,CROSS+ ! ,COLOR ,L9ES1 ,CROSS+ ! ,CONT95TS 
,COMP>+ ! ,RACIAL ,POLITICS ( ! ,I,W,W 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 #a#i#e-#a#i#b#e 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUCI5 ,VAN ,D] ,WALT 

,TEXT 3 

,N[ ?AT ! COMP>ATIVE & TRANSNATIONAL TURNS >E WELL UND] WAY1 IT SEEMS HI< TIME TO APPLY !SE ME?ODS TO ONE ( ! MOD]N ]A'S MO/ 9T]NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS1 ! SYNDICALI/ ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7! ,I,W,W OR ,WOBBLIES74 ,:ILE FRAM+ HI/ORIES )9 NATIONAL B\ND>IES IS UND]/&ABLE & USEFUL1 MANY SUBJECTS B5EFIT FROM REPOSITION+ !M COMP>ATIVELY AS WELL AS TRANSNATIONALLY4 ,REFRAM+ LABOR HI/ORY )9 A GLOBAL1 COMP>ATIVE1 & TRANSNATIONAL FRAMEWORK DIRECTS ATT5TION TO CROSS-BORD] L9KAGES1 ACTIVITIES1 & PROCESSES ?AT A ''ME?ODOLOGICAL NATIONALISM'' OBSCURES4 

,= F> TOO LONG1 LABOR HI/ORIANS--EV5 ( ! OBVI\SLY 9T]NATIONALI/ ,WOBBLIES--HAVE /RAITJACKET$ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W 9TO A S]IES ( SEP>ATE NATIONAL /ORIES1 RA!R ?AN ONE GLOBAL HI/ORY4 ,YET ! ,WOBBLIES W]E OV]TLY 9T]NATIONALI/1 !IR MOVEM5T OP]AT$ ACROSS BORD]S1 & !IR TRADITIONS SPREAD GLOBALLY1 ACROSS ! ,AM]ICAS & 9TO ,AFRICA1 ,ASIA1 & ,EUROPE4 ,! ,I,W,W WAS A RADICAL CURR5T 9 ! GLOBALIZ$ WORLD ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 P>T ( AN 9T]NATIONAL UPSURGE ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM ?AT *ALL5G$ ,M>XISM = LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT 9TO ! LATE #a#i#bS1 ''! DOM9ANT ELEM5T 9 ! SELF-CONSCI\SLY 9T]NATIONALI/ RADICAL ,LEFT'' FROM ! #a#h#gS & ''! MA9 VEHICLE ( GLOBAL OPPOSITION TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 AUTOCRACY1 LATIFUNDISM1 & IMP]IALISM4'' 

,!RE IS MU* MORE TO BE LE>N$ FROM /UDY+ ! ,WOBBLIES US+ BO? COMP>ATIVE & TRANSNATIONAL APPROA*ES2 ?IS ESSAY WILL L>GELY UTILIZE COMP>ATIVE ME?ODS4 ,!RE IS V]Y LITTLE WORK ALONG EI!R ( !SE L9ES1 BUT :AT EXI/S DEMON/RATES ! UTILITY ( SU* ANALYSIS 9 EXAM9+ H[ ,I,W,W POLITICS PLAY$ \T 9 DIFF]5T CONTEXTS4 ,! ,I,W,W CAN BE SE5 AS A PRECURSOR ( SOME ( TODAY'S SOCIAL JU/ICE MOVEM5TS1 :OSE AFF9ITY ) ! AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM ?AT 9SPIR$ ! ,WOBBLIES--& !IR COMMITM5T TO P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY1 DIRECT ACTION1 & PREFIGURATIVE ORGANIZ+-IS /RIK+4 

,:ILE ! SMALL BODY ( COMP>ATIVE LIT]ATURE ON ! ,I,W,W HAS RAIS$ SOME QUE/IONS AB\T ITS G5D] POLITICS1 IT HAS NOT EXAM9$ RACE MATT]S4 ,H[ DID ! ,I,W,W EVOLVE 9 HI<LY RACIALIZ$ SOCIETIES8 ,MOREOV]1 TO :AT EXT5T MI<T ! ,I,W,W TRADITION HAVE DIFF]$ 9 COLONIAL & IMP]IAL C\NTRIES8 ,?IS >TICLE DEVELOPS AN 9NOVATIVE COMP>ATIVE ANALYSIS ( ,I,W,W RACIAL POLITICS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,U,S7 & ,S\? ,AFRICA 7,S,A71 ) P>TICUL> ATT5TION TO ACTIVITIES AMONG WORK]S ( COLOR4 

,IT >GUES ?AT ! ,I,W,W TRADITION1 & ORGANIZATIONS 9SPIR$ BY IT1 PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 /RUGGL+ AGA9/ RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION & PREJUDICE4 ,BY EXAM9+ H[ ! ,I,W,W CONSI/5TLY ADVOCAT$ =1 & RECRUIT$1 WORK]S ( COLOR 9 ! ,U,S & ,S,A1 WE >GUE ?AT ! AN>*I/_/SYNDICALI/ TRADITION WAS ! FIR/ 9 BO? C\NTRIES TO FULLY EMBRACE OPPRESS$ RACES & PEOPLES3 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 BLACK ,AFRICANS1 & O!R WORK]S ( COLOR4 ,?AT ! ,WOBBLIES DID SO 9 TWO HI<LY RACI/ C\NTRIES1 9 A HI<LY PREJUDIC$ P]IOD1 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ]A1 ! APEX ( ,EUROPEAN IMP]IALISM1 MAKES !IR EF=TS ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE4 ,IT PAYS CLOSE ATT5TION TO H[ ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,WOBBLY TRADITION EXPLA9$ ! ROOTS ( RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION 9 EA* C\NTRY1 H[ !Y S\<T TO BUILD CLASS SOLID>ITY )9 RACIALLY & E?NICALLY DIVID$ WORK+ CLASSES1 & H[ EFFECTIVELY !Y ORGANIZ$ WORK]S ( COLOR4 ,GIV5 ! IMPORTANCE ( ,WOBBLY SAILORS & DOCK]S1 ! ESSAY ALSO PAYS P>TICUL> ATT5TION TO ,I,W,W-/YLE SYNDICALISM 9 ,PHILADELPHIA 9 ! ,U,S & ,CAPE ,T[N 9 ,S,A4 

,?\< F\ND$ 9 ! ,U,S 9 #a#i#e1 ! ,I,W,W MU/ BE UND]/OOD1 FUNDAM5TALLY1 AS A GLOBAL & TRANSNATIONAL CURR5T4 ,ITS DOCTR9ES1 D]IV$ FROM A FUSION ( ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ IDEAS1 W]E DIFFUS$ GLOBALLY ?R\< LABOR MIGRATION1 ACTIVI/ NETWORKS1 & A VIBRANT RADICAL PRESS4 ,I,W,W UNIONS & O!R ORGANIZATIONS BAS$ ON ! ,I,W,W MODEL SPREAD ACROSS ! SETTL] COLONIES ( ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE1 9CLUD+ ?OSE 9 S\!RN ,AFRICA1 & 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM ITSELF4 ,UND]/&+ ! CONTRIBUTION ( SAILORS & LONG%ORE WORK]S 9 ! M>9E TRANSPORT 9DU/RY IS ESS5TIAL TO UND]/&+ ! TRANSNATIONAL DIM5SION ( ! ,WOBBLIES2 = 9/ANCE1 ,M>CEL VAN D] ,L9D5 HAS NOT$ ?AT '',SAILORS 4 4 4 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 SPREAD+ ! ,I,W,W MODEL TO O!R C\NTRIES1'' & ! ,I,W,W'S ,M>9E ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION 7,M,T,W7 MA9TA9$ BRAN*ES 9 PORTS ACROSS ! PROV]BIAL SEV5 SEAS4 

,! ,I,W,W OP]AT$ 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE1 & ,AU/RALASIA1 & 9FLU5C$ RADICALS 9 ,9DIA1 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4,H> ,DAYAL1 ,9DIAN REVOLUTION>Y1 WAS AN ,I,W,W MEMB] & HEAD ( ! ,BAKUN9 ,9/ITUTE 9 ,CALI=NIA2 9 #a#i#a#e1 HIS RADICAL ,<AD> ,P>TY L$ AN >M$ REVOLT 9 ! ,BRITI% ,RAJ4 ,KO8TOKU ,%U8 SUI1 F\ND] ( ,JAPANESE AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 WAS PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,I,W,W4 ,ANO!R KEY ,<AD>ITE WAS ,MAKHAN ,S+H1 FA!R ( ,EA/ ,AFRICAN TRADE UNIONISM4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S LIKE ! R5[N$ ,LIU ,SIFU 7'',%IFU''7 TRANSLAT$ ,I,W,W MAT]IALS1 & BY #a#i#a#g1 HAD =M$ ! FIR/ MOD]N UNIONS 9 ,*9A1 ) ''AN>*I/ DOM9ATION'' ( LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,CANTON & ,HUNAN 9TO ! MID-#a#i#bS4 

,NOT ONLY DID ! ,WOBBLIES !MSELVES TRAVEL F> & WIDE1 !N1 BUT SO DID !IR IDEAS1 LIT]ATURE1 & TACTICS4 ,P]HAPS NO LEFT TRADITION BE=E COMMUNISM GOT ITS MESSAGE \T SO WIDELY OR ORGANIZ$ AS GLOBALLY AS AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 & FEW SYNDICALI/S DID SO AS SUCCESSFULLY AS ! ,WOBBLIES4 ,NONE!LESS1 :ILE S*OL>S HAVE WRITT5 EXT5SIVELY AB\T ! ,I,W,W 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 A RELIABLE 9T]NATIONAL SURVEY ( ! ,I,W,W REMA9S TO BE WRITT54 ,P>T ( ! PROBLEM IS ?AT ! ONE ( ! ,I,W,W'S MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES--ITS TRANSNATIONAL *>ACT]--IS NOT EASILY CAPTUR$ BY EI!R ! ''OLD'' OR ''NEW'' LABOR HI/ORY1 BO? ( :I* TAKE ! NATION /ATE AS !IR UNIT ( ANALYSIS4 ,CON/RUCT+ ! HI/ORY ( LABOR >\ND SUPPOS$LY DISCRETE NATIONAL SOCIETIES & WORK+ CLASSES1 S*OL>S HAVE UNCONSCI\SLY EMBRAC$ A ''ME?ODOLOGICAL NATIONALISM'' ?AT T5DS TO IGNORE IGNORES CROSS-BORD] CONNECTIONS1 MOVEM5TS1 SOLID>ITIES & ID5TITIES1 & ! IMPACT ( REGIONAL & GLOBAL PROCESSES4 

,! ,I,W,W WAS NOT ONLY A TRANSNATIONAL MOVEM5T 9 9T5T & PRACTICE1 IT WAS OV]TLY COMMITT$ TO WORK+ CLASS 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,IT ADVOCAT$ ''ONE BIG UNION'' ( ALL WORK]S GLOBALLY1 SO AS TO ORGANIZE A GLOBAL REVOLUTION>Y /RIKE AGA9/ CAPITAL & MOD]N /ATES4 ,9 ITS RANKS1 ,WOBBLIES 9SI/$1 ''ALL WORK+M5 W]E CONSID]$ EQUAL & UNIT$ 9 A COMMON CAUSE1'' = IT WAS ''NOT A :ITE MAN'S UNION1 NOT A BLACK MAN'S UNION1 NOT A R$ OR YELL[ MAN'S UNION1 BUT A WORK+MAN'S UNION4'' 

,IT WAS ! ,WOBBLIES :O DEVIS$ & POPUL>IZ$ ! UNION HYMN '',SOLID>ITY ,=EV]1'' /ILL AN AN!M ( MA9/REAM ,U,S LABOR 7& ! AN!M ( BLACK UNIONS 9 ,S,A 9 ! #a#i#gS72 IT WAS ! ,I,W,W ?AT CO9$ ! SLOGAN '',AN ,9JURY TO ,ONE IS AN ,9JURY TO ,ALL1''#a#i :I* TODAY GRACES ! MAS!AD ( ! ,CONGRESS ( ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,TRADE ,UNIONS 7,C,O,S,A,T,U71 ,AFRICA'S MO/ P[]FUL UNION C5T]4 

,B5 ,FLET*]1 AN ,I,W,W LEAD] ON ! ,PHILADELPHIA DOCKS & ! BE/-KN[N BLACK ,WOBBLY1 EXPRESS$ ?IS LABOR-9TEGRATIONI/ P]SPECTIVE LUCIDLY4 ,WRIT+ 9 ! RADICAL & PRO-,I,W,W BLACK MON?LY ,! ,MESS5G]--$IT$ BY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN SOCIALI/S & ,I,W,W-SYMPA?IZ]S ,*&L] ,[5 & ,A4 ,PHILLIP ,R&OLPH--,FLET*] >GU$3 '',NO G5U9E ATTEMPT BY ,ORGANIZ$ ,LABOR TO WRE/ ANY WOR?:ILE & LA/+ CONCESSIONS FROM ! ,EMPLOY+ ,CLASS CAN SUCCE$ AS LONG AS ,ORGANIZ$ ,LABOR = ! MO/ P>T IS 9DIFF]5T & 9 OPPOSITION TO ! FATE ( ,NEGRO ,LABOR4'' 

,>\ND ?IS TIME1 MEAN:ILE1 ! ,S\? ,AFRICA WEEKLY ,! ,9T]NATIONAL-- PUBLI%$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE 7,I,S,L71 A GR\P DEEPLY IMBU$ ) ,I,W,W SYNDICALISM-- ADVOCAT$ A WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T ''F\ND$ ON ! ROCK ( ! MEANE/ PROLET>IAN :O TOILS = A MA/] 4 4 4 AS WIDE AS HUMANITY1'' A MOVEM5T ?AT W\LD ''RECOGNIZE NO B\NDS ( CRAFT1 NO EXCLUSIONS ( COLOR4'' 

,( C\RSE1 DECL>+ = ''9T]NATIONALISM'' & ORGANIZ+ WORK]S ( COLOR >E SEP>ATE MATT]S4 ,AS ,ELIZABE? ,JAMESON REM9DS US1 '',IT WAS EASI] TO 5DORSE 9CLUSION ?AN TO PRACTICE IT4'' ,H[ S]I\SLY DID ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,WOBBLY TRADITION ACTUALLY TAKE ! ,I,W,W COMMITM5T TO RACIAL 9CLUSION8 ,&1 H[ DID !Y ADDRESS RACIAL PREJUDICES )9 ! WORK+ CLASS AS WELL AS RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION BY CAPITALI/S & POLITICIANS8 ,! REAL TE/ ( ?IS POLITICS IS ! TE/ ( PRACTICE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 RACIALLY DIVID$ SOCIETIES4 

,DESPITE A VOLUM9\S LIT]ATURE 9 BO? C\NTRIES ON E?NICITY1 LABOR1 & RACE1 SURPRIS+LY LITTLE HAS BE5 WRITT5 ON ! ,I,W,W'S RACIAL POLITICS4 ,BESIDES SOME PIONE]+ /UDIES 9 ! #a#i#fS1 LITTLE G5]AL ANALYSIS ( ! ,I,W,W & RACE 9 ! ,U,S EXI/S1 AL?\< NUM]\S CASE /UDIES EXI/4 ,EV5 :5 ! ,I,W,W HAS BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS RACIALLY 9CLUSIVE1 ITS CONTRIBUTION (T5 HAS BE5 UND]E/IMAT$4 ,SEV]AL S*OL>S1 = 9/ANCE1 SUGGE/ ?AT IT WAS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA 7,C,P,U,S,A7 ?AT FIR/ BROKE ) ! '',AM]ICAN SOCIALI/ TRADITION ( RELATIVE 9DIFF]5CE TO ! SITUATION ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS4'' ,ONE V]Y REC5T AN?OLOGY ( IMPORTANT S*OL>%IP ON ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN WORK]S L>GELY IGNOR$ ,I,W,W EF=TS1 :ILE TWO ( ! NEWE/ IMPORTANT MONOGRAPHS ON RACE RELATIONS 9 SPECIFIC UNIONS CELEBRATE ! 9CLUSIVE RACIAL POLITICS ( ! ,C,P,U,S,A1 GIV+ %ORT %RIFT TO ! ,WOBBLIES4 ,A NEW SURVEY ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS' LABOR HI/ORY GIVES ! ,I,W,W TWO BRIEF M5TIONS1 & EV5 A SURVEY ( ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN HI/ORY WRITT5 BY SEV]AL LABOR HI/ORIANS ALMO/ 5TIRELY IGNORES ! ,I,W,W4 

,SIMIL>LY1 SYNDICALISM HAS1 UNTIL REC5TLY1 L>GELY BE5 WRITT5 \T ( ! HI/ORY ( LABOR & ! LEFT 9 ,S,A1 OR AT LEA/ RELEGAT$ TO A V]Y 9CONSEQU5TIAL ROLE4 ,!RE IS A WELL-E/ABLI%$ TRADITION ( PRES5T+ ALL SOCIALI/ GR\PS BE=E ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,S\? ,AFRICA 7,C,P,S,A1 =M$ #a#i#b#a1 DISSOLV$ 9 #a#i#e2 REORGANIZ$ AS ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,S,A,C,P1 9 #a#i#e#c7 AS 7AT BE/7 OBLIVI\S TO ! C\NTRY'S PRESS+ RACIAL PROBLEMS OR 7AT WOR/7 OV]TLY RACI/4 

,?IS APPROA* FIR/ APPE>S 9 ! WORKS ( WRIT]S L9K$ TO ! ,C,P,S,A & ,S,A,C,P1 :]E IT PLAYS A C5TRAL ROLE 9 A TELEOLOGICAL N>RATIVE ?AT PLACES ''! ,P>TY'' AT ! C5T] ( LEFT HI/ORY1 & ?AT BUTTRESSES ! P>TY'S VANGU>DI/ CLAIMS BY ASS]T+ IT ALONE 5SUR$ ''CLASS /RUGGLE 4 4 4 M]G$ ) ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION4'' ,! >GUM5TS ( ! '',COMMUNI/ S*OOL'' >E DEMON/RABLY MISLEAD+ & CONTRADICTORY1 & (T5 BAS$ ON S]I\S MISQUOTATION & MISREPRES5TATION1 YET ITS ASSESSM5T ( ! ,S,A SYNDICALI/S CONT9UES TO BE CIT$ ) APPROVAL4 

,?IS >TICLE >GUES1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ACTIVI/S 9 ! ,I,W,W TRADITION CONSCI\SLY F\<T AGA9/ SEGREGATION & RACE PREJUDICE ON A LEFT PLAT=M 9 BO? ! ,U,S & ,S,A PRIOR TO ! EM]G5CE ( COMMUNISM1 :I* ONLY TOOK ON :ITE SUPREMACY HALT+LY AT FIR/4 ,AN 9CLUSIVE P]SPECTIVE WAS1 WE >GUE1 C5TRAL TO ! POLITICS ( ,I,W,W-/YLE SYNDICALI/S 9 BO? C\NTRIES4 ,9DE$1 BE=E1 DUR+1 & AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! AN>*I/_/SYNDICALI/ TRADITION PIONE]$1 & EMBRAC$1 AN ANTI-RACI/ APPROA* 9 !SE C\NTRIES4 ,:]EV] ! ,I,W,W & ITS EMULATORS ORGANIZ$1 WORK]S ( COLOR W]E RECRUIT$1 RACIAL SEGREGATION 9SIDE ! UNION WAS NOT TOL]AT$1 & SEGREGATION 9 ! WID] SOCIETY CA/IGAT$4 ,! %>$ 9T]E/S ( ALL WORK]S W]E /RESS$1 :ILE SPECIFIC ATT5TION WAS PAID ! RACIAL OPPRESSION ( WORK]S ( COLOR2 ! CLASS /RUGGLE WAS VIEW$ AS C5TRAL TO ! ABOLITION ( ?IS OPPRESSION4 ,?IS WAS NOT A N>R[ ''WORK]ISM'' ?AT IGNOR$ RACIAL OR NATIONAL OPPRESSION1 BUT A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS POLITICS ?AT AIM$ AT ! ABOLITION ( ALL 9JU/ICES4 

,A COMP>ATIVE LOOK AT ! ,I,W,W'S RACIAL POLITICS 5HANCES \R UND]/&+ ( NOT SIMPLY ! ,I,W,W BUT ALSO ( ! VITAL MATT]S ( LABOR & RACE 9 BO? C\NTRIES1 AN 5DEAVOR ALSO RELEVANT TO O!R C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE DIV]SE WORK+ CLASSES & LABOR MOVEM5TS4 ,:ILE ! LACK ( A TRANSNATIONAL & GLOBAL HI/ORY ( ! ,I,W,W IS A S]I\S GAP 9 ! LIT]ATURE1 IT IS ALSO A ,H]CULEAN TASK1 F> BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS >TICLE4 ,NONE!LESS1 WE SUGGE/ ?AT A COMP>ATIVE ANALYSIS ( ! SORT WE PROVIDE H]E IS A USEFUL />T+ PO9T 9ASMU* AS COMP>ISONS HELP ID5TIFY SIMIL>ITIES & DIFF]5CES ?AT MI<T O!RWISE GO UNREM>K$4 ,A COMP>ATIVE APPROA* ALSO HELPS HI<LI<T FEATURES ?AT ! ,I,W,W TRADITION EXHIBIT$ GLOBALLY4 

,COMP>ISONS ALSO CAN HELP US TO ?9K AB\T ! TRANSNATIONAL DIM5SION ( ! ,I,W,W1 A CRUCIAL TASK1 = ONLY BY 9VE/IGAT+ ! ,I,W,W ACROSS BORD]S CAN S*OL>S FULLY APPRECIATE ! ORGANIZATION'S POLITICS1 HI/ORY1 & IMPACT--?IS LA/ PO9T WE BELIEVE SORELY UND]E/IMAT$4 ,COMP>ATIVE /UDIES ( ! ,I,W,W HAVE BE5 FAIRLY R>E BUT %[ GREAT PROMISE & OP5 UP EXCIT+ AV5UES2 \R ESSAY 9T5DS TO CONT9UE 9 ?IS VE94 ,MOREOV]1 \R /UDY SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,I,W,W TRADITION 7& SYNDICALISM G5]ALLY7 DEM&S F> GREAT] ATT5TION 9 /UDIES ( BLACK FRE$OM MOVEM5TS--9CLUD+ COMP>ATIVE /UDIES--?AN HAS BE5 ! CASE SO F>4 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 A C\NTRY ?AT PRIDES ITSELF ON EQUALITY YET P>ADOXICALLY HAS A HI/ORY ( SU/A9$ PREJUDICE1 ! ,I,W,W BO? PREA*$ & PRACTIC$ EQUALITY4 ,9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ! ,U,S WAS1 P]HAPS1 AT ITS MO/ RACIALLY DIVID$ S9CE ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y4 ,SO1 TOO1 ! ,U,S LABOR MOVEM5T2 ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,A,F,L71 ! DOM9ANT & L>GE/ UNION1 SWAM 9 A :ITE SUPREMACI/ TIDE4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 MO/ ,A,F,L CON/ITU5T UNIONS ALL[$ BLACK WORK]S TO JO91 & ! ,A,F,L HAD A SUB/ANTIAL BLACK MEMB]%IP1 BUT MANY IGNOR$ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN WORK]S1 OR SEGREGAT$ !M 7'',JIM ,CR['' UNIONISM7 OR EV5 EXCLUD$ BLACKS 5TIRELY4 ,:5 ,A,F,L LEAD]S >GU$ = 9CLUSION TO A GREAT] DEGREE ?AN (T5 RECOGNIZ$1 ?IS WAS MA9LY BY PRAGMATIC APPEALS TO :ITE WORK]S' SELF-9T]E/3 DIRECT ATTACKS ON POPUL> OR (FICIAL RACISM W]E EXCEPTIONAL4 

,BY CONTRA/1 ! ,I,W,W WAS F\ND$ ON ! B$ROCK PR9CIPLE ( ! EQUALITY ( ALL WORK]S1 COMMITT$ TO ! 9CLUSION ( ALL RACES 9 ! SO-CALL$ ''ONE BIG UNION4'' ,AT ! F\ND+ ( ! ,I,W,W1 ! '',CONT95TAL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS1'' DELEGATES 7AMONG !M BLACK AN>*I/ ,LUCY ,P>SONS71 9DICT$ ! ,U,S LABOR MOVEM5T ON GR\NDS ?AT IT ''DOES NOT REPRES5T ! WORK+ CLASS4'' ,!SE ''NEW'' UNIONI/S CONDEMN$ ! ,A,F,L = REFUS+ TO L9E UP ! UNSKILL$1 = ORGANIZ+ ON A CRAFT RA!R ?AN AN 9DU/RIAL BASIS1 & = DISCRIM9AT+ AGA9/ IMMIGRANTS & WORK]S ( COLOR4 ,WILLIAM ,D4 '',BIG ,BILL'' ,HAYWOOD1 :O *AIR$ ! ,*ICAGO GA!R+1 PRES5T$ ! *>GES3 '',!RE >E ORGANIZATIONS ?AT >E AFFILIAT$ 4 4 4 ) ! ,A4,F4 ( ,L41 :I* 9 !IR CON/ITUTION & BY-LAWS PROHIBIT ! 9ITIATION ( OR CONF]R+ ! OBLIGATION ON A COLOR$ MAN4'' ,9/EAD1 '',:AT WE WANT TO E/ABLI% AT ?IS TIME IS A LABOR ORGANIZATION ?AT WILL OP5 WIDE ITS DOORS TO EV]Y MAN4'' 

,H5CE1 >TICLE ,I1 SECTION ,I ( ITS CON/ITUTION UNEQUIVOCALLY /AT$ ?AT '',NO WORK+ MAN OR WOMAN %ALL BE EXCLUD$ FROM MEMB]%IP BECAUSE ( CRE$ OR COLOR4''#c#i ,! ,I,W,W ALSO COMMITT$ ITSELF TO ORGANIZ+ SEMI-SKILL$ & UNSKILL$ WORK]S1 CATEGORIES :]E WORK]S ( COLOR W]E CONC5TRAT$4 '',I DO NOT GIVE A SNAP ( MY F+] :E!R OR NOT ! SKILL$ WORKMAN JO9S ?IS 9DU/RIAL MOVEM5T AT ! PRES5T TIME1'' ,HAYWOOD DECL>$1 = '':5 WE GET ! UNSKILL$ & LABOR] 9TO ?IS ORGANIZATION ! SKILL$ WORK] WILL ( NECESSITY COME H]E = HIS [N PROTECTION4'' 

,! ,I,W,W'S /& WAS ROOT$ 9 ITS SYNDICALI/ IDEOLOGY ?AT /RESS$ ! NECESSITY ( CLASS ORGANIZ+ = ! DEFEAT ( CAPITALISM & ! /ATE1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( WAG+ SUCCESSFUL LABOR /RUGGLES 9 ! %ORT T]M )\T ! UNITY ( ALL WORK]S1 & ! >GUM5T ?AT UNIT$ CLASS /RUGGLE WAS ALSO ! KEY TO ABOLI%+ G5D]1 RACE1 & NATIONAL OPPRESSION4 ,AS DID MANY ANTI-CAPITALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,I,W,W BELIEV$ ?AT CLASS SOLID>ITY %\LD TRUMP CRAFT1 E?NIC1 G5D]1 NATIONAL1 RACIAL1 OR RELIGI\S ID5TITIES4 ,IT ALSO BELIEV$ ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE WAS AN EFFECTIVE MEANS ( FI<T+ AGA9/ NON-CLASS OPPRESSIONS4 

,! ,WOBBLIES' ANTI-RACI/ APPROA* WAS DEVELOP$1 9 P>T1 BY ! ,WE/]N ,F$]ATION ( ,M9]S 7,W,F,M71 AN 9TEGRAL SECTION ( ! E>LY ,I,W,W & ! UNION FROM :I* ,HAYWOOD HAIL$4 ,9 ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES ! ,W,F,M G5]ALLY PROMOT$ 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM & GRADUALLY 9CLUD$ ALL WORK]S REG>DLESS ( !IR NATIONAL H]ITAGE4 ,RESE>* CONFIRMS ?AT ,HAYWOOD & O!R ,W,F,M LEAD]S WITNESS$ H[ ''EMPLOY]S & ! /ATE US$ RACE'' & E?NIC DIVISIONS ''TO 9FLAME'' :ITE WORK]S4 ,DESPITE 9T5SE DIVISIONS ON ! ISSUE1 9 #aic ! ,W,F,M LEAD]%IP OP5$ ! UNION TO ,ASIANS1 ! MO/ HAT$ NON:ITE GR\P 9 ,AM]ICA'S ,WE/2 O!R WORK]S ( COLOR ALREADY C\LD1 & DID1 BELONG4 

,MANY O!R LEFT UNIONS & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS CLAIM$ TO SUPPORT RACIAL EQUALITY1 BUT DID LITTLE 9 PRACTICE &1 G5]ALLY1 CONSID]$ ! MATT] SECOND>Y4 ,AS ,EUG5E ,DEBS1 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,AM]ICA'S 7,S,P,A7 LEG5D>Y LEAD] & A CO-F\ND] ( ! ,I,W,W1 DECL>$1 ''WE HAVE NO?+ SPECIAL TO (F] ! ,NEGRO1 & WE CANNOT MAKE SEP>ATE APPEALS TO ALL ! RACES4 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY IS ! P>TY ( ! :OLE WORK+ CLASS1 REG>DLESS ( COLOR4'' ,EV5 IF1 AS ,WILL ,JONES CONV9C+LY HAS >GU$1 ,DEBS HIMSELF WAS MORE UND]/&+ ( ! PR(UNDITY ( ,AM]ICAN RACISM ?AN ! ABOVE QUOTATION SUGGE/S1 A GREAT MANY 9 ! ,S,P,A W]E OV]TLY PREJUDIC$2 ! P>TY PASS$ RESOLUTIONS 9 #a#i#g1 #a#i#a1 & #aiab 9 FAVOR ( ,ASIAN EXCLUSION FROM ! ,U,S4 

,:5 ! ,W,F,M )DREW FROM ! ,I,W,W1 ! ,WE/]N M9ES REMA9$ A ,WOBBLY /RON<OLD1 :]E ! IDEALS ( 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM1 9CLUSIVITY1 & MILITANT DIRECT ACTION ATTRACT$ ?\S&S ( WORK]S ( COLOR4 ,! DEEP-%AFT M9]S ( ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S W]E 9CR$IBLY DIV]SE4 ,9 ,S\?WE/]N COPP] M9ES1 ,PHILIP ,J4 ,MELL+] NOTES1 '',REC5T ,EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS1 ,MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS1 & ,U,S-BORN ,HISPANICS \TNUMB]$ ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN & O!R NOR?WE/-,EUROPEAN ANCE/RY GR\PS AT EV]Y L>GE COPP] M9E1 MILL1 & SMELT] 9 ! ,S\?WE/4'' 

,! ,I,W,W M9]S' UNION 7EV5TUALLY1 ! ,METAL & ,M9E ,WORK]S' ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION7 ATTRACT$ ?\S&S ( ,MEXICAN M9]S4 ,I,W,W ORGANIZ] ,JOSE' ,RODRY'GUEZ1 SPEAK+ TO M9]S 9 S\!RN ,>IZONA1 ''URG$ ,MEXICANS TO JO9 ! ,I,W,W & CLAIM$ ?AT IT WAS ! ONLY ORGANIZATION PREP>$ TO UNITE WORK]S ! WORLD OV]1 REG>DLESS ( !IR NATIONAL ORIG94'' ,WOBBLIES F\<T ALONGSIDE ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGO'N & ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA 9 ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,WOBBLIES1 ,MEXICAN & ,ANGLO1 ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 FI<T+ ON ! ,BAJA P59SULA E>LY 9 ! REVOLUTION ) ! ,MAGO'NI/A MILITIAS2 ACCORD+ TO ,G]ALD ,RONN+1 '',UND5IABLY1 ! ,I,W,W'S P>TICIPATION 9 ! .<,BAJA.> REVOLT DEMON/RAT$ ! UNION'S COMMITM5T TO CLASS SOLID>ITY ) ,MEXICAN WORK]S ON BO? SIDES ( ! BORD]4'' ,! ,I,W,W ALSO WORK$ ) ! P[]FUL ,MEXICAN SYNDICALI/ F$]ATION1 ! ,CASA DEL ,OBR]O ,MUNDIAL1 =M$ 9 #a#i#a#b4 

,?R\< ! ,WOBBLIES' ,SPANI%-LANGUAGE PRESS1 ESPECIALLY ,L,A-BAS$ ,EL ,REBELDE1 & A CROSS-BORD] NETWORK ( MIGRANTS1 MEMB]S1 & ACTIVI/S1 ! ,I,W,W ORGANIZ$ A TRANSNATIONAL MOVEM5T CONNECT+ ! M9ES ( ,>IZONA & NOR!RN ,MEXICO AS WELL AS ! OIL & PORT WORK]S ( ,TAMPICO1 ,MEXICO'S PRIM>Y OIL PORT4 ,A ,MEXICAN ,I,W,W WAS =M$ 9 #a#i#a#i1 & 9 #aiba M]G$ ) =M] ,CASA GR\PS & O!RS 9TO ! SYNDICALI/ ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 ! MA9 9DEP5D5T UNION F$]ATION4 ,! ,M,T,W DOM9AT$ ,*ILI'S L>GE/ PORT1 ,VALP>AISO1 FROM ! LATE #a#i#aS1 & ! ,*ILEAN ,I,W,W WAS A MAJOR P>T ( ! C\NTRY'S SYNDICALI/-L$ LABOR MOVEM5T4#d#f ,! ,M,T,W'S DI/9CTIVE COMMITM5T TO 9CLUSIVE UNIONISM L$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( ,M,T,W *APT]S 9 ,MEXICO1 ,ECUADOR1 ,URUGUAY1 & ,>G5T9A4 

,AS 9 ! M9ES1 ! ,I,W,W PROV$ COMMITT$ TO ORGANIZ+ ,ASIAN1 ,MEXICAN1 & O!R WORK]S ( COLOR ON ,CALI=NIA F>MS1 ALBEIT ) LESS SUCCESS4 ,9 ! RI* FIELDS ( ,CALI=NIA'S ,C5TRAL ,VALLEY1 ! AGRICULTURAL WAGE LABOR =CE WAS A POLYGLOT MIX4 ,ONE 9VE/IGATOR REPORT$ 9 #aiad ?AT '',AMONG ! MO/ IMPORTANT ALI5 GR\PS W]E ,SYRIAN1 ,MEXICAN1 ,SPANI% FROM ! ,HAWAIIAN SUG> PLANTATIONS1 ,JAPANESE1 ,LI?UANIAN1 ,ITALIAN1 ,GREEK1 ,POLI%1 ,H9DU1 ,CUBAN1 ,PORTO .<SIC.> ,RICAN1 & ,SW$I%4'' ,GREG ,HALL NOTES ?AT WORK]S AT ONE ,CALI=NIA F>M SPOKE1 9CR$IBLY1 TW5TY-SEV5 DIFF]5T LANGUAGES4 

,?IS WORK=CE ATTRACT$ LITTLE 9T]E/ FROM EI!R ! ,A,F,L OR ,S,P,A1 :I* DID NOT BELIEVE F>M WORK]S C\LD BE ORGANIZ$1 & (T5 SAW ,ASIANS AS RACIALLY 9F]IOR4 '',! DOM9ANT POLICY ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR1'' ,ROS5B]G NOTES1 ''( ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR & ( ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR BE=E IT1 FAVOR$ EXCLUSION ( ,ASIANS FROM ,AM]ICAN %ORES & SUBORD9ATION ( ?OSE ALREADY 9 ! ,U,S LABOR =CE4'' 

,MANY LEFTI/S %UNN$ ,ASIAN WORK]S1 LEAD+ ,WOBBLY ORGANIZ] ,J4,H4 ,WAL% TO *A/ISE ''A GREAT MANY SO-CALL$ ,AM]ICAN SOCIALI/S1 :O CLAIM TO BE SOCIALI/S BECAUSE ( A SCI5TIFIC UND]/&+ ( ECONOMICS1 & YET DECL>E = ! EXCLUSION ( !SE PEOPLE FROM '\R' %ORES4'' 

,BY CONTRA/1 ,ROS5B]G NOTES1 '',! EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,I,W,W WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ 7NOT SPECIFICALLY ,ASIAN7 WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS TO ACTIVELY RECRUIT ,ASIAN WORK]S1'' :ILE ,HALL /RESSES ?AT ! ,I,W,W OP5LY & REPEAT$LY 5DORS$ ,ASIAN IMMIGRATION & UNION MEMB]%IP4 ,BO? F9D ?AT ,ASIAN AGRICULTURAL WORK]S RESPOND$ SYMPA!TICALLY1 AL?\< ! DI/RU/ CREAT$ BY :ITE WORK+-CLASS RACISM PROV$ A HUGE IMP$IM5T4 ,?US1 ! MA9 SUCCESS WAS A L>GE ,JAPANESE CONT+5T 9 ,HAWAII4 ,IT WAS 9 ,CALI=NIA ?AT ! ,I,W,W RECRUIT$ & 9FLU5C$ KEY ,ASIAN MILITANTS SU* AS ,H> ,DAYAL & ,KO8TOKU ,%U8 SUI4 

,9 %ORT1 ! EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,I,W,W ORGANIZ$ ALL WORK]S REG>DLESS ( RACE OR E?NICITY1 9CLUD+ ! MO/ HAT$ GR\PS 9 ! ,U,S ,WE/1 ,ASIANS & ,MEXICANS1 ATTRACT$ & DEVELOP$ KEY MILITANTS 9 ALL !SE GR\PS1 & WAS A PR(\NDLY 9TEGRAT$ UNION ) A MULTIRACIAL & MULT9ATIONAL LEAD]%IP1 & DEEP ROOTS 9 COMMUNITIES ( COLOR4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ! ,I,W,W WAS C]TA9LY ! MO/ CONSI/5T 9 ORGANIZ+ WORK]S ( COLOR 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,/ILL1 MO/ WORK]S ( COLOR1 LIKE MO/ :ITE ,AM]ICANS1 DID NOT JO9 UNIONS1 & MANY ,ASIANS OR ,MEXICANS =M$ E?NICALLY BAS$ UNIONS4 ,SIMIL> ISSUES CONFRONT$ ! ,I,W,W :5 ORGANIZ+ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN WORK]S4 

,F> & AWAY1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS W]E ! L>GE/ M9ORITY GR\P 9 ! ,U,S1 UNTIL REC5TLY4 ,:ILE DISCRIM9ATION HAS BE5 EXP]I5C$ BY MANY 9 ! ,U,S1 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS HAD A ''SPECIAL & 9F]IOR /ATUS1'' 5DUR+ SLAV]Y UNTIL #a#h#f#e1 FAC+ A C5TURY ( ,JIM ,CR[ DISCRIM9ATION !REAFT]1 & A MORE SY/EMATIC & ONGO+ EXCLUSION ?AN ANY O!R GR\P4#e#d ,DESPITE BE+ OV]:ELM+LY WORK+-CLASS1 E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS G5]ALLY REMA9$ ALO( FROM--& W]E IGNOR$ BY--MO/ UNIONS4 ,! ,PAN-,AFRICANI/ ,W4,E4,B4 ,DU ,BOIS RECOGNIZ$ ?IS VICI\S CYCLE3 '',RACE PREJUDICE IS A TWO-$G$ SWORD1 & IT IS NOT TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR TO PRODUCE AMONG ! ,NEGROES A PREJUDICE & FE> ( UNION LABOR SU* AS TO CREATE 9 ?IS C\NTRY A RACE ( /RIKE BREAK]S4'' ,YET FEW UNIONS HE$$ HIS ADVICE1 & HE HIMSELF DESPAIR$ ( ! POSSIBILITY ( AN 9T]RACIAL UNION MOVEM5T4 ,MEAN:ILE ,BOOK] ,T4 ,WA%+TON1 >GUABLY ! MO/ PROM95T ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN LEAD] 9 ?IS ]A1 ATTACK$ ! ,A,F,L = RACISM & ACTIVELY 5C\RAG$ BLACKS TO BREAK /RIKES TO GA9 JOBS4 ,SU* ADVICE1 9 TURN1 RE9=C$ :ITE DOM9AT$ UNIONS' DI/RU/ ( BLACK WORK]S4 

,! ,I,W,W1 BY CONTRA/1 APPEAL$ DIRECTLY TO ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS4 ,! ,WOBBLY PAMPHLET ,JU/ICE = ! ,NEGRO CLAIM$ ?AT '',!RE IS ONLY ONE LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT ADMITS ! COLOR$ WORK]1 MAN OR WOMAN1 ON A FOOT+ ( ABSOLUTE EQUALITY ) ! :ITE--! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD4'' ,LIKEWISE ,TO ,COLOR$ ,WORK+ ,M5 & ,WOM5 CONT5D$3 ''.<,T.>HE EMPLOY+ CLASS SEEKS TO 5G5D] RACE HATR$ BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,HE SETS ! BLACK WORK] AGA9/ ! :ITE WORK] & ! :ITE WORK] AGA9/ ! BLACK1 & KEEPS !M DIVID$ & 5SLAV$4'' ,WOBBLY ORGANIZ]S /RESS$ ! COMMON EXP]I5CE ( CLASS OPPRESSION YET ALSO RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS SUFF]$ UNIQUELY3 

,! WRONGS ( ! ,NEGRO 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES >E NOT CONF9$ TO LYN*+S1 H[EV]4 ,:5 ALL[$ TO LIVE & WORK = ! COMMUNITY1 HE IS SUBJECT$ TO CON/ANT HUMILIATION1 9JU/ICE1 & DISCRIM9ATION4 ,9 ! CITIES HE IS =C$ TO LIVE 9 ! MEANE/ DI/RICTS1 :]E HIS R5T IS D\BL$ & TRIPL$1 :ILE CONDITIONS ( HEAL? & SAFETY >E NEGLECT$ 9 FAVOR ( ! :ITE SECTIONS4 ,9 MANY /ATES HE IS OBLIG$ TO RIDE 9 SPECIAL '',JIM ,CR['' C>S1 H>DLY FIT = CATTLE4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y:]E ALL SEMBLANCE ( POLITICAL RI<TS IS D5I$ HIM4 

,:]E C\LD ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS LOOK = ASSI/ANCE8 ,WOBBLIES CLAIM$3 '',9 ! ,I,W,W ! COLOR$ WORK]1 MAN OR WOMAN1 IS ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ ) EV]Y O!R WORK]4'' ,?US1 ! NOTION ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE & ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION WAS ESS5TIAL TO ! LIB]ATION ( ALL WORK]S1 AS WELL AS ! MEANS ( EMANCIPATION FROM RACIAL OPPRESSION4 

,! ,I,W,W ALSO C\PL$ DISCUSSIONS ( REVOLUTION ) PRAGMATIC APPEALS1 CRITICAL 9 BUILD+ UNITY AMONG SKEPTICAL BLACK & :ITE WORK]S4 ,! ,WOBBLIES MA9TA9$ ?AT EV]Y WORK] MU/ BELONG TO ! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION4 ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK] EXPLA9$3 '',LEAV+ ! ,NEGRO \TSIDE ( Y\R UNION MAKES HIM A POT5TIAL1 IF NOT AN ACTUAL SCAB1 DANG]\S TO ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]1 TO SAY NO?+ ( HIS [N 9T]E/S AS A WORK]4'' ,DAVID ,RO$IG] CALL$ ,WOBBLY 9T]RACIAL ORGANIZ+ 9 ,L\ISIANA ''/OMA* EQUALITY1'' 9 ORD] TO /RESS ! PRAGMATIC SIDE1 BUT IT %\LD BE CONC$$ ?AT ! ,I,W,W ALSO ACTIVELY F\<T AGA9/ RACIAL PREJUDICE & BLACK OPPRESSION4 

,! FIR/ PLACE ! ,I,W,W L9$ UP MANY BLACK WORK]S WAS ! WOODS ( ,L\ISIANA & ,TEXAS4 ,9 #aiab ! ,I,W,W WELCOM$ ! 9DEP5D5T ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,TIMB] ,WORK]S 7,B,T,W7 9TO ITS FOLD & RADICALIZ$ ! ,B,T,W1 ESPECIALLY ON RACE MATT]S1 9TO ! REGION'S FIR/ TRULY 9T]RACIAL UNION4 ,PRIOR TO JO9+ ! ,I,W,W1 ! ,B,T,W WAS BIRACIAL1 MA9TA9+ SEP>ATE BRAN*ES ?\< !SE LOCALS WORK$ CLOSELY TOGE!R4 ,BIRACIALISM WAS1 9 ITSELF1 QUITE IMPRESSIVE 9 ! ,JIM ,CR[ ,S\?1 BUT CREAT$ CONFLICTS ?R\< PRACTICES SU* AS :ITE LEAD]S BE+ 9 *>GE ( ALL F9ANCIAL ISSUES1 9CLUD+ ! BLACK LOCALS' DUES MONEY4 

,! ,I,W,W =C$ ! ,B,T,W 9TO 9TEGRAT+ ITS RANKS1 MEET+S1 & LOCALS4 ,FAM\SLY1 AT ! #aiab ,B,T,W CONV5TION1 ,HAYWOOD--FRE% FROM ! ,WOBBLIES' /UNN+ VICTORY AMONG MULTI-E?NIC TEXTILE WORK]S 9 ! ,LAWR5CE1 ,MASSA*USETTS ''BREAD & ROSES'' /RIKE--EXPRESS$ %OCK ?AT ! MEMB]%IP MET SIMULTANE\SLY 9 :ITE- & BLACK-ONLY HALLS1 SO CALL$ = 9TEGRATION4 ,9 DEFIANCE ( LOCAL LAW & CU/OM1 & ) ! AID ( ,COV+TON ,HALL1 A :ITE1 ,NEW ,ORLEANS-BAS$ ,WOBBLY POET1#f#a ! MEMB]%IP AGRE$1 !REBY DESEGREGAT+ ! UNION 9 ONE DRAMATIC ACT4 ,IT ALSO WAS ! ,I,W,W LEAD]%IP ?AT CONV9C$ TIMB] WORK]S TO ELECT BLACK REPRES5TATIVES TO ! ,I,W,W NATIONAL CONV5TION1 9/EAD ( SOLELY :ITES4 ,NONE ( ?IS CAN BE EXPLA9$ ON PURELY PRAGMATIC GR\NDS3 ! ,B,T,W HAD WAG$ PREVI\S BATTLES DESPITE 9T]NAL SEGREGATION4 ,?US1 ! ,I,W,W DEMON/RAT$ ITS COMMITM5T TO ORGANIZ+ BLACK WORK]S & CONFRONT+ SEGREGATION4 

,! ,I,W,W'S '',PHILADELPHIA /ORY'' IS P]HAPS EV5 MORE REM>KABLE1 AS ! DIV]SE LONG%OREM5 9 ONE ( ! NATION'S L>GE/ PORTS =G$ NOT JU/ ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL 9T]RACIAL LOCAL 9 ,WOBBLY HI/ORY BUT ALSO ! MO/ 9CLUSIVE UNION ( ITS TIME4 ,9 #a#i#a#c1 :5 ,LOCAL #h WAS F\ND$1 ,PHILADELPHIA'S LONG%OREM5 W]E R\<LY A ?IRD ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN1 A ?IRD NATIVE-BORN :ITE ,AM]ICANS 7ESPECIALLY ,IRI% ,AM]ICANS71 & A ?IRD ,EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS 7P>TICUL>LY ,IRI%1 ,POLES1 & ,LI?UANIANS74 ,?\< DISCUSS+ ! P]IOD AFT] ! FALL ( ,LOCAL #h1 LOCAL LONG%OREMAN ,JOHN ,QU9N ALSO DESCRIB$ ! TIME BE=E3 '',IT WAS NOT UNCOMMON ?AT ! GANGS W\LD BE PITT$ AGA9/ EA* O!R1 :ITE AGA9/ BLACK1 ,IRI% AGA9/ ! ,POLI%4'' 

,\T ( ?IS MELANGE1 FO/]$ BY EMPLOY]S :O UND]/OOD H[ COMPETITIVE DIV]SITY UND]CUT UNIONISM1 ,LOCAL #h >OSE1 L$ BY ,PHILADELPHIA-BORN ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN LEAD]1 ,B5 ,FLET*]4 ,AFT] ,LOCAL #h SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! DEEP-SEA PI]S1 IT ELIM9AT$ ! HAT$ & RACIALLY DIVISIVE %APE-UP & 9TEGRAT$ ! PREVI\SLY SEGREGAT$ WORK GANGS4 ,MOREOV]1 ! UNION PROV$ COMMITT$ TO A MIX$-RACE LEAD]%IP DUR+ MEET+S & 9 LEAD]%IP POSITIONS & MA9TA9$ 9TEGRAT$ SOCIAL GA!R+S4 

,LOCAL #h WORK$ H>D TO MA9TA9 UNITY 9 ITS [N RANKS4 ,LOCAL & NATIONAL ,WOBBLY PAP]S HI<LI<T$ ! LEAD]%IP ( ,FLET*]1 A BRILLIANT SPEAK] & ONE ( ! KEYS TO KEEP+ ! LONG%OREM5 UNIT$4 ,= HIS P>T1 ,FLET*] MA9TA9$ ?AT BLACK WORK]S' 9T]E/S W]E ! SAME AS ?OSE ( :ITE WORK]S1 ?\< FEW ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS CONSID]$ !IR CLASS ID5TITIES ABOVE !IR RACIAL ONES4 ,LOCAL #h COMBAT$ NUM]\S EMPLOY] ATTEMPTS TO DRIVE RACIAL W$GES 9TO ! UNION'S RANKS3 DUR+ ONE /RIKE1 EMPLOY]S S5T LETT]S TO ! HOMES ( ,POLI% LONG%OREM5 APPEAL+ TO !M TO RETURN TO WORK2 :5 ! ,POLES REFUS$1 EMPLOY]S S5T SIMIL> LETT]S TO ! ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS1 :O ALSO REFUS$2 & !N F9ALLY TO ,ITALIAN LONG%OREM54 ,DUR+ /RIKES EMPLOY]S FREQU5TLY US$ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN REPLACEM5TS1 PLAY+ ON ,AM]ICA'S LEGACY ( RACE & /RIKEBREAK+4 

,GIV5 ! MANY =CES AT WORK1 9CLUD+ A CITY & NATION 9CREAS+LY RACI/1 X5OPHOBIC1 & ANTI-UNION & ESPECIALLY A REPRESSIVE F$]AL GOV]NM5T 7! TOP #a LEAD]S ( ! ,I,W,W--9CLUD+ ,FLET*] & FIVE O!R ,PHILADELPHIANS--W]E >RE/$ 9 #a#i#a#g71 IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,LOCAL #h EV5TUALLY1 AFT] A LONG-F\<T BATTLE1 LO/ CONTROL ( ! WAT]FRONT 9 #a#i#b#c4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ITS DECADE-LONG RUN ( DOM9ANCE SET ! ,U,S /&>D = A UNION COMMITT$ TO ORGANIZ+ WORK]S ( COLOR4 

,:ILE ! ,I,W,W'S SUCCESS 9 ORGANIZ+ WORK]S ( COLOR 9 ! ,U,S WAS UNEV51 ITS PR9CIPL$ /& WAS UNPREC$5T$4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO QUANTIFY ! RACIAL & E?NIC COMPOSITION ( ! ,U,S ,I,W,W--ITS RECORD-KEEP+ WAS POOR1 IT DID NOT RECORD MEMB]S' DEMOGRAPHICS1 & ! GOV]NM5T DE/ROY$ ALL ,I,W,W RECORDS CONFISCAT$ DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,/ILL1 ! EVID5CE /RONGLY SUPPORTS ,GREG ,HALL'S VIEW ?AT '',AL?\< IT IS DIFFICULT TO MAKE JUDGM5TS AB\T :E!R ALL ,WOBBLIES ACCEPT$ ! RACIAL & E?NIC 9CLUSIV5ESS ( ! UNION1 ONE IS H>D-PRESS$ TO F9D RACI/ OR E?NICALLY PREJUDIC$ S5TIM5TS 9 ,I,W,W NEWSPAP]S1 (FICIAL PUBLICATIONS1 OR 9 ! ORAL HI/ORIES LEFT BEH9D BY ,WOBBLIES4'' ,?REE MORE DECADES ( S*OL>%IP1 P>TICUL>LY ,COLE'S RESE>* ON ,LOCAL #h1 CONFIRMS ,PHILIP ,FON]'S CLAIM ?AT IT WAS ! ''ONLY F$]ATION 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR MOVEM5T NEV] TO *>T] A S+LE SEGREGAT$ LOCAL1'' :I* ''UNIT$ BLACK & :ITE WORK]S AS NEV] BE=E 4 4 4 & MA9TA9$ SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY REG>DLESS ( RACE OR COLOR SU* AS MO/ LABOR ORGANIZATIONS HAVE YET TO EQUAL4'' 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ TO LE>N1 !N1 ?AT ONLY ! ,I,W,W RECEIV$ ! HI< PRAISE ( LEAD+ BLACK RADICALS AT ! TIME4 ,*&L] ,[5 & ,A4 ,PHILLIP ,R&OLPH HELD JO9T MEET+S ) ,I,W,W SPEAK]S & PROMOT$ ! UNION & ITS POLITICS 9 ! #a#i#aS & #a#i#bS4 ,JAMAICAN-BORN RADICAL WRIT] ,CLAUDE ,MC,KAY PRAIS$ ! ,I,W,W1 AS DID ,DU ,BOIS1 :O $ITORIALIZ$3 '',WE RESPECT ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD AS ONE ( ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL MOVEM5TS 9 MOD]N TIMES ?AT DRAWS NO COLOR L9E4'' 

,!RE >E CRITICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! SITUATIONS 9 ! ,U,S & ,S,A ?AT %\LD BE BORNE 9 M9D 9 PROCE$+ ) \R ANALYSIS4 ,FIR/LY1 ! ,U,S ECONOMY WAS BAS$ ON ADVANC$ CAPITALISM & ! USE ( A L>GE POOL ( PR$OM9ANTLY FREE LABOR4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,S,A CAPITALISM 7FROM ITS 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! LATE #a#h#hS 9TO ! #a#i#cS7 WAS A COLONIAL ONE1 C5T]$ ON AGRICULTURE & M9+1 PLAGU$ BY LABOR %ORTAGES1 & RELIANT ON UNFREE LABOR4 

,H]E1 ! MAJORITY ( WORK]S W]E ,AFRICANS1 FROM CONQU]$ PEOPLES ACROSS ! S\!RN ,AFRICAN REGION4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! ,AFRICAN WORK]S 9 MOD]N 9DU/RY W]E MALE MIGRANTS :O WORK$ ON LIMIT$ CONTRACTS & :OSE FAMILIES RESID$ 9 RURAL HOME/EADS 9 ,AFRICAN RES]VES4 ,!IR CONTRACTS MADE /RIKES & ''DES]TION'' ILLEGAL1 !IR MOVEM5TS W]E CONTROLL$ BY 9T]NAL PASSPORTS2 MANY LIV$ 9 CLOS$ COMP\NDS1 & ALMO/ ALL WORK$ 9 L[-WAGE UNSKILL$ JOBS4 ,!Y FAC$ RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION1 9CLUD+ (FICIAL EF=TS TO 5=CE SEGREGATION & PREV5T BLACK URBANIZATION1 AS DID ! SMALL POPULATION ( FREE URBAN ,AFRICAN WORK]S1 9CLUD+ A SMALL LAY] ( :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 AS WELL AS PR(ESSIONALS & SMALL CAPITALI/S4 

,5GLI%-SPEAK+ :ITE WORK]S1 MO/LY IMMIGRANTS ( ,BRITI% ORIG91 DOM9AT$ ! SKILL$ TRADES & HAD A TRADITION ( CRAFT UNIONISM4 ,!SE UNIONS />T$ TO MOVE T[>DS '':ITE LABORISM1'' A PLAT=M ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 SEGREGATION1 & ,ASIAN REPATRIATION4 ,AL?\< :ITE WORK]S DOM9AT$ SKILL$ JOBS1 MANY :ITES 7NOTABLY LOCAL ,AFRIKAN]S7 W]E UNSKILL$ & POOR4 ,:5 !SE WORK]S />T$ TO UNIONIZE1 !Y (T5 EMBRAC$ RACIAL EXCLUSION VIA :ITE LABORISM OR ,AFRIKAN] NATIONALISM4 ,FUR!R COMPLICAT+ ! DIVISIONS1 !RE WAS A L>GE FREE POPULATION ( ,WE/]NIZ$ '',COLOR$'' 7MIX$-RACE1 ''BR[N''7 WORK]S CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! ,CAPE PROV9CE 7MANY ( SLAVE1 S]VANT & SAILOR DESC5T71 & A SUB/ANTIAL ,9DIAN POPULATION 9 ,NATAL 7MO/LY D]IV$ FROM 9D5TUR$ WORK]S74 

,FREE LABOR ( ALL RACES1 P]HAPS A ?IRD ( ! URBAN WORK+ CLASS & (T5 CONC5TRAT$ 9 MULTIRACIAL SLUMS1 FE>$ REPLACEM5T BY UNFREE ,AFRICAN MIGRANTS-- & BY ONE ANO!R4 ,ONE RESULT WAS ONGO+ ,AFRICAN-:ITE CONFLICT1 9CLUD+ RACE RIOTS1 9 ! ,WITWAT]SR& SLUMS4 ,! UNFREE ,AFRICANS W]E !MSELVES DIVID$1 E?NIC RIVALRIES LEAD+ TO A LONG HI/ORY ( VIOL5T ''FACTION-FI<TS'' ON ! M9ES4 

,COMP>ISONS >E (T5 DRAWN BETWE5 ,U,S & ,S,A SEGREGATION BUT !RE >E KEY DIFF]5CES4 ,MO/ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICAN & :ITE M9]S 9 ! ,U,S1 = 9/ANCE1 HAD RELATIVELY SIMIL> 9COMES1 FAMILY /RUCTURES1 JOBS1 & CULTURES2 ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS HAD SOME CITIZ5%IP RI<TS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ,AFRICAN & :ITE M9]S 9 ,S,A W]E /RUCTURALLY DIVID$ 9TO UNFREE & FREE1 MIGRANT & URBAN1 SKILL$ & UNSKILL$1 DIVID$ BY COLONIAL /ATUS & /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 ! LABOR SY/EM1 & BY LANGUAGE & CULTURE4 

,! ,I,W,W TRADITION ALSO PLAY$ \T 9 ! TWO CONTEXTS SOME:AT DIFF]5TLY4 ,U,S SYNDICALISM WAS C5T]$ ON A S+LE1 L>GE1 ,I,W,W UNION F$]ATION4 ,9 ,S,A1 ! ,I,W,W WAS EXPRESS$ ?R\< A V>IETY ( DIFF]5T ORGANIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ UNIONS = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES ,WOBBLY4 ,!RE W]E UNIONS EXPLICITLY MODEL$ ON ! ,U,S ,I,W,W1 SU* AS ! LOCAL ,I,W,W 7=M$ #a#i#a7 & ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ,AFRICA 7,I,W,A1 =M$ #a#i#a#g71 BUT !SE W]E BUT P>T ( ! DIV]SE SYNDICALI/ MILIEU4 ,DAVID ,MONTGOM]Y1 WRIT+ AB\T ! ,U,S1 NOTES ?AT ! ,I,W,W'S BATTLE = ''WORK+-CLASS REVOLT AGA9/ 9DU/RIAL HI]>*Y'' WAS A TASK ''MU* MORE WIDESPREAD & DIV]SE ?AN ! ,I,W,W ITSELF C\LD POSSIBLY EMBODY4'' ,SU* C]TA9LY WAS TRUE ( ,S,A1 ) ITS DIV]SE EXPRESSIONS ( ,WOBBLY 9FLU5CE4 

,I,W,W-/YLE SYNDICALISM />T$ 9 ,S,A AMONG RADICAL IMMIGRANTS1 GALVANIZ$ BY ! #aia & #aiad SPEAK+ T\RS ( ,5GLI% SYNDICALI/ ,TOM ,MANN4 ,!SE IMMIGRANTS REMA9$ 9 CLOSE T\* ) ! ,LONDON AN>*I/S >\ND ,PYOTR ,KROPOTK91 & ! ,CLYDESIDE SYNDICALI/S 9 ,SCOTL&4 ,!RE WAS AN IMPORTANT SPLIT 9 ! ,U,S ,I,W,W 9 #aih BETWE5 FACTIONS ALIGN$ ) ,HAYWOOD 7! '',*ICAGO ,I,W,W''7 & ,DANIEL ,DE ,LEON 7! '',DETROIT ,I,W,W1'' L9K$ TO ,DE ,LEON'S ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY1 OR ,S,L,P74 ,9 ,M>* #aia A LOCAL ,SOCIALI/ ,LABOR ,P>TY 7,S,L,P7 EM]G$ 9 9DU/RIAL ,JOHANNESBURG1 ALIGN$ TO ! ,DE ,LEONI/S1 FOLL[$ 9 ,JUNE BY AN ,I,W,W UNION1 ALIGN$ TO ! ,HAYWOOD FACTION1 A DIVISION ?AT PROVIDES ELOQU5T EVID5CE ( ! IMM]SION ( LOCAL RADICALS 9 GLOBAL ,I,W,W TR5DS4 ,! LOCAL ,I,W,W ORGANIZ$ /RIKES ( ,JOHANNESBURG TRAMWAY WORK]S 9 #a#i#a#a1 E/ABLI%$ A 'LOCAL' AMONG GOV]NM5T RAILWAY WORK]S 9 NE>BY ,PRETORIA1 & A BRAN* 9 ! PORT ( ,DURBAN 9 ,NATAL4#g#i ,BO? ! LOCAL ,S,L,P & ,I,W,W W]E DEFUNCT BY #a#i#a#c1 AL?\< !IR VET]ANS PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ! :ITE WORK]S' G5]AL /RIKE ?AT %OOK ! 5TIRE ,WITWAT]SR& REGION ?AT YE>4 ,! NEXT YE> !Y JO9$ ! MILITANT ANTI-W> LEFT W+ ( ! 7PR$OM9ANTLY :ITE LABORITE7 ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,LABOR ,P>TY TO =M ! '',W>-ON-,W> ,LEAGUE1'' :I* BECAME ! SYNDICALI/ ,I,S,L 9 #a#i#a#e4 ,WOBBLY IDEAS W]E SE5 9 ! ,I,S,L'S COMMITM5T TO ''! UNION ( ALL WORK]S ALONG ! L9ES ( 9DU/RY2 NOT ONLY AS A =CE BEH9D !IR POLITICAL DEM&S1 BUT AS ! EMBRYO ( ?AT ,SOCIALI/ ,COMMONWEAL? :I* 4 4 4 MU/ TAKE ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T B>B>IC ORD]4'' ,9 ,MAY #aiah MILITANTS 9 ! PORT CITY ( ,CAPE ,T[N =M$ A SEP>ATE ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE 7,9D,S,L7 ON ! ,*ICAGO ,I,W,W PLAT=M4 

,ALL !SE ORGANIZATIONS /RESS$ ?AT ! ''ONE BIG UNION'' MU/ BE 9T]RACIAL & REJECT$ ! EXCLUSIONISM ( ! EXI/+ UNIONS & ! ,LABOR ,P>TY4 ,>*IE ,CRAW=D1 $ITOR ( ! ,VOICE ( ,LABOR1 A LOCAL PRO-,I,W,W WEEKLY PUBLI%$ FROM #a#i#h1 /RESS$ !SE PO9TS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,H5RY ,GLASSE1 A PIONE] ( ,S,A AN>*ISM S9CE ! #a#h#hS1 /RESS$3 '',= A :ITE WORK] 9 ?IS ,S\? ,AFRICA TO PRET5D HE CAN SUCCESSFULLY FI<T HIS BATTLE 9DEP5D5T ( ! COLOR$ WAGE SLAVES--! VA/ MAJORITY--IS1 TO MY M9D1 SIMPLY IDIOCY4'' ,! ,I,W,W PR\DLY DESCRIB$ ITSELF AS A ''CLASS-CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION EMBRAC+ ALL WORK]S REG>DLESS ( CRAFT1 RACE OR COLOR1'' TO ''FI<T ! CLASS W> ) ! AID ( ALL WORK]S1 :E!R 4 4 4 SKILL$ OR UNSKILL$1 :ITE OR BLACK4'' 

,LIKEWISE1 ! ,I,S,L COMMITT$ ITSELF TO ''! ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S ON 9DU/RIAL OR CLASS L9ES1 IRRESPECTIVE ( RACE1 COLOR OR CRE$ 4 4 4 = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S4'',! ,I,S,L DEM&$ = ''EV]Y WORK]1 :ITE OR COLOR$ 4 4 4 ! FULL VALUE ( :AT HE MAY PRODUCE4'',:ITE WORK]S MU/ NOT /& '') !IR FEET ON ! NATIVE WORK] BUT 4 4 4 %\LD] TO %\LD] ) HIM 9 !IR 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATIONS4'' 

,?\< COMMITT$ TO FI<T+ RACISM1 ! PIONE]S ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 9 ,S,A W]E :ITE WORK]S1 SU* AS ,GLASSE1 AN ,5GLI%MAN1 ,&REW ,DUNB>1 ! ,SCOTS-BORN ,I,W,W G5]AL-SECRET>Y1 & ,WEL%MAN ,DAVID ,IVON ,JONES ( ! ,I,S,L4 ,UNLIKE MANY :ITE IMMIGRANTS1 :O QUICKLY ADAPT$ TO LOCAL :ITE RACISM1 H[EV]1 !SE M5 IMAG9$ A WORLD ( CLASS SOLID>ITY4 ,RA!R ?AN DEF5D ! COLONIAL RACIAL HI]>*Y ) ITS /RATIFI$ WORK+ CLASS1 !Y 5VISAG$ AN 9T]RACIAL ''9DU/RIAL REPUBLIC1'' =G$ ?R\< AN 9CLUSIVE ONE BIG UNION1 :I* W\LD ALSO BE AN ''AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,9DU/RIAL ,REPUBLIC4'' 

,= ! GR\PS ( ! P]IOD #aia TO #a#i#a#d1 ?IS WAS L>GELY A !ORETICAL COMMITM5T4 ,DESPITE !IR A*IEVEM5TS 9 DEVELOP+ AN ANALYSIS ( ! C\NTRY'S COLONIAL SOCIETY1 !IR FOCUS WAS 9 PRACTICE ON :ITE WORK]S4 ,!Y FAIL$ TO ACTIVELY ORGANIZE WORK]S ( COLOR1 AL?\< ACTIVI/S SU* AS ,JOCK ,CAMPBELL ( ! ,S,L,P1 A ,CLYDESIDE ,IRI%MAN1 W]E C]TA9LY ! FIR/ ON ! ,WITWAT]SR& TO MAKE PROPAG&A AMONG ! ,AFRICAN WORK]S1 ADVOCAT+ ''UNITY AMONG ALL WAGE SLAVES1 REG>DLESS ( COLOR4'' 

,! VITAL /EP--TO COMB9E PR9CIPL$ OPPOSITION TO RACIAL OPPRESSION ) ACTIVE UNION WORK AMONG WORK]S ( COLOR--WAS TAK5 BY ! ,I,S,L & ,9D,S,L4 ,! ,I,S,L NOT ONLY >GU$ = ! FUTILITY ( :ITE LABORISM1 NOR /OPP$ AT /AT+ ?AT RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION & PREJUDICE B5EFIT$ ONLY ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,IT W5T FUR!R1 >GU+ ?AT ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RACIAL OPPRESSION MU/ BE COMB9$ ) ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLE ?R\< ! ONE BIG UNION & SO ''SUCCE$ 9 %AK+ ,S\? ,AFRICAN CAPITALISM TO ITS F\NDATIONS4'' 

,9 ITS VIEW1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ RACIAL OPPRESSION HAD TO BE L9K$ TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! ROLE ( UNFREE LABOR 9 ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY3 '',:AT MAKES NATIVE LABOR SO *EAP & EXPLOITABLE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA8 ,LAWS & REGULATIONS :I*1 ON ! PRET5SE ( PROTECT+ SOCIETY FROM B>B>ISM1 DEGRADE ! NATIVE WORK]S TO ! LEVEL ( S]FS & H]D$ CATTLE = ! EXPRESS USES ( ,CAPITAL4'' ,AFRICAN LABOR1 ''*EAP1 HELPLESS & UNORGANIZ$1'' 5SUR$ ''EMPLOY]S G5]ALLY & P>TICUL>LY 9DU/RIAL EMPLOY]S1 ?AT MO/ COVET$ PLUM ( MOD]N ,IMP]IALISM1 PL5TIFUL *EAP LABOR4'',SO ,I,S,L ORGANIZ]S DECL>$ AT A #aiaf ,JOHANNESBURG MEET+ ATTACK+ ! #aiac ,L& ,ACT ?AT RADICALLY RE/RICT$ ,AFRICAN L&[N]%IP4,TO ?IS EV5T BELONGS ! DI/9CTION ( BE+ ! ''FIR/ COM+ TOGE!R 9 ! ,TRANSVAAL ( :ITE SOCIALI/S & ! ,AFRICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS1'' ! ,AFRICAN NATIONALI/ BODY =M$ 9 #aiab AS ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,NATIVE ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS 7,S,A,N,N,C74 ,! NEXT YE> SAW ! ,I,S,L HOLD A PUBLIC PROTE/ MEET+1 ALSO ADDRESS$ BY ,S,A,N,N,C LEAD]S1 AGA9/ ! ,NATIVE ,AFFAIRS ,ADM9I/RATION ,BILL ?AT ESS5TIALLY PLAC$ ,AFRICANS UND] RULE BY DECREE4,?IS WAS A ''HI/ORIC OCCASION AS SOCIALI/S DEMON/RAT$ = ! FIR/ TIME ON ! ,R& AGA9/ RACIAL LEGISLATION ?AT DID NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT :ITES4'' 

,IT IS (T5 ASSUM$ ?AT L9KS BETWE5 ,AFRICAN NATIONALI/S1 & ANTI-CAPITALI/ RADICALS1 DATE TO ! EF=TS ( ! ,C,P,S,A FROM ! LATE #a#i#bS ONW>DS2 EVID5TLY1 H[EV]1 IT WAS ! SYNDICALI/S :O PIONE]$ ?IS COOP]ATION4 ,?AT SAID1 ! SYNDICALI/S DID NOT REALLY AGREE ) ! ,S,A,N,N,C APPROA*1 :I* C5T]$ AT ! TIME ON DEPUTATIONS TO ! AU?ORITIES & REQUE/S = ! EXT5SION ( A QUALIFI$ FRAN*ISE4 ,= ! ,I,S,L & ,9D,S,L1 ! ONE BIG UNION WAS ! MEANS ( OV]COM+ RACIAL & NATIONAL RACIAL OPPRESSION1 ! BROOM :]EBY ! ''TYRANT LAWS MU/ BE SWEPT AWAY4'' ,GEORGE ,MASON ( ! ,I,S,L1 ADDRESS+ A RACIALLY MIX$ MEET+ 9 ,JOHANNESBURG1 >GU$ = !SE TO BE ''REPEAL$ BY ! /R5G? ( ,TRADE ,UNIONISM''3 ,AFRICAN WORK]S MU/ ''TRA9 & ORGANIZE !MSELVES'' TO ''COMPEL RESPECT4'',! ONE BIG UNION1 = ! ,I,S,L1 W\LD 5ABLE SIMULTANE\S /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM & RACISM3 '',ONCE ORGANIZ$1 !SE WORK]S CAN BU/-UP ANY TYRANNICAL LAW4'',AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ONE BIG UNION C\LD SC>CELY BE =M$ UNLESS ''F\ND$ ON ! ROCK ( ! MEANE/ PROLET>IAN :O TOILS = A MA/]4'' 

,IT WAS ?IS \TLOOK ?AT L$ ! ,I,S,L TO DEVELOP L9KS ) ! ,S,A,N,N,C 9 #a#i#a#f1 & TO ACTIVELY ORGANIZE AMONG WORK]S ( COLOR 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,I,S,L FRANKLY D\BT$ ! RELIABILITY ( ! ,S,A,N,N,C LEAD]%IP1 :I* IT DESCRIB$ 7ACCURATELY 5\<7 AS DOM9AT$ BY ,AFRICAN ''ATTORNEYS & P>SONS1'' ''SMALL CAPITALI/S'' & ! ''NATIVE PROP]TY [N]01MA9LY MOD]ATES FE>FUL ( 9DU/RIAL ACTION & ''A UNIV]SAL G5]AL /RIKE'' AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,9 #a#i#a#f1 ! ORGANIZATION WAS PR$OM9ANTLY :ITE1 AL?\< ! ,BRITI% CORE WAS N[ SUPPLEM5T$ 9CREAS+LY BY ,JEWI% IMMIGRANTS FLEE+ ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE4 

,YET )9 A YE>1 ! ,I,S,L HAD TRANS=M$ ITSELF1 RECRUIT+ KEY ACTIVI/S ( COLOR & =M+ A NUMB] ( SYNDICALI/ UNIONS AMONG WORK]S ( COLOR4 ,NEW ,I,S,L RECRUITS 9CLUD$ ,T4,W4 ,?IB$I 7A RADICAL ,AFRICAN S*OOL TEA*] FROM D[NT[N ,JOHANNESBURG71 ,F]D ,CETIWE & ,HAMILTON ,KRAAI 7HAIL+ FROM ! ,AFRICAN DI/RICTS ( ! ,EA/]N ,CAPE71 ,JOHNNY ,GOMAS & ,K4,C4 ,FR$]ICKS 7,COLOR$ TAILORS FROM ! M9+ T[N ( ,KIMB]LEY7 & ,R4,K4 ,MOODLEY & ,B]N>D ,SIGAMONEY 7,9DIAN MILITANTS FROM ,DURBAN1 ! LATT] A S*OOL TEA*]74 

,! ,I,S,L WAS DIRECT+ ITS ATT5TION TO ''! GREAT MASS ( ! PROLET>IAT'' ?AT ''HAPP5S 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA TO BE BLACK1 & !RE=E DIS5FRAN*IZ$ & SOCIALLY \TCA/4'',PROM95T ,I,S,L MEMB]S 9 ! :ITE TRADE UNIONS1 SU* AS ,BILL ,&REWS & ,MASON1 W]E JO9$ BY ,CETIWE1 ,KRAAI1 & ,?IB$I 9 TRY+ TO RE=M--)\T MU* PRACTICAL SUCCESS--!SE BODIES ALONG SUITABLY REVOLUTION>Y L9ES 79CLUD+ OP5+ ! UNIONS TO ALL RACES74 

,9 ,M>* #aiag ,I,S,L ACTIVI/S HELP$ LAUN* AN ,9DIAN ,WORK]S' ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION ''ON ! L9ES ( ! ,I,W,W'' 9 URBAN4,ORGANIZ$ BY ,GORDON ,LEE1 AN ,I,W,W VET]AN1 & ,SIGAMONEY & ,MOODLEY1 IT ATTRACT$ WORK]S 9 CAT]+1 ON ! DOCKS1 & 9 LAUNDRY1 PR9T+1 & TOBACCO1 & HAD CONTACTS ON ! COALFIELDS & SUG> PLANTATIONS4#a#g ,/UDY CLASSES POR$ OV] ,DE ,LEON1 :ILE AT OP5-AIR MEET+S ''! ,9DIAN ,WORK]S ,*OIR 5T]TA9$ ! CR[DS BY S++ ! ,R$ ,FLAG1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL & MANY ,I,W,W SONGS4'' 

,! ,I,S,L ALSO ORGANIZ$ AMONG ,COLOR$ WORK]S 9 ,KIMB]LEY1 =M+ A ,CLO?+ ,WORK]S ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION & A ,HORSE ,DRIV]S' ,UNION1 :I* WON SEV]AL /RIKES4#a#i ,! DRIV]S W]E MO/LY EMPLOY$ BY ! ,KIMB]LY MUNICIPALITY & RAILWAYS1 EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,MUNICIPAL ,EMPLOYES ,ASSOCIATION2 ,COLOR$ UNION MILITANTS1 SU* AS ,GOMAS1 ,K4,C4 ,FR$]ICKS & ,JAN ,C4 ,SMUTS1 JO9$ ! ,I,S,L4 ,! ,CLO?+ ,WORK]S ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION SUBSEQU5TLY SPREAD TO FACTORIES 9 ,DURBAN & ,JOHANNESBURG4 

,9 ,JUNE #aiag ! ,I,S,L E/ABLI%$ A /UDY GR\P AMONG ,AFRICANS1 ! NUCLEUS ( ! ,I,W,A--! FIR/ UNION 9 ,S,A TO ORGANIZE ,AFRICAN WORK]S--?AT WAS EXPLICITLY MODEL$ ON ! ,I,W,W4#a#a#a ,PROM95T LECTUR]S 9CLUD$ ,JONES1 ,S4,P4 ,BUNT+ & ,DUNB>1 ! LATT] /AT+ ?AT ! ,I,S,L WI%$ TO ''MAKE ! NATIVES :O >E ! WORK+-CLASS ( ,S\? ,AFRICA BE ORGANIZ$ & HAVE RI<TS AS A :ITE MAN4''#a#a#b ,! SOLUTION3 '',IF WE /RIKE = EV]Y?+1 WE CAN GET EV]Y?+4 4 4 4 ,IF WE CAN ONLY SPREAD ! MATT] F> & WIDE AMONG ! NATIVES1 WE CAN EASILY UNITE4'' ,!SE RADICAL VIEWS MEANT ! ,I,S,L & ,I,W,A W]E MONITOR$ BY ! POLICE1 DISCUSS$ 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 & SUBJECT TO ONGO+ (FICIAL H>ASSM5T4 ,= !IR P>T1 CONS]VATIVE ,AFRICAN NATIONALI/S 9 ! ,S,A,N,N,C & ELSE:]E DEPLOR$ ! NEWS ?AT '',BOL%EVISM & ITS NIHILI/IC DOCTR9ES >E 5LI/+ MANY ,NATIVES UP-C\NTRY4'' 

,IT WAS ?R\< ! ,I,W,A ?AT ! ,I,S,L RECRUIT$ FIGURES SU* AS ,CETIWE1 A LEAD] 9 ! UNION'S ALL-,AFRICAN MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE1 :O 9SI/$ ?AT '',WE >E H]E = ,ORGANIZATION1 SO ?AT AS SOON AS ALL ( Y\R FELL[ WORK]S >E ORGANIZ$1 !N WE CAN SEE :AT WE CAN DO TO ABOLI% ! ,CAPITALI/-,SY/EM4'' ,! UNION'S LIT]ATURE1 9 SEV]AL ,AFRICAN LANGUAGES1 CIRCULAT$ ACROSS ! ,WITWAT]SR& & 9TO RURAL >EAS ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS DECL>$ '',!RE IS ONLY ONE WAY ( DELIV]ANCE = Y\ ,BANTU WORK]S4 ,UNITE AS WORK]S 4 4 4 LET ,LABOR BE Y\R COMMON BOND4'' 

,! UNION'S BASE WAS AMONG ! URBAN ,AFRICANS ( ! D[NT[N SLUMS ( ,JOHANNESBURG3 IT NEV] ORGANIZ$ ! M9ES BUT DREW ITS MEMB]S MA9LY FROM ! SMALL SECOND>Y SECTOR4 

,9 #aiah ,I,S,L & ,I,W,A ACTIVI/S & RADICALS 9 ! ,TRANSVAAL ,S,A,N,N,C COOP]AT$ 9 AN ABORTIVE ,AFRICAN G5]AL /RIKE MOVEM5T ''NOT = ONE %ILL+ A DAY BUT = ,AFRICA :I* !Y DES]V$4'',:ILE ! ,S,A,N,N,C WAS ON ! :OLE A V]Y MOD]ATE BODY1 A SECTION ( ITS ,TRANSVAAL W+1 COV]+ ! ,WITWAT]SR&1 WAS RADICALIZ$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#aS4 ,?IS WAS P>TLY DUE TO RAPIDLY DET]IORAT+ CONDITIONS & RIS+ CLASS /RUGGLE1#a#a#i BUT DUE CR$IT MU/ ALSO BE GIV5 TO SYNDICALI/S SU* AS ,CETIWE1 ,KRAAI & ,?IB$I1 :O SEEM TO HAVE DECID$ TO WORK )9 ! ,S,A,N,N,C MILIEU4 ,! /RIKE FELL ?R\<1 ! MILITANTS W]E PROSECUT$1 & = ''! FIR/ TIME 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 MEMB]S ( ! ,EUROPEAN & ,NATIVE RACES1 9 COMMON CAUSE UNIT$1 W]E >RE/$ & *>G$ TOGE!R = !IR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES4'' 

,I,S,L & ,I,W,A LEAD]S ,CETIWE & ,KRAAI MEAN:ILE ATT5D$ ! ,AUGU/ #aiah ,S,A,N,N,C CONGRESS 9 ,BLOEMFONTE91 :]E !Y UNSUCCESSFULLY PROPOS$ A POLICY ( G5]AL /RIKES & DIRECT ACTION1 %OCK+ ! MOD]ATE MAJORITY4 ,! #aiah /RIKE MOVEM5T WAS FOLL[$ 9 #aiai BY AN ,S,A,N,N,C ANTI-PASS LAW CAMPAIGN1 9 :I* ,CETIWE & ,KRAAI W]E PROM95T4 ,! L9K BETWE5 PASSES1 *EAP LABOR1 & NATIONAL LIB]ATION WAS MADE CLE> BY ,CETIWE3 '',!SE PASSES >E MA9 *A9S1 5*A9+ US FROM ALL \R RI<TS4 ,!SE PASSES >E ! *A9S *A9+ US 9 \R EMPLOY]S' Y>DS1 SO ?AT WE CANNOT GO AB\T & SEE :AT WE CAN DO = \RSELVES4 4 4 4 ,IT IS ! V]Y SAME ) A DOG4'' 

,IT WAS 9 ,CAPE ,T[N ?AT ! ,I,W,A TRULY CAME 9TO ITS [N AS ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL S+LE ,WOBBLY-/YLE UNION 9 ! C\NTRY1 BAS$ ON ! DOCKS4 ,9 #aiai ,CETIWE & ,KRAAI LEFT = ! ,AFRICAN <ETTO ( ,NDAB5I AT ,CAPE ,T[N1 & ORGANIZ$ A NEW ,I,W,A SECTION4 7,9 ,CAPE ,T[N1 ! MAJORITY ( WORK]S W]E ,COLOR$S1 FOLL[$ BY :ITES2 ,AFRICANS W]E A M9ORITY CONF9$ TO ! WOR/ JOBS74 ,!Y L9K$ UP ) ! ,9D,S,L1 WORK$ ) ! ,CAPE ,NATIVE ,CONGRESS 7LAT] P>T ( ! ,S,A,N,N,C7 9 ,NDAB5I1 & TURN$ !IR ATT5TION TO ! DOCKS1 ! L>GE/ EMPLOY] 9 ! CITY & ! MA9 EMPLOY] ( ,AFRICAN & ,COLOR$ WORK]S4 ,! ,I,W,A & ,9D,S,L ORGANIZ$ ! UNION'S FIR/ PUBLIC MEET+ ON #a ,JULY #a#i#a#i1 ) #b ,AFRICANS & ,COLOR$S PRES5T4 

,! ,9D,S,L WAS !N A DYNAMIC =CE ) A /RONG ORI5TATION T[>DS ,COLOR$ WORK]S4 ,LIKE ! ,I,S,L1 ITS 9ITIAL CORE WAS :ITE1 &1 9 ?IS CASE1 MA9LY IMMIGRANT ,JEWS4 ,A PROGRAM ( DELIB]ATE DIV]SIFICATION WAS ADOPT$4 ,ITS (FICES 9 ,DI/RICT ,SIX1 & SUBSEQU5TLY D[NT[N1 ATTRACT$ ''CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S ( ,COLOR$ & NATIVE PEOPLE1'' ''! MOVEM5T 4 4 4 GR[+ 9 NUMB]S & IMPORTANCE4'' ,:5 IT MOV$ TO C5TRAL ,CAPE ,T[N1 ITS NEW ,SOCIALI/ ,HALL DREW A CR[D ( ''BETWE5 #c & #d P]SONS1'' MANY '',CAPE ,MALAYS'' & ''COLOR$ TRADE UNIONI/S4'' 

,AS ,MANUEL ,LOPES ( ! ,9D,S,L REPORT$1 '',WE >E GA9+ GR\ND SL[LY1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! COLOR$ & NATIVE PEOPLE4'' ,! ,9D,S,L N[ 9CLUD$ ,COLOR$ ACTIVI/S SU* AS ,B4 ,KIES & ,A4 ,BR[N1 & WORK$ CLOSELY ) FIGURES LIKE ,M4,A4 ,GAMIET1 A SYMPA!TIC UNIONI/ :O ORGANIZ$ ! MA9LY ,COLOR$ ,TAILORS' & ,TAILORESS' ,UNION4 

,) A HOPEFUL 7IF ILL-9=M$7 EYE ON EV5TS 9 ,MOSC[1 ! ,9D,S,L PUBLI%$ ! MON?LY ,BOL%EVIK & E/ABLI%$ CLOSE CONTACT ) ! ,I,S,L1 & ! ,WORK]S' ,DREADN\<T 9 ,BRITA94,VISIT+ ,WOBBLY SAILORS FROM ! ,M,T,W1 '''REBELS' 9 ! BE/ S5SE ( ! T]M 4 4 4 TAU<T ! ,LEAGUE TO S+1'' & SEEM$ TO HAVE US$ ! ,9D,S,L (FICES AS !IR LOCAL MEET+ PLACE4 ,9 #aiah ! ,9D,S,L =M$ A SYNDICALI/ UNION AMONG ! ,COLOR$ & ,AFRICAN WORK]S 9 ! CONFECTION]Y FACTORIES ( ! CITY C5T]1 ! ,SWEETS & ,JAM ,WORK]S' ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION4 ,IT WAS HEAD$ BY AN ,AFRICAN & ,COLOR$ COMMITTEE1 AMONG !M ,KIES1 & ! ,AFRICAN ACTIVI/S ,MPANP5I & ,NODZ&ZA4 

,! ,9D,S,L ALSO WORK$ 9 ! ,CAPE ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 A MA9LY CRAFT UNION F$]ATION ?AT HAD A SIGNIFICANT ,COLOR$ MEMB]%IP1 :]E IT GOT RESOLUTIONS ( SUPPORT = ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM PASS$1 AL?\< NOT IMPLEM5T$4#a#c#d ,IT ALSO RAN A LIBR>Y1 /UDY GR\PS1 SOCIALI/ ,SUNDAY S*OOLS1 & A ,Y\NG ,SOCIALI/ ,SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS HUNDR$S ( LECTURES4 

,ON ! DOCKS1 ! ,9D,S,L FAVOR$ ! ,I,W,A OV] ANO!R EM]G5T 9DEP5D5T UNION1 ! ,9DU/RIAL & ,COMM]CIAL ,UNION 7,I,C,U7 L$ BY ,CLEM5TS ,KADALIE4 ,DESPITE T5SIONS1 ! 7!N7 MO/LY ,COLOR$ ,I,C,U & MO/LY ,AFRICAN ,I,W,A COOP]AT$ 9 AN IMPORTANT ,DECEMB] #aiai DOCKWORK]S' /RIKE = HI<] WAGES & AGA9/ FOOD EXPORTS4#a#c#f ,! /RIKE WAS CALL$ AT A JO9T MEET+ ( ! TWO UNIONS & ! ,CAPE ,NATIVE ,CONGRESS ON #af ,DECEMB] 9 ,NDAB5I1 ATT5D$ BY #h & *AIR$ BY ,KRAAI4 ,IT WAS ,CETIWE :O MOV$ = A /RIKE1 & :O WROTE TO ! T[N C\NCIL CONVEY+ ! UNIONS' DEM& = #a %ILL+S A DAY = UNSKILL$ WORK]S4 ,! TWO UNIONS HELD DAILY MASS ASSEMBLIES ON ! ,GR& ,P>ADE 9 ! MORN+S TO KEEP UP MORALE1 FOLL[$ BY EV5+ MEET+S ON ,ADD]LEY ,/REET1 !IR CAMPAIGN ATTRACT+ WIDESPREAD SYMPA?Y1 9CLUD+ FROM A SECTION ( :ITE LABOR4 

,9 #a#i#b1 ,CETIWE & ,KRAAI ATT5D$ ! ,S,A,N,N,C CONF]5CE 9 ,QUE5/[N1 :]E ,KRAAI S\<T UNSUCCESSFULLY TO GET IT TO CAMPAIGN = #a %ILL+S A DAY = ,AFRICAN WORK]S1 5=C$ BY A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! ,S,A,N,N,C DID1 H[EV]1 AGREE ?AT A G5]AL LABOR CONF]5CE %\LD BE HELD LAT] ?AT YE>4 ,?IS CONF]5CE AGRE$ ON ! M]G] ( ! ,I,C,U1 ,I,W,A1 & O!R BODIES 9TO ''ONE GREAT UNION ( SKILL$ & UNSKILL$ WORK]S ( ,S\? ,AFRICA1 S\? ( ! ,ZAMBESI4'' 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! NEW ,I,C,U WAS DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,I,W,W4 ,9 #a#i#b#c1 ,TOM ,MANN 7N[ A COMMUNI/7 ADDRESS$ ! ,I,C,U CONGRESS1 REPORT+ ) ''REAL JOY'' ITS COMMITM5T TO '',ONE BIG UNION MOVEM5T = ,AFRICAN ,WORK]S'' & NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,!N ! ,I,C,U ADOPT$ ! ,PREAMBLE ( ! ,I,W,W 9 ITS CON/ITUTION1 DECL>+ ITSELF P>T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLE4 ,! VISION ( ! ''ONE BIG UNION'' REMA9$ A RECURR5T !ME3 ''WE WILL GIVE Y\ A DAMN$ GOOD LESSON1 BY PUTT+ A /OP TO ALL Y\R RAILWAYS1 M9ES & H>BORS & DOME/IC S]VICES2 !N Y\ MAY DO )\T US4'' ,LIKE ! LOCAL ,I,W,W BE=E IT1 ,I,C,U MILITANTS MA9TA9$ CORRESPOND5CE ) ! ,U,S ,I,W,W4 

,:ILE ,I,W,W SYNDICALISM WAS P>T ( ! ,I,C,U'S IDEOLOGICAL POTP\RRI1 IT MU/ BE NOT$1 IT %>$ SPACE ) ,G>VEYISM1 ,AFRICAN ,*RI/IANITY1 & LIB]ALISM4 ,9 ! ,U,S1 TOO1 SU* OV]LAPS EXI/$ BETWE5 ! ,I,W,W & O!R RADICALISMS--= 9/ANCE1 ,HUB]T ,H>RISON1 ! $ITOR ( ,M>CUS ,G>VEY'S ,NEGRO ,WORLD1 WAS A =M] ,WOBBLY :O HAD MOV$ TO A 'RACE FIR/' POSITION2 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,KADALIE1 AN ADMIR] ( ,G>VEY1 ALSO ADVOCAT$ ''ONE BIG UNION'' = ''ABOLI%+ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4'' 

,! KEY PO9T IS ?AT ,I,W,W IDEAS P]MEAT$ ! P[]FUL ,I,C,U1 & FEW S*OL>S HAVE ACKN[L$G$ ?IS--?\< MANY CONTEMPOR>IES DID4 ,MOREOV]1 P>ALLEL+ ! ROLE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,I,W,W 9 DIFFUS+ ,I,W,W IDEAS TO ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,ASIA1 ,S,A'S ,I,W,W TRADITION PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! PROMOTION ( LABOR RADICALISM 9 S\!RN ,AFRICA MORE G5]ALLY4 ,BY ! #a#i#cS1 ! ,I,C,U 7N[ A MOVEM5T ( HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ?AT DW>F$ ! ,C,P,S,A & ,S,A,N,N,C7 HAD SPREAD 9TO ,S\? ,WE/ ,AFRICA 7N[ ,NAMIBIA71 & ,NOR!RN & ,S\!RN ,RHODESIA 7,ZAMBIA & ,ZIMBABWE1 RESPECTIVELY74 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! ,I,W,W VISION1 BR\<T TO ,S\? ,AFRICA BY :ITES1 WAS C>RI$ 9L& BY ,AFRICANS & ,COLOR$S1 & ''TRAVEL$'' ) ! ,I,C,U ACROSS ! REGION4 

,?US IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT1 AS 9 ! ,U,S1 ! ,S,A CASE DEMON/RATES AN UNEQUIVOCAL COMMITM5T BY ,I,W,W-/YLE SYNDICALI/S TO ORGANIZE WORK]S ( COLOR1 ! IMPORTANCE ( PEOPLE ( COLOR 9 ! LEAD]%IP & CON/ITU5CY ( ! MOVEM5T1 & ! /RONG ROOTS ?AT ! MOVEM5T HAD 9 COMMUNITIES ( COLOR4 ,! ,S,A LEFT BE=E ! ,C,P,S,A HAS BE5 FUNDAM5TALLY MISUND]/OOD AS ?9K+ ''! NATIONAL OPPRESSION ( ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 \R C\NTRY WAS NOT REALLY V]Y WOR?Y ( CONSID]ATION4''#a#e#a ,IT HAS EV5 BE5 DESCRIB$ AS ACCEPT+ SEGREGATION4 ,CLE>LY SU* CLAIMS >E MO/ 9ACCURATE4 ,S,A,N,N,C RADICALS 9 ! #a#i#aS W]E CLOS] TO ! M>K :5 !Y PRAIS$ ! SYNDICALI/S3 

,ONE FEELS A%AM$ TO SEE ! SONS ( M5 GO+ D[N 9TO ! B[ELS ( ! E>? DIGG+ GOLD & DIAMONDS & COAL1 YET ONLY GET ?REE P\NDS P] MON?4 ,!SE M5 HAVE F\ND \T ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO />T AN ORGANIZATION :I* IS KN[N AS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ,AFRICA4 

,LIKEWISE1 ! LOCAL ,9DIAN ,OP9ION LAVI%LY PRAIS$ ! ,9DIAN ,WORK]S ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION1 & CIT$ ) APPROVAL REPORTS ?AT NEWS ( ITS ACTIVITIES HAD REA*$ ,LAHORE 9 ,9DIA1 :]E ! PRESS ASK$3 '',IS !RE NO LESSON = ?IS TO ! WORK+ CLASSES 9 ,9DIA8'' ,A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ,S,A HI/ORY NE$S A BETT] UND]/&+ ( ! E>LY LEFT1 & ?AT MEANS LOCAT+ IT )9 ! L>G] WORLD ( ! ,I,W,W--& ! ANTI-RACI/ AN>*I/_/SYNDICALI/ TRADITION ?AT WORLD REPRES5T$4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 WE HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! ,I,W,W WAS A GLOBAL MOVEM5T ?AT CONSCI\SLY SET \T TO ORGANIZE ALL WORK]S1 REG>DLESS ( !IR COLOR4 ,! ,WOBBLIES DID SO NOT ONLY 9 ! C\NTRY ( ! ,I,W,W'S ORIG91 ! ,U,S,A1 BUT ALSO 9 EV]Y O!R C\NTRY :]E !Y SPREAD !IR GOSPEL ( REVOLUTION>Y 9DU/RIAL UNIONISM1 9CLUD+ ,S,A4 ,! ,I,W,W DEMON/RAT$ ITS COMMITM5T TO ORGANIZ+ ,AFRICAN ,AM]ICANS & BLACK ,AFRICANS1 NOT LEA/ ON ! WAT]FRONTS ( ,PHILADELPHIA & ,CAPE ,T[N1 & PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 BLACK FRE$OM MOVEM5TS ?AT NE$S TO BE MORE WIDELY RECOGNIZ$4 ,IT ORGANIZ$1 AS WELL1 AMONG ,ASIANS1 ,HISPANICS & ,COLOR$S1 *AMPION+ EQUAL RI<TS & W9N+ ! RESPECT ( BLACK NATIONALI/S4 

,:]E O!R UNIONS1 EV5 SOCIALI/ ONES1 REFUS$ TO GO1 ! ,WOBBLIES D>$4 ,AS ! WORK+ CLASSES ( ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ & SEMI-9DU/RIALIZ$ WORLD BECOME MORE DIV]SE--DUE TO MASSIVE WORLDWIDE MIGRATIONS P>ALLEL+ ?OSE ( ! ,I,W,W'S GLORY DAYS--& AS 9DU/RIALIZATION REA*ES EV] DEEP] ELSE:]E1 SURELY ONLY A LABOR UNION COMMITT$ TO ORGANIZ+ ALL WORK]S1 9CLUD+ WORK]S ( COLOR1 CAN BE SUCCESSFUL4 ,H5CE1 ! ,I,W,W1 9 ITS UNPREC$5T$ EF=TS AT DO+ SO 9 AN E>LI] ]A ( GLOBALIZATION1 MASS MIGRATION1 IMP]IALISM1 & CLASS W>1 BLAZ$ A PA? ?AT O!R UNIONS & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS ALSO C\LD FOLL[1 9 ! WORLD ( NEO-LIB]AL GLOBALIZATION4 ,IF !Y FAIL TO DO SO1 IT WILL BE AT !IR [N P]IL4 

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