,*APT] #b 
,9T]V5TION & ! ,REPUBLIC 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i#c#c7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #b3 ,9T]V5TION & ! ,REPUBLIC 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i#c#c7 

  

,AFT] ! CESSATION ( HO/ILITIES ) ,SPA91 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES F\ND ITSELF AS ! UNDISPUT$ DOM9ANT P[] 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,HAV+ CONCLUD$ ITS EXPANSION TO ! ,PACIFIC AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#iS1 ! EYES ( ! EAGLE1 ) ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC AMBITIONS1 TURN$ TO ! ,C>IBBEAN4 ,CUBA REPRES5T$1 FROM ! DAYS ( ,COLUMBUS1 ! /RATEGIC KEY/ONE ( ! REGION1 NOT ONLY 9 ,NOR?-,S\? COMMUNICATIONS1 BUT ALSO AS ! DOORWAY TO ! PLANN$ ,PANAMA ,CANAL4 ,! IDEA ( POSSESS+ ,CUBA1 BE IT ?R\< VIOL5T TAKEOV] OR ?R\< PUR*ASE FROM ,SPA91 HAD BE5 CONTEMPLAT$ = DECADES BY ! RUL]S ON ! ,POTOMAC4 ,SO1 IT WASN'T /RANGE ?AT ANY EXCUSE W\LD DO AS JU/IFICATION = 9T]V5+ 9 ,CUBA1 & ! 9EPT ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T CONV5I5TLY PROVID$ ONE4 

,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 SYMPA?Y = ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE AMONG ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE4 ,! SEGM5T ( PUBLIC OP9ION ?AT OPPOS$ ANNEXATION ( ,CUBA FIR/ CAUS$ VACILLATION1 & LAT] REFLECTION1 9 ! IMP]IALI/ SECTOR CONTROLL+ ,U4,S4 =EIGN POLICY4 ,?IS SECTOR S\<T A SOLUTION ?AT W\LD BE PALATABLE TO ALL P>TIES 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W>1 & !Y MANAG$ TO F9D ONE ?AT APPE>$ SATISFACTORY4 

,! ,U4,S4 OCCUPATION ( ,CUBA BEGAN ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#h#i#i4 ,! MILIT>Y GOV]NOR1 ,JOHN ,BROOKE1 COMPLY+ ) ORD]S FROM ,PRESID5T ,MC,K9LEY1 & 9 L9E ) ! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS1 PACIFI$ ?OSE :O WANT$ 9TEGRATION ) ,SPA9 -- ,WEYL]'S =M] FANATICS -- ) PROMISES ( AN IRON FI/4 ,HE ALSO (F]$ PO/S 9 ! NEW CIVIL ADM9I/RATION TO BO? ?OSE :O S\<T AUTONOMY FROM ,SPA91 BUT NOT =MAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & ?OSE :O HAD S\<T =MAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,HE DIS>M$ ! >MY ( ,MAXIMO ,GOMEZ 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! ,U4,S4 DIS>M$ ! ,APA*ES -- BY PAY+ = RIFLES4 ,& HE PROMIS$ ,CUBA'S BUS9ESSM5 & 9DU/RIALI/S ECONOMIC GR[? & 0SOCIAL PEACE40 

,! PRO-9DEP5D5CE PATRIOTS1 :O APPE>$ TO HAVE LO/ ! POLITICAL BATTLE -- BE IT ?R\< POLITICAL 9EPTITUDE OR RAPACITY = P[] -- HAD TO CONT5T !MSELVES ) ! PROMISE ( FUTURE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,?IS PROMIS$ 9DEP5D5CE WAS CONDITIONAL UPON !IR TAL5T = GOV]N+1 GOOD CONDUCT1 & HONE/ 9T5TIONS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD :5 !Y W]E PUT TO ! TE/4 ,( C\RSE1 GIV5 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,WA%+TON WAS C$+ !M ! RI<T TO 9DEP5D5CE1 IT EXPECT$ !SE DOME/ICAT$ SEP>ATI/S TO PLAY BY ITS RULES ( ! GAME4 

,?US WAS ! /AGE SET DUR+ ! FIR/ ,U4,S4 OCCUPATION ( ,CUBA2 & SEV]AL ?+S HAPP5$ DUR+ IT WOR?Y ( M5TION4 ,! FIR/ SYMPTOM ( SOCIAL UNRE/ OCCURR$ ) ! EXHUMATION ( ! REMA9S ( ,5RIQUE ,CRECI FROM AN UNM>K$ GRAVE 9 ,MATANZAS4 ,UPON ! TRANSPORT ( HIS BODY TO ,HAVANA1 A GR\P ( W>-(-9DEP5D5CE (FIC]S & VET]ANS 9 ! FUN]AL CORTEGE CLA%$ ) ! NEWLY CREAT$ ,CUBAN POLICE AFT] ! POLICE PROHIBIT$ A WORK] >M$ ) A R$ BANN] FROM M>*+ 9 ! PROCESSION4 ,A MELEE BROKE \T BETWE5 ! AN>*I/S & VET]ANS ON ONE SIDE1 & ! POLICE ON ! O!R4 ,AS ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET PUT IT1 0,& SO ! BLOOD FL[$40 ,! SEP>ATI/ LEAD]S 9 ! FUN]AL PROCESSION 9CLUD$ ,SALVADOR ,CISN]OS ,BETANC\RT & ,JUAN ,GUALB]TO ,GOMEZ4 ,DR4 ,FRANCISCO ,F$]ICO ,FALCO WAS /OPP$ BY POLICE BE=E HE C\LD SPEAK1 ?US PREV5T+ ! AN>*I/ ORATOR FROM PRES5T+ HIS EULOGY TO ,CRECI4 

,DR4 ,FALCO HAD >RIV$ 9 ,CUBA FROM ,ITALY AT ! 5D ( ! W>4 ,HE FOLL[$ 9 ! /EPS ( HIS COMPATRIOT1 ,ORE/ES ,F]R>A1 :O1 DESPITE HIS 9ITIAL AFFILIATION ) AN>*ISM1 HAD ALLI$ HIMSELF TO ! ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,F]R>A1 :O REA*$ ! RANK ( COLONEL1 HAD BE5 NAM$ 9T]IM CIVIL GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE ( ,LAS ,VILLAS4 ,HE RELATES 9 HIS MEMOIRS ?AT A /RIKE BROKE \T AGA9/ M]*ANTS1 ,SPANI% 9DU/RIALI/S & ! ,BRITI%-[N$ RAILROAD COMPANY 9 ,SAGUA LA ,GR&E4 ,F]R>A SID$ ) ! WORK]S4 ,HE /ATES1 0,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO RESCUE ,CUBA ?R\< RAIS+ WAGES .<BECAUSE.> ! 9COME ( ! CAPITALI/S HAD 9CREAS$ BY #b.040 ,SID+ ) ! WORK]S CREAT$ PROBLEMS = HIM ) ! OCCUPY+ AU?ORITIES1 & HE WAS =C$ TO RESIGN HIS PO/ & LEAVE ,CUBA TEMPOR>ILY4 ,DR4 ,FALCO FOLL[$ HIM4 

,DUR+ ?IS SAME YE>1 #a#h#i#i1 A NEW /AGE ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE BEGAN 9 ,CUBA4 ,ITS FIR/ MANIFE/ATION WAS ! 0,MASONS' ,/RIKE10 :I* BEGAN ON ,AUGU/ #b4 ,IT LAT] EXT5D$ TO ! 5TIRE CON/RUCTION TRADE1 & WAS ORGANIZ$ & BACK$ BY ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S1 :O HAD REGR\P$ 9TO A NEW ORGANIZATION UND] ! NAME ,ALIANZA DE ,TRABAJADORES4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 AFT] A PUBLIC MEET+ & PUBLICATION ( A MANIFE/O 9 :I* ! AN>*I/S ALLUD$ TO ! 09T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE = ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 ! R$ FLAG ( ! WORK]S1 ! ,*ICAGO M>TYRS10 ! POLICE >RE/$ ! ,ALIANZA'S PR9CIPAL ORGANIZ]S1 ,FRANCISCO DE ,>MAS1 ,S]AF9 ,BU/O1 ,JUAN ,ALL]1 ,FRANCISCO ,C>BALL$A & ,EV>I/O ,E/5OZ 7:O WAS MURD]$ 9 #aiab DUR+ ! RACE W> ?AT BROKE \T 9 ,ORI5TE PROV9CE74 ,! GOV]NOR ( ,HAVANA1 ,WILLIAM ,LODL[1 PROMIS$ AN ADEQUATE PUNI%M5T = 0! 5EMIES ( SOCIETY :O WAVE ! R$ FLAG ( AN>*Y40 ,!SE 05EMIES0 APP>5TLY 9CLUD$ TWO NEW AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS :I* BACK$ ! /RIKE1 6,TI]RA61 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 & ! %ORT-LIV$ ,EL ,NUEVO ,IDEAL 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i#a71 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE1 :O HAD RETURN$ FROM ,NEW ,YORK ALONG ) ,LUIS ,B>CIA & O!R COMPAN]OS ) ! IDEA ( F\ND+ ?IS NEW PUBLICATION4 

,! /RIKE 5D$ ) AN APP>5T PROLET>IAN FAILURE4 ,! WORK]S HAD NEV] RECEIV$ ! FULL BACK+ ( ! PUBLIC :O1 9TIMIDAT$ & CO]C$1 HAD TURN$ PESSIMI/IC4 ,/RIKES1 !Y W]E ASSUR$ BY ! AU?ORITIES1 5DANG]$ ! FUTURE REPUBLIC4 ,DESPITE ?IS REV]SE1 TWO WEEKS AFT] HAV+ 5D$ ! /RIKE1 ! BRICKLAY]S RECEIV$ A RAISE & A PROMISE TO 0/UDY0 !IR DEM& = AN EI<T-H\R DAY -- A DEM& ?AT WAS F9ALLY REALIZ$ #cd YE>S LAT]4 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#i#i1 A NEW1 MORE MOD]ATE -- BUT UND] NOTABLE LIB]T>IAN 9FLU5CE -- LABOR ORGANIZATION APPE>$1 ! ,LIGA ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES4 ,ITS ORGANIZ]S W]E ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI]1 ,RAMON ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 ,AMBROSIO ,BORGES & ,JOSE ,RIVAS4 ,! ,LEAGUE BACK$ A NEW P]IODICAL DIRECT$ BY ,MESSONI]1 6,AL]TA6 ,?IS GR\P ( AN>*I/S HAD RETURN$ FROM ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/ UND] ! 9DEP5D5CE BANN]1 & /ILL HAD RES]VATIONS AB\T !IR OLD COMPAN]OS 9 ,HAVANA4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT !Y DECID$ TO SET UP %OP SEP>ATELY FROM ! ,ALIANZA DE ,TRABAJADORES4 

,DESPITE FAILURES OV] ! PREVI\S DECADES1 ! ANNEXATIONI/ TEMPTATION RE>$ ITS HEAD AGA9 ) ! ,U4,S4 9T]V5TION 9 & OCCUPATION ( ,CUBA4 ,MC,K9LEY'S IDEA ( BUY+ ,CUBA FROM ,SPA9 9 #a#h#i#h1 BE=E ! ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W>1 AS WELL AS ! \TCOME ( ?AT W> & ! ATTITUDE ( SOME SEP>ATI/ LEAD]S1 GAVE ! ANNEXATIONI/S REASON TO RETURN TO ,CUBA1 & GAVE ! AN>*I/S REASON TO WORRY4 ,! OCCUPATION ( ,CUBA BY =EIGN TROOPS1 ESPECIALLY ,U4,S4 TROOPS1 W\LD NOT FACILITATE ! LIB]T>IANS' PLANS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,AM]ICAN HI/ORIAN ,KIRW9 ,R4 ,%AFF]1 ,EL ,NUEVO ,IDEAL PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE SIGN$ BY ,LUIS ,B>CIA 9 :I* 0,B>CIA ATTACK$ :AT APPE>$ TO BE ,U4,S4 DESIGNS = ANNEX+ ! ISL&1 URG+ READ]S TO FI<T AGA9/ SU* DESIGNS40 ,LAT]1 ,B>CIA REM9D$ ! ,U4,S4 AU?ORITIES ( ! CRISIS !Y HAD PROVOK$ 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES BY =GETT+ !IR PROMISES ( 9DEP5D5CE = ?AT L&1 & BY NOT RECOGNIZ+ ! REPUBLIC L$ BY ,EMILIO ,AGU9ALDO4 ,B>CIA ALSO REM9D$ ! ,CUBAN SEP>ATI/S ( !IR DUTY TO /RUGGLE = TOTAL 9DEP5D5CE1 &1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AFF]1 0L$ ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ! MEAN+ ( 9DEP5D5CE1 *ALL5G+ ! ELITE'S AB&ONM5T ( ! POPUL> S5TIM5T = BROAD SOCIAL *ANGE40 

,9 ! SAME PUBLICATION1 ,B>CIA 9SI/$ ON CONCRETE AID TO ! CAMPES9OS :O /ILL SUFF]$ 9 ! CITIES AS A RESULT ( ! ,RECONC5TRATION ,DECREE4 ,%AFF] NOTES3 0,B>CIA CLAIM$ ?AT #d1 RECONC5TRADOS W]E SL[LY DY+ 9 ! CITIES FROM />VATION 444 ,FAMILIES %\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO RETURN TO !IR L&S 444 BUT ! RI* & ! GOV]NM5T APPE>$ UNCONC]N$40 ,?IS DEMON/RAT$ NOT ONLY HUMANIT>IAN CONC]NS1 BUT ?AT ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S DESIR$ TO BUILD SOLID>ITY BETWE5 URBAN WORK]S & !IR RURAL C\S9S4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE OPPOS$ ! CREATION ( A WORK]S P>TY AS PROPOS$ BY ,MESSONI]1 ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 & EV5 ! ,MEMOR&UM ,TIPOGRAFICO 7ORGAN ( ! TYPOGRAPHICAL WORK]S71 REM9D+ !M ( ! AGREEM5TS AT ! WORK]S' CONGRESS ( #ahhg & ! LESSONS LE>N$ FROM ! 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,SPA91 9 :I* NEI!R ! AN>*I/S NOR ! SEP>ATI/S HAD TAK5 P>T 9 COLONIAL ELECTORAL POLITICS4 

,9 ,DECEMB]1 ,MC,K9LEY REPLAC$ ,JOHN ,BROOKE AS MILIT>Y GOV]NOR ) ,LEON>D ,WOOD -- :O WAS H>DL9E & MORE AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,& AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,WOOD'S RULE1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A >RIV$ 9 ,HAVANA4 

,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ WRIT] & ?9K] WAS ONE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ AN>*I/ !ORETICIANS ( HIS TIME4 ,AS A RESID5T ( ,PAT]SON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ,MALATE/A WAS ALSO WELL KN[N TO ! OCCUPY+ AU?ORITIES4 ,HIS NUM]\S TALKS 9 ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES & ALSO 9 ! NEI<BOR+ 7TO ,HAVANA7 T[N ( ,REGLA W]E RECEIV$ BY A WIDE AUDI5CE ?AT FILL$ ! HALLS4 ,HE WAS 9T]VIEW$ 9 SEV]AL P]IODICALS1 :]E HE ADVANC$ 0! ,IDEA10 BUT HE ALSO SUFF]$ DELAYS & TEMPOR>Y PROHIBITIONS ( V>I\S SPEE*ES UNTIL ! PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T DECID$ TO SUSP5D HIS RI<T TO ADDRESS MEET+S1 EV5 ?\< HE HAD ALREADY BE5 PROHIBIT$ FROM M5TION+ ! WORD 0AN>*Y0 9 HIS DISC\RSES4 

,!RE WAS A F9AL1 DEF9ITIVE PROHIBITION ( ,MALATE/A'S TALKS &1 ON ,MALATE/A'S 9ITIATIVE1 ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE REQUE/$ A MEET+ 9CLUD+ ,MALATE/A ) ! CIVIL GOV]NOR1 ,EMILIO ,NUNEZ1 :O HAD M\NT$ PRO-9DEP5D5CE MILIT>Y EXP$ITIONS FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,NUNEZ WAS WELL KN[N TO ,CUBAN AN>*I/S LIV+ 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,HE WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = D5Y+ ,MALATE/A ! RI<T TO SPEAK 9 PUBLIC4 ,9 !IR MEET+1 ,NUNEZ DECL>$ ?AT1 0A LAW EXI/S FROM ! TIME ( ,SPANI% RULE ?AT PROHIBITS AN>*I/ PROPAG&A40 ,ACCORD+ TO DEL ,VALLE1 ,MALATE/A RESPOND$1 0,) ALL DUE RESPECT1 ONE OBS]VES ?AT :5 ,G5]AL ,NUNEZ F\<T ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T1 IT DIDN'T BO!R HIM TO DISOBEY ! ,SPANI% LAWS ?AT HE'S N[ SO COMMITT$ TO UPHOLD+40 

,EV5 ?\< ,NUNEZ P]CEIV$ ! IRONY1 HE DIDN'T APPRECIATE IT1 & ,MALATE/A LEFT ,CUBA1 /ILL B>R$ FROM SPEAK+ 9 PUBLIC4 ,MANUEL ,M4 ,MIR&A1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO DEL ,VALLE1 HAD BE5 0DEPORT$ TO ,*AF>9AS .<DUR+ ! W>.>1 NOT = BE+ AN 9SURRECTIONI/1 BUT = BE+ AN AN>*I/10 WROTE SEV]AL >TICLES 9 ! LIB]AL P]IODICAL ,LA ,DISCUSION 0ATTACK+ ! GOV]NOR & ?OSE NATIONALI/ POLITICAL ELEM5TS0 :O HAD PRESSUR$ ,NUNEZ TO MAKE ! >BITR>Y DECISION BANN+ ,MALATE/A'S SPEE*ES4 ,?IS WAS DESPITE ,MALATE/A'S HAV+ FAVOR$ ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE4 ,DUR+ ! W> ( 9DEP5D5CE1 DEL ,VALLE RECALLS ?AT ,MALATE/A HAD MA9TA9$ A CON/ANT1 PRO-9DEP5D5CE ATTITUDE1 & ?AT HE HAD /AT$1 AN 09DIVIDUAL :O /RUGGLES AGA9/ TYRANNY ( ANY TYPE CANNOT HELP BUT /RUGGLE = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,CUBA40 7,?IS PUT ,MALATE/A MORE 9 ! CAMP ( ,MESSONI]1 ,CRECI1 & ,MIR&A ?AN ?AT ( ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T947 

,BE=E RETURN+ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,MALATE/A WROTE AN >TICLE = ,LA ,DISCUSION4 ,9 IT1 HE EXPRESS$ A 0POT5T SYMPA?Y0 = 0!SE VALIANT ,CUBAN WORK]S1 BO? BLACK & :ITE 444 :O HAVE WELCOM$ ME SO CORDIALLY40 ,HE W5T ON TO SAY ?AT HE WAS SURE ?AT ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S W\LD 0TAKE !IR PLACE AMONG ! MO/ ADVANC$ ELEM5TS 444 /RUGGL+ = ! TOTAL EMANCIPATION ( ALL HUMANITY40 ,MALATE/A LAM5T$ ! IMPOSITION 0UPON ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE ( ! SAME ,SPANI% LAWS0 AGA9/ :I* !Y HAD /RUGGL$1 & ?AT 9 ?AT /RUGGLE 0?\S&S ( ,CUBANS HAD DI$1 9CLUD+ ,M>TI1 ,MACEO & ,CRECI40 ,MALATE/A /AT$ ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE W\LD NOT CEASE BECAUSE ( ! DECL>ATION ( A REPUBLIC1 & HE REM9D$ HIS COMPAN]OS ?AT ! SOCIAL QUE/ION CONT9U$ TO BE AS P]T95T 9 ! PRES5T AS 9 ,SPANI% COLONIAL TIMES1 BECAUSE ! LAWS HAD NOT *ANG$4 ,! FUTURE REPUBLIC1 ,MALATE/A HOP$1 W\LD GIVE ! AN>*I/S MORE ROOM 9 :I* TO ACT1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME HE PR$ICT$ ?AT ! SOCIAL PANORAMA W\LD CONT9UE TO DET]IORATE4 

,AS C\LD BE SE51 ! SITUATION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S UND] ! ,YANKEE OCCUPATION GOV]NM5T WAS ! SAME ?AT EXI/$ :5 ,SPA9 RUL$ ! ISL&1 ) ! AGGRAVAT+ FACTORS ?AT ! REMNANTS ( ! PRO-9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T /ILL APPE>$ NOT TO UND]/& LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & ?AT ! PROGRESSIVE IDEOLOGY ( ! ,P,R,C HAD DI$ ) ,M>TI4 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S FAC$ A DIFFICULT TASK4 

,AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ,CUBA WAS /ILL DIVID$ 9TO A DEEPLY POL>IZ$ CLASS SY/EM4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !RE WAS A P[]FUL M9ORITY ?AT REPRES5T$ CAPITAL & =EIGN 9T]E/S4 ,?IS CLASS WAS LEGITIMIZ$ BY ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#a1 & WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! DAY2 IT WAS COMPRIS$ ( ,CUBANS AS MU* AS ,SPANI>DS1 & IT 9CLUD$ 5TREPR5EURS1 M]*ANTS1 & 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE WAS ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION -- WORK]S & CAMPES9OS SUBM]G$ 9 POV]TY1 ATTEMPT+ TO ESCAPE HUNG] & TO RECOV] FROM ! MIS]Y LEFT 9 ! WAKE ( ! W> ( EXT]M9ATION BETWE5 ,SPA9 & ! PRO-9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 

,! ISL& WAS 9 A /ATE ( TOTAL PRO/RATION1 & !RE=E IT WAS V]Y DIFFICULT -- GIV5 !IR ALMO/ TOTAL LACK ( RES\RCES -- = ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S TO M\NT A SOCIAL /RUGGLE UND] SU* DEPLORABLE CONDITIONS4 ,BUT EV5 UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! AN>*I/S HELP$ TO ORGANIZE MANY /RIKES1 SOME ( :I* W]E WON1 SOME ( :I* W]E LO/4 

,BE=E ! 9AUGURATION ( ! DREAM$-( REPUBLIC1 NASC5T ,U4,S4 IMP]IALISM IMPOS$ ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T TO ! ,CUBAN ,CON/ITUTION4 ,UND] IT1 AS A COMPLEM5T TO ! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS1 ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T ABROGAT$ TO ITSELF ! RI<T TO 9T]V5E 9 ,CUBA & ! O!R =M] ,SPANI% COLONIES ANY TIME ITS POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC 9T]E/S W]E ?REAT5$4 ,! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T WAS NOT ONLY 9SULT+ BUT ALSO ON]\S TO ! PEOPLE ( ,CUBA1 BECAUSE UND] IT !Y W\LD HAVE TO PAY NOT ONLY = ,U4,S4 MILIT>Y EXP$ITIONS1 BUT ALSO = OCCUPATIONS & !IR CONCOMITANT BUREAUCRACY4 

,! REASON = ! IMPOSITION ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T WAS1 ( C\RSE1 TO PROTECT ! ALREADY HUGE ,U4,S4 ECONOMIC 9T]E/S 9 ! ISL&2 & IF ! ,CUBAN REPUBLIC FAIL$ OR W5T 9 A DIRECTION NOT TO ! LIK+ ( ,U4,S4 9T]E/S1 ! ,AM5DM5T W\LD PROVIDE A CONV5I5T PRETEXT = 9T]V5TION 9 OR ANNEXATION ( ! ISL&4 ,BUT DESPITE ! ODI\S NATURE ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T1 OPPOSITION TO IT WAS WEAK 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! #b? C5TURY4 

,! AN>*I/S W]E AMONG ! FEW TO ATTACK ?IS ABUSE4 ,BO? 6,TI]RA6 & ,EL ,NUEVO ,IDEAL PUBLI%$ 5]GETIC PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,AM5DM5T4 ,! REASONS = ?IS W]E CLE>4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,%AFF]1 0,FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ,PLATT NEGAT$ ,CUBA'S 9DEP5D5CE40 ,LAT]1 DEL ,VALLE W\LD REM9D ! ,CUBANS ( !IR SPIRIT ( REBELLION BY 9VOK+ ! MEMORY ( ,ANTONIO ,MACEO1 ! MO/ FAM\S BLACK G5]AL 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY1 :O WAS ONE ( ! H]OES ( ! W> ( 9DEP5D5CE & :O1 LIKE ,M>TI1 DI$ 9 BATTLE4 ,DEL ,VALLE DECL>$ ?AT IF ,MACEO C\LD RISE FROM ! DEAD & SEE :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ,CUBA1 %AME & 9DIGNATION W\LD KILL HIM4 ,IT'S RA!R IRONIC ?AT ?IS APPEAL CAME FROM AN AN>*I/1 :O WAS BY NATURE ANTI-NATIONALI/4 ,YET ?IS AN>*I/ APPEAL$ TO ! MEMORY ( A ,CUBAN H]O TO MAKE ?IS POLITICAL PO9T -- A PO9T :I* 9 REALITY %\LD HAVE BE5 MADE BY ! =M] SEP>ATI/ LEAD]S & !IR FOLL[]S4 ,BUT !Y W]E 9T5T ON 09DEP5D5CE10 :ATEV] ! PRICE & H[EV] ILLUSION>Y4 

,! PEOPLE ( ,CUBA RECEIV$ ! ADV5T ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC1 ON ,MAY #b1 #a#i#b1 ) G5U9E JUBILATION -- DESPITE ! 9S]TION ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T 9TO !IR CON/ITUTION ! PREVI\S YE>4 ,! NEW PRESID5T1 ,TOMAS ,E/RADA ,PALMA1 HAD S]V$ AS ! ,P,R,C REPRES5TATIVE 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 & WAS N[ AN OLD MAN ( #g4 ,HE FELT LITTLE SYMPA?Y = ! AN>*I/S1 DESPITE ! SUPPORT !Y HAD GIV5 TO ! 9DEP5D5CE CAUSE4 ,! SECOND MAN ( IMPORTANCE 9 ,CUBAN POLITICS AT ?IS TIME WAS ,G5]AL ,MAXIMO ,GOMEZ1 AN ELD]LY AU?ORIT>IAN :O RESI/$ ANY & ALL TYPES ( SOCIAL RE=MS1 & :O1 LIKE ,E/RADA1 HAD LITTLE UND]/&+ ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 

,ON ,NOVEMB] #d1 #a#i#b1 A WORK /OPPAGE1 :I* BECAME KN[N AS ! 0,APPR5TICE ,/RIKE10 OCCURR$ 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY4 ,?IS /RIKE RESULT$ FROM DISCRIM9ATION 9 HIR+ 9 FAVOR ( ,SPANI>DS OV] ,CUBANS1 & WAS BACK$ BY ! AN>*I/S 9 ! UNIONS & 9 !IR P]IODICALS4 ,! /RIKE EXT5D$ TO T[NS NEI<BOR+ ,HAVANA1 & 9VOLV$ CLA%ES ) POLICE4 ,! /RIKE !N SPREAD TO O!R 9DU/RIES & ! VIOL5CE ESCALAT$4 ,DESPITE ! SYMPA?IES ( MANY PATRIOTS ) TIES TO ! AN>*I/S1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,E/RADA ,PALMA REFUS$ TO NEGOTIATE1 :I* RESULT$ 9 VIOL5T CLA%ES ) ! NEW REPRESSIVE GOV]NM5T =CE1 ! ,RURAL ,GU>D4 ,F9ALLY1 :5 ! HOP$ -- = POPUL> BACK+ DIDN'T MAT]IALIZE1 ! /RIKE'S LEAD]S 5D$ IT4 ,! ,CUBAN SPIRIT ( LIB]TY HAD CONV]T$ ITSELF 9TO PESSIMISM & CON=MITY1 9TO A FE> ?AT ANY TYPE ( SOCIAL DI/URBANCE W\LD CAUSE ! FAILURE ( ! FIR/ ATTEMPT ( ! ,CUBANS TO GOV]N !MSELVES4 

,! FAILURE ( ! ,APPR5TICE ,/RIKE WAS MORE A BL[ TO ! ,LIGA ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES1 ?AN TO ! MORE RADICAL AN>*I/S ( ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES4 ,! ,LIGA WAS MORE 9VOLV$ 9 ! /RIKE1 & ITS LEAD]S HAD TRI$ TO COME TO AN ACCOMMODATION ) ,E/RADA1 EXPECT+ SOME BACK+ FROM !IR OLD PRO-9DEP5D5CE ALLIES4 ,AS WE'VE SE51 NO ACCOMMODATION WAS REA*$4 

,! FIASCO ( ! ,APPR5TICE ,/RIKE =C$ ! ,LIGA'S TWO PR9CIPAL LEAD]S1 ,MESSONI] & ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 TO RETIRE FROM ! FIELD ( LABOR /RUGGLES4 ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O 5D$ HIS DAYS 9 ! %AD[ ( POV]TY1 & ,MESSONI] ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! POLITICAL CAMP1 9 ! ,P>TIDO ,NACIONAL ,CUBANO FIR/1 & LAT] 9 ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL1 )\T EV] R5\NC+ ! IDEAS ( HIS Y\?1 EV5 ?\< HE HAD PUT ASIDE ! PROLET>IAN CAUSE4 

,9 ! CAMPES9O SECTOR1 ! AN>*I/S COMM5C$ AT AB\T ?IS TIME TO ORGANIZE 9 ! SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBA ?AT SU* AN EF=T HAD BE5 MADE 9 ! ISL&'S L>GE/ & RI*E/ 9DU/RY4 ,! RESPONSE ( ! [N]S1 9 ! ,CRUCES >EA 9 ! C5T] ( ,CUBA1 WAS VIOL5T4 ,TWO LEAD+ WORK]S1 ,CASANAS & ,MONT]O1 W]E MURD]$1 :I* PROVOK$1 ( C\RSE1 PROTE/S BY 6,TI]RA6 & 6,AL]TA6 ,! CRIME REMA9$ UNPUNI%$4 ,9 #a#i#c1 !RE WAS AN UNSUCCESSFUL /RIKE ON ,MAY ,DAY PROTE/+ !SE MURD]S4 

,9 ! SAME YE> ,EL ,NUEVO ,IDEAL DISAPPE>$2 BUT 6,TI]RA6 F\ND$ & DIRECT$ 9 #ahii BY ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 ) ,FRANCISCO ,GONZALEZ ,SOLA AS PR9CIPAL COLLABORATOR-REMA9$4 ,( ALL ! AN>*I/ PAP]S1 MAGAZ9ES1 BULLET9S1 ETC4 ?AT APPE>$ 9 ,CUBA1 6,TI]RA6 WAS \T/&+ = TWO REASONS3 IT WAS A WEEKLY PAP] :I* SURVIV$ ! UPS & D[NS ( ,CUBAN AN>*ISM AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 & IT PUBLI%$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y NUMB] ( ISSUES2 BETWE5 #ahii & #aiae OV] #f ISSUES APPE>$4 ,?IS HAPP5$ DESPITE SEV]E REPRESSION4 ,SAAV$RA WAS F9$1 JAIL$1 & WAS F9ALLY DEPORT$ TO ,SPA9 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,BUT DESPITE ALL ?IS1 6,TI]RA6 CONT9U$ TO APPE> REGUL>LY1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,FRANCISCO ,GONZALEZ ,SOLA & ,ANTONIO ,OJ$A1 UNTIL #a#i#a#e4 

76,TI]RA6 5T]$ ITS SECOND /AGE 9 #aibd UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,JESUS ,IGLESIAS1 & PUBLI%$ #db ISSUES 9 ?AT YE>4 ,IT PUBLI%$ ! SAME NUMB] ! FOLL[+ YE>1 UNTIL IT WAS %UT D[N BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT APPE>$ YET AGA9 UND] DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES & UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,MANUEL ,F]RO 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#c1 & OV] ! NEXT FEW MON?S EI<T ISSUES APPE>$4 ,?IS NOTABLE NEWSPAP] FOCUS$ ON AGR>IAN PROBLEMS SU* AS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES1 ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! CAMPES9OS1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S 9 ! SUG> 9DU/RY47 

,! SECOND ,U4,S4 9T]V5TION 9 ,CUBA TOOK PLACE 9 #a#i#f1 [+ TO A POLITICAL CRISIS SP>K$ BY ,E/RADA ,PALMA'S DESIRE TO BE REELECT$1 & ! CONSEQU5T NE> \TBREAK ( CIVIL W> BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,E/RADA ,PALMA'S TIME 9 (FICE1 /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ,HAVANA1 ,CIEGO DE ,AVILA1 & ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA 9VOLV+ RAILROAD WORK]S1 TOBACCO WORK]S1 BRICK LAY]S1 & URBAN TRANSPORT WORK]S4 ,! GOV]NM5T F\ND A SOLUTION FAVORABLE TO ! WORK]S1 :O HAD DEM&$ -- 9 ! 0,MONEY ,/RIKE0 -- PAY 9 ,U4,S4 RA!R ?AN ,SPANI% CURR5CY 9 ! ABS5CE ( ,CUBAN CURR5CY4 ,/ILL1 ! SOCIAL SITUATION CONT9U$ TO DET]IORATE4 

,AS WAS REPORT$ MANY YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#i#e#f1 BY ! AN>*I/ P]IODICAL ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA1 0,9 #a#i#g1 ! FIR/ NATIONAL SPEAK+ T\R .<( AN>*I/ ORATORS.> TOOK PLACE2 IT 9CLUD$ ! FI]Y SPEAK]S ,GONZALEZ ,SOLA1 ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 ,VIC5TE ,LOPEZ1 & ,DOM+O ,G]M9AL4 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS RECALLS ?AT ! ORATORS 9CLUD$ ,P$RO ,IRAZOZQUI & ,ISIDORO ,RUIZ4 ,HE ALSO RECALLS ?AT1 0,:5 .<! LIB]T>IAN $UCATOR & F\ND] ( ! 'FREE S*OOL'.> ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] ,GU>DIA WAS TRI$ & EXECUT$ .<ON TRUMP$-UP *>GES.> 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#i1 ! CRIME HAD REP]CUSSIONS 9 ,CUBA1 & RESULT$ 9 NUM]\S PUBLIC ACTS10 :I*1 AS ONE W\LD EXPECT1 W]E VIOL5TLY SUPPRESS$4 ,!SE 0PUBLIC ACTS0 CONSI/$ ( /REET PROTE/S C>RI$ \T BY ! AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 ! NON-RELIGI\S S*OOLS 9 ,CUBA1 :I* W]E OP]AT$ ALONG ! PR9CIPLES \TL9$ BY ,F]R]4 

,ALL 9 ALL1 ! SOCIAL PANORAMA 9 ,CUBA 9 ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! #b? C5TURY C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 MORE FRU/RAT+4 ,! NEW PRESID5T1 ,JOSE ,MIGUEL ,GOMEZ ( ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL1 :O HAD SUCCE$$ ,E/RADA ,PALMA1 HAD BE5 A G5]AL DUR+ ! W> ) ,SPA94 ,UND] ,GOMEZ' RULE1 ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S & CAMPES9OS DIDN'T *ANGE MU* DESPITE ! IMPROV+ ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ! ISL& & ITS SUG> 9DU/RY4 

,POLITICALLY1 ,CUBA WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO CAMPS AT ?IS TIME1 LIB]ALS & CONS]VATIVES1 AS ,SPA9 HAD BE5 UND] ,CANOVAS4 ,NOT ?AT IT MADE MU* DIFF]5CE :O WAS 9 P[]4 ,AS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 :I*EV] SIDE GA9$ P[] -- ! 0G5]ALS & DOCTORS10 AS IT WAS PUT DUR+ ?AT EPO* -- LACK$ EV5 ! MO/ M9IMAL SOCIAL CONSCI5CE4 ,! PROBLEMS ( ! WORK]S & CAMPES9OS W]E AS REMOTE FROM !SE POLITICIANS AS WAS ,SIB]IA4 ,!Y SIMPLY DIVID$ !IR C\NTRYM5 9TO TWO GR\PS3 ?OSE :O SUPPORT$ !M & ?OSE :O OPPOS$ !M4 ,BO? CONSID]$ ! AN>*I/S -- ANTI-/ATI/S BY PR9CIPLE -- TO BE !IR SWORN 5EMIES4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! LIB]ALS & ! CONS]VATIVES WAS ?AT :5 ! LIB]ALS W]E 9 ! OPPOSITION1 !IR MORE PROGRESSIVE ELEM5TS ATTEMPT$ TO ATTRACT ! SUPPORT ( ! AN>*I/S ?R\< SMALL FAVORS1 SU* AS HELP ) LEGAL DEF5SE OR ?R\< ! R$UCTION ( PRISON TIME1 MORE ) ! AIM ( MANIPULAT+ !M & CREAT+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS = ! GOV]NM5T ?AN ?R\< ANY G5U9E SYMPA?Y4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! CONS]VATIVES D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO ! SIMPLE P]SECUTION ( AN>*I/S4 

,! \TBREAK ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #aia HAD A S]I\S IMPACT ON ,CUBA'S WORK]S & CAMPES9OS4 ,! WORDS ( ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON & ,PRAX$IS ,GU]R]O 9 ! PAGES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y NEWSPAP]1 ,REG5]ACION1 & ! GUNS ( ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA S]V$ AS SPURS TO ! CONSCI5CES ( ,CUBA'S SUG> WORK]S4 ,?IS WAS 9 P>T BECAUSE ,FLORES ,MAGON HAD A /&+ RELATION%IP ) ! ,CUBAN PAP] 6,TI]RA61 :I* HAD ATTACK$ ! ,MEXICAN DICTATOR ,PORFIRIO ,DIAZ CEASELESSLY2 ?IS HAD WON 6,TI]RA'S $ITOR1 ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 CRIM9AL *>GES & A F9E FROM ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T4 

,ON ,JULY #a#d1 #a#i#a#a1 ! LIB]AL GOV]NM5T ( ,GOMEZ WAS FAC$ ) /RIKES BY TOBACCO WORK]S1 TEAM/]S1 & BAK]S1 ) ! OP5 BACK+ ( 6,TI]RA6 ,ALL ( !SE /RIKES1 DESPITE HAV+ JU/ DEM&S1 R\NDLY FAIL$4 ,! NEW ,GOV]NM5TAL ,SECRET>Y1 ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO1 9/ITUT$ REPRESSIVE POLICIES & DEPORT$ MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 79CLUD+ 6,TI]RA'S LONGTIME $ITOR1 ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 & /RIKE ORGANIZ]S ,ANTONIO ,F4 ,VIEYTES & ,FRANCISCO ,P]EZ7 AS 0UNDESIRABLE =EIGN]S10 & AT ! SAME TIME JAIL$ MANY ,CUBAN AN>*I/S4 ,?IS GOV]NM5T POLICY ( DEPORTATION1 CONSECRAT$ 9 ! 0,DECREE ,LAWS10 W\LD CONT9UE = MORE ?AN #b YE>S4 ,?IS WAS PROTE/$ TO LITTLE AVAIL BY ! WORK+ PUBLIC & ITS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! GOV]NM5T'S ACCOMPANY+ PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN CONSI/$ ( CALUMNY = ! AN>*I/S & AN ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE ,CUBA'S WORK]S 9TO TWO GR\PS3 0P]NICI\S =EIGN WORK]S0 & 0SUBMISSIVE NATIVE WORK]S40 

,9 ?IS SAME YE>1 !RE WAS UNRE/ 9 ! SUG> CANE CULTIVATION >E C5T]$ >\ND ,MANZANILLO1 9 ,ORI5TE PROV9CE4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#a1 6,TI]RA6 D5\NC$ ! ABUSES1 9CLUD+ %OOT+S1 ?AT ! SUG> WORK]S W]E SUFF]+1 & A SUG> WORK]S /RIKE BROKE \T ?AT CONT9U$ 9TO #a#i#a#b4 

,9 ?AT YE>1 ! ,CRUCES ,CONGRESS1 ! FIR/ CONF]5CE ( ,CUBAN RURAL WORK]S & CAMPES9OS1 TOOK PLACE4 ,KIRW9 ,%AFF] RELATES1 0,S9CE BE=E ! AN>*I/-L$ #aiab ,CRUCES ,CONGRESS1 ! C5TRAL T[N ( ,CRUCES HAD BE5 A C5T] ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY40 ,HE CONT9UES1 CIT+ ! M>XI/ HI/ORIAN ,OLGA ,CABR]A3 

,BY #aiab ,CRUCES HAD BECOME A C5T] = SUG> PRODUCTION4 ,FROM #aia UNTIL HIS EXPULSION 9 #a#i#a#a1 ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA HAD BE5 PUBLI%+ HIS AN>*I/ 6,REBELION6 FROM ,CRUCES4 ,SAAV$RA ORGANIZ$ A ,WORK]S' ,C5T] 9 ,CRUCES 9 ,JULY #aiaa 9 AN ATTEMPT TO DISSEM9ATE PROPAG&A & TO /R5G!N ! COALITION BETWE5 RURAL & URBAN >EAS4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! ,CRUCES ,CONGRESS OP5$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#b1 SEEK+ TO CREATE AN ISL&-WIDE LABOR F$]ATION1 E/ABLI% RATIONALI/ .<NON-RELIGI\S.> S*OOLS1 PU% = A WORKPLACE ACCID5T LAW1 PU% = AN EI<T-H\R DAY1 ABOLI% PIECEWORK & E/ABLI% A M9IMUM WAGE4 .<,!SE W]E.> CLE>LY MORE ?AN JU/ 0AN>*I/0 GOALS1 BUT BROAD] WORK+ CLASS CONC]NS4 ,:ILE ,SAAV$RA WAS EXPELL$ 9 #a#i#a#a1 O!R AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,5RIQUETA ,SAAV$RA DE ,F]N&EZ & ! WELL KN[N FEMALE AN>*I/ ,EMILIA ,RODRIGUEZ DE ,LIPIZ1 HELP$ ) ! CONF]5CE'S ORGANIZATION4 

,9 #a#i#a#c1 ,G5]AL ,M>IO ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL1 :O WAS EV5 MORE AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN ,GOMEZ1 ASSUM$ ! PRESID5CY & BECAME ,CUBA'S FIR/ DICTATOR4 ,9 ?AT SAME YE>1 ! ORGANIZ+ CAMPAIGN AMONG ! CAMPES9OS 9 ,CRUCES WAS R5EW$ ) ! BACK+ ( ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE ,VILLACL>A1 :I* COV]$ ! CAMPES9OS 9 ?AT P>T ( ! ISL&1 9CLUD+ ,SAGUA LA ,GR&E1 ,CI5FUEGOS1 & ,CAIB>I54 ,! ,ASOCIACION DE ,TIPOGRAFOS 7,TYPOGRAPH]S ,ASSOCIATION7 ALSO RE9VIGORAT$ ITSELF ?AT YE> & CONT9U$ PUBLI%+ ! ORGAN ( ?AT OLD AN>*I/ TRADE1 ,MEMOR&UM ,TIPOGRAFICO4 ,?IS WAS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,FROM ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,CUBA'S PUBLICATION WORK]S HAD HAD ONE ( ! MO/ COMBATIVE UNIONS ON ! ISL&4 ,! TYPOGRAPH]S HAD GIV5 ,CUBA ,5RIQUE ,CRECI & ,J4,C4 ,CAMPOS4 ,9 ?IS NEW EPO*1 SOME ( ! MO/ \T/&+ FIGURES FROM ?IS TRADE W]E ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ1 ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET1 & ,PABLO ,GU]RA4 ,!Y L$ /RIKES 9 ,SANTA ,CL>A1 & P>TICIPAT$ 9 VIOL5T ACTS 9 ,CAMAGUEY 79 :I* ! GOV]NM5T ACCUS$ ! $ITORS ( 6,TI]RA6 ( COMPLICITY74 ,!RE'S NO D\BT ?AT ! AN>*I/S RESPOND$ 9 K9D TO ! VIOL5CE VISIT$ UPON !M BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!IR RESPONSE 9CLUD$ /REET DISORD]S & >M$ ATTACKS UPON ! POLICE 9 URBAN >EAS & UPON ! ,GU>DIA ,RURAL 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 9 ADDITION TO SOME BOMB+S4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#e1 ! GOV]NM5T DEPORT$ TO ,SPA91 9 ACCORD ) ! NEW1 ANTI-AN>*I/ LAWS1 ,JUAN ,T5ORIO1 ,VIC5TE ,LIPIZ1 & ,ROMAN ,DELGADO1 ALL ( :OM W]E ACCUS$ ( PROMOT+ SUG> WORK] /RIKES 9 ,CAMAGUEY & ,GUANTANAMO1 & ( SUPPORT+ DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,HAVANA4 6,TI]RA6 WAS SEIZ$ & ITS PUBLICATION SUSP5D$4 ,! GOV]NM5T SEIZ$ ITS LA/ ISSUE1 W5T ?R\< ITS (FICES1 & SUSP5D$ ITS PUBLICATION 9DEF9ITELY4 ,?IS LEFT ! AN>*I/S )\T A PUBLICATION ( !IR [N1 BUT !IR VIEWS CONT9U$ TO BE PUBLI%$ 9 LIKE-M9D$ P]IODICALS1 ) ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES DO+ ! TYPOGRAPHY & PR9T+4 

,= !IR P>T1 ! AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 ! CAMPES9O CAMPAIGN 9 ,CRUCES PUBLI%$ A DOCUM5T KN[N AS ! ,MANIFIE/O DE ,CRUCES1 :I* = ITS LIT]>Y QUALITY HAD CONSID]ABLE IMPACT & S]V$ AS AN ODE TO AN>*I/ COMBATIVITY4 ,IT /AT$1 0,WE SU/A9 \R CRY ) ! =CE ( \R >MS10 & 0TO REMA9 SIL5T IS TO ACCEPT40 

,F]N&O ,IGLESIAS SIGN$ ! ,MANIFIE/O1 :I* CIRCULAT$ WIDELY AMONG ,CUBA'S SUG> WORK]S1 & :I* \TL9$ ! RI<T TO REBEL AGA9/ ! EXPLOITATION & ABUSE ( L&[N]S & CAPITALI/S -- 9CLUD+ ! NORTEAM]ICANOS & ,SPANI>DS :O CONTROLL$ ! GREAT] P>T ( ,CUBA'S SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,IGLESIAS WAS >RE/$ A FEW DAYS AFT] ! ,MANIFIE/O WAS ISSU$4 ,O!R SIGN]S ( ?IS DOCUM5T 9CLUD$ ,LAUREANO ,OT]O1 ,MANUEL ,LOPEZ1 ,JOSE ,LAGE1 ,B5JAM9 ,JANEIROS1 ,LUIS ,M5ESES1 ,SANTOS ,G>OS1 ,MIGUEL ,RIPOLL1 ,FRANCISCO ,B>AGOITIA1 ,&RES ,FU5TES1 ,TOMAS ,RAYON & ,FRANCISCO ,RAMOS4 ,CONCRETELY1 ! ,MANIFIE/O DEM&$ ! EI<T-H\R WORK DAY & A #b#e.0 WAGE 9CREASE4 

,! SUG> 9DU/RY C\LD HAVE EASILY AF=D$ ?IS1 GIV5 ?AT SUG> PRICES ON ! WORLD M>KET ROSE DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I ABOVE ! LEVEL ( ! PREVI\S C5TURY4 ,9/EAD1 IT *OSE REPRESSION4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL VIOL5TLY REPRESS$ ALL PROTE/S1 US+ ! ,EJ]CITO ,PRETORIANO 7,PRETORIAN ,>MY7 & ! ,GU>DIA ,RURAL TO P]SECUTE1 DEPORT & MURD] AN>*I/S4 ,9 ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA1 ! Y\NG AN>*I/ ,ADOLFO ,P]EZ ,RIZO WAS MURD]$ = SIMPLY *ALL5G+ ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL V]BALLY 9 ! PAGES ( 6,TI]RA6 

,9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#g1 ONE DAY AFT] ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,CUBA DECL>$ W> ON ! ,C5TRAL ,P[]S1 A MOVE :I* -- GIV5 ITS DOM9ATION BY ! ,U4,S4 -- FAVORABLY AFFECT$ SUG> PRICES & ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY4 ,! FOLL[+ P]IOD CAME TO BE KN[N AS ! 0,TIME ( ! ,FAT ,C[S40 ,HAV+ P]HAPS LE>N$ FROM ,CUBA'S 9DEP5D5CE DEBACLE1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S DECID$ TO REMA9 NEUTRAL1 DESPITE ! URG+ ( ! 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 FROM ,LONDON1 TO TAKE ! SIDE ( ! ALLIES4 7,?IS WAS 9 CONTRA/ TO ! 0NEUTRALITY0 HE HAD URG$ UPON ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S 9 #a#h#i#g47 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( REFUS+ TO TAKE SIDES1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S W]E ACCUS$ ( BE+ 0,G]MANOPHILES40 

,9 #a#i#a#g1 ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL1 ! CONS]VATIVE C&IDATE1 DECID$ TO TAKE ! PRESID5TIAL ELECTION ?R\< =CE ( >MS1 & ! LIB]ALS ROSE 9 >M$ REVOLT1 9ITIAT+ A DICTATORIAL P]IOD 9 ,CUBA1 ) ,G>CIA AT ! HELM ! FIR/ FEW YE>S4 ,9 ?IS SAME YE>1 ! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O 7,WORK]S' ,C5T]7 WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,HAVANA AT #b ,EGIDO ,/REET4 ,IT CONSI/$ ( A MEET+ HALL & (FICES 9 A POOR B>RIO NE> ! C5T] ( ! CITY4 ,! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O QUICKLY BECAME ! MO/ NOTABLE AN>*I/ C5T] ( ITS TIME1 & /RIKES1 BOYCOTTS1 & MANY O!R ACTIVITIES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY W]E PLANN$ )9 ITS WALLS4 ,! AN>*I/S DID ALL ?IS UND] ! WAT*FUL EYES ( ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T & ,U4,S4 & ,SPANI% ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 :I* CONSID]$ PROTE/S ( ANY TYPE =]UNN]S ( CIVIL W>4 

,9 #aiah & #aiai F\R G5]AL /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ,HAVANA ALONE1 & ! REPRESSIVE /ATE WAS ! T>GET ( SEV]AL BOMB+S4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ! /ATE JAIL$ & CONDEMN$ TO DEA? ! LEAD+ AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S ( ! TIME1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET1 ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ1 ,ALEJ&RO ,B>REIRO1 & ,PABLO ,GU]RA4 ,! FIR/ DEA? 9 ! DISPUTE WAS ?AT ( ! AN>*I/ TAILOR1 ,ROBU/IANO ,F]N&EZ1 :O DI$ 9 A CONFRONTATION ) ! POLICE 9 FRONT ( ! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O4 ,LAT]1 ! POLICE KILL$ ANO!R AN>*I/1 ,LUIS ,DIAZ ,BLANCO1 ON ! /REET4 ,BLANCO'S KILL+ DETONAT$ A S]IES ( VIOL5T ACTS ?AT CULM9AT$ AT HIS FUN]AL 9 A MASSIVE DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,U4,S4,A41 N[ 9VOLV$ 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 C\LDN'T P]MIT ?IS TYPE ( DISORD] SO NE> TO ITS COA/S4 ,AT ! REQUE/ ( ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY1 ,WA%+TON S5T A FLOTILLA 9CLUD+ ?REE CRUIS]S TO ,HAVANA 9 A %[ ( =CE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,CUBAN HI/ORIAN ,JOSE ,DU>TE ,OROPESA1 ! ,CUBAN ,SECRET ,S]VICE ALSO SUPPLI$ ,WA%+TON ) A LI/ ( ALL ( ! UNIONS ON ! ISL&1 AS WELL AS A LI/ ( !IR LEAD]S4 

,F9ALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T SUSP5D$ CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES ) ! OBJECT ( CREAT+ A CLIMATE ( T]ROR2 IT DEPORT$ TO ,SPA9 APPROXIMATELY #gg WORK]S IT *>ACT]IZ$ AS AN 0AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOB02 IT PROHIBIT$ AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS2 & IT CLOS$ ! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 LITTLE HAD *ANG$ S9CE ! TIMES ( ,CANOVAS & ,WEYL]4 

,A TEMPOR>Y CALM SETTL$ OV] ! C\NTRY 9 #aib [+ TO ! /ABILIZATION ( ! PRICE ( SUG>2 ?IS BECAME KN[N AS ! 0,TIME ( ! ,SK9NY ,C[S10 BECAUSE ( ! L[ PRICE ( SUG>4 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS LULL TO /AGE A WORK]S' CONGRESS ?AT ATTACK$ ! HI< CO/ ( LIV+ & PROPOS$ A S]IES ( 0IMM$IATE & TRANSITORY0 ECONOMIC MEASURES TO RESOLVE ! SITUATION4 ,! DELEGATES AGRE$ TO ! =MATION ( ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO4 ,!Y ALSO PROPOS$ TO =M AN ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE :I* W\LD 0/UDY ! OP9IONS ( ALL COLLECTIVES40 ,F9ALLY1 !Y S5T A 0FRAT]NAL SALUTE TO ! BRO!RS :O 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! ,U,S,S,R40 

,CUBA'S AN>*I/S APPE>$ TO HAVE NO D\BTS ?AT ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION -- 9 :I* ,RUSSIA'S AN>*I/S HAD PLAY$ A V]Y VISIBLE P>T -- WAS GOOD NEWS = ,CUBA'S WORK]S4 ,) ! TAK+ ( P[] BY ! ,SOVIETS1 IT APPE>$ ?AT ! DREAM ( ?REE G5]ATIONS ( /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! 9JU/ICES ( CAPITALISM & ! /ATE HAD REA*$ ITS CONCLUSION4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S %[$ JUBILATION 9 !IR [N ACTIONS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 9 :I* A FEW SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & M>XI/ ELEM5TS P>TICIPAT$1 FOLL[+ ! AN>*I/ BANN]S4 ,BUT 9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD1 LITTLE NEWS HAD >RIV$ FROM ,B>CELONA OR ,NEW ,YORK AB\T ! P]SECUTION ( ,RUSSIA'S AN>*I/S UND] ,L594 ,SO1 IT WASN'T /RANGE ?AT ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/ CONGRESS ( #aib 9 ,HAVANA RESPOND$ FAVORABLY TO ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY -- A RESPONSE ?AT WAS E*O$ ?R\<\T ALMO/ ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAN WORLD4 ,?IS ATTITUDE W\LD *ANGE V]Y %ORTLY4 

,AFT] ! CONGRESS ( #a#i#b1 ,CUBA'S WORK]S PRESS$ !IR DEM&S ) R5EW$ =CE2 ?IS PROVOK$ ! 9EVITABLE REPRESSIVE RESPONSE FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BOMB+S %OOK ,HAVANA1 & ,MAY ,DAY SAW ANO!R G5]AL /RIKE4 ,P5I*ET & ,SAL9AS W]E AGA9 JAIL$1 & 9 PROTE/ A BOMB WAS SET (F 9 ! ,TEATRO ,NACIONAL DUR+ ,5RICO ,C>USO'S P]=MANCE ( ,AIDA4 ,= ?IS S+LE APPE>ANCE1 ! ,ITALIAN T5OR RECEIV$ @s#a1 -- A HUGE SUM EQUIVAL5T TO ! ANNUAL WAGES ( #ae OR #b ,CUBAN WORK]S4 ,P5I*ET & ,SAL9AS W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 BUT W]E P>DON$ & RELEAS$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aiba ) ! FALL FROM P[] ( ! ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL GOV]NM5T4 

,) ! NEW 0MOD]ATE0 GOV]NM5T ( ,ALFR$O ,ZAYAS 9 #a#i#b#a1 ! MO/ CON/RUCTIVE PHASE ( ,CUBAN AN>*ISM BEGAN4 ,! SE$ PLANT$ BY ! AN>*I/S AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#hS HAD BLOSSOM$ 9TO ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9'S 0TREE ( LIB]TY0 & BEGAN TO BE> FRUIT4 

,AN>*I/ P]IODICALS PROLIF]AT$4 6,TI]RA6 5T]$ A NEW PHASE & ITS $ITORS BEGAN PUBLI%+ BOOKS & PAMPHLETS4 ,O!R P]IODICALS BEGAN TO APPE> REGUL>LY3 ,LA ,BATALLA 70,! ,BATTLE071 ,NUEVOS ,RUMBOS 70,NEW ,PA?S071 ,VIA ,LIBRE 70,! ,FREE ,WAY071 ,EL ,MEMOR&UM ,TIPOGRAFICO1 ,ESP>TACO 70,SP>TACUS07 & ,NUEVO ,LUZ 70,NEW ,LI<T074 ,ALMO/ ALL ( !SE P]IODICALS W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ,HAVANA1 AL?\< !RE W]E ALSO SPORADIC AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS 9 ,MATANZAS1 ,CI5FUEGOS1 ,CAMAGUEY1 & ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA4 ,!Y W]E DI/RIBUT$ BY 9DIVIDUALS 9 WORKPLACES1 %OPS1 TOBACCO FACTORIES1 ETC4 ,!Y W]E ALSO DI/RIBUT$ BY MAIL1 :5 !IR ISSUES W]5'T SEIZ$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE'S NO DATA ON ! PRESS RUNS ( !SE P]IODICALS1 ?\< IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT ,NUEVA ,LUZ & ,EL ,MEMOR&UM ,TIPOGRAFICO HAD CIRCULATIONS ( SEV]AL ?\S&4 

,CLE>LY A PROLET>IAN CULTURAL R5AISSANCE WAS TAK+ PLACE1 9 :I* EV5 ! MO/ HUMBLE TRADES HAD 9=MATION %EETS4 ,LIB]T>IAN LIT]>Y & SCI5TIFIC ASSOCIATIONS W]E F\ND$1 AS W]E WORK]S' C5T]S & NATURALI/S' CLUBS4 ,AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE CIRCULAT$ ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE ISL&1 & ! WORK ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S1 WRIT]S1 ORATORS1 UNIONI/S1 & CULTURAL WORK]S WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY EXUB]ANCE4 ,! AN>*I/S -- ) FEW ECONOMIC MEANS & )\T ANY \TSIDE AID -- ORGANIZ$ ,CUBA'S WORK]S1 BO? 9 T[N & C\NTRY1 9TO A =CE )\T P>ALLEL 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY1 A =CE NUMB]+ #h1 TO #a1 WORK]S 7\T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( AB\T #b4#i MILLION AT ?IS TIME74 

,A NEW G5]ATION ( ,CUBANS EM]G$ 9 !SE YE>S1 9 ! MID/ ( A SOCIETY FILL$ ) COLONIAL BAGGAGE1 CLASS & RACIAL SEP>ATIONS1 AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5TS1 & ,U4,S4 9T]F]5CE4 ,?IS NEW G5]ATION PROMOT$ RADICAL *ANGES 9 ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL /RUCTURE1 & COMM5C$ A /RUGGLE AGA9/ BO? NATIVE & =EIGN 9JU/ICES4 ,9 !IR WORK = SOCIAL JU/ICE = ! MO/ D[NTRODD51 !Y SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEALS ?OSE ( MO/ ,CUBAN WORK]S4 

,! MAN :O C>RI$ UPON HIS %\LD]S GREAT RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS A*IEVEM5T WAS ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ4 ,HE WAS AN AN>*I/ -- DESPITE ! M>XI/ REWRIT+ ( ,CUBA'S HI/ORY -- & WAS 9TRODUC$ TO LIB]T>IAN IDEAS BY ,PABLO ,GU]RA1 A BLACK WORK] 9 ! SAME TYPOGRAPHIC TRADE AS ,LOPEZ & ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET4 ,AN \T/&+ MILITANT 9 HIS TRADE1 ,LOPEZ EM]G$ AS A PROM95T FIGURE 9 ! CONGRESS ( #a#i#b1 & HIS UNIFY+ WORK )9 ,CUBA'S WORK]S' MOVEM5T DIDN'T 5D UNTIL HIS ASSASS9ATION 9 #a#i#b#f4 ,LIKE A GREAT MANY O!R ,CUBAN WORK]S ( HIS G5]ATION1 ,LOPEZ WAS PR(\NDLY AN>*OSYNDICALI/4 ,?R\< HIS WRIT+S1 HIS CONCISE ORATORY1 HIS UNION ACTIONS1 HIS PRAGMATIC ATTITUDE1 & ! ACCORDS = :I* HE WAS RESPONSIBLE1 IT'S V]Y DIFFICULT TO SITUATE HIM 9 ANY CAMP O!R ?AN ! AN>*I/4 ,LACK+ 9 SECT>IANISM1 HIS ACTS W]E 9T5SELY UNIFY+1 & HE KNEW H[ TO W9 OV] ! M>XI/ ELEM5TS 9 ,CUBA'S WORK]S' /RUGGLE4 ,HE ALSO 9TEGRAT$ RE=MI/ ELEM5TS 9TO ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE1 A POSITIVE ACTION = :I* HE HAS RECEIV$ LITTLE CR$IT4 

,! F\ND+ ( ! ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A DE ,LA ,HABANA 7,F,O,H -- ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ( ,HAVANA7 9 #a#i#b#a1 9 :I* ,LOPEZ WAS ! GLUE ?AT HELD IT TOGE!R1 9ITIAT$ AN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ CAMPAIGN 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,! ,F,O,H WAS NOT =M$ EXCLUSIVELY ( AN>*I/ UNIONS1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E ! MO/ NUM]\S & LIB]T>IAN IDEAS W]E ! MO/ POPUL> 9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,PRAGMATISM WAS ! ORD] ( ! DAY1 ) ! IDEA BE+ TO UNITE ALL WORK] & CAMPES9O FACTIONS 9 A S+LE ORGANIZATION1 AL?\< ?IS WAS OPPOS$ BY SOME AN>*I/S :O WANT$ A PURELY AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION MODEL$ ON ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO 9 ,SPA94 ,BUT 9 ! 5D1 ! UNIFY+ APPROA* ( ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ WAS ACCEPT$4 7,?IS DISPUTE HAS BE5 SEIZ$ UPON BY M>XI/ COMM5TATORS1 :O HAVE FALLACI\SLY US$ IT TO CLAIM ?AT ,LOPEZ WASN'T AN AN>*I/47 

,9 #a#i#b#c1 A RE=MI/ MOVEM5T GA9$ 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,HAVANA4 ,ONE ( ITS LEAD]S WAS ,JULIO ,ANTONIO ,MELLA4 ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ (F]$ HIS AID1 & MANAG$ TO P]SUADE ,MELLA TO WORK ) O!R /UD5TS 9 ! REC5TLY F\ND$ ,ESCUELA ,RACIONALI/A ,NOCTURNA 7,RATIONALI/ ,NI<T ,S*OOL71 :I* S]V$ ,CUBA'S WORK]S 9 ! TRADITION ( ! MURD]$ ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN $UCATOR1 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]4 ,& AT ! 5D ( ?IS SAME YE>1 ! ,UNIV]SIDAD ,POPUL> ,JOSE ,M>TI WAS F\ND$1 ) ! AIM ( TEA*+ CURR5T POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEAS4 ,! DIRECT RELATION BETWE5 ! FUTURE F\ND] ( ! ,P>TIDO ,COMUNI/A ,CUBANO -- ,MELLA -- & ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ HAS GIV5 RISE TO A NUMB] ( HYPO!SES AB\T ! 9FLU5CE ( ,MELLA UPON ,LOPEZ1 :5 ! 9FLU5CE WAS ACTUALLY ! OPPOSITE1 AS ,MELLA W\LD DECL>E YE>S LAT]1 :5 HE CALL$ ,LOPEZ 0MY TEA*]40 

,9 #a#i#b#d1 & ) ! UND5IABLE TOL]ANCE ( ,PRESID5T ,ALFR$O ,ZAYAS1 A NUMB] ( /RIKE MOVEM5TS APPE>$ AMONG RAILWAY WORK]S & SUG> WORK]S4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ANO!R AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ( ! FIR/ ORD] BEGAN TO DI/+UI% HIMSELF -- ,5RIQUE ,V>ONA1 ( ,CAMAGUEY1 :O WAS ACTIVE 9 ! RAILWAY & SUG> TRADES4 

,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#e1 ! SECOND ,CONGRESO ,NACIONAL ,OBR]O WAS CELEBRAT$ 9 ,CI5FUEGOS1 ) OV] #a DELEGATES1 REPRES5T+ #ge WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 9 ATT5DANCE4 ,! PR9CIPAL AGREEM5T REA*$ WAS TO HOLD A ?IRD CONGRESS 9 ! CITY ( ,CAMAGUEY = ! PURPOSE ( F\ND+ A NATIONAL WORK]S' CONF$]ATION MODEL$ ON ! ,F,O,H4 

,?AT ?IRD CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 ,AUGU/ 9 ?AT CITY1 ) #af DELEGATES 9 ATT5DANCE4 ,IT CREAT$ ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL ,OBR]A DE ,CUBA 7,C,N,O,C71 :I* UNIT$ ALL ( ! UNIONS1 BRO!RHOODS1 GUILDS1 & PROLET>IAN ASSOCIATIONS 9 ,CUBA -- 9 ALL1 #abh ORGANIZATIONS ) A MEMB]%IP ( MORE ?AN #b1 WORK]S4 ,?IS CONGRESS1 9 ITS /RUCTURE1 ITS ACCORDS1 & ITS PR9CIPLES1 WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEAS -- IDEAS :I* PR$OM9AT$ AMONG ITS DELEGATES4 

,9 ! ,ACTS ( ! ,CONGRESS CREAT+ ! ,C,N,O,C1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ACCORDS W]E 0! TOTAL & COLLECTIVE REFUSAL ( ELECTORAL POLITICS10 ! DEM& = ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 ! DEM& = ! RI<T TO /RIKE1 & ! UNANIM\S DESIRE NOT TO BUREAUCRATIZE ! NEWLY CREAT$ ORGANIZATION4 ,JUANA ,M>IA ,ACO/A1 ( ! ,UNION DE ,OBR]OS DE LA ,9DU/RIA DE ,CIG>R]IA 70,CIG> ,9DU/RY ,WORK]S ,UNION071 WAS ELECT$ PROVISIONAL PRESID5T ( ! ,C,N,O,C -- ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY ?AT A WOMAN WAS NAM$ TO SU* A POSITION -- & %E MADE ! DEM&1 0EQUAL PAY = EQUAL WORK40 

,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( ! CONGRESS1 ! ,P>TIDO ,COMUNI/A ,CUBANO 7,P,C,C7 WAS F\ND$ 9 ,HAVANA BY MILITANT M>XI/S SU* AS ,JULIO ,ANTONIO ,MELLA & EX-AN>*I/S SU* AS ,C>LOS ,BAL9O & ,ALEJ&RO ,B>REIRO1 ) ! AID ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 REPRES5T$ BY ,5RIQUE ,FLORES ,MAGON -- BRO!R ( ! WELL KN[N AN>*I/1 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON -- :O HAD COME TO ,CUBA FROM ,MEXICO4 

,! ,P,C,C'S MEMB]S BECAME A DISCIPL9$1 SELFLESS M9ORITY :O1 EV5 IF !Y HAD ORIG9ALLY FOLL[$ AN>*I/ BANN]S1 W\LD 9 ! FUTURE -- OBEY+ ORD]S FROM ! ,COM9T]N RELAY$ ?R\< ,MEXICO -- UND]TAKE TO FIR/ SUPPLANT & LAT] TO LIQUIDATE ALL VE/IGES ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM 9 ,CUBA1 ! IDEOLOGY ?AT = DECADES HAD BE5 ! DRIV+ =CE ( ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS4 

,! ELECTORAL TRIUMPH 9 ,AUGU/ #aibe ( ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL1 :OSE LID] MAXIMO WAS ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO1 PROVOK$ A SUDD5 CRISIS 9 ! RANKS ( ,CUBAN AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,! NEW PRESID5T1 ,MA*ADO1 QUICKLY REALIZ$ ?AT ! REC5TLY ORGANIZ$ ,C,N,O,C C\LD EI!R BE A POLITICAL COLLABORATOR OR A POLITICAL 5EMY4 ,HE HAD REASON TO HOPE = COLLABORATION4 ,9SIDE ! ,C,N,O,C1 A RE=MI/ ELEM5T EXI/$1 :I* ACT$ 9 ACCORD ) ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 ! REACTION>Y ,AM]ICAN LABOR F$]ATION PRESID$ OV] BY ,SAMUEL ,GOMP]S4 ,MA*ADO MANAG$ TO ATTRACT ?IS RE=MI/ ELEM5T )9 ! ,C,N,O,C ) GOV]NM5T PO/S1 :ILE ! ALLIES ?AT ! AN>*I/S C\NT$ UPON )9 ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL MADE !MSELVES 9VISIBLE4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! M>XI/S -- AFT] A P]IOD ( BLATANT POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION ( ! ,C,N,O,C ACCORDS -- LAID L[ WAIT+ = BETT] TIMES4 

,COMM5C+ ) REPRESSIVE PRECEPTS1 ,MA*ADO'S GOV]NM5T >BITR>ILY CLOS$ ! ,S9DICATO DE LA ,9DU/RIA ,FABRIL ,9DU/RIAL 7,MANUFACTUR+ ,UNION71 BECAUSE IT HAD /RUCK1 >RE/$ ITS BLACK AN>*I/ LEAD]1 ,M>G>ITO ,IGLESIAS1 & DEPORT$ SEV]AL /RIK+ WORK]S4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] !RE WAS ANO!R /RIKE AMONG SUG> WORK]S 9 ,CAMAGUEY1 & AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD] ,5RIQUE ,V>ONA WAS FIR/ JAIL$ & LAT] MURD]$4 7,V>ONA REPRES5T$ ! ,UNION DE ,F]ROC>RILES DEL ,NORTE .<,NOR!RN ,RAILWAY ,UNION.>1 :I* AT ! TIME REPRES5T$ SUG> WORK]S47 ,!SE REPRESSIVE ACTS PROVOK$ /RONG PROTE/S1 :I*1 H[EV]1 CAME TO NO?+4 

,BECAUSE ( ! P]SECUTION1 ! POLITICAL SITUATION HAD BECOME MORE DIFFICULT = ! AN>*I/S4 ,! GOV]NM5T UNLEA%$ EV5 MORE REPRESSION1 FOCUS+ ON ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 BECAUSE !Y W]E ! BE/ ORGANIZ$ SECTOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & BECAUSE !Y HAD LEAD]S ( ! /ATURE ( ,LOPEZ1 ,IGLESIAS1 ET AL4 ,UND] ,MA*ADO1 PROTE/S :I* O!R GOV]NM5TS HAD TOL]AT$ OR HAD REPRESS$ TO SOME EXT5T1 BECAME ! PRETEXT = MURD]\S REPRESSION4 ,AFT] ! MURD] ( ,V>ONA1 ,LOPEZ PUBLICLY D5\NC$ ! ACT AS A GOV]NM5T CRIME1 & !SE D5UNCIATIONS W]E S5T ABROAD4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO VIOL5CE ON ! P>T ( ! UNIONS4 ,/RIKES W]E PROHIBIT$ UND] PA9 ( JAIL OR 0DISAPPE>ANCE10 & A TIME ( /ATE T]RORISM BEGAN 9 ,CUBA4 

,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#e1 ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ WAS TAK5 PRISON] AFT] A S]IES ( BOMB+S 9 ,HAVANA UND]TAK5 BY GOV]NM5T AG5TS PROVOCATEUR4 ,BY ,DECEMB]1 ! MO/ ACTIVE AN>*I/S 9 ,CUBA W]E EI!R 9 PRISON OR HAD FL$ TO ,FLORIDA OR ! ,YUCATAN4 ,9 SUM1 9TIMIDATION1 PROVOCATION1 & MURD] W]E ! POLITICAL WEAPONS ( ,MA*ADO AT ! 5D ( ! YE>4 

,LOPEZ & SOME O!R AN>*I/S W]E RELEAS$ FROM PRISON 9 ,JANU>Y #aibf & W]E 0C\NSEL$0 TO PUT !MSELVES AT ! S]VICE ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,AT A MEET+1 ,MA*ADO'S MESS5G] BOY1 HIS ,GOV]NM5T ,SECRET>Y1 ,ROG]IO ,ZAYAS ,BAZAN1 (F]$ ,LOPEZ A PAID PO/ 9 EX*ANGE = HIS COOP]ATION4 ,LOPEZ REFUS$1 & CONT9U$ HIS AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES4 ,HE WAS DETA9$ AGA9 BY ! POLICE1 & ?IS TIME ?REAT5$ ) DEA?4 ,HE AGA9 REFUS$ TO BACK D[N4 

,ON ,MAY ,DAY1 A SECRET COMMEMORATION WAS HELD 9 ! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O 9 ,HAVANA1 AT :I* ,LOPEZ D5\NC$ ,MA*ADO'S REPRESSIVE ACTS1 & URG$ ,CUBA'S WORK]S TO RESI/4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,JULY #b1 #a#i#b#f1 ,LOPEZ WAS KIDNAPP$ & 0DISAPPE>$40 7,HIS REMA9S W]E F\ND SEV5 YE>S LAT]1 A FEW DAYS AFT] ! FALL ( ,MA*ADO47 ,) ! DEA?S ( ,V>ONA & ,LOPEZ1 ,CUBA'S AN>*OSYNDICALI/S & WORK]S HAD LO/1 AT A CRUCIAL MOM5T1 !IR TWO MO/ VALIANT LEAD]S4 

,! REPRESSIVE POLITICS ( ,MA*ADO AGA9/ ! UNIONS HAD NO P>ALLEL 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ISL&4 ,NEV] 9 COLONIAL TIMES1 NOR UND] ! REPUBLIC -- 9CLUD+ ! REIGN ( ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL -- HAD ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S SUFF]$ SU* VIOL5T BL[S4 ,:ILE ,MA*ADO WAS CELEBRAT$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES AS A 0NATIONALI/0 9 A SOCIETY SUFF]+ CONSID]ABLE ,U4,S4 9T]F]5CE1 HIS P]SECUTION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S WAS UNREMITT+4 ,9 #a#i#b#g1 ! ,C,N,O,C SUFF]$ ANO!R CRISIS ) ! 0DISAPPE>ANCE0 ( ,M>G>ITO ,IGLESIAS1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ GR&SON ( BLACK SLAVES1 & A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,S9DICATO ,FABRIL4 ,! M>XI/S )9 ! ,C,N,O,C TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS SITUATION1 & BEGAN TO APPROPRIATE1 ON ORD]S ( ! ,P,C,C1 ! POSITIONS =M]LY HELD BY ! DEPORT$1 EXIL$1 & MURD]$ AN>*I/S4 

,! RESPONSE ( RADICAL AN>*I/ ELEM5TS TO ?IS VIOL5T REPRESSION WAS QUICK 9 COM+4 ,!Y F\ND$ MILITANT GR\PS SU* AS ,ESP>TACO 7,SP>TACUS7 & ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS 7,?OSE 9 ,SOLID>ITY71 & LAT] ! ,F$]ACION DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,CUBA 7,F,G,A,C71 & BEGAN1 9 ALLIANCE ) UNIV]SITY /UD5TS & SOME POLITICIANS1 A VIOL5T CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,MA*ADO1 :O HAD BE5 0CON/ITUTIONALLY0 REELECT$ TO ANO!R SIX-YE> T]M4 ,!Y 5GAG$ 9 /REET FI<T+ AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T & ALSO 9 SEV]AL FAIL$ ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS AGA9/ ,MA*ADO4 ,( C\RSE1 !Y W]5'T ! ONLY ONES DO+ SU* ?+S4 ,!RE W]E O!R >M$ OPPOSITION GR\PS1 SU* AS ! ,DIRECTORIO ,E/UDIANTIL ,REVOLUCION>IO 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,/UD5T ,DIRECTORATE7 & ! SECRET ORGANIZATION1 ,A,B,C4 

,9 #a#i#c1 A /REETC> /RIKE BROKE \T ?AT WAS BACK$ BY ALMO/ ALL ( ! UNIONS4 ,?IS /RIKE BECAME A G5]AL /RIKE )9 #bd H\RS1 & WAS ! FIR/ ( ITS K9D 9 ,CUBA UND] A DICTATORIAL REGIME4 ,! AN>*I/S ACTIVELY BACK$ ?IS /RIKE1 :ILE ! ANTI-,MA*ADO CAPITALI/ PRESS HEAP$ PRAISE ON ! ,P,C,C & 9T]VIEW$ ITS LEAD]S4 ,?IS MAY SEEM /RANGE1 BUT DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION NOT ONLY ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ALSO ! B\RGEOIS CLASS OPPOS$ ! DICTATOR%IP1 GIV5 ?AT !Y W]E BE+ RU9$ ECONOMICALLY4 ,! PRICE ( SUG> HAD FALL5 TO PRACTICALLY NO?+1 & SOCIAL & POLITICAL RU9 WAS C\PL$ ) ECONOMIC DISA/]4 

,BUT ! /RIKE ITSELF WAS A COMPLETE FAILURE DUE TO ITS POOR PLANN+ BY ! ,C,N,O,C1 N[ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,P,C,C4 ,! ORAL TE/IMONY ( ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ1 & ,AGU/9 ,CA/RO1 :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,F,G,A,C'S CL&E/9E /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,MA*ADO1 & ?AT ( ,EUSEBIO ,MUJAL1 :OSE FA!R WAS AN AN>*I/ BAK] 9 ,GUANTANAMO1 >E 9 AGREEM5T4 ,HU< ,?OMAS QUOTES ,MUJAL3 

,! ,COMMUNI/S W]E 444PREOCCUPI$ ) ! AN>*I/S AS MU* AS ) ,MA*ADO444 ,P>TY POLICY WAS TO DE/ROY ALL MEMB]S ( ,C,N,O,C :O W]E NOT ,COMMUNI/1 EV5 BY BETRAY+ !M TO ,MA*ADO'S POLICE4 ,SEV]AL ,SPANI% AN>*I/ LEAD]S W]E MURD]$ BY ,MA*ADO4 

,DESPITE ! P]SECUTION BY ,MA*ADO'S REGIME & ! BACK/ABB+ BY ! ,P,C,C1 ! AN>*I/S1 EV5 ?\< UND]GR\ND1 DID NOT GIVE UP4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT HAS BE5 /AT$ BY BO? ! ,P,C,C & BY RI<T-W+ REACTION>Y HI/ORIANS1 ! SURVIV+ AN>*I/S DIDN'T FLEE TO ,SPA92 !Y DIDN'T AB&ON !IR POSITIONS 9 ! UNIONS2 !Y DIDN'T GO OV] TO ! ,MA*ADO GOV]NM5T2 & !Y DIDN'T BETRAY ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,ON ,JULY #b#h1 #a#i#c#c1 ANO!R TRANSPORTATION /RIKE BROKE \T 9 ,HAVANA1 & ! CITY WAS P>ALYZ$ :5 ! /REETC> WORK]S JO9$ ! /RIKE4 ,! CRISIS DEEP5$ :5 ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,F,O,H RALLI$ TO ! TRANSIT WORK]S' /RIKE1 & IT BECAME A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY S\<T A POLITICAL SOLUTION TO ! CRISIS1 BUT ,MA*ADO CLUNG DESP]ATELY TO P[]4 

,HIS DICTATOR%IP 5D$ 9 ,AUGU/1 :5 A NUMB] ( POLITICAL FACTIONS -- 9CLUD+1 PROM95TLY1 ! ,P,C,C1 FOLL[+ ORD]S FROM ! ,COM9T]N -- CONSPIR$ ) ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY 7! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( P[] 9 ,CUBA7 TO LIQUIDATE !IR OLD ALLY4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #g1 A RUMOR RAN ?R\< ,HAVANA ?AT ,MA*ADO HAD RESIGN$1 & ! PEOPLE TOOK TO ! /REETS TO CELEBRATE -- :]E !Y W]E MA*9E-GUNN$ BY ,MA*ADO'S ?UGS4 

,9 A POLITICAL MANEUV] ?AT CAN ONLY BE CATEGORIZ$ AS 9SOL5T1 ! ,P,C,C1 9 ! NAME ( ! REMA9S ( ! ,C,N,O,C1 MADE A DEAL ) ,MA*ADO TO 5D ! G5]AL /RIKE 7AS IF !Y W]E ! ONES :O HAD CALL$ IT74 ,! ,P,C,C ?US FELL 9TO ! TRAP ( BELIEV+ ITS [N LIES4 ,! PAY(F = ITS P]FIDI\S ACT W\LD BE ! RECOGNITION ( ! ,P,C,C & ! ,C,N,O,C BY ,MA*ADO'S GOV]NM5T4 ,! AMBITION = P[] HAD TOTALLY BL9D$ ! ,P,C,C4 7,IT HAD ALSO P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ELECTORAL F>CE 9 #a#i#c#b1 :I* SEAT$ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! COALITION ?AT BACK$ ,MA*ADO47 ,PRES5T DAY M>XI/ WRIT]S ATTEMPT TO EXCUSE !SE ACTS AS 0! ,AUGU/ ]ROR40 ,9 REALITY1 IT WAS MORE ?AN AN 0]ROR02 IT WAS A BETRAYAL ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! PEOPLE ( ,CUBA4 

,! ,P,C,C !N GAVE ! ORD] ?AT ! /RIK+ WORK]S RETURN TO !IR JOBS1 & TRI$ TO 5=CE ?IS DECREE ) ! HELP ( ,MA*ADO'S SECRET POLICE1 ! S9I/] 0PORRA0 70BLUDGEON0 OR 0CLUB071 :I* WAS GUILTY ( ! MURD] ( A NUMB] ( WORK]S4 ,! ,P,C,C'S MANEUV] DIDN'T WORK1 H[EV]1 [+ TO ! 5RAG$ RESPONSE ( ! ,F,O,H AN>*I/S & ! RE/ ( ! OPPOSITION TO ! 0/RIKEBREAK]S40 ,! SITUATION REMA9$ FLUID & VOLATILE = SEV]AL MORE DAYS1 & F9ALLY REA*$ 9TO ! RANKS ( ! >M$ =CES1 :O HAD NO DESIRE TO 9T]V5E 9 ?IS REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,AUGU/ #a#b1 ,MA*ADO WAS =C$ TO FLEE BECAUSE ( A MILIT>Y C\P BACK$ BY ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #b#h1 ! REMA9S ( ,LOPEZ & ,IGLESIAS W]E EXHUM$ FROM A %ALL[ GRAVE & REBURI$ AFT] BE+ R5D]$ HOMAGE BY A VA/ ?RONG4 ,ON ?AT SAME DAY1 ! ,F,G,A,C PUBLI%$ A MANIFE/O TO ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE D5\NC+ ! TRAITOR\S ACTIONS ( ! ,P,C,C & ! >M$ ATTACK ! ,P,C,C HAD LAUN*$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S' (FICES ON ! PREVI\S DAY4 ,! ONLY REMA9+ (FICES ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 #aicc W]E ?OSE ( ! ,F,O,H1 FROM :I* ! ,SP>TACUS GR\P HAD OP]AT$ CL&E/9ELY4 ,! ,F,G,A,C'S ACTIONS BECAME KN[N TO ! ,COMMUNI/S FOLL[+ ! TRIUMPH ( ! /RIKE !Y HAD TRI$ TO BREAK4 ,9 ! CONFUSION ( ! FIR/ MOM5TS FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION>Y TRIUMPH OV] ,MA*ADO1 ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD DECID$ TO DEAL ) ! MO/ MILITANT AN>*I/ ELEM5TS1 &1 ACCUS+ !M ( BE+ 0COLLABORATORS10 ATTACK$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S AT ! ,F,O,H ) GUNFIRE4 ,A BATTLE 5SU$ BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 9 :I* ONE AN>*I/ WAS KILL$1 & SEV]AL PEOPLE W]E W\ND$ ON BO? SIDES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! >MY 9T]V5$ TO /OP ! BLOOD%$4 

,! MANIFE/O D5\NC+ ?IS TRAITOR\S1 MURD]\S ACT1 SIGN$ BY ! ,F,G,A,C ,COMITE DE ,RELACIONES1 GAVE DETAIL$ 9=MATION AB\T ! ANTI-WORK] ACTIVITIES ( ! ,P,C,C & H[ IT HAD TRI$ TO COV] ITSELF LEGALLY 9 ! %AD[ ( ! ,C,N,O,C 9 ITS ZEAL = P[]4 ,! PREC>I\S COOP]ATIVE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S & ,COMMUNI/S1 :I* HAD DET]IORAT$ ) ! DISQUIET+ NEWS ( ! P]SECUTION ( AN>*I/S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 FIR/ UND] ,L59 & !N UND] ,/AL91 CAME TO AN 5D 9 ! BLOODY SUMM] ( #a#i#c#c4 

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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

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