,COMMODITY ,FETI%ISM 
,AN 9TRODUCTION TO ,I4,I4 ,RUB9'S ,ESSAY ON ,M>X'S ,!ORY ( ,VALUE 

#aifh 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,ACCORD+ TO ECONOMI/S :OSE !ORIES CURR5TLY PREVAIL 9 ,AM]ICA1 ECONOMICS HAS REPLAC$ POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & ECONOMICS DEALS ) SC>CITY1 PRICES1 & RES\RCE ALLOCATION4 ,9 ! DEF9ITION ( ,PAUL ,SAMUELSON1 0ECONOMICS OR POLITICAL ECONOMY1 AS IT US$ TO BE CALL$1 IS ! /UDY ( H[ M5 & SOCIETY *OOSE1 ) OR )\T ! USE ( MONEY1 TO EMPLOY SC>CE PRODUCTIVE RES\RCES1 :I* C\LD HAVE ALT]NATIVE USES1 TO PRODUCE V>I\S COMMODITIES OV] TIME & DI/RIBUTE !M = CONSUMPTION1 N[ & 9 ! FUTURE1 AMONG V>I\S PEOPLE & GR\PS 9 SOCIETY40.<#a.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,ROB]T ,CAMPBELL1 0,ONE ( ! C5TRAL PREOCCUPATIONS ( ECONOMICS HAS ALWAYS BE5 :AT DET]M9ES PRICE40.<#b.> ,9 ! WORDS ( ANO!R EXP]T1 0,ANY COMMUNITY1 ! PRIM]S TELL US1 HAS TO DEAL ) A P]VASIVE ECONOMIC PROBLEM3 H[ TO DET]M9E ! USES ( AVAILABLE RES\RCES1 9CLUD+ NOT ONLY GOODS & S]VICES ?AT CAN BE EMPLOY$ PRODUCTIVELY BUT ALSO O!R SC>CE SUPPLIES40.<#c.> 

,IF ECONOMICS IS 9DE$ M]ELY A NEW NAME = POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & IF ! SUBJECT MATT] :I* WAS ONCE COV]$ UND] ! HEAD+ ( POLITICAL ECONOMY IS N[ COV]$ BY ECONOMICS1 !N ECONOMICS HAS REPLAC$ POLITICAL ECONOMY4 ,H[EV]1 IF ! SUBJECT MATT] ( POLITICAL ECONOMY IS NOT ! SAME AS ?AT ( ECONOMICS1 !N ! 0REPLACEM5T0 ( POLITICAL ECONOMY IS ACTUALLY AN OMISSION ( A FIELD ( KN[L$GE4 ,IF ECONOMICS ANSW]S DIFF]5T QUE/IONS FROM ?OSE RAIS$ BY POLITICAL ECONOMY1 & IF ! OMITT$ QUE/IONS REF] TO ! =M & ! QUALITY ( HUMAN LIFE )9 ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL-ECONOMIC SY/EM1 !N ?IS OMISSION CAN BE CALL$ A 0GREAT EVASION04.<#d.> 

,! ,SOVIET ECONOMIC !ORI/ & HI/ORIAN ,I4,I4 ,RUB9 SUGGE/$ A DEF9ITION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY :I* HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! DEF9ITIONS ( ECONOMICS QUOT$ ABOVE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,RUB91 0,POLITICAL ECONOMY DEALS ) HUMAN WORK+ ACTIVITY1 NOT FROM ! /&PO9T ( ITS TE*NICAL ME?ODS & 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR1 BUT FROM ! /&PO9T ( ITS SOCIAL =M4 ,IT DEALS ) PRODUCTION RELATIONS :I* >E E/ABLI%$ AMONG PEOPLE 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION40.<#e.>,9 T]MS ( ?IS DEF9ITION1 POLITICAL ECONOMY IS NOT ! /UDY ( PRICES OR ( SC>CE RES\RCES2 IT IS A /UDY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 A /UDY ( CULTURE4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ASKS :Y ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( SOCIETY DEVELOP )9 A P>TICUL> SOCIAL =M1 :Y ! MA*9E PROCESS UNFOLDS )9 ! CONTEXT ( BUS9ESS 5T]PRISE1 :Y 9DU/RIALIZATION TAKES ! =M ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ASKS H[ ! WORK+ ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE IS REGULAT$ 9 A SPECIFIC1 HI/ORICAL =M ( ECONOMY4 

,! CONTEMPOR>Y ,AM]ICAN DEF9ITIONS ( ECONOMICS QUOT$ E>LI] CLE>LY DEAL ) DIFF]5T PROBLEMS1 RAISE DIFF]5T QUE/IONS1 & REF] TO A DIFF]5T SUBJECT MATT] FROM ?AT ( POLITICAL ECONOMY AS DEF9$ BY ,RUB94 ,?IS MEANS ONE ( TWO ?+S3 7A7 EI!R ECONOMICS & POLITICAL ECONOMY >E TWO DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE1 9 :I* CASE ! 0REPLACEM5T0 ( POLITICAL ECONOMY BY ECONOMICS SIMPLY MEANS ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN PRACTITION]S ( ONE BRAN* HAVE REPLAC$ ! O!R BRAN*1 OR 7B7 ECONOMICS IS 9DE$ ! NEW NAME = :AT 0US$ TO BE CALL$0 POLITICAL ECONOMY2 9 ?IS CASE1 BY DEF9+ ECONOMICS AS A /UDY ( SC>CITY1 PRICES1 & RES\RCE ALLOCATION1 ,AM]ICAN ECONOMI/S >E SAY+ ?AT ! PRODUCTION RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE >E NOT A LEGITIMATE SUBJECT = /UDY4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! ECONOMI/S QUOT$ ABOVE >E SETT+ !MSELVES UP AS ! LEGISLATORS OV] :AT IS1 & :AT IS NOT1 A LEGITIMATE TOPIC = 9TELLECTUAL CONC]N2 !Y >E DEF9+ ! LIMITS ( ,AM]ICAN KN[L$GE4 ,?IS TYPE ( 9TELLECTUAL LEGISLATION HAS L$ TO PR$ICTABLE CONSEQU5CES 9 O!R SOCIETIES & AT O!R TIMES3 IT HAS L$ TO TOTAL IGNORANCE 9 ! EXCLUD$ FIELD ( KN[L$GE1 & IT HAS L$ TO L>GE GAPS & BL9D SPOTS 9 RELAT$ FIELDS ( KN[L$GE4 

,A JU/IFICATION = ! OMISSION ( POLITICAL ECONOMY FROM ,AM]ICAN KN[L$GE HAS BE5 GIV5 BY ,SAMUELSON4 ,9 ! BALANC$1 OBJECTIVE LANGUAGE ( AN ,AM]ICAN PR(ESSOR1 ,SAMUELSON SAYS3 0,A BILLION PEOPLE1 ONE-?IRD ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION1 BL9DLY REG>D ,DAS ,KAPITAL AS ECONOMIC GOSPEL4 ,& YET1 )\T ! DISCIPL9$ /UDY ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 H[ CAN ANYONE =M A REASON$ OP9ION AB\T ! M]ITS OR LACK ( M]ITS 9 ! CLASSICAL1 TRADITIONAL ECONOMICS80.<#f.>,IF 0A BILLION PEOPLE0 REG>D ,DAS ,KAPITAL 0AS ECONOMIC GOSPEL0 IT IS CLE>LY RELEVANT TO ASK :Y ONLY A FEW MILLION ,AM]ICANS REG>D ,SAMUELSON'S ,ECONOMICS 0AS ECONOMIC GOSPEL04 ,P]HAPS A BALANC$ OBJECTIVE ANSW] MI<T BE ?AT 0A BILLION PEOPLE0 F9D LITTLE ?AT IS RELEVANT OR MEAN+FUL 9 ,SAMUELSON'S CELEBRATIONS ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM & HIS EX]CISES 9 TWO-DIM5SIONAL GEOMETRY1 :]EAS ! FEW MILLION ,AM]ICANS HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO LE>N ! 0M]ITS 9 ! CLASSICAL1 TRADITIONAL ECONOMICS04 ,SAMUELSON'S RHETORICAL QUE/ION -- 0,& YET1 )\T ! DISCIPL9$ /UDY ( ECONOMIC SCI5CE1 H[ CAN ANYONE =M A REASON$ OP9ION AB\T ! M]ITS0 -- IS CLE>LY A TWO-$G$ SWORD1 S9CE IT CAN BE ASK$ AB\T ANY MAJOR ECONOMIC !ORY1 NOT M]ELY ,SAMUELSON'S3 & IT CLE>LY BEHOOVES ! /UD5T TO DRAW HIS [N CONCLUSION & MAKE HIS [N *OICE AFT] A 0DISCIPL9$ /UDY0 ( ALL ! MAJOR ECONOMIC !ORIES1 NOT M]ELY ,SAMUELSON'S4 

,AL?\< ,SAMUELSON1 9 HIS 9TRODUCTORY TEXTBOOK1 DEVOTES A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ,M>X1 ?IS ESSAY WILL %[ ?AT ,SAMUELSON'S TREATM5T H>DLY AM\NTS TO A 0DISCIPL9$ /UDY0 ( ,M>X'S POLITICAL ECONOMY4 

,! PRES5T ESSAY WILL \TL9E SOME ( ! C5TRAL !MES ( ,M>X'S POLITICAL ECONOMY1 P>TICUL>LY ! !MES :I* >E TREAT$ 9 ,RUB9'S ,ESSAYS ON ,M>X'S ,!ORY ( ,VALUE4 ,RUB9'S BOOK IS A COMPREH5SIVE1 TI<TLY >GU$ EXPOSITION ( ! CORE ( ,M>X'S WORK1 ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM & ! !ORY ( VALUE4 ,ROB9 CL>IFIES MISCONCEPTIONS :I* HAVE RESULT$1 & /ILL RESULT1 FROM SUP]FICIAL READ+S & EVASIVE TREATM5TS ( ,M>X'S WORK4 

,M>X'S PR9CIPAL AIM WAS NOT TO /UDY SC>CITY1 OR TO EXPLA9 PRICE1 OR TO ALLOCATE RES\RCES1 BUT TO ANALYZE H[ ! WORK+ ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE IS REGULAT$ 9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,! SUBJECT ( ! ANALYSIS IS A DET]M9$ SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 A P>TICUL> CULTURE1 NAMELY COMMODITY-CAPITALISM1 A SOCIAL =M ( ECONOMY 9 :I* ! RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE >E NOT REGULAT$ DIRECTLY1 BUT ?R\< ?+S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 0! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( ECONOMIC !ORY AS A SCI5CE :I* DEALS ) ! COMMODITY CAPITALI/ ECONOMY LIES PRECISELY 9 ! FACT ?AT IT DEALS ) PRODUCTION RELATIONS :I* ACQUIRE MAT]IAL =MS40 7,RUB91 P4#d#g74 

,M>X'S C5TRAL CONC]N WAS HUMAN CREATIVE ACTIVITY1 P>TICUL>LY ! DET]M9ANTS1 ! REGULATORS :I* %APE ?IS ACTIVITY 9 ! CAPITALI/ =M ( ECONOMY4 ,RUB9'S ?OR\< /UDY MAKES IT CLE> ?AT ?IS WAS NOT M]ELY ! C5TRAL CONC]N ( ! 0Y\NG ,M>X0 OR ( ! 0OLD ,M>X01 BUT ?AT IT REMA9$ C5TRAL TO ,M>X 9 ALL HIS !ORETICAL & HI/ORICAL WORKS1 :I* EXT5D OV] HALF A C5TURY4 ,RUB9 %[S ?AT ?IS !ME GIVES ! UNITY ( A S+LE WORK TO FIFTY YE>S ( RESE>* & WRIT+1 ?AT ?IS !ME IS ! CONT5T ( ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE1 & ?US ?AT ,M>X'S ECONOMIC !ORY CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ?IS C5TRAL !ME4 ,M>X'S VA/ OPUS IS NOT A S]IES ( DISCONNECT$ EPISODES1 EA* ) SPECIFIC PROBLEMS :I* >E LAT] AB&ON$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! FREQU5TLY DRAWN CONTRA/ BETWE5 AN 0IDEALI/IC Y\NG ,M>X0 CONC]N$ ) ! PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 & A 0REALI/IC OLD ,M>X0 CONC]N$ ) TE*NICAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1.<#g.>IS SUP]FICIAL & MISSES ! ESS5TIAL UNITY ( ,M>X'S 5TIRE OPUS4 ,RUB9 %[S ?AT ! C5TRAL !MES ( ! 0Y\NG ,M>X0 W]E BE+ /ILL FUR!R REF9$ 9 ! F9AL PAGES ( ,M>X'S LA/ PUBLI%$ WORK2 ,M>X CONT9UALLY %>P5$ HIS CONCEPTS & FREQU5TLY *ANG$ HIS T]M9OLOGY1 BUT HIS CONC]NS W]E NOT REPLAC$4 ,RUB9 DEMON/RATES ?IS BY TRAC+ ! C5TRAL !MES ( WORKS :I* ,M>X WROTE 9 ! E>LY #a#h#d'S ?R\< ! ?IRD VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 PUBLI%$ BY ,5GELS 9 #a#h#i#d4 

,9 ! DIFF]5T P]IODS ( HIS PRODUCTIVE LIFE1 ,M>X EXPRESS$ HIS CONC]N ) HUMAN CREATIVITY ?R\< DIFF]5T1 ?\< RELAT$1 CONCEPTS4 ,9 HIS E>LY WORKS1 ,M>X UNIFI$ HIS IDEAS >\ND ! CONCEPT ( 0ALI5ATION0 OR 0E/RANGEM5T04 ,LAT]1 :5 ,M>X REF9$ HIS IDEAS ( 0REIFI$0 OR 0CONGEAL$0 LABOR1 ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM PROVID$ A FOCUS1 A UNIFY+ FRAMEWORK = HIS ANALYSIS4 ,9 ,M>X'S LAT] WORK1 ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 NAMELY ! !ORY ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE TAKE ! =M ( RELATIONS AMONG ?+S1 ! !ORY ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* PRODUCTION RELATIONS >E REIFI$1 BECOMES ,M>X'S 0G5]AL !ORY ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS ( ! COMMODITY-CAPITALI/ ECONOMY04 7,RUB91 P4 #c74 ,?US ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE1 ! MO/ FREQU5TLY CRITICIZ$ P>T ( HIS POLITICAL ECONOMY1 CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 OR 9 ,RUB9'S WORDS1 ! 0GR\ND ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE CAN ONLY BE GIV5 ON ! BASIS ( HIS !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 :I* ANALYZES ! G5]AL /RUCTURE ( ! COMMODITY ECONOMY04 7P4#f#a7 

,?IS ESSAY WILL EXAM9E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION1 ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM & ! !ORY ( VALUE1 & IT WILL BE %[N ?AT ! ?REE =MULATIONS >E APPROA*ES TO ! SAME PROBLEM3 ! DET]M9ATION ( ! CREATIVE ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE 9 ! CAPITALI/ =M ( ECONOMY4 ,?IS EXAM9ATION WILL %[ ?AT ,M>X HAD NO 9T]E/ P] SE 9 DEF9+ A /&>D ( VALUE1 9 DEVELOP+ A !ORY ( PRICE ISOLAT$ FROM A HI/ORICALLY SPECIFIC MODE ( PRODUCTION1 OR 9 ! EFFICI5T ALLOCATION ( RES\RCES4 ,M>X'S WORK IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( H[ PEOPLE >E REGULAT$ 9 ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY2 IT IS NOT A H&BOOK ON H[ TO REGULATE PEOPLE & ?+S4 ,! SUBTITLE ( ,M>X'S ?REE VOLUME ,CAPITAL IS 0,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY01 & NOT 0,MANUAL = ,EFFICI5T ,MANAGEM5T04 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,M>X DID NOT CONSID] PROBLEMS ( RES\RCE ALLOCATION IMPORTANT2 IT MEANS ?AT HE DID NOT CONSID] !M ! C5TRAL CONC]N ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 A SCI5CE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,M>X'S FIR/ APPROA* TO ! ANALYSIS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WAS ?R\< ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION1 OR E/RANGEM5T4 ,AL?\< HE ADOPT$ ! CONCEPT FROM ,HEGEL1 ALREADY 9 HIS E>LIE/ WORKS ,M>X WAS CRITICAL ( ! CONT5T :I* ,HEGEL GAVE TO ! CONCEPT4 0,= ,HEGEL ! ESS5CE ( MAN -- MAN -- EQUALS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS4 ,ALL E/RANGEM5T ( ! HUMAN ESS5CE IS !RE=E NO?+ BUT E/RANGEM5T ( SELF-CONSCI\SNESS40.<#h.> ,= ,M>X 9 #a#h#d#d1 ,HEGEL'S TREATM5T ( CONSCI\SNESS AS MAN'S ESS5CE IS 0A HIDD5 & MY/IFY+ CRITICISM01 BUT ,M>X OBS]VES ?AT 09ASMU* AS IT GRASPS /EADILY MAN'S E/RANGEM5T1 EV5 ?\< MAN APPE>S ONLY 9 ! %APE ( M9D1 !RE LIE CONCEAL$ 9 IT ALL ! ELEM5TS ( CRITICISM1 ALREADY PREP>$ & ELABORAT$ 9 A MANN] (T5 RIS+ F> ABOVE ! ,HEGELIAN /&PO9T40.<#i.> ,?US ,M>X ADOPTS ! CONCEPT ( 0E/RANGEM5T0 AS A P[]FUL TOOL = ANALYSIS1 EV5 ?\< HE DOES NOT AGREE ) ,HEGEL AB\T :AT IS E/RANG$1 NAMELY HE DOES NOT AGREE ?AT ?9K+ IS ! ESS5CE ( MAN4 ,= ,M>X 9 #a#h#d#d1 MAN'S ESS5CE IS L>G] ?AN ?\<T1 L>G] ?AN SELF-CONSCI\SNESS2 IT IS MAN'S CREATIVE ACTIVITY1 HIS LABOR1 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS4 ,M>X CONSID]S CONSCI\SNESS TO BE ONLY ONE ASPECT ( MAN'S CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,?US1 :ILE HE CONC$ES ?AT ,HEGEL 0GRASPS LABOR AS ! ESS5CE ( MAN10 HE PO9TS \T ?AT 0,! ONLY LABOR :I* ,HEGEL KN[S & RECOGNIZES IS AB/RACTLY M5TAL LABOR04.<#a.> ,BUT ,HEGEL DOES NOT ONLY DEF9E SELF-CONSCI\SNESS AS MAN'S ESS5CE2 HE !N PROCE$S TO ACCOMMODATE HIMSELF TO ALI5AT$1 EXT]NALIZ$ MODES ( CONSCI\SNESS1 NAMELY TO RELIGION1 PHILOSOPHY & /ATE P[]2 ,HEGEL 0CONFIRMS ?IS 9 ITS ALI5AT$ %APE & PASSES IT (F AS HIS TRUE MODE ( BE+ REE/ABLI%ES IT1 & PRET5DS TO BE AT HOME 9 HIS O!R-BE+ AS SU*4 ,?US1 = 9/ANCE1 AFT] ANNULL+ & SUP]S$+ RELIGION1 AFT] RECOGNIZ+ RELIGION TO BE A PRODUCT ( SELF-ALI5ATION1 HE YET F9DS CONFIRMATION ( HIMSELF 9 RELIGION AS RELIGION4 ,H]E IS ! ROOT ( ,HEGEL'S FALSE POSITIVISM1 OR ( HIS M]ELY APP>5T CRITICISM40.<#a#a.> ,H[EV] = ,M>X 0,!RE CAN !RE=E NO LONG] BE ANY QUE/ION AB\T AN ACT ( ACCOMMODATION0 & HE EXPLA9S1 0,IF ,I KN[ RELIGION AS ALI5AT$ HUMAN SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 !N :AT ,I KN[ 9 IT AS RELIGION IS NOT MY SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT MY ALI5AT$ SELF-CONSCI\SNESS 4440.<#a#b.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 EV5 ?\< ,HEGEL =MULAT$ ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION1 HE WAS YET ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE HIMSELF TO RELIGION & /ATE P[]1 NAMELY TO ALI5AT$ =MS ( EXI/5CE :I* NEGATE MAN'S ESS5CE EV5 9 ,HEGEL'S DEF9ITION 7AS CONSCI\SNESS74 

,?US ,M>X SET HIMSELF TWO TASKS3 TO RE%APE ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION1 & TO R$EF9E MAN'S ESS5CE4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE ,M>X TURN$ TO ,FEU]BA*1 :O COMPLET$ ! FIR/ TASK = HIM1 & :O W5T A LONG WAY 9 PROVID+ A PROVISIONAL SOLUTION TO ! SECOND4 ,! SOLUTION TO BO? TASKS C\LD BE APPROA*$ IF PRACTICAL1 CREATIVE ACTIVITY & ! WORK+ RELATIONS ( PEOPLE ) EA* O!R1 W]E MADE ! C5T]1 ! FOCAL PO9T ( !ORY4 ,ONLY !N W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO SEE ?AT RELIGION1 & PHILOSOPHY AS WELL1 >E NOT =MS ( REALIZATION BUT RA!R =MS ( ALI5ATION ( MAN'S ESS5CE4 ,M>X ACKN[L$G$ HIS DEBT3 0,FEU]BA*'S GREAT A*IEVEM5T IS3 7#a7 ,! PRO( ?AT PHILOSOPHY IS NO?+ ELSE BUT RELIGION R5D]$ 9TO ?\<T & EXP\ND$ BY ?\<T1 H5CE EQUALLY TO BE CONDEMN$ AS ANO!R =M & MANN] ( EXI/5CE ( ! E/RANGEM5T ( ! ESS5CE ( MAN2 7#b7 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( TRUE MAT]IALISM & ( REAL SCI5CE1 S9CE ,FEU]BA* ALSO MAKES ! SOCIAL RELATION%IP '( MAN TO MAN' ! BASIC PR9CIPLE ( ! !ORY4440.<#a#c.> 

,M>X ACKN[L$G$ ,FEU]BA*'S ROLE 9 RE%AP+ ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION1 NAMELY 9 GRASP+ RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY AS ALI5ATIONS ( ! ESS5CE ( MAN4 ,H[EV]1 A YE> LAT]1 9 HIS ,!SES ON ,FEU]BA* ( #a#h#d#e1 ,M>X EXPRESSES DISSATISFACTION ) ,FEU]BA*'S GRASP ( ! HUMAN ESS5CE4 0,FEU]BA* RESOLVES ! ESS5CE ( RELIGION 9TO ! ESS5CE ( MAN01 BUT = ,FEU]BA* ! ESS5CE ( MAN REMA9S SOME?+ ISOLAT$1 UNHI/ORICAL1 & !RE=E AB/RACT4 ,= ,M>X1 0! ESS5CE ( MAN IS NOT AN AB/RACTION 9H]5T 9 EA* P>TICUL> 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! REAL NATURE ( MAN IS ! TOTALITY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS40.<#a#d.> ,M>X G5]ALIZES HIS DISSATISFACTION ) ,FEU]BA*3 0,! *IEF DEFECT ( ALL PREVI\S MAT]IALISM 79CLUD+ ?AT ( ,FEU]BA*7 IS ?AT ?+S1 REALITY1 ! S5SIBLE WORLD1 >E CONCEIV$ ONLY 9 ! =M ( OBJECTS ( OBS]VATION1 BUT NOT AS HUMAN S5SE ACTIVITY1 NOT AS PRACTICAL ACTIVITY 4440.<#a#e.> ,M>X MAKES ?IS *>GE MORE SPECIFIC 9 A LAT] WORK1 :]E HE SAYS ?AT ,FEU]BA* 0/ILL REMA9S 9 ! REALM ( !ORY & CONCEIVES ( M5 NOT 9 !IR GIV5 SOCIAL CONNECTION1 NOT UND] !IR EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 :I* HAVE MADE !M :AT !Y >E01 & !RE=E 0HE NEV] >RIVES AT ! REALLY EXI/+ ACTIVE M51 BUT /OPS AT ! AB/RACTION 'MAN' 444 HE KN[S NO O!R 'HUMAN RELATION%IPS' '( MAN TO MAN' ?AN LOVE & FRI5D%IP1 & EV5 !N IDEALIZ$4 ,?US HE NEV] MANAGES TO CONCEIVE ! S5SU\S WORLD AS ! TOTAL LIV+ S5SU\S ACTIVITY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS COMPOS+ IT40.<#a#f.> 

,M>X IS ABLE TO REJECT ,FEU]BA*'S DEF9ITION ( MAN AS AN AB/RACTION BECAUSE1 ALREADY 9 AN E>LY ESSAY ON 0,FREE ,HUMAN ,PRODUCTION01 ,M>X HAD />T$ TO VIEW MAN 9 F> MORE CONCRETE T]MS1 NAMELY HE HAD ALREADY />T$ TO VIEW ! WORLD ( OBJECTS AS A WORLD ( PRACTICAL HUMAN ACTIVITY1 CREATIVE ACTIVITY4 ,9 ?IS E>LY ESSAY1 WRITT5 9 #a#h#d#d1 ,M>X'S CONCEPTION ( MAN IS /ILL UNHI/ORICAL2 HE DID NOT EXPLICITLY REJECT ?IS UNHI/ORICAL VIEW UNTIL HE WROTE ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY ) ,5GELS 9 #a#h#d#e-#d#f & ! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY 9 #a#h#d#g4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS E>LY ESSAY ALREADY BR+S HUMAN CREATIVE ACTIVITY 9TO FOCUS1 & ?US IT ALSO PO9TS TO ! 0ESS5CE0 :I* IS ALI5AT$ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,M>X ASKS ! READ] TO IMAG9E HUMAN BE+S \TSIDE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 NAMELY \TSIDE ( HI/ORY3 0,SUPPOSE WE HAD PRODUC$ ?+S AS HUMAN BE+S3 9 HIS PRODUCTION EA* ( US W\LD HAVE TWICE AFFIRM$ HIMSELF & ! O!R4 7#a7 ,9 MY PRODUCTION ,I W\LD HAVE OBJECTIFI$ MY 9DIVIDUALITY & ITS P>TICUL>ITY1 & 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ACTIVITY ,I W\LD HAVE 5JOY$ AN 9DIVIDUAL LIFE2 9 VIEW+ ! OBJECT ,I W\LD HAVE EXP]I5C$ ! 9DIVIDUAL JOY ( KN[+ MY P]SONALITY AS AN OBJECTIVE1 S5SU\SLY P]CEPTIBLE1 & 9DUBITABLE P[]4 7#b7 ,9 Y\R SATISFACTION & Y\R USE ( MY PRODUCT ,I W\LD HAVE HAD ! DIRECT & CONSCI\S SATISFACTION ?AT MY WORK SATISFI$ A HUMAN NE$1 ?AT IT OBJECTIFI$ HUMAN NATURE1 & ?AT IT CREAT$ AN OBJECT APPROPRIATE TO ! NE$ ( ANO!R HUMAN BE+ 444 ,\R PRODUCTIONS W\LD BE SO MANY MIRRORS REFLECT+ \R NATURE 444 ,MY LABOR W\LD BE A FREE MANIFE/ATION ( LIFE & AN 5JOYM5T ( LIFE40.<#a#g.> ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS LABOR1 ?IS FREE PRODUCTION1 ?IS FREE MANIFE/ATION & 5JOYM5T ( LIFE1 :I* IS ALI5AT$ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY3 0,UND] ! PRESUPPOSITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY MY LABOR IS AN EXT]NALIZATION ( LIFE BECAUSE ,I WORK 9 ORD] TO LIVE & PROVIDE = MYSELF ! MEANS ( LIV+4 ,WORK+ IS NOT LIV+40 ,AT ?IS PO9T ,M>X VIVIDLY CONTRA/S ! IDEA ( FREE1 UNALI5AT$ LABOR1 ) ! ALI5AT$ WAGE-LABOR -- HE CALLS IT =C$ LABOR -- ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY3 0,UND] ! PRESUPPOSITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY MY 9DIVIDUALITY IS EXT]NALIZ$ TO ! PO9T :]E ,I HATE ?IS ACTIVITY & :]E IT IS A TORM5T = ME4 ,RA!R IT IS !N ONLY ! SEMBLANCE ( AN ACTIVITY1 ONLY A =C$ ACTIVITY1 IMPOS$ UPON ME ONLY BY EXT]NAL & ACCID5TAL NECESSITY & NOT BY AN 9T]NAL & DET]M9$ NECESSITY 444 ,MY LABOR1 !RE=E1 IS MANIFE/$ AS ! OBJECTIVE1 S5SU\S1 P]CEPTIBLE1 & 9DUBITABLE EXPRESSION ( MY SELF-LOSS & MY P[]LESSNESS40.<#a#h.> 

,?US ,M>X IS L$ TO A CONTRA/ BETWE5 AN UNALI5AT$1 IDEAL1 UNHI/ORICAL MAN1 & ! ALI5AT$ MAN ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,FROM H]E1 WE MI<T FOLL[ ,RUB9 & %[ ! RELATION%IP ( ?IS CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! IDEAL & ! ACTUAL TO ! LAT] CONTRA/ BETWE5 PRODUCTIVE =CES & RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! LAT] CONTRA/ BECOMES ! BASIS = ,M>X'S !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 & ?US = HIS !ORY ( VALUE4 ,H[EV]1 BE=E RETURN+ TO ,RUB9'S EXPOSITION1 WE WILL DIGRESS SLI<TLY TO EXAM9E TWO TYPES ( 9T]PRETATION :I* HAVE REC5TLY BE5 MADE ( ,M>X'S E>LY WORKS4 ,ONE HOLDS ?AT ,M>X'S !ORY ( ALI5ATION CAN BE ACCEPT$ & APPLI$ )\T HIS CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM1 & ! O!R HOLDS ?AT ! WRIT+S ( #ahdd CONTA9 ! QU9TESS5CE ( ,M>X'S ?\<T & ?AT ! LAT] WORKS >E M]ELY RE=MULATIONS ( ! SAME 9SI<TS4 

,! SOCIOLOGI/ ,ROB]T ,BLAUN] R$UCES ALI5ATION TO 0A QUALITY ( P]SONAL EXP]I5CE :I* RESULTS FROM SPECIFIC K9DS ( SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS40.<#a#i.> ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS R$UCTION ,BLAUN] SAYS ?AT 0,TODAY1 MO/ SOCIAL SCI5TI/S W\LD SAY ?AT ALI5ATION IS NOT A CONSEQU5CE ( CAPITALISM P] SE BUT ( EMPLOYM5T 9 ! L>GE-SCALE ORGANIZATIONS & IMP]SONAL BUREAUCRACIES ?AT P]VADE ALL 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES40.<#b.>,9 O!R WORDS1 ,BLAUN] DEF9ES ALI5ATION AS A PSY*OLOGICAL1 P]SONAL EXP]I5CE1 AS SOME?+ :I* ! WORK] FEELS1 & :I* IS CONSEQU5TLY 9 ! M9D ( ! WORK] & IS NOT A /RUCTURAL FEATURE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,= ,BLAUN] TO SAY ?AT ALI5ATION SO DEF9$ 0IS NOT A CONSEQU5CE ( CAPITALISM0 IS !N A TAUTOLOGY4 ,IT IS ,BLAUN]'S V]Y DEF9ITION :I* MAKES IT POSSIBLE = HIM TO TREAT ALI5ATION AS A CONSEQU5CE ( 9DU/RY 7NAMELY ! PRODUCTIVE =CES7 & NOT AS A CONSEQU5CE ( CAPITALISM 7NAMELY ! SOCIAL RELATIONS74 

,H[EV]1 REG>DLESS ( :AT 0MO/ SOCIAL SCI5TI/S W\LD SAY10 9 ,M>X'S WORK ALI5ATION IS RELAT$ TO ! /RUCTURE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & NOT TO ! P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ( ! WORK]4 ,IT IS ! V]Y NATURE ( WAGE-LABOR1 ! BASIC SOCIAL RELATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :I* ACC\NTS = ALI5ATION3 0,! FOLL[+ ELEM5TS >E CONTA9$ 9 WAGE-LABOR3 7#a7 ! *ANCE RELATION%IP & ALI5ATION ( LABOR FROM ! LABOR+ SUBJECT2 7#b7 ! *ANCE RELATION%IP & ALI5ATION ( LABOR FROM ITS OBJECT2 7#c7 ! DET]M9ATION ( ! LABOR] ?R\< SOCIAL NE$S :I* >E AN ALI5 COMPULSION TO HIM1 A COMPULSION TO :I* HE SUBMITS \T ( EGOI/IC NE$ & DI/RESS !SE SOCIAL NE$S >E M]ELY A S\RCE ( PROVID+ ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE = HIM1 JU/ AS HE IS M]ELY A SLAVE = !M2 7#d7 ! MA9T5ANCE ( HIS 9DIVIDUAL EXI/5CE APPE>S TO ! WORK] AS ! GOAL ( HIS ACTIVITY & HIS REAL ACTION IS ONLY A MEANS2 HE LIVES TO ACQUIRE ! MEANS ( LIV+40.<#b#a.>,9 FACT1 ,M>X V]Y EXPLICITLY LOCAT$ ALI5ATION AT ! V]Y ROOT ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY3 0,TO SAY ?AT MAN ALI5ATES HIMSELF IS ! SAME AS SAY+ ?AT ! SOCIETY ( ?IS ALI5AT$ MAN IS ! C>ICATURE ( HIS ACTUAL COMMON LIFE1 ( HIS TRUE G5]IC LIFE4 ,HIS ACTIVITY1 !RE=E1 APPE>S AS TORM5T1 HIS [N CREATION AS A =CE ALI5 TO HIM1 HIS WEAL? AS POV]TY1 ! ESS5TIAL BOND CONNECT+ HIM ) O!R M5 AS SOME?+ UNESS5TIAL SO ?AT ! SEP>ATION FROM O!R M5 APPE>S AS HIS TRUE EXI/5CE40 ,M>X ADDS ?AT ?IS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ?IS C>ICATURE ( A HUMAN COMMUNITY1 IS ! ONLY =M ( SOCIETY :I* CAPITALI/ ECONOMI/S >E ABLE TO IMAG9E3 0,SOCIETY1 SAYS ,ADAM ,SMI?1 IS A COMM]CIAL 5T]PRISE4 ,EA* ( ITS MEMB]S IS A M]*ANT4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT POLITICAL ECONOMY E/ABLI%ES AN ALI5AT$ =M ( SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE AS ! ESS5TIAL1 ORIG9AL1 & DEF9ITIVE HUMAN =M40.<#b#b.> 

,9 ! ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #a#h#d#d1 ,M>X APPLIES ,FEU]BA*'S CONCEPT ( MAN'S ALI5ATION ( HIMSELF 9 RELIGION1 TO MAN'S ALI5ATION ( HIMSELF 9 ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR4 ,! FOLL[+ PASSAGE COMES V]Y CLOSE TO DESCRIB+ ! WORLD ( COMMODITIES AS A WORLD ( FETI%ES :I* REGULATE & DOM9ATE HUMAN LIFE3 0,! MORE ! WORK] EXP5DS HIMSELF 9 HIS WORK1 ! MORE P[]FUL BECOMES ! WORLD ( OBJECTS :I* HE CREATES 9 FACE ( HIMSELF1 & ! POOR] HE HIMSELF BECOMES 9 HIS 9N] LIFE1 ! LESS HE BELONGS TO HIMSELF4 ,IT IS JU/ ! SAME AS 9 RELIGION4 ,! MORE ( HIMSELF MAN ATTRIBUTES TO ,GOD1 ! LESS HE HAS LEFT 9 HIMSELF4 ,! WORK] PUTS HIS LIFE 9TO ! OBJECT1 & HIS LIFE !N BELONGS NO LONG] TO HIM BUT TO ! OBJECT4 ,! GREAT] HIS ACTIVITY1 !RE=E1 ! LESS HE POSSESSES 444 ,! ALI5ATION ( ! WORK] 9 HIS PRODUCT MEANS NOT ONLY ?AT HIS LABOR BECOMES AN OBJECT1 TAKES ON ITS [N EXI/5CE1 BUT ?AT IT EXI/S \TSIDE HIM1 9DEP5D5TLY & ALI5 TO HIM1 & ?AT IT /&S OPPOS$ TO HIM AS AN AUTONOM\S P[]4 ,! LIFE :I* HE HAS GIV5 TO ! OBJECT SETS ITSELF AGA9/ HIM AS AN ALI5 & HO/ILE =CE40.<#b#c.> ,9 ! SAME WORK1 ,M>X COMES V]Y CLOSE TO DEF9+ ! PRODUCT ( LABOR AS CONGEAL$ LABOR1 OR REIFI$ LABOR1 A =MULATION :I* IS TO REAPPE> MORE ?AN TW5TY YE>S LAT] 9 HIS !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM3 0,! OBJECT PRODUC$ BY LABOR1 ITS PRODUCT1 N[ /&S OPPOS$ TO IT AS AN ALI5 BE+1 AS A P[] 9DEP5D5T ( ! PRODUC]4 ,! PRODUCT ( LABOR IS LABOR :I* HAS BE5 EMBODI$ 9 AN OBJECT1 & TURN$ 9TO A PHYSICAL ?+2 ?IS PRODUCT IS AN OBJECTIFICATION ( LABOR40 ,! LABOR :I* IS LO/ BY ! WORK] IS APPROPRIAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/3 0444! ALI5AT$ *>ACT] ( WORK = ! WORK] APPE>S 9 ! FACT ?AT IT IS NOT HIS WORK BUT WORK = SOMEONE ELSE1 ?AT 9 WORK HE DOES NOT BELONG TO HIMSELF BUT TO ANO!R P]SON40.<#b#d.> ,! RESULT ( ?IS ALI5ATION ( ! WORK]'S CREATIVE P[] IS VIVIDLY DESCRIB$ BY ,M>X 9 A PASSAGE ?AT SUMM>IZES ! QUALITATIVE ASPECT ( HIS !ORY ( EXPLOITATION3 0,! LESS Y\ >E1 ! LESS Y\ EXPRESS Y\R [N LIFE1 ! GREAT] IS Y\R ALI5AT$ LIFE1 ! MORE Y\ HAVE1 ! GREAT] IS ! /ORE ( Y\R E/RANG$ BE+4 ,EV]Y?+ :I* ! POLITICAL ECONOMI/ TAKES FROM Y\ 9 LIFE & 9 HUMANITY1 HE REPLACES = Y\ 9 MONEY & 9 WEAL? 4440.<#b#e.> ,! PRODUC] ALI5ATES HIS CREATIVE P[]1 9 FACT HE SELLS IT TO ! CAPITALI/1 & :AT HE GETS 9 EX*ANGE IS DIFF]5T 9 K9D FROM ?AT CREATIVE P[]2 9 EX*ANGE = ! CREATIVE P[] HE GETS ?+S1 & ! LESS HE IS1 AS A CREATIVE HUMAN BE+1 ! MORE ?+S HE HAS4 

,!SE =MULATIONS MAKE IT CLE> ?AT1 = ,M>X1 ALI5ATION IS 9H]5T 9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 A SOCIETY 9 :I* ONE CLASS APPROPRIATES ! LABOR :I* ANO!R CLASS ALI5ATES2 = ,M>X1 WAGE-LABOR IS1 BY DEF9ITION1 ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,9 T]MS ( ?IS DEF9ITION ( ALI5AT$ LABOR1 ! /ATEM5T ?AT 0ALI5ATION IS NOT A CONSEQU5CE ( CAPITALISM0 IS MEAN+LESS4 

,! ,YUGOSLAV PHILOSOPH] ,VELJKO ,KORAC HAS PRES5T$ ! !ORY ( ALI5ATION =MULAT$ BY ,M>X 9 #ahdd AS ! F9AL =M ( ,M>X'S !ORY & ,KORAC SUMM>IZ$ ?IS !ORY AS FOLL[S3 0,E/ABLI%+ ?R\< CRITICAL ANALYSIS MAN'S ALI5ATION FROM MAN1 FROM ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR1 EV5 FROM HIS [N HUMAN ACTIVITY1 ,M>X RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( ABOLI%+ ALL !SE =MS ( DEHUMANIZATION1 & ! POSSIBILITY ( RE/OR+ HUMAN SOCIETY40.<#b#f.>,9 #ahdd ,M>X DID 9DE$ SPEAK ( 0REHABILITAT+0 7IF NOT EXACTLY ( 0RE/OR+07 0HUMAN SOCIETY03 0,COMMUNISM 444 IS H5CE ! ACTUAL PHASE NECESS>Y = ! NEXT /AGE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! PROCESS ( HUMAN EMANCIPATION & REHABILITATION4 ,COMMUNISM IS ! NECESS>Y PATT]N & ! DYNAMIC PR9CIPLE ( ! IMM$IATE FUTURE1 BUT COMMUNISM AS SU* IS NOT ! GOAL ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T -- :I* GOAL IS ! /RUCTURE ( HUMAN SOCIETY40.<#b#g.>,9 SOME PASSAGES ( ! ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS1 ,M>X EV5 SPOKE ( COMMUNISM AS A RETURN ( HUMAN NATURE3 0,COMMUNISM IS ! POSITIVE ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ( HUMAN SELF-ALI5ATION1 & ?US1 ! REAL APPROPRIATION ( HUMAN NATURE1 ?R\< & = MAN4 ,IT IS !RE=E ! RETURN ( MAN HIMSELF AS A SOCIAL1 ?AT IS1 REALLY HUMAN1 BE+1 A COMPLETE & CONSCI\S RETURN :I* ASSIMILATES ALL ! WEAL? ( PREVI\S DEVELOPM5T4 ,COMMUNISM AS A COMPLETE NATURALISM IS HUMANISM1 & AS A COMPLETE HUMANISM IS NATURALISM 444 ,! POSITIVE ABOLITION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 AS ! APPROPRIATION ( HUMAN LIFE1 IS ?US ! POSITIVE ABOLITION ( ALL ALI5ATION1 & ?US ! RETURN ( MAN FROM RELIGION1 ! FAMILY1 ! ,/ATE1 ETC41 TO HIS HUMAN1 I4E41 SOCIAL LIFE40.<#b#h.>,9 #a#h#d#d1 ,M>X HAD ALSO DEF9$ ! AG5T1 ! SOCIAL CLASS1 :I* W\LD C>RY ?R\< ?IS REAPPROPRIATION ( MAN'S CREATIVE P[]1 ?IS RETURN ( MAN'S HUMAN ESS5CE2 IT W\LD BE 0A CLASS ) RADICAL *A9S1 A CLASS 9 CIVIL SOCIETY ?AT IS NOT ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 A CLASS ?AT IS ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL CLASSES1 A SPH]E ( SOCIETY HAV+ A UNIV]SAL *>ACT] BECAUSE ( ITS UNIV]SAL SUFF]+ & CLAIM+ NO P>TICUL> RI<T BECAUSE NO P>TICUL> WRONG BUT UNQUALIFI$ WRONG IS P]PETRAT$ ON IT2 A SPH]E ?AT CAN 9VOKE NO TRADITIONAL TITLE BUT ONLY A HUMAN TITLE 4440.<#b#i.> ,M>X EV5 DESCRIB$ SOME ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( AN UNALI5AT$1 HUMAN SOCIETY3 0,ASSUME MAN TO BE MAN & HIS RELATION%IP TO ! WORLD TO BE A HUMAN ONE3 !N Y\ CAN EX*ANGE LOVE ONLY = LOVE1 TRU/ = TRU/1 ETC4 ,IF Y\ WANT TO 5JOY >T1 Y\ MU/ BE AN >TI/ICALLY CULTIVAT$ P]SON44404.<#c.> 

,?US !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT 9 #a#h#d#d1 ,M>X SPOKE ( A HUMAN SOCIETY & A HUMAN ESS5CE :I* C\LD BE REHABILITAT$1 RETURN$1 OR RE/OR$4 ,H[EV]1 P[]FUL & SUGGE/IVE ?\< !SE PASSAGES >E1 !Y CANNOT BE VIEW$ AS ! F9AL =MULATION ( ,M>X'S SOCIAL & ECONOMIC !ORY1 NOR CAN ,M>X'S LAT] WORKS BE TREAT$ AS M]E RE-/ATEM5TS ( ! SAME IDEAS4 ,]I* ,FROMM IS AW>E ( ?IS :5 HE WRITES3 0,9 HIS E>LI] WRIT+S ,M>X /ILL CALL$ 'HUMAN NATURE 9 G5]AL' ! 'ESS5CE ( MAN4' ,HE LAT] GAVE UP ?IS T]M BECAUSE HE WANT$ TO MAKE IT CLE> ?AT ! ESS5CE ( MAN IS NO AB/RACTION 444 ,M>X ALSO WANT$ TO AVOID GIV+ ! IMPRESSION ?AT HE ?\<T ( ! ESS5CE ( MAN AS AN UNHI/ORICAL SUB/ANCE40.<#c#a.> ,FROMM IS ALSO AW>E ?AT ,M>X'S CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION1 0AL?\< NOT ! WORD1 REMA9S ( C5TRAL SIGNIFICANCE ?R\<\T HIS :OLE LAT] MA9 WORK1 9CLUD+ ,! ,CAPITAL40.<#c#b.> ,FROMM DOES NOT1 H[EV]1 EXAM9E ! /AGES :I* L$ FROM ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION TO ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 & 9 ,FROMM'S [N PHILOSOPHICAL FRAMEWORK1 ! C5TRAL PROBLEM IS 0TO CEASE BE+ ASLEEP & TO BECOME HUMAN04 ,= ,FROMM ?IS 9VOLVES PRIM>ILY *ANG+ ONE'S IDEAS & ONE'S ME?ODS ( ?9K+3 0,I BELIEVE ?AT ONE ( ! MO/ DISA/R\S MI/AKES 9 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL LIFE CONSI/S 9 BE+ CAU<T 9 /]EOTYP$ ALT]NATIVES ( ?9K+ 444 ,I BELIEVE ?AT MAN MU/ GET RID ( ILLUSIONS ?AT 5?RALL$ & P>ALYZE HIM1 ?AT HE MU/ BECOME AW>E ( ! REALITY 9SIDE & \TSIDE ( HIM 9 ORD] TO CREATE A WORLD :I* NE$S NO ILLUSIONS4 ,FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY :5 ! *A9S ( ILLUSION >E BROK540.<#c#c.> 

,9 ! ,PREFACE TO ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 ,M>X RIDICULES W\LD-BE REVOLUTION>IES :O WANT TO FREE M5 FROM /]EOTYP$ ALT]NATIVES ( ?9K+1 FROM ! ILLUSIONS ?AT 5?RALL$ & P>ALYZE M54 ,M>X HAS !SE REVOLUTION>IES ANN\NCE3 0,LET US LIB]ATE !M FROM ! *IM]AS1 ! IDEAS1 DOGMAS1 IMAG9>Y BE+S UND] ! YOKE ( :I* !Y >E P9+ AWAY4 ,LET US REVOLT AGA9/ ! RULE ( ?\<TS4 ,LET US TEA* M51 SAYS ONE1 TO EX*ANGE !SE ,IMAG9ATIONS = ?\<TS :I* CORRESPOND TO ! ESS5CE ( MAN2 SAYS ! SECOND1 TO TAKE UP A CRITICAL ATTITUDE TO !M2 SAYS ! ?IRD1 TO KNOCK !M \T ( !IR HEADS2 & EXI/+ REALITY WILL COLLAPSE40 ,!N ,M>X DRAWS ! RIDICULE TO ITS CONCLUSION3 0,ONCE UPON A TIME A VALIANT FELL[ HAD ! IDEA ?AT M5 W]E DR[N$ 9 WAT] ONLY BECAUSE !Y W]E POSSESS$ ) ! IDEA ( GRAVITY4 ,IF !Y W]E TO KNOCK ?IS NOTION \T ( !IR HEADS1 SAY BY /AT+ IT TO BE A SUP]/ITION1 A RELIGI\S CONCEPT1 !Y W\LD BE SUBLIMELY PRO( AGA9/ ANY DANG] FROM WAT]40.<#c#d.>,9 A LETT] WRITT5 AT ! 5D ( #a#h#d#f1 ,M>X TURN$ ! SAME CRITIQUE AGA9/ ,P4,J4 ,PR\DHON3 0 444 9 PLACE ( ! PRACTICAL & VIOL5T ACTION ( ! MASSES 444 ,MONSIEUR ,PR\DHON SUPPLIES ! :IMSICAL MOTION ( HIS [N HEAD4 ,SO IT IS ! M5 ( LE>N+ ?AT MAKE HI/ORY1 ! M5 :O KN[ H[ TO PURLO9 ,GOD'S SECRET ?\<TS4 ,! COMMON PEOPLE HAVE ONLY TO APPLY !IR REVELATIONS4 ,Y\ WILL N[ UND]/& :Y ,M4 ,PR\DHON IS ! DECL>$ 5EMY ( EV]Y POLITICAL MOVEM5T4 ,! SOLUTION ( PRES5T PROBLEMS DOES NOT LIE = HIM 9 PUBLIC ACTION BUT 9 ! DIALECTICAL ROTATIONS ( HIS [N M9D40.<#c#e.> 

,BETWE5 #ahde & #a#h#d#g1 ,M>X ALSO AB&ONS HIS E>LI] CONCEPTION ( A HUMAN ESS5CE OR A HUMAN NATURE TO :I* MAN CAN RETURN3 0,AS 9DIVIDUALS EXPRESS !IR LIFE1 SO !Y >E4 ,:AT !Y >E1 !RE=E1 CO9CIDES ) !IR PRODUCTION1 BO? ) :AT !Y PRODUCE & ) H[ !Y PRODUCE4 ,! NATURE ( 9DIVIDUALS ?US DEP5DS ON ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS DET]M9+ !IR PRODUCTION40.<#c#f.>,9 FACT1 ,M>X GOES ON TO SAY ?AT MAN'S IDEAS ( HIS NATURE OR HIS ESS5CE >E !MSELVES CONDITION$ BY ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* M5 F9D !MSELVES1 & !RE=E MAN'S 0ESS5CE0 IS NOT SOME?+ TO :I* HE CAN RETURN1 OR EV5 SOME?+ :I* HE CAN CONCEIVE 9 ?\<T1 S9CE IT IS CON/ANTLY 9 A PROCESS ( HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 0,M5 >E ! PRODUC]S ( !IR CONCEPTIONS1 IDEAS1 ETC4 REAL1 ACTIVE M51 AS !Y >E CONDITION$ BY A DEF9ITE DEVELOPM5T ( !IR PRODUCTIVE =CES & ( ! 9T]C\RSE CORRESPOND+ TO !SE 444 ,CONSCI\SNESS CAN NEV] BE ANY?+ ELSE ?AN CONSCI\S EXI/5CE1 & ! EXI/5CE ( M5 IS !IR ACTUAL-LIFE PROCESS40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 0WE DO NOT SET \T FROM :AT M5 SAY1 IMAG9E1 CONCEIVE1 NOR FROM M5 AS N>RAT$1 ?\<T (1 IMAG9$1 CONCEIV$1 9 ORD] TO >RIVE AT M5 9 ! FLE%4 ,WE SET \T FROM REAL1 ACTIVE M51 & ON ! BASIS ( !IR REAL LIFE-PROCESS WE DEMON/RATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEOLOGICAL REFLEXES & E*OES ( ?IS LIFE-PROCESS40.<#c#g.>,?US UNLIKE ! PHILOSOPH] WE QUOT$ E>LI]1 ,M>X NO LONG] BEG9S HIS ANALYSIS ) 0,M>X'S CONCEPT ( ,MAN02 HE BEG9S ) MAN 9 A GIV5 CULTURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,M>X SY/EMIZ$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 TE*NOLOGY1 SOCIAL RELATIONS & IDEAS 9 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY 9 #a#h#d#g3 0,9 ACQUIR+ NEW PRODUCTIVE =CES M5 *ANGE !IR MODE ( PRODUCTION1 & 9 *ANG+ !IR MODE ( PRODUCTION 444 !Y *ANGE ALL !IR SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! H&MILL GIVES Y\ SOCIETY ) ! FEUDAL LORD2 ! /EAMMILL1 SOCIETY ) ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/4 ,! SAME M5 :O E/ABLI% !IR SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 CON=MITY ) !IR MAT]IAL PRODUCTIVITY1 PRODUCE ALSO PR9CIPLES1 IDEAS & CATEGORIES1 9 CON=MITY ) !IR SOCIAL RELATIONS40.<#c#h.>,! NEXT /EP IS TO PULL MAN'S 0ESS5CE0 9TO HI/ORY1 NAMELY TO SAY ?AT MAN HAS NO ESS5CE AP>T FROM HIS HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE1 & ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ,M>X DOES :5 HE SAYS ?AT ! 0SUM ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 CAPITAL FUNDS & SOCIAL =MS ( 9T]C\RSE1 :I* EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & G5]ATION F9DS 9 EXI/5CE AS SOME?+ GIV51 IS ! REAL ( :AT ! PHILOSOPH]S HAVE CONCEIV$ AS 'SUB/ANCE' & 'ESS5CE ( MAN' 4440 .<#c#i.> 

,H]E ,M>X'S CONTRA/ BETWE5 AN IDEAL1 UNALI5AT$ SOCIETY1 & ! REAL CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 HAS COME TO AN 5D4 ,MAN CREATES ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* HE LIVES1 NOT 9 T]MS ( AN IDEAL SOCIETY :I* HE CAN 0RE/ORE01 BUT 9 T]MS ( ! POSSIBILITIES & ! LIMITS ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES :I* HE 9H]ITS4 ,M>X DEF9ES !SE HI/ORICAL LIMITS & POSSIBILITIES 9 ! LETT] FROM :I* WE QUOT$ E>LI]3 0444 M5 >E NOT FREE TO *OOSE !IR PRODUCTIVE =CES -- :I* >E ! BASIS ( ALL !IR HI/ORY -- = EV]Y PRODUCTIVE =CE IS AN ACQUIR$ =CE1 ! PRODUCT ( =M] ACTIVITY4 ,! PRODUCTIVE =CES >E !RE=E ! RESULT ( PRACTICAL HUMAN 5]GY2 BUT ?IS 5]GY IS ITSELF CONDITION$ BY ! CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* M5 F9D !MSELVES1 BY ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ALREADY ACQUIR$1 BY ! SOCIAL =M :I* EXI/S BE=E !Y1 :I* !Y DO NOT CREATE1 :I* IS ! PRODUCT ( ! PREC$+ G5]ATION4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS 444 A HI/ORY ( HUMANITY TAKES %APE :I* IS ALL ! MORE A HI/ORY ( HUMANITY AS ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( MAN & !RE=E HIS SOCIAL RELATIONS HAVE BE5 MORE DEVELOP$40.<#d.>0444 ,PEOPLE WON FRE$OM = !MSELVES EA* TIME TO ! EXT5T ?AT WAS DICTAT$ & P]MITT$ NOT BY !IR IDEAL ( MAN1 BUT BY ! EXI/+ PRODUCTIVE =CES40.<#d#a.> 

,M>X HAS RESOLV$ MAN'S ESS5CE 9TO ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* MAN EXI/S1 & ?US HE HAS BE5 L$ TO AB&ON ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ALI5AT$ MAN ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & HIS UNALI5AT$ HUMAN ESS5CE4 ,H[EV]1 ,RUB9 PO9TS \T ?AT OV] A DECADE LAT]1 9 #a#h#e#i1 ! CONFLICT REAPPE>S ON A NEW PLANE1 NO LONG] 9 ! =M ( A CONFLICT BETWE5 IDEAL & REALITY1 BUT AS A CONFLICT BETWE5 PRODUCTIVE =CES & SOCIAL RELATIONS :I* >E BO? P>TS ( REALITY3 0,AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( !IR DEVELOPM5T1 ! MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION 9 SOCIETY COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! EXI/+ RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION 444 ,FROM =MS ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! =CES ( PRODUCTION !SE RELATIONS TURN 9TO !IR FETT]S4 ,!N COMES ! P]IOD ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION40.<#d#b.> 

,HAV+ PO9T$ TO ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION1 NAMELY ! SOCIAL RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION1 AS ! FRAMEWORK )9 :I* MAN'S PRODUCTIVE =CES1 HIS TE*NOLOGY1 DEVELOP1 & AS FETT]S :I* MAY OB/RUCT ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY1 ,M>X N[ TURNS TO A DETAIL$ *>ACT]IZATION ( ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,& HAV+ AB&ON$ ! /UDY ( MAN'S ESS5CE = ! /UDY ( MAN'S HI/ORICAL SITUATION1 ,M>X ALSO AB&ONS ! WORD 0ALI5ATION01 S9CE ! E>LI] USE ( ! WORD HAS MADE IT AN ABBREVIAT$ EXPRESSION = 0MAN'S ALI5ATION FROM HIS ESS5CE04 ,ALREADY 9 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 ,M>X HAD REF]R$ S>CA/ICALLY TO ! WORD 0E/RANGEM5T0 7OR ALI5ATION7 AS 0A T]M :I* WILL BE COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! PHILOSOPH]S01.<#d#c.> IMPLY+ ?AT IT WAS NO LONG] AN ACCEPTABLE T]M TO ,M>X4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 ?\< HE AB&ONS ! WORD1 ,M>X CONT9UES TO DEVELOP ! CONT5T :I* HE HAD EXPRESS$ ) ! WORD1 & ?IS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T TAKES ,M>X F> BEYOND HIS E>LY =MULATIONS1 & JU/ AS F> BEYOND ! !ORI/S :O ?9K ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION WAS FULLY DEVELOP$ & COMPLET$ 9 ! ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #a#h#d#d4 ,RUB9 %[S ?AT ?IS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION TAKES PLACE PRECISELY 9 ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM & ! !ORY ( VALUE1 & SO ,I WILL N[ TURN TO ,RUB9'S EXPOSITION ( !SE !ORIES & WILL ATTEMPT TO MAKE EXPLICIT !IR CONNECTIONS ) ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION4.<#d#d.> 

,RUB9 \TL9ES ,M>X'S TRANSITION FROM ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION TO ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 0,9 ORD] TO TRANSF] ! !ORY ( 'ALI5ATION' ( HUMAN RELATIONS 9TO A !ORY ( 'REIFICATION' ( SOCIAL RELATIONS 7I4E41 9TO ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM71 ,M>X HAD TO CREATE A PA? FROM UTOPIAN TO SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM1 FROM NEGAT+ REALITY 9 ! NAME ( AN IDEAL TO SEEK+ )9 REALITY ITSELF ! =CES = FUR!R DEVELOPM5T & MOTION40 7,RUB91 P4#e#g74 ,! L9K BETWE5 ALI5ATION & COMMODITY FETI%ISM IS ! CONCEPT ( 'REIFICATION' 7MAT]IALIZATION OBJECTIFICATION7 ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,RUB9 TRACES C]TA9 /AGES 9 ,M>X'S =MULATION ( ! CONCEPT ( REIFICATION4 ,9 ! ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY ( #a#h#e#i1 ,M>X NOT$ ?AT 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 :]E LABOR CREATES COMMODITIES1 0! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( M5 APPE> 9 ! REV]S$ =M -A SOCIAL RELATION ( ?+S40.<#d#e.> ,9 ?IS WORK1 SOCIAL RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE M]ELY 0APPE>0 TO TAKE ! =M ( ?+S1 !Y M]ELY SEEM TO BE REIFI$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,M>X CALLS ?IS REIFICATION A 0MY/IFICATION01 & HE ATTRIBUTES TO 0! HABIT ( EV]YDAY LIFE04.<#d#f.> 

,H[EV]1 9 ,VOLUME ,I ( ,CAPITAL1 ?IS REIFICATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS IS NO LONG] M]ELY AN APPE>ANCE 9 ! M9D ( ! 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY PRODUC] & IT IS NO LONG] A RESULT ( ! COMMODITY PRODUC]'S ?9K+ HABITS4 ,H]E1 0! MAT]IALIZATION ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS DOES NOT >ISE FROM 'HABITS' BUT FROM ! 9T]NAL /RUCTURE ( ! COMMODITY ECONOMY4 ,FETI%ISM IS NOT ONLY A PH5OM5ON ( SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT ( SOCIAL BE+40 7,RUB91 P4#e#i74 ,! CAUSE ( ! FETI%ISM1 NAMELY ! CAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE TAKE ! =M ( RELATIONS AMONG ?+S1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( CAPITALI/ ECONOMY AS A COMMODITY ECONOMY3 0,! ABS5CE ( DIRECT REGULATION ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION NECESS>ILY LEADS TO ! 9DIRECT REGULATION ( ! PRODUCTION PROCESS ?R\< ! M>KET1 ?R\< ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 ?R\< ?+S40 7,IBID47 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! REIFICATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & ! FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES >E NOT 0*A9S ( ILLUSION0 :I* CAN BE 0BROK50 )9 ! CONTEXT ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BECAUSE !Y DO NOT >ISE FROM 0/]EOTYP$ ALT]NATIVES ( ?9K+0 7,]I* ,FROMM74 ,! CAPITALI/ =M ( SOCIAL PRODUCTION 0NECESS>ILY LEADS0 TO ! REIFICATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS2 REIFICATION IS NOT ONLY A 0CONSEQU5CE0 ( CAPITALISM2 IT IS AN 9SEP>ABLE ASPECT ( CAPITALISM4 ,CONCRETE1 UNALI5AT$ LABOR :I* IS A CREATIVE EXPRESSION ( AN 9DIVIDUAL'S P]SONALITY1 CANNOT TAKE PLACE )9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! LABOR :I* PRODUCES COMMODITIES1 NAMELY ?+S = SALE ON ! M>KET1 IS NOT CONCRETE BUT AB/RACT LABOR1 0AB/RACTLY-G5]AL1 SOCIAL LABOR :I* >ISES FROM ! COMPLETE ALI5ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL LABOR0 7,RUB91 P4 #a#d#g74 ,9 ! COMMODITY ECONOMY LABOR IS NOT CREATIVE ACTIVITY2 IT IS ! EXP5DITURE ( LABOR-TIME1 ( LABOR-P[]1 ( HOMOG5E\S HUMAN LABOR1 OR LABOR 9 G5]AL4 ,NOR IS ?IS ! CASE AT ALL TIMES & 9 ALL PLACES4 0,ONLY ON ! BASIS ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY A WIDE DEVELOPM5T ( EX*ANGE1 A MASS TRANSF] ( 9DIVIDUALS FROM ONE ACTIVITY TO ANO!R1 & 9DIFF]5CE ( 9DIVIDUALS T[>DS ! CONCRETE =M ( LABOR1 IS IT POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP ! HOMOG5E\S *>ACT] ( ALL WORK+ OP]ATIONS AS =MS ( HUMAN LABOR 9 G5]AL0 7,RUB91 P4 #a#c#h74 ,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ?IS LABOR-P[] :I* PRODUCES COMMODITIES IS ITSELF A COMMODITY3 IT IS A ?+ :I* IS B\<T BY ! CAPITALI/ FROM ! WORK]1 OR AS ,PAUL ,SAMUELSON PUTS IT3 0,A MAN IS MU* MORE ?AN A COMMODITY4 ,YET IT IS TRUE ?AT M5 DO R5T \T !IR S]VICES = A PRICE40.<#d#g.> ,?US LABOR 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS REIFI$ LABOR2 IT IS LABOR TURN$ 9TO A ?+4 

,! REIFI$ LABOR ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! AB/RACT1 HOMOG5E\S LABOR-P[] :I* IS B\<T BY ! CAPITALI/ = A PRICE1 IS CRY/ALLIZ$1 CONGEAL$ 9 COMMODITIES :I* >E APPROPRIAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ & SOLD ON ! M>KET4 ,! LABOR] LIT]ALLY ALI5ATES1 E/RANGES HIS CREATIVE P[]1 HE SELLS IT4 ,S9CE CREATIVE P[] REF]S TO AN 9DIVIDUAL'S CONSCI\S P>TICIPATION 9 ! %AP+ ( HIS MAT]IAL 5VIRONM5T1 S9CE ! P[] TO DECIDE IS AT ! ROOT ( CREATION1 IT W\LD BE MORE ACCURATE TO SAY ?AT CREATIVE P[] SIMPLY DOES NOT EXI/ = ! HIR$ WORK] 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ! P[] TO %APE HIS CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT ! LABOR] SELLS TO ! CAPITALI/2 IT IS PRECISELY ?IS P[] :I* IS APPROPRIAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/1 NOT ONLY 9 ! =M ( ! HOMOG5E\S LABOR-TIME :I* HE BUYS = A PRICE1 BUT ALSO 9 ! =M ( ! AB/RACT LABOR :I* IS CONGEAL$ 9 COMMODITIES4 ,?IS REIFI$ LABOR1 ?IS AB/RACT LABOR :I* IS CRY/ALLIZ$1 CONGEAL$ 9 COMMODITIES1 0ACQUIRES A GIV5 SOCIAL =M0 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 NAMELY ! =M (' VALUE4 ,?US ,M>X 0MAKES ! '=M ( VALUE' ! SUBJECT ( HIS EXAM9ATION1 NAMELY VALUE AS ! SOCIAL =M ( ! PRODUCT ( LABOR -- ! =M :I* ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/S TOOK = GRANT$ 44407,RUB91 P4 #a#a#b74 ,?US1 ?R\< ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 ! CONCEPT ( REIFI$ LABOR BECOMES ! L9K BETWE5 ! !ORY ( ALI5ATION 9 ! ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #ahdd & ! !ORY ( VALUE 9 ,CAPITAL4 

,M>X'S EXPLANATION ( ! PH5OM5ON ( REIFICATION1 NAMELY ( ! FACT ?AT AB/RACT LABOR TAKES ! 0=M ( VALUE01 IS NO LONG] 9 T]MS ( PEOPLE'S HABITS1 BUT 9 T]MS ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A COMMODITY ECONOMY4 ,9 ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X PO9TS \T ?AT RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE >E REALIZ$ ?R\< ?+S1 & ?AT ?IS IS ! ONLY WAY !Y CAN BE REALIZ$ 9 A COMMODITY ECONOMY3 0,! SOCIAL CONNECTION BETWE5 ! WORK+ ACTIVITY ( 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY PRODUC]S IS REALIZ$ ONLY ?R\< ! EQUALIZATION ( ALL CONCRETE =MS ( LABOR1 & ?IS EQUALIZATION IS C>RI$ \T 9 ! =M ( AN EQUALIZATION ( ALL ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR AS VALUES0 7,RUB91 P4 #a#c74 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY TRUE ( RELATIONS AMONG CAPITALI/S AS BUY]S & SELL]S ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 BUT ALSO ( RELATIONS BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & WORK]S AS BUY]S & SELL]S ( LABOR-P[]4 ,IT IS TO BE NOT$ ?AT 9 ! COMMODITY ECONOMY1 ! LABOR] HIMSELF IS A 0FREE1 9DEP5D5T0 COMMODITY PRODUC]4 ,! COMMODITY HE PRODUCES IS HIS LABOR-P[]2 HE PRODUCES ?IS COMMODITY BY EAT+1 SLEEP+ & PROCREAT+4 ,9 ,DAVID ,RIC>DO'S LANGUAGE1 ! 0NATURAL PRICE ( LABOR0 IS ?AT PRICE :I* 5ABLES LABOR]S 0TO SUBSI/ & P]PETUATE !IR RACE01.<#d#h.>NAMELY TO REPRODUCE !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,! WORK] SELLS HIS COMMODITY ON ! LABOR M>KET 9 ! =M ( VALUE1 & 9 EX*ANGE = A GIV5 AM\NT ( HIS COMMODITY1 LABOR-P[]1 HE RECEIVES A GIV5 SUM ( VALUE1 NAMELY MONEY1 :I* HE 9 TURN EX*ANGES = ANO!R SUM ( VALUE1 NAMELY CONSUM] GOODS4 

,IT IS TO BE NOT$ ?AT ! LABOR] DOES NOT EX*ANGE CREATIVE P[] = CREATIVE P[]4 ,:5 ! WORK] SELLS HIS LABOR-P[] AS AB/RACT LABOR 9 ! =M ( VALUE1 HE TOTALLY ALI5ATES HIS CREATIVE P[]4 ,:5 ! CAPITALI/ BUYS A GIV5 QUANTITY ( ! WORK]'S LABOR-P[]1 SAY EI<T H\RS ( LABOR-P[]1 HE DOES NOT APPROPRIATE M]ELY A P>T ( ?AT QUANTITY1 SAY F\R H\RS1 9 ! =M ( SURPLUS LABOR2 ! CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATES ALL EI<T H\RS ( ! WORK]'S LABOR-P[]4 ,?IS LABOR-P[] !N CRY/ALLIZES1 CONGEALS 9 A GIV5 QUANTITY ( COMMODITIES :I* ! CAPITALI/ SELLS ON ! M>KET1 :I* HE EX*ANGES AS VALUES = EQUIVAL5T SUMS ( MONEY4 ,& :AT ! LABOR] GETS BACK = HIS ALI5AT$ LABOR-P[] IS A SUM ( MONEY :I* IS 0EQUIVAL5T 9 VALUE0 TO ! LABOR-P[]4 ,?IS RELATION ( EX*ANGE ( 0EQUIVAL5T VALUES01 NAMELY ! EX*ANGE ( A GIV5 NUMB] ( H\RS ( LABOR-P[] = A GIV5 SUM ( MONEY1 CONCEALS A QUANTITATIVE AS WELL AS A QUALITATIVE ASPECT ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! QUANTITATIVE ASPECT WAS TREAT$ BY ,M>X 9 HIS !ORY ( EXPLOITATION1 DEVELOP$ 9 ,VOLUME ,I ( ,CAPITAL4 ,! AM\NT :I* ! CAPITALI/ RECEIVES 9 EX*ANGE = ! COMMODITIES HE SELLS ON ! M>KET IS L>G] ?AN ! AM\NT :I* HE SP5DS = ! PRODUCTION ( ! COMMODITIES1 :I* MEANS ?AT ! CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATES A SURPLUS 9 ! =M ( PR(IT4 ,! QUALITATIVE ASPECT WAS TREAT$ BY ,M>X 9 HIS !ORY ( ALI5ATION1 & FUR!R DEVELOP$ 9 ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM4 ,! TWO T]MS ( ! EQUIVAL5CE RELATION >E NOT EQUIVAL5T QUALITIES2 !Y >E DIFF]5T 9 K9D4 ,:AT ! WORK] RECEIVES 9 EX*ANGE = HIS ALI5AT$ CREATIVE P[] IS AN 0EQUIVAL5T0 ONLY 9 A COMMODITY ECONOMY1 :]E MAN'S CREATIVE P[] IS R$UC$ TO A M>KETABLE COMMODITY & SOLD AS A VALUE4 ,9 EX*ANGE = HIS CREATIVE P[] ! WORK] RECEIVES A WAGE OR A SAL>Y1 NAMELY A SUM ( MONEY1 & 9 EX*ANGE = ?IS MONEY HE CAN PUR*ASE PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 BUT HE CANNOT PUR*ASE CREATIVE P[]4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 EX*ANGE = HIS CREATIVE P[] ! LABOR] GETS ?+S4 ,?US :5 ,M>X SPEAKS ( ! CAPITALI/'S APPROPRIATION ( 0SURPLUS VALUE0 OR 0SURPLUS LABOR01 HE REF]S TO ! QUANTITATIVE ASPECT ( EXPLOITATION1 NOT ! QUALITATIVE ASPECT4 ,QUALITATIVELY1 ! LABOR] ALI5ATES ! 5TIRETY ( HIS CREATIVE P[]1 HIS P[] TO P>TICIPATE CONSCI\SLY 9 %AP+ HIS MAT]IAL 5VIRONM5T ) ! PRODUCTIVE =CES HE 9H]ITS FROM PREVI\S TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT 0IT IS TRUE ?AT M5 DO R5T \T !IR S]VICES = A PRICE0 7,SAMUELSON71 & AS A RESULT1 0,! LESS Y\ >E1 ! LESS Y\ EXPRESS Y\R [N LIFE1 ! GREAT] IS Y\R ALI5AT$ LIFE1 ! MORE Y\ HAVE 4440.<#d#i.> 

,9 A COMMODITY ECONOMY1 PEOPLE RELATE TO EA* O!R ONLY ?R\<1 & BY MEANS (1 ! EX*ANGE ( ?+S2 ! RELATION ( PUR*ASE & SALE IS 0! BASIC RELATION ( COMMODITY SOCIETY0 7,RUB91 P4 #a#e74 ,PRODUCTION RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE >E E/ABLI%$ ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( ?+S BECAUSE 0P]MAN5T1 DIRECT RELATIONS BETWE5 DET]M9$ P]SONS :O >E [N]S ( DIFF]5T FACTORS ( PRODUCTIONS1 DO NOT EXI/4 ,! CAPITALI/1 ! WAGE LABOR]1 AS WELL AS ! L&[N]1 >E COMMODITY [N]S :O >E =MALLY 9DEP5D5T FROM EA* O!R4 ,DIRECT PRODUCTION RELATIONS AMONG !M HAVE YET TO BE E/ABLI%$1 & !N 9 A =M :I* IS USUAL = COMMODITY [N]S1 NAMELY 9 ! =M ( PUR*ASE & SALE0 7,RUB91 P4 #a#h2 ITALICS 9 ORIG9AL74 ,IT IS ON ! BASIS ( !SE REIFI$ SOCIAL RELATIONS1 NAMELY ON ! BASIS ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS :I* >E REALIZ$ ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( ?+S1 ?AT ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION IS C>RI$ \T 9 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BECAUSE ! 0PRODUCTION RELATIONS :I* >E E/ABLI%$ AMONG ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! DIFF]5T SOCIAL CLASSES 7! CAPITALI/1 WORK] & L&LORD71 RESULT 9 A GIV5 COMB9ATION ( TE*NICAL FACTORS ( PRODUCTION 44407,RUB91 P4#a#i74 ,?US IT IS ?R\<1 & BY MEANS (1 !SE REIFI$ SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT PRODUCTIVE =CES1 NAMELY TE*NOLOGY1 >E DEVELOP$ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,! CAPITALI/'S APPROPRIATION ( ! ALI5AT$ CREATIVE P[] ( SOCIETY TAKES ! =M ( AN APPROPRIATION ( ?+S1 ! =M ( ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY ?IS ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL ?AT DEF9ES ! CAPITALI/ AS A CAPITALI/3 0,! CAPITALI/'S /ATUS 9 PRODUCTION IS DET]M9$ BY HIS [N]%IP ( CAPITAL1 ( MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ( ?+S 44407,RUB91 P4 #a#i74 ,?US 9 ,VOLUME ,I,I,I ( ,CAPITAL1 ,M>X SAYS ?AT 0! CAPITALI/ IS M]ELY CAPITAL P]SONIFI$ & FUNCTIONS 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION SOLELY AS ! AG5T ( CAPITAL0.<#e.>& ?US ,RUB9 SPEAKS ( ! 0P]SONIFICATION ( ?+S0 7,RUB91 ,*APT] #c74 ,! CAPITAL GIVES ! CAPITALI/ ! P[] TO BUY EQUIPM5T & RAW MAT]IALS1 TO BUY LABOR-P[]1 TO 5GAGE ! MAT]IAL & HUMAN AG5TS 9 A PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY :I* RESULTS 9 A GIV5 SUM ( COMMODITIES4 ,9 ?IS PROCESS1 ! CAPITAL 0PUMPS A DEF9ITE QUANTITY ( SURPLUS-LABOR \T ( ! DIRECT PRODUC]S1 OR LABOR]S2 CAPITAL OBTA9S ?IS SURPLUS-LABOR )\T AN EQUIVAL5T1 & 9 ESS5CE IT ALWAYS REMA9S =C$ LABOR -- NO MATT] H[ MU* IT MAY SEEM TO RESULT FROM FREE CONTRACTUAL AGREEM5T40.<#e#a.>,9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY A MAN )\T CAPITAL DOES NOT HAVE ! P[] TO E/ABLI% !SE RELATIONS4 ,?US1 SUP]FICIALLY1 IT SEEMS ?AT CAPITAL1 A ?+1 POSSESSES ! P[] TO HIRE LABOR1 TO BUY EQUIPM5T1 TO COMB9E ! LABOR & ! EQUIPM5T 9 A PRODUCTIVE PROCESS1 TO YIELD PR(IT & 9T]E/1 0IT SEEMS ?AT ! ?+ ITSELF POSSESSES ! ABILITY1 ! VIRTUE1 TO E/ABLI% PRODUCTION RELATIONS40 7,RUB91 P4 #b#a74 ,9 ! WORDS ( ! (FICIAL ,AM]ICAN TEXTBOOK1 0,WAGES >E ! RETURN TO LABOR2 9T]E/ ! RETURN TO CAPITAL2 R5T ! RETURN TO L&40.<#e#b.> ,M>X CALL$ ?IS ! ,TR9ITY ,=MULA ( CAPITALISM3 0,9 ! =MULA3 CAPITAL -- 9T]E/1 L& -GR\ND-R5T1 LABOR -- WAGES1 CAPITAL1 L& & LABOR APPE> RESPECTIVELY AS S\RCES ( 9T]E/ 79/EAD ( PR(IT71 GR\ND-R5T & WAGES1 AS !IR PRODUCTS1 OR FRUITS1 ! =M] >E ! BASIS1 ! LATT] ! CONSEQU5CE1 ! =M] >E ! CAUSE1 ! LATT] ! EFFECT2 & 9DE$1 9 SU* A MANN] ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL S\RCE IS RELAT$ TO ITS PRODUCT AS TO ?AT :I* IS EJECT$ & PRODUC$ BY IT40.<#e#c.>,CAPITAL IS A ?+ :I* HAS ! P[] TO YIELD 9T]E/1 L& IS A ?+ :I* HAS ! P[] TO YIELD R5T1 LABOR IS A ?+ :I* HAS ! P[] TO YIELD WAGES1 & MONEY 0TRANS=MS FIDELITY 9TO 9FIDELITY1 LOVE 9TO HATE1 HATE 9TO LOVE1 VIRTUE 9TO VISE1 VISE 9TO VIRTUE1 S]VANT 9TO MA/]1 MA/] 9TO S]VANT1 IDIOCY 9TO 9TELLIG5CE1 & 9TELLIG5CE 9TO IDIOCY 01.<#e#d.>OR AS ,AM]ICAN BANKS ADV]TISE1 0MONEY WORKS = Y\40 ,RUB9 /ATES ?AT 0VULG> ECONOMI/S 444 ASSIGN ! P[] TO 9CREASE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR :I* IS 9H]5T 9 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & REPRES5TS !IR TE*NICAL FUNCTION1 TO CAPITAL1 I4E41 A SPECIFIC SOCIAL =M ( PRODUCTION 7!ORY ( PRODUCTIVITY ( CAPITAL70 7,RUB91 P4 #b#h71 & ! ECONOMI/ :O REPRES5TS ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I CONS5SUS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMICS PR(ESSION WRITES 9 #aifg ?AT 0CAPITAL HAS A NET PRODUCTIVITY 7OR REAL 9T]E/ YIELD7 ?AT CAN BE EXPRESS$ 9 ! =M ( A P]C5TAGE P] ANNUM 4440.<#e#e.> 

,A ?+ :I* POSSESSES SU* P[]S IS A FETI%1 & ! FETI% WORLD 0IS AN 5*ANT$1 P]V]T$1 TOPSY-TURVY WORLD1 9 :I* ,MI/] ,CAPITAL & ,MI/RESS ,L& C>RY ON !IR GOBL9 TRICKS AS SOCIAL *>ACT]S & AT ! SAME TIME AS M]E ?+S40.<#e#f.> ,M>X HAD DEF9$ ?IS PH5OM5ON 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL3 0 444 A DEF9ITE SOCIAL RELATION BETWE5 M5 444 ASSUMES1 9 !IR EYES1 ! FANTA/IC =M ( A RELATION BETWE5 ?+S4 ,9 ORD]1 !RE=E1 TO F9D AN ANALOGY1 WE MU/ HAVE REC\RSE TO ! MI/-5VELOP$ REGIONS ( ! RELIGI\S WORLD4 ,9 ?AT WORLD ! PRODUCTIONS ( ! HUMAN BRA9 APPE> AS 9DEP5D5T BE+S 5D[$ ) LIFE1 & 5T]+ 9TO RELATION BO? ) ONE ANO!R & ! HUMAN RACE4 ,SO IT IS 9 ! WORLD ( COMMODITIES ) ! PRODUCTS ( M5'S H&S4 ,?IS ,I CALL ! ,FETI%ISM :I* ATTA*ES ITSELF TO ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR1 SO SOON AS !Y >E PRODUC$ AS COMMODITIES1 & :I* IS !RE=E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! PRODUCTION ( COMMODITIES4 ,?IS ,FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES HAS ITS ORIG9 444 9 ! PECULI> SOCIAL *>ACT] ( ! LABOR ?AT PRODUCES !M40.<#e#g.> ,! FETI%I/1 SY/EMATICALLY ATTRIBUT+ TO ?+S ! \TCOMES ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 IS L$ TO BIZ>RE CONCLUSIONS3 0,:AT IS PR(IT ! RETURN TO8 444 ! ECONOMI/1 AFT] C>EFUL ANALYSIS1 5DS UP RELAT+ ! CONCEPT ( PR(IT TO DYNAMIC 9NOVATION & UNC]TA9TY1 & TO ! PROBLEMS ( MONOPOLY & 9C5TIVES40.<#e#h.> ,RUB9 PO9TS \T ?AT1 0,9/EAD ( CONSID]+ TE*NICAL & SOCIAL PH5OM5A AS DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( HUMAN WORK+ ACTIVITY1 ASPECTS :I* >E CLOSELY RELAT$ BUT DIFF]5T1 VULG> ECONOMI/S PUT !M ON ! SAME LEVEL1 ON ! SAME SCI5TIFIC PLANE SO TO SPEAK444 ,?IS ID5TIFICATION ( ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION ) ITS SOCIAL =MS 444 CRUELLY REV5GES ITSELF0 7,RUB91 P4 #b#h71 & ! ECONOMI/S >E A/ONI%$ TO F9D ?AT 0:AT !Y HAVE JU/ ?\<T TO HAVE DEF9$ ) GREAT DIFFICULTY AS A ?+ SUDD5LY APPE>S AS A SOCIAL RELATION & !N REAPPE>S TO TEASE !M AGA9 AS A ?+1 BE=E !Y HAVE B>ELY MANAG$ TO DEF9E IT AS A SOCIAL RELATION40.<#e#i.> 

,! =CES ( PRODUCTION 0ALI5AT$ FROM LABOR & CONFRONT+ IT 9DEP5D5TLY0.<#f.>9 ! =M ( CAPITAL1 GIVE ! CAPITALI/ P[] OV] ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 0,! CAPITALI/ GL[S ) ! REFLECT$ LI<T ( HIS CAPITAL0 7,RUB91 P4#b#e71 & HE IS ABLE TO GL[ ONLY BECAUSE ! PRODUCTIVE P[] ( ! WORK]S HAS BE5 CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 PRODUCTIVE =CES & ACCUMULAT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ 9 ! =M ( CAPITAL4 ,! CAPITALI/1 AS POSSESSOR ( CAPITAL1 N[ CONFRONTS ! RE/ ( SOCIETY AS ! ONE AT :OSE DISCRETION PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION TAKE PLACE2 HE CONFRONTS SOCIETY AS ITS RUL]4 ,?IS PROCESS IS CELEBRAT$ 9 ! (FICIAL ECONOMICS TEXTBOOK3 0,PR(ITS & HI< FACTOR RETURNS >E ! BAIT2 ! C>ROTS DANGL$ BE=E US 5T]PRIS+ DONKEYS4 ,LOSSES >E \R P5ALTY KICKS4 ,PR(ITS GO TO ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 EFFICI5T 9 ! PA/ -- EFFICI5T 9 MAK+ ?+S1 9 SELL+ ?+S1 9 =ESEE+ ?+S4 ,?R\< PR(ITS1 SOCIETY IS GIV+ ! COMM& OV] NEW V5TURES TO ?OSE :O HAVE PIL$ UP A RECORD ( SUCCESS40.<#f#a.> 

,IT CAN N[ BE %[N ?AT ! PREC$+ SEQU5CE IS A DETAIL$ DEVELOPM5T1 CL>IFICATION1 & CONCRETIZATION ( ! !ORY ( ALI5ATION :I* ,M>X HAD PRES5T$ 9 #a#h#d#d4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 BY COMP>+ ! SEQU5CE ) A PASSAGE CIT$ E>LI]1 WRITT5 A QU>T] ( A C5TURY BE=E ! PUBLICATION ( ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL1 & NE>LY HALF A C5TURY BE=E ! ?IRD VOLUME3 0,! OBJECT PRODUC$ BY LABOR1 ITS PRODUCT1 N[ /&S OPPOS$ TO IT AS AN ALI5 BE+1 AS A P[] 9DEP5D5T ( ! PRODUC]4 ,! PRODUCT ( LABOR :I* HAS BE5 EMBODI$ 9 AN OBJECT1 & TURN$ 9TO A PHYSICAL ?+2 ?IS PRODUCT IS AN OBJECTIFICATION ( LABOR4444 ,! ALI5ATION ( ! WORK] 9 HIS PRODUCT MEANS NOT ONLY ?AT HIS LABOR BECOMES AN OBJECT1 TAKES ON ITS [N EXI/5CE1 BUT ?AT IT EXI/S \TSIDE HIM1 9DEP5D5TLY1 & ALI5 TO HIM1 & ?AT IT /&S OPPOS$ TO HIM AS AN AUTONOM\S P[]4 ,! LIFE :I* HE HAS GIV5 TO ! OBJECT SETS ITSELF AGA9/ HIM AS AN ALI5 & HO/ILE =CE40.<#f#b.> ,?IS PASSAGE SEEMS1 9 RETROSPECT1 LIKE A SUMM>Y ( ! !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM4 ,H[EV]1 ! DEF9ITIONS1 ! CONCEPTS1 ! DETAIL$ RELATION%IPS :I* ! PASSAGE SEEMS TO SUMM>IZE W]E DEVELOP$ BY ,M>X ONLY DECADES LAT]4 

,! NEXT TASK IS TO EXAM9E ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE )9 ! CONTEXT ( HIS !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM1 S9CE1 AS ,RUB9 PO9TS \T1 0,! !ORY ( FETI%ISM IS1 P] SE1 ! BASIS ( ,M>X'S 5TIRE ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & 9 P>TICUL> ( HIS !ORY ( VALUE0 7,RUB91 P4 #e74 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ,RUB9 DI/+UI%ES ?REE ASPECTS ( VALUE3 IT IS 07,I7 A SOCIAL RELATION AMONG PEOPLE1 7#b7 :I* ASSUMES A MAT]IAL =M & 7#c7 IS RELAT$ TO ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION0 7,RUB91 P4#f#c74 ,! SUBJECT ( ! !ORY ( VALUE IS ! WORK+ ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE1 OR AS ,RUB9 DEF9ES IT3 0,! SUBJECT MATT] ( ! !ORY ( VALUE IS ! 9T]RELATIONS ( V>I\S =MS ( LABOR 9 ! PROCESS ( !IR DI/RIBUTION1 :I* IS E/ABLI%$ ?R\< ! RELATION ( EX*ANGE AMONG ?+S1 I4E41 PRODUCTS ( LABOR0 7,RUB91 P4 #f#g74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! SUBJECT ( ! !ORY ( VALUE IS LABOR AS IT IS MANIFE/$ 9 ! COMMODITY ECONOMY3 H]E LABOR DOES NOT TAKE ! =M ( CONSCI\S1 CREATIVE P>TICIPATION 9 ! PROCESS ( TRANS=M+ ! MAT]IAL 5VIRONM5T2 IT TAKES ! =M ( AB/RACT LABOR :I* IS CONGEAL$ 9 COMMODITIES & SOLD ON ! M>KET AS VALUE4 0,! SPECIFIC *>ACT] ( ! COMMODITY ECONOMY CONSI/S ( ! FACT ?AT ! MAT]IAL-TE*NICAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION IS NOT DIRECTLY REGULAT$ BY SOCIETY BUT IS DIRECT$ BY 9DIVIDUAL COMMODITY PRODUC]S444 ,! PRIVATE LABOR ( SEP>ATE COMMODITY PRODUC]S IS CONNECT$ ) ! LABOR ( ALL O!R COMMODITY PRODUC]S & BECOMES SOCIAL LABOR ONLY IF ! PRODUCT ( ONE PRODUC] IS EQUALIZ$ AS A VALUE ) ALL O!R COMMODITIES0 7,RUB91 P4#g74 ,BE=E ANALYZ+ H[ LABOR IS ALLOCAT$ ?R\< ! EQUALIZATION ( ?+S1 NAMELY H[ HUMAN ACTIVITY IS REGULAT$ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ,RUB9 PO9TS \T ?AT ! =M :I* LABOR TAKES 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS ! =M ( VALUE3 0,! REIFICATION ( LABOR 9 VALUE IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONCLUSION ( ! !ORY ( FETI%ISM1 :I* EXPLA9S ! 9EVITABILITY ( 'REIFICATION' ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE 9 A COMMODITY ECONOMY0 7,RUB91 P4#g#b74 ,?US ! !ORY ( VALUE IS AB\T ! REGULATION ( LABOR2 IT IS ?IS FACT ?AT MO/ CRITICS ( ! !ORY FAIL$ TO GRASP4 

,! QUE/ION ,M>X RAISES IS H[ ! WORK+ ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE IS REGULAT$ 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,HIS !ORY ( VALUE IS (F]$ AS AN ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,IT WILL BE %[N ?AT MO/ CRITICS DO NOT (F] A DIFF]5T ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ,M>X RAISES1 !Y OBJECT TO ! QUE/ION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ECONOMI/S DO NOT SAY ?AT ,M>X GIVES ]RONE\S ANSW]S TO ! QUE/ION HE RAISES1 BUT ?AT HE GIVES ]RONE\S ANSW]S TO ! QUE/IONS !Y RAISE3 

,M>X ASKS3 ,H[ IS HUMAN WORK+ ACTIVITY REGULAT$ 9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY8 

,M>X ANSW]S3 ,HUMAN WORK+ ACTIVITY IS ALI5AT$ BY ONE CLASS1 APPROPRIAT$ BY ANO!R CLASS1 CONGEAL$ 9 COMMODITIES1 & SOLD ON A M>KET 9 ! =M ( VALUE4 

,! ECONOMI/S ANSW]3 ,M>X IS WRONG4 ,M>KET PRICE IS NOT DET]M9$ BY LABOR2 IT IS DET]M9$ BY ! PRICE ( PRODUCTION & BY DEM&4 0,! GREAT ,ALFR$ ,M>%ALL0 9SI/$ ?AT 0M>KET PRICE -- ?AT IS1 ECONOMIC VALUE -- WAS DET]M9$ BY BO? SUPPLY & DEM&1 :I* 9T]ACT ) ONE ANO!R 9 MU* ! SAME WAY AS ,ADAM ,SMI? DESCRIB$ ! OP]ATION ( COMPETITIVE M>KETS40.<#f#c.> 

,M>X WAS P]FECTLY AW>E ( ! ROLE ( SUPPLY & DEM& 9 DET]M9+ M>KET PRICE1 AS WILL BE %[N BEL[4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ,M>X DID NOT ASK :AT DET]M9ES M>KET PRICE2 HE ASK$ H[ WORK+ ACTIVITY IS REGULAT$4 

,! %IFT ( ! QUE/ION BEGAN ALREADY 9 ! #a#h#g'S1 BE=E ! PUBLICATION ( ! SECOND & ?IRD VOLUMES ( ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL4 ,AT ?AT TIME CAPITALI/ ECONOMI/S REVIV$ ! UTILITY !ORY ( VALUE ( ,JEAN ,BAPTI/E ,SAY & ! SUPPLY-DEM& !ORY ( PRICE ( ,AUGU/9 ,C\RNOT1.<#f#d.>BO? ( :I* W]E DEVELOP$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY4 ,! VIRTUE ( BO? APPROA*ES WAS ?AT !Y TOLD NO?+ AB\T ! REGULATION ( HUMAN WORK+ ACTIVITY 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 & ?IS FACT /RONGLY RECOMM5D$ !M TO ! PR(ESSIONAL ECONOMI/S ( A BUS9ESS SOCIETY4 ,! REVIVAL ( ,SAY & ,C\RNOT WAS HAIL$ AS A NEW DISCOV]Y1 S9CE ! 0NEW PR9CIPLE0 DREW A HEAVY CURTA9 OV] ! QUE/IONS ,M>X HAD RAIS$4 0,! NEW PR9CIPLE WAS A SIMPLE ONE3 ! VALUE ( A PRODUCT OR S]VICE IS DUE NOT TO ! LABOR EMBODI$ 9 IT BUT TO ! USEFULNESS ( ! LA/ UNIT PUR*AS$4 ,?AT1 9 ESS5CE1 WAS ! PR9CIPLE ( M>G9AL UTILITY01 ACCORD+ TO ! HI/ORIAN ,FUSFELD4.<#f#e.> ,9 ! EYES ( ! ,AM]ICAN ECONOMI/ ,ROB]T ,CAMPBELL1 ! REAPPE>ANCE ( ! UTILITY !ORY BR\<T ORD] 9TO *AOS3 0,! RECONCILIATION ( ALL !SE CONFLICT+ P>TIAL EXPLANATIONS 9TO A UNIFI$ G5]AL !ORY ( VALUE CAME ONLY 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY ) ! CONCEPT ( G5]AL EQUILIBRIUM & ! R$UCTION ( ALL EXPLANATIONS TO ! COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( UTILITY BY ! WRIT]S ( ! UTILITY S*OOL40.<#f#f.> ,FUSFELD PO9TS \T ! MA9 REASON = ! EXCITEM5T3 0,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM ?IS L9E ( ?9K+ WAS ?AT A SY/EM ( FREE M>KETS T5D$ TO MAXIMIZE 9DIVIDUAL WELF>E40.<#f#g.> ,IT WAS ONCE AGA9 POSSIBLE TO TAKE = GRANT$ )\T QUE/ION+ PRECISELY :AT ,M>X HAD QUE/ION$4 ,AFT] HAIL+ ! REAPPE>ANCE ( ! UTILITY !ORY1 ,CAMPBELL GOES ON TO R$EF9E ECONOMICS 9 SU* A WAY AS TO EXCLUDE ! V]Y QUE/IONS ,M>X HAD RAIS$4 ,CAMPBELL DOES ?IS EXPLICITLY3 0,ONE REFLECTION ( ?IS NEW 9SI<T 9TO ! PROBLEM ( VALUE WAS ! =MULATION ( A NEW DEF9ITION ( ECONOMICS1 ! ONE COMMONLY US$ TODAY1 AS ! !ORY ( ALLOCATION ( SC>CE RES\RCES AMONG COMPET+ 5DS40.<#f#h.> ,)\T M5TION+ ?AT HIS [N IDEAS AB\T VALUE W]E EXTANT AT ! TIME ( ,RIC>DO1 ! SCI5TIFIC ECONOMI/ ,CAMPBELL PROCE$S TO DISPOSE ( ,M>X = RETA9+ 0IDEAS AB\T VALUE EXTANT AT ! TIME ( ,RIC>DO04 ,CAMPBELL !N USES ! RE/RA9$1 OBJECTIVE LANGUAGE ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL SCI5CE TO SUMM>IZE ,M>X'S LIFE WORK3 0,M>X TOOK ! !ORY ( VALUE AS IT !N EXI/$1 & COMP\ND$ FROM SOME ( ITS CONFUSIONS A !ORY ( ! DYNAMICS ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 7,IT MI<T BE MORE ACCURATE TO DESCRIBE ! PROCESS ! O!R WAY R\ND3 ,M>X HAD ! CONCLUSIONS & WAS TRY+ TO %[ H[ !Y FL[$ RIGOR\SLY & 9EVITABLY FROM ! !ORY ( VALUE !N G5]ALLY ACCEPT$4 ,) ! B5EFIT ( H9DSI<T WE MAY LOOK BACK ON HIS EF=T AS A R$UCTIO AD ABSURDOM TE*NIQUE = PROV+ ! DEFICI5CIES ( ,RIC>DIAN VALUE !ORY470 ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS ?OR\< ANALYSIS ( ,M>X'S WORK1 ,CAMPBELL DISPASSIONATELY CONCLUDES3 0,?US ! BONDAGE ( A ,M>XI/ H]ITAGE 9 ECONOMIC !ORY IS NOT SO MU* ?AT ! ,M>XI/ VIEW IS SIMPLY WRONG 9 ONE P>TICUL> 7I4E41 ?AT IT ASSUMES ?AT VALUE IS CREAT$ ONLY BY LABOR7 AS ?AT IT DOES NOT COMPREH5D ! BASIC PROBLEM ( ECONOMIC !ORY444 IT HAS NOT A*IEV$ A FULL UND]/&+ ( :AT A VALID ECONOMIC !ORY MU/ ILLUM9ATE4 ,?AT A*IEVEM5T CAME 9 ! MA9/REAM ( WORLD ECONOMIC !ORIZ+ ONLY AFT] ,M>XISM HAD ALREADY TAK5 ! TURN+ TO 5T] ! BL9D ALLEY M5TION$ ABOVE40.<#f#i.> ,) ECONOMICS ?US R$EF9$ & ,M>X DISPOS$ (1 IT BECOMES POSSIBLE1 ONCE AGA91 TO HOLD ON TO 0A !ORY ( VALUE ON ! BASIS ( ANALYSIS ( ! ACT ( EX*ANGE AS SU*1 ISOLAT$ FROM A DET]M9$ SOCIAL-ECONOMIC CONTEXT0 7,RUB91 PP4 #h#e-#h#f74 

,?US ECONOMI/S DID NOT REPLACE ,M>X'S ANSW]S TO HIS QUE/IONS ) MORE ACCURATE ANSW]S2 !Y ?REW \T ! QUE/IONS1 & REPLAC$ !M ) QUE/IONS AB\T SC>CITY & M>KET PRICE2 ?US ECONOMI/S 0%IFT$ ! :OLE FOCUS ( ECONOMICS AWAY FROM ! GREAT ISSUE ( SOCIAL CLASSES & !IR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 :I* HAS BE5 EMPHASIZ$ BY ,RIC>DO & ,M>X1 & C5T]$ ECONOMIC !ORY UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL40.<#g.>,FUSFELD ALSO EXPLA9S :Y ! ECONOMI/S %IFT$ ! FOCUS3 0,! ECONOMI/S & !IR HI<LY AB/RACT !ORIES W]E P>T ( ! SAME SOCIAL & 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ?AT BR\<T =? ! LEGAL !ORIES ( ,/EPH5 ,FIELD & ! FOLKLORE ( ! SELF-MADE MAN01.<#g#a.>I4E41 ! ECONOMI/S >E IDEOLOGICALLY AT ONE ) ! RUL+ CLASS1 ! CAPITALI/S1 OR AS ,SAMUELSON PUT IT1 0,PR(ITS & HI< FACTOR RETURNS >E ! BAIT1 ! C>ROTS DANGL$ BE=E US 5T]PRIS+ DONKEYS40.<#g#b.> 

,EV5 !ORI/S :OSE PRIM>Y AIM WAS NOT ! CELEBRATION ( CAPITALISM HAVE 9T]PRET$ ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE AS A !ORY ( RES\RCE ALLOCATION OR A !ORY ( PRICE1 & HAVE UND]EMPHASIZ$ OR EV5 TOTALLY OV]LOOK$ ! SOCIOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ( ! !ORY4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT PROBLEMS ( RES\RCE ALLOCATION OR PRICE HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) A HI/ORICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ( CAPITALISM1 OR ?AT ! ELUCIDATION ( ONE ASPECT WILL NECESS>ILY ADD NO?+ TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! O!RS4 ,! PO9T H]E IS ?AT A !ORY ( RES\RCE ALLOCATION OR A PRICE !ORY NE$ NOT EXPLA9 :Y HUMAN WORK+ ACTIVITY IS REGULAT$ ?R\< ?+S 9 ! CAPITALI/ HI/ORICAL =M ( ECONOMY1 S9CE ! !ORY ( RES\RCE ALLOCATION OR ! PRICE !ORY CAN BEG9 ITS ANALYSIS BY TAK+ CAPITALISM = GRANT$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A HI/ORICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY NE$ NOT EXPLA9 ! ALLOCATION ( RES\RCES OR ! COMPON5TS ( PRICE 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO *>ACT]IZE ! =M :I* HUMAN WORK+ ACTIVITY ASSUMES 9 A GIV5 HI/ORICAL CONTEXT4 ,A PRICE !ORI/ MAY CONC]N HIMSELF EXPLICITLY ) ! SOCIAL =M ( ! ECONOMY :OSE PRICES HE EXAM9ES1 JU/ AS ,M>X DID CONC]N HIMSELF EXPLICITLY ) PROBLEMS ( PRICE & ALLOCATION4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ALL PRICE !ORI/S OR RES\RCE ALLOCATORS NECESS>ILY EXHAU/ ! SOCIOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL PROBLEMS1 OR EV5 ?AT !Y HAVE ! SLI<TE/ AW>5ESS ( CAPITALISM AS A SPECIFIC HI/ORICAL =M ( ECONOMY1 JU/ AS IT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,M>X NECESS>ILY EXHAU/$ ! PROBLEMS ( PRICE DET]M9ATION OR RES\RCE ALLOCATION1 EV5 ?\< HE HAD F> MORE PR(\ND AW>5ESS ( !SE PROBLEMS ?AN MO/ ( HIS SUP]FICIAL CRITICS1 & EV5 SOME ( HIS SUP]FICIAL FOLL[]S1 GIVE HIM CR$IT =4 

,OSK> B+E PO9T$ \T ?AT 0LEAD+ WRIT]S ( ! ,M>XI/ S*OOL0 LOOK$ TO ,M>X = A PRICE !ORY1 & CONSEQU5TLY 0!Y SAW & SOLV$ ! PROBLEM ONLY )9 ! LIMITS ( ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE1 BE+ ?US SUBJECT TO ALL ! LIMITATIONS ( ! CLASSICAL !ORY40.<#g#c.> ,YET B+E HIMSELF SAW ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE AS AN ATTEMPT TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( RES\RCE ALLOCATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO B+E1 ,M>X 0SEEMS TO HAVE ?\<T ( LABOR AS ! ONLY K9D ( SC>CE RES\RCE TO BE DI/RIBUT$ BETWE5 DIFF]5T USES & WANT$ TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM BY ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE40.<#g#d.> ,IT WAS RA!R ,LANGE :O DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO DEVELOP+ A !ORY ( RES\RCE ALLOCATION1 NOT ,M>X1 & 0! UNSATISFACTORY *>ACT] ( ?IS SOLUTION0.<#g#e.> IS CLE>LY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ,M>X'S !ORY WAS NOT PRES5T$ AS A SOLUTION TO B+E'S PROBLEMS4 

,F]D ,GOT!IL1 9 A REC5T BOOK ON ,M>X1 EXPLICITLY R$UCES ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE TO A !ORY ( PRICE4 ,UNLIKE SUP]FICIAL CRITICS ( ,M>X1 ,GOT!IL PO9TS \T ?AT ,M>X WAS AW>E ?AT 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY PRICES >E NOT DET]M9$ BY ! 0LABOR CONT5T0 ( COMMODITIES3 0,! CONCEPT ( PRICE :I* IS 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! ,M>XIAN ECONOMIC SY/EM IS1 )\T EXCEPTION1 ! PRICES-(-PRODUCTION CONCEPT 444 0.<#g#f.> ,H[EV]1 BY R$UC+ ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE TO A PRICE !ORY1 ,GOT!IL PULLS ,M>X'S !ORY \T ( ITS SOCIOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL CONTEXT 7,GOT!IL DOES NOT EV5 M5TION ,M>X'S !ORY ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM74 ,9 ?IS WAY ,GOT!IL R$UCES ,M>X'S HI/ORICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ( ! COMMODITY CAPITALI/ ECONOMY TO A ME*ANI/IC SY/EM FROM :I* ,GOT!IL ME*ANICALLY D]IVES OV] #ae 0PR$ICTIONS04 

,JOAN ,ROB9SON KN[S ?AT ! CON/RUCTION ( A !ORY ( PRICE WAS NOT ! PRIM>Y AIM ( ,M>X'S ANALYSIS1 & SAYS ?AT ,M>X 0FELT OBLIG$ TO (F] A !ORY ( RELATIVE PRICES1 BUT ?\< HE ?\<T IT ESS5TIAL WE CAN SEE ?AT IT IS IRRELEVANT TO ! MA9 PO9T ( HIS >GUM5T40.<#g#g.> ,H[EV]1 ,ROB9SON SEEMS TO BE UNAW>E ( JU/ :AT 0! PO9T ( ! >GUM5T0 WAS3 0,! PO9T ( ! >GUM5T WAS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,ACCEPT+ ! DOGMA ?AT ALL ?+S EX*ANGE AT PRICES PROPORTIONAL TO !IR VALUES1 ,M>X APPLIES IT TO LABOR P[]4 ,?IS IS ! CLUE ?AT EXPLA9S CAPITALISM4 ,! WORK] RECEIVES HIS VALUE1 HIS CO/ 9 T]MS ( LABOR-TIME1 & ! EMPLOY] MAKES USE ( HIM TO PRODUCE MORE VALUE ?AN HE CO/S40.<#g#h.> ,HAV+ R$UC$ ,M>X'S WORK TO ?IS 0>GUM5T01 ,ROB9SON IS ABLE TO CONCLUDE3 0,ON ?IS PLANE ! :OLE >GUM5T APPE>S TO BE METAPHYSICAL1 IT PROVIDES A TYPICAL EXAMPLE ( ! WAY METAPHYSICAL IDEAS OP]ATE4 ,LOGICALLY IT IS A M]E RIGM>OLE ( WORDS BUT = ,M>X IT WAS A FLOOD ( ILLUM9ATION & = LATT]-DAY ,M>XI/S1 A S\RCE ( 9SPIRATION40.<#g#i.> 

,9 AN ESSAY WRITT5 MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY BE=E ,JOAN ,ROB9SON'S ,ECONOMIC ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,?OR/E9 ,VEBL5 CAME MU* CLOS] ?AN ,ROB9SON TO 0! PO9T0 ( ,M>X'S WORK3 0 444 )9 ! DOMA9 ( UNFOLD+ HUMAN CULTURE1 :I* IS ! FIELD ( ,M>XIAN SPECULATION AT L>GE1 ,M>X HAS MORE P>TICUL>LY DEVOT$ HIS EF=TS TO AN ANALYSIS & !ORETICAL =MULATION ( ! PRES5T SITUATION -- ! CURR5T PHASE ( ! PROCESS1 ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM4 ,&1 S9CE ! PREVAIL+ MODE ( ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS DET5NAIES ! 9/ITUTIONAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & SPIRITUAL LIFE ( ! EPO*1 BY DET]M9+ ! =M & ME?OD ( ! CURR5T CLASS /RUGGLE1 ! DISCUSSION NECESS>ILY BEG9S ) ! !ORY ( 'CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION1' OR PRODUCTION AS C>RI$ ON UND] ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM40.<#h.> ,VEBL5 WAS ALSO ACUTELY AW>E ( ! IRRELEVANCE ( CRITIQUES BAS$ ON A R$UCTION ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE TO A PRICE !ORY3 0,M>X'S CRITICS COMMONLY ID5TIFY ! CONCEPT ( 'VALUE' ) ?AT ( 'EX*ANGE VALUE1' & %[ ?AT ! !ORY ( 'VALUE' DOES NOT SQU>E ) ! RUN ( ! FACTS ( PRICE UND] ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION1 PI\SLY HOP+ !REBY TO HAVE REFUT$ ! ,M>XIAN DOCTR9E1 :]EAS1 ( C\RSE1 !Y HAVE = ! MO/ P>T NOT T\*$ IT40.<#h#a.> 

,M>X'S ME?OD1 HIS APPROA* TO ! PROBLEM HE RAIS$1 WAS DESIGN$ TO COPE ) ?AT PROBLEM1 NOT ) ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY HIS CRITICS1 I4E41 TO ANSW] H[ ! DI/RIBUTION ( LABOR IS REGULAT$1 & NOT :Y PEOPLE BUY GOODS1 OR H[ RES\RCES >E ALLOCAT$1 OR :AT DET]M9ES M>KET PRICE4 ,?US IT WAS NOT 9 ORD] TO DEF9E :AT DET]M9ES M>KET PRICE1 BUT 9 ORD] TO FOCUS ON ! PROBLEM ( ! REGULATION ( LABOR ?AT ,M>X AB/RACT$ FROM ! REAL CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 ?AT HE R$UC$ IT TO ITS B>E ESS5TIALS1 SO TO SPEAK4 ,CAPITALISM IS A COMMODITY ECONOMY2 SOCIAL RELATIONS >E NOT E/ABLI%$ DIRECTLY BUT ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( ?+S4 ,9 ORD] TO LE>N H[ LABOR IS REGULAT$ 9 AN ECONOMY :]E ?IS REGULATION TAKES PLACE ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( ?+S1 ,M>X CON/RUCTS A MODEL ( A 0SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY01 NAMELY AN AB/RACT ECONOMY 9 :I* SOCIAL RELATIONS >E E/ABLI%$ ?R\< ! EX*ANGE ( ?+S1 & 9 :I* ! RATIO >\ND :I* COMMODITIES T5D TO EX*ANGE IS DET]M9$ BY ! LABOR-TIME EXP5D$ ON !IR PRODUCTION4 ,! /ATEM5T ?AT COMMODITIES EX*ANGE 9 T]MS ( ! LABOR-TIME EXP5D$ ON !IR PRODUCTION IS !N A TAUTOLOGY1 S9CE IT IS CONTA9$ 9 ! DEF9ITION ( ,M>X'S MODEL4 ,! PO9T ( ! AB/RACTION IS TO FOCUS ON ! REGULATION ( LABOR 9 A COMMODITY ECONOMY1 NOT TO ANSW] :AT DET]M9ES PRICE 9 ! ACTUAL CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT IT IS IRRELEVANT TO OBS]VE ?AT !RE >E 0O!R FACTORS ( PRODUCTION0 7SU* AS L& & CAPITAL7 S9CE1 AS ,RUB9 PO9TS \T1 0! !ORY ( VALUE DOES NOT DEAL ) LABOR AS A TE*NICAL FACTOR ( PRODUCTION1 BUT ) ! WORK+ ACTIVITY ( PEOPLE AS ! BASIS ( ! LIFE ( SOCIETY1 & ) ! SOCIAL =MS )9 :I* ?AT LABOR IS C>RI$ \T0 7,RUB91 P4 #h#b74 ,IT IS ALSO IRRELEVANT TO PO9T \T ?AT 0?+S O!R ?AN LABOR0 >E EX*ANG$1 S9CE 0,M>X DOES NOT ANALYZE EV]Y EX*ANGE ( ?+S1 BUT ONLY ! EQUALIZATION ( COMMODITIES ?R\< :I* ! SOCIAL EQUALIZATION ( LABOR IS C>RI$ \T 9 ! COMMODITY ECONOMY0 7,RUB91 P4 #a#a74 ,M>X'S AB/RACTION IS NOT DESIGN$ TO EXPLA9 EV]Y?+2 IT IS DESIGN$ TO EXPLA9 ! REGULATION ( LABOR 9 A COMMODITY ECONOMY4 

,9 ,*APT] #b ( HIS ECONOMICS TEXTBOOK1 ,PAUL ,SAMUELSON F9DS ,M>X'S ME?OD TOTALLY UNACCEPTABLE4 ,?IS ACADEMICIAN1 :OSE SIGNIFICANCE 9 ,AM]ICAN ECONOMICS CAN PROBABLY BE COMP>$ TO ,LYS5KO'S 9 ,SOVIET G5ETICS1 SUMM>IZES ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE AS FOLL[S3 0,! FAM\S 'LABOR !ORY ( VALUE' WAS ADAPT$ BY ,K>L ,M>X FROM SU* CLASSICAL WRIT]S AS ,ADAM ,SMI? & ,DAVID ,RIC>DO4 ,!RE IS NO BETT] 9TRODUCTION TO IT ?AN TO QUOTE FROM ,ADAM ,SMI?'S ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS4 ,SMI? EMPLOY$ ! QUA9T NOTION ( A ,GOLD5 ,AGE1 A K9D ( ,$51 :]E9 DWELT ! NOBLE SAVAGE BE=E L& & CAPITAL HAD BECOME SC>CE & :5 HUMAN LABOR ALONE C\NT$40.<#h#b.> ,HAV+ DEMON/RAT$ HIS UND]/&+ ( ! !ORY1 ,SAMUELSON !N PROCE$S TO A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( IT1 US+ ! OBJECTIVE1 RE/RA9$1 NON-IDEOLOGICAL LANGUAGE ( ! ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL SCI5CES3 0,K>L ,M>X1 A C5TURY AGO 9 ,DAS ,KAPITAL 7#a#h#f#g71 UN=TUNATELY CLUNG MORE /UBBORNLY ?AN ,SMI? TO ! OV]SIMPLE LABOR !ORY4 ,?IS PROVID$ HIM ) A P]SUASIVE T]M9OLOGY = DECLAIM+ AGA9/ 'EXPLOITATION ( LABOR'1 BUT CON/ITUT$ BAD SCI5TIFIC ECONOMICS 444 0.<#h#c.> ,BE=E DRIV+ HIS DEMON/RATION TO ITS CONCLUSION1 ,SAMUELSON (F]S HIS [N !ORY ( ! ORIG9S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY2 PROP]TY GR[S \T ( SC>CITY JU/ AS NATURALLY AS BABIES GR[ \T ( WOMBS3 0,BUT SUPPOSE ?AT WE HAVE LEFT ,$5 & ,AGRICULTURAL GOODS DO REQUIRE1 ALONG ) LABOR1 F]TILE L& ?AT HAS GR[N SC>CE 5\< TO HAVE BECOME PRIVATE PROP]TY40.<#h#d.> ,ON ! BASIS ( ?IS PR(\ND HI/ORICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ( ! ECONOMY 9 :I* HE LIVES1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,LYS5KO CONCLUDES3 0,ONCE FACTORS O!R ?AN LABOR BECOME SC>CE444 ,! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE FAILS4 ,Q4,E4,D40.<#h#e.> 

,H[EV]1 9 ,*APT] #cd ( ! SAME TEXTBOOK1 ! SAME ,SAMUELSON EXPLA9S ! 0,LAW ( ,COMP>ATIVE ,ADVANTAGE0 ) ! SAME ME?OD ( AB/RACTION :I* ,M>X HAD US$1 NAMELY HE EMPLOYS ! SAME LABOR !ORY ( VALUE.<#h#f.>9 ! SAME MANN]1 & HE REF]S TO ! SAME S\RCE1 ,RIC>DO4 ,SAMUELSON EV5 TELLS ! READ] ?AT LAT] ON HE 0CAN GIVE SOME ( ! NE$$ QUALIFICATIONS :5 \R SIMPLE ASSUMPTIONS >E RELAX$40.<#h#g.> ,9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO HIS TEXTBOOK1 ,SAMUELSON EV5 DEF5DS ! ME?OD ( AB/RACTION3 0,EV5 IF WE HAD MORE & BETT] DATA1 IT W\LD /ILL BE NECESS>Y AS 9 EV]Y SCI5CE TO SIMPLIFY1 TO AB/RACT1 FROM ! 9F9ITE MASS ( DETAIL4 ,NO M9D CAN COMPREH5D A BUNDLE ( UNRELAT$ FACTS4 ,ALL ANALYSIS 9VOLVES AB/RACTION4 ,IT IS ALWAYS NECESS>Y TO IDEALIZE1 TO OMIT DETAIL1 TO SET UP SIMPLE HYPO!SES & PATT]NS BY :I* ! FACTS CAN BE RELAT$1 TO SET UP ! RI<T QUE/IONS BE=E GO+ \T TO LOOK AT ! WORLD AS IT IS40.<#h#h.> ,?US ,SAMUELSON CANNOT BE OPPOS$ TO ,M>X'S ME?OD ( ANALYSIS2 :AT BO!RS HIM IS ! SUBJECT MATT]2 :AT HE OPPOSES IS ANALYSIS :I* ASKS :Y IT IS ?AT 0,9 \R SY/EM 9DIVIDUAL CAPITALI/S E>N 9T]E/1 DIVID5DS1 & PR(ITS1 OR R5TS & ROYALITIES ON ! CAPITAL GOODS ?AT !Y SUPPLY4 ,EV]Y PAT* ( L& & EV]Y BIT ( EQUIPM5T HAS A DE$1 OR 'TITLE ( [N]%IP1' ?AT BELONGS TO SOMEBODY DIRECTLY -- OR IT BELONGS TO A CORPORATION1 !N 9DIRECTLY IT BELONGS TO ! 9DIVIDUAL /OCKHOLD]S :O [N ! CORPORATION40.<#h#i.> ,SAMUELSON HAS ALREADY TOLD HIS READ]S ! ANSW]3 0,?R\< PR(ITS1 SOCIETY IS GIV+ ! COMM& OV] NEW V5TURES TO ?OSE :O HAVE PIL$ UP A RECORD ( SUCCESS40.<#i.> 

,RUB9 PO9TS \T ?AT ,M>X'S 0SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY0 CANNOT BE TREAT$ AS A HI/ORICAL /AGE ?AT PREC$$ CAPITALISM3 0,?IS IS A !ORETICAL AB/RACTION & NOT A PICTURE ( ! HI/ORICAL TRANSITION FROM SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY TO CAPITALI/ ECONOMY0 7,RUB91 P4 #b#e#g74 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! 0LABOR !ORY ( VALUE IS A !ORY ( A SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY1 NOT 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT EXPLA9S ! TYPE ( ECONOMY ?AT PREC$$ ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 BUT 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT DESCRIBES ONLY ONE ASPECT ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 NAMELY PRODUCTION RELATIONS AMONG COMMODITY PRODUC]S :I* >E *>ACT]I/IC = EV]Y COMMODITY ECONOMY0 7,RUB91 P4#b#e#e74 ,M>X WAS P]FECTLY AW>E ?AT HE C\LD NOT 0CON/RUCT ! !ORY ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY DIRECTLY FROM ! LABOR !ORY ( VALUE & 444 AVOID ! 9T]M$IATE L9KS1 AV]AGE PR(IT & PRODUCTION PRICE4 ,HE *>ACT]IZ$ SU* ATTEMPTS AS 'ATTEMPTS TO =CE & DIRECTLY FIT CONCRETE RELATIONS TO ! ELEM5T>Y RELATION ( VALUE2 ATTEMPTS :I* PRES5T AS EXI/+ ?AT :I* DOES NOT EXI/0'7,RUB91 P4#b#e#e74 

,RUB9'S BOOK ANALYZES ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 TE*NOLOGY & SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 A COMMODITY ECONOMY :]E PEOPLE DO NOT RELATE TO EA* O!R DIRECTLY BUT ?R\< ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR4 ,9 ?IS ECONOMY1 A TE*NICAL IMPROVEM5T IS NOT EXP]I5C$ DIRECTLY BY ! PRODUC]S AS AN 5HANCEM5T ( LIFE1 & IS NOT ACCOMPANI$ BY A CONSCI\S TRANS=MATION ( WORK+ ACTIVITY4 ,! WORK+ ACTIVITY IS TRANS=M$1 NOT 9 RESPONSE TO ! 5HANC$ PRODUCTIVE P[] ( SOCIETY1 BUT 9 RESPONSE TO *ANGES 9 ! VALUE ( PRODUCTS4 0,! MOV+ =CE :I* TRANS=MS ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( VALUE ORIG9ATES 9 ! MAT]IAL-TE*NICAL PROCESS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR IS EXPRESS$ 9 A DECREASE ( ! QUANTITY ( CONCRETE LABOR :I* IS FACTUALLY US$ UP 9 PRODUCTION1 ON ! AV]AGE4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS 7BECAUSE ( ! DUAL *>ACT] ( LABOR1 AS CONCRETE & AB/RACT71 ! QUANTITY ( ?IS LABOR1 :I* IS CONSID]$ 'SOCIAL' OR 'AB/RACT1' I4E41 AS A %>E ( ! TOTAL1 HOMOG5E\S LABOR ( ! SOCIETY1 DECREASES4 ,! 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR *ANGES ! QUANTITY ( AB/RACT LABOR NECESS>Y = PRODUCTION4 ,IT CAUSES A *ANGE 9 ! VALUE ( ! PRODUCT ( LABOR4 ,A *ANGE 9 ! VALUE ( PRODUCTS 9 TURN AFFECTS ! DI/RIBUTION ( SOCIAL LABOR AMONG ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION 444 ?IS IS ! S*EMA ( A COMMODITY ECONOMY 9 :I* VALUE PLAYS ! ROLE ( REGULATOR1 E/ABLI%+ EQUILIBRIUM 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( SOCIAL LABOR AMONG ! V>I\S BRAN*ES44407,RUB91 P4#f#f74 

,9 ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ?IS PROCESS IS MORE COMPLEX1 BUT 9 SPITE ( ! ADD$ COMPLEXITIES ! REGULATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES ( PEOPLE IS /ILL C>RI$ \T ?R\< ! MOVEM5T ( ?+S4 ,9 ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY 0! DI/RIBUTION ( CAPITAL LEADS TO ! DI/RIBUTION ( SOCIAL LABOR0 7,ROB91 P4#b#b#f74 ,H[EV]1 0\R GOAL 7AS BE=E7 IS TO ANALYZE ! LAWS ( DI/RIBUTION ( SOCIAL LABOR0 7,ROB91 P4 #b#b#h71 & CONSEQU5TLY 0WE MU/ RESORT TO A R\ND-AB\T PA? & PROCE$ TO A PRELIM9>Y ANALYSIS ( ! LAWS ( DI/RIBUTION ( CAPITAL04 7,IBID47 ,! TASK BECOMES FUR!R COMPLICAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT1 0IF WE ASSUME ?AT ! DI/RIBUTION ( LABOR IS DET]M9$ BY ! DI/RIBUTION ( CAPITAL :I* ACQUIRES MEAN+ AS AN 9T]M$IATE L9K 9 ! CAUSAL *A91 !N ! =MULA ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( LABOR DEP5DS ON ! =MULA ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( CAPITALS3 UNEQUAL MASSES ( LABOR :I* >E ACTIVAT$ BY EQUAL CAPITALS >E EQUALIZ$ ) EA* O!R0 7P4#b#c#e74 ,! GAP BETWE5 ! DI/RIBUTION ( CAPITAL & ! DI/RIBUTION ( LABOR IS BRIDG$ ?R\< ! CONCEPT ( ! ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL1 :I* E/ABLI%ES A RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO PROCESSES 7P4#b#c#g74 

,9 HIS ANALYSIS1 ,RUB9 ASSUMES 0! EXI/5CE ( COMPETITION AMONG CAPITALI/S 5GAG$ 9 DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION0 & ALSO 0! POSSIBILITY = ! TRANSF] ( CAPITAL FROM ONE BRAN* TO ANO!R0 7P4 #b#c74.<#i#a.> ,) !SE ASSUMPTIONS1 0! RATE ( PR(IT BECOMES ! REGULATOR ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( CAPITAL0 7P4#b#b#i74 ,RUB9 DEF9ES PR(IT AS 0! SURPLUS ( ! SELL+ PRICE ( ! COMMODITY OV] ! CO/S ( ITS PRODUCTION0 7P4#b#c74 ,& A *ANGE 9 ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION IS 09 ! LA/ ANALYSIS CAUS$ BY *ANGES 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR & 9 ! LABOR-VALUE ( SOME GOODS0 7P4 #b#e#a74 ,S*EMATICALLY1 ! PROCESS CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ AS FOLL[S4 ,TE*NICAL *ANGE CAUSES A *ANGE 9 ! PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR4 ,?IS *ANGES ! AM\NT ( ALI5AT$1 AB/RACT LABOR :I* IS CONGEAL$ 9 C]TA9 COMMODITIES1 & CONSEQU5TLY *ANGES ! VALUE ( ?OSE COMMODITIES4 ,?IS 9 TURN AFFECTS ! CO/S ( PRODUCTION ( BRAN*ES :I* USE ! GIV5 COMMODITIES 9 !IR PRODUCTION PROCESS1 & ?US AFFECTS ! PR(ITS ( CAPITALI/S 9 ?OSE BRAN*ES4 ,! *ANGE 9 ! PR(ITABILITY ( ! AFFECT$ BRAN*ES LEADS CAPITALI/S TO MOVE !IR CAPITALS TO O!R BRAN*ES1 & ?IS MOVEM5T ( CAPITALS 9 TURN LEADS TO A MOVEM5T ( WORK]S TO ! O!R BRAN*ES 7AL?\< ! MOVEM5T ( LABOR]S IS NOT NECESS>ILY PROPORTIONAL TO ! MOVEM5T ( CAPITALS1 S9CE ?IS DEP5DS ON ! ORGANIC COMPOSITION ( CAPITAL74 ,RUB9'S CONCLUSION IS ?AT ! REGULATION ( LABOR 9 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY DIFF]S ONLY 9 COMPLEXITY1 BUT NOT 9 K9D1 FROM ! REGULATION ( LABOR 9 A SIMPLE COMMODITY ECONOMY3 0,AN>*Y .<SIC.>  9 SOCIAL PRODUCTION2 ! ABS5CE ( DIRECT SOCIAL RELATIONS AMONG PRODUC]S2 MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ( !IR WORK+ ACTIVITIES ?R\< ?+S :I* >E ! PRODUCTS ( !IR LABOR2 ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! MOVEM5T ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS AMONG PEOPLE & ! MOVEM5T ( ?+S 9 ! PROCESS ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION2 'REIFICATION' ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 ! TRANS=MATION ( !IR PROP]TIES 9TO ! PROP]TIES ( '?+S'- ALL ( !SE PH5OM5A ( COMMODITY FETI%ISM >E EQUALLY PRES5T 9 EV]Y COMMODITY ECONOMY1 SIMPLE AS WELL AS CAPITALI/4 ,!Y *>ACT]IZE LABOR-VALUE & PRODUCTION PRICE ! SAME WAY0 7P4 #b#e#c1 ,ROB9'S ITALICS74 ,! FIR/ VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL PROVIDES ! CONTEXT1 ! SECOND VOLUME DESCRIBES ! ME*ANISM1 & ! ?IRD VOLUME TREATS 9 DETAIL ! =MIDABLE PROCESS ?R\< :I* 0! OBJECT PRODUC$ BY LABOR1 ITS PRODUCT1 N[ /&S OPPOS$ TO IT AS AN ALI5 BE+1 AS A P[] 9DEP5D5T ( ! PRODUC]20 ! PROCESS ?R\< :I* 0! LIFE :I* HE HAS GIV5 TO ! OBJECT SETS ITSELF AGA9/ HIM AS AN ALI5 & HO/ILE =CE40 

,FR$Y ,P]LMAN 

,KALAMAZOO  

#aifh 

  

.<#a.> ,PAUT ,A4 ,SAMUELSON1 ,ECONOMICS1 ,AN ,9TRODUCTORY ,ANALYSIS1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MC,GRAW ,HILL1 #a#i#f#g1 ,SEV5? ,$ITION1 P4#a & P4#e 7,ITALICS BY ,SAMUELSON74 ,SAMUELSON'S BOOK IS ! PROTOTYPE ( ! TEXTBOOK CURR5TLY US$ 9 ,AM]ICAN UNIV]SITIES TO TEA* /UD5TS ! PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMICS4 

.<#b.> ,ROB]T ,W4 ,CAMPBELL1 0,M>X1 ,KANTOROVI* & ,NOVOZHILOV3 ,/OIMO/ V]SUS ,REALITY01 ,SLAVIC ,REVIEW1 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#f#a1 PP4#d#b#d#a#h4 ,REPR9T$ 9 ,WAYNE ,A4 LEEMAN1 $41 ,CAPITALISM1 ,M>KET ,SOCIALISM & ,C5TRAL ,PLANN+1 ,BO/ON3 ,H\<TON ,MIFFL91 #a#i#f#c1 PP4 #a#b-#a#a#h1 & ALSO 9 ,H>RY ,G4 ,%AFF]1 ,! ,SOVIET ,ECONOMY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,APPLETON ,C5TURY-,CR(TS1 #a#i#f#c1 PP4#c#e-#c#f#f4 ,CAMPBELL IS CURR5TLY AN ,AM]ICAN ,AU?ORITY ON ,M>XIAN ,ECONOMICS4 

.<#c.> ,ABRAM ,B]GSON1 ,! ,ECONOMICS ( ,SOVIET ,PLANN+1 ,NEW ,HAV53 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d1 P4#c4 ,B]GSON IS DIRECTOR ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,RESE>* ,C5T] AT ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY &1 LIKE ,CAMPBELL1 HE IS CURR5TLY AN ,AU?ORITY ON ,M>XIAN ,ECONOMICS4 

.<#d.> ,AFT] ! TITLE ( ,WILLIAM ,APPLEMAN ,WILLIAMS' ,! ,GREAT ,EVASION1 ,*ICAGO3 ,QUADRANGLE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#d4 ,WILLIAMS VIVIDLY DESCRIBES SOME ( ! TE*NIQUES ( ! EVASION3 0,! TACTICS ( ESCAPE EMPLOY$ 9 ?IS HEADLONG DA% FROM REALITY W\LD FILL A MANUAL ( EQUIVOCATION1 A H&BOOK ( HAIRSPLITT+1 & A GUIDEBOOK TO *ANG+ ! SUBJECT40 7P4#a#h74 

.<#e.> ,I4 ,I4 ,ROB91 ,O*]KI ,P,O TEORII /OIMO/I ,M>KSA1 ,MOAKVA3 ,GOSUD>/V5NOE ,IZDATEL'/VO1 #cRD $ITION1 #a#i#b#h1 P4#d#a2 PRES5T TRANSLATION1 P4#c#a4 ,ROB9'S BOOK WAS NOT RE-ISSU$ 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION AFT] #a#i#b#h1 & IT HAS NEV] BE=E BE5 TRANSLAT$4 ,FUTURE PAGE CITATIONS 9 ?IS ,9TRODUCTION REF] TO ! PRES5T TRANSLATION4 

.<#f.> ,SAMUELSON1 OP4 CIT41 P4#a4 

.<#g.> ,= EXAMPLE3 0,CURI\SLY 5\<1 IT WAS ! V]Y Y\NG ,M>X 7WRIT+ 9 ! E>LY #a#h#d'S7 :O DEVELOP$ IDEAS V]Y MU* 9 ! MOOD ( O!R SY/EMS ( ?\<T ?AT HAVE SU* GREAT APPEAL TO ! M5TALITY ( ! #a#i#e'S & #a#i#f'S3  PSY*OANALYSIS1 EXI/5TIALISM1 & ,Z5 ,BUDDHISM4 ,& CONTR>IWISE1 ! WORK ( ! MATURE ,M>X1 :I* /RESS$ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ANALYSIS1 HAS BE5 LESS COMPELL+ TO 9TELLECTUALS ( ! ADVANC$ ,WE/]N NATIONS S9CE ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I40 ,ROB]T ,BLAM]1 ,ALI5ATION & ,FRE$OM3 ,! ,FAE=Y ,WORK] & ,HIS ,9DU/RY1 ,*ICAGO3 ,UNJI5ITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d1 P4 ,I4 

.<#h.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,! ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #a#h#d#d1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#d1 P4#a#g#h4 

.<#i.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#g#f4 7,ITALICS 9 ORIG9AL47 

.<#a.> ,IBID41 P4#a#g#g4 

.<#a#a.> ,IBID41 P4#a#h#d4 

.<#a#b.> ,IBID41 P4 #a#h#e4 

.<#a#c.> LBID41 P4#a#g#b4 

.<#a#d.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,!SES ON ,FEU]BA*1 9 ,T4,B4 ,BOTTOMORE & ,MAXIMILLI5 ,RUBEL1 $ITORS ,K>L ,M>X1 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S 9 ,SOCIOLOGY & ,SOCIAL ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MC,GRAW ,HILL1 #a#i#f#d1 P4#f#h4 

.<#a#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #f#g4 

.<#a#f.> ,K>L ,M>X & ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS1 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 ,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#d1 PP4#e#h-#e#i4 

.<#a#g.> ,FROM 0,EXC]PT-,NOTES ( #a#h#d#d0 9 ,WRIT+S ( ! ,Y\NG ,M>X ON ,PHILOSOPHY & ,SOCIETY1 TRANSLAT$ & $IT$ BY ,LOYD ,D4 ,EA/ON & ,KURT ,H4 ,GUDDAT1 ,G>D5 ,CITY3 ,AN*OR ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#g1 P4#b#h#a4 7,ITALICS 9 ORIG9AL7 

.<#a#h.> ,IBID41 P4#b#h#a-#b#h#b4 

.<#a#i.> ,BLAUN]1 ,ALI5ATION & ,FRE$OM3 ,! ,FACTORY ,WORK] & HIS ,9DU/RY1 P4 #a#e4 

.<#b.> ,IBID41 P4#c 

.<#b#a.> ,FROM 0,EXC]PT-,NOTES ( #a#h#d#d10 LOC4 CIT41 P4 #b#g#e-#b#g#f4 

.<#b#b.> ,IBID41 P4#b#g#b4 

.<#b#c.> ,BOTTOMORE & ,RUBEL1 $S41 OP4 CIT41 P4#a#g4 

.<#b#d.> ,IBID41 P4#a#g#a & #a#g4 

.<#b#e.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #ahdd ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#d1 P4#a#e4 

.<#b#f.> ,VELJKO ,KORAC1 0,9 ,SE>* ( ,HUMAN ,SOCIETY10 9 ,]I* ,FROMM1 $ITOR1,SOCIALI/ ,HUMANISM1 ,G>D5 ,CITY3 ,AN*OR ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#f1 P4#f4 7,ITALICS 9 ORIG9AL47 

.<#b#g.> ,M>X1 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #a#h#d#d1 P4 #a#d#f4 

.<#b#h.> ,BOTTOMORE & ,RUBEL1 $S41 OP4 CIT41 PP4#b#d#c-#b#d#d 

.<#b#i.> ,EA/ON & ,GUDDAT1 ,WRIT+S ( ! ,Y\NG ,M>X ON ,PHILOSOPHY & ,SOCIETY1PP4#b#f#b-#b#f#c4 

.<#c.> ,M>X1 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS1 P4 #a#f#i4 

.<#c#a.> ,]I* ,FROMM1 ,BEYOND ! ,*A9S ( ,ILLUSION1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,POCKET ,BOOKS1 ,9C41 #a#i#f#b1 P4#c#b4 

.<#c#b.> ,IBID41 P4#d#i4 

.<#c#c.> ,IBID41 PP4 #a#i#f-#a#i#g4 

.<#c#d.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY4 P4#b#c-#b#d4 

.<#c#e.> ,LETT] ( ,M>X TO ,P4,V4 ,ANN5KOV4 ,DECEMB] #b#h1 #a#h#d#f1 9 ,K>L ,M>X1 ,! ,POV]TY ( PHILOSOPHY1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#c4 P4#a#i#a4 

.<#c#f.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 P4#c#b4 

.<#c#g.> ,IBID41 P4#c#g4 

.<#c#h.> ,M>X1 ,! ,POV]TY ( ,PHILOSOPHY1 P4#a#i4 

.<#c#i.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 P4#e4 

.<#d.> ,LETT] ( ,M>X TO ,ANN5KOV1 BC4 CIT41 P4#a#h#a4 

.<#d#a.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 P4#d#g#e4 

.<#d#b.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,A ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,*ICAGO3 ,*>LES ,H4 ,K]R @& ,CO41 #a#i#d1 P4 #a#b4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT AT ?IS PO9T1 ,M>X BEG9S TO DEVELOP A G5]AL !ORY ( CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T & CULTURAL *ANGE1 OR :AT ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,LESLIE ,:ITE HAS CALL$ A 0SCI5CE ( CULTURE0 7,SEE ,LESLIE ,A4 ,:ITE1 ,! ,SCI5CE ( ,CULTURE1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,GROVE ,PRESS1 #a#i#d#i7 ,! P>AGRAPH :I* CONTA9S ! PASSAGE QUOT$ ABOVE ALSO CONTA9S ! FOLL[+1 =MULATION3 0,JU/ AS \R OP9ION ( AN 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT BAS$ ON :AT HE ?9KS ( HIMSELF1 SO CAN WE NOT JUDGE ( SU* A P]IOD ( TRANS=MATION BY ITS [N CONSCI\SNESS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?IS CONSCI\SNESS MU/ RA!R BE EXPLA9$ FROM ! CONTRADICTIONS ( MAT]IAL LIFE1 FROM ! EXI/+ CONFLICT BETWE5 ! MAT]IAL =CES ( PRODUCTION & ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,NO SOCIAL ORD] EV] DISAPPE>S BE=E ALL ! PRODUCTIVE =CES1 = :I* !RE IS ROOM 9 IT1 HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$2 & NEW HI<] RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION NEV] APPE> BE=E ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( !IR EXI/5CE HAVE MATUR$ 9 ! WOMB ( ! OLD SOCIETY4 ,!RE=E1 MANK9D ALWAYS TAKES UP ONLY SU* PROBLEMS AS IT CAN SOLVE2 S9CE1 LOOK+ AT ! MATT] MORE CLOSELY1 WE WILL ALWAYS F9D ?AT ! PROBLEM ITSELF >ISES ONLY :5 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = ITS SOLUTION ALREADY EXI/ OR >E AT LEA/ 9 ! PROCESS ( =MATION40 7PP4#a#b-#a#c47 

.<#d#c.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY1 P4#d#f4 

.<#d#d.> ,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS DID NOT SEE ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! CONCEPT ( ALI5ATION & ,M>X'S LAT] WORK1 NAMELY ! ?REE VOLUMES ( ,CAPITAL1 & CONSEQU5TLY ,MILLS R$UC$ ! QUE/ION ( ALI5ATION TO 0! QUE/ION ( ! ATTITUDE ( M5 T[>D ! WORK !Y DO40 ,AS A RESULT1 ,MILLS WAS DISAPPO9T$ ) ,M>X ON ?IS SCORE3 0TO SAY ! LEA/1 ! CONDITION 9 :I* ,M>X LEFT ! CONCEPTION ( ALI5ATION IS QUITE 9COMPLETE1 & BRILLIANTLY AMBIGU\S40 7,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS1 ,! ,M>XI/S ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DELL ,PUBLI%+ ,CO41 #a#i#f#b1 P4 #a#a#b47 

.<#d#e.> ,M>X1 ,A ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 P4#c4 

.<#d#f.> ,IBID4 

.<#d#g.> ,SAMUELSON1 ,ECONOMICS1 P4#e#d#b4 

.<#d#h.> ,DAVID ,RIC>DO1 ,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY & ,TAXATION1 ,HOMEWOOD1 ,ILL9OIS3 ,RI*>D ,D4 ,IRW91 ,9C41 #a#i#f#c1 P4 #de 

.<#d#i.> ,M>X1 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #a#h#d#d1 P4#a#e4 

.<#e.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL3 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY1 ,VOLUME ,ILL1 ,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#f1 P4#h#a#i4 

.<#e#a.> ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 ,ILL1 P4#h#a#i4 

.<#e#b.> ,SAMUELSON1 ,ECONOMICS1 P4#e#i#a4 

.<#e#c.> ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 ,I,I,I1 P4#h#a#f4 

.<#e#d.> ,M>X1 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #a#h#d#d1 P4#a#f#i4 

.<#e#e.> ,SAMUELSON1 ,ECONOMICS1 P4#e#g#b4 

.<#e#f.> ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL ,I,I,I1 P4 #h#c1 :]E ! LA/ P>T ( ?IS PASSAGE READS3 0 444 9 :I* ,MONSIEUR LE ,CAPITAL & ,MADAME LA ,T]RE DO !IR <O/-WALK+ AS SOCIAL *>ACT]S & AT ! SAME TIME DIRECTLY AS M]E ?+S40 ,! V]SION QUOT$ ABOVE IS FROM ,M>X ON ,ECONOMICS1 $IT$ BY ,ROB]T ,FRE$MAN1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>C\RT1 ,BRACE @& ,WORLD1 #a#i#f#a1 P4#f#e4 

.<#e#g.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 ,VOLUME ,I1 ,MOSC[3 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#f#e1 P4#g#b2 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R&OM ,H\SE1 #aif $ITION1 P4#h#c4 

.<#e#h.> ,SAMUELSON1 ,ECONOMICS1 P4#e#i#a4 

.<#e#i.> ,M>X1 ,A ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 P4#c#a4 

.<#f.> ,M>X1 ,CAPITAL1 ,I,I,I1 P4 #h#b#d4 

.<#f#a.> ,SAMUELSON1 ,ECONOMICS1 P4#f#b4 

.<#f#b.> ,M>X1 ,ECONOMIC & ,PHILOSOPHIC ,MANUSCRIPTS ( #a#h#d#d1 P4 #a#h2 ! PASSAGE GIV5 ABOVE IS QUOT$ FROM ,BOTTOMORE & ,RUBELL1 OP4 CIT41 P4#a#g-#a#g#a4 

.<#f#c.> ,DANIET ,R4 ,FUSFELD1 ,! ,AGE ( ! ,ECONOMI/1 ,GL5VIEW1 ,ILL9OIS3 ,SCOTT1 ,=ESMAN @& ,CO41 #a#i#f#f1 P4#g#d4 

.<#f#d.> ,JEAN ,BAPTI/E ,SAY1 ,TRAITE D'ECONOMIE POLITIQUE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#c4 ,AUGU/9 ,C\RNOT1 ,RE*]*ES SUR LES PR9CIPES MA? EMATIQUES DE ,IA !ONE DES RI*ESSES1 T#h#c#h4 ,! REVIVAL WAS C>RI$ \T 9 ! #a#h#g'S BY ,K>L ,M5G]1 ,WILLIAM ,/ANTEY ,JEVONS1 & ,LEON ,WATRAS1 & ! WORK WAS 0SYN!SIZ$0 BY ,ALFR$ ,M>%ALL 9 ! #a#h#i'S4 

.<#f#e.> P4 CIT41 P4#g#c4 

.<#f#f.> ,ROB]T ,CAMPBELL1 0,M>XIAN ,ANALYSIS1 ,MA!MATICAL ,ME?ODS1 & ,SCI5TIFIC ,ECONOMIC ,PLANN+01 9 ,%AFF]1 OP4 CIT4' P4 #c#e#b4 

.<#f#g.> ,FUSFETD1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #g#d4 

.<#f#h.> ,CAMPBELL1 LOC4 CIT 

.<#f#i.> ,IBID4 

.<#g.> ,FUSFELD1 OP4 CIT41 P4#g#d 

.<#g#a.> ,IBID41P4#g#e4 

.<#g#b.> ,ECONOMICS1 PP4 #f#a-#f#b2QUOT$ E>LI]4 

.<#g#c.> ,OSK> ,LANGE1 ,ON ! ,ECONOMIC ,!ORY ( ,SOCIALISM1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,MC,GRAW ,HILL1 #aifd 7PUBLI%$ TOGE!R ) AN ESSAY BY ,F]D ,M4 ,TAYLOR71 P4 #a#d#a4 

.<#g#d.> ,IBID41 PP4#a#c#b-#a#c#c4 

.<#g#e.> ,IBID41 P4#a#c#c4 

.<#g#f.> ,F]D ,M4 ,GOT!IL1 ,M>X'S ,ECONOMIC ,PR$ICTIONS1 ,EVAN/ON3 ,NOR?WE/]N ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#f1 P4#b#g4 

.<#g#g.> ,JOAN ,ROB9SON1 ,ECONOMIC ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,G>D5 ,CITY3 ,AN*OR ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#d1 P4#c#e4 

.<#g#h.> ,IBID41 P4#c#g1 ,ITALICS 9 ORIG9AL4 

.<#g#i.> ,IBID4 

.<#h.> ,?OR/E9 ,VEBL51 0,! ,SOCIALI/ ,ECONOMICS ( ,K>L ,M>X01 ,! ,QU>T]LY ,J\RNAL ( ,FCONORNICS1 ,VOL3 ,X,X1 ,AUG41 #a#i#f2 REPR9T$ 9 ,! ,PORTABLE ,VEBL51 $IT$ BY ,MAX ,L]N]1 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,VIK+ ,PRESS1 #a#i#d#h1 P4#b#h#d4 ,9 A FOOTNOTE1 ,VEBL5 ADDS ! EXPLANATION ?AT 09 ,M>XIAN USAGE 'CAPITALI/IC PRODUCTION' MEANS PRODUCTION ( GOODS = ! M>KET BY HIR$ LABOR UND] ! DIRECTION ( EMPLOY]S :O [N 7OR CONTROL7 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & >E 5GAG$ 9 9DU/RY = ! SAKE ( A PR(IT40 

.<#h#a.> ,IBID41 PP4 #b#h#g-#b#h#h4 

.<#h#b.> ,SAMUELSON1 ,ECONOMICS1 P4 #b#g4 

.<#h#c.> ,IBID41 P4 #b#i4 

.<#h#d.> ,IBID41 ITALICS BY ,SAMUELSON4 

.<#h#e.> ,IBID4 

.<#h#f.> ,FROM ,SAMUELSON'S EXPLANATION ( ! LAW ( COMP>ATIVE ADVANTAGE3 0,9 ,AM]ICA A UNIT ( FOOD CO/S #a DAYS' LABOR & A UNIT ( CLO?+ CO/S #b DAYS' LABOR4 ,9 ,EUROPE ! CO/ IS #c DAYS' LABOR = FOOD & #d DAYS' LABOR = CLO?+10 ETC4,IBID41 P4#f#d#i4 

.<#h#g.> ,IBID41 P4#f#d#h4 

.<#h#h.> ,IBID41 P4#h4 ,SAMUELSON'S ITALICS4 

.<#h#i.> ,IBID41 P4#e4 

.<#i.> ,IBID41 P4 #f#b4 

.<#i#a.> ,RUB9 DOES NOT TREAT CASES :]E ! ASSUMPTIONS ( P]FECT COMPETITION & P]FECT MOBILITY ( CAPITAL DO NOT HOLD4 ,?US HE DOES NOT EXT5D HIS ANALYSIS TO PROBLEMS ( IMP]IALISM1 MONOPOLY1 MILIT>ISM1 DOME/IC COLONIES 7:I* TODAY W\LD COME UND] ! HEAD+ ( RACISM74 ,RUB9 ALSO DOES NOT TREAT *ANGES 9 PRODUCTION RELATIONS CAUS$ BY ! 9CREAS$ SCALE & P[] ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 SOME ( :I* ,M>X HAD BEGUN TO EXPLORE 9 ! ?IRD VOLUME ( ,CAPITAL & DOES NOT TREAT ITS DEVELOPM5T OR ITS TRANS=MATIONS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aifg 3 ,COMMODITY ,FETI%ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#e1 #bb 3 ,COMMODITY ,FETI%ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,COMMODITY ,FETI%ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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