,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #a 
,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA9 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,FOLG>E 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA9 

,I 

,! MILIT>Y REVOLT ( ,JULY #a#i1 #aicf HAD WIDE-RANG+ CONSEQU5CES = ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ,SPA94 ,DEF5SE AGA9/ ! MILIT>I/S & ! CL]GY WAS ONLY POSSIBLE ) ! HELP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ALONE1 ! REPUBLICAN B\RGEOISIE W\LD HAVE SUCCUMB$4 ,IT HAD TO ALIGN ITSELF ) ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 #a#i#c#d1 :5 ! ,CATALONIAN LEFT S\<T TO *ALL5GE ,MADRID )\T ! WORK]S1 & AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S & ! SYNDICALI/S1 ,MADRID WAS VICTORI\S4 ,! ADVOCATES ( ,CATALONIAN AUTONOMY W]E DEFEAT$4 ,AFT] ?IS CONQUE/1 ,MADRID EXACT$ ITS V5GEANCE4 ,! ,CATALONIAN POLITICIANS1 BEG9N+ ) ,COMPANYS1 W]E S5T5C$ TO YE>S 9 PRISON4 

,IF ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE DID NOT WANT TO EXPOSE ITSELF ?IS TIME TO ! SAME DANG]1 IT HAD TO JO9 =CES ) ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4 

,?IS ALLIANCE C\LD NOT BE LIMIT$ TO ! POLITICAL T]RA94 ,! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAD BAD EXP]I5CES ) ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC4 ,IT WAS NOT TO BE ASSUM$ ?AT !Y W\LD BE CONT5T TO S]VE AS A B>RI] AGA9/ ! CL]ICAL-MILIT>I/ C\P4 ,IT WAS ASSUM$ ?AT !Y W\LD EMB>K ON A TRANS=MATION ( ! ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,!Y DID NOT WANT TO ALL[ ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION TO P]SI/1 :I* !Y P]CEIV$ TO BE ! CAUSE ( POLITICAL OPPRESSION4 

,! CL]GY1 ! MILIT>Y CAM>ILLA & ! BIG CAPITALI/S ALLI$ ) !M1 W]E AW>E ( ?IS4 ,!Y KNEW QUITE WELL :AT WAS AT /AKE4 ,! VICTORY ( ! MILIT>Y W\LD HAVE MEANT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 AN EXAC]BAT$ V]SION ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A4 ,HAD ?IS TAK5 PLACE1 NOT ONLY W\LD ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES HAVE SAV$ !MSELVES1 BUT !Y W\LD ALSO HAVE PROVID$ !MSELVES ) ! OPPORTUNITY TO EXPLOIT ! WORK]S EV5 MORE 9T5SIVELY 9 ! FUTURE4 ,?IS IS :Y !Y SUPPORT$ ! MILIT>Y CONSPIRATORS4 

,! G5]ALS W]E ! ACTIVE AG5TS1 :ILE ! BIG CAPITALI/S PULL$ ! /R+S BEH9D ! SC5ES4 ,!Y DID NOT %[ !IR H&4 ,TO SOME EXT5T1 !Y W]E NOT EV5 AT ! SITE ( ! EV5TS4 ,JUAN ,M>*1 ,FRANCISCO ,CAMBO & O!RS FROM !IR CLASS W]E NOT EV5 9 ,SPA9 AT ! \TBREAK ( ! UPRIS+4 ,!Y AWAIT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( EV5TS FROM O!R C\NTRIES4 ,IF ! MILIT>Y WAS VICTORI\S1 !SE F9ANCI]S W\LD HAVE RETURN$4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 H[EV]1 AS 9 MORE ?AN HALF ( ,SPA91 ! C\P D'ETAT FAIL$4 ,! CAPITALI/ F9ANCI]S DID NOT RETURN TO ,SPA94 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY1 ! FACTORY DIRECTORS & ! MANAG]S ( MAJOR 5T]PRISES PREF]R$ TO WAIT \TSIDE ,SPA9 = ! >M$ /RUGGLE TO COME TO AN 5D4 ,ON ,JULY #a#i1 & DUR+ ! FOLL[+ DAYS1 ALL ! MAJOR BUS9ESSES W]E AB&ON$ BY !IR MANAG]S4 ,! DIRECTORS ( ! RAILROADS1 ( ! TRANSPORTATION NETWORK 9 ! CITIES1 ( ! %IPP+ COMPANIES1 ( ! MAJOR TEXTILE MILLS & =GES1 ! LEAD]S & DELEGATES ( ! EMPLOY]S ASSOCIATIONS1 HAD ALL DISAPPE>$4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE ( ! WORK]S1 A DEF5SIVE MEASURE EMPLOY$ AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y C\P D'ETAT1 COMPLETELY P>ALYZ$ ECONOMIC LIFE = EI<T DAYS4 

,AFT] HAV+ ANNIHILAT$ ! RESI/ANCE ( ! MILIT>Y REBELS1 ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS DECID$ TO GO BACK TO WORK4 ,! TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,C,N,T W]E SOON CONV9C$ ?AT WORK C\LD NOT RESUME UND] ! SAME CONDITIONS AS BE=E4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE WAS NOT A WAGE /RUGGLE4 ,!RE W]E NO NEGOTIATIONS AB\T A %ORT] WORK+ DAY OR BETT] WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,!RE W]E NO EMPLOY]S4 ,! WORK]S NOT ONLY HAD TO RESUME WORK AT !IR LA!S1 !IR LOCOMOTIVES1 TROLLEYS & (FICES2 !Y ALSO HAD TO TAKE OV] CONTROL ( ! FACTORIES1 ! WORK%OPS1 & ! TRANSPORT NETWORKS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY & ( ALL ECONOMIC LIFE PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES4 

,BUT ONE CANNOT SPEAK 9 ?IS CONNECTION ( PLANN$ SOCIALIZATION OR COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,= NO?+ HAD BE5 PREP>$1 EV]Y?+ HAD TO BE IMPROVIS$4 ,AS 9 ALL REVOLUTIONS1 PRACTICE CAME BE=E !ORY4 ,!ORIES W]E SUP]S$$ & MODIFI$ BY REALITY4 ,! ADVOCATES ( ! NOTION ?AT SOCIAL PROGRESS CAN BE OBTA9$ BY WAY ( PEACEFUL TRANS=MATION W]E JU/ AS MI/AK5 AS ?OSE :O ?\<T ?AT A :OLE NEW SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM CAN BE CREAT$ ALL AT ONCE BY =CE1 IF ONLY POLITICAL P[] FALLS 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S4 ,REALITY HAS PROV5 ?AT BO? ASSUMPTIONS W]E EQUALLY FALSE4 ,IT HAS DEMON/RAT$ ! CORRECTNESS ( ! PO/ULATE ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO %ATT] ! (FICIAL MILIT>Y & POLICE P[] ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE 9 ORD] TO CLE> ! WAY = NEW =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,IT HAS DEMON/RAT$ ! CORRECTNESS ( ! VIEW ?AT ! CREATORS ( !SE NEW =MS ( LIFE MU/ PREP>E !MSELVES = !IR MISSION 9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 ) REG>D TO !IR PROGRAM & ORGANIZATION4 ,EV]Y SOCIAL !ORY CONTA9S A GOOD %>E ( UTOPIA4 ,& ?IS IS AS IT %\LD BE2 O!RWISE1 !RE W\LD BE NO CREATION4 ,!RE MU/ BE IDEAS1 CONCEPTS & CONCRETE UND]/&+ ( ! ROAD ?AT MU/ BE FOLL[$4 

,! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S ( ,SPA9 POSSESS A WELL-DEF9$ DOCTR9E1 :ILE ! ,M>XI/S1 ) REG>D TO ! QUE/ION ( SOCIALIZATION1 ADVOCATE ! IDEA ?AT ! /ATE MU/ TAKE OV] ! ECONOMY1 & ?AT 9DU/RY MU/ BE NATIONALIZ$4 ,! AN>*I/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 BELIEVE ?AT SOCIALIZATION MU/ BE C>RI$ \T BY ! WORK]S1 9 ! WORK%OPS1 ! FACTORIES1 & 9 EV]Y ACTIVITY RELAT$ TO ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,! LATT] ME?OD PROCE$S FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 FROM ! P]IPH]Y T[>DS ! C5T]2 ! ,M>XI/ WAY1 H[EV]1 LEADS FROM ! TOP D[N1 FROM ! /ATE TO ! VILLAGE4 

,9 ,SPA91 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! PROCESS ( SOCIALIZATION BEGAN 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! AN>*I/ UND]/&+ ( ! CONCEPT1 AS COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,?IS COLLECTIVIZATION MU/ NOT BE UND]/OOD AS ! IMPLEM5TATION ( A PRECONCEIV$ PROGRAM4 ,IT >OSE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,! AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE ON ?IS PROCESS1 H[EV]1 CANNOT BE IGNOR$4 ,= DECADES ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S ( ,SPA9 HAVE CONSID]$ ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY AS !IR FUNDAM5TAL GOAL4 ,9 ! ASSEMBLIES ( !IR TRADE UNIONS & GR\PS1 9 !IR NEWSPAP]S1 PAMPHLETS & BOOKS1 ! PROBLEM ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAS BE5 CONT9U\SLY & SY/EMATICALLY DISCUSS$4 ,:AT MU/ BE DONE ON ! DAY AFT] ! VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT8 ,! APP>ATUS ( /ATE P[] MU/ BE OV]?R[N4 ,! WORK]S MU/ !MSELVES TAKE OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! 5T]PRISES & ADM9I/] !M ON !IR [N2 ! TRADE UNIONS MU/ HAVE CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,! 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS MU/ DIRECT PRODUCTION2 ! LOCAL F$]ATIONS MU/ REGULATE CONSUMPTION4 ,SU* W]E ! IDEAS ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S4 ,!SE IDEAS W]E ALSO ACCEPT$ BY ! ,F,A,I4 ,9 ITS CONF]5CES & ITS CONGRESSES IT HAS ALWAYS DEF5D$ ! !ORY ?AT ECONOMIC LIFE MU/ BE UND] ! CONTROL ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 

,IF ONE COMP>ES ! C\RSE ( EV5TS 9 ,B>CELONA & MANY O!R POPULATION C5T]S ( ,CATALONIA & ,SPA91 ONE SEES ?AT PRACTICE HAS L>GELY PROCE$$ 9 ACCORDANCE ) !SE !ORIES4 ,! EXECUTIVE PUBLIC P[]S PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS & ! POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS WAS ! SUP]IOR ORGAN1 9 :I* ! ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA DE ,CATALUNYA1 ! ,CATALAN SEP>ATI/S1 ! ,UNIO DE ,RABASSAIRES1 ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1 ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,P,S,U,C7 & ! ,WORK]S ,P>TY ( ,M>XI/ ,UNIFICATION 7,P,\,M7 W]E REPRES5T$4 ,! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S W]E CAPABLE1 9 ! FIR/ WEEKS AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 ( SEIZ+ ALL PUBLIC P[] = !MSELVES ALONE4 ,!Y DID NOT DO SO2 !Y REFUS$ TO DO SO4 ,! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T ONLY EXI/$ ON PAP]4 ,! ,P>LIAM5T DID NOT RECONV5E4 ,TWO & A HALF MON?S LAT] ?IS GOV]NM5T DISAPPE>$ COMPLETELY4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #bh A NEW ,C\NCIL MET1 COMPOS$ ( ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS ?AT HAD SUPPRESS$ ! MILIT>Y C\P D'ETAT4 

,SU* W]E ! *ANGES 9 ! POLITICAL >5A4 ,ON ! ECONOMIC T]RA91 ! TRADE UNIONS WORK$ ALONE4 ,AFT] ,JULY #a#i1 #a#i#c#f1 ! TRADE UNIONS ( ! ,C,N,T TOOK OV] ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( FOOD4 ,! TRADE UNIONS DEVOT$ SPECIAL EF=TS TO SOLVE ! MO/ URG5T PROBLEM1 :I* WAS H[ TO PROVIDE = ! POPULATION'S BASIC NE$S4 ,CANTE5S W]E OP5$ 9 ALL ! NEI<BORHOODS & AT ! TRADE UNION C5T]S4 ,! SUPPLY COMMITTEES CREAT$ = ?IS PURPOSE )DREW PROVISIONS FROM ! W>EH\SES ?R\<\T ! CITY & ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,!SE PROVISIONS W]E PAID = ) C\PONS 5DORS$ BY ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 ! WIVES & *ILDR5 ( ! MILITIAM5 AS WELL AS ! G5]AL POPULATION RECEIV$ FREE FOOD4 ,! WORK]S DID NOT RECEIVE ANY PAY DUR+ ! DAYS !Y W]E ON /RIKE4 ,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS AGRE$ TO PAY ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES = ! DAYS !Y W]E ON /RIKE4 ,! MONEYLESS ECONOMY ( ! ANTIFASCI/S LA/$ AB\T TWO WEEKS4 ,:5 WORK WAS RESUM$ & ECONOMIC LIFE WAS ONCE AGA9 SET 9 MOTION1 ! MONEY ECONOMY RETURN$4 ,AFT] A FEW WEEKS1 EV5 ! B5Z5E = AUTOMOBILES HAD TO BE PAID = AGA94 ,! TRADE UNIONS1 H[EV]1 /ILL CONTROLL$ ! CONSUMPTION ( B5Z5E AS BE=E4 

,! FIR/ /AGE ( COLLECTIVIZATION BEGAN :5 ! WORK]S CONFISCAT$ ! 5T]PRISES4 ,9 EA* WORK%OP1 9 EA* FACTORY1 9 ! (FICES1 W>EH\SES & /ORES1 TRADE UNION DELEGATES W]E ELECT$ :O ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = ! MANAGEM5T ( !SE 5T]PRISES4 ,QUITE (T51 !SE DIRECTORS HAD NO !ORETICAL PREP>ATION AT ALL & V]Y LITTLE KN[L$GE ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 ,!Y DID1 H[EV]1 HAVE A PR(\ND S5SE ( !IR [N NE$S & UND]/OOD ! DEM&S ( ! MOM5T4 ,! PROBLEM ( WAGES1 PRICES & PRODUCTS2 !Y HAD NEV] SCI5TIFICALLY EXAM9$ ! RELATION BETWE5 ALL !SE FACTORS4 ,!Y W]E NEI!R ,M>XI/S NOR ,PR\DHONI/S4 ,BUT !Y UND]/OOD !IR TRADES & PR(ESSIONS1 !Y W]E FAMILI> ) ! PRODUCTION PROCESSES 9 !IR 9DU/RIES & !Y W]E NOT SL[ TO LE>N4 ,IF !RE W]E NO ORD]S1 !Y US$ !IR +5UITY4 ,9 SOME TEXTILE FACTORIES !Y MANUFACTUR$ R$ & BLACK SILK B&ANNAS EMBLAZON$ ) ANTIFASCI/ 9SCRIPTIONS & (F]$ !M = SALE ON ! M>KET4 

0,H[ DO !Y DET]M9E ! PRICE8 ,H[ DO !Y E/ABLI% ! PR(IT M>G9S801 ASK$ A =EIGN ,M>XI/ J\RNALI/4 

0,I DON'T KN[ ANY?+ AB\T PR(IT M>G9S01 ANSW]$ ! WORK]4 0,WE LOOK 9 ! BOOKS TO F9D \T H[ MU* ! RAW MAT]IALS CO/1 WE CALCULATE ! CURR5T EXP5DITURES1 WE ADD A SUR*>GE = RES]VE PURPOSES1 WE ACC\NT = ! WAGES & !N ADD ANO!R SUR*>GE ( T5 P]C5T = ! ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS1 & ?AT WAS ! PRICE40 

,! B&ANNAS W]E (F]$ = SALE ON ! M>KET AT A PRICE BEL[ :AT C\LD HAVE BE5 *>G$ BE=E2 ! WAGES ( ! WORK]S W]E HI<]2 ! CAPITALI/ PR(IT WAS DEVOT$ TO ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 

,?IS IS H[ ! MANAG]IAL TRANSITION WAS C>RI$ \T 9 MO/ 5T]PRISES4 ,! EMPLOY] WAS EXCLUD$ IF HE OPPOS$ ! NEW C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,A PLACE WAS F\ND = HIM IF HE ACCEPT$ ! *ANGE4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE HE CONT9U$ TO WORK AS A TE*NICAL MANAG] OR COMM]CIAL SPECIALI/1 & SOMETIMES AS A WORK]1 & RECEIV$ A WAGE COMM5SURATE ) ?AT ( ! WORK]S OR TE*NICIANS ( HIS TRADE OR PR(ESSION4 ,?IS PROCESS & ?IS *ANGE W]E RELATIVELY SIMPLE4 ,DIFFICULTIES ONLY >OSE LAT]4 ,SUPPLIES ( RAW MAT]IALS W]E RAPIDLY EXHAU/$4 ,9 ! FIR/ DAYS AFT] ! REVOLUTION !Y W]E REQUISITION$4 ,LAT]1 !Y HAD TO BE PAID = OR OBTA9$ ON CR$IT4 ,FEW RAW MAT]IALS CAME FROM =EIGN C\NTRIES4 ,! PRICES ( !SE RAW MAT]IALS BEGAN TO RISE1 & AS A RESULT SO DID ?OSE ( ! F9I%$ PRODUCTS4 ,WAGES W]E 9CREAS$4 ,BUT ?IS MEASURE WAS NOT UNIV]SALLY APPLI$4 ,9 SOME 9DU/RIES ! 9CREASE WAS CONSID]ABLE4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ /AGE ( COLLECTIVIZATION1 ! WAGES ( ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES W]E DIFF]5T EV5 )9 ! SAME 9DU/RY4 ,BY LIMIT+ ! COLLECTIVIZATION PROCESS ONLY TO ! ABOLITION ( ! PRIVILEGES ( A H&FUL ( EMPLOY]S1 OR TO ! ELIM9ATION ( ! EMPLOY]'S PR(ITS 9 A CORPORATION1 ! WORK]S BECAME ! B5EFICI>IES1 SIMPLY REPLAC+ ! PREVI\S [N]S4 ,?IS *ANGE WAS A MORE JU/ >RANGEM5T ?AN ! ONE ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY PREVAIL$1 BECAUSE N[ ! WORK]S EFFECTIVELY OBTA9$ ! FRUIT ( !IR LABOR4 ,BUT ?IS SY/EM WAS NEI!R SOCIALI/ NOR COMMUNI/4 ,9/EAD ( A CAPITALI/1 !RE WAS A K9D ( COLLECTIVE CAPITALISM4 ,:]EAS PREVI\SLY !RE WAS ONLY ONE [N] 9 A FACTORY OR A CAFE1 N[ ! WORK]S ( ! FACTORY OR ! /AFF ( ! CAFE BECAME ! COLLECTIVE [N]S4 ,! WAIT]S 9 A CAFE ?AT DID A LOT ( BUS9ESS 5JOY$ HI<] 9COMES ?AN ?OSE 9 LESS =TUNATE E/ABLI%M5TS4.<#b.> 

,COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA9 C\LD NOT /OP AT ?IS /AGE4 ,?IS WAS :AT EV]YONE FELT4 ,! TRADE UNIONS DECID$ TO TAKE OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( ! 5T]PRISES !MSELVES4 ,! 9DU/RIAL TRADE UNIONS W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISES4 ,! CON/RUCTION WORK]S TRADE UNION 9 ,B>CELONA TOOK OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL ! BUILD+ & CON/RUCTION PROJECTS UND]WAY 9 ! CITY4 ,! B>B]%OPS W]E COLLECTIVIZ$4 ,9 EA* B>B]%OP !RE IS A TRADE UNION DELEGATE1 :O H&S OV] ALL ! B>B]%OP'S 9COME TO ! ,ECONOMIC ,COMMITTEE ( ! TRADE UNION EV]Y WEEK4 ,! EXP5SES ( ALL ! B>B]%OPS >E PAID = BY ! TRADE UNION1 9CLUD+ WAGES4 

,! WORK]S' TRADE UNIONS HAVE REPLAC$ ! EMPLOY]-SPONSOR$ TRADE UNIONS4 ,SOCIAL JU/ICE WAS OBTA9$ )9 SOME 9DU/RIES4 ,BUT SOME 9DU/RIES >E DO+ BETT] ?AN O!RS4 ,!RE >E POOR] & WEAL?I] 9DU/RIES1 HI<] & L[] WAGES4 ,! PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION CANNOT /OP AT ?IS /AGE1 EI!R4 

,9 ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS ( ,B>CELONA 7,C,N,T7 A DISCUSSION IS CURR5TLY UND]WAY CONC]N+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,LIAISON ,COMMITTEE2 ! LATT] W\LD EMBRACE ALL ! ECONOMIC COMMITTEES ( ALL ! TRADE UNIONS2 ALL ! MONEY W\LD HAVE TO BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ONE FUND1 & ?IS ONE ACC\NT W\LD BE ! S\RCE ( AN EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION4 ,9 SOME 9DU/RIES SU* LIAISON COMMITTEES & C5TRAL ACC\NTS HAVE EXI/$ FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,! ,B>CELONA ,BUS ,COMPANY1 MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S1 IS PROSP]\S & G5]ATES A SURPLUS4 ,P>T ( ?IS SURPLUS IS DE/9$ = A RES]VE FUND TO 5ABLE ! 5T]PRISE TO PUR*ASE RAW MAT]IALS FROM =EIGN C\NTRIES1 & ! RE/ IS US$ TO SUBSIDIZE ! ,/REETC> ,COMPANY1 :I* DOES NOT OP]ATE SO PR(ITABLY4 ,COMPLETELY UNPR(ITABLE 5T]PRISES1 SU* AS ! CABLE C> ?AT CONNECTS ,MONTJUI* ) ! PORT ( ,B>CELONA1 >E %UT D[N1 = ECONOMIC REASONS1 DUR+ ! W9T]4 

,:5 B5Z5E BEGAN TO BECOME SC>CE1 F\R ?\S& TAXI DRIV]S W]E PUT \T ( WORK2 ! TRADE UNION HAD TO PAY !IR WAGES4 ,?IS WAS A HEAVY BURD5 ON ! ,TRANSPORT ,TRADE ,UNION4 ,IT WAS COMPELL$ TO REQUE/ AID FROM ! O!R TRADE UNIONS & FROM ! ,B>CELONA CITY ADM9I/RATION4 ,! TEXTILE 9DU/RY WAS RUNN+ \T ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,IT CUT BACK ON WORK2 SOME FACTORIES ONLY OP]AT$ ?REE DAYS A WEEK4 ,BUT ! WORK]S HAD TO BE PAID4 ,S9CE ! MANUFACTUR+ & TEXTILE 9DU/RIES DID NOT HAVE SUFFICI5T RES\RCES1 !Y HAD TO SEEK ASSI/ANCE FROM ! ,G5]ALITAT4 

,! COLLECTIVIZATION PROCESS CANNOT /OP AT ?IS /AGE4 ,! SYNDICALI/S >E CALL+ = SOCIALIZATION4 ,= !M1 SOCIALIZATION DOES NOT MEAN NATIONALIZATION1 ?AT IS1 ! TRANSF] ( ! ECONOMY TO ! /ATE4 ,SOCIALIZATION MU/ BE A G5]ALIZATION ( ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS3 ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! FUNDS ( ALL ! TRADE UNIONS 9 A C5TRAL ACC\NT1 A CONC5TRATION 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ?AT W\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A K9D ( COLLECTIVE ECONOMIC 5T]PRISE4 ,?IS W\LD BE SOCIALIZATION FROM BEL[1 OR FROM ! WORK]S 5T]PRISES TO ! COLLECTIVITY AS A :OLE4 ,)\T WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS !RE CAN BE NO SOCIALIZATION4 

,I,I 

,NOT MU* HAS BE5 SAID UP TO N[ AB\T EXPROPRIATION4 ,IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS IS A NEGATIVE CONCEPT ?AT EXPRESSES ! ABOLITION ( ONE =M ( PROP]TY1 BUT IT SAYS NO?+ AB\T ! =M ( ! NEW ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,M>XI/ =MULA3 EXPROPRIATE ! EXPROPRIATORS1 IS NOT V]Y WELL KN[N 9 ,SPA94 ,COLLECTIVISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 POSSESSES DEEPLY ROOT$ TRADITIONS2 IT EXI/$ 9 ITS ANCI5T =M LONG BE=E ! MOD]N PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,IT WAS GIV5 NEW LIFE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,UNLIKE V>I\S O!R C\NTRIES ) ,ROMAN LEGAL TRADITIONS1 ! =M ( FEUDAL EXPLOITATION 9 ,SPA9 CONSI/$ LESS 9 9DIVIDUAL L&[N]%IP RI<TS ?AN 9 ! RI<T ( USUFRUCT EX]CIS$ OV] ! PRODUCTS ( ! L&4 ,?IS =M SURVIV$ TO SOME EXT5T RI<T UP TO ! \TBREAK ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,UND] ! LEASEHOLD SY/EM ( ! RABASSA 9 ,CATALONIA1 ! PEASANTS HAD TO PAY !IR R5T 9 ! =M ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS4 ,9 #a#i#c#d1 ! ISSUE ( ! AM\NT ( R5T DUE TO ! L&[N]S L$ TO A S]I\S CONFLICT BETWE5 ,CATALONIA & ,MADRID4 ,MADRID PROCLAIM$ ! RI<T TO APPO9T ! MAGI/RATES RESPONSIBLE = ISSU+ RUL+S ON ! DEM&S ( ! L&[N]S4 ,! SMALL F>M]S S\<T TO DEF5D !IR RI<TS BY REC\RSE TO SUPPORT = ,CATALONIAN AUTONOMY4 ,! /RUGGLE = ! POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ,CATALONIA HAS AN ECONOMIC DIM5SION4 ,! BIG L&[N]S SUPPORT$ ,MADRID4 

,BUT ?IS WAS TRUE NOT ONLY ( ,CATALONIA2 9 ALL ! REGIONS ( ,SPA9 COLLECTIVI/ TRADITIONS SURVIVE4 ,AFT] CRU%+ ! =CES ( ! G5]ALS1 ! DESIRE TO COLLECTIVIZE ! L>GE E/ATES WAS FELT ?R\<\T ! RURAL >EAS4 ,! SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATIONS & ! AN>*I/ GR\PS TOOK ! LEAD 9 !SE ATTEMPTS TO COLLECTIVIZE ! L&4 ,!Y REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO !IR TRADITIONS4 ,AT ! ,C,N,T ,CONGRESS ( ,MADRID 9 ,JUNE #aica ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& WAS DESIGNAT$ AS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT GOALS ( ! RURAL WORK]S4 ,! RESOLUTION APPROV$ AT ! ,CONGRESS CLE>LY \TL9$ ! ROAD ?AT W\LD BE FOLL[$ BY ! RURAL WORK]S 9 ,JULY & ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f4 ,?IS RESOLUTION DEM&$3 

A7 0,EXPROPRIATION )\T 9DEMNIFICATION ( ALL LATIFUNDIA1 PA/UREL&S1 HUNT+ PRES]VES & ALL FALL[ >ABLE L&1 & ITS DESIGNATION AS SOCIAL PROP]TY4 ,CANCELLATION ( ! CURR5T LEASE CONTRACTS HELD BY ! L&[N]S1 & !IR REPLACEM5T ) O!RS ?AT WILL BR+ ! TRADE UNIONS 9TO H>MONY ) ! NE$S ( EA* LOCALITY4 

B7 0,CONFISCATION ( ! SURPLUS LIVE/OCK1 SE$S1 F>M+ TOOLS & MA*9]Y F\ND 9 ! POSSESSION ( ! EXPROPRIAT$ L&[N]S4 

C7 0,FREE & EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION 9 USUFRUCT ( ! L&S & APPURT5ANCES M5TION$ ABOVE TO ! PEASANT TRADE UNIONS = !IR DIRECT & COLLECTIVE EXPLOITATION & ADM9I/RATION4 

D7 0,ABOLITION ( DUES1 L& TAXES1 DEBTS & MORTGAGE PAYM5TS ?AT WEI< ON ?OSE PROP]TIES ?AT CON/ITUTE ! MEANS ( LIFE ( !IR [N]S & >E DIRECTLY CULTIVAT$ BY !M )\T ! CONT9U\S USE OR EXPLOITATION ( O!R WORK]S4 

E7 0,SUPPRESSION ( R5T 9 MONEY OR 9 K9D :I* ! SMALL LEASEHOLD]S 7RABASSAIRES1 COLONOS1 MUNICIPAL LESSEES1 ETC47 >E CURR5TLY =C$ TO PAY TO ! L>GE L&[N]S & !IR 9T]M$I>IES :O SUBLET !IR L&S4 

0,! CON/RUCTIVE PREP>ATION ( ! PEASANTS 9 ACCORDANCE ) \R PR9CIPLES IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT & MO/ DIFFICULT MISSION ( SYNDICALISM 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT BECAUSE1 )\T IT1 ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION W\LD NOT BE VIABLE4 ,MO/ DIFFICULT1 BECAUSE ( ! V]Y NUM]\S TRADITIONAL & SUBJECTIVE OB/ACLES1 CULTURAL BACKW>DNESS1 ! PROPRIET>Y 9/9CT & EGOC5TRIC 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT H9D] ! RECEPTIVITY ( ! PEASANT MASSES TO COLLECTIVI/ OBJECTIVES4 ,! SYNDICALI/ PEASANT MOVEM5T CAN & MU/ OV]COME !SE OB/ACLES BY MEANS ( CLE>1 COMPREH5SIVE & T5ACI\S PROPAG&A REG>D+ ITS IDEOLOGICAL GOALS AS WELL AS $UCATIONAL & TRADE UNION ACTIVITY ?AT WILL FO/] HABITS ( COLLECTIVE SOLID>ITY AMONG ! RURAL WORK]S & PR$ISPOSE !M = & R5D] !M CAPABLE ( COLLABORAT+ )\T ANY HESITATIONS & 9 !IR [N 9T]E/S 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! COLLECTIVI/ OR LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ REGIME40 

0,! ,CONGRESS DECL>ES ?AT ! SOCIALIZATION ( ! L& & ALL ! MEANS & 9/RUM5TS ?AT MAKE AGR>IAN PRODUCTION POSSIBLE1 AS WELL AS ITS CULTIVATION1 USE & ADM9I/RATION BY ! AGRICULTURAL TRADE UNIONS ( F$]AT$ PRODUC]S1 IS ! ESS5TIAL PRECONDITION = ! ORGANIZATION ( AN ECONOMY ?AT W\LD ASSURE TO ! LABOR+ COLLECTIVITY ! 5JOYM5T ( ! :OLE PRODUCT ( ITS LABOR40 

,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& FOLL[$ A DIFF]5T C\RSE 9 ,SPA9 ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,ALL ! PROP]TIES ( ! BIG L&[N]S W]E COLLECTIVIZ$ )9 EA* COMMUNE4 ,!SE L&[N]S W]E SUPPORT]S ( ! CL]ICAL MILIT>I/S & F\<T AGA9/ ! PEOPLE4 ,! L&[N]S :O ACCEPT$ ! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION JO9$ ! TRADE UNION & WORK$ ALONGSIDE ITS O!R MEMB]S4 ,!SE L&[N]S PLAY$ LEAD+ ROLES 9 ! COLLECTIVIZATION MOVEM5T4 ,EXPORT]S ALSO JO9$ ! TRADE UNION2 9 MANY PLACES EV5 ! SMALL L&[N]S JO9$4 

,! L& IS COLLECTIVELY WORK$ BY ! PEASANTS2 ALL ! PRODUCTS >E DELIV]$ TO ! TRADE UNION4 ,! TRADE UNION PAYS ! WAGES & SELLS ! PRODUCTS4 ,! SMALL L&[N]S :O DO NOT WANT TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE REMA9 \TSIDE ! TRADE UNION4 ,!Y MU/ /RUGGLE V]Y H>D TO SURVIVE4 ,!Y >E NOT =C$ TO DO ANY?+1 BUT !Y CANNOT B5EFIT FROM ! ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES ( ! TRADE UNION1 EI!R4 ,9 ! TRADE UNION1 ON ! O!R H&1 LABOR IS ORGANIZ$ 9 A RATIONAL MANN]4 ,9 ! TRADE UNION1 ! FOLL[+ PR9CIPLE PREVAILS3 ALL = ONE1 ONE = ALL4 ,! SMALL L&[N]1 H[EV]1 REMA9S \TSIDE ! COMMUNE4 ,:5 ! TIME COMES TO DI/RIBUTE ! AGRICULTURAL TOOLS1 H\S+1 ETC41 ! SMALL L&[N] IS LA/ 9 L9E4.<#c.> 

,! LIFE ( ! RURAL WORK]S HAS IMPROV$ ECONOMICALLY ) ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( LABOR & ! NEW REGULATION ( CONSUMPTION2 POLITICALLY1 IT IS N[ FREE4 ,! PEASANT HAS BE5 ABLE TO PRES]VE HIS CU/OMS & HIS 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OMS HAVE NOT SUFF]$ ANY DIM9UTION4 ,NO ONE HAS TO LIVE 9 BIG AP>TM5T BUILD+S2 NO ONE HAS TO EAT 9 COLLECTIVE KIT*5S4 ,! SPIRIT ( PROP]TY1 H[EV]1 ! 0DEMON ( POSSESSION01 :I* PRECISELY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE REA*$ ! HI<E/ EXTREMES ( CRASS EGOISM1 HAS BE5 ANNIHILAT$4.<#d.> 

,TODAY1 ! AGRICULTURAL TRADE UNION IS AN ECONOMIC 5T]PRISE4 ,IT IS RESPONSIBLE = WA%+ & PACK+ ! FRUIT DE/9$ = %IPM5T4 ,! TRADE UNION PAYS ! WORK]S4 ,9 SOME COMMUNES ALMO/ ALL ECONOMIC LIFE IS 9 ! H&S ( ! TRADE UNION4 ,! TRADE UNION ELECTS V>I\S COMMITTEES DEVOT$ TO ! ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 CONSUMPTION1 DI/RIBUTION1 & DEF5SE AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,CAFES & MOVIE !AT]S1 :]E !Y EXI/1 >E UND] TRADE UNION CONTROL4 ,9 ! SMALL VILLAGES !RE >E NO DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S TRADES & UNIONS4 ,ALL >E UNIT$ 9 ! LOCAL F$]ATION4 ,! LATT] IS ! REAL BRA9 ( ECONOMIC LIFE & AT ! SAME TIME ! POLITICAL & CULTURAL C5T] ( ! VILLAGE4 

,I,I,I 

,9 ,B>CELONA ! VICTORY OV] FASCISM ASSUM$ ! ASPECT ( LIB]ATION FROM A HEAVY YOKE4 ,EV]YONE 5JOY$ ! RECOV]Y ( !IR FRE$OM4 

,MANY PEOPLE1 H[EV]1 BELIEV$ ?AT AN ]A ( LAISSEZ FAIRE HAD BE5 9AUGURAT$ = !M1 AN ]A 9 :I* !Y C\LD DO :ATEV] W\LD BR+ !M PR(IT2 ! FACTORIES1 ! WORK%OPS & ! W>EH\SES :OSE [N]S W]E FASCI/S W]E AB&ON$4 ,! UNEMPLOY$ RU%$ 9TO ! /REETS & SET UP AS /REET V5DORS & HAWK]S4 ,?IS TR5D SPREAD LIKE AN EPIDEMIC4 ,ALL ! MAJOR /REETS ( ! CAPITAL W]E FLOOD$ ) ALL SORTS ( GOODS1 :I* W]E SOLD ON ! SIDEWALKS & EV5 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! /REET4 ,! 5TIRE CITY TOOK ON A NEW LOOK4 ,= ! [N]S ( RETAIL /ORES1 ! /REET COMM]CE MEANT MAJOR COMPETITION4 ,SOON1 H[EV]1 !Y DISCOV]$ ! REM$Y4 ,!Y HIR$ SALESM5 TO SELL !IR COMMODITIES 9 ! /REETS4 ,! TRADE UNION ( /REET V5DORS GREW TO GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS4 ,IT GREW FROM A FEW HUNDR$ MEMB]S TO MANY ?\S&S4 ,9 ORD] TO SELL GOODS 9 ! /REET1 ONE HAD TO HAVE ! MEMB]%IP C>D ( ONE'S TRADE UNION4 ,! TRADE UNION ( ! ,C,N,T ASSUM$ RESPONSIBILITY = RECTIFY+ ! SITUATION4 ,IT AGRE$ NOT TO ADMIT ANY MORE MEMB]S4 ,!N ! /REET V5DORS =M$ A TRADE UNION AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,U,G,T4 ,?OSE :O W]E NOT ADMITT$ 9TO ! ,C,N,T TRADE UNION C\LD JO9 ! ,U,G,T-AFFILIAT$ TRADE UNION4 ,N[1 9 ADDITION TO ! SUP]ABUNDANCE ( /REET COMM]CE1 ,B>CELONA WAS ALSO AFFLICT$ BY ! COMPETITION BETWE5 ! TWO ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! MATT] WAS BR\<T TO ! ATT5TION ( ! LOCAL F$]ATION ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,! LATT] RESOLV$ TO PUT AN 5D TO ! CON/ANT 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( /REET V5DORS4 ,IT ONLY ADMITT$ A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( /REET V5DORS 9 ITS TRADE UNION1 ASSIGN+ !M C]TA9 PLACES 9 ! CITY TO PLY !IR TRADE4 ,?IS TRADE UNION RESOLUTION HAD ! EFFECT ( A DECREE4 ,?\S&S ( /REET V5DORS DISAPPE>$ OV]NI<T FROM ! /REETS ( ,B>CELONA4 

,?IS WAS A TRANSITIONAL /AGE1 :I* WAS QUITE IMPORTANT = ! /ATUS ( ! CAPITAL ( ,CATALONIA4 ,! 9T]V5TION ( ! TRADE UNIONS PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE4 ,!Y E/ABLI%$ ! C\RSE & ! PACE ( ! PROCESS1 !Y REGULAT$ ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! CITY2 !Y EX]CIS$ CONTROL NOT ONLY OV] ! WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES1 BUT EV5 OV] ! /REET V5DORS4 

,I,V 

,!RE WAS NO COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ONE 9DU/RY3 BANK+4 ,= REASONS ?AT >E EASY TO UND]/&4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION IS NOT C>RI$ \T BY DECREE FROM ABOVE1 BUT BY ! 9T]V5TION ( ! WORK]S & EMPLOYES 9 EA* 5T]PRISE4 

,:Y W]E ! BANKS NOT COLLECTIVIZ$8 ,! BANK /AFF & EMPLOYES W]E L>GELY UNORGANIZ$4 ,!RE W]E TWO TRADE UNIONS 9 ! BANK+ SECTOR1 ONE AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,C,N,T & ! O!R ) ! ,U,G,T2 ! LATT]1 :I* CONTROLL$ ! MAJORITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ?IS SECTOR1 WAS AGA9/ COLLECTIVIZATION & ADVOCAT$ NATIONALIZATION4 

,SOCIALIZATION MU/ BE IMPLEM5T$1 ACCORD+ TO ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,U,G,T1 BY GOV]NM5TAL DECREE4 ,! GOV]NM5T DID NOT DECREE ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! BANKS4 ,?US1 MO/ ( ! EMPLOYES ( ! BANKS DID NOT KN[ :AT !Y %\LD DO4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION WAS NOT UND]TAK54 

,! ,C,N,T M9ORITY WAS UNABLE TO CONV9CE ! MAJORITY ( ! BANK EMPLOYES TO ACCEPT ITS IDEAS AB\T ! ECONOMIC & F9ANCIAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 

,! COLLECTIVIZATION OR SOCIALIZATION ( ! BANKS W\LD HAVE UND\BT$LY CONF]R$ A DIFF]5T C\RSE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( EV5TS4 ,! WEAL? ( ! BANKS DOES NOT CONSI/ 9 MA*9]Y & TOOLS1 BUT 9 MEANS ( CIRCULATION1 NOM9AL VALUES1 MONEY4 ,! CONFISCATION ( BANK ACC\NTS W\LD HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE TO C5TRALIZE & COORD9ATE ! DI/RIBUTION ( EXI/+ F9ANCIAL MEANS1 & ?US A PLANN$ ECONOMY4 ,A CONTROLL+ C5T] W\LD HAVE 9T]V5$ 9 ! PROCESS4 ,) ! COLLABORATION ( ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9DU/RIAL TRADE UNIONS1 ! EMPLOYES ( ! BANKS W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ELABORATE A PROGRAM ( F9ANCIAL ASSI/ANCE TO ! 5T]PRISES ( VITAL IMPORTANCE4 ,IT W\LD !RE=E HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO PLACE ! F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS AT ! S]VICE ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 NO?+ C\LD /& 9 ! WAY ( COLLECTIVIZATION2 IT W\LD EMBRACE ALL ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,! PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION IS COMP>ABLE TO A CON/RUCTION PROJECT2 /ONES >E BR\<T FROM F> & WIDE1 & SMALL BUILD+S >E BUILT ONE BY ONE4 ,HAD ! BANKS BE5 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! COLLECTIVIZATION PROGRAM1 ! REALIZATION ( ! LATT] W\LD HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ 9 A SY/EMATIC FA%ION1 LIKE A CON/RUCTION PROJECT4 ,?IS DID NOT TAKE PLACE1 & TIME WAS LO/4 

,BUT TIME LO/ 9 ONE RESPECT WAS TIME GA9$ ON ANO!R4 ,NO LIMITS W]E PLAC$ ON 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE4 ,)9 ! SPAN ( SIX MON?S ( EXP]I5CES1 ! TRADE UNIONS LE>N$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO COORD9ATE ! EF=TS ( ! COLLECTIVIZ$ 5T]PRISES 9 ! V>I\S 9DU/RIES4 ,!Y BAS$ !IR DELIB]ATIONS ON PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE4 ,! LEAD+ COMMITTEES ?AT W]E N[ BE+ CREAT$ NO LONG] NE$$ TO APPO9T SUBORD9ATE 9/ITUTIONS2 ! LATT] ALREADY EXI/$4 ,! SUP]/RUCTURE ( COLLECTIVIZATION WAS BAS$ ON SOLID F\NDATIONS1 P[]FULLY ROOT$ 9 ! 9DU/RIAL TRADE UNIONS1 9 ! PR(ESSIONAL SECTIONS1 9 ! 5T]PRISES & 9 ! WORK%OPS !MSELVES4 ,IT IS ON ?IS BASIS ?AT ! P[] ( COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA9 RE/S4 

,V 

,9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( COLLECTIVIZATION WE 5C\NT] ! SAME *>ACT]I/IC AS WE SEE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL SITUATION3 A REJECTION ( ALL TOTALIT>IAN ME?ODS4 ,:ILE ! TRADE UNIONS ASS]T$ !IR 9FLU5CE OV] ! DI/RIBUTION & SUPPLY ( PROVISIONS1 !Y DID NOT WANT TO MONOPOLIZE !M4 ,! TRADE UNION ( ! FOOD 9DU/RY TOOK OV] ! BAK]IES 7!RE W]E NO L>GE BREAD FACTORIES 9 ,B>CELONA74 ,!RE W]E ALSO MANY SMALL COMM]CIAL OV5S4 ,!SE CONT9U$ TO OP]ATE ON !IR [N ACC\NT1 AS BE=E4 ,! %IPM5T ( MILK FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE TO ! CITIES IS 9 ! H&S ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,! LATT] SUPPLY MO/ ( ! DAIRIES4 ,! TRADE UNIONS ( ! FOOD 9DU/RY CONTROL ! RURAL F>MS & COLLABORATE ) ! COLLECTIVE F>MS & ! AGRICULTURAL TRADE UNIONS4 ,RE/RICTIONS ON IMPORTS ( COND5S$ MILK L$ TO A SC>CITY ( MILK4 ,! TRADE UNION ( ! FOOD 9DU/RY B\<T COND5S$ MILK ON =EIGN M>KETS & SOLV$ ?IS PROBLEM 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ! /ORES REMA9$ CLOS$ DUR+ ! 5TIRE FIR/ /AGE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS DID NOT TAKE PLACE 9 ,SPA94 ,:OLESALE TRADE PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,RETAIL /ORES OBTA9$ !IR COMMODITIES FROM ! TRADE UNION4 ,MAXIMUM PRICES W]E E/ABLI%$ = RETAIL GOODS4 ,DOME/IC COMM]CE WAS UNIFI$ & REGULAT$4 ,AT ! HEAD ( ?IS 0MONOPOLY0 WAS ! ,SUPPLY ,C\NCIL4 ,ITS PURPOSE WAS TO ORGANIZE 9 A UNI=M MANN] ! 5TIRE SUPPLY ( PROVISIONS = ,CATALONIA1 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE = ! BASIC NE$S ( ALL ! T[NS & NEI<BORHOODS4 ,/&>D PRICES W]E /IPULAT$ = ! COLLECTIVIZ$ COMMUNES1 ! TRADE UNIONS ( FI%]M5 & O!R FOOD 9DU/RIES 9 AGREEM5T ) ! 9/ITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE = DI/RIBUTION4 ,! GOAL PURSU$ BY ?IS MEASURE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY WAS TO PREV5T ! PRICES ( PROVISIONS FROM RIS+4 ,IT WAS 9T5D$ TO PUT AN 5D TO SPECULATION & USURY4 

,?IS POLICY WAS SUDD5LY 9T]RUPT$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,DECEMB]1 H[EV]4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #a#f1 !RE WAS A *ANGE ( P]SONNEL 9 ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S W]E SUCCESSFUL 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO EVICT ! ,P,\,M 7,P>TIDO DE ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A7 REPRES5TATIVE FROM ! ,C\NCIL4 ,9 ! NEWLY CON/ITUT$ ,C\NCIL1 ,COMOR]A WAS 9 *>GE ( ,PROVISIONS4 ,HE IS A MEMB] ( ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7A TOOL ( ,MOSC[74 ,DOM5A*1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,C,N,T1 WAS ASSIGN$ TO A DIFF]5T M9I/RY4 ,COMOR]A PUT AN 5D TO ! MONOPOLY ( ! ,SUPPLY ,C\NCIL4 ,HE RE9TRODUC$ FREE TRADE4 ,) ?IS1 ! WAY WAS CLE>$ = PRICE 9CREASES4 ,! PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION WAS 9T]RUPT$ ON ?IS T]RA94 ,IT WAS A K9D ( ,N,E,P 9 M9IATURE4 

,9 ,CATALONIA1 EV5TS PROGRESS$ MORE RAPIDLY ?AN !Y DID 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,:AT TOOK YE>S TO ACCOMPLI% 9 ,RUSSIA1 WAS DONE H]E 9 A MATT] ( MON?S4 ,! NEW TURN T[>DS A ,CATALONIAN ,N,E,P1 H[EV]1 DID NOT PUT AN 5D TO ! PROCESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,! WORK+ CLASS POPULATION DID NOT WANT TO /OP OR RETREAT4 ,COLLECTIVISM C\LD NOT BE EXT]M9AT$ 9 ,SPA94 ,! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIETY PROCE$S ALONG ?IS ROAD4 ,NOT EV5 ! W> CAN /OP ?IS PROCESS4 

,V,I 

,9 ?IS BOOK WE HAVE SY/EMATICALLY DESCRIB$ ! C\RSE ( COLLECTIVIZATION 9 EA* ( ITS /AGES & 9DU/RIES4 ,WE HAVE DEPICT$1 ) SUPPORT+ DOCUM5TATION1 H[ ! WORK]S TOOK OV] ! 5T]PRISES & OP]AT$ !M ON !IR [N4 ,WE HAVE ALSO TRI$ TO EVALUATE ! RESULTS ( COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,DOES COLLECTIVIZATION HAVE A FAVORABLE OR UNFAVORABLE IMPACT ON PRODUCTION8 ,) REG>D TO ?IS QUE/ION WE NO LONG] HAVE TO SETTLE = A M]ELY !ORETICAL ANSW]4 ,WE HAVE ! RESULTS FROM MANY 5T]PRISES RI<T BE=E \R EYES4 ,WE MAY ALSO CONSULT ! SUBJECTIVE OP9ION ( NUM]\S WORK]S4 ,IF !Y >E HAPPY1 !Y WORK H>D]4 ,IF !Y FEEL ?AT !Y >E RESPONSIBLE COLLABORATORS1 !Y HAVE A GREAT] 9T]E/ 9 PRODUCTION4 

,9 ! TRANSPORT SECTOR1 ! ADVANTAGES ( COLLECTIVIZATION >E /RIK+4 ,DESPITE ! G5]AL 9CREASE 9 PRICES1 ! F>ES *>G$ BY ! TRANSPORT SY/EM HAVE NOT RIS5 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,! WAGES ( ! WORK]S 9 ! TRANSPORT SECTOR HAVE NOT DECL9$1 H[EV]4 ,NOR HAVE ! WORK]S BE5 UN9T]E/$ 9 ! CLEANL9ESS & APPE>ANCE ( ! VEHICLES3 FRE%LY-PA9T$ /REETC>S & NEW BUSSES >E SE5 9 ! /REETS4 ,ALL ! TAXIS HAVE BE5 REFURBI%$4 

,! TEXTILE 9DU/RY IS NOT DO+ SO WELL4 ,! %ORTAGE ( RAW MAT]IALS HAS CAUS$ MANY FACTORIES TO OP]ATE ONLY ?REE DAYS A WEEK2 BUT !Y PAY !IR WORK]S WAGES = F\R DAYS4 ,! LONG] ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS LA/S ! WORSE IT IS = ! 5T]PRISES4 ,F\R DAYS WAGES >E NOT 5\<4 ,?IS IS NOT A CONSEQU5CE ( ! COLLECTIVIZATIONS1 BUT ( ! W>4 ,! ,CATALONIAN TEXTILE 9DU/RY HAS LO/ ITS PR9CIPLE M>KETS4 ,P>T ( ,&ALUSIA1 ,EXTREMADURA1 & ,OLD ,CA/ILE1 & ALL ( ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,SPA91 ) ITS D5SELY POPULAT$ 9DU/RIAL DI/RICTS1 & ,A/URIAS1 ALL >E CUT (F OR 9 ! H&S ( ! FASCI/S4 ,NO NEW M>KETS HAVE BE5 F\ND TO REPLACE !M4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO A CRISIS 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY4.<#e.> 

,! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY OP5S UP A NEW /AGE 9 ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T3 IT LEADS US TO ! /RUCTURAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS /ILL TOO SOON TO PRON\NCE A F9AL JUDGM5T ON ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 :I* CON/ITUTES ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ PH5OM5A ( \R TIME4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION TEA*ES NEW P]SPECTIVES2 IT LEADS US D[N NEW PA?S4 ,9 ,RUSSIA ! REVOLUTION TOOK ! ROAD ( NATIONALIZATION4 ,9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY FASCISM PLAC$ ITS HOPES 9 ! IDEA ( ! CORPORATE /ATE4 ,9 ! DEMOCRATIC C\NTRIES1 TOO1 !RE IS A WIDESPREAD BELIEF ?AT ! SOLUTION TO ! CURR5T ECONOMIC CRISIS IS TO BE F\ND 9 A NEW RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC BASES ( SOCIETY4 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 ,ROOSEVELT PROCE$S ALONG NEW PA?S2 9 ,BELGIUM1 ,DE ,MAN IS PROPOS+ A K9D ( SEMI-SOCIALISM4 ,9 ,FRANCE !RE >E DEMOCRATIC !ORETICIANS :O BASE !IR PROPOSALS ON ! CORPORATIVE IDEA4 ,!Y >E RECOMM5D+ ! ADOPTION ( A COLLECTIVE ELECTORAL SY/EM1 :I* MU/ SUPPLEM5T ! 9DIVIDUAL ELECTORAL SY/EM2 ?US1 !Y PROPOSE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN ECONOMIC ,P>LIAM5T ALONGSIDE ! POLITICAL ONE4 ,! CITIZ5 MU/ NOT ONLY BE REPRES5T$ 9 HIS CAPACITY AS A CONSUM]3 ! WORK] MU/ ALSO HAVE HIS REPRES5TATION AS A PRODUC]1 ! REPRES5TATION ( HIS TRADE 9 ! /ATE & 9 ! NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( HIS C\NTRY4 

,9 !SE 9NOVATIONS !Y P]CEIVE ! SOLUTION = ! POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SPIRITUAL CRISIS1 ! CLEANS+ ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 ,SPA9 NO NEW !ORIES HAVE BE5 ELABORAT$2 ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 ! PEASANTS1 & ! WORK]S 9 ! CITIES1 HAVE TAK5 ! L& & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9TO !IR H&S4 ,) GREAT EF=TS1 SOMETIMES T5TATIVE & ]ROR-RIDD51 BUT ALSO MOV+ =W>D1 !Y >E /RIV+ TO CON/RUCT A MORE JU/ SY/EM ( SOCIETY1 ONE 9 :I* ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR WILL BE 5JOY$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ,SPA94 ,?IS IS :AT Y\ MU/ KEEP 9 M9D AS Y\ READ ?IS BOOK4 

,A4 ,S\*Y 

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