,*APT] #a 
,COLONIALISM & ,SEP>ATISM 7#a#h#f#e-#a#h#i#h7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a3 ,COLONIALISM & ,SEP>ATISM 7#a#h#f#e-#a#h#i#h7 

  

,N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,CUBAN SOCIETY POSSESS$ A SET ( *>ACT]I/ICS UNIQUE 9 ! WE/]N HEMISPH]E4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 EXPLOITATION ( ,CUBA'S ECONOMIC WEAL? HAD BE5 ! WORK ( ! :ITE RUL+ CLASS1 :O BORE TITLES ( ,SPANI% NOBILITY4 ,?IS CREOLE >I/OCRACY HAD 5\< P[] & RES\RCES TO 9FLU5CE ,SPANI% POLICY DUR+ ! COLONIAL EPO*4 ,:ILE ! RE/ ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA WAS VIOL5TLY FREE+ ITSELF ( ,SPANI% COLONIALISM1 ,CUBA'S CREOLE PLUTOCRACY CONSID]$ ITSELF MORE ,SPANI% ?AN ,F]N&O ,V,I,I1 ! K+ ( ,SPA91 & V]Y DELIB]ATELY OPPOS$ ANY TYPE ( RE=MISM1 NO MATT] H[ MODE/4 

,! CULTIVATION ( SUG> CANE1 TOBACCO1 & C(FEE WAS ! BASIS ( ,CUBA'S AGRICULTURAL ABUNDANCE1 & 9 ORD] TO COMPETE 9 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS ,CUBA'S ELITE NE$$ *EAP LABOR4 ,SO1 9 OP5 COLLUSION ) ! ,SPANI% CR[N & ! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES1 ,CUBA'S PLUTOCRATS 5GAG$ 9 ! MASSIVE IMPORTATION ( ,AFRICAN SLAVES1 9 ! PROCESS E/ABLI%+ AN ABUSIVE1 SLAV]Y-BAS$ SOCIETY4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,CUBA'S >I/OCRACY HAD BECOME P[]FUL SUG> B>ONS & ,CUBA'S ECONOMY WAS ABNORMALLY DEP5D5T -- BY ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN /&>DS -- ON ! SLAVE TRADE & ! 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y4 

,! CLASS /RUCTURE ( ,CUBAN SOCIETY WAS PYRAMIDAL 9 !SE YE>S3 ON ! TOP1 ! SUG> B>ONS & ! ,SPANI% COLONIAL (FICIALS2 9 ! MIDDLE1 >TISANS1 9DU/RIAL1 SUG> & TOBACCO WORK]S1 9CLUD+ FREE BLACKS & CAMPES9OS2 & ON ! BOTTOM1 BLACK SLAVES4 ,! DIVISION BETWE5 ! BOTTOM TWO CLASSES WAS NOT ALWAYS CLE> CUT DESPITE ! MANY RACIAL & SOCIAL DIVISIONS 9 ,CUBAN SOCIETY3 CAMPES9OS & POOR ,SPANI% IMMIGRANTS C\LD SUFF] ALMO/ ! SAME DISCRIM9ATION & EXPLOITATION AS BLACK SLAVES4 ,IT IS WELL TO KEEP 9 M9D ?AT !SE DIVISIONS 9 ,CUBAN SOCIETY W]E IMPOS$ BY ! DOM9ANT CLASS & NOT BY ! PEOPLE AT ! BASE ( ! SOCIAL PYRAMID4 

,9 ?IS SOCIETY1 !RE WAS NO SOCIAL1 RACIAL1 POLITICAL1 OR ECONOMIC 9TEGRATION4 ,?IS WAS PR9CIPALLY BECAUSE ,CUBA WAS A ,SPANI% COLONY & ?AT ! PRIM>Y 9T]E/ ( ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T WAS 9 HOLD+ ITS P[] ?R\< MA9TA9+ ! POL>IZ$ SITUATION ON ! ISL&2 ! MORE DIVID$ ?AT ,CUBA WAS1 ! EASI] IT WAS = ! ,SPANI>DS TO EXPLOIT ITS ECONOMIC RES\RCES & TO PRES]VE !IR POLITICAL P[]4 ,= MORE ?AN ?REE C5TURIES ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES -- 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! O!R ,EUROPEAN COLONIAL P[]S 9 O!R L&S -- MA9TA9$ ?IS DEPLORABLE SITUATION4 

,BUT DESPITE ! CRU%+ 9FLU5CE ( ,SPANI% COLONIALISM1 NEW IDEAS F\ND !IR WAY TO ,CUBA4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY !RE W]E POLITICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! FOLL[+ DIRECTIONS3 NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE2 RE=MISM 7) ,CUBA REMA9+ A ,SPANI% COLONY72 9TEGRATION 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 & 9TEGRATION 9TO ,SPA94 ,NONE ( !SE CURR5TS WAS 9DIG5\S2 !Y ALL CAME FROM ABROAD1 BECAUSE ! CREOLE 9TELLIG5TSIA WAS WEAK & SAW ITSELF & ITS C\NTRY'S SITUATION AS IT WAS SE5 FROM ABROAD1 BE IT 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 OR ! ,U4,S4 

,AT ?IS TIME1 ! REVOLUTION>Y 9DEP5D5CE T5D5CY1 EV5 ?\< IT HAD TAK5 ROOT AMONG ! CREOLES1 WAS /ILL 9 AN 9TELLECTUAL PHASE2 IT HAD NOT YET 5T]$ ITS CONSPIRATORIAL /AGE4 ,CUBAN RE=MISM WAS AIM$ AT OBTA9+ SMALL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL *ANGES 9 RETURN = MA9TA9+ ! /ATUS QUO4 ,?IS T5D5CY HAD GA9$ SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG ! SUG> B>ONS & ! L>GE & SMALL CREOLE B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 9 L>GE P>T DUE TO ! OBVI\S FAILURE ( 9TEGRATIONI/ EF=TS 79 REG>D TO ! ,U4,S474 ,= !IR P>T1 ?OSE ,CUBAN CREOLES LIV+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E L>GELY 9 FAVOR ( ,CUBA'S JO9+ ! ,U4,S4 7OR AT LEA/ ITS S\!RN /ATES7 9 ! P]IOD BE=E ! ,U4,S4 ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,BUT ! FAILURE ( TWO EXILE 9VASIONS ( ,CUBA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#eS 7M\NT$ ) ! HELP ( S\!RN SECESSIONI/ ELEM5TS7 & ! DEFEAT ( ! ,S\? 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W> DAMP5$1 BUT DID NOT EXT+UI%1 ! HOPES ( ,CUBA'S ANNEXATION BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL T5D5CY 9 ! MID #a#i? C5TURY WAS ?AT ( 9TEGRATION ) ,SPA94 ,?IS WAS NATURAL GIV5 ?AT ! MO/ P[]FUL CLASSES 9 ,CUBA DEP5D$ UPON ,SPANI% COLONIAL P[] -- BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC -- TO MA9TA9 !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS4 ,!IR SLOGAN MADE !IR POSITION EXTREMELY CLE>3 0,CUBA ESPANOLA40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?OSE ,CUBANS \TSIDE ( ! FAVOR$ SOCIAL CLASSES EI!R DIDN'T HAVE -- OR DIDN'T D>E TO EXPRESS -- SOCIAL OR POLITICAL OP9IONS4 

,NONE!LESS1 9 ! #a#h#eS NEW SOCIAL CONCEPTS BEGAN TO SPREAD AMONG ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% WORK]S AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SOCIAL PYRAMID4 ,! MASSIVE ,SPANI% EMIGRATION TO ,CUBA >\ND #a#h#e1 9SPIR$ BY ! FE> ( ! CREOLE RUL+ CLASS & ! ,SPANI% CR[N ( AN 0,AFRICANIZ$0 ,CUBA1 BR\<T ) IT A S]IES ( TOTALLY NEW SOCIAL CONCEPTS1 TO :I* ! ,SPANI%_/,CUBAN PROLET>IAT WAS RECEPTIVE4 ,?IS ISN'T SURPRIS+ GIV5 ! MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS ( ,CUBA'S WORK]S AT ! TIME4 ,SPANI% IMMIGRANTS W]E TREAT$ AS VIRTUAL SLAVES BY !IR [N C\NTRYM51 & #a#f- OR #a#h-H\R WORK DAYS1 SEV5 DAYS A WEEK1 W]E TYPICAL4 ,ONE IMPORTANT 9DU/RY 9 :I* SU* CONDITIONS W]E COMMON WAS TOBACCO1 9 :I* NOT ONLY WAS ! WORK UNHEAL?Y & ! PAY L[1 BUT ! LONG WORK H\RS W]E FILL$ ) MONOTONY 9 UNSAFE WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,SO1 ! IDEAS ?AT ! NEWLY >RIV$ ,SPANI% WORK]S BR\<T ) !M 9T]ACT$ ) ! MIS]Y ( ,CUBAN WORK]S1 SLAVES1 & CAMPES9OS TO PRODUCE A NEW ,CUBAN SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! SOCIAL IDEAS ( ! ,FR5* TYPOGRAPH]1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ONE ( ! MO/ ORIG9AL SOCIALI/ ?9K]S ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 BECAME 9FLU5TIAL 9 ,CUBA4 ,PR\DHON'S ECONOMIC !ORIES & SOCIAL IDEAS -- (T5 LUMP$ TOGE!R UND] ! TITLE 0MUTUALISM0 -- HAD A GREAT IMPACT 9 ,EUROPE1 & DECISIVELY 9FLU5C$ ! ORIG9S ( ,CUBAN AN>*ISM4 ,! ,FR5* ?9K] HAD DISCIPLES AMONG ! PROGRESSIVE WORK]S & >TISANS ON ! ISL&1 & ESPECIALLY AMONG ?OSE 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY -- ! FIR/ 9 :I* SOME SORT ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS DEVELOP$ AMONG ,CUBAN WORK]S4 

,9 #a#h#e#g1 ! FIR/ ,PR\DHONIAN MUTUALI/ SOCIETY WAS F\ND$ 9 ,CUBA1 ) ! 9T5TION ( CREAT+ A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION FREE ( /ATE & DOM9ATOR-CLASS 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ /EP T[>D ! CREATION ( A CIVIL SOCIETY )9 ! ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT1 EV5 ?\<1 UN=TUNATELY1 AS ! ,SPANI% HI/ORIAN ,CASANOVAS ,COD9A NOTES1 ! >TISANS ASSOCIATIONS F\ND$ AT ?IS TIME W]E 0RACIALLY SEGREGAT$ & RE/RICT$ TO >TISANS FROM ! SAME NEI<BORHOOD4 ,BUT !Y LAID ! F\NDATION FROM :I* ,CUBAN ORGANIZ$ LABOR W\LD GR[ & EVOLVE 9 ! FUTURE40 

,9 #a#h#f#e1 ! FIR/ /RIKE ?REAT OCCURR$ 9 ,CUBA4 ,IT TOOK PLACE ON ,AUGU/ #ad AT ! ,HIJA DE ,CABANAS Y ,C>BAJAL & ,EL ,FIG>O TOBACCO WORKS 9 ,HAVANA4 ,! #d WORK]S TAK+ P>T W]E DEM&+ AN 9CREASE 9 !IR DAILY WAGES1 & ! [N]S ( BO? FACTORIES ACC$$ TO !IR DEM&S4 

,AT AB\T ?IS TIME ! Y\NG ,A/URIAN1 ,SATURN9O ,M>T9EZ1 >RIV$ 9 ,CUBA & W5T TO WORK 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY4 ,HE QUICKLY BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! TOBACCO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & BY ! 5D ( #ahfe HAD F\ND$ ! FIR/ WORK]S' WEEKLY PAP] 9 ,HAVANA1 ,LA ,AURORA1 9 :I* HE \TL9$ SOME ( ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS1 :I* ! ME*ANICAL 5G9E]1 ,JOSE DE ,JESUS ,M>QUEZ1 HAD 9TRODUC$ TO HIM4 ,IT WAS 9 ,LA ,AURORA1 NOT CO9CID5TALLY1 ?AT ,M>QUEZ PROPOS$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBA ! IDEA ( COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES4 

,M>T9EZ1 AL?\< 9FLU5C$ BY ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS ( F$]ATION & MUTUAL AID1 WAS NOT AN AN>*I/1 & HIS PROPOSALS REG>D+ ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY1 :I* HE PURPORT$ TO REPRES5T1 W]E NOT REALLY REVOLUTION>Y4 ,HIS PAP]1 ,LA ,AURORA1 EV5 ?\< 9 FAVOR ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 SAW ITS PRIM>Y MISSION AS ?AT ( $UCATION1 ?AT ( HELP+ ! ,CUBAN_/,SPANI% WORK]S DEVELOP 9TELLECTUALLY4 ,LA ,AURORA DEF5D$ ! RI<T ( WORK]S TO FREE ASSOCIATION1 BUT ?IS WAS ! SAME POSITION AS ?AT ( ! ,P>TIDO ,RE=MI/A1 :I* 9DE$ [N$ ! PRESS ON :I* ,LA ,AURORA WAS PR9T$4 ,NONE!LESS1 ,LA ,AURORA WAS ,CUBA'S FIR/ WORK]S' NEWSPAP]1 & ,M>T9EZ TOOK ! FIR/ /EP T[>D ! PROTECTION ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,HE ALSO 9ITIAT$ ! PRACTICE ( READ+ AL\D 9 TOBACCO WORK%OPS1 A PRACTICE :I* W\LD HAVE GREAT UTILITY 9 PROPAGAT+ AN>*I/ IDEAS AMONG TOBACCO WORK]S 9 YE>S TO COME4 

,LET !RE BE NO D\BT AB\T IT3 9 ! P]IOD BE=E ! ,T5 ,YE>S ,W> = 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,SPA9 7#a#h#f#h-#a#h#g#h71 ! F\NDATION ( ! FIR/ FREE SOCIETIES & ASSOCIATIONS ( TOBACCO WORK]S1 TYPOGRAPH]S1 C>P5T]S1 DAY LABOR]S & >TISANS LAY 9 ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS & !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ,CUBA4 ,! C\NTRY & ITS WORK]S' MOVEM5T [E ! CREATION ( ! FIR/ REGIONAL C5T]S1 SECUL> S*OOLS1 CL9ICS1 & WORK]S' MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATIONS -- AT ! V]Y LEA/ -- TO ! ,FR5* AN>*I/4 ,! ,T5 ,YE>S ,W> W\LD HALT ?IS IMPULSE T[>D SOCIAL EMANCIPATION ( ! MO/ OPPRESS$ CLASSES1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT W\LD RU9 ! CREOLE SUG> B>ONS2 & EV5TUALLY ?IS W> W\LD 5D 9 ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ,CUBA4 

,?OSE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,T5 ,YE>S ,W> -- ! FIR/ ,CUBAN 9SURRECTION = 9DEP5D5CE -- 9CLUD$ TOBACCO WORK]S & SURVIVORS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE :O HAD ESCAP$ ,FRANCE1 BR++ ) !M MORE ( ,PR\DHON'S 9FLU5CE4 ,AMONG ! LEAD]S ( ! ,CUBAN 9SURG5TS AT ?IS TIME1 ONE F9DS ,SALVADOR ,CISN]OS ,BETANC\RT & ,VIC5TE ,G>CIA1 :O EMBRAC$ ! ,PR\DHONIAN CONCEPTS ( F$]ALISM & DEC5TRALIZATION4 

,BUT ! FIR/ OP5LY AN>*I/ PRES5CE 9 ,CUBA CANNOT BE DISC]N$ UNTIL ! #a#h#hS1 :5 ,J4,C4 ,CAMPOS1 A ,CUBAN TYPOGRAPH] :O HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ,NEW ,YORK DUR+ ! ,T5 ,YE>S ,W>1 9ITIAT$ CONTACT BETWE5 ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% AN>*I/S UPON HIS RETURN TO ,HAVANA4 ,! PR(USION ( LIB]T>IAN PROPAG&A 9 ! =M ( PAMPHLETS & NEWSPAP]S ?AT >RIV$ REGUL>LY & CL&E/9ELY FROM ,B>CELONA1 ALONG ) ! MIGRATION ( ,SPANI% WORK]S TO ,CUBA1 RE9=C$ ! TRANSMISSION ( !SE NEW IDEAS4 ,AS A RESULT1 A NEW WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y1 SOCIALI/ ,CUBAN WORK]S PROCE$$ TO 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 ! ,ALIANZA ,REVOLUCION>IA ,SOCIALI/A 7,>,S74 

,IT WAS 9 !SE YE>S1 ! #a#h#hS1 ?AT AN>*I/ ?\<T ACQUIR$ AN UNPREC$5T$ 9FLU5CE AMONG WORK]S & PEASANTS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,RUSSIA1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ,SPA94 ,ITS PR9CIPAL PROPON5T WAS ! NOTABLE FIGURE ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ! ,RUSSIAN WRIT] & REVOLUTION>Y :O ELABORAT$ ON ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS4 ,! DIVISIONS BETWE5 ABSOLUTI/ M>XI/ SOCIALISM & REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ SOCIALISM HAD ALREADY BE5 DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! CONGRESSES ( ,! ,HAGUE & ,/4 ,IMI]1 AS WELL AS ) ! F\ND+ ( ! ,>,S 9 #a#h#g#c1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,ALLIANCE 9 ! SAME YE>4 ,IDEOLOGICALLY1 ! WELL KN[N ,DECL>ATION ( ,PR9CIPLES ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,ALLIANCE1 $IT$ BY ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF1 HAD E/ABLI%$ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM ESP\S$ BY ,M>X1 & ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ESP\S$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTS ( ,BAKUN9 W]E ADOPT$ BY ! ,F$]ACION ,REGIONAL ,ESPANOLA 7,F,R,E7 9 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,B>CELONA 9 #a#h#h#a1 & !Y HAD A DEF9ITE IMPACT ON MILITANT REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9 ,CUBA1 SUPPLANT+ ! MORE GRADUALI/ IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON 9 ! SYNDICALI/ 7UNION7 FIELD4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS BEGAN TO A*IEVE CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9 REG>D TO RUL+ CLASS ABUSES & BEGAN TO CLAMOR = SOCIAL R5OVATION & R$I/RIBUTION ( WEAL? & P[]4 

,9 #a#h#h#b1 ,CUBAN AN>*I/S BEGAN TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RE=MISM PREA*$ )9 WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS BY ,SATURN9O ,M>T9EZ1 N[ 9 ANO!R PHASE ( HIS LONG LIFE2 & ?IS TIME HIS WAS A RE=MISM MORE FAVORABLE TO RUL+ CLASS 9T]E/S ?AN TO ?OSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,HE BASICALLY ADVOCAT$ COLLABORATION ) CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S TO OBTA9 MILD RE=MS 9 EX*ANGE = LABOR PEACE1 AN APPROA* :I* WAS =CEFULLY REJECT$ BY ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,!IR COMBATIVE APPROA* RESONAT$ ) ,CUBA'S WORK+ CLASS1 & IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ,CUBAN AN>*ISM BEGAN TO DI/+UI% ITSELF & TO GA9 ADH]5TS4 ,ONE ( ITS LEAD+ PROPON5TS1 ,5RIQUE ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T91 ADVOCAT$ ?AT NO GUILD OR O!R WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION %\LD BE TI$ TO ! 0FEET ( CAPITAL40 ,UND] !SE WAT*WORDS1 ! ,JUNTA ,C5TRAL DE ,>TESANOS WAS F\ND$ 9 #ahhe ) ! IDEA ( ORGANIZ+ & UNIT+ ,CUBA'S WORK]S 9 F$]ATIONS4 

,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 7#a#h#d#c-#a#h#h#i7 WAS BORN 9 ,HAVANA & WAS )\T D\BT NOT ONLY ! MO/ P]SUASIVE & D$ICAT$ AN>*I/ ( HIS TIME1 BUT PROBABLY ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL & RESPECT$ AN>*I/ 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY4 ,?IS *>ISMATIC P]SONALITY WAS A ?9K] & AU?OR :OSE WRIT+S FIR/ APPE>$ 9 #ahhc 9 ,EL ,OBR]O 70,! ,WORK]071 ! FIR/ ,CUBAN PAP] TO ESP\SE A SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ POSITION TO ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,HE NEXT WROTE = ,EL ,BOLET9 DEL ,GREMIO DE ,OBR]OS 70,WORK]S' ,GUILD ,BULLET907 9 #a#h#h#d-#a#h#h#e1 :I* WAS DIRECT$ T[>D TOBACCO WORK]S4 ,& 9 #ahhg HE F\ND$ ! 9FLU5TIAL ,HAVANA PAP]1 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR 70,! ,PRODUC]071 :OSE FIR/ ISSUE APPE>$ ON ,JULY #a#b4 

,EL ,PRODUCTOR QUICKLY BECAME 0MU/ READ+0 AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,HAVANA1 & BY #ahhh WAS PUBLI%+ TWICE P] WEEK4 ,9 ADDITION TO ,SAN ,M>T91 O!R PROM95T ,CUBAN AN>*I/S WORK$ ON ! PAP]2 !SE 9CLUD$ ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI]1 ,MANUEL ,FU5TES1 & ,5RIQUE ,CRECI4 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR HAD 9FLU5CE BEYOND ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY1 & 9 FACT REPRES5T$ ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE2 IT WAS ! FIR/ ,CUBAN PAP] TO \TL9E ! IDEA ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 & IT (F]$ ,CUBA'S WORK]S AN>*ISM AS A CLE> ALT]NATIVE TO ,SPANI% COLONIALISM & CAPITALISM4 

,ALH\< BAS$ 9 ,HAVANA1 ! PAP] HAD CORRESPOND5TS 9 ,SANTIAGO DE LAS ,VEGAS1 ,GUANABACOA1 ,TAMPA1 & ,KEY ,WE/4 ,! MAT]IAL IT PUBLI%$ 9CLUD$ LOCALLY WRITT5 PIECES1 LETT]S TO ! $ITOR1 & TRANSLATIONS ( >TICLES FROM ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ PAP]S1 SU* AS ,LE ,REVOLTE1 $IT$ BY ! AN>*I/ WRIT]_/GEOGRAPH] ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 9 ,P>IS1 & ,LA ,ACRACIA 7SOME:AT LOOSELY1 0,! ,PLACE ,)\T ,RULE.<RS.>07 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR WAS F9ANC$ AT LEA/ 9 P>T BY ! BAK] ,RAFAEL ,G>CIA1 :OM ! ,CUBAN HI/ORIAN ,RIV]O ,MUNIZ CALLS 0A F]V5T P>TISAN ( ! AN>*I/ IDEAL40 ,! PAP] WAS CIRCULAT$ )9 TOBACCO FACTORIES1 9 O!R 9DU/RIAL WORK PLACES BY ! WORK]S 9 ?OSE 9DU/RIES1 & BY ?OSE :O PRODUC$ IT4 

,! /RIKES ?AT %OOK ! ,CUBAN TOBACCO 9DU/RY AT ! 5D ( ! DECADE W]E ALL ORGANIZ$ BY AN>*I/S1 & W]E 9SPIR$ BY ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 0! WEEKLY CONSECRAT$ TO ! DEF5SE ( WORK+ CLASS SOCIOECONOMIC 9T]E/S40 ,! /RIKE ACTIONS & ! PRODUCTION ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR W]E BACK$ BY A COMMITTEE 9 :I* MANY WORK]S 9FLU5C$ BY ! IDEAS ( ! ,>,S P>TICIPAT$4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ ,P$RO ,M]9O1 ,FRANCISCO ,DOM5E*1 ,G]VASIO ,G>CIA ,PURON1 ,$U>DO ,GONZALEZ ,BOVES1 ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI] & ,5RIQUE ,CRECI4 ,ALL ( !SE W]E TOBACCO WORK]S FROM V>I\S LABOR ASSOCIATIONS BAS$ 9 ,HAVANA4 

,9 ORD] TO FACILITATE & COORD9ATE ! EF=TS ( ! V>I\S WORK]S' GR\PS & ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ) AN>*I/ ROOTS WAS CREAT$ -- ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A 7,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE74 ,?IS ,ALLIANCE1 COMPOS$ L>GELY ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ WORK]S1 PROVID$ ! FIR/ TE/ ( ! ADVOCACY ( AN EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ PROGRAM AMONG ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #a1 #a#h#h#g1 FOLL[+ ! F\NDATION ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 & ) ! SUPPORT ( ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 9 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 ! FIR/ ,CONGRESO ,OBR]O DE ,CUBA WAS CELEBRAT$ 9 ,HAVANA1 SPONSOR$ BY ANO!R REC5TLY CREAT$ WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 ,LA ,F$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA 7,F,T,C -- ,F$]ATION ( ,CUBAN ,WORK]S71 :I* %>$ ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ORI5TATION ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ ASSEMBLY ( WORK]S 9 ,CUBA 9 A =M DESIGN$ TO 5DUR+LY PURSUE !IR SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,A MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,F,T,C W]E TOBACCO WORK]S 7?AT IS WORK]S 9 ,CUBA'S SECOND L>GE/ 9DU/RY71 AL?\< MEMB]S ( MANY O!R TRADES P>TICIPAT$ -- TAILORS1 DRIV]S1 BAK]S1 B>REL MAK]S1 & /EV$ORES AMONG !M4 

,! ,CONGRESS ISSU$ A SIX-PO9T 0DICTUM03  

OPPOSITION TO 0ALL VE/IGES ( AU?ORITY0 9 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS2  

UNITY AMONG WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ?R\< A 0F$]ATIVE PACT0 ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,F,R,E2  

COMPLETE FRE$OM ( ACTION AMONG ALL COOP]AT+ GR\PS2  

MUTUAL COOP]ATION2  

SOLID>ITY AMONG ALL GR\PS2 &  

! PROHIBITION )9 ! F$]ATION ( ALL POLITICAL & RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES 7:I* 9 ! COM+ YE>S W\LD BE ! MO/-DISCUSS$ PO9T74  
  

,! 0DICTUM0 5D$ BY EXPRESS+ 0! PR9CIPLES ( EMANCIPATION 444 .<&.> CONFRAT]NITY 444 ( ALL PRODUC]S :O PEOPLE ! ,E>?40 

,N[ MORE C]TA9 ( AN ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD BACK !M1 ! TOBACCO GUILD WORK]S CALL$ MORE /RIKES 9 ,HAVANA4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#h#g1 UND] ! PROTECTIVE UMBRELLA ( ! ,F$]ATION1 ! ,ALLIANCE1 & ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 !Y CALL$ ?REE /RIKES AS A RESULT ( LABOR GRIEVANCES4 ,! FIR/ /RIKE WAS CALL$ AT ! ,LA ,BEL9DA FACTORY2 ! SECOND WAS CALL$ AT ! ,H4 ,HUPMANN FACTORY1 AS A RESULT ( A WORK] BE+ DIS*>G$ )\T GOOD REASON & PLAC$ ON AN EMPLOY]S' BLACKLI/2 & ! ?IRD WAS CALL$ AT ! ,LA ,9TIMIDAD 7,! ,9TIMACY7 FACTORY4 ,?IS LA/ /RIKE LA/$ ?R\< MO/ ( ,NOVEMB]1 & ACCORD+ TO ,ROIG 9 A ,NOVEMB] #bd >TICLE 9 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR TITL$ 0,WE ,WILL ,RECTIFY .<,?+S.>10 ! ISSUES W]E 0APP>5TLY0 RESOLV$4 

,9 ,JULY #a#h#h#h1 ! TOBACCO WORK]S CALL$ ANO!R /RIKE AT ! ,H5RY ,CLAY TOBACCO FACTORY 9 ,HAVANA4 ,! /RIKE HAD BE5 PROVOK$ BY ! FACTORY'S [N]1 ,FRANCISCO ,GONZALEZ1 :O WAS PRESID5T ( ! P[]FUL ,UNION DE ,FABRICANTES 7,MANUFACTUR]S' ,UNION71 :I* WAS AN ASSOCIATION ( TOBACCO 9DU/RY [N]S4 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 WAS P]SONALLY 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS /RIKE1 & IT QUICKLY SPREAD TO O!R ,HAVANA TOBACCO FACTORIES4 ,:5 IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT ! TOBACCO WORK]S W]E 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! /RIK]S1 ! [N]S RESORT$ TO AN 9DU/RY-WIDE LOCK\T4 

,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 /AT$ 9 AN $ITORIAL ON ,SEPTEMB] #ac ?AT RA!R ?AN AB&ON ! /RIKE1 \T-(-WORK /RIK]S %\LD EMIGRATE TO ,TAMPA1 ,KEY ,WE/1 OR ,M]IDA 7ON ! ,YUCATAN ,P59SULA74 ,?IS WAS A DANG]\S C\RSE1 BUT ) IT ,ROIG 9DICAT$ ?AT ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS C\LD N[ DEFY BO? ! ,CUBAN CAPITALI/S & ! ,SPANI% COLONIAL AU?ORITIES4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES -- ANO!R AN>*I/-ORI5T$ WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 F\ND$ 9 ,HAVANA 9 #ahhe & ) A L>GE HEADQU>T]S ?AT CONTA9$ ! (FICES ( MANY WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS AS WELL AS A SECUL> S*OOL = #e POOR *ILDR5 -- MET ON ,SEPTEMB] #bf & AGRE$ TO BEG9 COLLECT+ DONATIONS TO SUPPORT ! WORK]S \T 9 ! /REETS BECAUSE ( ! /RIKES_/LOCK\T4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,AM]ICAN HI/ORIAN ,G]ALD ,A4 ,POYO1 !Y ALSO S5T ?REE ( !IR COMRADES1 ,F]N&O ,ROYO1 ,$U>DO ,GONZALEZ ,BOVES1 & ,ISIDRO ,GRAU TO ,KEY ,WE/ TO SOLICIT AID FROM ! TOBACCO WORK]S !RE4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ! ,OCTOB] #ah ISSUE ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 ANN\NC$ ?AT 0! .<,MANUFACTUR]S' ,UNION.> 444 HAS DECID$ TO 5T] 9TO NEGOTIATIONS ) ! FACTORY .<WORK]S'.> COMMISSIONS 444 .<& ?AT 9 ?IS MANN] ?+S WILL BE.> RESOLV$ 9 MORE ?AN #a FACTORIES40 ,!SE NEGOTIATIONS RESULT$ 9 AN AGREEM5T ?AT WAS A VICTORY = ! TOBACCO WORK]S4 

,! ORGANIZ+ EF=TS AMONG TOBACCO WORK]S W]E NOT1 H[EV]1 CONF9$ TO ,HAVANA4 ,! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A WAS ALSO WELL RECEIV$ 9 ! ,U4,S4 C5T]S ( ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY1 ,KEY ,WE/ & ,TAMPA4 ,9 #a#h#h#g1 WORK]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ ORGANIZ$ ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE ,TABAQU]OS1 :I* REPLAC$ A PREVI\S RE=MI/ ASSOCIATION KN[N AS ! ,UNION1 & :I* EMBRAC$ ALMO/ ALL ( ! TOBACCO WORK]S ( ! CITY4 ,! ORGANIZ]S W]E TWO \T/&+ AN>*I/S1 ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI] & ,5RIQUE ,CRECI1 :O TOGE!R ) ,5RIQUE ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 CON/ITUT$ ! AN>*I/ TRIO CALL$ 0! ?REE ,5RIQUES40 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 WAS WIDELY READ AMONG ,CUBAN WORK]S1 & HIS WRIT+S HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON ! SO-CALL$ ,CUBAN SOCIAL QUE/ION2 ,MESSONI] WAS AN \T/&+ ORATOR & ORGANIZ]2 & ,CRECI WAS A MAN ( ACTION 9 ADDITION TO BE+ A WRIT] ( SOME TAL5T :O GRAPPL$ ) ! PROBLEMS ( LABOR & ORGANIZATION4 

,9 ,TAMPA AS 9 ,KEY ,WE/1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RY WAS ! PRODUCTION ( TOBACCO & CIG>ETTES1 & ! LABOR ORGANIZATION REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( AN>*I/S :O HAD >RIV$ FROM ,CUBA1 OR :O TRAVEL$ BACK & =? BETWE5 ! TWO L&S4 ,SOME ( ! \T/&+ MILITANT WORK]S ( ?IS P]IOD W]E ,C>LOS ,BAL9O1 ,SEGURA1 ,LEAL1 ,PALOM9O & ,RAMON ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 ALL ( :OM HELD AN>*I/ BELIEFS4 

,9 #a#h#h#i1 ! WORK]S CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,KEY ,WE/1 ?IS TIME ) ! SUPPORT ( ,HAVANA'S WORK]S4 ,! EMIGRATION ( WORK]S FROM ,HAVANA DUR+ ! PREVI\S YE>'S /RIKE1 ! VOYAGES BETWE5 ,CUBA & ! ,U4,S4 BY AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S SU* AS ,CRECI1 ,MESSONI]1 & ,GONZALEZ ,BOVES1 ! PRES5CE ( AN>*I/ WORK]S SU* AS ,PALOM9O & ,GUILL]MO ,SORONDO 9 ,KEY ,WE/ & ,TAMPA1 & ! READ+ ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR 9 ! TOBACCO WORK%OPS HAD CREAT$ AMONG ! TOBACCO WORK]S A CONSCI\SNESS FAVORABLE TO ! IDEAS ADVANC$ BY ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T94 

,DUR+ ALL ( #ahhi M9OR /RIKES HAD BROK5 \T 9 V>I\S TOBACCO WORKPLACES 9 ! ,U4,S41 [+ TO ABUSES BY ! [N]S & SAL>Y DEM&S BY ! WORK]S4 ,?IS LABOR UNRE/ WAS APPRECIAT$ 9 ! ,HAVANA TOBACCO FACTORIES1 & !RE WAS A FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,/RAITS ( ,FLORIDA1 ?ANKS AT LEA/ 9 P>T TO ,LA ,ALIANZA4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! YE>1 T5SION WAS NOTICEABLE 9 WORK]-[N] RELATIONS 9 ,FLORIDA1 & /RIKES HAD BROK5 \T 9 ,TAMPA & ,YBOR ,CITY4 ,!SE PRESAG$ ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,KEY ,WE/4 

,! WORK]S !RE HAD ALREADY F\ND$ ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE ,TABAQU]OS DE ,CAYO ,HUESO1 & ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O J\RNEY$ TO ,HAVANA TO 9=M ,LA ,ALIANZA AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( A /RIKE 9 ,KEY ,WE/4 ,SO1 :5 ! G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T !RE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#h#i1 ! TOBACCO WORK]S W]E WELL PREP>$4 ,! CAUSES ( ! /RIKE W]E WORK+ CONDITIONS1 SAL>Y DEM&S1 &1 9 G5]AL1 ! 5ORM\S DIFF]5CES 9 LIV+ CONDITIONS BETWE5 ?OSE :O [N$ ! FACTORIES & ?OSE :O WORK$ 9 !M4 ,KEY ,WE/ WAS 5TIRELY DEP5D5T UPON ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY1 & ! /RIKE CALL$ BY ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL ) ! SUPPORT ( ,LA ,ALIANZA P>ALYZ$ ! CITY4 

,! ,CUBAN SEP>ATI/S 7?AT IS1 ?OSE FAVOR+ NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE7 EXIL$ 9 ,KEY ,WE/ UND]/OOD ! DANG] TO !IR CAUSE POS$ BY ! AN>*I/S & !IR /RIKE1 & CAME \T ON ! SIDE ( ! [N]S4 ,?IS DID NO?+ TO ADD TO !IR POPUL>ITY4 ,!Y FALSELY ACCUS$ ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S ( ! /RIKE ( BE+ 9 ! S]VICE ( ,SPA91 & !Y UNLEA%$ VIOL5T /RIKE-BREAK]S AGA9/ ! /RIK+ WORK]S4 ,CRECI & ,MESSONI] W]E ?REAT5$1 DETA9$1 & F9ALLY EXPELL$ FROM ,KEY ,WE/ BY ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES1 :O W]E AT ! S]VICE ( ! FACTORY [N]S4 

,= !IR P>T1 A NUMB] ( \T-(-WORK /RIK]S ASK$ = TRANSPORT TO ,HAVANA1 ?US EMPLOY+ ! MIRROR IMAGE ( ! TACTIC EMPLOY$ 9 ! PREVI\S YE>'S /RIKE4 ,! ,SPANI% COLONIAL AU?ORITIES V]Y OPPORTUNI/ICALLY DECID$ TO 0PROTECT ! 9T]E/ ( .<!IR.> SUBJECTS0 & FACILITAT$ ! EXODUS ( WORK]S FROM ,KEY ,WE/ TO ,HAVANA4 7,?IS WAS OPPORTUNI/IC 9 ?AT ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T WAS F9ANC$ L>GELY BY ,CUBAN BUS9ESS [N]S 9 ,FLORIDA1 & BY HELP+ ! /RIK]S ! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES W]E DEAL+ AN ECONOMIC BL[ TO ! 0SEP>ATI/AS407 

,F9ALLY1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#i1 DESPITE ! [N]S' USE ( /RIKE-BREAK]S & VIOL5CE1 & ! EXPULSION ( /RIKE LEAD]S1 ! /RIKE 5D$ ) A TRIUMPH = ,FLORIDA'S TOBACCO WORK]S4 ,! [N]S CAME TO AN ACCORD ) ! /RIKE COMMITTEE & ACC$$ TO DEM&S = A PAY 9CREASE4 

,9 ! MID/ ( ALL ?IS1 ! PREMATURE DEA? ( ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 ON ,AUGU/ #b#i1 #ahhi AT AGE #df FROM A DIABETIC COMA A FEW DAYS AFT] BE+ FRE$ FROM JAIL BY ! ,SPANI% COLONIAL GOV]NM5T1 WAS A H>D BL[ TO ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,HE WAS M\RN$ BY WORK]S ?R\<\T ,CUBA AS WELL AS ?OSE 9 ,TAMPA1 ,KEY ,WE/1 ,M]IDA1 & ,NEW ,ORLEANS1 & ACCORD+ TO ! DAILY PAP] ,LA ,LU*A 70,! ,/RUGGLE07 MORE ?AN #a1 PEOPLE ATT5D$ HIS FUN]AL RITES4 ,?\S&S ( FLORAL WREA?S W]E PLAC$ UPON HIS TOMB1 & ,EL ,PRODUCTOR D$ICAT$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y ISSUE TO HIM ON ,SEPTEMB] #e?1 9 :I* ,ROIG'S CLOSE/ COMRADES & COLLABORATORS PAID TRIBUTE TO HIM4 ,9 HIS [N WORDS1 ,ROIG HAD ALWAYS CONSID]$ HIMSELF 0A PRECURSOR0 :O KNEW ?AT HE W\LD NEV] RECEIVE 0MAT]IAL RECOMP5SE = .<HIS.> LABORS10 BUT :O WAS CONFID5T ?AT HIS SUCCESSORS W\LD A*IEVE HIS GOALS 0?R\< ! UN9T]RUPT$ TRANSMISSION ( \R .<AN>*I/.> DOCTR9ES40 

,ROIG HAD LITTLE PEACE DUR+ HIS FEW YE>S ( NOTORIETY4 ,HIS DEF5SE ( ! WORK]S1 HIS SOCIAL OP9IONS1 & HIS ECONOMIC CONCEPTS CAUS$ HIM TO COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ALMO/ EV]YONE4 ,EL ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL ,AUTONOMI/A 7,P,L,A71 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO GA9 RECRUITS 9 ,CUBA'S LABOR MOVEM5T1 SUFF]$ ! ATTACKS ( ,ROIG2 & HIS /++ D5UNCIATIONS ( CREOLE AUTONOMISM W]E FAM\S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ,ROIG1 ,SPANI% COLONIALISM WAS ! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( ! ABUSE & IGNORANCE ( ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE1 & HE REFUS$ TO /IFLE HIS ATTACKS ON ! COLONIAL GOV]NM5T1 AN ACTIVITY = :I* HE 5D$ UP 9 JAIL4 ,! SPECIFIC CAUSE WAS AN 9C5DI>Y >TICLE 9 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR TITL$ 0,O PAN O PLOMO0 70,EI!R ,BREAD OR ,LEAD074 

,AS REG>DS NATIONAL SEP>ATISM1 ) :I* ONE W\LD LOGICALLY ?9K ?AT HE HAD AN AFF9ITY -- AT LEA/ 9 ! POLITICAL IF NOT ! SOCIAL SPH]E -- ,ROIG WAS BITT]LY OPPOS$ TO IT1 & HAD LITTLE REG>D = ! REPUBLICAN IDEAL4 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE DESIRABLE IF A ,CUBAN WORK]S' SOCIETY W]E TO FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN REPUBLICS & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* HE S>CA/ICALLY T]M$ 0! MODEL REPUBLIC02 HE BELIEV$ ?AT E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,CUBAN REPUBLIC W\LD ONLY CONT9UE ! P]SECUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BEGUN UND] ,SPANI% RULE4 

,! CLA% BETWE5 ,ROIG'S AN>*I/ IDEAS & HIS OPPOSITION TO SEP>ATISM ON ! ONE H&1 & ! SEP>ATI/ IDEAS & ANTAGONISM T[>D AN>*ISM ( MANY SEP>ATI/ LEAD]S ON ! O!R1 DIVID$ ,CUBA 9TO TWO SOCIOPOLITICO SPH]ES & WEAK5$ BO? 9 RELATION TO ,SPA94 

,! M>XI/ WRIT]S ( \R DAY ATTRIBUTE TO ,ROIG ! CRIME ( LACK+ SYMPA?Y = ! SEP>ATI/ CAUSE1 & AT ! SAME TIME ATTEMPT TO LOCATE HIM 9 !IR IDEOLOGICAL 5T\RAGE1 DECL>+ 9 ALL S]I\SNESS ?AT HE WAS 09 TRANSITION T[>D M>XISM40 ,WE CAN UND]/& :AT ?IS 0TRANSITION0 WAS :5 WE REALIZE ?AT IT CONSI/$ ONLY ( ,ROIG'S HAV+ READ & CIT$ ,M>X2 LIKE ANY O!R AN>*I/ ( HIS TIME 7,BAKUN91 ,RECLUS1 ,CAFI]O1 ET AL471 HE W\LD HAVE FELT OBLIGAT$ TO BE 9=M$ AB\T EV]Y?+ RELAT+ TO SOCIALISM4 

,ROIG IS ALSO ACCUS$ BY M>XI/ SECT>IANS ( 0NATIONAL NIHILISM0 & 0APOLITICISM0 AMONG O!R H]ESIES1 IGNOR+ ! MANY CONTRIBUTIONS HE MADE3 TIRELESSLY ORGANIZ+ & ADVOCAT+ WORK]S' /RUGGLES1 G5]AL /RIKES1 BOYCOTTS1 ETC41 9 BO? ,HAVANA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 DEF5SE ( ! MO/ HUMBLE SECTORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS AT ! CLOSE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,?IS IS AN \TRI<T DEFAMATION1 & IS A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ! M>XI/ T5D5CY TO REWRITE HI/ORY UND] ! COV] ( NATIONALISM4 

,! ACTIONS ( O!R ,CUBAN AN>*I/S ( ! TIME W]E ALSO CONSI/5T ) ! IDEAS !Y HELD3 !Y ADVOCAT$ & PRACTIC$ KEEP+ ! ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T UN9VOLV$ 9 ELECTORAL POLITICS & GOV]NM5T PACTS1 BECAUSE !Y UND]/OOD ?AT ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAD NO?+ TO GA9 FROM REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATE1 :ATEV] !IR POLITICAL /RIPE4 

,DUR+ ?IS /AGE ( ORGANIZATION & /RUGGLE1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S & ! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES /EADILY WORS5$4 ,! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T TOL]AT$ UNION ACTIVITIES TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 & AS ! AN>*I/S HAD DECID$ NOT TO 9T]V5E 9 ! ISL&'S POLITICS & TO /AY ON ! M>G9S ( ! SEP>ATI/-COLONIAL-AUTONOMY DEBATE1 ! AU?ORITIES E/ABLI%$ A SY/EM ( 0VIGILANT TOL]ANCE40 ,! AN>*I/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS1 & ALSO ( ! *ANG+ ( MILIT>Y GOV]NORS & !IR 9T]PRETATION ( ! LAWS CONC]N+ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & ! PRESS4 ,CAPTA9S G5]AL SU* AS ,MANUEL ,SALAMANCA W]E PATI5T ) ! AN>*I/S' ACTIVITIES1 AT LEA/ 9 ! 9T]REGNUMS BETWE5 ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY MILIT>Y GOV]NORS4 ,?IS WAS ! SITUATION ON ,APRIL #b1 #a#h#i4 

,ON ?AT NI<T1 OV] A DOZ5 WORK]S ASSEMBL$ 9 ,HAVANA 9 A HALL ( ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,CIRCLE ( ,WORK]S7 & DECID$ TO HOLD A DEMON/RATION ON ,MAY ,DAY1 9 ACCORD ) ! DECISION ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,P>IS TO M>K ! DAY HONOR+ ! ,HAYM>KET M>TYRS4 ,?IS PROPOS$ WORK]S' COMMEMORATION W\LD CONSI/ ( 0A PUBLIC & PEACEFUL DEMON/RATION10 ! PURPOSE ( :I* WAS ?AT 0! GOV]NM5T1 ! UPP] CLASSES1 & ! PUBLIC 9 G5]AL 444 %\LD KN[ ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE40 ,!Y !N PRODUC$ A MANIFE/O MAK+ PUBLIC ?IS DECISION4 

,ON ,MAY #a1 #a#h#i1 MORE ?AN #c WORK]S M>*$ ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,HAVANA TO ! /ANZAS ( ,! ,M>SELLAISE1 CELEBRAT+ ,MAY ,DAY = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBA4 ,FOLL[+ ! M>*1 ! AN>*I/S HELD A MEET+ :]E #bc ORATORS SPOKE AT ! 0FILL$ TO OV]FL[+0 ,SKAT+ ,R+ HALL1 ATTACK+ ! SOCIAL1 MORAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 9 ,CUBA1 & DEMON/RAT+ ?AT !RE WAS N[ AN ACTIVE AN>*I/ PRES5CE )9 ! ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT4 

,FOLL[+ ?IS PUBLIC SUCCESS1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES 9SPIR$ SEV]AL /RIKES1 & ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T BEGAN TO HEAT UP RAPIDLY4 ,! ,CIRCULO BEGAN TO 9CLUDE NOT ONLY TOBACCO WORK]S1 BUT ALSO WORK]S FROM O!R TRADES SU* AS FIREM51 C>P5T]S1 TYPOGRAPH]S1 HOTEL & RE/AURANT WORK]S1 ETC4 ,?IS IS TO SAY ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME ALMO/ ALL ( ! WORK]S ( ,HAVANA AS WELL AS WORK]S FROM SOME 9T]IOR P>TS ( ! ISL& W]E ORGANIZ$ ON A F$]ATIVE BASIS4 ,( C\RSE IT W\LD BE AN EXAGG]ATION TO CLAIM ?AT ALL ( !SE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS W]E COMPOS$ ( AN>*I/S1 BUT IT'S BEYOND D\BT ?AT !IR LEAD+ MEMB]S & ! AGREEM5TS !Y MADE ADH]$ TO AN>*I/ IDEALS4 

,BECAUSE ( ITS WORK] ORI5TATION1 WE'RE ALSO DEAL+ H]E ) ! FIR/ /EPS T[>D :AT 9 ! YE>S TO COME W\LD BE KN[N AS AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,HAVANA AT ?IS TIME HAD A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION ( ! FIR/ RANK1 CLE>LY ! EQUAL ( ! ,F$]ACION ,REGIONAL ,ESPANOLA4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! WELL KN[N ,CUBAN HI/ORIAN1 ,MOR5O ,FRAG9ALS1 0,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,HAVANA WAS ! MO/ DEVELOP$ & ! MO/ CLASS CONSCI\S 9 ALL ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA40 

,AT ?IS TIME1 AFT] ! MY/]I\S DEA?S ( ! ,SPANI% COMM&]1 ,G5]AL ,SALAMANCA1 & ( A TRANSITIONAL COLONIAL GOV]NOR1 ANO!R (FIC]1 ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL ,CAMILO ,G>CIA ,POLAVIEJA -- KN[N = HIS >BITR>9ESS & DESPOTIC ME?ODS -- TOOK COMM& ( ,CUBA'S COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A WAVE ( /RIKES P]SI/$1 SOCIAL WELL-BE+ CONT9U$ TO DET]IORATE1 & A DIRECTOR ( ! TOBACCO SECTION ( ! RE=MI/ ,UNION ,OBR]A1 ,M55DEZ ,>ECES1 WAS /ABB$ TO DEA?4 ,HE HAD 9SULT$ & MADE *>GES AGA9/ ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T91 RESULT+ 9 ,ROIG'S >RE/ & IMPRISONM5T4 ,M55DEZ ,>ECES WAS ALSO ?\<T TO BE A POLICE 9=M]4 

,! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES EVID5TLY ?\<T ?AT ! ONLY B5EFICI>IES ( ,M55DEZ' DEA? W]E ! ,CIRCULO AN>*I/S -- OR AT LEA/ !Y US$ HIS DEA? AS A CONV5I5T PRETEXT -- & !Y DETA9$ #aa WORK]S :O BELONG$ TO ! ,CIRCULO1 ACCUS+ !M ( ,M55DEZ' MURD]4 ,AT ! SUBSEQU5T TRIAL1 ! WORK]S PROV$ !IR 9NOC5CE & W]E ABSOLV$ ( ! CRIME4 ,NOT SATISFI$ ) ?IS V]DICT1 ,G>CIA ,POLAVIEJA1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#i1 ORD]$ ! %UTD[N ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 BR++ AN 5D TO ! SECOND /AGE ( ?IS ,HAVANA AN>*I/ P]IODICAL4 ,! REPRESSION FROM ! 0,*RI/IAN ,G5]AL0 9T5SIFI$1 & %ORTLY AFT] ! CLOS+ ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 HE ALSO ORD]$ ! %UTD[N ( ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A1 & PROHIBIT$ ITS ACTIVITIES4 

,!SE P]SECUTIONS ON ! P>T ( ! ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL1 P]HAPS MADE BECAUSE HE HAD LITTLE SYMPA?Y = AN>*I/S1 P]HAPS BECAUSE ( ORD]S FROM ! ,OV]SEAS ,M9I/RY 9 ,MADRID1 DIDN'T 9TIMIDATE ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S1 :O QUICKLY SUBM]G$ !MSELVES 9 CL&E/9E ACTIVITIES4 ,= !IR P>T1 ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% CAPITALI/S -- MANUFACTUR]S1 9DU/RIALI/S1 & M]*ANTS -- W]E 5RI*$ MORE & MORE EV]Y DAY BY ! SWEAT ( ,CUBAN WORK]S1 :O W]E TREAT$ ALMO/ AS BADLY AS ! BLACK SLAVES ( OLD4 ,!SE CREOLE & ,SPANI% CAPITALI/S FE>$ WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A1 & HAT$ ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S ) A PASSION4 ,!Y US$ !IR 9FLU5CE TO CREATE RE=MI/ WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 & TO PRESSURE ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID TO REPRESS ! ACTIVITIES ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,CUBA1 ! SAME AS 9 ,SPA94 

,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 & ) A GOOD DOSE ( SECRECY DUR+ ! CELEBRATION ( ,MAY ,DAY 9 #a#h#i#a1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S AGRE$ TO CONV5E A CONGRESS 9 E>LY #a#h#i#b1 :I* MET 9 ,JANU>Y AFT] ,G>CIA ,POLAVIEJA WAS NO LONG] ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL1 & ! AU?ORITIES W]E %[+ A MORE TOL]ANT ATTITUDE T[>D ! AN>*I/S4 

,! ,CONGRESO ,REGIONAL ,CUBANO MET FROM ,JANU>Y #ae TO ,JANU>Y #a#i1 #a#h#i#b1 & WAS MET ) JUBILATION4 ,IT DIDN'T USE ! WORD 0NATIONAL10 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ,CUBA WAS /ILL CONSID]$ A REGION ( ,SPA91 BUT ALSO BECAUSE AN>*I/S HAD BY ?IS TIME REPUDIAT$ ! CONCEPT ( NATIONALISM4 ,SEV5TY-F\R WORK]S MET 9 ?IS ASSEMBLY2 IT 9CLUD$ DELEGATES FROM ALL ( ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & TRADES ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,CUBA4 ,! ,CONGRESS'S ACCORDS -- AFT] PASSIONATE DISCUSSION -- 9CLUD$ ! WORDS1 0! WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT EMANCIPATE ITSELF UNTIL IT EMBRACES ! IDEAS ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM10 :I* 9 !SE YE>S MEANT ! IDEAS ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,CONGRESS ALSO DECL>$ ?AT ITS MEMB]S FELT !MSELVES 0TI$ TO ALL ! OPPRESS$ ( ! ,E>?0 & 9 0SYMPA?Y 444 ) EV]Y /EP T[>D LIB]TY40 

,F9ALLY1 9 REF]5CE TO ! LAT5T POLITICAL PROBLEM EXI/+ AMONG ! ISL&'S ADVOCATES ( 9TEGRATION ) ,SPA91 AUTONOMY1 OR 9DEP5D5CE1 ! SECOND CLAUSE ( ! ,CONGRESS'S MANIFE/O /ATES3 ,! WORK+ MASSES ( ,CUBA WILL NOT & CAN NOT COME TO BE AN OB/ACLE TO ! TRIUMPH ( ! PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS = EMANCIPATION1 BECAUSE IT W\LD BE ABSURD ?AT A P]SON :O ASPIRES TO 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY W\LD OPPOSE ! COLLECTIVE LIB]TY ( A PEOPLE1 EV5 ?\< ! COLLECTIVE LIB]TY DESIR$ IS ?AT ( EMANCIPATION FROM ! TUTELAGE ( ANO!R PEOPLE4 

,IT'S NECESS>Y TO NOTE ?AT 9 ?IS P>AGRAPH1 :I* IS )\T D\BT ! KEY TO ! FUTURE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S & SEP>ATI/S1 ! AN>*I/S E/ABLI%$ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIAL LIB]TY & POLITICAL EMANCIPATION4 ,LIB]ATION FROM =EIGN RULE HAD BE5 CONTEMPLAT$ BY ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS S9CE ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 & W\LD /ILL BE SOME DECADES 9 COM+4 ,9DEP5D5CE ADVOCATES HAD MADE :AT WAS EFFECTIVELY ! UNILAT]AL DECISION TO PUT BREAK+ ) ,SPA9 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 PUTT+ 9TO ! 5T]PRISE !IR WILL1 P[]1 RI*ES1 FAMILIES1 & EV5 LIFE ITSELF 9 ORD] TO CREATE A ,CUBAN REPUBLIC4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 = !IR P>T1 UND]/OOD ?AT SOCIAL LIB]TY WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! REPUBLIC PROPOS$ BY ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 & ?AT A REPUBLIC W\LD BR+ LITTLE OR NO B5EFIT TO ! WORK]S1 AS ,ROIG HAD >GU$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 ! #ahib ,CONGRESS ! AN>*I/S DECL>$ ?AT !Y C\LDN'T OPPOSE ! 9DEP5D5CE ASPIRATIONS ( SO MANY ,CUBANS4 

,! 9DEP5D5CE TEMPTATION HAD GA9$ MANY RECRUITS AMONG ,CUBAN WORK]S ON ! ISL&1 & ABOVE ALL 9 ! EMIGRANT 5CLAVES ( ,KEY ,WE/ & ,TAMPA4 ,! SOCIAL CONFLICTS & ! /RIKES :I* HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ! PREVI\S DECADE HAD CREAT$ A CRISIS BETWE5 ! TOBACCO-9DU/RY AN>*I/S ON ! ONE H&1 & ! FACTORY [N]S1 BOSSES1 & V>I\S CAPITALI/S ON ! O!R4 ,! MO/ NOTORI\S 9DEP5D5CE ADVOCATES HAD MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ! CAPITALI/S = SIMPLE ECONOMIC REASONS -- !IR ABILITY TO CONTRIBUTE ECONOMICALLY TO ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,9 ?IS MANN]1 ! GR\ND %IFT$4 ,N[ !RE WAS A DANG]\S SPLIT BETWE5 WORK]-ORI5T$ AN>*I/S & 9DEP5D5CE ADVOCATES TAK+ MONEY FROM TOBACCO CAPITALISM4 ,! SOCIAL QUE/ION 7I4E41 WORK]S' RI<TS1 WELF>E1 & CONTROL ( WORK7 HAD BE5 DRAMATICALLY DISPLAC$ BY ! POLITICAL QUE/ION 7I4E41 ! MATT] ( :O CONTROLS ! /ATE APP>ATUS74 

,! SITUATION1 H[EV]1 BEGAN TO *ANGE RAPIDLY 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! #a#h#iS4 ,! MANIFE/O ( ! ,CONGRESS ( #ahib IS EVID5CE ?AT ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S W]E 9CL9$ TO REA* AN ACCORD ) ! SEP>ATI/S1 & ?US CEASE BE+ US$ BY ! ,SPANI>DS AS A DIVISIVE ELEM5T 9 COMBAT AGA9/ ! SEP>ATI/S4 ,?IS %IFT 9 POSITION DID NOT1 ( C\RSE1 IMPLY ! R5UNCIATION ( ! AN>*I/S' REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! SECOND CLAUSE ( ! MANIFE/O UNLEA%$ A BITT] POLEMIC AMONG ! AN>*I/S ?AT W\LD 5DURE = YE>S1 BETWE5 ?OSE :O FAVOR$ FIR/ A*IEV+ 9DEP5D5CE & !N PURSU+ AN>*I/ GOALS1 & ?OSE :O LOOK$ UPON ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T AS A WORSE-?AN-USELESS WA/E ( TIME = WORK+ PEOPLE 

,! RESPONSE ( ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES TO ! ,CONGRESS ( #ahib WAS ! PROHIBITION ( FREE ASSEMBLY1 ! SEIZURE & TEMPOR>Y CLOS+ ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 ! PROHIBITION ( WORK]S' MEET+S1 & ! P]SECUTION ( ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES & ! ,JUNTA ,C5TRAL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7=M]LY ! ,JUNTA ,C5TRAL DE ,>TESANOS74 ,ALMO/ ALL ( ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,CONGRESS W]E JAIL$ & SOME W]E EXIL$1 OBLIG+ ! AN>*I/S TO RETURN TO CL&E/9E ACTIVITIES4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ! OR?ODOX M>XI/ WRIT]1 ,ALEIDA ,PLAS5CIA3 0,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#i#b1 ! WORK]S W]E P]SECUT$1 MORE = !IR CLASS-CONSCI\S ACTIVITIES ?AN = !IR 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVITIES40 ,?IS /ATEM5T REFLECTS ! TRUE NATURE ( ?+S AT ! TIME1 & ALSO UND]L9ES ! SURPRISE & VIOL5T REACTION ( ! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES :5 !Y REALIZ$ ! CONT5TS ( ! ,MANIFIE/O DEL ,CONGRESO DE '#i#b4 

,! ,CUBANS PREP>+ = ! 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE OP]AT$ PRIM>ILY FROM ! COA/ ( ,FLORIDA1 MA9LY FROM ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/-WORK+ CLASS FOCAL PO9TS1 :I* = YE>S H\S$ ! HI<E/ NUMB]S ( ,CUBANS 9 EXILE4 ,!SE ,CUBANS ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO UNIONS1 & !SE CITIES W]E 5CLAVES ( PATRIOTS1 AN>*I/S1 SEP>ATI/S1 & 5EMIES ( ,SPA9 9 G5]AL4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY 9 !SE YE>S ( ! E>LY #a#h#iS ?AT ,JOSE ,M>TI1 ! MO/ NOTABLE ,CUBAN PATRIOT ( ! TIME1 RECRUIT$ ADH]5TS TO ! IDEA ( CREAT+ UNIFI$ PRIM>Y PR9CIPLES FIR/1 & >M$ /RUGGLE LAT]1 AMONG ! DIFF]5T SEP>ATI/ GR\PS EXIL$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% WORK]S 9 ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY CONTEMPLAT$ ! ,CUBAN QUE/ION FROM A SOCIAL OR 9T]NATIONALI/ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,M>TI1 ) HIS ELOQU5T SPEE*1 DIRECT$ HIS WORDS T[>D !SE WORK]S ) ! IDEA ( MAK+ !M SEE ! SOCIAL ADVANTAGES ?AT W\LD COME ) HIS DREAM$-( REPUBLIC4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9'S FE>S ( A REPUBLIC FULL ( BLOOD%$ & HATE1 ,M>TI PROMIS$ !M A REPUBLIC FILL$ ) ! S5SE ( LIB]TY & SOCIAL JU/ICE1 0) EV]YONE 9CLUD$1 & = ! GOOD ( EV]YONE40 

,9FLU5C$ BY ! P]SUASIVE ORATORY ( ,M>TI1 ! MAJORITY ( EXIL$ AN>*I/S BEGAN TO SUPPORT ! 9DEP5D5CE CAUSE4 ,?IS WAS AFFIRM$ YE>S LAT] BY ! AN>*I/ ,P$RO ,E/EVE 9 HIS ,MEMORIA DE LA ,CONF]5CIA ,AN>QUI/A ,9T]NACIONAL3 0,\R IDEALS W]E ACCEPT$0 BY ! AN>*I/S :O PUBLICLY BACK$ ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 BUT UN=TUNATELY !Y W]E NOT REALIZ$ 9 ?IS P>TICUL> >EA4 0,9 !SE AN>*I/S ONE DISCOV]$ ?AT ! PATRIOTIC FIRE WAS NOT EXT+UI%$4 ,BEL[ ! A%ES !RE W]E HOT COALS 444 & BL[+ ON ! A%ES REVIV$ ! COALS1 TURN+ !M 9TO A DEVA/AT+ FLAME40 ,!SE WORDS ( ,E/EVE C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 MORE CORRECT2 & IT WAS PRECISELY ! ORATORY ( ,M>TI ?AT BLEW ON ! A%ES & PRODUC$ ! SEP>ATI/ CONFLAGRATION4 

,M>TI MANAG$ TO DECISIVELY 9FLU5CE MANY NOTABLE AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,CRECI1 ,MESSONI]1 ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 & ,BAL9O1 ALL ( :OM CAME TO ACCEPT HIS REVOLUTION>Y !SES4 ,! MAJORITY ( !M1 H[EV]1 CONT9U$ TO HOLD TO ! IDEAS ( POLITICAL LIB]TY & REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM1 ) ! EXCEPTIONS ( ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O & ,BAL9O1 :O FULLY CROSS$ OV] TO ! SIMPLE 9DEP5D5CE CAMP4 ,! SUPPORT ( !SE AN>*I/ ELEM5TS )9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY = ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T WAS IMM5SE1 AS MU* 9 ! MORAL AS ! POLITICO-ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,M>TI JUBILANTLY RECEIV$ ! ,MANIFIE/O DEL ,CONGRESO DE '#i#b1 & AT ALMO/ ! SAME TIME DECID$ TO F\ND A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SEP>ATI/ P>TY1 COMPOS$ PRIM>ILY ( TOBACCO WORK]S 9SIDE & \TSIDE ( ,CUBA1 :O W]E N[ ABLE TO RECONCILE !IR AN>*I/ & SEP>ATI/ S5TIM5TS4 

,AT ITS F\ND+ 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( #a#h#i#b1 ! ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO 7,P,R,C71 9 :I* ,M>TI S]V$ AS A DELEGATE1 WAS COMPOS$ ( AUTONOM\S1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 REVOLUTION>Y CLUBS1 ) /ATUTES & /RUCTURES EMBODY+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 7,! ,P,R,C WAS SIMIL> 9 MANY WAYS TO ! LAT] ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL ,MEXICANO1 F\ND$ BY ! ,MEXICAN AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y1 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON47 ,?IS IS TO SAY ?AT ! ,P,R,C WAS NOT A TYPICAL ELECTORAL POLITICAL P>TY1 BUT RA!R AN OV]ALL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 A WAY TO 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! AN>*I/S :O GR\P$ TOGE!R UND] ! SEP>ATI/ BANN] W]E MA9LY 9 TWO ORGANIZATIONS1 ! FIR/ TITL$ -- ) A C]TA9 AM\NT ( IRONY -- ,CLUB ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T91 & ! SECOND TITL$ ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA1 9 HONOR ( AN ,&ALUSIAN AN>*I/ :O WAS ADMIR$ BY ,M>TI1 & :O WAS A GREAT DEF5D]1 FROM PRISON1 ( ! ,CUBAN CAUSE4 

,9 REG>D TO ! TACTICAL ALLIANCE BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SEP>ATI/S DUR+ ! W> ( #a#h#i#e1 IT'S NECESS>Y TO CL>IFY ONE PO9T3 ,M>TI HAD SOME IDIOSYNCRATIC IDEAS AB\T AN>*ISM4 ,9 REG>D TO LABOR MATT]S1 HE CONSID]$ AN>*I/ PRECEPTS APPROPRIATE & JU/1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME HE ABHORR$ ! VIOL5CE CREAT$ BY ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 WORK]S & ! PROP]TI$ CLASS1 & HE T5D$ AS WELL TO MI/AK5LY DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 ,EUROPEAN & ,CUBAN AN>*ISM4 ,M>TI POSSESS$1 9 CONTRA/ TO MO/ ( HIS SEP>ATI/ CONTEMPOR>IES1 A /RONG SOCIAL CONSCI5CE4 ,HE DEPLOR$ CLASS DISP>ITIES & WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! FUTURE REPUBLIC W\LD BE ! IMP>TIAL SOLUTION TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 0= ! EQUITABLE B5EFIT ( ALL CLASSES10 )\T VIOL5T IMPOSITIONS FROM ANY P>TY4 

,= !IR P>T1 ! AN>*I/S 9 ,CUBA & 9 EXILE1 ALLI$ OR NOT ALLI$ TO POLITICAL SEP>ATISM1 HAD A SOCIAL AG5DA DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,M>TI4 ,) ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9'S EXAMPLE BE=E !M1 !Y ASPIR$ TO OP]ATE MORE FREELY ?AN UND] ! ,SPANI% /RAITJACKET2 & A REPUBLIC W\LD GIVE !M ?AT SPACE4 ,9 REALITY1 NEI!R SEP>ATISM1 NOR ! DEMOCRATIC VIRTUES ( ,M>TI1 NOR ! IDEAL ( A JU/ REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 W]E 9 ?OSE YE>S ! FOCUS ( ! AN>*I/S' REVOLUTION>Y AG5DA4 ,:AT !Y ASPIR$ TO & OB/9ATELY F\<T = 9SIDE A REPUBLICAN REGIME WAS ! GOOD ( ! ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT4 0,MORE FRE$OM ( ACTION & MOVEM5T0 9 PURSUIT ( WORK]S' RI<TS WAS ! GOAL1 & :AT GOOD W\LD A REPUBLIC BE IF IT DIDN'T S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S8 ,?US ,M>TI DREAM$ ( A REPUBLIC AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF2 ! AN>*I/S REG>D$ IT ONLY AS A MEANS4 

,9 #a#h#i#c1 ACCORD+ TO ,P$RO ,E/EVE1 A 0TAME TYRANNY0 EXI/$ 9 ,CUBA1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ANO!R P]IOD ( CALM1 COLONIAL GOV]NM5T READJU/M5T4 ,! ,HAVANA AN>*I/S EVID5TLY TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS TO REGR\P & TO REOP51 9 MID ,MAY1 ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES 9 ANO!R LOCATION1 *ANG+ ITS NAME TO ! ,SOCI$AD ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,S,G,T74 ,?AT YE>1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,SPANI% HI/ORIAN1 ,CASANOVAS ,COD9A1 ! ,MAY ,DAY COMMEMORATION TOOK PLACE 09 EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS 444 ,IT WAS CELEBRAT$ ) MEET+S 9 SEV]AL CITIES & T[NS 9 ! WE/]N P>T ( ! ISL&40 

,DUR+ ! DEPRESSION ( #a#h#i#c1 ! ACTIONS ( ! 9DU/RY [N]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ PROVOK$ A V]Y CRITICAL SITUATION 9 :I* BO? ! AU?ORITIES & ?UGS 9 ! PAY ( ! [N]S C>RI$ \T VIOL5T ACTS4 ,! TOBACCO BOSSES1 ALLI$ ) ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES1 =M$ AN >M$ VIGILANTE GR\P1 ! ,KEY ,WE/ ,RIFLES1 = ! PURPOSE ( 9TIMIDAT+ ! TOBACCO WORK]S & =C+ !M TO 0OBEY ! LAW40 ,9 ?IS CONFLICT1 ! AN>*I/S & /RIK]S HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! SEP>ATI/S1 :O DELIV]$ ?AT SUPPORT AFT] OBS]V+ ! POSITION ( !IR 5EMY1 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES 9 ,CUBA TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS T5SE SITUATION 9 ,KEY ,WE/ TO WEAK5 ! NASC5T SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T 9 ?AT CITY4 ,) ! IDEA ( EXCIS+ ! AN>*I/S FROM ! SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T1 ! 9T]IM ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL1 ,JOSE ,>D]IUIS1 ATTEMPT$ TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! ,HAVANA AN>*I/S ?R\< BRIBES4 ,?IS MANEUV] FAIL$1 & BO? ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN-ORI5T$ WORK]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ CONT9U$1 AT LEA/ = ! TIME BE+1 TO BE ALLI$ ) ,JOSE ,M>TI'S ALREADY-F\ND$ ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO 7,P,R,C71 :I* TOOK ! SIDE ( ! WORK]S4 

,BUT ! UNEMPLOY$ ,CUBAN WORK]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ W]E 9 A LAM5TABLE /ATE ( MIS]Y1 & MANY ( !M RETURN$ TO ,CUBA4 ,! CONDITIONS 9 ,HAVANA W]E NO BETT] ?AN ?OSE 9 ,KEY ,WE/1 & ! WORK]S CONT9U$ TO LIVE UND] HORRIBLE CONDITIONS DESPITE !IR MOVE TO ,CUBA4 ,! SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T HAD RECEIV$ MONIES COLLECT$ FROM !SE WORK]S1 & ) !IR RETURN TO ,CUBA & ) ! ECONOMIC CRA%1 ITS F9ANCIAL P[] WAN$ CONSID]ABLY4 

,! MASSIVE UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY DIDN'T HELP ! AN>*I/S ( ! ,S,G,T 7=M]LY ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES71 :O W]E UNABLE TO DEVISE A SOLUTION TO ! DILEMMA1 & ! ,S,G,T ITSELF SUFF]$ UND] ! T]RIBLE SITUATION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! WORDS ( ,CASANOVAS ,COD9A1 0,! >RIVAL 9 ,CUBA ( ! WORK]S 444 D\BTLESS CONTRIBUT$ 444 TO CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ,P,R,C CAMPAIGN 444 TO UN*A9 ! W> .<( 9DEP5D5CE.>40 

,?IS ECONOMIC DE/ABILIZATION HAD AS A CONSEQU5CE ! WEAK5+ ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS 9 :I* ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S WORK$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 AT ! 5D ( #ahic A /RIKE AT ! ,LA ,ROSA ,ESPANOLA TOBACCO FACTORY BROKE \T 9 ,KEY ,WE/ OV] ! CONTRACT+ ( WORK]S BR\<T FROM ,CUBA4 ,! [N]S' RESPONSE LEFT LITTLE HOPE -- !Y ORD]$ ! IMPORTATION FROM ,HAVANA ( #c ,SPANI>DS TO REPLACE ?OSE WORK]S :O HAD CALL$ ! /RIKE4 

,A COMMISSION ( [N]S WAS =M$ TO J\RNEY TO ,HAVANA TO SPEAK ) ,LIEUT5ANT-,G5]AL ,CALLEJAS1 & ALSO ) 0TWO Y\NG LEAD]S ( ! ,S,G,T1 444 ,SAB9O ,MUNIZ & ,JOSE ,GONZALEZ ,AGUIRRE10 ) ! IDEA ?AT !Y W\LD RECRUIT /RIKEBREAK]S TO WORK 9 ,KEY ,WE/4 ,( C\RSE ,MUNIZ & ,GONZALEZ REFUS$ ?IS PROPOSAL4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ?\<1 /RIKE-BREAK]S W]E RECRUIT$2 BUT ! SOLID>ITY %[N BY ! AN>*I/S T[>D ! /RIK]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ WAS MANIFE/4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! PLAN ( ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES1 9 COLLUSION ) ! TOBACCO BOSSES1 WAS TO FRACTIONALIZE ! CONT9U+ DEBATE BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SEP>ATI/S BY ADD+ ! NATIONALI/ +R$I5T1 ,CUBANS VS4 ,SPANI>DS4 

,! AN>*I/S1 :O MA9TA9$ !IR PR9CIPLES DUR+ ?IS TIME BY NOT ACCEPT+ A PACT ) ! [N]S' COMMISSION & ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES1 W]E ! LOS]S 9 ?IS AFFAIR4 ,! SEP>ATI/S1 H[EV]1 :O FAVOR$ DRAW+ A L9E BETWE5 ,CUBANS & ,SPANI>DS1 F>$ WELL4 ,9 ,KEY ,WE/1 :ILE ALL ( ?IS WAS GO+ ON1 ! /RIKE 5D$ ) A PAY 9CREASE = ! WORK]S4 ,! /RIKEBREAK]S RECEIV$ A HO/ILE RECEPTION FROM CLUB -- BE>+ SEP>ATI/S & AN>*I/S -- UNIT$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 A SOCIAL /RUGGLE = WORK]S' RI<TS4 

,! DI/URBANCES 9 ,KEY ,WE/ HAD REP]CUSSIONS 9 ,WA%+TON ?R\< ! EF=TS ( ,HORATIO ,RUB5S1 ! ,P,R,C ATTORNEY FOLL[+ 9/RUCTIONS FROM ,JOSE ,M>TI1 :O P]SUAD$ ! ,AM]ICAN AU?ORITIES TO PROHIBIT ! CONTRACT+ ( =EIGN WORK]S VIA ,CUBA4 ,SO :ILE ! AN>*I/S 9 ,HAVANA SUFF]$ A TEMPOR>Y SETBACK1 ?OSE 9 ,KEY ,WE/ B5EFITT$ FROM ?IS SITUATION4 

,GIV5 ! WEAKNESS ( ! ,S,G,T1 IT WAS EASY = ! AU?ORITIES TO PROHIBIT ! COMMEMORATION ( ,MAY ,DAY 9 #a#h#i#d4 ,P$RO ,E/EVE RELATES ?AT AT AB\T ?IS TIME HE VISIT$ ,HAVANA = ?REE MON?S1 DUR+ :I* TIME HE PUBLI%$ A WEEKLY ( %ORT DURATION TITL$ ,>*IVO ,SOCIAL1 & ?AT HE ALSO 9T]VIEW$ ,CRECI1 BE=E RETURN+ TO ,PAT]SON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY TO WORK AT ,EL ,DESP]T> 70,! ,AWAK5+074 ,E/EVE1 :O SAW W> COM+ TO ,CUBA1 FELT NO SYMPA?Y = ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 DESPITE HIS FRI5D%IP ) ,CRECI2 HE ?\<T1 LIKE ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T91 ?AT A SEP>ATI/ W> W\LD B5EFIT NO ONE1 & HE W\LD OPPOSE ! P>TICIPATION ( AN>*I/S 9 ! COM+ 9DEP5D5CE BATTLE ON EI!R SIDE-SEP>ATI/ OR COLONIAL4 ,E/EVE FAVOR$1 RA!R1 AN ATTITUDE ( APOLITICAL NEUTRALITY4 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #ahie ! ,CUBAN W> ( 9DEP5D5CE 9/IGAT$ BY ,M>TI BROKE \T1 & ! AN>*I/S :O HAD RALLI$ TO HIS CAUSE F\ND !MSELVES CONV]T$ TO COMBATANTS4 ,AMONG !SE1 ,5RIQUE ,CRECI1 :O WAS LIV+ AT ! TIME 9 ,TAMPA1 /&S \T4 ,9 #ahie HE F\ND$ ! PAP] ,EL ,ESCLAVO 70,! ,SLAVE071 ADVOCAT+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,CUBA FROM ,SPA91 & DEBAT+ ! MATT] ) ,E/EVE 9 ,PAT]SON & ) ,CRI/OBAL ,FU5TE 9 ,HAVANA4 ,CRECI RETURN$ TO ,CUBA 9 #a#h#i#f1 & DI$ 9 A FIELD HOSPITAL 9 ,MATANZAS FROM MA*ETE W\NDS SUFF]$ 9 COMBAT ) ,SPANI% TROOPS4 

,MESSONI]1 = HIS P>T1 WAS F9ALLY EXPELL$ FROM ,CUBA 9 #ahic AFT] MAK+ A SPEE* 9 ! ,PAYRET ,!AT] 9 FAVOR ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AFT] HIS EXPULSION1 HE PLAY$ ! D\BLE ROLE ( AN>*OSEP>ATI/1 & DEBAT$ ! MATT] ( 9DEP5D5CE ) ! RE/ ( ! AN>*I/ WORLD4 

,TO ! MIS=TUNE ( ALL1 ! SOCIAL *ANGES PROMIS$ BY ,M>TI DI$ ) HIM :5 HE MET A PREMATURE DEA? AT ! H&S ( ,SPANI% TROOPS ON ,MAY #a#i1 #a#h#i#e1 ONLY #dd DAYS AFT] ! W> BEGAN4 

,?R\<\T ?IS W> P]IOD 7#a#h#i#e-#a#h#i#h71 ,CUBAN AN>*I/S BO? AT HOME & ABROAD T5D$ TO ACT MORE 9 ACCORD ) !IR PR9CIPLES ?AN ) !IR NATIONALITY4 ,:ILE 9 ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/ AN>*I/S SU* AS ,CRECI1 ,MESSONI]1 & ,MIR&A W]E 9 FAVOR ( ! 9SURRECTION1 9 ,HAVANA ONE HE>D OP9IONS N[ 9 FAVOR ( 9DEP5D5CE1 N[ 9 FAVOR ( ANTI-W> NEUTRALITY4 ,:ILE ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES T5D$ TO RALLY TO ! SEP>ATI/ FLAG1 OR AT LEA/ TO CONTRIBUTE ECONOMICALLY TO IT1 9 ,HAVANA MANY AN>*I/S W]E ( ! OP9ION ?AT ! CALAMITY ( A CIVIL W> %\LD BE OPPOS$ ON PR9CIPLE1 & ?AT SU* A W> W\LD MAKE !IR TASK NO EASI]4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! DIFF]5CES ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! AN>*I/ CAMP DUR+ ! W> W]E NOT TOTALLY DIVISIVE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,CUBA :]E1 DESPITE !IR OP9IONS AB\T ! W>1 MANY AN>*I/S ACTIVELY COOP]AT$ ) ! SEP>ATI/S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! >RIVAL ( ,VAL]IANO ,WEYL] -- ! NEW CAPTA9-G5]AL ( ! ISL&1 & A MAN NOT$ = HIS LACK ( SCRUPLES & ABUNDANT CRUELTY -- WAS MET ) AN UN=TUNATELY UNSUCCESSFUL DYNAMITE ATTACK ON HIS LIFE AT HIS HEADQU>T]S4 ,! ATTACK WAS C>RI$ \T BY ?REE AN>*I/S & ONE SEP>ATI/ :O CAME FROM ,KEY ,WE/4 

,9 ,HAVANA1 LEAFLETS CIRCULAT$ URG+ ,SPANI% TROOPS PO/$ TO ,CUBA & ,CUBAN COLONIAL VOLUNTE]S TO DES]T !IR PO/S & CROSS OV] TO ! 9SURRECTION>Y SIDE4 ,!RE W]E ALSO DYNAMITE ATTACKS 09 V>I\S PLACES 9 ,HAVANA 444 SU* AS BRIDGES & GAS L9ES10 ACCORD+ TO ,CASANOVAS1 :O IMPUT$ SU* ACTS TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,RETRIBUTION WAS NOT LONG 9 COM+4 ,WEYL] 0/]NLY REPRESS$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T2 HE PROHIBIT$ READ+S 9 TOBACCO WORK%OPS1 CLOS$ ! ,S,G,T1 & DEPORT$ MANY AN>*I/S40 

,EV5 ?\<1 ACCORD+ TO ,CASANOVAS1 0,! CONTRIBUTION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T TO ! SEP>ATI/S CAUSE WAS 5ORM\S10 IT WASN'T UNIV]SAL4 ,MANY AN>*I/S OPPOS$ ! W> ON PR9CIPLE1 & BELIEV$ ?AT 9 NO WAY W\LD IT EASE ! WAY TO !IR GOAL ( SOCIAL LIB]TY4 ,!Y ?\<T1 AS DID ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T91 ?AT HAV+ A REPUBLIC 9 ,CUBA W\LD NOT *ANGE ! SOCIAL SITUATION1 HOLD+ UP AS EXAMPLES ! O!R REPUBLICS 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 

,FROM ,ALASKA TO ,PATAGONIA AN>*I/S W]E PURSU$ ) ! SAME ZEAL AS !Y W]E 9 ,SPA94 ,SO1 AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 ANTI-SEP>ATI/-W> S5TIM5TS >\S$ BITT] DISCUSSIONS AMONG AN>*I/S ( ! TIME2 & DESPITE ACCUSATIONS1 ! ANTI-W> AN>*I/S FELT !MSELVES 9 NO WAY TO BE ALLIES ( ,SPA94 

,TO ! VIOL5CE UNLEA%$ BY ! SEP>ATI/ REBELLION1 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T ( ,CANOVAS DEL ,CA/ILLO RESPOND$ ) ITS CU/OM>Y VIOL5CE )\T QU>T]1 VIOL5CE SO CRIM9AL & REPRESSIVE ?AT IT HAD LITTLE P>ALLEL 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,WEYL] HAD BE5 S5T ) ! CATEGORICAL ORD] TO 5D ! REBELLION US+ ANY MEANS NECESS>Y4 ,A P>T ( ?OSE MEANS1 ! 0,RECONC5TRATION ,DECREE10 CAUS$ MORE CASUALTIES AMONG ,CUBAN CAMPES9OS ?AN DID ,SPANI% BULLETS4 ,HUNG] & DISEASE LIQUIDAT$ 9 LESS ?AN ?REE YE>S ALMO/ AN 5TIRE G5]ATION ( ,CUBANS1 CLAIM+ MORE ?AN #c1 VICTIMS4 

,?IS ATROCITY WAS 9TELLECTUALLY AU?OR$ 9 #ahif BY ! ,CA?OLIC CURATE ,JUAN ,BAUTI/A ,CASAS1 ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! ,DIOCESE ( ,HAVANA4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( ?AT YE>1 & UND] (FICIAL ECCLESIA/ICAL APPROVAL1 HIS WORK1 ,LA GU]RA SEP>ATI/A 5 ,CUBA1 SUS CAUSAS1 M$IOS DE T]M9>LA Y EVIT> OTRAS 70,! ,SEP>ATI/ ,W> 9 ,CUBA1 ,ITS ,CAUSES1 ,MEANS ( ,5D+ ,IT & ,AVOID+ ,O!RS071 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,MADRID4 ,9 HIS ESSAY1 ,BAUTI/A ADVOCAT$ A /RATEGY SIMIL> TO ! ,AM]ICAN 0/RATEGIC HAMLET0 PROGRAM 9 ,VIET ,NAM -- 0! CONC5TRATION ( CAMPES9OS0 9 ORD] ?AT !Y BE UNABLE TO AID ! REBELS4 ,BAUTI/A PROPOS$ ?AT 0\R =CES DE/ROY & OBLIT]ATE ALL ( ! HOVELS40 

,FOLL[+ ,BAUTI/A'S PROPOSAL1 ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL ,WEYL]1 UND] ! DIRECT ORD]S ( ! ,SPANI% PREMI]1 ,CANOVAS1 ORD]$ ?AT ALL ( ,CUBA'S CAMPES9OS CONC5TRATE !MSELVES 9 ! NE>E/ T[NS & CITIES1 UND] PA9 ( BE+ %OT1 & A PORTION ( ! ,SPANI% COLONIAL >MY D$ICAT$ ITSELF TO DISLODG+ ,CUBA'S PEASANTS FROM !IR HOMES4 ,AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 ALL ( ,CUBA'S T[NS & CITIES W]E 9UNDAT$ BY HUNGRY CAMPES9OS ) NO MEANS ( E>N+ A LIV+4 ,NEI!R ,WEYL] NOR ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T HAD MADE ANY PLANS :ATSOEV] TO DEAL ) ?IS CONT+5CY1 & MULTITUDES DI$ -- NOT ONLY AMONG ! CAMPES9OS1 BUT ALSO AMONG ! RESID5TS ( ! 9UNDAT$ URBAN >EAS4 

,MORTALITY REA*$ FIGURES UNKN[N 9 ,CUBA = HUNDR$S ( YE>S4 ,! ,SPANI>DS HAD TAK5 ! W> TO ,CUBA'S CIVILIANS4 ,!Y 5D$ !IR IMP]IAL RULE 9 ! SAME MANN] !Y HAD COMM5C$ IT #d YE>S E>LI]1 :5 !Y EXT]M9AT$ ALL ( ! ISL&'S 9DIG5\S PEOPLE4 ,! MAGNITUDE ( ! 0,RECONC5TRATION ,DECREE0 G5OCIDE IS APTLY DESCRIB$ BY ! ,BRITI% HI/ORIAN ,HU< ,?OMAS3 0.<,PROPORTIONALLY.> IT COMP>ES TO ,RUSSIA'S LOSSES 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ,S]BIA'S 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 & .<IS.> PROBABLY D\BLE ! PROPORTIONS 9 ! ,SPANI% OR ,AM]ICAN CIVIL W>S40 

,! >M$ SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T RESPOND$ TO ! ,SPANI%-CREAT$ HORROR ) T]ROR4 ,BY ,AUGU/ #a#h#i#g1 !RE WAS A /ALEMATE -- ! ,CUBAN SEP>ATI/S HAD MADE NO SUB/ANTIAL PROGRESS1 & ,WEYL] HAD NOT PACIFI$ ,CUBA4 

,:ILE ! W> LA%$ ! ,CUBAN C\NTRYSIDE & ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T WAS COMMITT+ UNPREC$5T$ G5OCIDE1 ! DEBATE AMONG ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S WAS COM+ TO ITS 5D4 ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE 7,PALMIRO DE ,LIDIA71 A ,CATALONIAN AN>*I/ :O HAD KN[N ,P$RO ,E/EVE WELL 9 ,B>CELONA1 HAD MOV$ TO ,CUBA 9 #a#h#i#e1 FROM :I* HE WAS PROMPTLY EXPELL$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,REFLECT+ UPON ?IS USELESS DISPUTE1 DEL ,VALLE PROPOS$ A WAY \T ( ! LABYR9? ( PRO- & ANTI-9SURRECTION DISPUTES AMONG ! AN>*I/S4 

,?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ! MATT] HAD BE5 DISCUSS$ AT AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL1 & IT W\LDN'T BE ! LA/ TIME ?AT AN>*I/S DEBAT$ :E!R OR NOT TO SUPPORT 0W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION40 ,DEL ,VALLE REASON$ ?AT IT WAS BETT] NOT TO ACRIMONI\SLY OPPOSE ?OSE COMPAN]OS :O BELIEV$ 9 ! ADVANTAGES ( 9DEP5D5CE1 D$UC+ ?AT ! ONLY B5EFICI>IES ( ?IS POLEMIC W\LD BE ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES :O HAD DONE SO MU* DAMAGE TO BO? ,SPANI% & ,CUBAN AN>*I/S4 ,9 ! 5D1 DEL ,VALLE SUCCESSFULLY RECOMM5D$ A MORATORIUM 9 ! DEBATE4 

,! CRUELTY ( ! W> & ITS 5ORM\S CONSEQU5CES CREAT$ GREAT SOCIAL T5SION 9 ,SPA91 :I* 9 TURN G5]AT$ ACID CRITICISM ( ! ,CANOVAS GOV]NM5T BY ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,!SE S5TIM5TS W]E %>$ BY ?OSE AN>*I/S FAVOR+ ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE SU* AS ,SALVO*EA1 ,P$RO ,VALL9A1 & ! P]IODICAL ,EL ,CORS>IO 70,! ,CORSAIR071 PUBLI%$ 9 ,LA ,CORUNA1 ,SPA94 ,FROM ,P>IS1 = HIS P>T1 ,P,R,C REPRES5TATIVE ,DR4 ,RAMON ,EMET]IO ,BETANCES HELP$ TO FOM5T /RIKES & PROTE/S )9 ,SPA9 AGA9/ ! W> 9 ,CUBA4 ,= ITS P>T ! ,SPANI% F$]ALISM ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL & ,SALM]ON ALSO ADVANC$ 9DEP5D5CE AS ! SOLUTION TO ! CONFLICT4 

,AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! DIVID$ FEEL+S ( AN>*I/S AB\T ! ,CUBAN SEP>ATI/ W>1 9 ,JANU>Y #ahif ! ,FR5* ,COMMITTEE = A ,FREE ,CUBA =M$ 9 ,P>IS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,BETANCES1 & ) ! SUPPORT ( ,*>LES ,MALATO4 ,?IS COMMITTEE WAS COMPOS$ PR9CIPALLY ( ,FR5* AN>*I/S SU* AS ,>*ILLE ,/E5S1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,ELI ,RECLUS1 ,L\ISE ,MI*ELLE1 ,LEOPOLD ,LAC\R1 ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 ,PAUL ,ADAM1 & ,MALATO4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 9 ,LONDON & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MA9TA9$ ATTITUDES ( NEUTRALITY4 

,ALL ( ?IS WAS SOON MADE ACADEMIC BY EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 & BY ! ,U4,S4 5TRY 9TO ! CONFLICT4 ,! PR9CIPAL & FIR/ CAUSE ( :AT CAME TO BE CALL$ 0,! ,DISA/]0 WAS ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,SPANI% *IEF ( /ATE1 ,ANTONIO ,CANOVAS1 9 ,SANTA ,AGU$A1 ,SPA9 9 ,AUGU/ #ahig 9 RESPONSE TO ! TORTURE & MURD] ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9 ! ,MONTJUI* PRISON1 & 9 RESPONSE TO ! COLONIALI/ HORRORS BE+ P]PETRAT$ 9 ,CUBA & 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES4 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! PR9CIPAL AU?OR ( ,SPANI% =EIGN POLICY OV] ! PREVI\S #b YE>S WAS ! F9AL BL[ TO ! ALREADY DECAD5T ,SPANI% EMPIRE4 ,! EXECUTION ( ,CANOVAS1 COMMITT$ BY ,MIGUEL ,ANGIOLILLO 9 COOP]ATION ) ,BETANCES1 *ANG$ ! DE/9Y ( FIVE C\NTRIES4 ,! ELD]LY1 9COMPET5T SUCCESSOR TO ,CANOVAS1 ,PRAX$ES ,MATEO ,SAGA/A1 ADVANC$ AN EQUIVOCAL POLITIC T[>D ,CUBA1 DECREE+ AN AUTONOMY ?AT SATISFI$ NO ONE2 IT WAS TOO LITTLE & TOO LATE-DEMON/RAT+ ONLY ! WEAKNESS ( ,SPANI% COLONIALISM4 

,! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS SITUATION BY LAUN*+ A W> AGA9/ ,SPA9 9 ,APRIL #ahih & BY ALMO/ IMM$IATELY 9VAD+ ,CUBA1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 & ,PU]TO ,RICO2 & ALMO/ AS QUICKLY ! ,U4,S4 =C$ :AT HAD BE5 IMP]IAL ,SPA9 TO SIGN A PEACE ACCORD 9 ,AUGU/ ( ! SAME YE>4 ,! W> =MALLY 5D$ 9 ! HUMILIATION ( ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T ) ! SIGN+ ( ! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS 9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#i#h1 :I* DECRE$ ! LOSS ( ALL ,SPANI% OV]SEAS T]RITORIES4 ,?IS WAS AN UNP>ALLEL$ & WELL-DES]V$ DEBACLE4 

,! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS1 UND] :I* ,SPA9 DELIV]$ ITS COLONIES TO ! M]CIES ( ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T & ,U4,S4 CAPITALISM1 AT ! SAME TIME GU>ANTE$ ! PROTECTION ( ! PROP]TIES1 9DU/RIES1 BANKS1 BUS9ESSES & L&S POSSESS$ BY ,SPANI% CITIZ5S 9 ,CUBA4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 ALLI$ ) ! ,YANKEES1 HAD WON ! W>1 BUT HAD LO/ ! PEACE4 ,AFT] #c YE>S ( /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE1 ,CUBA %IFT$ FROM ! YOKE ( ,SPANI% COLONIALISM TO ?AT ( ,YANKEE IMP]IALISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,UPDAT$4 

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