW E?IC ?AT GAVE RISE TO ANO!R CONCEPT ( LIB]TY4 ,IT EXPLA9S :Y :5 ! AU?OR S\<T 9=MATION AB\T *ANGES1 & IMPROVEM5TS 9TRODUC$ 9 ! LIVES ( EV]YONE1 !Y DID NOT SPEAK ( 0LIB]TY0 ?\< !Y W]E LIB]T>IANS1 BUT1 & !Y DID SO ) DEEP JOY1 ( ! RESULTS ( !IR WORK1 EXP]IM5TS1 & RESE>* ON :I* !Y W]E 5GAG$2 ON ! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,NO1 !Y W]E NO LONG] ?9K+ ( LIB]TY 9 ! WAY WORK]S 9 CAPITALI/ FACTORIES OR DAY WORK]S ON ! L& ( ! [N]-EMPLOY] ?9K4 

"9 

,ON ?IS SUBJECT WE W\LD LIKE TO MAKE AN OBS]VATION TO :I* WE ATTA* GREAT PHILOSOPHICAL & PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE4 ,! !ORETICIANS & P>TISANS ( ! LIB]AL ECONOMY AFFIRM ?AT COMPETITION /IMULATES 9ITIATIVE &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! CREATIVE SPIRIT & 9V5TION )\T :I* IT REMA9S DORMANT4 ,NUM]\S OBS]VATIONS MADE BY ! WRIT] 9 ! ,COLLECTIVES1 FACTORIES & SOCIALIZ$ WORK%OPS P]MIT HIM TO TAKE QUITE ! OPPOSITE VIEW4 ,= 9 A ,COLLECTIVE1 9 A GR\P+ :]E EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS /IMULAT$ BY ! WI% TO BE ( S]VICE TO HIS FELL[ BE+S1 RESE>*1 ! DESIRE = TE*NICAL P]FECTION & SO ON >E ALSO /IMULAT$4 .<#e.> ,BUT !Y ALSO HAVE AS A CONSEQU5CE ?AT O!R 9DIVIDUALS JO9 ?OSE :O W]E ! FIR/ TO GET TOGE!R4 ,FUR!RMORE :51 9 PRES5T SOCIETY1 AN 9DIVIDUALI/ 9V5TOR DISCOV]S SOME?+1 IT IS US$ ONLY BY ! CAPITALI/ OR ! 9DIVIDUAL EMPLOY+ HIM1 :]EAS 9 ! CASE ( AN 9V5TOR LIV+ 9 A COMMUNITY NOT ONLY IS HIS DISCOV]Y TAK5 UP & DEVELOP$ BY O!RS1 BUT IS IMM$IATELY APPLI$ = ! COMMON GOOD4 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ?IS SUP]IORITY W\LD V]Y SOON MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 A SOCIALIZ$ SOCIETY4 

"9 

,L591 9 HIS REPORT ON ! ,RUSSIAN SITUATION TO ! #a#a? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HELD 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#b1 DECL>$3 0,! IDEA ( CON/RUCT+ A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ) ONLY ! HELP ( ! COMMUNI/S1 IS NONS5SE1 PURE NONS5SE4 ,BUILD+ ! ECONOMY MU/ BE LEFT TO O!RS1 TO ! B\RGEOISIE :I* IS1 MU* MORE $UCAT$1 OR TO 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! B\RGEOIS CAMP4 ,WE \RSELVES >E NOT YET SUFFICI5TLY $UCAT$ = ?AT40 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,L59 SPOKE 9 ?IS WAY !N#f TO JU/IFY ! ,N4,E4,P4 7,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY7 :I* CONSI/$ 9 ALL[+ FREE 5T]PRISE TO ! B\RGEOIS & TE*NICIANS ( ! B\RGEOISIE /ILL REMA9+ 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ORD] TO GET PRODUCTION1 :I* HAD VIRTUALLY COME TO A /&/ILL AS A RESULT ( ! DE/RUCTIVE & P>ALYZ+ ACTION ( ! ,/ATE1 BACK ON ITS FEET4 ,FROM #a#i#b1 RA!R ?AN ALL[ ! WORK]S & !IR ORGANIZATIONS 7! DEVELOPM5T ( :I* W\LD BECOME AN EMB>RASSM5T TO ! COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5TS7 TO P>TICIPATE ACTIVELY 9 A R5EWAL ( ! ECONOMY1 ,L59 PREF]R$ TO MAKE USE ( HIS CLASS 5EMIES4 ,BUT SU* WAS ! SITUATION ?AT AT ! 5D ( F\R & A HALF YE>S1 HE WAS OBLIG$ TO HAVE REC\RSE TO ?IS 4 4 4 H]OIC REM$Y6 

,FUR!RMORE IF WE ANALYZE C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ! PRES5T ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY1 AT LEA/ AT :AT IS MORE OR LESS V]IFIABLE1 WE NOTE = EXAMPLE1 AN EXTRAORD9>Y BACKW>DNESS 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,MORE ?AN #be YE>S AGO1 ,/AL9 WAS PROMIS+1 & HIS SUCCESSORS CONT9UE TO PROMISE ! PEOPLE 0FREE BREAD0 A SLOGAN ) :I* ! ,FR5*1 ,ITALIAN & ,SPANI% COMMUNI/S HOAX !IR SUPPORT]S4 ,BUT FREE BREAD 7! CONSUMPTION ( :I*1 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES IS DECREAS+ ANYWAY & W\LD NOT REPRES5T SU* AN EXTRAORD9>Y CONQUE/7 IS /ILL ONLY ! BAIT :I* HIDES ! HOOK4 

,ANO!R MORE CONV9C+ & IMPORTANT FACT IS ?AT #d#e.0 ( ! POPULATION IS ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IT IS #f.0 & 9 ,FRANCE #b.04 ,?IS DEMON/RATES ! TE*NICAL DEFICI5CIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ AGR>IAN ORGANIZATION1 A DEFICI5CY :I* HAS TO BE MADE UP BY HUMAN LABOR1 9 SPITE ( ! TE*NICAL PROGRESS ?AT HAS BE5 PROCLAIM$ URBI ET ORBI = ! PA/ #d YE>S4 

,& ?IS IS NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACT4 ,WE >E N[ FUR!R FROM COMMUNISM ?AN WE W]E 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,= COMMUNISM IMPLIES ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,BUT :]EAS WE HAVE SE5 ?IS EQUALITY BE+ E/ABLI%$ FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,SPANI% ,LIB]T>IAN ,COLLECTIVES1 IT IS NOT EV5 ANY LONG] A HOPEFUL PROMISE = ! M5 & WOM5 L& WORK]S GR\P$ 9 ! ,KOLKHOZES & ,SOVKHOZES1 ! COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS BORN ( ! REGIME REF]R$ TO-D]ISIVELY-AS COMMUNI/4 

,= !RE >E FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE ORGANIZATIONS & ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES 9 ,SPA94 ,! ,KOLKHOZES & ,SOVKHOZES W]E CREAT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 BY ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY4 ,PRODUC]S & ORD9>Y 9HABITANTS LIVE !RE UND] ! ORD]S ( A CLASS ( FUNCTION>IES & TE*NICIANS :O PLAN1 DECIDE1 DICTATE ORD]S AS TO :AT MU/ BE DONE OR NOT DONE ACCORD+ TO 9/RUCTIONS RECEIV$ FROM ! V>I\S M9I/RIES4 ,?IS CLASS1 9 TURN1 IS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ CELL1 :I* AT ! SAME TIME CONTROLS ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY 9CLUD+ ! TRACTOR DRIV]S1 ! EMPLOYES ( ! MA*9E DEPOTS1 NURSES & TEA*]S4 ,MO/ WOM5 HAVE TO DO ! HEAVIE/ WORK 7DRIV+ TRACTORS & MA*9]Y1 ROAD MA9T5ANCE WORK1 ETC474 ,SO MU* SO ?AT ! WOM5 9 ! ,KOLKHOZ1 DE=M$ 9 ! C\RSE ( A LIFE ( H>D LABOR1 GIVE ! VISITOR ! IMPRESSION ( A R\<1 CO>SE CREATURE :O HAS LO/ ALL TRACES ( FEM9ITY4 

,PIECEWORK WAS WIDESPREAD 9 ! ,KOLKHOZES & ,SOVKHOZES 7WE DO NOT BELIEVE IT HAS BE5 ABOLI%$ 9 ! REC5T PA/7 & ! WAGE CATEGORIES1 AS WELL AS ! 0NORMS0 TO A*IEVE1 W]E >BITR>ILY FIX$ BY ! LEAD]S ( EA* PRODUCTION CELL4 ,& LET US NOT =GET ?AT ALL ?IS EXI/S AFT] #e YE>S ( A REGIME SAID TO BE COMMUNI/4 

,N[1 NO?+ SIMIL> OCCURR$ 9 ! ,SPANI% ,COLLECTIVES :]E EV]YBODY TOOK P>T 9 ! ASSEMBLIES1 C\LD SAY :AT !Y LIK$ TO ANYONE )\T FE> ( REPRISALS4 

,9 ,RUSSIA ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES SEEM TO BE IRREM$IABLY E/ABLI%$1 = !Y >E 5CRU/$ 9 ! ,/ATE1 !Y >E !1 ,/ATE1 & CA/ES ( ! ,/ATE CREAT$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,PRO(S AB\ND4 

,?US ! ,MOSC[ REVIEW ,P>TI9AIA ,JIZN 7,! ,LIFE ( ! ,P>TY7 GAVE ! FOLL[+ FIGURES = #a#i#f#d3 #c#g4#c.0 ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S MEMB]S W]E WORK]S2 #a#f4#e.0 W]E PEASANTS 7BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! LATT] REPRES5T #d#e.0 ( ! POPULATION74 ,\T ( #a#a1#g#e#h1#a#f#i MEMB]S1 #e1#d#h1 W]E TE*NOCRATS1 BUREAUCRATS1 & O!R MEMB]S ( ! 09TELLIG5TSIA01 ! LATT] CATEGORY CON/ITUT+1 ?ANKS TO ITS SUP]IOR $UCATION1 ! 0NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASS0 ) !IR C>S1 !IR 0DA*AS0 7C\NTRY H\SES71 !IR DOME/ICS1 !IR MILIT>Y ORD]LIES1 !IR F9E AP>TM5TS & PLEASANT HOLIDAYS ON ! %ORES ( ! ,BLACK ,SEA4 

,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! REGIME F\ND$ BY SO-CALL$ ,/ATE ,COMMUNISM1 :I* WAS NO O!R ?AN ,/ATE CAPITALISM1 & ?AT F\ND$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION WAS ABSOLUTE1 & IT WAS ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/S & !IR MA/]S COMBAT$ -- & BO? CONT9UE TO DO SO IMPLACABLY -- \R CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5T4 

,FUR!RMORE 9 ,SPA9 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS MA9TA9$ AT A HI< DEGREE ( PRODUCTIVITY SO LONG AS !RE WAS NO %ORTAGE ( RAW MAT]IALS & P[]4 ,:]EAS 9 ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 :]E !SE 7IRON1 COAL1 OIL1 COTTON1 WOOL7 C\LD BE PRODUC$ 9 ! C\NTRY ITSELF1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! S\?1 !Y W]E 9 %ORT SUPPLY EV5 9 ! >EAS :]E !Y W]E PRODUC$1 DUE TO DISORGANIZATION CAUS$ BY ! REGIME ITSELF1 & ?IS CONT9U$ EV5 :5 ! ,CIVIL ,W> 5D$ 9 #a#i#b#a4 

,KRUS*EV'S SKILLFUL PROPAG&A PUT ! BLAME = ! NON-DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIAN 9DU/RY ONTO ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME1 & = !IR SETBACKS ON ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL & CIVIL W>4 ,WELL1 ?AT WAS NOT ! REASON6 ,EV5 IF ONE TAKES ACC\NT ( ! RAVAGES ( W> 9 ALL ITS MANIFE/ATIONS1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 IT WAS ! REGIME ?AT SPRANG FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION ?AT ITSELF UND]TOOK TO TRANS=M ! P>TIAL P>ALYZES 9TO A G5]AL P>ALYZES4 0,AT ! TIME ( ! C5SUS ( #bh ,AUGU/1 #a#i#b1 !RE W]E #c#g1#b#b#f 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES BELONG+ TO ! ,/ATE & EMPLOY+ ALMO/ TWO MILLION WORK]S10 WROTE ! ECONOMI/ ,S]GE ,PROCOPOVICZ 9 HIS MONUM5TAL ,ECONOMIC ,HI/ORY ( ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ,HE CONT9U$ BY PO9T+ \T ?AT 0ON ! #a/ ,SEPTEMB] ( ! SAME YE>1 ?AT IS TWO MON?S AFT] ! C5SUS WAS TAK51 ONLY #f1#e#h UND]TAK+S EMPLOY+ #a1#c1 WORK]S1 W]E %[N 9 ! RECORDS ( ! ,SUP]IOR ,C\NCIL ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY40 

,:AT DO !SE FIGURES MEAN8 ,?AT ACTUAT$ BY ITS DOM9E]+ WILL1 ! ,/ATE WAS CAUS+ ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( A GREAT NUMB] ( UND]TAK+S AT A GIDDY RATE1 BY A SY/EMATIC C5TRALIZATION1 OR BY ! CUTT+ (F1 ( SUPPLIES ( RAW MAT]IALS OR P[]4 ,IT WAS NOT ! ONLY REASON1 ,! SEIZURE ( ! MANAGEM5T ( WORK BY ! FUNCTION>IES SPREAD LIKE A CANC]1 OR A SWELL+ ( CANC]S4 .<#h.> ,ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION !RE W]E 9 ,RUSSIA #fe BLA/-FURNACES :I* PRODUC$ 9 #aiab #e1#b1 TONS ( /EEL 7,FRANCE PRODUC$ 9 ! SAME YE> #d1#b#g174 ,AT ! TIME ( ! ,REVOLUTION HALF ! BLA/-FURNACES W]E /ILL OP]AT+4 ,BUT 9 #a#i#b#b1 ! YE> :5 ,L59 UTT]$ ! WORDS WE HAVE QUOT$1 /EEL PRODUCTION HAD DROPP$ TO #b#e#e1 TONS4 

,ONCE AGA9 ! EXPLANATION = ?IS V]TICAL DROP IS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE DUE TO /ATISM PU%$ TO ITS LIMITS2 BY ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 :I* ELIM9AT$ ! ABLE EMPLOY]S 7!RE W]E SOME1 !RE >E SOME EV]Y:]E7 & ! TE*NICIANS :O HAD TO BE REPLAC$ BY BR++ 9 O!RS FROM ,G]MANY & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AT ! TIME ( ! WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS4 

,ANO!R CAUSE ( ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y SETBACK WAS ! RESI/ANCE %[N BY ! P]SONNEL 9 ! FACTORIES :O1 FROM #a#i#a#h1 ?AT IS N9E MON?S AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD SEIZ$ P[]1 BEGAN TO PROTE/ AGA9/ ! 9TRODUCTION ( POLICE ME?ODS BY ! P>TY 9 P[]1 :I* MO/ ( ! WORK]S OPPOS$1 .<#i.> & AGA9/ ! /IFL+ ( WORK]S' FRE$OM 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,! APOLOGI/S W\LD SAY ?AT !SE WORK]S W]E WORK$ ON BY ! ,M5%EVIKS & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 ,WELL1 READ :AT ,KIROV1 ONE ( ! \T/&+ MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 WROTE AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#i3 

0,ALL ! WORK ( ORGANIZ+ ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! C\NTRY HAS BE5 DONE1 SO F>1 ) ! DIRECT P>TICIPATION ( ! ,UNIONS & ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,! ,UNIONS & FACTORY WORK]S DELEGATE CONF]5CES 9 C]TA9 9DU/RIAL BRAN*ES HAVE BE5 ! PR9CIPAL & ONLY LABORATORIES 9 :I* ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONAL S]VICES ( ,RUSSIA W]E =M$1 & >E /ILL =M$40 

,A SITUATION COMP>ABLE TO ?AT 9 ,SPA94 ,BUT :]EAS 9 ,SPA9 ! PRIME-MOV]S ( ! ,REVOLUTION 5L>G$ & P]FECT$ ?IS WORK]S' MANAGEM5T :I* GAVE ! K9D ( RESULTS WE HAVE SE5 7BE>+ 9 M9D ! DIFFICULTIES DUE TO A GR[+ %ORTAGE ( RAW MAT]IALS & P[]1 OPPOSITION BY ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 FOOD %ORTAGES AT A C]TA9 /AGE DUE TO ! OCCUPATION ( FOOD GR[+ >EAS BY ,FRANCO'S >MIES71 9 ,RUSSIA ,L591 :O RECTIFI$ & *ANG$ HIS OP9IONS AT EA* CONGRESS1 DECID$ ?AT ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION HAD TO BE TAK5 OV] BY ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ORD] TO REM$Y ! P>ALYZES HE CRITICIZ$ YET :I* HE CONT9UALLY /R5G!N$4 ,/AL9'S MON/R\S DICTATOR%IP1 :I* WAS ! BLOSSOM+ ( ?AT SET UP BY ,L591 WAS NE$$ TO 9CORPORATE 9TO ?IS SY/EM1 AT ! PRICE ( MILLIONS ( LIVES1 AN ECONOMY :I* W\LD HAVE BUILT ITSELF )\T DICTATOR%IP IF /ATE WOR%IP HAD NOT ANNIHILAT$ EV]Y?+4 

,IF WE SEEK TO E/ABLI% ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,RUSSO-,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 WE CAN SUMM>IZE IT1 SO F> AS PRODUCTION & ECONOMIC LIFE AS A :OLE >E CONC]N$1 AS FOLL[S3 

,9 ,RUSSIA AFT] ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS :O IMPOS$ !IR DICTATOR%IP & SET AB\T GOV]N+ ?R\< ! ,/ATE1 EV]Y?+ CONT9U$ TO CRUMBLE = YE>S BO? 9 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY AS WELL AS 9 ! PUBLIC S]VICES1 TO ! PO9T ( DRAGG+ FROM ,L59'S LIPS ! ADMISSION WE HAVE QUOT$ & OBLIG+ HIM TO DROP SOCIALISM COMPLETELY & HAVE REC\RSE TO ! ,N4,E4,P4 AS A RESULT ( :I* ! ECONOMY WAS ON ! ROAD TO RECOV]Y UNTIL ! YE>S #a#i#b#f-#b#g4 ,/AL9 CONT9U$ ALONG ?OSE L9ES AFT] ELIM9AT+ ?OSE TO :OM ,L59 HAD HAD REC\RSE4 

,9 ,SPA9 EXCEPT 9 ?OSE CASES :]E RAW MAT]IALS W]E SOON 9 %ORT SUPPLY1 AGR>IAN & 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION DID NOT SUFF] 9T]RUPTIONS1 AP>T FROM ! FEW DAYS FOLL[+ ! EUPHORIA ( ! SUCCESSES ( ,JULY #a#i1 BUT EV5 ?AT WAS NOT G5]AL ,FACTORIES1 WORK%OPS1 TRANSPORT1 PUBLIC S]VICES W]E RAPIDLY SET 9 MOTION1 EXCEPT = ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! F9ANCIAL ME*ANISM ( :I* IS ALWAYS UNUSUAL4 .<#a.> 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT HAD ,FRANCO BE5 DEFEAT$ ! ECONOMY W\LD HAVE PASS$ MORE OR LESS 5TIRELY 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S1 & ?AT \R ,SYNDICATES W\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ IT RAPIDLY ) TE*NICIANS ( ALL K9DS1 5G9E]S & >*ITECTS ALREADY 9 !IR ORGANIZATION OR :O HAD REC5TLY JO9$ 9 SUFFICI5TLY L>GE NUMB]S4 ,?ANKS ALSO TO ! ORGANIZ+ CONTRIBUTION ( T5S ( ?\S&S ( LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS1 .<#a#a.> :O NOT ONLY HAD A WORK+ KN[L$GE ( ! PROBLEMS ( LABOR1 PRODUCTION1 ! V>I\S OP]ATIONS ( ! DIFF]5T TRADES 9 A WORK%OP1 FACTORY1 RAILWAY NETWORK1 BUT ALSO H[ ! DIFF]5T :EELS ( ! ECONOMY 9 G5]AL W]E GE>$ UP & OP]AT$4 

,ON ! O!R H& ?IS PREP>ATION WAS COMPLETELY LACK+ SO F> AS ! MAJORITY ( ! #b#d1 MEMB]S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY .<#a#b.> W]E CONC]N$ & ) :OM ,L59 ?\<T 79 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#g1 9 A PAMPHLET RES]V$ = HIS 9TIMATES7 HE C\LD SEIZE P[] & MA9TA9 IT4 ,9 G5]AL1 HIS PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES W]E NOT LABOR PR(ESSIONALS4 ,?IS EQUALLY APPLI$ TO ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( BUREAUCRATS :O BELONG$ TO ! LEFT W+ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 :O HAD BECOME COMMUNI/S1 & :O W]E COMPLETELY IGNORANT ( ! WORK+S ( A FACTORY OR ( A WORK%OP1 ( PRODUCTION & ITS MULTIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONS1 COORD9ATION BETWE5 9DU/RIAL SECTORS1 GEOGRAPHICALLY SCATT]$ OR CONC5TRAT$4 

,L59 WANT$ TOP M5 :O W\LD MANAGE PRODUCTION UND] 9/RUCTION FROM ! ,P>TY & ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! ,P>TY CONGRESSES4 ,POLITICS FIR/1 EV5 9 ! NAME ( ! MAT]IALI/ OR ECONOMIC 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORY4 ,9 ?AT POLICY W]E 9CLUD$ 9/RUCTIONS = ! CONDUCT ( WORK & ( ! WORK]S4 ,SOCIALISM WAS ABOVE ALL A QUE/ION ( AU?ORITY4 ,& IT REMA9$ SO4 ,= US IT WAS A QUE/ION ( ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK BY ! WORK]S1 MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL1 & IT REMA9$ SO4 

,:ILE PRAIS+ & PROCLAIM+ ! CON/RUCTIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION1 ?IS WRIT] RECOGNIZES ?AT IT WAS NOT )\T ITS FAILURES NOR WAS IT P]FECT4 ,WE HAVE /AT$ ! OBJECTIVE REASONS3 ! W> :I* L>GELY DOM9AT$ EV5TS AS A :OLE2 ! 9EVITABLE SURVIVAL ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES & SOCIAL CLASSES ATTA*$ TO A SOCIETY ) TRADITIONAL CLASSES1 & ! MANY-SID$ HO/ILITY ( ,SPANI% & 9T]NATIONAL ,/AL9ISM DIRECT$ BY ,MOSC[4 

,BUT !RE W]E ALSO SUBJECTIVE REASONS4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE IF ! CON/RUCTIVE APP>ATUS WAS1 SO F> AS ITS TE*NICAL PREP>ATION WAS CONC]N$1 SUP]IOR BY F> TO :AT IT HAD BE5 9 ALL PREVI\S REVOLUTIONS1 IT WAS ALSO1 9 \R VIEW1 9SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$4 ,! REASON1 & /ILL FROM A SUBJECTIVE PO9T ( VIEW1 WAS TW(OLD3 ON ! ONE H& ! /RUGGLES WAG$ = SIXTY-SIX YE>S 7:I* WE HAVE SKET*$ 9 ! *APT] 0,! ,M5 & ! ,/RUGGLES07 BECAUSE !Y W]E SO TIME CONSUM+ ABSORB+ =CES & 5]GIES1 PREV5T$ ! ORGANIZATION FROM MOV+ FUR!R =W>D4 ,= ?IS W\LD HAVE REQUIR$ MU* MORE ?\<T1 :I* \R RANK & FILE MILITANTS1 :O W]E ALSO /RUGGL+ AGA9/ POV]TY & HUNG]1 & (T5 LACK$ A SUFFICI5T 9TELLECTUAL PREP>ATION1 C\LD NOT UND]TAKE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 DEMAGOGIC ELEM5TS 9 \R MOVEM5T :O EX]CIS$ A NEGATIVE1 ANTI-SYNDICALI/ & ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL 9FLU5CE :I* HAD TO BE COMBAT$1 CONTRIBUT$1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T TO SL[+ D[N ! CON/ITUTION ( ! F$]ATIONS ( 9DU/RY1 ! EXI/5CE ( :I* W\LD HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE TO1 SYNDICALIZE PRODUCTION MORE QUICKLY & MORE COMPLETELY1 & ABOVE ALL1 ! ORGANIZATION ( DI/RIBUTION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT NO SOCIAL -- NOR EV5 POLITICAL -- REVOLUTION HAS EV] BE5 PREP>$ BE=EH& 9 EV]Y DETAIL SO F> AS ! POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS >E CONC]N$ & WE CAN 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES FEEL PR\D ( ! BASES ?AT W]E E/ABLI%$ BE=E #a#i#c#f4 ,NEV]!LESS WE HAVE ! RI<T & EV5 ! DUTY TO JUDGE \RSELVES ) SEV]ITY1 & TO RECOGNIZE \R WEAKNESSES1 \R ]RORS OR FAIL+S4 ,WE W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE SUCCESSFUL IF \R MOVEM5T HAD DONE MORE T[>DS ?AT ECONOMIC & TE*NICAL PREP>ATION41 ,?AT ! O!RS DID MU* LESS OR NO?+ AT ALL & /ILL DO NOT 9 ?IS AGE :5 SO MANY 9TELLECTUALS1 LACK+ 9TELLIG5CE & ) UTT] IRRESPONSIBILITY1 PUBLICLY LAY CLAIM TO A REVOLUTION AB\T :I* !Y HAV5'T ! SLI<TE/ CON/RUCTIVE ?\<T1 DOES NO?+ TO HELP4 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 ! GREATE/ !ORETICIANS ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 ALWAYS RECOMM5D$1 ESPECIALLY ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 ?AT ?IS PREP>ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y CON/RUCTION %\LD BE AS ADVANC$ AS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS WAS 9 VIOL5T CONTRA/ TO ! 9EXPLICABLE ,M>XI/ 9COMPREH5SION1 AS EVID5C$ NOT ONLY 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X .<#a#c.>1 BUT ALSO ( ,KAUTSKY & EV5 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 :I* ALWAYS1 9 ! NAME ( SO-CALL$ 0SCI5TIFIC0 SOCIALISM1 COMBAT$ ALL ANTICIPATION CONC]N+ ! PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY4 ,ONE CAN N[ SEE :]E IT HAS L$ ?OSE C\NTRIES EUPHEMI/ICALLY CALL$ 0POPUL> DEMOCRACIES04 

,)\T ORGANIC PREP>ATION NO SOCIAL & TRULY SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE4 ,! *ANCES ( SUCCESS DEP5D ON ! EXT5T ( ! PREEXI/+ CON/RUCTIVE CAPACITY4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! PREP>ATION %\LD BE ONLY 9TELLECTUAL & TE*NICAL4 ,IT MU/ BE1 ABOVE ALL1 MORAL1 = ! DEGREE ( SPECIALIZ$ 9TELLECTUALITY & TE*NICALITY A*IEV$ DEP5DS ON ! DEGREE ( CONSCI\SNESS :I* CREATES ! S5SE ( DUTY1 IMPOS+ ! ACQUISITION ( ! REQUIR$ DISCIPL9ES4 ,IT IS ABOVE ALL ?IS AW>5ESS ( !IR RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT PR$OM9AT$ AMONG ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 9FLU5C$ !IR /RUGGLES1 !IR 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR1 !IR PROPAG&A AMONG1 &- ORGANIZATION (1 ! WORK]S 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & 9 ! T[NS1 & !IR 9V9CIBLE P]SI/5CE 9 ! /RUGGLE WAG$ = A BETT] WORLD & A HAPPI] MANK9D4 ,)\T !SE QUALITIES ALL ! 9TELLIG5CE & TE*NIQUES 9 ! WORLD W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 ( MU* USE4 

,\R CON/RUCTIVE REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5T WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! ,FRANCOI/ VICTORY & BY ! SABOTAGE & BETRAYAL ( ,/AL9 & HIS AG5TS4 ,BUT IT REMA9S 9 HI/ORY AS AN EXAMPLE & A PRO( ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO AVOID ! DICTATORIAL /AGES :5 ! CAPACITY TO ORGANIZE ! NEW SOCIETY QUICKLY IS PRES5T2 & DISP5SE ) ! SO-CALL$ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT OR MORE EXACTLY ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY USURP+ ! REPRES5TATION OR DELEGATION ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* ?OSE DRUNK ) P[] -- !IR P[] TO :I* ! PEOPLE MU/ B[ -- P]SI/ 9 WANT+ TO IMPOSE ON US UND] PA9 ( MASSACR+ US AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES4 ,JU/ AS 9 !IR TIME ,M>X & ,BLANQUI1 & MORE REC5TLY ,L59 & HIS H5*M5 & ALL DICTATORIAL MANIACS1 !Y HAVE RIOT ! FA9TE/ IDEA ( H[ TO REORGANIZE SOCIAL LIFE AFT] CAPITALISM4 ,BUT JU/ AS ,L59 DID1 !Y W\LD V]Y QUICKLY ORGANIZE A POLICE =CE1 A C5SOR%IP1 & 9 DUE C\RSE CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 

,A NEW WAY HAS BE5 9DICAT$1 AN A*IEVEM5T :I* EM]GES AS A BEACON LI<T ( :I* ALL REVOLUTION>IES :O SEEK MANK9D'S EMANCIPATION & NOT ITS SUBJECTION TO A NEW SLAV]Y WILL HAVE TO FOLL[4 ,IF !Y DO1 YE/]DAY'S DEFEAT WILL BE L>GELY COMP5SAT$ = BY TOMORR['S VICTORIES4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a4 ,IT WAS ON ?IS OCCASION ?AT ! ,U4,H4,P4 ,UNION ,H]MANOS ,PROLET>IOS 7,UNION ( ,PROLET>IAN ,BRO!RS7 WAS CON/ITUT$4 

#b4 ,SU* IS ! CASE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION :I* MI<T NOT HAVE BE5 CRU%$ 9 VIEW ( ! IMM5SITY ( ! C\NTRY1 ITSELF ! CAUSE ( ,NAPOLEON'S DEFEAT4 ,AS TO ! ,CUBAN REVOLUTION1 IF ITS SYCOPHANTS OBS]V$ ?+S MORE CLOSELY 9/EAD ( BE+ TRICK$ BY ! MAGIC ( WORDS1 !Y W\LD SEE ?AT IT HAS IMPLANT$ A NEW =M ( TOTALIT>IANISM BY SETT+ UP A REGIME :I* IS ONLY SOCIALI/ 9 NAME & :I* DEFLECT$ IT FROM ! PROMIS+ ROAD -- WE >E NOT SAY+ ( 9TEGRAL SOCIALISM -- ?AT IT HAD TAK5 ON ! MORR[ ( ,BATTI/A'S OV]?R[4 

#c4 ,PR\DHON ALSO REJECT$ ! >M$ REVOLUTION & WROTE TO ,M>X1 0,\R PROLET>IANS >E SO ?IR/+ = SCI5CE ?AT WE W\LD BE BADLY RECEIV$ BY !M IF ALL WE C\LD (F] !M TO DR9K WAS BLOOD40 

#d4 ,!IR AGR>IAN RE=M WAS LIKE GIV+ A FEW GRA9S ( MILLET TO A />V+ EAGLE4 

#e4 ,WE W\LD REM9D ! READ] ( ! #i NEW MODELS ( %OES 9 ,ELDA1 ! NEW FUNICUL> DESIGN 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! NEW TRANSPORT L9ES1 ETC4444 

#f4 ,HE HAD EXPRESS$ SIMIL> VIEWS 9 #a#i#b4 

#g4 ,! P>TY FACTION CALL$ 0,WORK]S' ,OPPOSITION0 ( :I* ,ALEX&RA ,KOLLONTAI & ,*LAPNIK( W]E ! LEAD]S DEM&$ 9 VA9 ! P>TICIPATION ( WORK]S' SYNDICATES 9 ! BUILD+ ( ! ECONOMY4 ,%E WAS P]SECUT$4 

#h4 ,AT ! TIME ( \R /AY 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #aiba ,KAMANEV DECL>$ AT A MEET+ ( ! ,PAN-,RUSSIAN ,RAILWAY ,COMMITTEE3 0,!RE W]E #b#e1 /ATE EMPLOY]S UND] ,CZ>ISM = ! :OLE ( ,RUSSIA4 ,TODAY !RE >E #b#d1 9 ,MOSC[ ALONE40 

#i4 ,?IS DISCONT5T CAME FROM ! FACT ?AT AT ! TIME ( ! ELECTIONS = ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY 79 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h7 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY HAD ONLY OBTA9$ #b#e.0 ( ! VOTES1 ?AT IS #a MILLION4 & ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S #e#a1 OR #b MILLION2 SEE+ :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS CLOS$ D[N ! ,ASSEMBLY & />T$ TO P]SECUTE ALL ?OSE :O DID NOT ACCEPT !IR DICTATOR%IP4 

#a4 ,! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T PAID ! WAGES AS ! ,SYNDICATE HAD NO MONEY4 ,IT RESULT$ 9 /AGNATION 9 ! BUILD+ 9DU/RY4 

#a#a4 ,WE %\LD RECALL ?AT AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aicf WE HAD #c1#f COMRADES 9 PRISON4 

#a#b4 ,FIGURES GIV5 BY ,L591 :I* CANNOT BE *ECK$4 

#a#c4 ,M>X WITTILY POK$ FUN AT 0! RECIPES = ! CASS]OLES ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY0 & HIS 9T]NATIONAL DISCIPLES NATURALLY FELL 9TO /EP4 

,FROM 3 ,LIB,COM4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigd 3 ,P>T #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #f1 #bag 3 ,P>T #f -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/