,CUBAN ,AN>*ISM ,! ,HI/ORY ( ,A ,MOVEM5T ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ ,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 O ,9TRODUCTION #c1#i#a#a ,WORDS2 #b#d1#h#d ,*>ACT]S O ,APP5DIX #a1#d#h#f ,WORDS2 #a#d1#e#c#d ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #a 3 ,COLONIALISM & ,SEP>ATISM 7#a#h#f#e-#a#h#i#h7 #i1#i#d#f ,WORDS2 #f#c1#a#a#c ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #b 3 ,9T]V5TION & ! ,REPUBLIC 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i#c#c7 #h1#i#c#e ,WORDS2 #e#f1#d#e#d ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #c 3 ,CON/ITUTION & ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#d-#a#i#e#h7 #f1#b#b#h ,WORDS2 #d1#e#d ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #d 3 ,CA/ROISM & ,CONFRONTATION 7#a#i#e#i-#a#i#f#a7 #g1#b#h ,WORDS2 #d#f1#b#i#i ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #e 3 ,EXILE & ,%AD[S 7#a#i#f#a-#b#a7 #i1#a#e ,WORDS2 #e#h1#a ,*>ACT]S O ,*APT] #f 3 ,REALITY & ,REFLECTION #e1#f#i#d ,WORDS2 #c#f1#a#d ,*>ACT]S ,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 O ,9TRODUCTION ,9TRODUCTION ,?IS IS NOT A CONV5TIONAL HI/ORY4 ,RA!R1 IT'S A TRIBUTE1 AN HOMAGE TO ! ?\S&S ( ,CUBAN AN>*I/S :O WORK$ OV] ! C\RSE ( MORE ?AN A C5TURY TO BUILD A FRE]1 JU/] WORLD1 & :O1 BUT = ?IS BOOK1 W\LD REMA9 ALMO/ 5TIRELY =GOTT54 ,?AT W\LD BE A TRAG$Y1 AS VIRTUALLY ALL ( !M W]E IDEALI/IC1 ADMIRABLE HUMAN BE+S1 & MANY W]E TRULY H]OIC4 ,ALL >E MORE DES]V+ ( HI/ORICAL REMEMBRANCE ?AN SU* P[]-HUNGRY DICTATORS AS ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO1 ,FULG5CIO ,BATI/A1 & ,FIDEL ,CA/RO4 ,! AU?OR ( ?IS WORK1 ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ1 HAS BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,MOVIMI5TO ,LIB]T>IO ,CUBANO 5 ,EXILIO 7,M,L,C,E7 = DECADES1 & WAS ! $ITOR ( ITS LONG-RUNN+ P]IODICAL1 ,GUANG>A ,LIB]T>IA1 = :I* HE WROTE EASILY HALF A MILLION1 & P]HAPS A MILLION1 WORDS ON ,CUBAN HI/ORY & POLITICS4 ,HE IS ALSO ! AU?OR ( ! BOOK1 ,LA SANGRE DE ,SANTA ,AGU$A1 :I* DEALS ) A PIVOTAL EV5T 9 ,SPANI% & ,CUBAN HI/ORY1 ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,SPANI% PREMI] ,CANOVAS DEL ,CA/ILLO 9 #a#h#i#g4 ,LIKE ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,M,L,C,E & !IR PR$ECESSORS 9 ,CUBA1 ,FRANK HAS DONE HIS POLITICAL WORK 9 HIS 0SP>E0 TIME -- AFT] HIS DAY JOB AS A ME*ANICAL 5G9E] -- & HAS NEV] RECEIV$ A DIME = HIS C\NTLESS H\RS ( WORK ON BEHALF ( ,CUBAN FRE$OM4 ,HE WRITES H]E FROM DEEP CONVICTION & ALSO FROM A DEEP KN[L$GE ( ! HI/ORY ( ,CUBA & ITS AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,?AT KN[L$GE 9CLUDES P]SONAL ACQUA9TANCE ) MO/ ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S M5TION$ 9 *APT]S #d & #e1 :OSE TE/IMONY & REMEMBRANCES =M ! BACKBONE ( ?OSE *APT]S4 ,9 READ+ ?IS HI/ORY ( ,CUBAN AN>*ISM1 ONE IS /RUCK BO? BY ! IMM5SE C\RAGE & D$ICATION ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 & BY ! LESSONS TO BE LE>N$ FROM !IR /RUGGLES4 ,A P>TICUL>LY POIGNANT LESSON IS ?AT CONC]N+ SO-CALL$ W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,9 ! #a#h#iS1 ,CUBA'S L>GE & P[]FUL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T SPLIT OV] ! QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE4 ,A GREAT MANY AN>*I/S DEFECT$ TO ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 BUT ?AT MOVEM5T PROV$ TO BE A DISA/] BO? = ! AN>*I/S1 :O W]E S]I\SLY WEAK5$1 & = ,CUBA'S PEOPLE AS A :OLE1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( :OM DI$ 9 ! CONFLICT4 ,9 ! 5D1 NO?+ WOR?:ILE WAS A*IEV$ -- ,SPANI% COLONIALISM WAS REPLAC$1 BUT BY A REPUBLIC 9 ! H&S ( ! SUG> B>ONS & BEHOLD5 TO =EIGN F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S4 ,AT LEA/ SOME ,CUBAN AN>*I/S EVID5TLY LE>N$ FROM ?IS FIASCO -- ?AT IT'S ALWAYS A MI/AKE = AN>*I/S TO PUT ASIDE !IR PR9CIPLES & SUPPORT W\LD-BE GOV]NORS1 NO MATT] H[ 0NATIONALI/0 OR 0PROGRESSIVE0 -- BUT A GREAT MANY O!R AN>*I/S EVID5TLY DIDN'T4 ,TW5TY YE>S AFT] ?IS ,CUBAN DISA/]1 L>GE NUMB]S ( ! WORLD'S AN>*I/S 79CLUD+ MANY ,CUBANS7 ?REW !IR SUPPORT TO ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T AFT] ! #aiag ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,DESPITE GR[+ EVID5CE ( ! BRUTAL1 TOTALIT>IAN NATURE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ REGIME1 MANY AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO SUPPORT IT UNTIL WELL 9TO ! #a#i#bS1 :5 TWO WELL KN[N & RESPECT$ AN>*I/S1 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 79 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,TRAG$Y & ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY?7 & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 79 ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA & ,MY ,FUR!R ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA7 REVEAL$ ! TRU?4 ,EV5 !N1 SOME AN>*I/S REFUS$ TO SURR5D] !IR ILLUSIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( ! 0WORK]S' /ATE40 ,?IS SITUATION REPEAT$ ITSELF ) ,CA/RO'S RISE TO P[] 9 #a#i#e#i4 ,A GREAT MANY AN>*I/S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,EUROPE1 W]E SO DESP]ATE TO SEE POSITIVE SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT !Y SAW IT :]E !RE WAS NONE -- 9 ,CUBA1 ?ANKS 9 P>T TO A SKILL$ DIS9=MATION CAMPAIGN BY ,CA/RO'S PROPAG&A APP>ATUS4 ,DESPITE SUPPRESSION ( CIVIL LIB]TIES1 ! PROHIBITION ( 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 ! GOV]NM5T TAKEOV] ( ! UNIONS1 ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 ! GRADUAL IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! C\NTRY 7DESPITE MASSIVE ,SOVIET ECONOMIC AID71 ! REEM]G5CE ( A CLASS SY/EM1 ! 9/ITUTION ( A NETWORK ( POLITICAL SPIES 9 EV]Y NEI\ND ,FIDEL ,CA/RO & ,]NE/O 70,*E07 ,GUEV>A1 L>GE & IMPORTANT SECTIONS ( ! WORLD'S AN>*I/ MOVEM5T SUPPORT$ ,CA/RO UNTIL WELL 9TO ! #a#i#gS4 ,?AT SITUATION BEGAN TO *ANGE 9 #aigf ) PUBLICATION ( ! RESPECT$ ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,SAM ,DOLG(F'S ,! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,CRITICAL ,P]SPECTIVE4 ,BUT EV5 TODAY SOME AN>*I/S CONT9UE TO BE HOODW9K$ BY ! ,CA/RO REGIME'S 0REVOLUTION>Y0 RHETORIC & ! V5E] ( SOCIAL WELF>E MEASURES ) :I* IT COV]S ITS RU?LESS DET]M9ATION TO CL+ TO P[] AT ANY PRICE4 ,! ,CUBAN EXP]I5CE PROVIDES US ) VALUABLE LESSONS4 ,TWO ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT >E ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD NEV] SUPPORT M>XI/ REGIMES1 & ?AT !Y %\LD BE EXTREMELY W>Y AB\T SUPPORT+1 LET ALONE P>TICIPAT+ 91 SO-CALL$ W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,!SE >E ! NEGATIVE LESSONS TO BE LE>N$ FROM ! HI/ORY ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,! POSITIVE LESSON IS ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO BUILD A L>GE1 P[]FUL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 DESPITE LACK ( PHYSICAL RES\RCES1 ?R\< D$ICATION & H>D WORK4 ,BE=E GO+ ON TO ! BODY ( ?IS BOOK1 IT'S NECESS>Y TO CONSID] ! IDEOLOGY ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,BECAUSE !RE >E SO MANY POPUL> MISCONCEPTIONS AB\T AN>*ISM1 IT'S IMP]ATIVE TO CL>IFY :AT AN>*ISM IS & :AT IT ISN'T4 ,FIR/1 :AT IT ISN'T3 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT T]RORISM4 ,AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS REJECT$ T]RORISM1 BECAUSE !Y'VE BE5 9TELLIG5T 5\< TO REALIZE ?AT MEANS DET]M9E 5DS1 ?AT T]RORISM IS 9H]5TLY VANGU>DI/1 & ?AT EV5 :5 0SUCCESSFUL0 IT ALMO/ ALWAYS LEADS TO BAD RESULTS4 ,! ANONYM\S AU?ORS ( ,Y\ ,CAN'T ,BL[ ,UP A ,SOCIAL ,RELATION%IP3 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,CASE ,AGA9/ ,T]RORISM PUT IT LIKE ?IS3 ,! TOTAL COLLAPSE ( ?IS SOCIETY W\LD PROVIDE NO GU>ANTEE AB\T :AT REPLAC$ IT4 ,UNLESS A MAJORITY ( PEOPLE HAD ! IDEAS & ORGANIZATION SUFFICI5T = ! CREATION ( AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY1 WE W\LD SEE ! OLD WORLD REASS]T ITSELF BECAUSE IT IS :AT PEOPLE W\LD BE US$ TO1 :AT !Y BELIEV$ 91 :AT EXI/$ UN*ALL5G$ 9 !IR [N P]SONALITIES4 ,PROPON5TS ( T]RORISM & GU]RILLAISM >E TO BE OPPOS$ BECAUSE !IR ACTIONS >E VANGU>DI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN1 BECAUSE !IR IDEAS1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y >E SUB/ANTIAL1 >E WRONG OR UNRELAT$ TO ! RESULTS ( !IR ACTIONS 7ESPECIALLY :5 !Y CALL !MSELVES LIB]T>IANS OR AN>*I/S71 BECAUSE !IR KILL+ CANNOT BE JU/IFI$1 & F9ALLY BECAUSE !IR ACTIONS PRODUCE EI!R REPRESSION ) NO?+ 9 RETURN1 OR AN AU?ORIT>IAN REGIME4 ,DECADES ( GOV]NM5T & CORPORATE SL&] CANNOT ALT] ?IS REALITY3 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( AN>*I/S REJECT T]RORISM = BO? PRACTICAL & E?ICAL REASONS4 ,TIME MAGAZ9E REC5TLY CALL$ ,T$ ,KACZYNSKI 0! K+ ( ! AN>*I/S10 BUT ?AT DOESN'T MAKE IT SO2 ,TIME'S WORDS >E JU/ ANO!R TYPICAL1 P]HAPS DELIB]ATELY DI%ONE/1 ATTEMPT TO T> ALL AN>*I/S ) ! T]RORI/ BRU%4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT >M$ RESI/ANCE IS NEV] APPROPRIATE4 ,CLE>LY !RE >E SITUATIONS 9 :I* ONE HAS LITTLE *OICE1 AS :5 FAC+ A DICTATOR%IP ?AT SUPPRESSES CIVIL LIB]TIES & PREV5TS ONE FROM ACT+ OP5LY -- :I* HAS HAPP5$ REPEAT$LY 9 ,CUBA4 ,EV5 !N1 >M$ RESI/ANCE %\LD BE UND]TAK5 RELUCTANTLY & AS A LA/ RESORT1 BECAUSE VIOL5CE IS 9H]5TLY UNDESIRABLE DUE TO ! SUFF]+ IT CAUSES2 BECAUSE IT PROVIDES REPRESSIVE REGIMES EXCUSES = FUR!R REPRESSION2 BECAUSE IT PROVIDES !M ) ! OPPORTUNITY TO COMMIT ATROCITIES AGA9/ CIVILIANS & TO BLAME ?OSE ATROCITIES ON !IR 0T]RORI/0 OPPON5TS 7AS HAS HAPP5$ REC5TLY 9 ,ALG]IA72 & BECAUSE1 AS HI/ORY HAS %[N1 ! *ANCES ( EV5 LIMIT$ SUCCESS >E QUITE L[4 ,EV5 ?\< >M$ RESI/ANCE MAY SOMETIMES BE CALL$ = 9 REPRESSIVE SITUATIONS1 IT'S A F> DIFF]5T MATT] TO SUCCUMB TO ! ROMANCE ( ! GUN & TO 5GAGE 9 URBAN GU]RILLA W>F>E 9 RELATIVELY OP5 SOCIETIES 9 :I* CIVIL LIB]TIES >E L>GELY 9TACT & 9 :I* ONE DOES NOT HAVE MASS POPUL> SUPPORT AT ! />T ( ONE'S VIOL5T CAMPAIGN4 ,VIOL5CE 9 SU* SITUATIONS DOES LITTLE BUT DRIVE ! PUBLIC 9TO ! 0PROTECTIVE0 >MS ( ! GOV]NM5T2 IT N>R[S POLITICAL DIALOGUE 7T5D+ TO POL>IZE ! POPULACE 9TO PRO- & ANTI-GU]RILLA FACTIONS72 IT TURN POLITICS 9TO A SPECTATOR SPORT = ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE2 IT PROVIDES ! GOV]NM5T ) A H&Y EXCUSE TO SUPPRESS CIVIL LIB]TIES2 & IT 9DUCES ! ONSET ( REPRESSIVE REGIMES1 0BETT]0 ABLE TO H&LE ! 0T]RORI/0 PROBLEM ?AN !IR MORE TOL]ANT PR$ECESSORS4 ,IT'S ALSO WOR? M5TION+ ?AT ! *ANCES ( SUCCESS ( SU* VIOL5T1 VANGU>DI/ CAMPAIGNS >E MICROSCOPIC4 ,!Y >E SIMPLY >ROGANT1 ILL-?\*ISM IS NOT PRIMITIVISM4 ,9 REC5T DECADES1 GR\PS ( QUASI-RELIGI\S MY/ICS HAVE BEGUN EQUAT+ ! PRIMITIVISM !Y ADVOCATE 7REJECTION ( 0TE*NOLOGY10 :ATEV] ?AT MI*ISM4 ,9 REALITY1 ! TWO HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) EA* O!R1 AS WE'LL SEE :5 WE CONSID] :AT AN>*ISM ACTUALLY IS -- A SET ( PHILOSOPHICAL_/E?ICAL PRECEPTS & ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES DESIGN$ TO MAXIMIZE HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,= N[1 SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ! ELIM9ATION ( TE*NOLOGY ADVOCAT$ BY PRIMITIVI/ GR\PS W\LD 9EVITABLY 5TAIL ! DEA?S ( LIT]ALLY BILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S 9 A WORLD UTT]LY DEP5D5T UPON 9T]LOCK+ TE*NOLOGIES = EV]Y?+ FROM FOOD PRODUCTION & DELIV]Y TO COMMUNICATIONS TO M$ICAL TREATM5T4 ,?IS F]V5TLY DESIR$ \TCOME1 ! ELIM9ATION ( TE*NOLOGY1 C\LD ONLY OCCUR ?R\< MEANS :I* >E ! ABSOLUTE ANTI!SIS ( AN>*ISM3 ! USE ( CO]CION & VIOL5CE ON A MASS SCALE4 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT *AOS2 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT REJECTION ( ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IS ANO!R POPUL> MISCONCEPTION1 REPEAT$ AD NAUSEAM BY ! M$IA & BY AN>*ISM'S POLITICAL FOES1 ESPECIALLY M>XI/S 7:O SOMETIMES KN[ BETT]74 ,EV5 A BRIEF LOOK AT ! WORKS ( AN>*ISM'S LEAD+ !ORETICIANS & WRIT]S CONFIRMS ?AT ?IS BELIEF IS 9 ]ROR4 ,OV] & OV] 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 ,ROCK]1 ,W>D1 ,BOOK*91 ET AL41 ONE F9DS NOT A REJECTION ( ORGANIZATION1 BUT RA!R A PREOCCUPATION ) H[ SOCIETY %\LD BE ORGANIZ$ 9 ACCORD ) ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,= A C5TURY & A HALF N[1 AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 >GU+ ?AT CO]CIVE1 HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION 7AS EMBODI$ 9 GOV]NM5T7 IS NOT EQUIVAL5T TO ORGANIZATION P] SE 7:I* !Y REG>D AS NECESS>Y71 & ?AT CO]CIVE ORGANIZATION %\LD BE REPLAC$ BY DEC5TRALIZ$1 NON-HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION & MUTUAL AID4 ,?IS IS H>DLY A REJECTION ( ORGANIZATION4 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT AMORAL EGOTISM4 ,AS DOES ANY AVANT G>DE SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 AN>*ISM ATTRACTS MORE ?AN ITS %>E ( FLAKES1 P>ASITES1 & SOCIOPA?S1 P]SONS SIMPLY LOOK+ = A GLAM\R\S LABEL TO COV] !IR (T5-PA?OLOGICAL SELFI%NESS1 !IR DISREG>D = ! RI*ISM A BAD NAME1 BECAUSE EV5 ?\< !Y HAVE V]Y LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ACTUAL AN>*I/S -- ?AT IS1 P]SONS CONC]N$ ) E?ICAL BEHAVIOR1 SOCIAL JU/ICE1 & ! RI*I/40 ,TO CITE AN EXAMPLE1 ! PUBLI%] ( A PRET5TI\SLY 7SUB7TITL$ ,AM]ICAN 0AN>*I/0 J\RNAL REC5TLY PUBLI%$ A BOOK BY A FELL[ EGOTI/ CONSI/+ L>GELY ( AD HOM9EM ATTACKS ON ACTUAL AN>*I/S -- KN[+ FULL WELL ?AT ! 0AN>*I/0 AU?OR ( ! BOOK WAS A NOTORI\S POLICE N>COTICS 9=MANT4 ,SU* 9DIVIDUALS MAY 7MIS7USE ! LABEL1 BUT !Y'RE AN>*I/S ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! N[-DEFUNCT ,G]MAN ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC 7,EA/ ,G]MANY7 WAS DEMOCRATIC & A REPUBLIC4 ,?IS IS :AT AN>*ISM ISN'T4 ,?IS IS :AT IT IS3 ,9 ITS N>R[E/ S5SE1 AN>*ISM IS SIMPLY ! REJECTION ( ! /ATE1 ! REJECTION ( CO]CIVE GOV]NM5T4 ,UND] ?IS EXTREMELY N>R[ DEF9ITION1 EV5 SU* APP>5T ABSURDITIES AS 0AN>*O-CAPITALISM0 & RELIGI\S AN>*ISM >E POSSIBLE4 ,TO ! BE/ ( MY KN[L$GE1 !RE HAVE BE5 NO SU* %9+ EXAMPLES ( AN>*O-CAPITALI/S4 ,BUT MO/ AN>*I/S USE ! T]M 0AN>*ISM0 9 A MU* BROAD] S5SE1 DEF9+ IT AS ! REJECTION ( CO]CION & DOM9ATION 9 ALL =MS4 ,SO1 MO/ AN>*I/S REJECT NOT ONLY CO]CIVE GOV]NM5T1 BUT ALSO RELIGION & CAPITALISM1 :I* !Y SEE AS O!R =MS ( ! TW9 EVILS1 DOM9ATION & CO]CION4 ,!Y REJECT RELIGION BECAUSE !Y SEE IT AS ! ULTIMATE =M ( DOM9ATION1 9 :I* A SUPPOS$LY ALL-P[]FUL GOD H&S D[N 0?\ %ALTS0 & 0?\ %ALT NOTS0 TO ITS 0FLOCK40 ,!Y LIKEWISE REJECT CAPITALISM BECAUSE IT'S DESIGN$ TO PRODUCE RI* & POOR1 BECAUSE IT 9EVITABLY PRODUCES A SY/EM ( DOM9ATION 9 :I* SOME GIVE ORD]S & O!RS HAVE LITTLE *OICE BUT TO TAKE !M4 ,= SIMIL> REASONS1 ON A P]SONAL LEVEL ALMO/ ALL AN>*I/S REJECT SEXISM1 RACISM1 & HOMOPHOBIA -- ALL ( :I* PRODUCE >TIFICIAL 9EQUALITY1 & ?US DOM9ATION4 ,TO PUT ?IS ANO!R WAY1 AN>*I/S BELIEVE 9 FRE$OM 9 BO? ITS NEGATIVE & POSITIVE S5SES4 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 FRE$OM IS R\T9ELY PRES5T$ ONLY 9 ITS NEGATIVE S5SE1 ?AT ( BE+ FREE FROM RE/RA9T4 ,H5CE MO/ PEOPLE EQUATE FRE$OM ONLY ) SU* ?+S AS FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION1 & FRE$OM ( 7OR FROM7 RELIGION4 ,BUT !RE'S ALSO A POSITIVE ASPECT ( FRE$OM1 AN ASPECT :I* AN>*I/S ALMO/ ALONE 9SI/ ON4 ,?AT POSITIVE ASPECT IS :AT ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN CALL$ ! FRE$OM TO4 ,& ?AT FRE$OM1 ! FRE$OM ( ACTION1 ! FRE$OM TO 5JOY OR USE1 IS HIE1 9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 FREE TO A MU* GREAT] DEGREE ?AN ! RE/ ( US4 ,TO CITE AN EXAMPLE 9 ! >EA ( FREE SPEE*1 ,DONALD ,TRUMP C\LD EASILY BUY DOZ5S ( DAILY NEWSPAP]S OR TELEVISION /ATIONS TO PROPAGATE HIS VIEWS & 9FLU5CE PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,H[ MANY WORK+ PEOPLE C\LD DO ! SAME8 ,H[ MANY WORK+ PEOPLE C\LD AF=D TO BUY A S+LE DAILY NEWSPAP] OR A S+LE TELEVISION /ATION8 ,! ANSW] IS OBVI\S4 ,WORK+ PEOPLE CANNOT DO SU* ?+S2 9/EAD1 !Y'RE R$UC$ TO PRODUC+ 'Z9ES ) A READ]%IP ( A FEW HUNDR$ P]SONS OR PUTT+ UP PAGES ON ! ,9T]NET 9 !IR RELATIVELY FEW H\RS ( FREE TIME4 ,EXAMPLES ( ! GREAT] FRE$OM ( ! RI* AB\ND 9 DAILY LIFE4 ,TO PUT ?IS 9 G5]AL T]MS1 BECAUSE !Y DO NOT HAVE TO WORK1 ! RI* NOT ONLY HAVE F> MORE MONEY 7?AT IS1 MORE ACCESS TO RES\RCES7 BUT ALSO F> MORE TIME TO PURSUE !IR 9T]E/S1 PLEASURES1 & DESIRES ?AN DO ! RE/ ( US4 ,TO CITE A CONCRETE EXAMPLE1 ! RI* >E FREE TO S5D !IR *ILDR5 TO ! BE/ COLLEGES EMPLOY+ ! BE/ 9/RUCTORS1 :ILE ! RE/ ( US1 IF WE CAN AF=D COLLEGE AT ALL1 MAKE DO ) COMMUNITY & /ATE COLLEGES EMPLOY+ SLAVE-LABOR 0ADJUNCT FACULTY0 & OV]WORK$1 UND]PAID GRADUATE-/UD5T TEA*+ ASSI/ANTS4 ,ONCE 9 COLLEGE1 ! *ILDR5 ( ! RI* >E 5TIRELY FREE TO PURSUE !IR /UDIES1 :ILE MO/ O!R /UD5TS MU/ WORK AT LEA/ P>T TIME TO SUPPORT !MSELVES1 :I* DEPRIVES !M ( MANY H\RS :I* C\LD BE DEVOT$ TO /UDY4 ,IF Y\ ?9K AB\T IT1 Y\ CAN EASILY F9D ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES ( ! GREAT] FRE$OM ( ! RI* 9 ! >EAS ( M$ICAL C>E1 H\S+1 NUTRITION1 TRAVEL1 ETC41 ETC4 -- 9 FACT1 9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y >EA ( LIFE4 ,?IS GREAT] FRE$OM ( ACTION ( ! RI* COMES AT ! EXP5SE ( EV]YONE ELSE1 ?R\< ! DIM9I%M5T ( EV]YONE ELSE'S FRE$OM ( ACTION4 ,!RE IS NO WAY >\ND ?IS1 GIV5 ?AT FRE$OM ( ACTION IS TO A GREAT EXT5T DET]M9$ BY ACCESS TO F9ITE RES\RCES4 ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE WELL ILLU/RAT$ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! RE/RICTIONS PLAC$ UPON ! RI* & ! POOR :5 HE WROTE1 0,! LAW1 9 ITS MAJE/IC EQUALITY1 =BIDS ! RI* AS WELL AS ! POOR TO SLEEP UND] BRIDGES1 TO BEG 9 ! /REETS1 & TO /EAL BREAD40 ,BECAUSE ! PRIM>Y GOAL ( AN>*ISM IS ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( FRE$OM = ALL1 AN>*I/S 9SI/ ON EQUAL FRE$OM 9 BO? ITS NEGATIVE & POSITIVE S5SES -- ?AT1 9 ! NEGATIVE S5SE1 9DIVIDUALS BE FREE TO DO :ATEV] !Y WI% AS LONG AS !Y DO NOT H>M OR DIRECTLY 9TRUDE ON O!RS2 &1 9 ! POSITIVE S5SE1 ?AT ALL 9DIVIDUALS HAVE EQUAL FRE$OM TO ACT1 ?AT !Y HAVE EQUAL ACCESS TO ! WORLD'S RES\RCES4 ,AN>*I/S RECOGNIZE ?AT ABSOLUTE FRE$OM IS AN IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,:AT !Y >GUE = IS ?AT EV]YONE HAVE EQUAL FRE$OM FROM RE/RA9T 7LIMIT$ ONLY BY RESPECT = ! RILY AS POSSIBLE EQUAL ACCESS TO RES\RCES1 ?US 5SUR+ EQUAL 7OR NE>-EQUAL7 FRE$OM TO ACT4 ,?IS IS AN>*ISM 9 ITS !ORETICAL S5SE4 ,9 ,CUBA1 AS 9 ,SPA9 & A FEW O!R C\NTRIES1 !RE HAVE BE5 S]I\S ATTEMPTS TO MAKE ?IS !ORY REALITY ?R\< ! MOVEM5T KN[N AS AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,! PRIM>Y PURPOSE ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM IS ! REPLACEM5T ( CO]CIVE GOV]NM5T BY VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION 9 ! =M ( WORK]-CONTROLL$ UNIONS COORD9AT+ ! 5TIRE ECONOMY4 ,?IS W\LD NOT ONLY ELIM9ATE ! MA9 RE/RA9T ON ! NEGATIVE FRE$OMS 7GOV]NM5T71 BUT W\LD ALSO BE A HUGE /EP T[>D A*IEV+ POSITIVE FRE$OM 7! FRE$OM TO74 ,! NE>E/ ?IS VISION HAS EV] COME TO FRUITION WAS 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i1 :5 L>GE >EAS ( ,SPA91 9CLUD+ ITS MO/ HEAVILY 9DU/RIALIZ$ REGION1 ,CATALONIA1 CAME UND] ! CONTROL ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO4 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL DESCRIBES ?IS A*IEVEM5T 9 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA3 ,! ,AN>*I/S W]E /ILL 9 VIRTUAL CONTROL ( ,CATALONIA & ! REVOLUTION WAS 9 FULL SW+444 ! ASPECT ( ,B>CELONA WAS SOME?+ />TL+ & OV]:ELM+4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ,I HAD EV] BE5 9 A T[N :]E ! WORK+ CLASS WAS 9 ! SADDLE4 ,PRACTICALLY EV]Y BUILD+ ( ANY SIZE HAD BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! WORK]S & WAS DRAP$ ) R$ FLAGS OR ) ! R$ & BLACK FLAG ( ! AN>*I/S2 444 ,EV]Y %OP & CAFE HAD AN 9SCRIPTION SAY+ IT HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$2 EV5 ! BOOTBLACKS HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$ & !IR BOXES PA9T$ R$ & BLACK4 ,WAIT]S & %OPWORK]S LOOK$ Y\ 9 ! FACE & TREAT$ Y\ AS AN EQUAL4 ,S]VILE & EV5 C]EMONIAL =MS ( SPEE* HAD TEMPOR>ILY DISAPPE>$444 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PO/]S W]E EV]Y:]E1 FLAM+ FROM ! WALLS 9 CLEAN R$S & BLUES ?AT MADE ! FEW REMA9+ ADV]TISEM5TS LOOK LIKE DAUBS ( MUD444 ,ALL ?IS WAS QUE] & MOV+4 ,!RE WAS MU* 9 IT ?AT ,I DID NOT UND]/&1 9 SOME WAYS ,I DID NOT EV5 LIKE IT1 BUT ,I RECOGNIZ$ IT IMM$IATELY AS A /ATE ( AFFAIRS WOR? FI*I/S W]E FIGE/ AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS ! WORLD HAS EV] SE51 :I* AT ITS HEI*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,?IS A*IEVEM5T DID NOT COME )\T CO/3 C\NTLESS ,CUBAN AN>*I/S PAID = IT ) !IR LIVES1 IMPRISONM5T1 OR EXILE4 ,?IS IS !IR /ORY4 -- ,*AZ ,BUFE1 ,TUCSON1 ,>IZONA ,A ,NOTE ON ,T]M9OLOGY ,?R\<\T ! TEXT ! AU?OR USES ! T]M 0LIB]T>IAN0 9 ITS ORIG9AL S5SE3 AS A SYNONYM = 0AN>*I/40 ,9DE$1 IT WAS US$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ?IS S5SE UNTIL ! #a#i#gS :51 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IT WAS APPROPRIAT$ BY ! GROSSLY MISNAM$ ,LIB]T>IAN ,P>TY4 ,?IS P>TY HAS ALMO/ NO?+ TO DO ) AN>*I/ CONCEPTS ( LIB]TY1 ESPECIALLY ! CONCEPTS ( EQUAL FRE$OM & POSITIVE FRE$OM -- ! ACCESS TO RES\RCES NECESS>Y TO ! FRE$OM TO ACT4 ,9/EAD1 ?IS 0,LIB]T>IAN0 P>TY CONC]NS ITSELF EXCLUSIVELY ) ! NEGATIVE FRE$OMS1 PRET5D+ ?AT LIB]TY EXI/S ONLY 9 ! NEGATIVE S5SE1 :ILE IT SIMULTANE\SLY REVELS 9 ! D5IAL ( EQUAL POSITIVE FRE$OM TO ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! WORLD'S PEOPLE4 ,!SE 0,LIB]T>IANS0 NOT ONLY GLORIFY CAPITALISM1 ! ME*ANISM ?AT D5IES BO? EQUAL FRE$OM & POSITIVE FRE$OM TO ! VA/ MAJORITY1 BUT !Y ALSO WI% TO RETA9 ! CO]CIVE APP>ATUS ( ! /ATE :ILE ELIM9AT+ ITS SOCIAL WELF>E FUNCTIONS -- H5CE WID5+ ! RIFT BETWE5 RI* & POOR1 & 9CREAS+ ! FRE$OM ( ! RI* BY DIM9I%+ ?AT ( ! POOR 7:ILE KEEP+ ! BOOT ( ! /ATE ON !IR NECKS74 ,?US1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ONCE EXCE$+LY USEFUL T]M 0LIB]T>IAN0 HAS BE5 HIJACK$ BY EGOTI/S :O >E 9 FACT 5EMIES ( LIB]TY 9 ! FULL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,=TUNATELY1 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,SPANI%-SPEAK+ C\NTRIES1 0LIB]T>IAN0 70LIB]T>IO07 REMA9S A SYNONYM = 0AN>*I/40 ,IT IS US$ 9 ?AT S5SE 9 ?IS BOOK4 ,PREFACE 0,?IS WORK IS A BRIEF OV]VIEW ( ! 9FLU5CE ?AT LIB]T>IAN IDEAS HAVE HAD UPON ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE4 ,WE BELIEVE ?AT WE HAVE ! DUTY TO FAI?FULLY REPORT ! ANNALS ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 :O = MORE ?AN A C5TURY HAVE /RUGGL$ & SACRIFIC$ 9 DEF5SE ( LIB]TY & = ! 9T]E/S ( ! MO/ D[NTRODD5 CLASSES 9 \R SOCIETY4 ,WE WILL BRIEFLY REVIEW ! ACTIONS ( A GR\P ( M5 & WOM5 :O1 TOTALLY )\T RES\RCES1 )\T AID OR PROTECTION1 & :O W]E =GOTT5 & P]SECUT$1 NOT ONLY 9FLU5C$ ! HI/ORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS & CAMPES9OS1 BUT ALSO ! HI/ORY ( ! 5TIRE ,CUBAN PEOPLE40 ,!SE >E ! OP5+ WORDS 9 MY PAMPHLET1 ,CUBA1 ,! ,AN>*I/S @& ,LIB]TY1 :I* WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI% 9 #aihg BY ,MONTY ,MILL] ,PRESS1 & :I* HAS BE5 REPR9T$ S9CE !N BY V>I\S GR\PS1 MO/ REC5TLY APPE>+ 9 ELECTRONIC =M ON ! ,9T]NET4 ,IT PROVIDES ! BASIS ( ?IS SMALL BOOK4 ,! EMPHASIS 9 ! PRES5T WORK LIES 9 ! F9AL *APT]S1 9 :I* ,I DEAL ) ! LA/ YE>S ( ORGANIZ$ AN>*ISM 9 ,CUBA1 COV]+ A S]IES ( 9CID5TS & EV5TS :I* W]E NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ! PAMPHLET4 ,AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 GIV5 ITS WIDE DI/RIBUTION1 M>XI/ & PRO-,CA/RO CRITICS ATTEMPT$ TO DISCR$IT MY PAMPHLET4 ,! LEA/ CYNICAL ACCUS$ ME ( PRODUC+ AN APOLOGETIC 0PANEGYRIC0 :OSE PURPOSE WAS PROPAG&I/IC4 ,?IS IS UNTRUE4 ,:ILE ,I AM AN AN>*I/ & ! PAMPHLET C]TA9LY WAS PRO-AN>*I/1 IT'S RI*I/S @& ,LIB]TY1 & IT CONT9UES TO BE SO 9 ! PRES5T WORK4 ,I W\LD LIKE TO ?ANK ! LA/ SURVIVORS ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T -- N[ SPREAD ACROSS ! DIASPORA -- :O HAVE HELP$ TO MAKE ?IS PROJECT POSSIBLE4 ,SURIA ,LIUNSA91 ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ1 ,LEON ,G4 ,MONTELONGO1 & ,HELIO ,N>DO COLLABORAT$ ON ! F9AL *APT]S4 ,I ALSO RECEIV$ ASSI/ANCE FROM SEV]AL P]SONS NO LONG] ON ! SC5E3 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,MANUEL ,F]RO1 ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ1 ,AGU/9 ,CA/RO1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 & ,SANTIAGO ,COBO4 ,ALL ( !M CONTRIBUT$ !IR MEMORIES TO ?IS WORK4 ,F9ALLY1 ?IS BOOK IS D$ICAT$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY TO ALL ?OSE ANONYM\S MILITANTS :OSE NAMES DO NOT APPE> H]E1 BUT :OSE SELFLESS EXAMPLE MADE AN 9]ADICABLE IMPRESSION ON \R NATIONAL DE/9Y4 ,)\T !M ?IS HI/ORY C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 WRITT54 -- ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ1 ,MIAMI1 ,FLORIDA O ,APP5DIX ,APP5DIX ,APP5DIX ,A3 ,ACRONYMS ,A,I,T ,ASOCIACION ,9T]NACIONAL DE LOS ,TRABAJADORES ,A,L,C ,ASOCIACION ,LIB]T>IA DE ,CUBA ,>,S ,ALIANZA ,REVOLUCION>IA ,SOCIALI/A ,B,I,L ,BOLET9 DE ,9=MACION ,LIB]T>IA ,C,D,R ,COMITES 5 ,DEF5SA DE LA ,REVOLUCION ,C,G,T ,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES ,C,N,O,C ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL ,OBR]A DE ,CUBA ,C,N,T ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO ,C,O ,COMISIONES ,OBR]AS ,C,O,N,I ,COMITE ,OBR]O ,NACIONAL ,9DEP5DI5TE ,C,T,C ,CONF$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA ,C,T,C,R ,CONF$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA ,REVOLUCION>IA ,D,D,G ,DOCUM5TO DE ,GAONA ,F,A,I ,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA ,F,A,I,T ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA ,F,A,L ,FUNDACION ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO ,F,G,A,C ,F$]ACION DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,CUBA ,F,J,L,C ,F$]ACION DE ,JUV5TUDES ,LIB]T>IAS DE ,CUBA ,F,O,H ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A DE ,LA ,HABANA ,F,R,E ,F$]ACION ,REGIONAL ,ESPANOLA ,F,T,C ,F$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA ,I,%,S,S ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIETY = ,HI/ORICAL & ,SOCIAL ,/UDIES ,I,W,A ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION ,I,W,W ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD ,M,A,S ,MOVIMI5TO DE ,ACCION ,S9DICAL ,M,L,C,E ,MOVIMI5TO ,LIB]T>IO ,CUBANO 5 EL ,EXILIO ,M#b#f,J ,MOVIMI5TO #bf DE ,JULIO ,P,C,C ,P>TIDO ,COMUNI/A ,CUBANO ,P,L,A ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL ,AUTONOMI/A ,P,R,C ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO ,P,R,C,A ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO ,AUT5TICO ,P,S,P ,P>TIDO ,SOCIALI/A ,POPUL> ,S,G,T ,SOCI$AD ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES ,S,I,A ,SOLID>IDAD ,9T]NACIONAL ,ANTIFASCI/A ,APP5DIX ,B3 ,BIBLIOGRAPHY ,AGRUPACION ,S9DICALI/A ,LIB]T>IA4 ,DECL>ACION DE ,PR9CIPIOS4 ,$ITORES ,LUZ-,HILO3 ,LA ,HABANA1 #a#i#f4 ,AGUIRRE1 ,S]GIO4 0,ALGUNAS ,LU*AS ,SOCIALES 5 ,CUBA ,REPUBLICANA40 ,CUBA ,SOCIALI/A1 #a#i#f#e4 ,ASOCIACION ,LIB]T>IA DE ,CUBA4 ,MEMORIA DEL ,I,I ,CONGRESO ,NACIONAL ,LIB]T>IO4 ,$ITORES ,SOLID>IDAD3 ,LA ,HABANA1 #a#i#d#h4 ,AVRI*1 ,PAUL4 ,! ,HAYM>KET ,TRAG$Y4 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS3 ,PR9CETON1 ,N,J1 #a#i#h#d4 ,BAKUN91 ,MI*AEL4 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#g4 ,BAKUN91 ,MI*AEL4 ,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d4 ,B]KMAN1 ,ALEX&]4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK ,MY?4 ,LONDON3 ,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d4 ,B]KMAN1 ,ALEX&]4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,TRAG$Y4 ,LONDON3 ,PH5IX ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f4 ,B]KMAN1 ,ALEX&]4 ,:AT ,IS ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM8 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#g#b4 ,BOOK*91 ,MURRAY4 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,RAMP>TS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#a4 ,BOOK*91 ,MURRAY4 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE1 #a#i#h#i4 ,BR9TON1 ,MAURICE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS @& ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL4 ,LONDON3 ,SOLID>ITY1 #a#i#g4 ,BU5ACASA1 ,MANUEL4 ,EL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OB]]O ,ESPANOL4 ,P>IS3 #a#i#f#f4 ,BUFE1 ,*AZ4 6,ESCU*A ,AN>QUI/A6 ,MEXICO1 ,D,F3 ,$ICIONES ,ANTOR*A1 #a#i#h#g4 ,BUFE1 ,*AZ4 ,A ,FUTURE ,WOR? ,LIV+4 ,TUCSON1 ,A,Z3 ,SEE ,%>P ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h4 ,BUFE1 ,*AZ4 ,LI/5 ,AN>*I/6 ,TUCSON1 ,A,Z3 ,SEE ,%>P ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h4 ,BUJ>91 ,NICOLAI Y ,FABBRI1 ,LUIGI4 ,AN>QUISMO Y ,COMUNISMO ,CI5TIFICO4 ,B>CELONA3 ,$ICIONES ,S9TESIS1 #a#i#g#g4 ,CABR]A1 ,OLGA4 ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ1 ,MAE/RO DEL ,PROLET>IADO ,CUBANO4 ,LA ,HABANA3 ,$ITORES ,CI5CIAS ,SOCIALES1 #a#i#h#e4 ,CAPPELLETTI1 ,ANGEL4 ,EL ,AN>QUISMO 5 ,AM]ICA ,LAT9A4 ,C>ACAS3 ,BIBLIOTECA ,AYACU*O1 #a#i#i4 ,C>RILO1 ,JU/O4 ,CUBA #a#i#c#c3 ,E/UDIANTES1 ,YANQUIS Y ,SOLDADOS4 ,MIAMI3 ,9/ITUTO DE ,E/UDIOS ,9T]AM]ICANOS1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MIAMI1 #a#i#h#e4 ,CASANOVAS ,COD9A1 ,JOAN4 ,BREAD OR ,BULLETS3 ,URBAN ,LABOR & ,SPANI% ,COLONIALISM 9 ,CUBA1 #a#h#e-#a#h#i#h4 ,PITTSBUR<1 ,P,A3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,PITTSBUR< ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h4 ,CASANOVAS ,COD9A1 ,JOAN4 0,EL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O Y LA ,POLITICA ,COLONIAL ,ESPANOLA 5 LA ,CUBA DE ,F9ALES DEL ,X,I,X40 ,LA ,NACION ,SONADA3,CUBA1 ,PU]TO ,RICO Y ,FILIP9AS ANTE EL #i#h4 ,MADRID3 ,$ICIONES ,DOCE ,CALLES1 #a#i#i#f4 ,CASANOVAS ,COD9A1 ,JOAN4 0,EL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O ,CUBANO1 DEL ,RE=MISMO AL ,AN>QUISMO40 ,HI/ORIA Y ,SOCI$AD4 ,SAN ,JUAN1 ,P,R3 ,DEP>TAM5TO DE ,HI/ORIA Y ,HUMANIDADES1 ,UNIV]SIDAD DEL ,PU]TO ,RICO1 #a#i#h#g4 ,CL>K1 ,JUAN4 ,CUBA3 ,MITO Y ,REALIDAD4 ,MIAMI_/,C>ACAS3 ,SETA ,$ICIONES1 #a#i#i4 ,CONGRESO ,9T]NACIONAL DE ,F$]ACIONES ,AN>QUI/AS4 ,9=ME ,C>R>A #a#i#f#h4 ,P>IS3 ,LIBRAIRE ,PUBLICO1 #a#i#f#h4 ,DOLG(F1 ,SAM 7$474 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,COLLECTIVES3 ,WORK]S' ,SELF-,MANAGEM5T 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREE ,LIFE ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#g#d4 ,DOLG(F1 ,SAM 7$474 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#g#a4 ,DOLG(F1 ,SAM4 ,! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,CRITICAL ,P]SPECTIVE4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE1 #a#i#g#f4 ,DOLG(F1 ,SAM4 ,FRAGM5TS3 ,A ,MEMOIR4 ,LONDON3 ,REFRACT ,PUBLICATIONS1 #a#i#h#f4 ,EI*5BAUM1 ,V4,M4 70,VOL9E074 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION4 ,DETROIT3 ,BLACK @& ,R$1 #a#i#g#d4 ,EL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O ,CUBANO3 ,DOCUM5TOS Y ,>TICULOS4 ,TOMO ,I4 ,LA ,HABANA1 #a#i#g#e4 ,EL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O ,CUBANO3 ,DOCUM5TOS Y ,>TICULOS4 ,TOMO ,I,I4 ,LA ,HABANA1 #a#i#g#g4 ,E/EVE1 ,P$RO4 ,LOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,ESPANA Y ,CUBA3 ,MEMORIAL DE LA ,CONF]5CIA ,AN>QUI/A DE ,*ICAGO 5 #a#h#i#c4 ,PAT]SON1 ,N,J3 ,EL ,DESP]T>1 #a#i4 ,FABBRI1 ,LUIGI4 ,B\RGEOIS ,9FLU5CES ON ,AN>*ISM4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,SEE ,%>P ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g4 ,FABBRI1 ,LUIGI4 ,9FLU5CIAS ,BURGUESAS SOBRE EL ,AN>QUISMO4 ,MEXICO1 ,D,F3 ,$ICIONES ,ANTOR*A1 #a#i#h4 ,F]N&EZ1 ,FRANK4 ,CUBA1 ! ,AN>*I/S @& ,LIB]TY4 ,SYDNEY3 ,MONTY ,MILL] ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g4 ,F]N&EZ1 ,FRANK4 ,LA ,SANGRE DE ,SANTA ,AGU$A3 ,ANGIOLILLO1 ,BETANCES Y ,CANOVAS4 ,MIAMI3 ,$ICIONES ,UNIV]SAL1 #a#i#i#d4 ,F]R>A1 ,ORE/ES4 ,UNA ,MIRADA DE ,TRES ,SIGLOS3 ,MEMORIAS4 ,MADRID3 ,PLAYOR1 #a#i#g#f4 ,GAMBONE1 ,L>RY4 ,PR\DHON & ,AN>*ISM4 ,MONTREAL3 ,R$ ,LION ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#f4 ,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA4 ,AN>*ISM & ,O!R ,ESSAYS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#f#i4 ,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA4 ,LIV+ ,MY ,LIFE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#g4 ,GOLDMAN1 ,EMMA4 ,MY ,DISILLUSIONM5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,APOLLO ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#g4 ,GROB>1 ,FABIO4 0,EL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O ,CUBANO DE #aibe A #a#i#c#c40 ,CUBA ,SOCIALI/A1 #a#i#f#f4 ,GU]RA1 ,RAMIRO4 ,MANUAL DE LA ,HI/ORIA DE ,CUBA4 ,MADRID3 ,$ICIONES ,R1 #a#i#g#e4 ,GUILLAME1 ,JAMES4 ,LA ,9T]NACIONAL DE LOS ,TRABAJADORES4 ,LA ,HABANA3 ,$ICIONES DE LA ,ASOCIACION ,LIB]T>IA DE ,CUBA1 #a#i#d#f4 ,HIDALGO1 ,>IEL4 0,EL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O ,CUBANO Y EL ,PRIM] ,P>TIDO ,ANTI-IMP]IALI/A DE LA ,HI/ORIA40 ,EL ,CAIMAN ,B>BUDO4 ,LA ,HABANA3 ,SEGUNDA ,ETAPA1 #a#i#g#d4 ,IGLESIAS1 ,ABEL>DO4 ,REVOLUCION Y ,DICTADURA 5 ,CUBA4 ,BU5OS ,AIRES3 ,$ITORIAL ,RECON/RUIR1 #a#i#f#c4 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g4 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS ,TOMORR[4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#g#d4 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION4 ,BO/ON3 ,PORT] ,S>G5T1 N4D4 ,KROPOTK91 ,PET]4 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g4 ,LA ,5CICLOP$IA DE ,CUBA1 ,HI/ORIA4 ,TOMO ,I,V4 ,MADRID3 ,$ITORIAL ,PLAYOR1 #a#i#g#d4 ,LAUN$1 ,C>LOS4 ,DEF9ICION DEL ,S9DICALISMO3 ,SOBRE EL ,ORIG51 LA ,CONDUCTA Y LA ,MISION DEL ,MILITANTE ,OBR]O4 ,MADRID3 ,FI*AS DE ,=MACION ,LIB]T>IA1 #a#i#g#g4 ,LAUN$1 ,C>LOS4 ,EL ,AN>COS9DICALISMO 5 EL ,SIGLO ,X,X4 ,MADRID3 ,FI*AS DE ,=MACION ,LIB]T>IA1 #a#i#g#h4 ,LE ,RIV]5D1 ,JULIO4 0,RAICES DEL #bd DE ,FEBR]O3 ,LA ,ECONOMIA Y LA ,SOCI$AD ,CUBANA DE #ah< A #a#h#i#e40 ,CUBA ,SOCIALI/A1 #a#i#f#e4 ,LEVAL1 ,GA/ON4 ,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#e4 ,LEVAL1 ,GA/ON1 ,S\*Y1 ,AGU/9 Y ,CANO ,RUIZ1 ,B5JAM94 ,LA ,OBRA ,CON/RUCTIVA DE LA ,REVOLUCION ,ESPANOLA4 ,MEXICO1 ,D,F3 ,$ITORIAL ,IDEAS1 #a#i#h#b4 ,LITVAK1 ,LILY4 ,MUSA ,LIB]T>IA4 ,B>CELONA3 ,ANTONIO ,BOS*1 #a#i#h#a4 ,MALATE/A1 ,]RICO4 ,AN>*Y4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d4 ,M>TI1 ,JOSE4 ,OBRAS ,COMPLETAS4 ,LA ,HABANA3 ,$ITORIAL ,NACIONAL DE ,CUBA1 #a#i#f#d4 ,M>R]O1 ,LEVI4 ,CUBA3 ,ECONOMIA Y ,SOCI$AD4 ,MADRID3 ,$ITORIAL ,PLAYOR1 #a#i#h#g4 ,M>T9EZ ,ORTIZ1 ,RAFAEL4 ,CUBA3 ,LOS ,PRIM]OS ,ANOS DE ,9DEP5D5CIA4 ,P>IS3 ,$ITORES ,LE ,LIVRE ,LIBRE1 #a#i#f#d4 ,MAXIM(F1 ,GREGORY ,PETROVI*4 ,! ,GUILLOT9E AT ,WORK3 ,! ,L59I/ ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION4 ,S&AY1 ,ORKNEY3 ,CI5FUEGOS ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#g4 ,MELTZ]1 ,ALB]T 7$474 ,A ,NEW ,WORLD 9 \R ,HE>TS3 ,! ,FACES ( ,SPANI% ,AN>*ISM4 ,SYDNEY3 ,JURA ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#g4 ,MIRO1 ,FIDEL4 ,AN>QUISMO Y ,AN>QUI/AS4 ,MEXICO1 ,D,F3 ,$ITORES ,MEXICANOS ,UNIDOS1 #a#i#g#i4 ,MOL9A1 ,JUAN ,M4 ,EL ,COMUNISMO ,TOTALIT>IO4 ,MEXICO1 ,D,F3 ,$ITORES ,MEXICANOS ,UNIDOS1 #a#i#h#b4 ,MOR5O ,FRAG9ALS1 ,MANUEL4 ,CUBA_/,ESPANA1 ,ESPANA_/,CUBA4 ,B>CELONA3 ,GRIJALBO-,MONDADORI1 #a#i#i#e4 ,MOVIMI5TO ,LIB]T>IO ,CUBANO 5 ,EXILIO4 ,DECL>ACION DE ,PR9CIPIOS4 ,MIAMI3 #a#i#f#e4 ,OLAYA ,MORALES1 ,FRANCISCO4 ,HI/ORIA DEL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O ,ESPANOL4 ,MADRID3 ,MADRE ,TI]RA1 #aiid ,ORTIZ1 ,F]N&O4 ,CONTRAPUNTEO ,CUBANO DEL ,TABACO Y EL ,AZUC>4 ,B>CELONA3 ,$ICIONES ,>IEL1 #a#i#g#c4 ,PEIRATS1 ,JOSE4 ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i4 ,PLAS5CIA ,MORO1 ,ALEIDA4 0,HI/ORIA DEL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O 5 ,CUBA40 ,HI/ORIA DEL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O 5 ,AM]ICA ,LAT9A4 ,MEXICO1 ,D,F3 ,SIGLO ,VE9TIUNO ,$ITORES1 #a#i#h#d4 ,POYO1 ,G]ALD ,E4 ,JOSE ,M>TI3 ,>*ITECT ( ,SOCIAL ,UNITY4 #a#h#h#g-#a#h#i#e4 ,GA9ESVILLE1 ,F,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,FLORIDA1 ,C5T] = ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN ,/UDIES1 #a#i#h#d4 ,POYO1 ,G]ALD ,E4 0,! ,IMPACT ( ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% ,WORK]S ON ,LABOR ,ORGANIZ+ 9 ,FLORIDA1 #a#h#g-#a#i40 ,J\RNAL ( ,AM]ICAN ,E?NIC ,HI/ORY1 ,VOL4#e1 ,NO4#b1 #a#i#h#f4 ,POYO1 ,G]ALD ,E4 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,*ALL5GE TO ! ,CUBAN ,9DEP5D5CE ,MOVEM5T1 #a#h#h#e-#a#h#i4 ,PITTSBUR<1 ,P,A3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,PITTSBUR<1 #a#i#h#e4 ,RIV]O ,MUNIZ1 ,JOSE4 0,LA ,LECTURA 5 LAS ,TABAQU]IAS40 ,REVI/A DE LA ,BIBLIOTECA ,NACIONAL1 ,OCT4-,DIC4 #a#i#e#a4 ,RIV]O ,MUNIZ1 ,JOSE4 ,EL ,MOVIMI5TO ,OBR]O DURANTE LA ,PRIM]A ,9T]V5CION4 ,LAS ,VILLAS1 ,CUBA3 ,UNIV]SIDAD DE ,LAS ,VILLAS1 #a#i#f#a4 ,RIV]O ,MUNIZ1 ,JOSE4 0,LOS ,ORIG5ES DE LA ,PR5SA ,OBR]A 5 ,CUBA40 #a#i#f#b4 ,RIV]O ,MUNIZ1 ,JOSE4 ,! ,IBOR ,CITY ,/ORY1 #a#h#h#e-#a#i#f#d4 ,TAMPA1 ,F,L3 #a#i#g#f4 ,ROCK]1 ,RUDOLF4 ,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#h4 ,ROCK]1 ,RUDOLF4 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM4 ,LONDON3 ,PH5IX ,PRESS1 N4D4 ,ROCK]1 ,RUDOLF4 ,AN>QUISMO Y ,ORGANIZACION4 ,MEXICO1 ,D,F3 ,$ICIONES ,ANTOR*A1 #a#i#h#a4 ,ROCK]1 ,RUDOLF4 ,5 LA ,BORRASCA3 ,MEMORIAS4 ,PUEBLA1 ,MEXICO3 ,$ICIONES ,CAJICA1 #a#i#f#b4 ,ROCK]1 ,RUDOLF4 ,NACIONALISMO Y ,CULTURA4 ,PUEBLA1 ,MEXICO3 ,$ICIONES ,CAJICA1 #a#i#f#g4 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T91 ,5RIQUE4 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR4 ,LA ,HABANA3 ,CONSEJO ,NACIONAL DE LA ,CULTURA1 #a#i#f#g4 ,S]RANO1 ,C>LOS4 ,AN>*ISME ET ,9DEP5D5CE A ,CUBA A LA ,F9 DU ,X,I,X ,SIECLE4 ,P>IS3 ,UNIV]SITE DE ,P>IS1 #a#i#h#f4 ,%AFF]1 ,KIRW9 ,R4 ,CUBA P>A TODOS3 ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONALISM & ! ,CULTURAL ,POLITICS ( ,CUBAN ,9DEP5D5CE1 #a#h#i#h-#a#i#b#e4 7=?COM+7 ,S\*Y1 ,AGU/94 ,TE/IMONIOS SOBRE LA ,REVOLUCION ,CUBANA4 ,BU5OS ,AIRES3 ,$ITORIAL ,RECON/RUIR1 #a#i#f4 ,?OMAS1 ,HU<4 ,CUBA OR ! ,PURSUIT ( ,FRE$OM4 ,LONDON3 ,EYRE @& ,SPOTTISWOODE1 #a#i#g#a4 ,W>D1 ,COL94 ,AN>*Y 9 ,ACTION4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#g#c4 ,WE/FALL1 ,GL5N ,L4 ,KEY ,WE/3 ,CIG> ,CITY ,U,S,A4 ,KEY ,WE/1 ,F,L3 ,HI/ORICAL ,KEY ,WE/ ,PRES]VATION ,BO>D1 #a#i#h#g4 ,WEXL]1 ,ALICE4 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 9 ,EXILE4 ,BO/ON3 ,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i4 ,Z9N1 ,H[>D4 ,A ,PEOPLE'S ,HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#h4 O ,*APT] #a 3 ,COLONIALISM & ,SEP>ATISM 7#a#h#f#e-#a#h#i#h7 ,*APT] #a3 ,COLONIALISM & ,SEP>ATISM 7#a#h#f#e-#a#h#i#h7 ,N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,CUBAN SOCIETY POSSESS$ A SET ( *>ACT]I/ICS UNIQUE 9 ! WE/]N HEMISPH]E4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 EXPLOITATION ( ,CUBA'S ECONOMIC WEAL? HAD BE5 ! WORK ( ! :ITE RUL+ CLASS1 :O BORE TITLES ( ,SPANI% NOBILITY4 ,?IS CREOLE >I/OCRACY HAD 5\< P[] & RES\RCES TO 9FLU5CE ,SPANI% POLICY DUR+ ! COLONIAL EPO*4 ,:ILE ! RE/ ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA WAS VIOL5TLY FREE+ ITSELF ( ,SPANI% COLONIALISM1 ,CUBA'S CREOLE PLUTOCRACY CONSID]$ ITSELF MORE ,SPANI% ?AN ,F]N&O ,V,I,I1 ! K+ ( ,SPA91 & V]Y DELIB]ATELY OPPOS$ ANY TYPE ( RE=MISM1 NO MATT] H[ MODE/4 ,! CULTIVATION ( SUG> CANE1 TOBACCO1 & C(FEE WAS ! BASIS ( ,CUBA'S AGRICULTURAL ABUNDANCE1 & 9 ORD] TO COMPETE 9 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS ,CUBA'S ELITE NE$$ *EAP LABOR4 ,SO1 9 OP5 COLLUSION ) ! ,SPANI% CR[N & ! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES1 ,CUBA'S PLUTOCRATS 5GAG$ 9 ! MASSIVE IMPORTATION ( ,AFRICAN SLAVES1 9 ! PROCESS E/ABLI%+ AN ABUSIVE1 SLAV]Y-BAS$ SOCIETY4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,CUBA'S >I/OCRACY HAD BECOME P[]FUL SUG> B>ONS & ,CUBA'S ECONOMY WAS ABNORMALLY DEP5D5T -- BY ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN /&>DS -- ON ! SLAVE TRADE & ! 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y4 ,! CLASS /RUCTURE ( ,CUBAN SOCIETY WAS PYRAMIDAL 9 !SE YE>S3 ON ! TOP1 ! SUG> B>ONS & ! ,SPANI% COLONIAL (FICIALS2 9 ! MIDDLE1 >TISANS1 9DU/RIAL1 SUG> & TOBACCO WORK]S1 9CLUD+ FREE BLACKS & CAMPES9OS2 & ON ! BOTTOM1 BLACK SLAVES4 ,! DIVISION BETWE5 ! BOTTOM TWO CLASSES WAS NOT ALWAYS CLE> CUT DESPITE ! MANY RACIAL & SOCIAL DIVISIONS 9 ,CUBAN SOCIETY3 CAMPES9OS & POOR ,SPANI% IMMIGRANTS C\LD SUFF] ALMO/ ! SAME DISCRIM9ATION & EXPLOITATION AS BLACK SLAVES4 ,IT IS WELL TO KEEP 9 M9D ?AT !SE DIVISIONS 9 ,CUBAN SOCIETY W]E IMPOS$ BY ! DOM9ANT CLASS & NOT BY ! PEOPLE AT ! BASE ( ! SOCIAL PYRAMID4 ,9 ?IS SOCIETY1 !RE WAS NO SOCIAL1 RACIAL1 POLITICAL1 OR ECONOMIC 9TEGRATION4 ,?IS WAS PR9CIPALLY BECAUSE ,CUBA WAS A ,SPANI% COLONY & ?AT ! PRIM>Y 9T]E/ ( ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T WAS 9 HOLD+ ITS P[] ?R\< MA9TA9+ ! POL>IZ$ SITUATION ON ! ISL&2 ! MORE DIVID$ ?AT ,CUBA WAS1 ! EASI] IT WAS = ! ,SPANI>DS TO EXPLOIT ITS ECONOMIC RES\RCES & TO PRES]VE !IR POLITICAL P[]4 ,= MORE ?AN ?REE C5TURIES ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES -- 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! O!R ,EUROPEAN COLONIAL P[]S 9 O!R L&S -- MA9TA9$ ?IS DEPLORABLE SITUATION4 ,BUT DESPITE ! CRU%+ 9FLU5CE ( ,SPANI% COLONIALISM1 NEW IDEAS F\ND !IR WAY TO ,CUBA4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY !RE W]E POLITICAL T5D5CIES 9 ! FOLL[+ DIRECTIONS3 NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE2 RE=MISM 7) ,CUBA REMA9+ A ,SPANI% COLONY72 9TEGRATION 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 & 9TEGRATION 9TO ,SPA94 ,NONE ( !SE CURR5TS WAS 9DIG5\S2 !Y ALL CAME FROM ABROAD1 BECAUSE ! CREOLE 9TELLIG5TSIA WAS WEAK & SAW ITSELF & ITS C\NTRY'S SITUATION AS IT WAS SE5 FROM ABROAD1 BE IT 9 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 OR ! ,U4,S4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ! REVOLUTION>Y 9DEP5D5CE T5D5CY1 EV5 ?\< IT HAD TAK5 ROOT AMONG ! CREOLES1 WAS /ILL 9 AN 9TELLECTUAL PHASE2 IT HAD NOT YET 5T]$ ITS CONSPIRATORIAL /AGE4 ,CUBAN RE=MISM WAS AIM$ AT OBTA9+ SMALL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL *ANGES 9 RETURN = MA9TA9+ ! /ATUS QUO4 ,?IS T5D5CY HAD GA9$ SOME 9FLU5CE AMONG ! SUG> B>ONS & ! L>GE & SMALL CREOLE B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 9 L>GE P>T DUE TO ! OBVI\S FAILURE ( 9TEGRATIONI/ EF=TS 79 REG>D TO ! ,U4,S474 ,= !IR P>T1 ?OSE ,CUBAN CREOLES LIV+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E L>GELY 9 FAVOR ( ,CUBA'S JO9+ ! ,U4,S4 7OR AT LEA/ ITS S\!RN /ATES7 9 ! P]IOD BE=E ! ,U4,S4 ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,BUT ! FAILURE ( TWO EXILE 9VASIONS ( ,CUBA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#eS 7M\NT$ ) ! HELP ( S\!RN SECESSIONI/ ELEM5TS7 & ! DEFEAT ( ! ,S\? 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W> DAMP5$1 BUT DID NOT EXT+UI%1 ! HOPES ( ,CUBA'S ANNEXATION BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL T5D5CY 9 ! MID #a#i? C5TURY WAS ?AT ( 9TEGRATION ) ,SPA94 ,?IS WAS NATURAL GIV5 ?AT ! MO/ P[]FUL CLASSES 9 ,CUBA DEP5D$ UPON ,SPANI% COLONIAL P[] -- BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC -- TO MA9TA9 !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS4 ,!IR SLOGAN MADE !IR POSITION EXTREMELY CLE>3 0,CUBA ESPANOLA40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?OSE ,CUBANS \TSIDE ( ! FAVOR$ SOCIAL CLASSES EI!R DIDN'T HAVE -- OR DIDN'T D>E TO EXPRESS -- SOCIAL OR POLITICAL OP9IONS4 ,NONE!LESS1 9 ! #a#h#eS NEW SOCIAL CONCEPTS BEGAN TO SPREAD AMONG ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% WORK]S AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SOCIAL PYRAMID4 ,! MASSIVE ,SPANI% EMIGRATION TO ,CUBA >\ND #a#h#e1 9SPIR$ BY ! FE> ( ! CREOLE RUL+ CLASS & ! ,SPANI% CR[N ( AN 0,AFRICANIZ$0 ,CUBA1 BR\IAT WAS RECEPTIVE4 ,?IS ISN'T SURPRIS+ GIV5 ! MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS ( ,CUBA'S WORK]S AT ! TIME4 ,SPANI% IMMIGRANTS W]E TREAT$ AS VIRTUAL SLAVES BY !IR [N C\NTRYM51 & #a#f- OR #a#h-H\R WORK DAYS1 SEV5 DAYS A WEEK1 W]E TYPICAL4 ,ONE IMPORTANT 9DU/RY 9 :I* SU* CONDITIONS W]E COMMON WAS TOBACCO1 9 :I* NOT ONLY WAS ! WORK UNHEAL?Y & ! PAY L[1 BUT ! LONG WORK H\RS W]E FILL$ ) MONOTONY 9 UNSAFE WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,SO1 ! IDEAS ?AT ! NEWLY >RIV$ ,SPANI% WORK]S BR\*ISM4 ,! ,FR5* ?9K] HAD DISCIPLES AMONG ! PROGRESSIVE WORK]S & >TISANS ON ! ISL&1 & ESPECIALLY AMONG ?OSE 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY -- ! FIR/ 9 :I* SOME SORT ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS DEVELOP$ AMONG ,CUBAN WORK]S4 ,9 #a#h#e#g1 ! FIR/ ,PR\DHONIAN MUTUALI/ SOCIETY WAS F\ND$ 9 ,CUBA1 ) ! 9T5TION ( CREAT+ A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION FREE ( /ATE & DOM9ATOR-CLASS 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ /EP T[>D ! CREATION ( A CIVIL SOCIETY )9 ! ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT1 EV5 ?\<1 UN=TUNATELY1 AS ! ,SPANI% HI/ORIAN ,CASANOVAS ,COD9A NOTES1 ! >TISANS ASSOCIATIONS F\ND$ AT ?IS TIME W]E 0RACIALLY SEGREGAT$ & RE/RICT$ TO >TISANS FROM ! SAME NEIBAJAL & ,EL ,FIG>O TOBACCO WORKS 9 ,HAVANA4 ,! #d WORK]S TAK+ P>T W]E DEM&+ AN 9CREASE 9 !IR DAILY WAGES1 & ! [N]S ( BO? FACTORIES ACC$$ TO !IR DEM&S4 ,AT AB\T ?IS TIME ! Y\NG ,A/URIAN1 ,SATURN9O ,M>T9EZ1 >RIV$ 9 ,CUBA & W5T TO WORK 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY4 ,HE QUICKLY BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! TOBACCO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & BY ! 5D ( #ahfe HAD F\ND$ ! FIR/ WORK]S' WEEKLY PAP] 9 ,HAVANA1 ,LA ,AURORA1 9 :I* HE \TL9$ SOME ( ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS1 :I* ! ME*ANICAL 5G9E]1 ,JOSE DE ,JESUS ,M>QUEZ1 HAD 9TRODUC$ TO HIM4 ,IT WAS 9 ,LA ,AURORA1 NOT CO9CID5TALLY1 ?AT ,M>QUEZ PROPOS$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBA ! IDEA ( COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES4 ,M>T9EZ1 AL?\< 9FLU5C$ BY ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS ( F$]ATION & MUTUAL AID1 WAS NOT AN AN>*I/1 & HIS PROPOSALS REG>D+ ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY1 :I* HE PURPORT$ TO REPRES5T1 W]E NOT REALLY REVOLUTION>Y4 ,HIS PAP]1 ,LA ,AURORA1 EV5 ?\< 9 FAVOR ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 SAW ITS PRIM>Y MISSION AS ?AT ( $UCATION1 ?AT ( HELP+ ! ,CUBAN_/,SPANI% WORK]S DEVELOP 9TELLECTUALLY4 ,LA ,AURORA DEF5D$ ! RITIDO ,RE=MI/A1 :I* 9DE$ [N$ ! PRESS ON :I* ,LA ,AURORA WAS PR9T$4 ,NONE!LESS1 ,LA ,AURORA WAS ,CUBA'S FIR/ WORK]S' NEWSPAP]1 & ,M>T9EZ TOOK ! FIR/ /EP T[>D ! PROTECTION ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS4 ,HE ALSO 9ITIAT$ ! PRACTICE ( READ+ AL\D 9 TOBACCO WORK%OPS1 A PRACTICE :I* W\LD HAVE GREAT UTILITY 9 PROPAGAT+ AN>*I/ IDEAS AMONG TOBACCO WORK]S 9 YE>S TO COME4 ,LET !RE BE NO D\BT AB\T IT3 9 ! P]IOD BE=E ! ,T5 ,YE>S ,W> = 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,SPA9 7#a#h#f#h-#a#h#g#h71 ! F\NDATION ( ! FIR/ FREE SOCIETIES & ASSOCIATIONS ( TOBACCO WORK]S1 TYPOGRAPH]S1 C>P5T]S1 DAY LABOR]S & >TISANS LAY 9 ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS & !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ,CUBA4 ,! C\NTRY & ITS WORK]S' MOVEM5T [E ! CREATION ( ! FIR/ REGIONAL C5T]S1 SECUL> S*OOLS1 CL9ICS1 & WORK]S' MUTUAL AID ASSOCIATIONS -- AT ! V]Y LEA/ -- TO ! ,FR5* AN>*I/4 ,! ,T5 ,YE>S ,W> W\LD HALT ?IS IMPULSE T[>D SOCIAL EMANCIPATION ( ! MO/ OPPRESS$ CLASSES1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT W\LD RU9 ! CREOLE SUG> B>ONS2 & EV5TUALLY ?IS W> W\LD 5D 9 ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ,CUBA4 ,?OSE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,T5 ,YE>S ,W> -- ! FIR/ ,CUBAN 9SURRECTION = 9DEP5D5CE -- 9CLUD$ TOBACCO WORK]S & SURVIVORS ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE :O HAD ESCAP$ ,FRANCE1 BR++ ) !M MORE ( ,PR\DHON'S 9FLU5CE4 ,AMONG ! LEAD]S ( ! ,CUBAN 9SURG5TS AT ?IS TIME1 ONE F9DS ,SALVADOR ,CISN]OS ,BETANC\RT & ,VIC5TE ,G>CIA1 :O EMBRAC$ ! ,PR\DHONIAN CONCEPTS ( F$]ALISM & DEC5TRALIZATION4 ,BUT ! FIR/ OP5LY AN>*I/ PRES5CE 9 ,CUBA CANNOT BE DISC]N$ UNTIL ! #a#h#hS1 :5 ,J4,C4 ,CAMPOS1 A ,CUBAN TYPOGRAPH] :O HAD TAK5 REFUGE 9 ,NEW ,YORK DUR+ ! ,T5 ,YE>S ,W>1 9ITIAT$ CONTACT BETWE5 ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% AN>*I/S UPON HIS RETURN TO ,HAVANA4 ,! PR(USION ( LIB]T>IAN PROPAG&A 9 ! =M ( PAMPHLETS & NEWSPAP]S ?AT >RIV$ REGUL>LY & CL&E/9ELY FROM ,B>CELONA1 ALONG ) ! MIGRATION ( ,SPANI% WORK]S TO ,CUBA1 RE9=C$ ! TRANSMISSION ( !SE NEW IDEAS4 ,AS A RESULT1 A NEW WAVE ( REVOLUTION>Y1 SOCIALI/ ,CUBAN WORK]S PROCE$$ TO 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 ! ,ALIANZA ,REVOLUCION>IA ,SOCIALI/A 7,>,S74 ,IT WAS 9 !SE YE>S1 ! #a#h#hS1 ?AT AN>*I/ ?\Y :O ELABORAT$ ON ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS4 ,! DIVISIONS BETWE5 ABSOLUTI/ M>XI/ SOCIALISM & REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ SOCIALISM HAD ALREADY BE5 DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! CONGRESSES ( ,! ,HAGUE & ,/4 ,IMI]1 AS WELL AS ) ! F\ND+ ( ! ,>,S 9 #a#h#g#c1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,ALLIANCE 9 ! SAME YE>4 ,IDEOLOGICALLY1 ! WELL KN[N ,DECL>ATION ( ,PR9CIPLES ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,ALLIANCE1 $IT$ BY ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF1 HAD E/ABLI%$ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM ESP\S$ BY ,M>X1 & ! LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ESP\S$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y CONCEPTS ( ,BAKUN9 W]E ADOPT$ BY ! ,F$]ACION ,REGIONAL ,ESPANOLA 7,F,R,E7 9 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,B>CELONA 9 #a#h#h#a1 & !Y HAD A DEF9ITE IMPACT ON MILITANT REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S 9 ,CUBA1 SUPPLANT+ ! MORE GRADUALI/ IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON 9 ! SYNDICALI/ 7UNION7 FIELD4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS BEGAN TO A*IEVE CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9 REG>D TO RUL+ CLASS ABUSES & BEGAN TO CLAMOR = SOCIAL R5OVATION & R$I/RIBUTION ( WEAL? & P[]4 ,9 #a#h#h#b1 ,CUBAN AN>*I/S BEGAN TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RE=MISM PREA*$ )9 WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS BY ,SATURN9O ,M>T9EZ1 N[ 9 ANO!R PHASE ( HIS LONG LIFE2 & ?IS TIME HIS WAS A RE=MISM MORE FAVORABLE TO RUL+ CLASS 9T]E/S ?AN TO ?OSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,HE BASICALLY ADVOCAT$ COLLABORATION ) CAPITALI/ 9T]E/S TO OBTA9 MILD RE=MS 9 EX*ANGE = LABOR PEACE1 AN APPROA* :I* WAS =CEFULLY REJECT$ BY ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,!IR COMBATIVE APPROA* RESONAT$ ) ,CUBA'S WORK+ CLASS1 & IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ,CUBAN AN>*ISM BEGAN TO DI/+UI% ITSELF & TO GA9 ADH]5TS4 ,ONE ( ITS LEAD+ PROPON5TS1 ,5RIQUE ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T91 ADVOCAT$ ?AT NO GUILD OR O!R WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION %\LD BE TI$ TO ! 0FEET ( CAPITAL40 ,UND] !SE WAT*WORDS1 ! ,JUNTA ,C5TRAL DE ,>TESANOS WAS F\ND$ 9 #ahhe ) ! IDEA ( ORGANIZ+ & UNIT+ ,CUBA'S WORK]S 9 F$]ATIONS4 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 7#a#h#d#c-#a#h#h#i7 WAS BORN 9 ,HAVANA & WAS )\T D\BT NOT ONLY ! MO/ P]SUASIVE & D$ICAT$ AN>*I/ ( HIS TIME1 BUT PROBABLY ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL & RESPECT$ AN>*I/ 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY4 ,?IS *>ISMATIC P]SONALITY WAS A ?9K] & AU?OR :OSE WRIT+S FIR/ APPE>$ 9 #ahhc 9 ,EL ,OBR]O 70,! ,WORK]071 ! FIR/ ,CUBAN PAP] TO ESP\SE A SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ POSITION TO ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,HE NEXT WROTE = ,EL ,BOLET9 DEL ,GREMIO DE ,OBR]OS 70,WORK]S' ,GUILD ,BULLET907 9 #a#h#h#d-#a#h#h#e1 :I* WAS DIRECT$ T[>D TOBACCO WORK]S4 ,& 9 #ahhg HE F\ND$ ! 9FLU5TIAL ,HAVANA PAP]1 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR 70,! ,PRODUC]071 :OSE FIR/ ISSUE APPE>$ ON ,JULY #a#b4 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR QUICKLY BECAME 0MU/ READ+0 AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,HAVANA1 & BY #ahhh WAS PUBLI%+ TWICE P] WEEK4 ,9 ADDITION TO ,SAN ,M>T91 O!R PROM95T ,CUBAN AN>*I/S WORK$ ON ! PAP]2 !SE 9CLUD$ ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI]1 ,MANUEL ,FU5TES1 & ,5RIQUE ,CRECI4 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR HAD 9FLU5CE BEYOND ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY1 & 9 FACT REPRES5T$ ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE2 IT WAS ! FIR/ ,CUBAN PAP] TO \TL9E ! IDEA ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 & IT (F]$ ,CUBA'S WORK]S AN>*ISM AS A CLE> ALT]NATIVE TO ,SPANI% COLONIALISM & CAPITALISM4 ,ALH\< BAS$ 9 ,HAVANA1 ! PAP] HAD CORRESPOND5TS 9 ,SANTIAGO DE LAS ,VEGAS1 ,GUANABACOA1 ,TAMPA1 & ,KEY ,WE/4 ,! MAT]IAL IT PUBLI%$ 9CLUD$ LOCALLY WRITT5 PIECES1 LETT]S TO ! $ITOR1 & TRANSLATIONS ( >TICLES FROM ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ PAP]S1 SU* AS ,LE ,REVOLTE1 $IT$ BY ! AN>*I/ WRIT]_/GEOGRAPH] ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 9 ,P>IS1 & ,LA ,ACRACIA 7SOME:AT LOOSELY1 0,! ,PLACE ,)\T ,RULE.07 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR WAS F9ANC$ AT LEA/ 9 P>T BY ! BAK] ,RAFAEL ,G>CIA1 :OM ! ,CUBAN HI/ORIAN ,RIV]O ,MUNIZ CALLS 0A F]V5T P>TISAN ( ! AN>*I/ IDEAL40 ,! PAP] WAS CIRCULAT$ )9 TOBACCO FACTORIES1 9 O!R 9DU/RIAL WORK PLACES BY ! WORK]S 9 ?OSE 9DU/RIES1 & BY ?OSE :O PRODUC$ IT4 ,! /RIKES ?AT %OOK ! ,CUBAN TOBACCO 9DU/RY AT ! 5D ( ! DECADE W]E ALL ORGANIZ$ BY AN>*I/S1 & W]E 9SPIR$ BY ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 0! WEEKLY CONSECRAT$ TO ! DEF5SE ( WORK+ CLASS SOCIOECONOMIC 9T]E/S40 ,! /RIKE ACTIONS & ! PRODUCTION ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR W]E BACK$ BY A COMMITTEE 9 :I* MANY WORK]S 9FLU5C$ BY ! IDEAS ( ! ,>,S P>TICIPAT$4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ ,P$RO ,M]9O1 ,FRANCISCO ,DOM5E*1 ,G]VASIO ,G>CIA ,PURON1 ,$U>DO ,GONZALEZ ,BOVES1 ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI] & ,5RIQUE ,CRECI4 ,ALL ( !SE W]E TOBACCO WORK]S FROM V>I\S LABOR ASSOCIATIONS BAS$ 9 ,HAVANA4 ,9 ORD] TO FACILITATE & COORD9ATE ! EF=TS ( ! V>I\S WORK]S' GR\PS & ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ) AN>*I/ ROOTS WAS CREAT$ -- ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A 7,WORK]S' ,ALLIANCE74 ,?IS ,ALLIANCE1 COMPOS$ L>GELY ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ WORK]S1 PROVID$ ! FIR/ TE/ ( ! ADVOCACY ( AN EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ PROGRAM AMONG ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #a1 #a#h#h#g1 FOLL[+ ! F\NDATION ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 & ) ! SUPPORT ( ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 9 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 ! FIR/ ,CONGRESO ,OBR]O DE ,CUBA WAS CELEBRAT$ 9 ,HAVANA1 SPONSOR$ BY ANO!R REC5TLY CREAT$ WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 ,LA ,F$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA 7,F,T,C -- ,F$]ATION ( ,CUBAN ,WORK]S71 :I* %>$ ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ORI5TATION ( ! ,ALLIANCE4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ ASSEMBLY ( WORK]S 9 ,CUBA 9 A =M DESIGN$ TO 5DUR+LY PURSUE !IR SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS4 ,A MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,F,T,C W]E TOBACCO WORK]S 7?AT IS WORK]S 9 ,CUBA'S SECOND L>GE/ 9DU/RY71 AL?\< MEMB]S ( MANY O!R TRADES P>TICIPAT$ -- TAILORS1 DRIV]S1 BAK]S1 B>REL MAK]S1 & /EV$ORES AMONG !M4 ,! ,CONGRESS ISSU$ A SIX-PO9T 0DICTUM03 OPPOSITION TO 0ALL VE/IGES ( AU?ORITY0 9 WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS2 UNITY AMONG WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ?R\< A 0F$]ATIVE PACT0 ALONG ! L9ES ( ! ,F,R,E2 COMPLETE FRE$OM ( ACTION AMONG ALL COOP]AT+ GR\PS2 MUTUAL COOP]ATION2 SOLID>ITY AMONG ALL GR\PS2 & ! PROHIBITION )9 ! F$]ATION ( ALL POLITICAL & RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES 7:I* 9 ! COM+ YE>S W\LD BE ! MO/-DISCUSS$ PO9T74 ,! 0DICTUM0 5D$ BY EXPRESS+ 0! PR9CIPLES ( EMANCIPATION 444 .<&.> CONFRAT]NITY 444 ( ALL PRODUC]S :O PEOPLE ! ,E>?40 ,N[ MORE C]TA9 ( AN ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD BACK !M1 ! TOBACCO GUILD WORK]S CALL$ MORE /RIKES 9 ,HAVANA4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#h#g1 UND] ! PROTECTIVE UMBRELLA ( ! ,F$]ATION1 ! ,ALLIANCE1 & ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 !Y CALL$ ?REE /RIKES AS A RESULT ( LABOR GRIEVANCES4 ,! FIR/ /RIKE WAS CALL$ AT ! ,LA ,BEL9DA FACTORY2 ! SECOND WAS CALL$ AT ! ,H4 ,HUPMANN FACTORY1 AS A RESULT ( A WORK] BE+ DIS*>G$ )\T GOOD REASON & PLAC$ ON AN EMPLOY]S' BLACKLI/2 & ! ?IRD WAS CALL$ AT ! ,LA ,9TIMIDAD 7,! ,9TIMACY7 FACTORY4 ,?IS LA/ /RIKE LA/$ ?R\< MO/ ( ,NOVEMB]1 & ACCORD+ TO ,ROIG 9 A ,NOVEMB] #bd >TICLE 9 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR TITL$ 0,WE ,WILL ,RECTIFY .<,?+S.>10 ! ISSUES W]E 0APP>5TLY0 RESOLV$4 ,9 ,JULY #a#h#h#h1 ! TOBACCO WORK]S CALL$ ANO!R /RIKE AT ! ,H5RY ,CLAY TOBACCO FACTORY 9 ,HAVANA4 ,! /RIKE HAD BE5 PROVOK$ BY ! FACTORY'S [N]1 ,FRANCISCO ,GONZALEZ1 :O WAS PRESID5T ( ! P[]FUL ,UNION DE ,FABRICANTES 7,MANUFACTUR]S' ,UNION71 :I* WAS AN ASSOCIATION ( TOBACCO 9DU/RY [N]S4 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 WAS P]SONALLY 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS /RIKE1 & IT QUICKLY SPREAD TO O!R ,HAVANA TOBACCO FACTORIES4 ,:5 IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT ! TOBACCO WORK]S W]E 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! /RIK]S1 ! [N]S RESORT$ TO AN 9DU/RY-WIDE LOCK\T4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 /AT$ 9 AN $ITORIAL ON ,SEPTEMB] #ac ?AT RA!R ?AN AB&ON ! /RIKE1 \T-(-WORK /RIK]S %\LD EMIGRATE TO ,TAMPA1 ,KEY ,WE/1 OR ,M]IDA 7ON ! ,YUCATAN ,P59SULA74 ,?IS WAS A DANG]\S C\RSE1 BUT ) IT ,ROIG 9DICAT$ ?AT ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS C\LD N[ DEFY BO? ! ,CUBAN CAPITALI/S & ! ,SPANI% COLONIAL AU?ORITIES4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES -- ANO!R AN>*I/-ORI5T$ WORK]S' ORGANIZATION1 F\ND$ 9 ,HAVANA 9 #ahhe & ) A L>GE HEADQU>T]S ?AT CONTA9$ ! (FICES ( MANY WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS AS WELL AS A SECUL> S*OOL = #e POOR *ILDR5 -- MET ON ,SEPTEMB] #bf & AGRE$ TO BEG9 COLLECT+ DONATIONS TO SUPPORT ! WORK]S \T 9 ! /REETS BECAUSE ( ! /RIKES_/LOCK\T4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,AM]ICAN HI/ORIAN ,G]ALD ,A4 ,POYO1 !Y ALSO S5T ?REE ( !IR COMRADES1 ,F]N&O ,ROYO1 ,$U>DO ,GONZALEZ ,BOVES1 & ,ISIDRO ,GRAU TO ,KEY ,WE/ TO SOLICIT AID FROM ! TOBACCO WORK]S !RE4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ! ,OCTOB] #ah ISSUE ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 ANN\NC$ ?AT 0! .<,MANUFACTUR]S' ,UNION.> 444 HAS DECID$ TO 5T] 9TO NEGOTIATIONS ) ! FACTORY . COMMISSIONS 444 .<& ?AT 9 ?IS MANN] ?+S WILL BE.> RESOLV$ 9 MORE ?AN #a FACTORIES40 ,!SE NEGOTIATIONS RESULT$ 9 AN AGREEM5T ?AT WAS A VICTORY = ! TOBACCO WORK]S4 ,! ORGANIZ+ EF=TS AMONG TOBACCO WORK]S W]E NOT1 H[EV]1 CONF9$ TO ,HAVANA4 ,! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A WAS ALSO WELL RECEIV$ 9 ! ,U4,S4 C5T]S ( ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY1 ,KEY ,WE/ & ,TAMPA4 ,9 #a#h#h#g1 WORK]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ ORGANIZ$ ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE ,TABAQU]OS1 :I* REPLAC$ A PREVI\S RE=MI/ ASSOCIATION KN[N AS ! ,UNION1 & :I* EMBRAC$ ALMO/ ALL ( ! TOBACCO WORK]S ( ! CITY4 ,! ORGANIZ]S W]E TWO \T/&+ AN>*I/S1 ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI] & ,5RIQUE ,CRECI1 :O TOGE!R ) ,5RIQUE ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 CON/ITUT$ ! AN>*I/ TRIO CALL$ 0! ?REE ,5RIQUES40 ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 WAS WIDELY READ AMONG ,CUBAN WORK]S1 & HIS WRIT+S HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON ! SO-CALL$ ,CUBAN SOCIAL QUE/ION2 ,MESSONI] WAS AN \T/&+ ORATOR & ORGANIZ]2 & ,CRECI WAS A MAN ( ACTION 9 ADDITION TO BE+ A WRIT] ( SOME TAL5T :O GRAPPL$ ) ! PROBLEMS ( LABOR & ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ,TAMPA AS 9 ,KEY ,WE/1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RY WAS ! PRODUCTION ( TOBACCO & CIG>ETTES1 & ! LABOR ORGANIZATION REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( AN>*I/S :O HAD >RIV$ FROM ,CUBA1 OR :O TRAVEL$ BACK & =? BETWE5 ! TWO L&S4 ,SOME ( ! \T/&+ MILITANT WORK]S ( ?IS P]IOD W]E ,C>LOS ,BAL9O1 ,SEGURA1 ,LEAL1 ,PALOM9O & ,RAMON ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 ALL ( :OM HELD AN>*I/ BELIEFS4 ,9 #a#h#h#i1 ! WORK]S CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,KEY ,WE/1 ?IS TIME ) ! SUPPORT ( ,HAVANA'S WORK]S4 ,! EMIGRATION ( WORK]S FROM ,HAVANA DUR+ ! PREVI\S YE>'S /RIKE1 ! VOYAGES BETWE5 ,CUBA & ! ,U4,S4 BY AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S SU* AS ,CRECI1 ,MESSONI]1 & ,GONZALEZ ,BOVES1 ! PRES5CE ( AN>*I/ WORK]S SU* AS ,PALOM9O & ,GUILL]MO ,SORONDO 9 ,KEY ,WE/ & ,TAMPA1 & ! READ+ ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR 9 ! TOBACCO WORK%OPS HAD CREAT$ AMONG ! TOBACCO WORK]S A CONSCI\SNESS FAVORABLE TO ! IDEAS ADVANC$ BY ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T94 ,DUR+ ALL ( #ahhi M9OR /RIKES HAD BROK5 \T 9 V>I\S TOBACCO WORKPLACES 9 ! ,U4,S41 [+ TO ABUSES BY ! [N]S & SAL>Y DEM&S BY ! WORK]S4 ,?IS LABOR UNRE/ WAS APPRECIAT$ 9 ! ,HAVANA TOBACCO FACTORIES1 & !RE WAS A FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY ON BO? SIDES ( ! ,/RAITS ( ,FLORIDA1 ?ANKS AT LEA/ 9 P>T TO ,LA ,ALIANZA4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! YE>1 T5SION WAS NOTICEABLE 9 WORK]-[N] RELATIONS 9 ,FLORIDA1 & /RIKES HAD BROK5 \T 9 ,TAMPA & ,YBOR ,CITY4 ,!SE PRESAG$ ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,KEY ,WE/4 ,! WORK]S !RE HAD ALREADY F\ND$ ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE ,TABAQU]OS DE ,CAYO ,HUESO1 & ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O J\RNEY$ TO ,HAVANA TO 9=M ,LA ,ALIANZA AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( A /RIKE 9 ,KEY ,WE/4 ,SO1 :5 ! G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T !RE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#h#i1 ! TOBACCO WORK]S W]E WELL PREP>$4 ,! CAUSES ( ! /RIKE W]E WORK+ CONDITIONS1 SAL>Y DEM&S1 &1 9 G5]AL1 ! 5ORM\S DIFF]5CES 9 LIV+ CONDITIONS BETWE5 ?OSE :O [N$ ! FACTORIES & ?OSE :O WORK$ 9 !M4 ,KEY ,WE/ WAS 5TIRELY DEP5D5T UPON ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY1 & ! /RIKE CALL$ BY ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL ) ! SUPPORT ( ,LA ,ALIANZA P>ALYZ$ ! CITY4 ,! ,CUBAN SEP>ATI/S 7?AT IS1 ?OSE FAVOR+ NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE7 EXIL$ 9 ,KEY ,WE/ UND]/OOD ! DANG] TO !IR CAUSE POS$ BY ! AN>*I/S & !IR /RIKE1 & CAME \T ON ! SIDE ( ! [N]S4 ,?IS DID NO?+ TO ADD TO !IR POPUL>ITY4 ,!Y FALSELY ACCUS$ ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S ( ! /RIKE ( BE+ 9 ! S]VICE ( ,SPA91 & !Y UNLEA%$ VIOL5T /RIKE-BREAK]S AGA9/ ! /RIK+ WORK]S4 ,CRECI & ,MESSONI] W]E ?REAT5$1 DETA9$1 & F9ALLY EXPELL$ FROM ,KEY ,WE/ BY ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES1 :O W]E AT ! S]VICE ( ! FACTORY [N]S4 ,= !IR P>T1 A NUMB] ( \T-(-WORK /RIK]S ASK$ = TRANSPORT TO ,HAVANA1 ?US EMPLOY+ ! MIRROR IMAGE ( ! TACTIC EMPLOY$ 9 ! PREVI\S YE>'S /RIKE4 ,! ,SPANI% COLONIAL AU?ORITIES V]Y OPPORTUNI/ICALLY DECID$ TO 0PROTECT ! 9T]E/ ( . SUBJECTS0 & FACILITAT$ ! EXODUS ( WORK]S FROM ,KEY ,WE/ TO ,HAVANA4 7,?IS WAS OPPORTUNI/IC 9 ?AT ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T WAS F9ANC$ L>GELY BY ,CUBAN BUS9ESS [N]S 9 ,FLORIDA1 & BY HELP+ ! /RIK]S ! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES W]E DEAL+ AN ECONOMIC BL[ TO ! 0SEP>ATI/AS407 ,F9ALLY1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#i1 DESPITE ! [N]S' USE ( /RIKE-BREAK]S & VIOL5CE1 & ! EXPULSION ( /RIKE LEAD]S1 ! /RIKE 5D$ ) A TRIUMPH = ,FLORIDA'S TOBACCO WORK]S4 ,! [N]S CAME TO AN ACCORD ) ! /RIKE COMMITTEE & ACC$$ TO DEM&S = A PAY 9CREASE4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ALL ?IS1 ! PREMATURE DEA? ( ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 ON ,AUGU/ #b#i1 #ahhi AT AGE #df FROM A DIABETIC COMA A FEW DAYS AFT] BE+ FRE$ FROM JAIL BY ! ,SPANI% COLONIAL GOV]NM5T1 WAS A H>D BL[ TO ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,HE WAS M\RN$ BY WORK]S ?R\<\T ,CUBA AS WELL AS ?OSE 9 ,TAMPA1 ,KEY ,WE/1 ,M]IDA1 & ,NEW ,ORLEANS1 & ACCORD+ TO ! DAILY PAP] ,LA ,LU*A 70,! ,/RUGGLE07 MORE ?AN #a1 PEOPLE ATT5D$ HIS FUN]AL RITES4 ,?\S&S ( FLORAL WREA?S W]E PLAC$ UPON HIS TOMB1 & ,EL ,PRODUCTOR D$ICAT$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y ISSUE TO HIM ON ,SEPTEMB] #e?1 9 :I* ,ROIG'S CLOSE/ COMRADES & COLLABORATORS PAID TRIBUTE TO HIM4 ,9 HIS [N WORDS1 ,ROIG HAD ALWAYS CONSID]$ HIMSELF 0A PRECURSOR0 :O KNEW ?AT HE W\LD NEV] RECEIVE 0MAT]IAL RECOMP5SE = . LABORS10 BUT :O WAS CONFID5T ?AT HIS SUCCESSORS W\LD A*IEVE HIS GOALS 0?R\< ! UN9T]RUPT$ TRANSMISSION ( \R .*I/.> DOCTR9ES40 ,ROIG HAD LITTLE PEACE DUR+ HIS FEW YE>S ( NOTORIETY4 ,HIS DEF5SE ( ! WORK]S1 HIS SOCIAL OP9IONS1 & HIS ECONOMIC CONCEPTS CAUS$ HIM TO COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ALMO/ EV]YONE4 ,EL ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL ,AUTONOMI/A 7,P,L,A71 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO GA9 RECRUITS 9 ,CUBA'S LABOR MOVEM5T1 SUFF]$ ! ATTACKS ( ,ROIG2 & HIS /++ D5UNCIATIONS ( CREOLE AUTONOMISM W]E FAM\S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ,ROIG1 ,SPANI% COLONIALISM WAS ! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( ! ABUSE & IGNORANCE ( ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE1 & HE REFUS$ TO /IFLE HIS ATTACKS ON ! COLONIAL GOV]NM5T1 AN ACTIVITY = :I* HE 5D$ UP 9 JAIL4 ,! SPECIFIC CAUSE WAS AN 9C5DI>Y >TICLE 9 ,EL ,PRODUCTOR TITL$ 0,O PAN O PLOMO0 70,EI!R ,BREAD OR ,LEAD074 ,AS REG>DS NATIONAL SEP>ATISM1 ) :I* ONE W\LD LOGICALLY ?9K ?AT HE HAD AN AFF9ITY -- AT LEA/ 9 ! POLITICAL IF NOT ! SOCIAL SPH]E -- ,ROIG WAS BITT]LY OPPOS$ TO IT1 & HAD LITTLE REG>D = ! REPUBLICAN IDEAL4 ,HE DECL>$ ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE DESIRABLE IF A ,CUBAN WORK]S' SOCIETY W]E TO FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN REPUBLICS & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* HE S>CA/ICALLY T]M$ 0! MODEL REPUBLIC02 HE BELIEV$ ?AT E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,CUBAN REPUBLIC W\LD ONLY CONT9UE ! P]SECUTION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BEGUN UND] ,SPANI% RULE4 ,! CLA% BETWE5 ,ROIG'S AN>*I/ IDEAS & HIS OPPOSITION TO SEP>ATISM ON ! ONE H&1 & ! SEP>ATI/ IDEAS & ANTAGONISM T[>D AN>*ISM ( MANY SEP>ATI/ LEAD]S ON ! O!R1 DIVID$ ,CUBA 9TO TWO SOCIOPOLITICO SPH]ES & WEAK5$ BO? 9 RELATION TO ,SPA94 ,! M>XI/ WRIT]S ( \R DAY ATTRIBUTE TO ,ROIG ! CRIME ( LACK+ SYMPA?Y = ! SEP>ATI/ CAUSE1 & AT ! SAME TIME ATTEMPT TO LOCATE HIM 9 !IR IDEOLOGICAL 5T\RAGE1 DECL>+ 9 ALL S]I\SNESS ?AT HE WAS 09 TRANSITION T[>D M>XISM40 ,WE CAN UND]/& :AT ?IS 0TRANSITION0 WAS :5 WE REALIZE ?AT IT CONSI/$ ONLY ( ,ROIG'S HAV+ READ & CIT$ ,M>X2 LIKE ANY O!R AN>*I/ ( HIS TIME 7,BAKUN91 ,RECLUS1 ,CAFI]O1 ET AL471 HE W\LD HAVE FELT OBLIGAT$ TO BE 9=M$ AB\T EV]Y?+ RELAT+ TO SOCIALISM4 ,ROIG IS ALSO ACCUS$ BY M>XI/ SECT>IANS ( 0NATIONAL NIHILISM0 & 0APOLITICISM0 AMONG O!R H]ESIES1 IGNOR+ ! MANY CONTRIBUTIONS HE MADE3 TIRELESSLY ORGANIZ+ & ADVOCAT+ WORK]S' /RUGGLES1 G5]AL /RIKES1 BOYCOTTS1 ETC41 9 BO? ,HAVANA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 DEF5SE ( ! MO/ HUMBLE SECTORS ( ! WORK+ CLASS AT ! CLOSE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,?IS IS AN \TRIXI/ T5D5CY TO REWRITE HI/ORY UND] ! COV] ( NATIONALISM4 ,! ACTIONS ( O!R ,CUBAN AN>*I/S ( ! TIME W]E ALSO CONSI/5T ) ! IDEAS !Y HELD3 !Y ADVOCAT$ & PRACTIC$ KEEP+ ! ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T UN9VOLV$ 9 ELECTORAL POLITICS & GOV]NM5T PACTS1 BECAUSE !Y UND]/OOD ?AT ! LABOR MOVEM5T HAD NO?+ TO GA9 FROM REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATE1 :ATEV] !IR POLITICAL /RIPE4 ,DUR+ ?IS /AGE ( ORGANIZATION & /RUGGLE1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S & ! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES /EADILY WORS5$4 ,! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T TOL]AT$ UNION ACTIVITIES TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 & AS ! AN>*I/S HAD DECID$ NOT TO 9T]V5E 9 ! ISL&'S POLITICS & TO /AY ON ! M>G9S ( ! SEP>ATI/-COLONIAL-AUTONOMY DEBATE1 ! AU?ORITIES E/ABLI%$ A SY/EM ( 0VIGILANT TOL]ANCE40 ,! AN>*I/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS1 & ALSO ( ! *ANG+ ( MILIT>Y GOV]NORS & !IR 9T]PRETATION ( ! LAWS CONC]N+ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & ! PRESS4 ,CAPTA9S G5]AL SU* AS ,MANUEL ,SALAMANCA W]E PATI5T ) ! AN>*I/S' ACTIVITIES1 AT LEA/ 9 ! 9T]REGNUMS BETWE5 ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY MILIT>Y GOV]NORS4 ,?IS WAS ! SITUATION ON ,APRIL #b1 #a#h#i4 ,ON ?AT NIIS TO M>K ! DAY HONOR+ ! ,HAYM>KET M>TYRS4 ,?IS PROPOS$ WORK]S' COMMEMORATION W\LD CONSI/ ( 0A PUBLIC & PEACEFUL DEMON/RATION10 ! PURPOSE ( :I* WAS ?AT 0! GOV]NM5T1 ! UPP] CLASSES1 & ! PUBLIC 9 G5]AL 444 %\LD KN[ ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE40 ,!Y !N PRODUC$ A MANIFE/O MAK+ PUBLIC ?IS DECISION4 ,ON ,MAY #a1 #a#h#i1 MORE ?AN #c WORK]S M>*$ ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,HAVANA TO ! /ANZAS ( ,! ,M>SELLAISE1 CELEBRAT+ ,MAY ,DAY = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBA4 ,FOLL[+ ! M>*1 ! AN>*I/S HELD A MEET+ :]E #bc ORATORS SPOKE AT ! 0FILL$ TO OV]FL[+0 ,SKAT+ ,R+ HALL1 ATTACK+ ! SOCIAL1 MORAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 9 ,CUBA1 & DEMON/RAT+ ?AT !RE WAS N[ AN ACTIVE AN>*I/ PRES5CE )9 ! ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS PUBLIC SUCCESS1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES 9SPIR$ SEV]AL /RIKES1 & ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T BEGAN TO HEAT UP RAPIDLY4 ,! ,CIRCULO BEGAN TO 9CLUDE NOT ONLY TOBACCO WORK]S1 BUT ALSO WORK]S FROM O!R TRADES SU* AS FIREM51 C>P5T]S1 TYPOGRAPH]S1 HOTEL & RE/AURANT WORK]S1 ETC4 ,?IS IS TO SAY ?AT = ! FIR/ TIME ALMO/ ALL ( ! WORK]S ( ,HAVANA AS WELL AS WORK]S FROM SOME 9T]IOR P>TS ( ! ISL& W]E ORGANIZ$ ON A F$]ATIVE BASIS4 ,( C\RSE IT W\LD BE AN EXAGG]ATION TO CLAIM ?AT ALL ( !SE WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS W]E COMPOS$ ( AN>*I/S1 BUT IT'S BEYOND D\BT ?AT !IR LEAD+ MEMB]S & ! AGREEM5TS !Y MADE ADH]$ TO AN>*I/ IDEALS4 ,BECAUSE ( ITS WORK] ORI5TATION1 WE'RE ALSO DEAL+ H]E ) ! FIR/ /EPS T[>D :AT 9 ! YE>S TO COME W\LD BE KN[N AS AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,HAVANA AT ?IS TIME HAD A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION ( ! FIR/ RANK1 CLE>LY ! EQUAL ( ! ,F$]ACION ,REGIONAL ,ESPANOLA4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! WELL KN[N ,CUBAN HI/ORIAN1 ,MOR5O ,FRAG9ALS1 0,! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,HAVANA WAS ! MO/ DEVELOP$ & ! MO/ CLASS CONSCI\S 9 ALL ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA40 ,AT ?IS TIME1 AFT] ! MY/]I\S DEA?S ( ! ,SPANI% COMM&]1 ,G5]AL ,SALAMANCA1 & ( A TRANSITIONAL COLONIAL GOV]NOR1 ANO!R (FIC]1 ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL ,CAMILO ,G>CIA ,POLAVIEJA -- KN[N = HIS >BITR>9ESS & DESPOTIC ME?ODS -- TOOK COMM& ( ,CUBA'S COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A WAVE ( /RIKES P]SI/$1 SOCIAL WELL-BE+ CONT9U$ TO DET]IORATE1 & A DIRECTOR ( ! TOBACCO SECTION ( ! RE=MI/ ,UNION ,OBR]A1 ,M55DEZ ,>ECES1 WAS /ABB$ TO DEA?4 ,HE HAD 9SULT$ & MADE *>GES AGA9/ ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T91 RESULT+ 9 ,ROIG'S >RE/ & IMPRISONM5T4 ,M55DEZ ,>ECES WAS ALSO ?\IES ( ,M55DEZ' DEA? W]E ! ,CIRCULO AN>*I/S -- OR AT LEA/ !Y US$ HIS DEA? AS A CONV5I5T PRETEXT -- & !Y DETA9$ #aa WORK]S :O BELONG$ TO ! ,CIRCULO1 ACCUS+ !M ( ,M55DEZ' MURD]4 ,AT ! SUBSEQU5T TRIAL1 ! WORK]S PROV$ !IR 9NOC5CE & W]E ABSOLV$ ( ! CRIME4 ,NOT SATISFI$ ) ?IS V]DICT1 ,G>CIA ,POLAVIEJA1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#i1 ORD]$ ! %UTD[N ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 BR++ AN 5D TO ! SECOND /AGE ( ?IS ,HAVANA AN>*I/ P]IODICAL4 ,! REPRESSION FROM ! 0,*RI/IAN ,G5]AL0 9T5SIFI$1 & %ORTLY AFT] ! CLOS+ ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 HE ALSO ORD]$ ! %UTD[N ( ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A1 & PROHIBIT$ ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,!SE P]SECUTIONS ON ! P>T ( ! ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL1 P]HAPS MADE BECAUSE HE HAD LITTLE SYMPA?Y = AN>*I/S1 P]HAPS BECAUSE ( ORD]S FROM ! ,OV]SEAS ,M9I/RY 9 ,MADRID1 DIDN'T 9TIMIDATE ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S1 :O QUICKLY SUBM]G$ !MSELVES 9 CL&E/9E ACTIVITIES4 ,= !IR P>T1 ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% CAPITALI/S -- MANUFACTUR]S1 9DU/RIALI/S1 & M]*ANTS -- W]E 5RI*$ MORE & MORE EV]Y DAY BY ! SWEAT ( ,CUBAN WORK]S1 :O W]E TREAT$ ALMO/ AS BADLY AS ! BLACK SLAVES ( OLD4 ,!SE CREOLE & ,SPANI% CAPITALI/S FE>$ WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,ALIANZA ,OBR]A1 & HAT$ ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S ) A PASSION4 ,!Y US$ !IR 9FLU5CE TO CREATE RE=MI/ WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 & TO PRESSURE ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID TO REPRESS ! ACTIVITIES ( REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,CUBA1 ! SAME AS 9 ,SPA94 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 & ) A GOOD DOSE ( SECRECY DUR+ ! CELEBRATION ( ,MAY ,DAY 9 #a#h#i#a1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S AGRE$ TO CONV5E A CONGRESS 9 E>LY #a#h#i#b1 :I* MET 9 ,JANU>Y AFT] ,G>CIA ,POLAVIEJA WAS NO LONG] ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL1 & ! AU?ORITIES W]E %[+ A MORE TOL]ANT ATTITUDE T[>D ! AN>*I/S4 ,! ,CONGRESO ,REGIONAL ,CUBANO MET FROM ,JANU>Y #ae TO ,JANU>Y #a#i1 #a#h#i#b1 & WAS MET ) JUBILATION4 ,IT DIDN'T USE ! WORD 0NATIONAL10 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ,CUBA WAS /ILL CONSID]$ A REGION ( ,SPA91 BUT ALSO BECAUSE AN>*I/S HAD BY ?IS TIME REPUDIAT$ ! CONCEPT ( NATIONALISM4 ,SEV5TY-F\R WORK]S MET 9 ?IS ASSEMBLY2 IT 9CLUD$ DELEGATES FROM ALL ( ! WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS & TRADES ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,CUBA4 ,! ,CONGRESS'S ACCORDS -- AFT] PASSIONATE DISCUSSION -- 9CLUD$ ! WORDS1 0! WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT EMANCIPATE ITSELF UNTIL IT EMBRACES ! IDEAS ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM10 :I* 9 !SE YE>S MEANT ! IDEAS ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,CONGRESS ALSO DECL>$ ?AT ITS MEMB]S FELT !MSELVES 0TI$ TO ALL ! OPPRESS$ ( ! ,E>?0 & 9 0SYMPA?Y 444 ) EV]Y /EP T[>D LIB]TY40 ,F9ALLY1 9 REF]5CE TO ! LAT5T POLITICAL PROBLEM EXI/+ AMONG ! ISL&'S ADVOCATES ( 9TEGRATION ) ,SPA91 AUTONOMY1 OR 9DEP5D5CE1 ! SECOND CLAUSE ( ! ,CONGRESS'S MANIFE/O /ATES3 ,! WORK+ MASSES ( ,CUBA WILL NOT & CAN NOT COME TO BE AN OB/ACLE TO ! TRIUMPH ( ! PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS = EMANCIPATION1 BECAUSE IT W\LD BE ABSURD ?AT A P]SON :O ASPIRES TO 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY W\LD OPPOSE ! COLLECTIVE LIB]TY ( A PEOPLE1 EV5 ?\< ! COLLECTIVE LIB]TY DESIR$ IS ?AT ( EMANCIPATION FROM ! TUTELAGE ( ANO!R PEOPLE4 ,IT'S NECESS>Y TO NOTE ?AT 9 ?IS P>AGRAPH1 :I* IS )\T D\BT ! KEY TO ! FUTURE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S & SEP>ATI/S1 ! AN>*I/S E/ABLI%$ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SOCIAL LIB]TY & POLITICAL EMANCIPATION4 ,LIB]ATION FROM =EIGN RULE HAD BE5 CONTEMPLAT$ BY ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS S9CE ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 & W\LD /ILL BE SOME DECADES 9 COM+4 ,9DEP5D5CE ADVOCATES HAD MADE :AT WAS EFFECTIVELY ! UNILAT]AL DECISION TO PUT BREAK+ ) ,SPA9 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 PUTT+ 9TO ! 5T]PRISE !IR WILL1 P[]1 RI*ES1 FAMILIES1 & EV5 LIFE ITSELF 9 ORD] TO CREATE A ,CUBAN REPUBLIC4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 = !IR P>T1 UND]/OOD ?AT SOCIAL LIB]TY WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! REPUBLIC PROPOS$ BY ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 & ?AT A REPUBLIC W\LD BR+ LITTLE OR NO B5EFIT TO ! WORK]S1 AS ,ROIG HAD >GU$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 ! #ahib ,CONGRESS ! AN>*I/S DECL>$ ?AT !Y C\LDN'T OPPOSE ! 9DEP5D5CE ASPIRATIONS ( SO MANY ,CUBANS4 ,! 9DEP5D5CE TEMPTATION HAD GA9$ MANY RECRUITS AMONG ,CUBAN WORK]S ON ! ISL&1 & ABOVE ALL 9 ! EMIGRANT 5CLAVES ( ,KEY ,WE/ & ,TAMPA4 ,! SOCIAL CONFLICTS & ! /RIKES :I* HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ! PREVI\S DECADE HAD CREAT$ A CRISIS BETWE5 ! TOBACCO-9DU/RY AN>*I/S ON ! ONE H&1 & ! FACTORY [N]S1 BOSSES1 & V>I\S CAPITALI/S ON ! O!R4 ,! MO/ NOTORI\S 9DEP5D5CE ADVOCATES HAD MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ! CAPITALI/S = SIMPLE ECONOMIC REASONS -- !IR ABILITY TO CONTRIBUTE ECONOMICALLY TO ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,9 ?IS MANN]1 ! GR\ND %IFT$4 ,N[ !RE WAS A DANG]\S SPLIT BETWE5 WORK]-ORI5T$ AN>*I/S & 9DEP5D5CE ADVOCATES TAK+ MONEY FROM TOBACCO CAPITALISM4 ,! SOCIAL QUE/ION 7I4E41 WORK]S' RIE1 & CONTROL ( WORK7 HAD BE5 DRAMATICALLY DISPLAC$ BY ! POLITICAL QUE/ION 7I4E41 ! MATT] ( :O CONTROLS ! /ATE APP>ATUS74 ,! SITUATION1 H[EV]1 BEGAN TO *ANGE RAPIDLY 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! #a#h#iS4 ,! MANIFE/O ( ! ,CONGRESS ( #ahib IS EVID5CE ?AT ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S W]E 9CL9$ TO REA* AN ACCORD ) ! SEP>ATI/S1 & ?US CEASE BE+ US$ BY ! ,SPANI>DS AS A DIVISIVE ELEM5T 9 COMBAT AGA9/ ! SEP>ATI/S4 ,?IS %IFT 9 POSITION DID NOT1 ( C\RSE1 IMPLY ! R5UNCIATION ( ! AN>*I/S' REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! SECOND CLAUSE ( ! MANIFE/O UNLEA%$ A BITT] POLEMIC AMONG ! AN>*I/S ?AT W\LD 5DURE = YE>S1 BETWE5 ?OSE :O FAVOR$ FIR/ A*IEV+ 9DEP5D5CE & !N PURSU+ AN>*I/ GOALS1 & ?OSE :O LOOK$ UPON ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T AS A WORSE-?AN-USELESS WA/E ( TIME = WORK+ PEOPLE ,! RESPONSE ( ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES TO ! ,CONGRESS ( #ahib WAS ! PROHIBITION ( FREE ASSEMBLY1 ! SEIZURE & TEMPOR>Y CLOS+ ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 ! PROHIBITION ( WORK]S' MEET+S1 & ! P]SECUTION ( ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES & ! ,JUNTA ,C5TRAL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7=M]LY ! ,JUNTA ,C5TRAL DE ,>TESANOS74 ,ALMO/ ALL ( ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,CONGRESS W]E JAIL$ & SOME W]E EXIL$1 OBLIG+ ! AN>*I/S TO RETURN TO CL&E/9E ACTIVITIES4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ! OR?ODOX M>XI/ WRIT]1 ,ALEIDA ,PLAS5CIA3 0,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#h#i#b1 ! WORK]S W]E P]SECUT$1 MORE = !IR CLASS-CONSCI\S ACTIVITIES ?AN = !IR 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVITIES40 ,?IS /ATEM5T REFLECTS ! TRUE NATURE ( ?+S AT ! TIME1 & ALSO UND]L9ES ! SURPRISE & VIOL5T REACTION ( ! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES :5 !Y REALIZ$ ! CONT5TS ( ! ,MANIFIE/O DEL ,CONGRESO DE '#i#b4 ,! ,CUBANS PREP>+ = ! 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE OP]AT$ PRIM>ILY FROM ! COA/ ( ,FLORIDA1 MA9LY FROM ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/-WORK+ CLASS FOCAL PO9TS1 :I* = YE>S H\S$ ! HI*I/S1 SEP>ATI/S1 & 5EMIES ( ,SPA9 9 G5]AL4 ,IT WAS PRECISELY 9 !SE YE>S ( ! E>LY #a#h#iS ?AT ,JOSE ,M>TI1 ! MO/ NOTABLE ,CUBAN PATRIOT ( ! TIME1 RECRUIT$ ADH]5TS TO ! IDEA ( CREAT+ UNIFI$ PRIM>Y PR9CIPLES FIR/1 & >M$ /RUGGLE LAT]1 AMONG ! DIFF]5T SEP>ATI/ GR\PS EXIL$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% WORK]S 9 ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY CONTEMPLAT$ ! ,CUBAN QUE/ION FROM A SOCIAL OR 9T]NATIONALI/ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,M>TI1 ) HIS ELOQU5T SPEE*1 DIRECT$ HIS WORDS T[>D !SE WORK]S ) ! IDEA ( MAK+ !M SEE ! SOCIAL ADVANTAGES ?AT W\LD COME ) HIS DREAM$-( REPUBLIC4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9'S FE>S ( A REPUBLIC FULL ( BLOOD%$ & HATE1 ,M>TI PROMIS$ !M A REPUBLIC FILL$ ) ! S5SE ( LIB]TY & SOCIAL JU/ICE1 0) EV]YONE 9CLUD$1 & = ! GOOD ( EV]YONE40 ,9FLU5C$ BY ! P]SUASIVE ORATORY ( ,M>TI1 ! MAJORITY ( EXIL$ AN>*I/S BEGAN TO SUPPORT ! 9DEP5D5CE CAUSE4 ,?IS WAS AFFIRM$ YE>S LAT] BY ! AN>*I/ ,P$RO ,E/EVE 9 HIS ,MEMORIA DE LA ,CONF]5CIA ,AN>QUI/A ,9T]NACIONAL3 0,\R IDEALS W]E ACCEPT$0 BY ! AN>*I/S :O PUBLICLY BACK$ ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 BUT UN=TUNATELY !Y W]E NOT REALIZ$ 9 ?IS P>TICUL> >EA4 0,9 !SE AN>*I/S ONE DISCOV]$ ?AT ! PATRIOTIC FIRE WAS NOT EXT+UI%$4 ,BEL[ ! A%ES !RE W]E HOT COALS 444 & BL[+ ON ! A%ES REVIV$ ! COALS1 TURN+ !M 9TO A DEVA/AT+ FLAME40 ,!SE WORDS ( ,E/EVE C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 MORE CORRECT2 & IT WAS PRECISELY ! ORATORY ( ,M>TI ?AT BLEW ON ! A%ES & PRODUC$ ! SEP>ATI/ CONFLAGRATION4 ,M>TI MANAG$ TO DECISIVELY 9FLU5CE MANY NOTABLE AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,CRECI1 ,MESSONI]1 ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 & ,BAL9O1 ALL ( :OM CAME TO ACCEPT HIS REVOLUTION>Y !SES4 ,! MAJORITY ( !M1 H[EV]1 CONT9U$ TO HOLD TO ! IDEAS ( POLITICAL LIB]TY & REVOLUTION>Y AN>*ISM1 ) ! EXCEPTIONS ( ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O & ,BAL9O1 :O FULLY CROSS$ OV] TO ! SIMPLE 9DEP5D5CE CAMP4 ,! SUPPORT ( !SE AN>*I/ ELEM5TS )9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY = ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T WAS IMM5SE1 AS MU* 9 ! MORAL AS ! POLITICO-ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,M>TI JUBILANTLY RECEIV$ ! ,MANIFIE/O DEL ,CONGRESO DE '#i#b1 & AT ALMO/ ! SAME TIME DECID$ TO F\ND A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SEP>ATI/ P>TY1 COMPOS$ PRIM>ILY ( TOBACCO WORK]S 9SIDE & \TSIDE ( ,CUBA1 :O W]E N[ ABLE TO RECONCILE !IR AN>*I/ & SEP>ATI/ S5TIM5TS4 ,AT ITS F\ND+ 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( #a#h#i#b1 ! ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO 7,P,R,C71 9 :I* ,M>TI S]V$ AS A DELEGATE1 WAS COMPOS$ ( AUTONOM\S1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 REVOLUTION>Y CLUBS1 ) /ATUTES & /RUCTURES EMBODY+ DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 7,! ,P,R,C WAS SIMIL> 9 MANY WAYS TO ! LAT] ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL ,MEXICANO1 F\ND$ BY ! ,MEXICAN AN>*I/ & REVOLUTION>Y1 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON47 ,?IS IS TO SAY ?AT ! ,P,R,C WAS NOT A TYPICAL ELECTORAL POLITICAL P>TY1 BUT RA!R AN OV]ALL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 A WAY TO 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! AN>*I/S :O GR\P$ TOGE!R UND] ! SEP>ATI/ BANN] W]E MA9LY 9 TWO ORGANIZATIONS1 ! FIR/ TITL$ -- ) A C]TA9 AM\NT ( IRONY -- ,CLUB ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T91 & ! SECOND TITL$ ,F]M9 ,SALVO*EA1 9 HONOR ( AN ,&ALUSIAN AN>*I/ :O WAS ADMIR$ BY ,M>TI1 & :O WAS A GREAT DEF5D]1 FROM PRISON1 ( ! ,CUBAN CAUSE4 ,9 REG>D TO ! TACTICAL ALLIANCE BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SEP>ATI/S DUR+ ! W> ( #a#h#i#e1 IT'S NECESS>Y TO CL>IFY ONE PO9T3 ,M>TI HAD SOME IDIOSYNCRATIC IDEAS AB\T AN>*ISM4 ,9 REG>D TO LABOR MATT]S1 HE CONSID]$ AN>*I/ PRECEPTS APPROPRIATE & JU/1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME HE ABHORR$ ! VIOL5CE CREAT$ BY ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 WORK]S & ! PROP]TI$ CLASS1 & HE T5D$ AS WELL TO MI/AK5LY DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 ,EUROPEAN & ,CUBAN AN>*ISM4 ,M>TI POSSESS$1 9 CONTRA/ TO MO/ ( HIS SEP>ATI/ CONTEMPOR>IES1 A /RONG SOCIAL CONSCI5CE4 ,HE DEPLOR$ CLASS DISP>ITIES & WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! FUTURE REPUBLIC W\LD BE ! IMP>TIAL SOLUTION TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 0= ! EQUITABLE B5EFIT ( ALL CLASSES10 )\T VIOL5T IMPOSITIONS FROM ANY P>TY4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! AN>*I/S 9 ,CUBA & 9 EXILE1 ALLI$ OR NOT ALLI$ TO POLITICAL SEP>ATISM1 HAD A SOCIAL AG5DA DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,M>TI4 ,) ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9'S EXAMPLE BE=E !M1 !Y ASPIR$ TO OP]ATE MORE FREELY ?AN UND] ! ,SPANI% /RAITJACKET2 & A REPUBLIC W\LD GIVE !M ?AT SPACE4 ,9 REALITY1 NEI!R SEP>ATISM1 NOR ! DEMOCRATIC VIRTUES ( ,M>TI1 NOR ! IDEAL ( A JU/ REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 W]E 9 ?OSE YE>S ! FOCUS ( ! AN>*I/S' REVOLUTION>Y AG5DA4 ,:AT !Y ASPIR$ TO & OB/9ATELY F\IAT4 0,MORE FRE$OM ( ACTION & MOVEM5T0 9 PURSUIT ( WORK]S' RITI DREAM$ ( A REPUBLIC AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF2 ! AN>*I/S REG>D$ IT ONLY AS A MEANS4 ,9 #a#h#i#c1 ACCORD+ TO ,P$RO ,E/EVE1 A 0TAME TYRANNY0 EXI/$ 9 ,CUBA1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ANO!R P]IOD ( CALM1 COLONIAL GOV]NM5T READJU/M5T4 ,! ,HAVANA AN>*I/S EVID5TLY TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS TO REGR\P & TO REOP51 9 MID ,MAY1 ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES 9 ANO!R LOCATION1 *ANG+ ITS NAME TO ! ,SOCI$AD ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,S,G,T74 ,?AT YE>1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,SPANI% HI/ORIAN1 ,CASANOVAS ,COD9A1 ! ,MAY ,DAY COMMEMORATION TOOK PLACE 09 EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS 444 ,IT WAS CELEBRAT$ ) MEET+S 9 SEV]AL CITIES & T[NS 9 ! WE/]N P>T ( ! ISL&40 ,DUR+ ! DEPRESSION ( #a#h#i#c1 ! ACTIONS ( ! 9DU/RY [N]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ PROVOK$ A V]Y CRITICAL SITUATION 9 :I* BO? ! AU?ORITIES & ?UGS 9 ! PAY ( ! [N]S C>RI$ \T VIOL5T ACTS4 ,! TOBACCO BOSSES1 ALLI$ ) ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES1 =M$ AN >M$ VIGILANTE GR\P1 ! ,KEY ,WE/ ,RIFLES1 = ! PURPOSE ( 9TIMIDAT+ ! TOBACCO WORK]S & =C+ !M TO 0OBEY ! LAW40 ,9 ?IS CONFLICT1 ! AN>*I/S & /RIK]S HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! SEP>ATI/S1 :O DELIV]$ ?AT SUPPORT AFT] OBS]V+ ! POSITION ( !IR 5EMY1 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES 9 ,CUBA TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS T5SE SITUATION 9 ,KEY ,WE/ TO WEAK5 ! NASC5T SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T 9 ?AT CITY4 ,) ! IDEA ( EXCIS+ ! AN>*I/S FROM ! SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T1 ! 9T]IM ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL1 ,JOSE ,>D]IUIS1 ATTEMPT$ TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! ,HAVANA AN>*I/S ?R\< BRIBES4 ,?IS MANEUV] FAIL$1 & BO? ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN-ORI5T$ WORK]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ CONT9U$1 AT LEA/ = ! TIME BE+1 TO BE ALLI$ ) ,JOSE ,M>TI'S ALREADY-F\ND$ ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO 7,P,R,C71 :I* TOOK ! SIDE ( ! WORK]S4 ,BUT ! UNEMPLOY$ ,CUBAN WORK]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ W]E 9 A LAM5TABLE /ATE ( MIS]Y1 & MANY ( !M RETURN$ TO ,CUBA4 ,! CONDITIONS 9 ,HAVANA W]E NO BETT] ?AN ?OSE 9 ,KEY ,WE/1 & ! WORK]S CONT9U$ TO LIVE UND] HORRIBLE CONDITIONS DESPITE !IR MOVE TO ,CUBA4 ,! SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T HAD RECEIV$ MONIES COLLECT$ FROM !SE WORK]S1 & ) !IR RETURN TO ,CUBA & ) ! ECONOMIC CRA%1 ITS F9ANCIAL P[] WAN$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,! MASSIVE UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY DIDN'T HELP ! AN>*I/S ( ! ,S,G,T 7=M]LY ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES71 :O W]E UNABLE TO DEVISE A SOLUTION TO ! DILEMMA1 & ! ,S,G,T ITSELF SUFF]$ UND] ! T]RIBLE SITUATION4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! WORDS ( ,CASANOVAS ,COD9A1 0,! >RIVAL 9 ,CUBA ( ! WORK]S 444 D\BTLESS CONTRIBUT$ 444 TO CONSCI\SNESS ( ! ,P,R,C CAMPAIGN 444 TO UN*A9 ! W> .<( 9DEP5D5CE.>40 ,?IS ECONOMIC DE/ABILIZATION HAD AS A CONSEQU5CE ! WEAK5+ ( ! SOCIAL PROCESS 9 :I* ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S WORK$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 AT ! 5D ( #ahic A /RIKE AT ! ,LA ,ROSA ,ESPANOLA TOBACCO FACTORY BROKE \T 9 ,KEY ,WE/ OV] ! CONTRACT+ ( WORK]S BR\DS TO REPLACE ?OSE WORK]S :O HAD CALL$ ! /RIKE4 ,A COMMISSION ( [N]S WAS =M$ TO J\RNEY TO ,HAVANA TO SPEAK ) ,LIEUT5ANT-,G5]AL ,CALLEJAS1 & ALSO ) 0TWO Y\NG LEAD]S ( ! ,S,G,T1 444 ,SAB9O ,MUNIZ & ,JOSE ,GONZALEZ ,AGUIRRE10 ) ! IDEA ?AT !Y W\LD RECRUIT /RIKEBREAK]S TO WORK 9 ,KEY ,WE/4 ,( C\RSE ,MUNIZ & ,GONZALEZ REFUS$ ?IS PROPOSAL4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ?\<1 /RIKE-BREAK]S W]E RECRUIT$2 BUT ! SOLID>ITY %[N BY ! AN>*I/S T[>D ! /RIK]S 9 ,KEY ,WE/ WAS MANIFE/4 ,POLITICALLY1 ! PLAN ( ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES1 9 COLLUSION ) ! TOBACCO BOSSES1 WAS TO FRACTIONALIZE ! CONT9U+ DEBATE BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SEP>ATI/S BY ADD+ ! NATIONALI/ +R$I5T1 ,CUBANS VS4 ,SPANI>DS4 ,! AN>*I/S1 :O MA9TA9$ !IR PR9CIPLES DUR+ ?IS TIME BY NOT ACCEPT+ A PACT ) ! [N]S' COMMISSION & ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES1 W]E ! LOS]S 9 ?IS AFFAIR4 ,! SEP>ATI/S1 H[EV]1 :O FAVOR$ DRAW+ A L9E BETWE5 ,CUBANS & ,SPANI>DS1 F>$ WELL4 ,9 ,KEY ,WE/1 :ILE ALL ( ?IS WAS GO+ ON1 ! /RIKE 5D$ ) A PAY 9CREASE = ! WORK]S4 ,! /RIKEBREAK]S RECEIV$ A HO/ILE RECEPTION FROM CLUB -- BE>+ SEP>ATI/S & AN>*I/S -- UNIT$ = ! FIR/ TIME 9 A SOCIAL /RUGGLE = WORK]S' RITI1 :O P]SUAD$ ! ,AM]ICAN AU?ORITIES TO PROHIBIT ! CONTRACT+ ( =EIGN WORK]S VIA ,CUBA4 ,SO :ILE ! AN>*I/S 9 ,HAVANA SUFF]$ A TEMPOR>Y SETBACK1 ?OSE 9 ,KEY ,WE/ B5EFITT$ FROM ?IS SITUATION4 ,GIV5 ! WEAKNESS ( ! ,S,G,T1 IT WAS EASY = ! AU?ORITIES TO PROHIBIT ! COMMEMORATION ( ,MAY ,DAY 9 #a#h#i#d4 ,P$RO ,E/EVE RELATES ?AT AT AB\T ?IS TIME HE VISIT$ ,HAVANA = ?REE MON?S1 DUR+ :I* TIME HE PUBLI%$ A WEEKLY ( %ORT DURATION TITL$ ,>*IVO ,SOCIAL1 & ?AT HE ALSO 9T]VIEW$ ,CRECI1 BE=E RETURN+ TO ,PAT]SON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY TO WORK AT ,EL ,DESP]T> 70,! ,AWAK5+074 ,E/EVE1 :O SAW W> COM+ TO ,CUBA1 FELT NO SYMPA?Y = ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 DESPITE HIS FRI5D%IP ) ,CRECI2 HE ?\T91 ?AT A SEP>ATI/ W> W\LD B5EFIT NO ONE1 & HE W\LD OPPOSE ! P>TICIPATION ( AN>*I/S 9 ! COM+ 9DEP5D5CE BATTLE ON EI!R SIDE-SEP>ATI/ OR COLONIAL4 ,E/EVE FAVOR$1 RA!R1 AN ATTITUDE ( APOLITICAL NEUTRALITY4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #ahie ! ,CUBAN W> ( 9DEP5D5CE 9/IGAT$ BY ,M>TI BROKE \T1 & ! AN>*I/S :O HAD RALLI$ TO HIS CAUSE F\ND !MSELVES CONV]T$ TO COMBATANTS4 ,AMONG !SE1 ,5RIQUE ,CRECI1 :O WAS LIV+ AT ! TIME 9 ,TAMPA1 /&S \T4 ,9 #ahie HE F\ND$ ! PAP] ,EL ,ESCLAVO 70,! ,SLAVE071 ADVOCAT+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,CUBA FROM ,SPA91 & DEBAT+ ! MATT] ) ,E/EVE 9 ,PAT]SON & ) ,CRI/OBAL ,FU5TE 9 ,HAVANA4 ,CRECI RETURN$ TO ,CUBA 9 #a#h#i#f1 & DI$ 9 A FIELD HOSPITAL 9 ,MATANZAS FROM MA*ETE W\NDS SUFF]$ 9 COMBAT ) ,SPANI% TROOPS4 ,MESSONI]1 = HIS P>T1 WAS F9ALLY EXPELL$ FROM ,CUBA 9 #ahic AFT] MAK+ A SPEE* 9 ! ,PAYRET ,!AT] 9 FAVOR ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AFT] HIS EXPULSION1 HE PLAY$ ! D\BLE ROLE ( AN>*OSEP>ATI/1 & DEBAT$ ! MATT] ( 9DEP5D5CE ) ! RE/ ( ! AN>*I/ WORLD4 ,TO ! MIS=TUNE ( ALL1 ! SOCIAL *ANGES PROMIS$ BY ,M>TI DI$ ) HIM :5 HE MET A PREMATURE DEA? AT ! H&S ( ,SPANI% TROOPS ON ,MAY #a#i1 #a#h#i#e1 ONLY #dd DAYS AFT] ! W> BEGAN4 ,?R\<\T ?IS W> P]IOD 7#a#h#i#e-#a#h#i#h71 ,CUBAN AN>*I/S BO? AT HOME & ABROAD T5D$ TO ACT MORE 9 ACCORD ) !IR PR9CIPLES ?AN ) !IR NATIONALITY4 ,:ILE 9 ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/ AN>*I/S SU* AS ,CRECI1 ,MESSONI]1 & ,MIR&A W]E 9 FAVOR ( ! 9SURRECTION1 9 ,HAVANA ONE HE>D OP9IONS N[ 9 FAVOR ( 9DEP5D5CE1 N[ 9 FAVOR ( ANTI-W> NEUTRALITY4 ,:ILE ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES T5D$ TO RALLY TO ! SEP>ATI/ FLAG1 OR AT LEA/ TO CONTRIBUTE ECONOMICALLY TO IT1 9 ,HAVANA MANY AN>*I/S W]E ( ! OP9ION ?AT ! CALAMITY ( A CIVIL W> %\LD BE OPPOS$ ON PR9CIPLE1 & ?AT SU* A W> W\LD MAKE !IR TASK NO EASI]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! DIFF]5CES ?AT EXI/$ 9 ! AN>*I/ CAMP DUR+ ! W> W]E NOT TOTALLY DIVISIVE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,CUBA :]E1 DESPITE !IR OP9IONS AB\T ! W>1 MANY AN>*I/S ACTIVELY COOP]AT$ ) ! SEP>ATI/S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! >RIVAL ( ,VAL]IANO ,WEYL] -- ! NEW CAPTA9-G5]AL ( ! ISL&1 & A MAN NOT$ = HIS LACK ( SCRUPLES & ABUNDANT CRUELTY -- WAS MET ) AN UN=TUNATELY UNSUCCESSFUL DYNAMITE ATTACK ON HIS LIFE AT HIS HEADQU>T]S4 ,! ATTACK WAS C>RI$ \T BY ?REE AN>*I/S & ONE SEP>ATI/ :O CAME FROM ,KEY ,WE/4 ,9 ,HAVANA1 LEAFLETS CIRCULAT$ URG+ ,SPANI% TROOPS PO/$ TO ,CUBA & ,CUBAN COLONIAL VOLUNTE]S TO DES]T !IR PO/S & CROSS OV] TO ! 9SURRECTION>Y SIDE4 ,!RE W]E ALSO DYNAMITE ATTACKS 09 V>I\S PLACES 9 ,HAVANA 444 SU* AS BRIDGES & GAS L9ES10 ACCORD+ TO ,CASANOVAS1 :O IMPUT$ SU* ACTS TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,RETRIBUTION WAS NOT LONG 9 COM+4 ,WEYL] 0/]NLY REPRESS$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T2 HE PROHIBIT$ READ+S 9 TOBACCO WORK%OPS1 CLOS$ ! ,S,G,T1 & DEPORT$ MANY AN>*I/S40 ,EV5 ?\<1 ACCORD+ TO ,CASANOVAS1 0,! CONTRIBUTION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T TO ! SEP>ATI/S CAUSE WAS 5ORM\S10 IT WASN'T UNIV]SAL4 ,MANY AN>*I/S OPPOS$ ! W> ON PR9CIPLE1 & BELIEV$ ?AT 9 NO WAY W\LD IT EASE ! WAY TO !IR GOAL ( SOCIAL LIB]TY4 ,!Y ?\T91 ?AT HAV+ A REPUBLIC 9 ,CUBA W\LD NOT *ANGE ! SOCIAL SITUATION1 HOLD+ UP AS EXAMPLES ! O!R REPUBLICS 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,FROM ,ALASKA TO ,PATAGONIA AN>*I/S W]E PURSU$ ) ! SAME ZEAL AS !Y W]E 9 ,SPA94 ,SO1 AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 ANTI-SEP>ATI/-W> S5TIM5TS >\S$ BITT] DISCUSSIONS AMONG AN>*I/S ( ! TIME2 & DESPITE ACCUSATIONS1 ! ANTI-W> AN>*I/S FELT !MSELVES 9 NO WAY TO BE ALLIES ( ,SPA94 ,TO ! VIOL5CE UNLEA%$ BY ! SEP>ATI/ REBELLION1 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T ( ,CANOVAS DEL ,CA/ILLO RESPOND$ ) ITS CU/OM>Y VIOL5CE )\T QU>T]1 VIOL5CE SO CRIM9AL & REPRESSIVE ?AT IT HAD LITTLE P>ALLEL 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,WEYL] HAD BE5 S5T ) ! CATEGORICAL ORD] TO 5D ! REBELLION US+ ANY MEANS NECESS>Y4 ,A P>T ( ?OSE MEANS1 ! 0,RECONC5TRATION ,DECREE10 CAUS$ MORE CASUALTIES AMONG ,CUBAN CAMPES9OS ?AN DID ,SPANI% BULLETS4 ,HUNG] & DISEASE LIQUIDAT$ 9 LESS ?AN ?REE YE>S ALMO/ AN 5TIRE G5]ATION ( ,CUBANS1 CLAIM+ MORE ?AN #c1 VICTIMS4 ,?IS ATROCITY WAS 9TELLECTUALLY AU?OR$ 9 #ahif BY ! ,CA?OLIC CURATE ,JUAN ,BAUTI/A ,CASAS1 ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! ,DIOCESE ( ,HAVANA4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( ?AT YE>1 & UND] (FICIAL ECCLESIA/ICAL APPROVAL1 HIS WORK1 ,LA GU]RA SEP>ATI/A 5 ,CUBA1 SUS CAUSAS1 M$IOS DE T]M9>LA Y EVIT> OTRAS 70,! ,SEP>ATI/ ,W> 9 ,CUBA1 ,ITS ,CAUSES1 ,MEANS ( ,5D+ ,IT & ,AVOID+ ,O!RS071 WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,MADRID4 ,9 HIS ESSAY1 ,BAUTI/A ADVOCAT$ A /RATEGY SIMIL> TO ! ,AM]ICAN 0/RATEGIC HAMLET0 PROGRAM 9 ,VIET ,NAM -- 0! CONC5TRATION ( CAMPES9OS0 9 ORD] ?AT !Y BE UNABLE TO AID ! REBELS4 ,BAUTI/A PROPOS$ ?AT 0\R =CES DE/ROY & OBLIT]ATE ALL ( ! HOVELS40 ,FOLL[+ ,BAUTI/A'S PROPOSAL1 ,CAPTA9-,G5]AL ,WEYL]1 UND] ! DIRECT ORD]S ( ! ,SPANI% PREMI]1 ,CANOVAS1 ORD]$ ?AT ALL ( ,CUBA'S CAMPES9OS CONC5TRATE !MSELVES 9 ! NE>E/ T[NS & CITIES1 UND] PA9 ( BE+ %OT1 & A PORTION ( ! ,SPANI% COLONIAL >MY D$ICAT$ ITSELF TO DISLODG+ ,CUBA'S PEASANTS FROM !IR HOMES4 ,AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 ALL ( ,CUBA'S T[NS & CITIES W]E 9UNDAT$ BY HUNGRY CAMPES9OS ) NO MEANS ( E>N+ A LIV+4 ,NEI!R ,WEYL] NOR ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T HAD MADE ANY PLANS :ATSOEV] TO DEAL ) ?IS CONT+5CY1 & MULTITUDES DI$ -- NOT ONLY AMONG ! CAMPES9OS1 BUT ALSO AMONG ! RESID5TS ( ! 9UNDAT$ URBAN >EAS4 ,MORTALITY REA*$ FIGURES UNKN[N 9 ,CUBA = HUNDR$S ( YE>S4 ,! ,SPANI>DS HAD TAK5 ! W> TO ,CUBA'S CIVILIANS4 ,!Y 5D$ !IR IMP]IAL RULE 9 ! SAME MANN] !Y HAD COMM5C$ IT #d YE>S E>LI]1 :5 !Y EXT]M9AT$ ALL ( ! ISL&'S 9DIG5\S PEOPLE4 ,! MAGNITUDE ( ! 0,RECONC5TRATION ,DECREE0 G5OCIDE IS APTLY DESCRIB$ BY ! ,BRITI% HI/ORIAN ,HU< ,?OMAS3 0.<,PROPORTIONALLY.> IT COMP>ES TO ,RUSSIA'S LOSSES 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ,S]BIA'S 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 & . PROBABLY D\BLE ! PROPORTIONS 9 ! ,SPANI% OR ,AM]ICAN CIVIL W>S40 ,! >M$ SEP>ATI/ MOVEM5T RESPOND$ TO ! ,SPANI%-CREAT$ HORROR ) T]ROR4 ,BY ,AUGU/ #a#h#i#g1 !RE WAS A /ALEMATE -- ! ,CUBAN SEP>ATI/S HAD MADE NO SUB/ANTIAL PROGRESS1 & ,WEYL] HAD NOT PACIFI$ ,CUBA4 ,:ILE ! W> LA%$ ! ,CUBAN C\NTRYSIDE & ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T WAS COMMITT+ UNPREC$5T$ G5OCIDE1 ! DEBATE AMONG ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S WAS COM+ TO ITS 5D4 ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE 7,PALMIRO DE ,LIDIA71 A ,CATALONIAN AN>*I/ :O HAD KN[N ,P$RO ,E/EVE WELL 9 ,B>CELONA1 HAD MOV$ TO ,CUBA 9 #a#h#i#e1 FROM :I* HE WAS PROMPTLY EXPELL$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,REFLECT+ UPON ?IS USELESS DISPUTE1 DEL ,VALLE PROPOS$ A WAY \T ( ! LABYR9? ( PRO- & ANTI-9SURRECTION DISPUTES AMONG ! AN>*I/S4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ! MATT] HAD BE5 DISCUSS$ AT AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL1 & IT W\LDN'T BE ! LA/ TIME ?AT AN>*I/S DEBAT$ :E!R OR NOT TO SUPPORT 0W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION40 ,DEL ,VALLE REASON$ ?AT IT WAS BETT] NOT TO ACRIMONI\SLY OPPOSE ?OSE COMPAN]OS :O BELIEV$ 9 ! ADVANTAGES ( 9DEP5D5CE1 D$UC+ ?AT ! ONLY B5EFICI>IES ( ?IS POLEMIC W\LD BE ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES :O HAD DONE SO MU* DAMAGE TO BO? ,SPANI% & ,CUBAN AN>*I/S4 ,9 ! 5D1 DEL ,VALLE SUCCESSFULLY RECOMM5D$ A MORATORIUM 9 ! DEBATE4 ,! CRUELTY ( ! W> & ITS 5ORM\S CONSEQU5CES CREAT$ GREAT SOCIAL T5SION 9 ,SPA91 :I* 9 TURN G5]AT$ ACID CRITICISM ( ! ,CANOVAS GOV]NM5T BY ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,!SE S5TIM5TS W]E %>$ BY ?OSE AN>*I/S FAVOR+ ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE SU* AS ,SALVO*EA1 ,P$RO ,VALL9A1 & ! P]IODICAL ,EL ,CORS>IO 70,! ,CORSAIR071 PUBLI%$ 9 ,LA ,CORUNA1 ,SPA94 ,FROM ,P>IS1 = HIS P>T1 ,P,R,C REPRES5TATIVE ,DR4 ,RAMON ,EMET]IO ,BETANCES HELP$ TO FOM5T /RIKES & PROTE/S )9 ,SPA9 AGA9/ ! W> 9 ,CUBA4 ,= ITS P>T ! ,SPANI% F$]ALISM ( ,PI Y ,M>GALL & ,SALM]ON ALSO ADVANC$ 9DEP5D5CE AS ! SOLUTION TO ! CONFLICT4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! DIVID$ FEEL+S ( AN>*I/S AB\T ! ,CUBAN SEP>ATI/ W>1 9 ,JANU>Y #ahif ! ,FR5* ,COMMITTEE = A ,FREE ,CUBA =M$ 9 ,P>IS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,BETANCES1 & ) ! SUPPORT ( ,*>LES ,MALATO4 ,?IS COMMITTEE WAS COMPOS$ PR9CIPALLY ( ,FR5* AN>*I/S SU* AS ,>*ILLE ,/E5S1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,ELI ,RECLUS1 ,L\ISE ,MI*ELLE1 ,LEOPOLD ,LAC\R1 ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 ,PAUL ,ADAM1 & ,MALATO4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 9 ,LONDON & ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MA9TA9$ ATTITUDES ( NEUTRALITY4 ,ALL ( ?IS WAS SOON MADE ACADEMIC BY EV5TS 9 ,SPA9 & BY ! ,U4,S4 5TRY 9TO ! CONFLICT4 ,! PR9CIPAL & FIR/ CAUSE ( :AT CAME TO BE CALL$ 0,! ,DISA/]0 WAS ! ASSASS9ATION ( ! ,SPANI% *IEF ( /ATE1 ,ANTONIO ,CANOVAS1 9 ,SANTA ,AGU$A1 ,SPA9 9 ,AUGU/ #ahig 9 RESPONSE TO ! TORTURE & MURD] ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9 ! ,MONTJUI* PRISON1 & 9 RESPONSE TO ! COLONIALI/ HORRORS BE+ P]PETRAT$ 9 ,CUBA & 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES4 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! PR9CIPAL AU?OR ( ,SPANI% =EIGN POLICY OV] ! PREVI\S #b YE>S WAS ! F9AL BL[ TO ! ALREADY DECAD5T ,SPANI% EMPIRE4 ,! EXECUTION ( ,CANOVAS1 COMMITT$ BY ,MIGUEL ,ANGIOLILLO 9 COOP]ATION ) ,BETANCES1 *ANG$ ! DE/9Y ( FIVE C\NTRIES4 ,! ELD]LY1 9COMPET5T SUCCESSOR TO ,CANOVAS1 ,PRAX$ES ,MATEO ,SAGA/A1 ADVANC$ AN EQUIVOCAL POLITIC T[>D ,CUBA1 DECREE+ AN AUTONOMY ?AT SATISFI$ NO ONE2 IT WAS TOO LITTLE & TOO LATE-DEMON/RAT+ ONLY ! WEAKNESS ( ,SPANI% COLONIALISM4 ,! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS SITUATION BY LAUN*+ A W> AGA9/ ,SPA9 9 ,APRIL #ahih & BY ALMO/ IMM$IATELY 9VAD+ ,CUBA1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES1 & ,PU]TO ,RICO2 & ALMO/ AS QUICKLY ! ,U4,S4 =C$ :AT HAD BE5 IMP]IAL ,SPA9 TO SIGN A PEACE ACCORD 9 ,AUGU/ ( ! SAME YE>4 ,! W> =MALLY 5D$ 9 ! HUMILIATION ( ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T ) ! SIGN+ ( ! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS 9 ,DECEMB] #a#h#i#h1 :I* DECRE$ ! LOSS ( ALL ,SPANI% OV]SEAS T]RITORIES4 ,?IS WAS AN UNP>ALLEL$ & WELL-DES]V$ DEBACLE4 ,! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS1 UND] :I* ,SPA9 DELIV]$ ITS COLONIES TO ! M]CIES ( ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T & ,U4,S4 CAPITALISM1 AT ! SAME TIME GU>ANTE$ ! PROTECTION ( ! PROP]TIES1 9DU/RIES1 BANKS1 BUS9ESSES & L&S POSSESS$ BY ,SPANI% CITIZ5S 9 ,CUBA4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 ALLI$ ) ! ,YANKEES1 HAD WON ! W>1 BUT HAD LO/ ! PEACE4 ,AFT] #c YE>S ( /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE1 ,CUBA %IFT$ FROM ! YOKE ( ,SPANI% COLONIALISM TO ?AT ( ,YANKEE IMP]IALISM4 O ,*APT] #b 3 ,9T]V5TION & ! ,REPUBLIC 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i#c#c7 ,*APT] #b3 ,9T]V5TION & ! ,REPUBLIC 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i#c#c7 ,AFT] ! CESSATION ( HO/ILITIES ) ,SPA91 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES F\ND ITSELF AS ! UNDISPUT$ DOM9ANT P[] 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,HAV+ CONCLUD$ ITS EXPANSION TO ! ,PACIFIC AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#h#iS1 ! EYES ( ! EAGLE1 ) ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC AMBITIONS1 TURN$ TO ! ,C>IBBEAN4 ,CUBA REPRES5T$1 FROM ! DAYS ( ,COLUMBUS1 ! /RATEGIC KEY/ONE ( ! REGION1 NOT ONLY 9 ,NOR?-,S\? COMMUNICATIONS1 BUT ALSO AS ! DOORWAY TO ! PLANN$ ,PANAMA ,CANAL4 ,! IDEA ( POSSESS+ ,CUBA1 BE IT ?R\< VIOL5T TAKEOV] OR ?R\< PUR*ASE FROM ,SPA91 HAD BE5 CONTEMPLAT$ = DECADES BY ! RUL]S ON ! ,POTOMAC4 ,SO1 IT WASN'T /RANGE ?AT ANY EXCUSE W\LD DO AS JU/IFICATION = 9T]V5+ 9 ,CUBA1 & ! 9EPT ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T CONV5I5TLY PROVID$ ONE4 ,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 SYMPA?Y = ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE AMONG ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE4 ,! SEGM5T ( PUBLIC OP9ION ?AT OPPOS$ ANNEXATION ( ,CUBA FIR/ CAUS$ VACILLATION1 & LAT] REFLECTION1 9 ! IMP]IALI/ SECTOR CONTROLL+ ,U4,S4 =EIGN POLICY4 ,?IS SECTOR S\TIES 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W>1 & !Y MANAG$ TO F9D ONE ?AT APPE>$ SATISFACTORY4 ,! ,U4,S4 OCCUPATION ( ,CUBA BEGAN ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#h#i#i4 ,! MILIT>Y GOV]NOR1 ,JOHN ,BROOKE1 COMPLY+ ) ORD]S FROM ,PRESID5T ,MC,K9LEY1 & 9 L9E ) ! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS1 PACIFI$ ?OSE :O WANT$ 9TEGRATION ) ,SPA9 -- ,WEYL]'S =M] FANATICS -- ) PROMISES ( AN IRON FI/4 ,HE ALSO (F]$ PO/S 9 ! NEW CIVIL ADM9I/RATION TO BO? ?OSE :O S\M$ ! >MY ( ,MAXIMO ,GOMEZ 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! ,U4,S4 DIS>M$ ! ,APA*ES -- BY PAY+ = RIFLES4 ,& HE PROMIS$ ,CUBA'S BUS9ESSM5 & 9DU/RIALI/S ECONOMIC GR[? & 0SOCIAL PEACE40 ,! PRO-9DEP5D5CE PATRIOTS1 :O APPE>$ TO HAVE LO/ ! POLITICAL BATTLE -- BE IT ?R\< POLITICAL 9EPTITUDE OR RAPACITY = P[] -- HAD TO CONT5T !MSELVES ) ! PROMISE ( FUTURE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,?IS PROMIS$ 9DEP5D5CE WAS CONDITIONAL UPON !IR TAL5T = GOV]N+1 GOOD CONDUCT1 & HONE/ 9T5TIONS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD :5 !Y W]E PUT TO ! TE/4 ,( C\RSE1 GIV5 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,WA%+TON WAS C$+ !M ! RIATI/S TO PLAY BY ITS RULES ( ! GAME4 ,?US WAS ! /AGE SET DUR+ ! FIR/ ,U4,S4 OCCUPATION ( ,CUBA2 & SEV]AL ?+S HAPP5$ DUR+ IT WOR?Y ( M5TION4 ,! FIR/ SYMPTOM ( SOCIAL UNRE/ OCCURR$ ) ! EXHUMATION ( ! REMA9S ( ,5RIQUE ,CRECI FROM AN UNM>K$ GRAVE 9 ,MATANZAS4 ,UPON ! TRANSPORT ( HIS BODY TO ,HAVANA1 A GR\P ( W>-(-9DEP5D5CE (FIC]S & VET]ANS 9 ! FUN]AL CORTEGE CLA%$ ) ! NEWLY CREAT$ ,CUBAN POLICE AFT] ! POLICE PROHIBIT$ A WORK] >M$ ) A R$ BANN] FROM M>*+ 9 ! PROCESSION4 ,A MELEE BROKE \T BETWE5 ! AN>*I/S & VET]ANS ON ONE SIDE1 & ! POLICE ON ! O!R4 ,AS ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET PUT IT1 0,& SO ! BLOOD FL[$40 ,! SEP>ATI/ LEAD]S 9 ! FUN]AL PROCESSION 9CLUD$ ,SALVADOR ,CISN]OS ,BETANC\RT & ,JUAN ,GUALB]TO ,GOMEZ4 ,DR4 ,FRANCISCO ,F$]ICO ,FALCO WAS /OPP$ BY POLICE BE=E HE C\LD SPEAK1 ?US PREV5T+ ! AN>*I/ ORATOR FROM PRES5T+ HIS EULOGY TO ,CRECI4 ,DR4 ,FALCO HAD >RIV$ 9 ,CUBA FROM ,ITALY AT ! 5D ( ! W>4 ,HE FOLL[$ 9 ! /EPS ( HIS COMPATRIOT1 ,ORE/ES ,F]R>A1 :O1 DESPITE HIS 9ITIAL AFFILIATION ) AN>*ISM1 HAD ALLI$ HIMSELF TO ! ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,F]R>A1 :O REA*$ ! RANK ( COLONEL1 HAD BE5 NAM$ 9T]IM CIVIL GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE ( ,LAS ,VILLAS4 ,HE RELATES 9 HIS MEMOIRS ?AT A /RIKE BROKE \T AGA9/ M]*ANTS1 ,SPANI% 9DU/RIALI/S & ! ,BRITI%-[N$ RAILROAD COMPANY 9 ,SAGUA LA ,GR&E4 ,F]R>A SID$ ) ! WORK]S4 ,HE /ATES1 0,IT WAS NECESS>Y TO RESCUE ,CUBA ?R\< RAIS+ WAGES . ! 9COME ( ! CAPITALI/S HAD 9CREAS$ BY #b.040 ,SID+ ) ! WORK]S CREAT$ PROBLEMS = HIM ) ! OCCUPY+ AU?ORITIES1 & HE WAS =C$ TO RESIGN HIS PO/ & LEAVE ,CUBA TEMPOR>ILY4 ,DR4 ,FALCO FOLL[$ HIM4 ,DUR+ ?IS SAME YE>1 #a#h#i#i1 A NEW /AGE ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE BEGAN 9 ,CUBA4 ,ITS FIR/ MANIFE/ATION WAS ! 0,MASONS' ,/RIKE10 :I* BEGAN ON ,AUGU/ #b4 ,IT LAT] EXT5D$ TO ! 5TIRE CON/RUCTION TRADE1 & WAS ORGANIZ$ & BACK$ BY ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S1 :O HAD REGR\P$ 9TO A NEW ORGANIZATION UND] ! NAME ,ALIANZA DE ,TRABAJADORES4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 AFT] A PUBLIC MEET+ & PUBLICATION ( A MANIFE/O 9 :I* ! AN>*I/S ALLUD$ TO ! 09T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE = ! EITYRS10 ! POLICE >RE/$ ! ,ALIANZA'S PR9CIPAL ORGANIZ]S1 ,FRANCISCO DE ,>MAS1 ,S]AF9 ,BU/O1 ,JUAN ,ALL]1 ,FRANCISCO ,C>BALL$A & ,EV>I/O ,E/5OZ 7:O WAS MURD]$ 9 #aiab DUR+ ! RACE W> ?AT BROKE \T 9 ,ORI5TE PROV9CE74 ,! GOV]NOR ( ,HAVANA1 ,WILLIAM ,LODL[1 PROMIS$ AN ADEQUATE PUNI%M5T = 0! 5EMIES ( SOCIETY :O WAVE ! R$ FLAG ( AN>*Y40 ,!SE 05EMIES0 APP>5TLY 9CLUD$ TWO NEW AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS :I* BACK$ ! /RIKE1 6,TI]RA61 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 & ! %ORT-LIV$ ,EL ,NUEVO ,IDEAL 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i#a71 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE1 :O HAD RETURN$ FROM ,NEW ,YORK ALONG ) ,LUIS ,B>CIA & O!R COMPAN]OS ) ! IDEA ( F\ND+ ?IS NEW PUBLICATION4 ,! /RIKE 5D$ ) AN APP>5T PROLET>IAN FAILURE4 ,! WORK]S HAD NEV] RECEIV$ ! FULL BACK+ ( ! PUBLIC :O1 9TIMIDAT$ & CO]C$1 HAD TURN$ PESSIMI/IC4 ,/RIKES1 !Y W]E ASSUR$ BY ! AU?ORITIES1 5DANG]$ ! FUTURE REPUBLIC4 ,DESPITE ?IS REV]SE1 TWO WEEKS AFT] HAV+ 5D$ ! /RIKE1 ! BRICKLAY]S RECEIV$ A RAISE & A PROMISE TO 0/UDY0 !IR DEM& = AN EIS LAT]4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#i#i1 A NEW1 MORE MOD]ATE -- BUT UND] NOTABLE LIB]T>IAN 9FLU5CE -- LABOR ORGANIZATION APPE>$1 ! ,LIGA ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES4 ,ITS ORGANIZ]S W]E ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI]1 ,RAMON ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 ,AMBROSIO ,BORGES & ,JOSE ,RIVAS4 ,! ,LEAGUE BACK$ A NEW P]IODICAL DIRECT$ BY ,MESSONI]1 6,AL]TA6 ,?IS GR\P ( AN>*I/S HAD RETURN$ FROM ,TAMPA & ,KEY ,WE/ UND] ! 9DEP5D5CE BANN]1 & /ILL HAD RES]VATIONS AB\T !IR OLD COMPAN]OS 9 ,HAVANA4 ,IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT !Y DECID$ TO SET UP %OP SEP>ATELY FROM ! ,ALIANZA DE ,TRABAJADORES4 ,DESPITE FAILURES OV] ! PREVI\S DECADES1 ! ANNEXATIONI/ TEMPTATION RE>$ ITS HEAD AGA9 ) ! ,U4,S4 9T]V5TION 9 & OCCUPATION ( ,CUBA4 ,MC,K9LEY'S IDEA ( BUY+ ,CUBA FROM ,SPA9 9 #a#h#i#h1 BE=E ! ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W>1 AS WELL AS ! \TCOME ( ?AT W> & ! ATTITUDE ( SOME SEP>ATI/ LEAD]S1 GAVE ! ANNEXATIONI/S REASON TO RETURN TO ,CUBA1 & GAVE ! AN>*I/S REASON TO WORRY4 ,! OCCUPATION ( ,CUBA BY =EIGN TROOPS1 ESPECIALLY ,U4,S4 TROOPS1 W\LD NOT FACILITATE ! LIB]T>IANS' PLANS = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,AM]ICAN HI/ORIAN ,KIRW9 ,R4 ,%AFF]1 ,EL ,NUEVO ,IDEAL PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE SIGN$ BY ,LUIS ,B>CIA 9 :I* 0,B>CIA ATTACK$ :AT APPE>$ TO BE ,U4,S4 DESIGNS = ANNEX+ ! ISL&1 URG+ READ]S TO FICIA REM9D$ ! ,U4,S4 AU?ORITIES ( ! CRISIS !Y HAD PROVOK$ 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES BY =GETT+ !IR PROMISES ( 9DEP5D5CE = ?AT L&1 & BY NOT RECOGNIZ+ ! REPUBLIC L$ BY ,EMILIO ,AGU9ALDO4 ,B>CIA ALSO REM9D$ ! ,CUBAN SEP>ATI/S ( !IR DUTY TO /RUGGLE = TOTAL 9DEP5D5CE1 &1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AFF]1 0L$ ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ! MEAN+ ( 9DEP5D5CE1 *ALL5G+ ! ELITE'S AB&ONM5T ( ! POPUL> S5TIM5T = BROAD SOCIAL *ANGE40 ,9 ! SAME PUBLICATION1 ,B>CIA 9SI/$ ON CONCRETE AID TO ! CAMPES9OS :O /ILL SUFF]$ 9 ! CITIES AS A RESULT ( ! ,RECONC5TRATION ,DECREE4 ,%AFF] NOTES3 0,B>CIA CLAIM$ ?AT #d1 RECONC5TRADOS W]E SL[LY DY+ 9 ! CITIES FROM />VATION 444 ,FAMILIES %\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO RETURN TO !IR L&S 444 BUT ! RI* & ! GOV]NM5T APPE>$ UNCONC]N$40 ,?IS DEMON/RAT$ NOT ONLY HUMANIT>IAN CONC]NS1 BUT ?AT ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S DESIR$ TO BUILD SOLID>ITY BETWE5 URBAN WORK]S & !IR RURAL C\S9S4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE OPPOS$ ! CREATION ( A WORK]S P>TY AS PROPOS$ BY ,MESSONI]1 ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 & EV5 ! ,MEMOR&UM ,TIPOGRAFICO 7ORGAN ( ! TYPOGRAPHICAL WORK]S71 REM9D+ !M ( ! AGREEM5TS AT ! WORK]S' CONGRESS ( #ahhg & ! LESSONS LE>N$ FROM ! 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,SPA91 9 :I* NEI!R ! AN>*I/S NOR ! SEP>ATI/S HAD TAK5 P>T 9 COLONIAL ELECTORAL POLITICS4 ,9 ,DECEMB]1 ,MC,K9LEY REPLAC$ ,JOHN ,BROOKE AS MILIT>Y GOV]NOR ) ,LEON>D ,WOOD -- :O WAS H>DL9E & MORE AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,& AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,WOOD'S RULE1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A >RIV$ 9 ,HAVANA4 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ WRIT] & ?9K] WAS ONE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ AN>*I/ !ORETICIANS ( HIS TIME4 ,AS A RESID5T ( ,PAT]SON1 ,NEW ,J]SEY1 ,MALATE/A WAS ALSO WELL KN[N TO ! OCCUPY+ AU?ORITIES4 ,HIS NUM]\S TALKS 9 ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES & ALSO 9 ! NEIY PROHIBITIONS ( V>I\S SPEE*ES UNTIL ! PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T DECID$ TO SUSP5D HIS RI*Y0 9 HIS DISC\RSES4 ,!RE WAS A F9AL1 DEF9ITIVE PROHIBITION ( ,MALATE/A'S TALKS &1 ON ,MALATE/A'S 9ITIATIVE1 ,ADRIAN DEL ,VALLE REQUE/$ A MEET+ 9CLUD+ ,MALATE/A ) ! CIVIL GOV]NOR1 ,EMILIO ,NUNEZ1 :O HAD M\NT$ PRO-9DEP5D5CE MILIT>Y EXP$ITIONS FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,NUNEZ WAS WELL KN[N TO ,CUBAN AN>*I/S LIV+ 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,HE WAS ALSO RESPONSIBLE = D5Y+ ,MALATE/A ! RI$ ?AT1 0A LAW EXI/S FROM ! TIME ( ,SPANI% RULE ?AT PROHIBITS AN>*I/ PROPAG&A40 ,ACCORD+ TO DEL ,VALLE1 ,MALATE/A RESPOND$1 0,) ALL DUE RESPECT1 ONE OBS]VES ?AT :5 ,G5]AL ,NUNEZ F\R$ FROM SPEAK+ 9 PUBLIC4 ,MANUEL ,M4 ,MIR&A1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO DEL ,VALLE1 HAD BE5 0DEPORT$ TO ,*AF>9AS ..>1 NOT = BE+ AN 9SURRECTIONI/1 BUT = BE+ AN AN>*I/10 WROTE SEV]AL >TICLES 9 ! LIB]AL P]IODICAL ,LA ,DISCUSION 0ATTACK+ ! GOV]NOR & ?OSE NATIONALI/ POLITICAL ELEM5TS0 :O HAD PRESSUR$ ,NUNEZ TO MAKE ! >BITR>Y DECISION BANN+ ,MALATE/A'S SPEE*ES4 ,?IS WAS DESPITE ,MALATE/A'S HAV+ FAVOR$ ,CUBAN 9DEP5D5CE4 ,DUR+ ! W> ( 9DEP5D5CE1 DEL ,VALLE RECALLS ?AT ,MALATE/A HAD MA9TA9$ A CON/ANT1 PRO-9DEP5D5CE ATTITUDE1 & ?AT HE HAD /AT$1 AN 09DIVIDUAL :O /RUGGLES AGA9/ TYRANNY ( ANY TYPE CANNOT HELP BUT /RUGGLE = ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,CUBA40 7,?IS PUT ,MALATE/A MORE 9 ! CAMP ( ,MESSONI]1 ,CRECI1 & ,MIR&A ?AN ?AT ( ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T947 ,BE=E RETURN+ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,MALATE/A WROTE AN >TICLE = ,LA ,DISCUSION4 ,9 IT1 HE EXPRESS$ A 0POT5T SYMPA?Y0 = 0!SE VALIANT ,CUBAN WORK]S1 BO? BLACK & :ITE 444 :O HAVE WELCOM$ ME SO CORDIALLY40 ,HE W5T ON TO SAY ?AT HE WAS SURE ?AT ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S W\LD 0TAKE !IR PLACE AMONG ! MO/ ADVANC$ ELEM5TS 444 /RUGGL+ = ! TOTAL EMANCIPATION ( ALL HUMANITY40 ,MALATE/A LAM5T$ ! IMPOSITION 0UPON ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE ( ! SAME ,SPANI% LAWS0 AGA9/ :I* !Y HAD /RUGGL$1 & ?AT 9 ?AT /RUGGLE 0?\S&S ( ,CUBANS HAD DI$1 9CLUD+ ,M>TI1 ,MACEO & ,CRECI40 ,MALATE/A /AT$ ?AT ! CLASS /RUGGLE W\LD NOT CEASE BECAUSE ( ! DECL>ATION ( A REPUBLIC1 & HE REM9D$ HIS COMPAN]OS ?AT ! SOCIAL QUE/ION CONT9U$ TO BE AS P]T95T 9 ! PRES5T AS 9 ,SPANI% COLONIAL TIMES1 BECAUSE ! LAWS HAD NOT *ANG$4 ,! FUTURE REPUBLIC1 ,MALATE/A HOP$1 W\LD GIVE ! AN>*I/S MORE ROOM 9 :I* TO ACT1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME HE PR$ICT$ ?AT ! SOCIAL PANORAMA W\LD CONT9UE TO DET]IORATE4 ,AS C\LD BE SE51 ! SITUATION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S UND] ! ,YANKEE OCCUPATION GOV]NM5T WAS ! SAME ?AT EXI/$ :5 ,SPA9 RUL$ ! ISL&1 ) ! AGGRAVAT+ FACTORS ?AT ! REMNANTS ( ! PRO-9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T /ILL APPE>$ NOT TO UND]/& LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & ?AT ! PROGRESSIVE IDEOLOGY ( ! ,P,R,C HAD DI$ ) ,M>TI4 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S FAC$ A DIFFICULT TASK4 ,AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ,CUBA WAS /ILL DIVID$ 9TO A DEEPLY POL>IZ$ CLASS SY/EM4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !RE WAS A P[]FUL M9ORITY ?AT REPRES5T$ CAPITAL & =EIGN 9T]E/S4 ,?IS CLASS WAS LEGITIMIZ$ BY ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#a1 & WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! DAY2 IT WAS COMPRIS$ ( ,CUBANS AS MU* AS ,SPANI>DS1 & IT 9CLUD$ 5TREPR5EURS1 M]*ANTS1 & 9DU/RIALI/S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE WAS ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION -- WORK]S & CAMPES9OS SUBM]G$ 9 POV]TY1 ATTEMPT+ TO ESCAPE HUNG] & TO RECOV] FROM ! MIS]Y LEFT 9 ! WAKE ( ! W> ( EXT]M9ATION BETWE5 ,SPA9 & ! PRO-9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,! ISL& WAS 9 A /ATE ( TOTAL PRO/RATION1 & !RE=E IT WAS V]Y DIFFICULT -- GIV5 !IR ALMO/ TOTAL LACK ( RES\RCES -- = ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S TO M\NT A SOCIAL /RUGGLE UND] SU* DEPLORABLE CONDITIONS4 ,BUT EV5 UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 ! AN>*I/S HELP$ TO ORGANIZE MANY /RIKES1 SOME ( :I* W]E WON1 SOME ( :I* W]E LO/4 ,BE=E ! 9AUGURATION ( ! DREAM$-( REPUBLIC1 NASC5T ,U4,S4 IMP]IALISM IMPOS$ ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T TO ! ,CUBAN ,CON/ITUTION4 ,UND] IT1 AS A COMPLEM5T TO ! ,TREATY ( ,P>IS1 ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T ABROGAT$ TO ITSELF ! RIY EXP$ITIONS1 BUT ALSO = OCCUPATIONS & !IR CONCOMITANT BUREAUCRACY4 ,! REASON = ! IMPOSITION ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T WAS1 ( C\RSE1 TO PROTECT ! ALREADY HUGE ,U4,S4 ECONOMIC 9T]E/S 9 ! ISL&2 & IF ! ,CUBAN REPUBLIC FAIL$ OR W5T 9 A DIRECTION NOT TO ! LIK+ ( ,U4,S4 9T]E/S1 ! ,AM5DM5T W\LD PROVIDE A CONV5I5T PRETEXT = 9T]V5TION 9 OR ANNEXATION ( ! ISL&4 ,BUT DESPITE ! ODI\S NATURE ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T1 OPPOSITION TO IT WAS WEAK 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E AMONG ! FEW TO ATTACK ?IS ABUSE4 ,BO? 6,TI]RA6 & ,EL ,NUEVO ,IDEAL PUBLI%$ 5]GETIC PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,AM5DM5T4 ,! REASONS = ?IS W]E CLE>4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,%AFF]1 0,FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT ,PLATT NEGAT$ ,CUBA'S 9DEP5D5CE40 ,LAT]1 DEL ,VALLE W\LD REM9D ! ,CUBANS ( !IR SPIRIT ( REBELLION BY 9VOK+ ! MEMORY ( ,ANTONIO ,MACEO1 ! MO/ FAM\S BLACK G5]AL 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY1 :O WAS ONE ( ! H]OES ( ! W> ( 9DEP5D5CE & :O1 LIKE ,M>TI1 DI$ 9 BATTLE4 ,DEL ,VALLE DECL>$ ?AT IF ,MACEO C\LD RISE FROM ! DEAD & SEE :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ,CUBA1 %AME & 9DIGNATION W\LD KILL HIM4 ,IT'S RA!R IRONIC ?AT ?IS APPEAL CAME FROM AN AN>*I/1 :O WAS BY NATURE ANTI-NATIONALI/4 ,YET ?IS AN>*I/ APPEAL$ TO ! MEMORY ( A ,CUBAN H]O TO MAKE ?IS POLITICAL PO9T -- A PO9T :I* 9 REALITY %\LD HAVE BE5 MADE BY ! =M] SEP>ATI/ LEAD]S & !IR FOLL[]S4 ,BUT !Y W]E 9T5T ON 09DEP5D5CE10 :ATEV] ! PRICE & H[EV] ILLUSION>Y4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,CUBA RECEIV$ ! ADV5T ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC1 ON ,MAY #b1 #a#i#b1 ) G5U9E JUBILATION -- DESPITE ! 9S]TION ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T 9TO !IR CON/ITUTION ! PREVI\S YE>4 ,! NEW PRESID5T1 ,TOMAS ,E/RADA ,PALMA1 HAD S]V$ AS ! ,P,R,C REPRES5TATIVE 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 & WAS N[ AN OLD MAN ( #g4 ,HE FELT LITTLE SYMPA?Y = ! AN>*I/S1 DESPITE ! SUPPORT !Y HAD GIV5 TO ! 9DEP5D5CE CAUSE4 ,! SECOND MAN ( IMPORTANCE 9 ,CUBAN POLITICS AT ?IS TIME WAS ,G5]AL ,MAXIMO ,GOMEZ1 AN ELD]LY AU?ORIT>IAN :O RESI/$ ANY & ALL TYPES ( SOCIAL RE=MS1 & :O1 LIKE ,E/RADA1 HAD LITTLE UND]/&+ ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #d1 #a#i#b1 A WORK /OPPAGE1 :I* BECAME KN[N AS ! 0,APPR5TICE ,/RIKE10 OCCURR$ 9 ! TOBACCO 9DU/RY4 ,?IS /RIKE RESULT$ FROM DISCRIM9ATION 9 HIR+ 9 FAVOR ( ,SPANI>DS OV] ,CUBANS1 & WAS BACK$ BY ! AN>*I/S 9 ! UNIONS & 9 !IR P]IODICALS4 ,! /RIKE EXT5D$ TO T[NS NEI*I/S1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,E/RADA ,PALMA REFUS$ TO NEGOTIATE1 :I* RESULT$ 9 VIOL5T CLA%ES ) ! NEW REPRESSIVE GOV]NM5T =CE1 ! ,RURAL ,GU>D4 ,F9ALLY1 :5 ! HOP$ -- = POPUL> BACK+ DIDN'T MAT]IALIZE1 ! /RIKE'S LEAD]S 5D$ IT4 ,! ,CUBAN SPIRIT ( LIB]TY HAD CONV]T$ ITSELF 9TO PESSIMISM & CON=MITY1 9TO A FE> ?AT ANY TYPE ( SOCIAL DI/URBANCE W\LD CAUSE ! FAILURE ( ! FIR/ ATTEMPT ( ! ,CUBANS TO GOV]N !MSELVES4 ,! FAILURE ( ! ,APPR5TICE ,/RIKE WAS MORE A BL[ TO ! ,LIGA ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES1 ?AN TO ! MORE RADICAL AN>*I/S ( ! ,CIRCULO DE ,TRABAJADORES4 ,! ,LIGA WAS MORE 9VOLV$ 9 ! /RIKE1 & ITS LEAD]S HAD TRI$ TO COME TO AN ACCOMMODATION ) ,E/RADA1 EXPECT+ SOME BACK+ FROM !IR OLD PRO-9DEP5D5CE ALLIES4 ,AS WE'VE SE51 NO ACCOMMODATION WAS REA*$4 ,! FIASCO ( ! ,APPR5TICE ,/RIKE =C$ ! ,LIGA'S TWO PR9CIPAL LEAD]S1 ,MESSONI] & ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O1 TO RETIRE FROM ! FIELD ( LABOR /RUGGLES4 ,RIV]O Y ,RIV]O 5D$ HIS DAYS 9 ! %AD[ ( POV]TY1 & ,MESSONI] ?REW HIMSELF 9TO ! POLITICAL CAMP1 9 ! ,P>TIDO ,NACIONAL ,CUBANO FIR/1 & LAT] 9 ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL1 )\T EV] R5\NC+ ! IDEAS ( HIS Y\?1 EV5 ?\< HE HAD PUT ASIDE ! PROLET>IAN CAUSE4 ,9 ! CAMPES9O SECTOR1 ! AN>*I/S COMM5C$ AT AB\T ?IS TIME TO ORGANIZE 9 ! SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBA ?AT SU* AN EF=T HAD BE5 MADE 9 ! ISL&'S L>GE/ & RI*E/ 9DU/RY4 ,! RESPONSE ( ! [N]S1 9 ! ,CRUCES >EA 9 ! C5T] ( ,CUBA1 WAS VIOL5T4 ,TWO LEAD+ WORK]S1 ,CASANAS & ,MONT]O1 W]E MURD]$1 :I* PROVOK$1 ( C\RSE1 PROTE/S BY 6,TI]RA6 & 6,AL]TA6 ,! CRIME REMA9$ UNPUNI%$4 ,9 #a#i#c1 !RE WAS AN UNSUCCESSFUL /RIKE ON ,MAY ,DAY PROTE/+ !SE MURD]S4 ,9 ! SAME YE> ,EL ,NUEVO ,IDEAL DISAPPE>$2 BUT 6,TI]RA6 F\ND$ & DIRECT$ 9 #ahii BY ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 ) ,FRANCISCO ,GONZALEZ ,SOLA AS PR9CIPAL COLLABORATOR-REMA9$4 ,( ALL ! AN>*I/ PAP]S1 MAGAZ9ES1 BULLET9S1 ETC4 ?AT APPE>$ 9 ,CUBA1 6,TI]RA6 WAS \T/&+ = TWO REASONS3 IT WAS A WEEKLY PAP] :I* SURVIV$ ! UPS & D[NS ( ,CUBAN AN>*ISM AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY1 & IT PUBLI%$ AN EXTRAORD9>Y NUMB] ( ISSUES2 BETWE5 #ahii & #aiae OV] #f ISSUES APPE>$4 ,?IS HAPP5$ DESPITE SEV]E REPRESSION4 ,SAAV$RA WAS F9$1 JAIL$1 & WAS F9ALLY DEPORT$ TO ,SPA9 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,BUT DESPITE ALL ?IS1 6,TI]RA6 CONT9U$ TO APPE> REGUL>LY1 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,FRANCISCO ,GONZALEZ ,SOLA & ,ANTONIO ,OJ$A1 UNTIL #a#i#a#e4 76,TI]RA6 5T]$ ITS SECOND /AGE 9 #aibd UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,JESUS ,IGLESIAS1 & PUBLI%$ #db ISSUES 9 ?AT YE>4 ,IT PUBLI%$ ! SAME NUMB] ! FOLL[+ YE>1 UNTIL IT WAS %UT D[N BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT APPE>$ YET AGA9 UND] DIFFICULT CIRCUM/ANCES & UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,MANUEL ,F]RO 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#c#c1 & OV] ! NEXT FEW MON?S EI$4 ,?IS NOTABLE NEWSPAP] FOCUS$ ON AGR>IAN PROBLEMS SU* AS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES1 ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! CAMPES9OS1 & ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S 9 ! SUG> 9DU/RY47 ,! SECOND ,U4,S4 9T]V5TION 9 ,CUBA TOOK PLACE 9 #a#i#f1 [+ TO A POLITICAL CRISIS SP>K$ BY ,E/RADA ,PALMA'S DESIRE TO BE REELECT$1 & ! CONSEQU5T NE> \TBREAK ( CIVIL W> BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,E/RADA ,PALMA'S TIME 9 (FICE1 /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ,HAVANA1 ,CIEGO DE ,AVILA1 & ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA 9VOLV+ RAILROAD WORK]S1 TOBACCO WORK]S1 BRICK LAY]S1 & URBAN TRANSPORT WORK]S4 ,! GOV]NM5T F\ND A SOLUTION FAVORABLE TO ! WORK]S1 :O HAD DEM&$ -- 9 ! 0,MONEY ,/RIKE0 -- PAY 9 ,U4,S4 RA!R ?AN ,SPANI% CURR5CY 9 ! ABS5CE ( ,CUBAN CURR5CY4 ,/ILL1 ! SOCIAL SITUATION CONT9U$ TO DET]IORATE4 ,AS WAS REPORT$ MANY YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#i#e#f1 BY ! AN>*I/ P]IODICAL ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA1 0,9 #a#i#g1 ! FIR/ NATIONAL SPEAK+ T\R .<( AN>*I/ ORATORS.> TOOK PLACE2 IT 9CLUD$ ! FI]Y SPEAK]S ,GONZALEZ ,SOLA1 ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 ,VIC5TE ,LOPEZ1 & ,DOM+O ,G]M9AL4 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS RECALLS ?AT ! ORATORS 9CLUD$ ,P$RO ,IRAZOZQUI & ,ISIDORO ,RUIZ4 ,HE ALSO RECALLS ?AT1 0,:5 .IAN $UCATOR & F\ND] ( ! 'FREE S*OOL'.> ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] ,GU>DIA WAS TRI$ & EXECUT$ .GES.> 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#i1 ! CRIME HAD REP]CUSSIONS 9 ,CUBA1 & RESULT$ 9 NUM]\S PUBLIC ACTS10 :I*1 AS ONE W\LD EXPECT1 W]E VIOL5TLY SUPPRESS$4 ,!SE 0PUBLIC ACTS0 CONSI/$ ( /REET PROTE/S C>RI$ \T BY ! AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 ! NON-RELIGI\S S*OOLS 9 ,CUBA1 :I* W]E OP]AT$ ALONG ! PR9CIPLES \TL9$ BY ,F]R]4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 ! SOCIAL PANORAMA 9 ,CUBA 9 ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! #b? C5TURY C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 MORE FRU/RAT+4 ,! NEW PRESID5T1 ,JOSE ,MIGUEL ,GOMEZ ( ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL1 :O HAD SUCCE$$ ,E/RADA ,PALMA1 HAD BE5 A G5]AL DUR+ ! W> ) ,SPA94 ,UND] ,GOMEZ' RULE1 ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S & CAMPES9OS DIDN'T *ANGE MU* DESPITE ! IMPROV+ ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ! ISL& & ITS SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,POLITICALLY1 ,CUBA WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO CAMPS AT ?IS TIME1 LIB]ALS & CONS]VATIVES1 AS ,SPA9 HAD BE5 UND] ,CANOVAS4 ,NOT ?AT IT MADE MU* DIFF]5CE :O WAS 9 P[]4 ,AS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 :I*EV] SIDE GA9$ P[] -- ! 0G5]ALS & DOCTORS10 AS IT WAS PUT DUR+ ?AT EPO* -- LACK$ EV5 ! MO/ M9IMAL SOCIAL CONSCI5CE4 ,! PROBLEMS ( ! WORK]S & CAMPES9OS W]E AS REMOTE FROM !SE POLITICIANS AS WAS ,SIB]IA4 ,!Y SIMPLY DIVID$ !IR C\NTRYM5 9TO TWO GR\PS3 ?OSE :O SUPPORT$ !M & ?OSE :O OPPOS$ !M4 ,BO? CONSID]$ ! AN>*I/S -- ANTI-/ATI/S BY PR9CIPLE -- TO BE !IR SWORN 5EMIES4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! LIB]ALS & ! CONS]VATIVES WAS ?AT :5 ! LIB]ALS W]E 9 ! OPPOSITION1 !IR MORE PROGRESSIVE ELEM5TS ATTEMPT$ TO ATTRACT ! SUPPORT ( ! AN>*I/S ?R\< SMALL FAVORS1 SU* AS HELP ) LEGAL DEF5SE OR ?R\< ! R$UCTION ( PRISON TIME1 MORE ) ! AIM ( MANIPULAT+ !M & CREAT+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS = ! GOV]NM5T ?AN ?R\< ANY G5U9E SYMPA?Y4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! CONS]VATIVES D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO ! SIMPLE P]SECUTION ( AN>*I/S4 ,! \TBREAK ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION 9 #aia HAD A S]I\S IMPACT ON ,CUBA'S WORK]S & CAMPES9OS4 ,! WORDS ( ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON & ,PRAX$IS ,GU]R]O 9 ! PAGES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y NEWSPAP]1 ,REG5]ACION1 & ! GUNS ( ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA S]V$ AS SPURS TO ! CONSCI5CES ( ,CUBA'S SUG> WORK]S4 ,?IS WAS 9 P>T BECAUSE ,FLORES ,MAGON HAD A /&+ RELATION%IP ) ! ,CUBAN PAP] 6,TI]RA61 :I* HAD ATTACK$ ! ,MEXICAN DICTATOR ,PORFIRIO ,DIAZ CEASELESSLY2 ?IS HAD WON 6,TI]RA'S $ITOR1 ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 CRIM9AL *>GES & A F9E FROM ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T4 ,ON ,JULY #a#d1 #a#i#a#a1 ! LIB]AL GOV]NM5T ( ,GOMEZ WAS FAC$ ) /RIKES BY TOBACCO WORK]S1 TEAM/]S1 & BAK]S1 ) ! OP5 BACK+ ( 6,TI]RA6 ,ALL ( !SE /RIKES1 DESPITE HAV+ JU/ DEM&S1 R\NDLY FAIL$4 ,! NEW ,GOV]NM5TAL ,SECRET>Y1 ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO1 9/ITUT$ REPRESSIVE POLICIES & DEPORT$ MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 79CLUD+ 6,TI]RA'S LONGTIME $ITOR1 ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA1 & /RIKE ORGANIZ]S ,ANTONIO ,F4 ,VIEYTES & ,FRANCISCO ,P]EZ7 AS 0UNDESIRABLE =EIGN]S10 & AT ! SAME TIME JAIL$ MANY ,CUBAN AN>*I/S4 ,?IS GOV]NM5T POLICY ( DEPORTATION1 CONSECRAT$ 9 ! 0,DECREE ,LAWS10 W\LD CONT9UE = MORE ?AN #b YE>S4 ,?IS WAS PROTE/$ TO LITTLE AVAIL BY ! WORK+ PUBLIC & ITS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! GOV]NM5T'S ACCOMPANY+ PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN CONSI/$ ( CALUMNY = ! AN>*I/S & AN ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE ,CUBA'S WORK]S 9TO TWO GR\PS3 0P]NICI\S =EIGN WORK]S0 & 0SUBMISSIVE NATIVE WORK]S40 ,9 ?IS SAME YE>1 !RE WAS UNRE/ 9 ! SUG> CANE CULTIVATION >E C5T]$ >\ND ,MANZANILLO1 9 ,ORI5TE PROV9CE4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#a1 6,TI]RA6 D5\NC$ ! ABUSES1 9CLUD+ %OOT+S1 ?AT ! SUG> WORK]S W]E SUFF]+1 & A SUG> WORK]S /RIKE BROKE \T ?AT CONT9U$ 9TO #a#i#a#b4 ,9 ?AT YE>1 ! ,CRUCES ,CONGRESS1 ! FIR/ CONF]5CE ( ,CUBAN RURAL WORK]S & CAMPES9OS1 TOOK PLACE4 ,KIRW9 ,%AFF] RELATES1 0,S9CE BE=E ! AN>*I/-L$ #aiab ,CRUCES ,CONGRESS1 ! C5TRAL T[N ( ,CRUCES HAD BE5 A C5T] ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY40 ,HE CONT9UES1 CIT+ ! M>XI/ HI/ORIAN ,OLGA ,CABR]A3 ,BY #aiab ,CRUCES HAD BECOME A C5T] = SUG> PRODUCTION4 ,FROM #aia UNTIL HIS EXPULSION 9 #a#i#a#a1 ,ABEL>DO ,SAAV$RA HAD BE5 PUBLI%+ HIS AN>*I/ 6,REBELION6 FROM ,CRUCES4 ,SAAV$RA ORGANIZ$ A ,WORK]S' ,C5T] 9 ,CRUCES 9 ,JULY #aiaa 9 AN ATTEMPT TO DISSEM9ATE PROPAG&A & TO /R5G!N ! COALITION BETWE5 RURAL & URBAN >EAS4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! ,CRUCES ,CONGRESS OP5$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#b1 SEEK+ TO CREATE AN ISL&-WIDE LABOR F$]ATION1 E/ABLI% RATIONALI/ . S*OOLS1 PU% = A WORKPLACE ACCID5T LAW1 PU% = AN EI CLE>LY MORE ?AN JU/ 0AN>*I/0 GOALS1 BUT BROAD] WORK+ CLASS CONC]NS4 ,:ILE ,SAAV$RA WAS EXPELL$ 9 #a#i#a#a1 O!R AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,5RIQUETA ,SAAV$RA DE ,F]N&EZ & ! WELL KN[N FEMALE AN>*I/ ,EMILIA ,RODRIGUEZ DE ,LIPIZ1 HELP$ ) ! CONF]5CE'S ORGANIZATION4 ,9 #a#i#a#c1 ,G5]AL ,M>IO ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL1 :O WAS EV5 MORE AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN ,GOMEZ1 ASSUM$ ! PRESID5CY & BECAME ,CUBA'S FIR/ DICTATOR4 ,9 ?AT SAME YE>1 ! ORGANIZ+ CAMPAIGN AMONG ! CAMPES9OS 9 ,CRUCES WAS R5EW$ ) ! BACK+ ( ! ,F$]ACION ,LOCAL DE ,VILLACL>A1 :I* COV]$ ! CAMPES9OS 9 ?AT P>T ( ! ISL&1 9CLUD+ ,SAGUA LA ,GR&E1 ,CI5FUEGOS1 & ,CAIB>I54 ,! ,ASOCIACION DE ,TIPOGRAFOS 7,TYPOGRAPH]S ,ASSOCIATION7 ALSO RE9VIGORAT$ ITSELF ?AT YE> & CONT9U$ PUBLI%+ ! ORGAN ( ?AT OLD AN>*I/ TRADE1 ,MEMOR&UM ,TIPOGRAFICO4 ,?IS WAS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,FROM ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,CUBA'S PUBLICATION WORK]S HAD HAD ONE ( ! MO/ COMBATIVE UNIONS ON ! ISL&4 ,! TYPOGRAPH]S HAD GIV5 ,CUBA ,5RIQUE ,CRECI & ,J4,C4 ,CAMPOS4 ,9 ?IS NEW EPO*1 SOME ( ! MO/ \T/&+ FIGURES FROM ?IS TRADE W]E ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ1 ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET1 & ,PABLO ,GU]RA4 ,!Y L$ /RIKES 9 ,SANTA ,CL>A1 & P>TICIPAT$ 9 VIOL5T ACTS 9 ,CAMAGUEY 79 :I* ! GOV]NM5T ACCUS$ ! $ITORS ( 6,TI]RA6 ( COMPLICITY74 ,!RE'S NO D\BT ?AT ! AN>*I/S RESPOND$ 9 K9D TO ! VIOL5CE VISIT$ UPON !M BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!IR RESPONSE 9CLUD$ /REET DISORD]S & >M$ ATTACKS UPON ! POLICE 9 URBAN >EAS & UPON ! ,GU>DIA ,RURAL 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 9 ADDITION TO SOME BOMB+S4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#e1 ! GOV]NM5T DEPORT$ TO ,SPA91 9 ACCORD ) ! NEW1 ANTI-AN>*I/ LAWS1 ,JUAN ,T5ORIO1 ,VIC5TE ,LIPIZ1 & ,ROMAN ,DELGADO1 ALL ( :OM W]E ACCUS$ ( PROMOT+ SUG> WORK] /RIKES 9 ,CAMAGUEY & ,GUANTANAMO1 & ( SUPPORT+ DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,HAVANA4 6,TI]RA6 WAS SEIZ$ & ITS PUBLICATION SUSP5D$4 ,! GOV]NM5T SEIZ$ ITS LA/ ISSUE1 W5T ?R\< ITS (FICES1 & SUSP5D$ ITS PUBLICATION 9DEF9ITELY4 ,?IS LEFT ! AN>*I/S )\T A PUBLICATION ( !IR [N1 BUT !IR VIEWS CONT9U$ TO BE PUBLI%$ 9 LIKE-M9D$ P]IODICALS1 ) ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES DO+ ! TYPOGRAPHY & PR9T+4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 ! CAMPES9O CAMPAIGN 9 ,CRUCES PUBLI%$ A DOCUM5T KN[N AS ! ,MANIFIE/O DE ,CRUCES1 :I* = ITS LIT]>Y QUALITY HAD CONSID]ABLE IMPACT & S]V$ AS AN ODE TO AN>*I/ COMBATIVITY4 ,IT /AT$1 0,WE SU/A9 \R CRY ) ! =CE ( \R >MS10 & 0TO REMA9 SIL5T IS TO ACCEPT40 ,F]N&O ,IGLESIAS SIGN$ ! ,MANIFIE/O1 :I* CIRCULAT$ WIDELY AMONG ,CUBA'S SUG> WORK]S1 & :I* \TL9$ ! RIDS :O CONTROLL$ ! GREAT] P>T ( ,CUBA'S SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,IGLESIAS WAS >RE/$ A FEW DAYS AFT] ! ,MANIFIE/O WAS ISSU$4 ,O!R SIGN]S ( ?IS DOCUM5T 9CLUD$ ,LAUREANO ,OT]O1 ,MANUEL ,LOPEZ1 ,JOSE ,LAGE1 ,B5JAM9 ,JANEIROS1 ,LUIS ,M5ESES1 ,SANTOS ,G>OS1 ,MIGUEL ,RIPOLL1 ,FRANCISCO ,B>AGOITIA1 ,&RES ,FU5TES1 ,TOMAS ,RAYON & ,FRANCISCO ,RAMOS4 ,CONCRETELY1 ! ,MANIFIE/O DEM&$ ! EI 9DU/RY C\LD HAVE EASILY AF=D$ ?IS1 GIV5 ?AT SUG> PRICES ON ! WORLD M>KET ROSE DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I ABOVE ! LEVEL ( ! PREVI\S C5TURY4 ,9/EAD1 IT *OSE REPRESSION4 ,! GOV]NM5T ( ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL VIOL5TLY REPRESS$ ALL PROTE/S1 US+ ! ,EJ]CITO ,PRETORIANO 7,PRETORIAN ,>MY7 & ! ,GU>DIA ,RURAL TO P]SECUTE1 DEPORT & MURD] AN>*I/S4 ,9 ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA1 ! Y\NG AN>*I/ ,ADOLFO ,P]EZ ,RIZO WAS MURD]$ = SIMPLY *ALL5G+ ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL V]BALLY 9 ! PAGES ( 6,TI]RA6 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#g1 ONE DAY AFT] ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,CUBA DECL>$ W> ON ! ,C5TRAL ,P[]S1 A MOVE :I* -- GIV5 ITS DOM9ATION BY ! ,U4,S4 -- FAVORABLY AFFECT$ SUG> PRICES & ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY4 ,! FOLL[+ P]IOD CAME TO BE KN[N AS ! 0,TIME ( ! ,FAT ,C[S40 ,HAV+ P]HAPS LE>N$ FROM ,CUBA'S 9DEP5D5CE DEBACLE1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S DECID$ TO REMA9 NEUTRAL1 DESPITE ! URG+ ( ! 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 FROM ,LONDON1 TO TAKE ! SIDE ( ! ALLIES4 7,?IS WAS 9 CONTRA/ TO ! 0NEUTRALITY0 HE HAD URG$ UPON ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S 9 #a#h#i#g47 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE ( REFUS+ TO TAKE SIDES1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S W]E ACCUS$ ( BE+ 0,G]MANOPHILES40 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL1 ! CONS]VATIVE C&IDATE1 DECID$ TO TAKE ! PRESID5TIAL ELECTION ?R\< =CE ( >MS1 & ! LIB]ALS ROSE 9 >M$ REVOLT1 9ITIAT+ A DICTATORIAL P]IOD 9 ,CUBA1 ) ,G>CIA AT ! HELM ! FIR/ FEW YE>S4 ,9 ?IS SAME YE>1 ! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O 7,WORK]S' ,C5T]7 WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,HAVANA AT #b ,EGIDO ,/REET4 ,IT CONSI/$ ( A MEET+ HALL & (FICES 9 A POOR B>RIO NE> ! C5T] ( ! CITY4 ,! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O QUICKLY BECAME ! MO/ NOTABLE AN>*I/ C5T] ( ITS TIME1 & /RIKES1 BOYCOTTS1 & MANY O!R ACTIVITIES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY W]E PLANN$ )9 ITS WALLS4 ,! AN>*I/S DID ALL ?IS UND] ! WAT*FUL EYES ( ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T & ,U4,S4 & ,SPANI% ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 :I* CONSID]$ PROTE/S ( ANY TYPE =]UNN]S ( CIVIL W>4 ,9 #aiah & #aiai F\R G5]AL /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ,HAVANA ALONE1 & ! REPRESSIVE /ATE WAS ! T>GET ( SEV]AL BOMB+S4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ! /ATE JAIL$ & CONDEMN$ TO DEA? ! LEAD+ AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S ( ! TIME1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET1 ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ1 ,ALEJ&RO ,B>REIRO1 & ,PABLO ,GU]RA4 ,! FIR/ DEA? 9 ! DISPUTE WAS ?AT ( ! AN>*I/ TAILOR1 ,ROBU/IANO ,F]N&EZ1 :O DI$ 9 A CONFRONTATION ) ! POLICE 9 FRONT ( ! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O4 ,LAT]1 ! POLICE KILL$ ANO!R AN>*I/1 ,LUIS ,DIAZ ,BLANCO1 ON ! /REET4 ,BLANCO'S KILL+ DETONAT$ A S]IES ( VIOL5T ACTS ?AT CULM9AT$ AT HIS FUN]AL 9 A MASSIVE DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,U4,S4,A41 N[ 9VOLV$ 9 ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 C\LDN'T P]MIT ?IS TYPE ( DISORD] SO NE> TO ITS COA/S4 ,AT ! REQUE/ ( ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY1 ,WA%+TON S5T A FLOTILLA 9CLUD+ ?REE CRUIS]S TO ,HAVANA 9 A %[ ( =CE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,CUBAN HI/ORIAN ,JOSE ,DU>TE ,OROPESA1 ! ,CUBAN ,SECRET ,S]VICE ALSO SUPPLI$ ,WA%+TON ) A LI/ ( ALL ( ! UNIONS ON ! ISL&1 AS WELL AS A LI/ ( !IR LEAD]S4 ,F9ALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T SUSP5D$ CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES ) ! OBJECT ( CREAT+ A CLIMATE ( T]ROR2 IT DEPORT$ TO ,SPA9 APPROXIMATELY #gg WORK]S IT *>ACT]IZ$ AS AN 0AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOB02 IT PROHIBIT$ AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS2 & IT CLOS$ ! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 LITTLE HAD *ANG$ S9CE ! TIMES ( ,CANOVAS & ,WEYL]4 ,A TEMPOR>Y CALM SETTL$ OV] ! C\NTRY 9 #aib [+ TO ! /ABILIZATION ( ! PRICE ( SUG>2 ?IS BECAME KN[N AS ! 0,TIME ( ! ,SK9NY ,C[S10 BECAUSE ( ! L[ PRICE ( SUG>4 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS LULL TO /AGE A WORK]S' CONGRESS ?AT ATTACK$ ! HI< CO/ ( LIV+ & PROPOS$ A S]IES ( 0IMM$IATE & TRANSITORY0 ECONOMIC MEASURES TO RESOLVE ! SITUATION4 ,! DELEGATES AGRE$ TO ! =MATION ( ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO4 ,!Y ALSO PROPOS$ TO =M AN ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE :I* W\LD 0/UDY ! OP9IONS ( ALL COLLECTIVES40 ,F9ALLY1 !Y S5T A 0FRAT]NAL SALUTE TO ! BRO!RS :O 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! ,U,S,S,R40 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S APPE>$ TO HAVE NO D\BTS ?AT ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION -- 9 :I* ,RUSSIA'S AN>*I/S HAD PLAY$ A V]Y VISIBLE P>T -- WAS GOOD NEWS = ,CUBA'S WORK]S4 ,) ! TAK+ ( P[] BY ! ,SOVIETS1 IT APPE>$ ?AT ! DREAM ( ?REE G5]ATIONS ( /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! 9JU/ICES ( CAPITALISM & ! /ATE HAD REA*$ ITS CONCLUSION4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S %[$ JUBILATION 9 !IR [N ACTIONS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 9 :I* A FEW SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & M>XI/ ELEM5TS P>TICIPAT$1 FOLL[+ ! AN>*I/ BANN]S4 ,BUT 9 ?IS E>LY P]IOD1 LITTLE NEWS HAD >RIV$ FROM ,B>CELONA OR ,NEW ,YORK AB\T ! P]SECUTION ( ,RUSSIA'S AN>*I/S UND] ,L594 ,SO1 IT WASN'T /RANGE ?AT ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/ CONGRESS ( #aib 9 ,HAVANA RESPOND$ FAVORABLY TO ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY -- A RESPONSE ?AT WAS E*O$ ?R\<\T ALMO/ ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAN WORLD4 ,?IS ATTITUDE W\LD *ANGE V]Y %ORTLY4 ,AFT] ! CONGRESS ( #a#i#b1 ,CUBA'S WORK]S PRESS$ !IR DEM&S ) R5EW$ =CE2 ?IS PROVOK$ ! 9EVITABLE REPRESSIVE RESPONSE FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BOMB+S %OOK ,HAVANA1 & ,MAY ,DAY SAW ANO!R G5]AL /RIKE4 ,P5I*ET & ,SAL9AS W]E AGA9 JAIL$1 & 9 PROTE/ A BOMB WAS SET (F 9 ! ,TEATRO ,NACIONAL DUR+ ,5RICO ,C>USO'S P]=MANCE ( ,AIDA4 ,= ?IS S+LE APPE>ANCE1 ! ,ITALIAN T5OR RECEIV$ @s#a1 -- A HUGE SUM EQUIVAL5T TO ! ANNUAL WAGES ( #ae OR #b ,CUBAN WORK]S4 ,P5I*ET & ,SAL9AS W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 BUT W]E P>DON$ & RELEAS$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aiba ) ! FALL FROM P[] ( ! ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL GOV]NM5T4 ,) ! NEW 0MOD]ATE0 GOV]NM5T ( ,ALFR$O ,ZAYAS 9 #a#i#b#a1 ! MO/ CON/RUCTIVE PHASE ( ,CUBAN AN>*ISM BEGAN4 ,! SE$ PLANT$ BY ! AN>*I/S AT ! 5D ( ! #a#h#hS HAD BLOSSOM$ 9TO ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9'S 0TREE ( LIB]TY0 & BEGAN TO BE> FRUIT4 ,AN>*I/ P]IODICALS PROLIF]AT$4 6,TI]RA6 5T]$ A NEW PHASE & ITS $ITORS BEGAN PUBLI%+ BOOKS & PAMPHLETS4 ,O!R P]IODICALS BEGAN TO APPE> REGUL>LY3 ,LA ,BATALLA 70,! ,BATTLE071 ,NUEVOS ,RUMBOS 70,NEW ,PA?S071 ,VIA ,LIBRE 70,! ,FREE ,WAY071 ,EL ,MEMOR&UM ,TIPOGRAFICO1 ,ESP>TACO 70,SP>TACUS07 & ,NUEVO ,LUZ 70,NEW ,LI*I/ PUBLICATIONS 9 ,MATANZAS1 ,CI5FUEGOS1 ,CAMAGUEY1 & ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA4 ,!Y W]E DI/RIBUT$ BY 9DIVIDUALS 9 WORKPLACES1 %OPS1 TOBACCO FACTORIES1 ETC4 ,!Y W]E ALSO DI/RIBUT$ BY MAIL1 :5 !IR ISSUES W]5'T SEIZ$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE'S NO DATA ON ! PRESS RUNS ( !SE P]IODICALS1 ?\< IT SEEMS LIKELY ?AT ,NUEVA ,LUZ & ,EL ,MEMOR&UM ,TIPOGRAFICO HAD CIRCULATIONS ( SEV]AL ?\S&4 ,CLE>LY A PROLET>IAN CULTURAL R5AISSANCE WAS TAK+ PLACE1 9 :I* EV5 ! MO/ HUMBLE TRADES HAD 9=MATION %EETS4 ,LIB]T>IAN LIT]>Y & SCI5TIFIC ASSOCIATIONS W]E F\ND$1 AS W]E WORK]S' C5T]S & NATURALI/S' CLUBS4 ,AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE CIRCULAT$ ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE ISL&1 & ! WORK ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S1 WRIT]S1 ORATORS1 UNIONI/S1 & CULTURAL WORK]S WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY EXUB]ANCE4 ,! AN>*I/S -- ) FEW ECONOMIC MEANS & )\T ANY \TSIDE AID -- ORGANIZ$ ,CUBA'S WORK]S1 BO? 9 T[N & C\NTRY1 9TO A =CE )\T P>ALLEL 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY1 A =CE NUMB]+ #h1 TO #a1 WORK]S 7\T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( AB\T #b4#i MILLION AT ?IS TIME74 ,A NEW G5]ATION ( ,CUBANS EM]G$ 9 !SE YE>S1 9 ! MID/ ( A SOCIETY FILL$ ) COLONIAL BAGGAGE1 CLASS & RACIAL SEP>ATIONS1 AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5TS1 & ,U4,S4 9T]F]5CE4 ,?IS NEW G5]ATION PROMOT$ RADICAL *ANGES 9 ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL /RUCTURE1 & COMM5C$ A /RUGGLE AGA9/ BO? NATIVE & =EIGN 9JU/ICES4 ,9 !IR WORK = SOCIAL JU/ICE = ! MO/ D[NTRODD51 !Y SUCCE$$ 9 MAK+ AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEALS ?OSE ( MO/ ,CUBAN WORK]S4 ,! MAN :O C>RI$ UPON HIS %\LD]S GREAT RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS A*IEVEM5T WAS ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ4 ,HE WAS AN AN>*I/ -- DESPITE ! M>XI/ REWRIT+ ( ,CUBA'S HI/ORY -- & WAS 9TRODUC$ TO LIB]T>IAN IDEAS BY ,PABLO ,GU]RA1 A BLACK WORK] 9 ! SAME TYPOGRAPHIC TRADE AS ,LOPEZ & ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET4 ,AN \T/&+ MILITANT 9 HIS TRADE1 ,LOPEZ EM]G$ AS A PROM95T FIGURE 9 ! CONGRESS ( #a#i#b1 & HIS UNIFY+ WORK )9 ,CUBA'S WORK]S' MOVEM5T DIDN'T 5D UNTIL HIS ASSASS9ATION 9 #a#i#b#f4 ,LIKE A GREAT MANY O!R ,CUBAN WORK]S ( HIS G5]ATION1 ,LOPEZ WAS PR(\NDLY AN>*OSYNDICALI/4 ,?R\< HIS WRIT+S1 HIS CONCISE ORATORY1 HIS UNION ACTIONS1 HIS PRAGMATIC ATTITUDE1 & ! ACCORDS = :I* HE WAS RESPONSIBLE1 IT'S V]Y DIFFICULT TO SITUATE HIM 9 ANY CAMP O!R ?AN ! AN>*I/4 ,LACK+ 9 SECT>IANISM1 HIS ACTS W]E 9T5SELY UNIFY+1 & HE KNEW H[ TO W9 OV] ! M>XI/ ELEM5TS 9 ,CUBA'S WORK]S' /RUGGLE4 ,HE ALSO 9TEGRAT$ RE=MI/ ELEM5TS 9TO ! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE1 A POSITIVE ACTION = :I* HE HAS RECEIV$ LITTLE CR$IT4 ,! F\ND+ ( ! ,F$]ACION ,OBR]A DE ,LA ,HABANA 7,F,O,H -- ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION ( ,HAVANA7 9 #a#i#b#a1 9 :I* ,LOPEZ WAS ! GLUE ?AT HELD IT TOGE!R1 9ITIAT$ AN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ CAMPAIGN 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,! ,F,O,H WAS NOT =M$ EXCLUSIVELY ( AN>*I/ UNIONS1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E ! MO/ NUM]\S & LIB]T>IAN IDEAS W]E ! MO/ POPUL> 9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,PRAGMATISM WAS ! ORD] ( ! DAY1 ) ! IDEA BE+ TO UNITE ALL WORK] & CAMPES9O FACTIONS 9 A S+LE ORGANIZATION1 AL?\< ?IS WAS OPPOS$ BY SOME AN>*I/S :O WANT$ A PURELY AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION MODEL$ ON ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO 9 ,SPA94 ,BUT 9 ! 5D1 ! UNIFY+ APPROA* ( ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ WAS ACCEPT$4 7,?IS DISPUTE HAS BE5 SEIZ$ UPON BY M>XI/ COMM5TATORS1 :O HAVE FALLACI\SLY US$ IT TO CLAIM ?AT ,LOPEZ WASN'T AN AN>*I/47 ,9 #a#i#b#c1 A RE=MI/ MOVEM5T GA9$ 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,HAVANA4 ,ONE ( ITS LEAD]S WAS ,JULIO ,ANTONIO ,MELLA4 ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ (F]$ HIS AID1 & MANAG$ TO P]SUADE ,MELLA TO WORK ) O!R /UD5TS 9 ! REC5TLY F\ND$ ,ESCUELA ,RACIONALI/A ,NOCTURNA 7,RATIONALI/ ,NIIAN $UCATOR1 ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]4 ,& AT ! 5D ( ?IS SAME YE>1 ! ,UNIV]SIDAD ,POPUL> ,JOSE ,M>TI WAS F\ND$1 ) ! AIM ( TEA*+ CURR5T POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEAS4 ,! DIRECT RELATION BETWE5 ! FUTURE F\ND] ( ! ,P>TIDO ,COMUNI/A ,CUBANO -- ,MELLA -- & ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ HAS GIV5 RISE TO A NUMB] ( HYPO!SES AB\T ! 9FLU5CE ( ,MELLA UPON ,LOPEZ1 :5 ! 9FLU5CE WAS ACTUALLY ! OPPOSITE1 AS ,MELLA W\LD DECL>E YE>S LAT]1 :5 HE CALL$ ,LOPEZ 0MY TEA*]40 ,9 #a#i#b#d1 & ) ! UND5IABLE TOL]ANCE ( ,PRESID5T ,ALFR$O ,ZAYAS1 A NUMB] ( /RIKE MOVEM5TS APPE>$ AMONG RAILWAY WORK]S & SUG> WORK]S4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ANO!R AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ( ! FIR/ ORD] BEGAN TO DI/+UI% HIMSELF -- ,5RIQUE ,V>ONA1 ( ,CAMAGUEY1 :O WAS ACTIVE 9 ! RAILWAY & SUG> TRADES4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#e1 ! SECOND ,CONGRESO ,NACIONAL ,OBR]O WAS CELEBRAT$ 9 ,CI5FUEGOS1 ) OV] #a DELEGATES1 REPRES5T+ #ge WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS1 9 ATT5DANCE4 ,! PR9CIPAL AGREEM5T REA*$ WAS TO HOLD A ?IRD CONGRESS 9 ! CITY ( ,CAMAGUEY = ! PURPOSE ( F\ND+ A NATIONAL WORK]S' CONF$]ATION MODEL$ ON ! ,F,O,H4 ,?AT ?IRD CONGRESS WAS HELD 9 ,AUGU/ 9 ?AT CITY1 ) #af DELEGATES 9 ATT5DANCE4 ,IT CREAT$ ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL ,OBR]A DE ,CUBA 7,C,N,O,C71 :I* UNIT$ ALL ( ! UNIONS1 BRO!RHOODS1 GUILDS1 & PROLET>IAN ASSOCIATIONS 9 ,CUBA -- 9 ALL1 #abh ORGANIZATIONS ) A MEMB]%IP ( MORE ?AN #b1 WORK]S4 ,?IS CONGRESS1 9 ITS /RUCTURE1 ITS ACCORDS1 & ITS PR9CIPLES1 WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*OSYNDICALI/ IDEAS -- IDEAS :I* PR$OM9AT$ AMONG ITS DELEGATES4 ,9 ! ,ACTS ( ! ,CONGRESS CREAT+ ! ,C,N,O,C1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ACCORDS W]E 0! TOTAL & COLLECTIVE REFUSAL ( ELECTORAL POLITICS10 ! DEM& = ! EIIA ,ACO/A1 ( ! ,UNION DE ,OBR]OS DE LA ,9DU/RIA DE ,CIG>R]IA 70,CIG> ,9DU/RY ,WORK]S ,UNION071 WAS ELECT$ PROVISIONAL PRESID5T ( ! ,C,N,O,C -- ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY ?AT A WOMAN WAS NAM$ TO SU* A POSITION -- & %E MADE ! DEM&1 0EQUAL PAY = EQUAL WORK40 ,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( ! CONGRESS1 ! ,P>TIDO ,COMUNI/A ,CUBANO 7,P,C,C7 WAS F\ND$ 9 ,HAVANA BY MILITANT M>XI/S SU* AS ,JULIO ,ANTONIO ,MELLA & EX-AN>*I/S SU* AS ,C>LOS ,BAL9O & ,ALEJ&RO ,B>REIRO1 ) ! AID ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 REPRES5T$ BY ,5RIQUE ,FLORES ,MAGON -- BRO!R ( ! WELL KN[N AN>*I/1 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON -- :O HAD COME TO ,CUBA FROM ,MEXICO4 ,! ,P,C,C'S MEMB]S BECAME A DISCIPL9$1 SELFLESS M9ORITY :O1 EV5 IF !Y HAD ORIG9ALLY FOLL[$ AN>*I/ BANN]S1 W\LD 9 ! FUTURE -- OBEY+ ORD]S FROM ! ,COM9T]N RELAY$ ?R\< ,MEXICO -- UND]TAKE TO FIR/ SUPPLANT & LAT] TO LIQUIDATE ALL VE/IGES ( AN>*OSYNDICALISM 9 ,CUBA1 ! IDEOLOGY ?AT = DECADES HAD BE5 ! DRIV+ =CE ( ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,! ELECTORAL TRIUMPH 9 ,AUGU/ #aibe ( ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL1 :OSE LID] MAXIMO WAS ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO1 PROVOK$ A SUDD5 CRISIS 9 ! RANKS ( ,CUBAN AN>*OSYNDICALISM4 ,! NEW PRESID5T1 ,MA*ADO1 QUICKLY REALIZ$ ?AT ! REC5TLY ORGANIZ$ ,C,N,O,C C\LD EI!R BE A POLITICAL COLLABORATOR OR A POLITICAL 5EMY4 ,HE HAD REASON TO HOPE = COLLABORATION4 ,9SIDE ! ,C,N,O,C1 A RE=MI/ ELEM5T EXI/$1 :I* ACT$ 9 ACCORD ) ! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 ! REACTION>Y ,AM]ICAN LABOR F$]ATION PRESID$ OV] BY ,SAMUEL ,GOMP]S4 ,MA*ADO MANAG$ TO ATTRACT ?IS RE=MI/ ELEM5T )9 ! ,C,N,O,C ) GOV]NM5T PO/S1 :ILE ! ALLIES ?AT ! AN>*I/S C\NT$ UPON )9 ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL MADE !MSELVES 9VISIBLE4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! M>XI/S -- AFT] A P]IOD ( BLATANT POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION ( ! ,C,N,O,C ACCORDS -- LAID L[ WAIT+ = BETT] TIMES4 ,COMM5C+ ) REPRESSIVE PRECEPTS1 ,MA*ADO'S GOV]NM5T >BITR>ILY CLOS$ ! ,S9DICATO DE LA ,9DU/RIA ,FABRIL ,9DU/RIAL 7,MANUFACTUR+ ,UNION71 BECAUSE IT HAD /RUCK1 >RE/$ ITS BLACK AN>*I/ LEAD]1 ,M>G>ITO ,IGLESIAS1 & DEPORT$ SEV]AL /RIK+ WORK]S4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] !RE WAS ANO!R /RIKE AMONG SUG> WORK]S 9 ,CAMAGUEY1 & AN>*OSYNDICALI/ LEAD] ,5RIQUE ,V>ONA WAS FIR/ JAIL$ & LAT] MURD]$4 7,V>ONA REPRES5T$ ! ,UNION DE ,F]ROC>RILES DEL ,NORTE .<,NOR!RN ,RAILWAY ,UNION.>1 :I* AT ! TIME REPRES5T$ SUG> WORK]S47 ,!SE REPRESSIVE ACTS PROVOK$ /RONG PROTE/S1 :I*1 H[EV]1 CAME TO NO?+4 ,BECAUSE ( ! P]SECUTION1 ! POLITICAL SITUATION HAD BECOME MORE DIFFICULT = ! AN>*I/S4 ,! GOV]NM5T UNLEA%$ EV5 MORE REPRESSION1 FOCUS+ ON ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 BECAUSE !Y W]E ! BE/ ORGANIZ$ SECTOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & BECAUSE !Y HAD LEAD]S ( ! /ATURE ( ,LOPEZ1 ,IGLESIAS1 ET AL4 ,UND] ,MA*ADO1 PROTE/S :I* O!R GOV]NM5TS HAD TOL]AT$ OR HAD REPRESS$ TO SOME EXT5T1 BECAME ! PRETEXT = MURD]\S REPRESSION4 ,AFT] ! MURD] ( ,V>ONA1 ,LOPEZ PUBLICLY D5\NC$ ! ACT AS A GOV]NM5T CRIME1 & !SE D5UNCIATIONS W]E S5T ABROAD4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO VIOL5CE ON ! P>T ( ! UNIONS4 ,/RIKES W]E PROHIBIT$ UND] PA9 ( JAIL OR 0DISAPPE>ANCE10 & A TIME ( /ATE T]RORISM BEGAN 9 ,CUBA4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#e1 ,ALFR$O ,LOPEZ WAS TAK5 PRISON] AFT] A S]IES ( BOMB+S 9 ,HAVANA UND]TAK5 BY GOV]NM5T AG5TS PROVOCATEUR4 ,BY ,DECEMB]1 ! MO/ ACTIVE AN>*I/S 9 ,CUBA W]E EI!R 9 PRISON OR HAD FL$ TO ,FLORIDA OR ! ,YUCATAN4 ,9 SUM1 9TIMIDATION1 PROVOCATION1 & MURD] W]E ! POLITICAL WEAPONS ( ,MA*ADO AT ! 5D ( ! YE>4 ,LOPEZ & SOME O!R AN>*I/S W]E RELEAS$ FROM PRISON 9 ,JANU>Y #aibf & W]E 0C\NSEL$0 TO PUT !MSELVES AT ! S]VICE ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,AT A MEET+1 ,MA*ADO'S MESS5G] BOY1 HIS ,GOV]NM5T ,SECRET>Y1 ,ROG]IO ,ZAYAS ,BAZAN1 (F]$ ,LOPEZ A PAID PO/ 9 EX*ANGE = HIS COOP]ATION4 ,LOPEZ REFUS$1 & CONT9U$ HIS AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES4 ,HE WAS DETA9$ AGA9 BY ! POLICE1 & ?IS TIME ?REAT5$ ) DEA?4 ,HE AGA9 REFUS$ TO BACK D[N4 ,ON ,MAY ,DAY1 A SECRET COMMEMORATION WAS HELD 9 ! ,C5TRO ,OBR]O 9 ,HAVANA1 AT :I* ,LOPEZ D5\NC$ ,MA*ADO'S REPRESSIVE ACTS1 & URG$ ,CUBA'S WORK]S TO RESI/4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,JULY #b1 #a#i#b#f1 ,LOPEZ WAS KIDNAPP$ & 0DISAPPE>$40 7,HIS REMA9S W]E F\ND SEV5 YE>S LAT]1 A FEW DAYS AFT] ! FALL ( ,MA*ADO47 ,) ! DEA?S ( ,V>ONA & ,LOPEZ1 ,CUBA'S AN>*OSYNDICALI/S & WORK]S HAD LO/1 AT A CRUCIAL MOM5T1 !IR TWO MO/ VALIANT LEAD]S4 ,! REPRESSIVE POLITICS ( ,MA*ADO AGA9/ ! UNIONS HAD NO P>ALLEL 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ISL&4 ,NEV] 9 COLONIAL TIMES1 NOR UND] ! REPUBLIC -- 9CLUD+ ! REIGN ( ,G>CIA ,M5OCAL -- HAD ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S SUFF]$ SU* VIOL5T BL[S4 ,:ILE ,MA*ADO WAS CELEBRAT$ BY ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES AS A 0NATIONALI/0 9 A SOCIETY SUFF]+ CONSID]ABLE ,U4,S4 9T]F]5CE1 HIS P]SECUTION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S WAS UNREMITT+4 ,9 #a#i#b#g1 ! ,C,N,O,C SUFF]$ ANO!R CRISIS ) ! 0DISAPPE>ANCE0 ( ,M>G>ITO ,IGLESIAS1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ GR&SON ( BLACK SLAVES1 & A LEAD+ MEMB] ( ! ,S9DICATO ,FABRIL4 ,! M>XI/S )9 ! ,C,N,O,C TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS SITUATION1 & BEGAN TO APPROPRIATE1 ON ORD]S ( ! ,P,C,C1 ! POSITIONS =M]LY HELD BY ! DEPORT$1 EXIL$1 & MURD]$ AN>*I/S4 ,! RESPONSE ( RADICAL AN>*I/ ELEM5TS TO ?IS VIOL5T REPRESSION WAS QUICK 9 COM+4 ,!Y F\ND$ MILITANT GR\PS SU* AS ,ESP>TACO 7,SP>TACUS7 & ,LOS ,SOLID>IOS 7,?OSE 9 ,SOLID>ITY71 & LAT] ! ,F$]ACION DE ,GRUPOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,CUBA 7,F,G,A,C71 & BEGAN1 9 ALLIANCE ) UNIV]SITY /UD5TS & SOME POLITICIANS1 A VIOL5T CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,MA*ADO1 :O HAD BE5 0CON/ITUTIONALLY0 REELECT$ TO ANO!R SIX-YE> T]M4 ,!Y 5GAG$ 9 /REET FIM$ OPPOSITION GR\PS1 SU* AS ! ,DIRECTORIO ,E/UDIANTIL ,REVOLUCION>IO 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,/UD5T ,DIRECTORATE7 & ! SECRET ORGANIZATION1 ,A,B,C4 ,9 #a#i#c1 A /REETC> /RIKE BROKE \T ?AT WAS BACK$ BY ALMO/ ALL ( ! UNIONS4 ,?IS /RIKE BECAME A G5]AL /RIKE )9 #bd H\RS1 & WAS ! FIR/ ( ITS K9D 9 ,CUBA UND] A DICTATORIAL REGIME4 ,! AN>*I/S ACTIVELY BACK$ ?IS /RIKE1 :ILE ! ANTI-,MA*ADO CAPITALI/ PRESS HEAP$ PRAISE ON ! ,P,C,C & 9T]VIEW$ ITS LEAD]S4 ,?IS MAY SEEM /RANGE1 BUT DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION NOT ONLY ! WORK+ CLASS BUT ALSO ! B\RGEOIS CLASS OPPOS$ ! DICTATOR%IP1 GIV5 ?AT !Y W]E BE+ RU9$ ECONOMICALLY4 ,! PRICE ( SUG> HAD FALL5 TO PRACTICALLY NO?+1 & SOCIAL & POLITICAL RU9 WAS C\PL$ ) ECONOMIC DISA/]4 ,BUT ! /RIKE ITSELF WAS A COMPLETE FAILURE DUE TO ITS POOR PLANN+ BY ! ,C,N,O,C1 N[ 9 ! H&S ( ! ,P,C,C4 ,! ORAL TE/IMONY ( ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ1 & ,AGU/9 ,CA/RO1 :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,F,G,A,C'S CL&E/9E /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,MA*ADO1 & ?AT ( ,EUSEBIO ,MUJAL1 :OSE FA!R WAS AN AN>*I/ BAK] 9 ,GUANTANAMO1 >E 9 AGREEM5T4 ,HU< ,?OMAS QUOTES ,MUJAL3 ,! ,COMMUNI/S W]E 444PREOCCUPI$ ) ! AN>*I/S AS MU* AS ) ,MA*ADO444 ,P>TY POLICY WAS TO DE/ROY ALL MEMB]S ( ,C,N,O,C :O W]E NOT ,COMMUNI/1 EV5 BY BETRAY+ !M TO ,MA*ADO'S POLICE4 ,SEV]AL ,SPANI% AN>*I/ LEAD]S W]E MURD]$ BY ,MA*ADO4 ,DESPITE ! P]SECUTION BY ,MA*ADO'S REGIME & ! BACK/ABB+ BY ! ,P,C,C1 ! AN>*I/S1 EV5 ?\< UND]GR\ND1 DID NOT GIVE UP4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT HAS BE5 /AT$ BY BO? ! ,P,C,C & BY RIY HI/ORIANS1 ! SURVIV+ AN>*I/S DIDN'T FLEE TO ,SPA92 !Y DIDN'T AB&ON !IR POSITIONS 9 ! UNIONS2 !Y DIDN'T GO OV] TO ! ,MA*ADO GOV]NM5T2 & !Y DIDN'T BETRAY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ON ,JULY #b#h1 #a#i#c#c1 ANO!R TRANSPORTATION /RIKE BROKE \T 9 ,HAVANA1 & ! CITY WAS P>ALYZ$ :5 ! /REETC> WORK]S JO9$ ! /RIKE4 ,! CRISIS DEEP5$ :5 ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,F,O,H RALLI$ TO ! TRANSIT WORK]S' /RIKE1 & IT BECAME A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY S\Y S\RCE ( P[] 9 ,CUBA7 TO LIQUIDATE !IR OLD ALLY4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #g1 A RUMOR RAN ?R\< ,HAVANA ?AT ,MA*ADO HAD RESIGN$1 & ! PEOPLE TOOK TO ! /REETS TO CELEBRATE -- :]E !Y W]E MA*9E-GUNN$ BY ,MA*ADO'S ?UGS4 ,9 A POLITICAL MANEUV] ?AT CAN ONLY BE CATEGORIZ$ AS 9SOL5T1 ! ,P,C,C1 9 ! NAME ( ! REMA9S ( ! ,C,N,O,C1 MADE A DEAL ) ,MA*ADO TO 5D ! G5]AL /RIKE 7AS IF !Y W]E ! ONES :O HAD CALL$ IT74 ,! ,P,C,C ?US FELL 9TO ! TRAP ( BELIEV+ ITS [N LIES4 ,! PAY(F = ITS P]FIDI\S ACT W\LD BE ! RECOGNITION ( ! ,P,C,C & ! ,C,N,O,C BY ,MA*ADO'S GOV]NM5T4 ,! AMBITION = P[] HAD TOTALLY BL9D$ ! ,P,C,C4 7,IT HAD ALSO P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ELECTORAL F>CE 9 #a#i#c#b1 :I* SEAT$ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! COALITION ?AT BACK$ ,MA*ADO47 ,PRES5T DAY M>XI/ WRIT]S ATTEMPT TO EXCUSE !SE ACTS AS 0! ,AUGU/ ]ROR40 ,9 REALITY1 IT WAS MORE ?AN AN 0]ROR02 IT WAS A BETRAYAL ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! PEOPLE ( ,CUBA4 ,! ,P,C,C !N GAVE ! ORD] ?AT ! /RIK+ WORK]S RETURN TO !IR JOBS1 & TRI$ TO 5=CE ?IS DECREE ) ! HELP ( ,MA*ADO'S SECRET POLICE1 ! S9I/] 0PORRA0 70BLUDGEON0 OR 0CLUB071 :I* WAS GUILTY ( ! MURD] ( A NUMB] ( WORK]S4 ,! ,P,C,C'S MANEUV] DIDN'T WORK1 H[EV]1 [+ TO ! 5RAG$ RESPONSE ( ! ,F,O,H AN>*I/S & ! RE/ ( ! OPPOSITION TO ! 0/RIKEBREAK]S40 ,! SITUATION REMA9$ FLUID & VOLATILE = SEV]AL MORE DAYS1 & F9ALLY REA*$ 9TO ! RANKS ( ! >M$ =CES1 :O HAD NO DESIRE TO 9T]V5E 9 ?IS REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,AUGU/ #a#b1 ,MA*ADO WAS =C$ TO FLEE BECAUSE ( A MILIT>Y C\P BACK$ BY ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #b#h1 ! REMA9S ( ,LOPEZ & ,IGLESIAS W]E EXHUM$ FROM A %ALL[ GRAVE & REBURI$ AFT] BE+ R5D]$ HOMAGE BY A VA/ ?RONG4 ,ON ?AT SAME DAY1 ! ,F,G,A,C PUBLI%$ A MANIFE/O TO ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE D5\NC+ ! TRAITOR\S ACTIONS ( ! ,P,C,C & ! >M$ ATTACK ! ,P,C,C HAD LAUN*$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S' (FICES ON ! PREVI\S DAY4 ,! ONLY REMA9+ (FICES ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 #aicc W]E ?OSE ( ! ,F,O,H1 FROM :I* ! ,SP>TACUS GR\P HAD OP]AT$ CL&E/9ELY4 ,! ,F,G,A,C'S ACTIONS BECAME KN[N TO ! ,COMMUNI/S FOLL[+ ! TRIUMPH ( ! /RIKE !Y HAD TRI$ TO BREAK4 ,9 ! CONFUSION ( ! FIR/ MOM5TS FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION>Y TRIUMPH OV] ,MA*ADO1 ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD DECID$ TO DEAL ) ! MO/ MILITANT AN>*I/ ELEM5TS1 &1 ACCUS+ !M ( BE+ 0COLLABORATORS10 ATTACK$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S AT ! ,F,O,H ) GUNFIRE4 ,A BATTLE 5SU$ BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*OSYNDICALI/S1 9 :I* ONE AN>*I/ WAS KILL$1 & SEV]AL PEOPLE W]E W\ND$ ON BO? SIDES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! >MY 9T]V5$ TO /OP ! BLOOD%$4 ,! MANIFE/O D5\NC+ ?IS TRAITOR\S1 MURD]\S ACT1 SIGN$ BY ! ,F,G,A,C ,COMITE DE ,RELACIONES1 GAVE DETAIL$ 9=MATION AB\T ! ANTI-WORK] ACTIVITIES ( ! ,P,C,C & H[ IT HAD TRI$ TO COV] ITSELF LEGALLY 9 ! %AD[ ( ! ,C,N,O,C 9 ITS ZEAL = P[]4 ,! PREC>I\S COOP]ATIVE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S & ,COMMUNI/S1 :I* HAD DET]IORAT$ ) ! DISQUIET+ NEWS ( ! P]SECUTION ( AN>*I/S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 FIR/ UND] ,L59 & !N UND] ,/AL91 CAME TO AN 5D 9 ! BLOODY SUMM] ( #a#i#c#c4 O ,*APT] #c 3 ,CON/ITUTION & ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#d-#a#i#e#h7 ,*APT] #c3 ,CON/ITUTION & ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#d-#a#i#e#h7 ,DESPITE ! TRIUMPH REPRES5T$ BY ,MA*ADO'S OV]?R[1 ! SITUATION AFT] HIS FALL WAS UNFAVORABLE TO ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,!IR MO/ D$ICAT$ LEAD]S & ACTIVI/S HAD BE5 VICTIMS ( GOV]NM5TAL MURD] OR HAD BE5 DEPORT$4 ,AS A RESULT1 :5 !RE WAS A C\P D'ETAT ON ,SEPTEMB] #d1 #aicc AGA9/ ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T BACK$ BY ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY1 ! AN>*I/S W]E SURPRIS$ & UNPREP>$ -- 9 :AT C\LD BE CALL$ A 0PREORGANIZ$0 /ATE4 ,! NEW 0AU!NTIC0 REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T1 AS IT CALL$ ITSELF1 WAS LEFTI/ ) NATIONALI/ OV]TONES4 ,ITS PR9CIPAL FIGURES W]E ,RAMON ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T9 & ,ANTONIO ,GUIT]AS4 ,IT WAS TI$ TO ! MILIT>Y M5 :O HAD C>RI$ \T ! C\P -- PRIVATES1 CORPORALS & S]GEANTS FROM HUMBLE BACKGR\NDS1 & ) ALL MANN] ( SOCIAL IDEAS -- :OSE LEAD+ FIGURE WAS ,FULG5CIO ,BATI/A4 ,?IS NEW GOV]NM5T1 ! FIR/ ( ITS K9D ON ! ISL&1 DEFI$ ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY & 5ACT$ LAWS B5EFITT+ ! PUBLIC2 IT ALSO REMOV$ ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T FROM ! ,CUBAN ,CON/ITUTION4 ,AS C\LD HAVE BE5 EXPECT$1 ! PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T LA/$ ONLY AB\T #a DAYS4 ,GIV5 ITS 0NATIONALISM )\T A NATION10 ITS REMOVAL ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T FROM ! ,CUBAN ,CON/ITUTION1 ITS DECREE M&AT+ /ATE 9T]V5TION 9 ! YANKEE-[N$ ELECTRICAL & TELEPHONE UTILITIES1 & ITS PASSAGE ( AN EI*I/S BY PASS+ ! 0#e.0 LAW10 :I* =C$ [N]S TO RES]VE AT LEA/ HALF !IR JOBS = ,CUBANS4 ,?IS =C$ MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S TO LEAVE ! ISL& & RETURN TO !IR HOMEL&1 :]E A TRAGIC CIVIL W> W\LD %ORTLY TAKE PLACE4 ,?US1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S F\ND !MSELVES GRAVELY WEAK5$ AT A PIVOTAL PO9T 9 HI/ORY1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ! ,COMMUNI/S MANIPULAT$ ! CAUSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS ) SUCCESS1 DESPITE ! SETBACK ( ! ,AUGU/ 0]ROR40 ,!Y VIOL5TLY ATTACK$ ! AN>*I/S PHYSICALLY1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ATTACK+ !M V]BALLY ) GROSS CALUMNIES4 ,!SE TACTICS W\LD BE> FRUIT 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>2 & ! ,COMMUNI/S W\LD REPEAT !M ) EV5 GREAT] SUCCESS 9 #a#i#f4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S ACCUS$ ,CUBA'S LIB]T>IANS ( BE+ 0YANKEE AG5TS10 AS WELL AS 0ASSOCIAT+ & ALLY+ ) EX-,MA*ADI/AS1 BOSSES1 & EV5 FASCI/ ELEM5TS10 :I* AT ! TIME F\ND SOME SYMPA?Y 9 ,CUBA4 ,BUT DESPITE ! GREAT DAMAGE CAUS$ BY ,MA*ADO1 ! LOSSES UND] ! 0#e.0 LAW10 & ! 9CESSANT ,COMMUNI/ ATTACKS1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S 5T]$ ?IS NEW /AGE ) A VIGOR & RESI/ANCE ?AT WAS A/ONI%+4 ,!Y 9CREAS$ !IR PROPAG&A WORK AMONG ,CUBA'S Y\?1 & A SECOND G5]ATION ( ,CUBANS RALLI$ TO AN>*I/ BANN]S 9 ! UNIONS & O!R LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#c#c1 ) ! AID ( ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY & ! SUPPORT ( ,CUBA'S B\RGEOISIE1 ! BY-!N COLONEL ,BATI/A BECAME ! 0/RONG MAN0 ( ,CUBA4 ,SE>*+ = ALLIES AMONG ! REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION1 SOME Y\NG AN>*I/S AFFILIAT$ !MSELVES ) ! SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION ,JOV5 ,CUBA 7,Y\NG ,CUBA71 L$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y & >*5EMY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ,ANTONIO ,GUIT]AS1 :O HAD N[ FALL5 FROM P[]4 ,AGA91 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S & ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS FAC$ REPRESSION4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#c#e1 ,BATI/A DEFEAT$ A G5]AL /RIKE CALL$ & LAT] ABORT$ BY ! ,P,C,C4 ,& SOON ! ,P,C,C W\LD ADOPT ,MOSC['S 0POPUL> FRONT0 L9E1 ALLY ITSELF ) ! GOV]NM5T1 & FOLL[ 0! DEMOCRATIC PACES ( ,COLONEL ,BATI/A40 ,BATI/A ATTEMPT$ TO LEGITIMIZE HIS DICTATOR%IP ?R\< ! ELECTORAL PROCESS4 ,HE HAD NO POLITICAL BACK+ BEYOND ! POLICE & >M$ =CES1 & ?IS WASN'T SUFFICI5T = POLITICAL CR$IBILITY4 ,! ,P,C,C CAME TO HIS RESCUE4 ,IT (F]$ HIM A DEAL PUTT+ ALL ( ! MA*9]Y ( ,CUBAN & 9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNISM AT HIS S]VICE1 & IT PROMIS$ TO DELIV] VOTES 9 ! COM+ ELECTIONS4 ,BATI/A BADLY NE$$ ?IS ELECTORAL SUPPORT4 ,= ! AN>*I/S1 ! POLITICAL SITUATION HADN'T *ANG$ MU*4 ,S9CE ! FALL ( ,MA*ADO ! AU?ORITIES HAD EX]CIS$ AN IRON CONTROL OV] ! LABOR ACTIVITIES ( ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S4 ,!Y VIGOR\SLY C5SOR$ ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ PRESS1 & DE/ROY$ MAT]IALS COM+ FROM ! EXT]IOR1 ) ! CURI\S EXCEPTION ( ! MAGAZ9E ,CULTURA ,PROLET>IA -- F\ND$ 9 ! #a#i#bS BY ! ALREADY ELD]LY ,P$RO ,E/EVE1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK BY A GR\P ( ,SPANI% AN>*I/ EXILES 9CLUD+ ,FRANK ,GONZALEZ & ,M>CEL9O ,G>CIA -- :I* AT TIMES PUBLI%$ NEWS ( ! P]SECUTION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HELIO ,N>DO1 A WITNESS TO ! EV5TS ( !SE YE>S1 0,AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE ( ,M>* #a#i#c#e1 WE F\ND \RSELVES UND] BRUTAL REPRESSION 444 ,?\S&S ( OPPON5TS .<( ! ,BATI/A GOV]NM5T.> F\ND !MSELVES 9 JAIL4 ,ALL ( ! T[NS 444 CAME TO BE UND] MILIT>Y CONTROL40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ACCORD+ TO ,N>DO1 DIFFICULTIES W]E >IS+ BETWE5 ! PREVI\S G5]ATION & ! Y\NG] G5]ATION ( AN>*I/S4 ,HE RECALLS1 0444 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( REA*+ AN UND]/&+ ) ! OLD] MILITANTS 5TR5*$ 9 'GRUPISMO' 7,F,G,A,C70 -- H]E ,N>DO REF]S TO ?OSE AN>*I/S :O HAD SURVIV$ ,MA*ADO'S REPRESSION1 ! 0#e.0 LAW10 & ! MILIT>Y AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ,BATI/A'S E>LY DAYS4 ,?IS 0L$ TO ! F\ND+ 9 ,HAVANA ( ! ,JUV5TUD ,LIB]T>IA DE ,CUBA0 7,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\? ( ,CUBA74 ,N>DO RECALLS ?AT ITS F\ND]S 9CLUD$ ,GU/AVO ,LOPEZ1 ,FLOREAL ,B>R]AS1 ,LUIS ,DULZAIDES1 ,MIGUEL ,RIVAS1 ,JULIO ,AYEON ,MORGAN1 ,TEODORO ,FABEL1 ,ABEL>DO ,B>ROSO1 ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO1 ,JOSE ,F]N&EZ ,M>TI1 & ONE Y\NG AN>*I/ ) ! CURI\S NAME ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO4 ,HE ALSO RECALLS ?AT ! MEET+S ( ?IS GR\P W]E 0RIGOR\SLY CL&E/9E40 ,= HIS P>T1 ,LUIS ,DULZAIDES RECORD$ HIS Y\?FUL IMPRESSIONS DECADES LAT]4 ,HE /AT$ ?AT HE JO9$ ,JUV5TUD ,LIB]T>IA ?R\< ,F]N&EZ ,M>TI1 & ?AT HE CAME TO KN[ 0! HI*ISM40 ,DOM+O ,DIAZ1 A PH>MACI/ FROM ,>ROYO ,>5AS1 NE> ,HAVANA1 RECALLS ?AT HE CAME TO KN[ ,V5ANCIO ,TURON1 AN OLD RAILWAY WORK] & A F\ND] ( ! ,C,N,O,C1 AS WELL AS 0,RAFAEL ,S]RA1 A BLACK TOBACCO WORK] :O REMA9$ AS A RELIC ( ! H]OIC TIMES ( ! LIB]T>IAN PROLET>IAT10 & F9ALLY1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T ,CUBAN 9TELLECTUALS ( HIS G5]ATION4 ,AT ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION & CIVIL W> 9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S RALLI$ TO ! DEF5SE ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION>IES1 & TO FUR!R !IR AIMS F\ND$ ! ,SOLID>IDAD ,9T]NACIONAL ,ANTIFASCI/A 7,S,I,A7 9 ,HAVANA1 :OSE MEMB]S WORK$ ZEAL\SLY TO S5D MONEY & >MS TO !IR ,SPANI% COMRADES 9 ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO_/,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA 7,C,N,T_/,F,A,I74 ,CONSID]+ ! DEPRESS$ ECONOMIC SITUATION 9 ,CUBA1 ! AID !Y S5T TO !IR ,SPANI% COMRADES WAS CONSID]ABLE4 ,IT'S ALSO FITT+ TO M5TION ! DIRECT P>TICIPATION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S 9 ! MILIT>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,SPANI% FASCISM4 ,) SOME ( !IR MEMB]S =C$ TO LEAVE ,CUBA BY ! 0#e.0 LAW10 5TIRE MIX$ FAMILIES ( ,CUBAN_/,SPANI% AN>*I/S F\DO ,IGLESIAS1 ,MANUEL DE LA ,MATA1 & ,COSME ,PAULES4 ,A NUMB] ( ,CUBAN AN>*I/S ALSO W5T DIRECTLY TO ,SPA9 TO FIDO ,BOH]AS1 ,JULIO ,CON/ANT9O ,CAV>ROCAS1 & MANY O!RS4 ,) ! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#i#c#i1 MANY ( ! SURVIV+ ,CUBAN AN>*I/S RETURN$ TO ,CUBA1 AS DID MANY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S :O SAIL$ FROM ,FRANCE & ,SPA9 ) ,CUBAN PASSPORTS OBTA9$ ) ! HELP ( LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS ) FRI5DS 9 ! ,CUBAN ,M9I/RY ( ,/ATE4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S BEGAN TO COLLECT FUNDS TO AID EX-COMBATANTS 9 NE$2 :5 !SE PEOPLE >RIV$ 9 ,CUBA1 !Y RECEIV$ A G5]\S WELCOME FROM !IR ,CUBAN COMRADES4 ,!RE W]E CASES ( >RIV+ AN>*I/S BE+ DETA9$ BY ! IMMIGRATION AU?ORITIES1 :O W]E !N RELEAS$ AFT] ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9T]V5$ ON !IR BEHALF4 ,AS ,PAUL9O ,DIEZ NOTES 9 HIS MEMOIRS1 ,CUBA S]V$ AS A TRAMPOL9E = ,SPANI% AN>*I/S 9 ! DIASPORA -- IT WAS A JUMP+ (F PO9T = !M ON !IR J\RNEYS TO CITIES ?R\<\T ! ,AM]ICAS1 FROM ,*ICAGO TO ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i#cS1 ,BATI/A WAS A MILIT>Y MAN LACK+ A POPUL> BASE4 ,SO HE DECID$ TO CREATE A POLITICAL COALITION ) ! HELP ( ! ,P>TIDO ,COMUNI/A ,CUBANO4 ,& ! ,P,C,C 5T]$ 9TO A PACT ) ,BATI/A4 ,9 EX*ANGE = ITS S]VICES & ITS SUPPORT 9 ! NEXT PRESID5TIAL ELECTION1 ! ,P,C,C WAS H&$ ! REC5TLY CREAT$ ,CONF$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA 7,C,T,C -- ,CUBAN ,CONF$]ATION ( ,WORK]S71 :I* HAD BE5 CREAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T & BY ITS ELECTORAL ALLIES 9 ! ,COMISIONES ,OBR]AS 7,C,O -- ,LABOR]S' . ,COMMISSIONS74 ,! ,C,T,C WAS DESIGN$ TO BE ! L>GE/1 MO/ C5TRALIZ$ LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ,CUBA1 ONE ?AT W\LD COMB9E ALL EXI/+ SOCIAL FACTIONS1 9CLUD+ A DUES-PAY+ AN>*I/ M9ORITY4 ,ONE MAJOR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,C,T,C & ! PREVI\S UMBRELLA LABOR ORGANIZATION1 ! ,C,N,O,C1 WAS ?AT ! ,C,N,O,C HAD BE5 DESIGN$ TO BE NONSECT>IAN & NON- 7OR ANTI-7 POLITICAL1 :ILE ! ,C,T,C WAS DESIGN$ FROM ! />T TO BE A TOOL 9 SECT>IAN POLITICS1 & HAD BE5 PLAC$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,P,C,C BY ,BATI/A4 ,?US1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBA1 !RE WAS A M>RIAGE ( UNIONISM & ! /ATE4 ,BUT !RE WAS AT LEA/ ONE FAVORABLE DEVELOPM5T UND] ,BATI/A4 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ( #aid M>K$ ! BIR? ( A NEW REPUBLIC4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,CUBAN HI/ORY1 A CON/ITUTIONAL DOCUM5T CONSID]$ ! SOCIAL PROBLEM1 & ITS AU?ORS TRI$ TO CORRECT ! ]RORS & OMISSIONS ( ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,FIR/ ,REPUBLIC4 ,NOTABLY1 IT RESC9D$ ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T1 ?\< ,U4,S4 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC1 & CULTURAL 9FLU5CE OV] ,CUBA W\LD CONT9UE UNTIL #a#i#f4 ,MOD]N & PROGRESSIVE1 ?IS ,CUBAN ,MAGNA ,C>TA WAS ! WORK ( TWO G5]ATIONS ( ,CUBANS4 ,MEMB]S ( ALL SOCIAL CLASSES & ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE HAD CONTRIBUT$ TO IT4 ,IT CONSID]$ 9 M9UTE DETAIL ALL ( ! PROBLEMS ?AT HAD COME & ALL ?AT ITS AU?ORS ?\IAN1 & LABOR PROBLEMS FROM ! PREVI\S CONVULSIVE DECADES ( ,CUBAN HI/ORY4 ,! #aid ,CON/ITUTION WAS 9T5D$ AS AN 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC RE=M1 & ALL ?AT REMA9$ WAS TO PUT IT TO ! TE/ BY PUTT+ IT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,! SURVIV+ SECTORS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! #a#i#b-#a#i#d P]IOD1 N[ WORK+ 9 ! ,S,I,A & ! ,F,G,A,C1 RE9=C$ BY ?OSE ,CUBAN MILITANTS & ,SPANI% AN>*I/S FLEE+ N[-FASCI/ ,SPA91 AGRE$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! DECADE TO HOLD AN ASSEMBLY ) ! PURPOSE ( REGR\P+ ! LIB]T>IAN =CES 9SIDE A S+LE ORGANIZATION4 ,! GU>ANTEES ( ! #aid ,CON/ITUTION P]MITT$ !M TO LEGALLY CREATE AN ORGANIZATION ( ?IS TYPE1 & IT WAS ?US ?AT !Y AGRE$ TO DISSOLVE ! TWO PR9CIPAL ,CUBAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,S,I,A & ,F,G,A,C1 & CREATE A NEW1 UNIFI$ GR\P1 ! ,ASOCIACION ,LIB]T>IA DE ,CUBA 7,A,L,C71 A SIZABLE ORGANIZATION ) A MEMB]%IP 9 ! ?\S&S4 ,OV] #a DELEGATES -- BO? ,CUBANS & ,SPANI% EXILES -- MET AT ! SMALL ,MORDAZO RAN*1 HOME ( ,JUAN ,NAPOLES & HIS COMPAN]A ,M>IA1 9 ! ,PALAT9O B>RIO ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,HAVANA4 ,!Y *OSE ,DOM+O ,DIAZ AS ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL & ,ABEL>DO ,B>ROSO AS ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,SECRET>Y ( ! NEW GR\P4 ,!Y ALSO AGRE$ TO AID ! ,SPANI% EXILES :O W]E CON/ANTLY >RIV+ ON ! ISL&2 TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = ! CONT9UATION ( ! LIB]T>IAN PUBLICATION ,RUMBOS 70,PA?S071 :I* HAD APPE>$ SPORADICALLY DUR+ ! F9AL YE>S ( ! #a#i#cS2 & TO CALL ! 0,PRIM] ,CONGRESO ,NACIONAL ,LIB]T>IO0 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,! L>GE NUMB] ( C5ETI/AS 7MEMB]S ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*OSYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T7 :O >RIV$ 9 ,HAVANA 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> W]E ATT5D$ TO AS WELL AS WAS POSSIBLE BY !IR ,CUBAN COMRADES4 ,H[EV]1 ! G5]ALIZ$ UNEMPLOYM5T 9 ,CUBA 9 ! E>LY #a#i#dS OBLIG$ ! GREAT MAJORITY ( !SE COMPAN]OS TO EMIGRATE TO C\NTRIES SU* AS ,PANAMA1 ,MEXICO1 & ,V5EZUELA1 :I*1 ( C\RSE1 WEAK5$ ! ,A,L,C4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! ,A,L,C PUBLI%$ = SOME TIME A NEW PROPAG&A ORGAN CALL$ ,RUMBOS ,NUEVOS 70,NEW ,PA?S07 UND] ! $ITOR%IP ( ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS4 ,CONTRIBUTORS 9CLUD$ ,DOM+O ,ALONSO & ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ4 ,AS WELL1 ! ,A,L,C DID C>RY \T ITS PLAN = ! ,PRIM] ,CONGRESO ,NACIONAL ,LIB]T>IO 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,IT WAS HELD AT ! ,PLA/]]S ,UNION HALL 9 ,HAVANA1 WAS FACILITAT$ BY ,MANUEL ,PIS1 ( ?AT UNION1 & ELECT$ AS ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL ,G]>DO ,MA*ADO & AS ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,SECRET>Y1 ONCE AGA91 ,ABEL>DO ,B>ROSO4 ,DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S ( ! #a#i#dS1 ! ,A,L,C LIB]T>IANS D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO ORGANIZ+ 9 ! LABOR FIELD4 ,GIV5 !IR HI/ORY ( WORK 9 ! ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T -- & !IR PRIM>Y ROLE 9 IT UNTIL ! MIDDLE ( ! #a#i#bS -- ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S /ILL HAD A LOT ( POPUL> BACK+1 AS WELL AS A REPUTATION = HONOR1 COMBATIV5ESS1 & SACRIFICE1 ALL BAS$ ON A LONG & CLEAN REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY4 ,! ,A,L,C BEGAN CREAT+ TEAMS ( MILITANTS FROM ! REC5TLY =M$ ,JUV5TUDES ,LIB]T>IAS 7,J,L71 ) ! GOAL ( REGA9+ ! GR\ND LO/ TO ! ,COMMUNI/S & RE=MI/S4 ,!Y F\ND$ 0ACTION GR\PS0 AMONG BO? /UD5TS & WORK]S ?R\< ! ,J,L4 ,!SE W]E PROPAG&A GR\PS ( HI< S*OOL /UD5TS & Y\NG AN>*I/ WORK]S :O D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO DI/RIBUT+ AN>*I/ BOOKS1 PAMPHLETS1 PAP]S & MAGAZ9ES 9 S*OOLS & WORKPLACES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #aid HAD 5%R9$ ! EI*OSYNDICALI/S )9 ! ,C,T,C TO CREATE PRESSURE GR\PS1 ) ! OBJECT ( *ALL5G+ ! 9]TIA1 BUREAUCRACY1 & ! FRANK COLLABORATION ( ! ,P,C,C & ,C,O ) ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T4 ,BATI/A HAD BE5 ELECT$ PRESID5T ) ! AID & BACK+ ( ! ,P,C,C4 ,= ?IS ! ,P,C,C RECEIV$ M9I/]IAL PO/S1 MONEY1 MEANS ( PROPAG&A1 & /ATE PROTECTION4 ,9 RETURN1 ! ,P,C,C CONF]R$ UPON ,BATI/A POMP\S TITLES SU* AS 0! MESS5G] ( PROSP]ITY10 & PUT AT HIS S]VICE NOT ONLY ! PROPAG&I/IC S]VICES ( ! P>TY1 BUT ALSO ! ,C,T,C1 CONTROLL$ FROM ! HEI*I/S CONF]R$ UPON !M ! TITLE1 0FR5TE CRAPUL>0 70DEBAU*$ FRONT0 OR 0EVIL FRONT0 -- A REF]5CE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ 0POPUL> FRONT0 .<0FR5TE POPUL>0.> /RATEGY ( ! #a#i#cS74 ,RAMON ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T91 ! C&IDATE ( ! SO-CALL$ ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO ,AUT5TICO 7,P,R,C,A7 :I* HAD >IS5 9 #a#i#c#c1 WON ! ELECTION & ASSUM$ P[] 9 #a#i#d#d4 ,! PEOPLE EXPECT$ SUB/ANTIAL *ANGE FROM ! NEW1 FREELY ELECT$1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T4 ,H[EV]1 ,GRAU ,SAN ,M>T9 ALL[$ ! ,COMMUNI/S TO REMA9 9 !IR PO/S4 ,! ONLY IMPORTANT *ANGE 9 ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' SITUATION OCCURR$ ON ,MAY ,DAY 9 #a#i#d#g1 AT ! />T ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 :5 ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T1 UND] NOTICEABLE ,U4,S4 PRESSURE1 EXPELL$ ! ,COMMUNI/S FROM !IR PO/S 9 ! ,C,T,C4 ,?IS DECISION S]V$ AS PRO( ?AT DESPITE ! DELETION ( ! ,PLATT ,AM5DM5T FROM ! ,CUBAN ,CON/ITUTION1 ?OSE :O HAD REMOV$ IT /ILL FOLD$ UND] PRESSURE FROM ! ,U4,S4 ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T4 ,!RE WAS A LIB]T>IAN R5EWAL 9 !SE YE>S4 ,A NUMB] ( SMALL AN>*I/ 9=MATION & PROPAG&A BULLET9S APPE>$ 9 ,HAVANA UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,F$]ACION DE ,JUV5TUDES ,LIB]T>IAS DE ,CUBA 7,F,J,L,C -- ,F$]ATION ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,Y\?S ( ,CUBA71 & A MON?LY 0BULLET9 ( ! SUBDELEGATION ( ! ,C,N,T ( ,SPA910 UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,V4 ,VELASCO & ,C4 ,TRIGO ALSO APPE>$4 ,BO? ! ,F,J,L,C & ,C,N,T PUBLICATIONS LI/$ !IR ADDRESS AS ?AT ( ! ,A,L,C AT ,CALLE ,JESUS ,M>IA #c#a1 ,HAVANA4 ,AS WELL1 ! GOV]NM5T DECISION TO PURGE ! /AL9I/ REPRES5TATIVES 9SIDE ! ,C,T,C LEFT ! DOOR WIDE OP5 = ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S4 ,!Y TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! FREE ELECTIONS 9 ! V>I\S TRADES ?AT MADE UP ! ,C,T,C1 & MANAG$ TO ELECT SEV]AL RESPONSIBLE COMPAN]OS TO PO/S 9 PROM95T UNIONS4 ,! PRE/IGE & WELL-E>N$ REPUTATION = HONE/Y ( ,CUBA'S AN>*OSYNDICALI/S GAVE !M EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( SEV]AL IMPORTANT UNIONS1 SU* AS ! TRANSPORT WORK]S1 CUL9>Y WORK]S1 CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 & ELECTRIC UTILITY WORK]S1 & ALL[$ !M TO =M PRESSURE GR\PS 9SIDE ALMO/ ALL ( ! O!R UNIONS ?AT COMPOS$ ! ,C,T,C AT ! TIME4 ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 ! 9T]IOR ( ! ISL& ALSO CREAT$ ! ,ASOCIACIONES ,CAMPES9AS AT ?IS TIME1 = ! PURPOSE ( ORGANIZ+ ! POORE/1 L&LESS CAMPES9OS4 ,!SE EF=TS BORE !IR GREATE/ FRUITS 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,CAMAGUEY1 ! OLD LIB]T>IAN BA/ION1 & 9 ! PORT ( ,NUEVITAS & ! S\!RN C(FEE ZONE 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,ORI5TE 9 ! ,B>ACOA-,GUANTANAMO M\NTA9 RANGE1 :]E = MANY YE>S AN>*I/S HAD F\ND$ & MA9TA9$ FREE AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES4 ,9 #a#i#d#h1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S HELD ANO!R NATIONAL CONGRESS4 ,IT WAS WELL ATT5D$1 ) #aee DELEGATES PRES5T4 ,! PAMPHLET ,MEMORIAS DEL ,I,I ,CONGRESO ,LIB]T>IO RECORDS ?AT ON1 0,FEBRU>Y #b#a1 AT #i P4M41 & ) A GREAT CR[D FILL+ 444 ! HALLS ( ! ,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE ,PLANTAS ,ELECTRICAS 444 AT ,PASEO DE ,M>TI #fae 444 ! ,SECOND ,NATIONAL ,LIB]T>IAN ,CONGRESS1 CONVOK$ BY ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,ASSOCIATION ( ,CUBA1 COMM5C$40 ,! CONGRESS WAS OP5$ BY ! WORDS ( ! OLD FRI5D ( ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS1 ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y1 :O 9 ?OSE YE>S REPRES5T$ ! ,A,I,T 7,ASOCIACION ,9T]NACIONAL DE ,TRABAJADORES_/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION1 ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION74 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO & ,HELIO ,N>DO ALSO SPOKE4 ,! ,CONGRESS HELD A PL5>Y SESSION ! FOLL[+ DAY1 ) ,RAFAEL ,SI]RA PRESID+1 & ) ,VIC5TE ,ALEA ACT+ AS PROVISIONAL SECRET>Y4 ,IT CREAT$ F\R ,WORK ,COMMISSIONS3 ,ORGANIZATION1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO & ,HELIO ,N>DO2 ,PROPAG&A1 UND] ,N4 ,SU>EZ & ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ2 ,F9ANCE1 UND] ,MANUEL ,CA/ILLO & ,VIC5TE ,ALEA2 & ,O!R ,MATT]S1 UND] ,ANTONIO ,L&RIAN & ,SURIA ,L9SUA94 ,! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS CLOS$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #bd ) A S]IES ( DICTUMS1 :I* W]E PUBLI%$ LAT] 9 ! YE> AS A PAMPHLET4 ,! PAMPHLET CONTEMPLAT$ ! CREATION ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY 9 ,CUBA1 & APPEAL$ TO ALL ECONOMIC1 9DU/RIAL1 UNION & AGRICULTURAL LEVELS ON ! ISL&4 ,! PASSAGE ( ! YE>S HAS %[N H[ IMPORTANT TO ,CUBAN AN>*ISM ?IS DOCUM5T WAS4 ,IT SKET*$ ! SITUATION 9 ?OSE UNC]TA9 YE>S ( ,CON/ITUTION & ,REPUBLIC ) A SURE H&2 IT ATTACK$ ,CUBAN AN>*ISM'S P]PETUAL 5EMY1 ! /AL9I/ ,P,C,C2 IT \TL9$ ! DANG] ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*'S 9FLU5CE2 IT DECL>$ ITSELF ANTICAPITALI/ &1 ABOVE ALL1 ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 ATTACK+ BO? ! ,U4,S4 & ! ,U,S,S,R AS 0=EIGN P[]S10 ?US APPEAL+ A BIT TO !N-FA%IONABLE ,CUBAN NATIONALISM4 ,AMONG ! AMBITI\S PO9TS ON :I* ! DELEGATES HAD REA*$ AGREEM5T1 & :I* COV]$ ALMO/ ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE 9 ,CUBA1 WAS ONE ?AT /AT$ ! NECESSITY ( HAV+ AN EFFECTIVE & REGUL>LY APPE>+ PROPAG&A ORGAN4 ,!Y *OSE ! GA/RONOMIC WORK]S' MON?LY PUBLICATION ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA1 :I* ALREADY EXI/$1 & ! ,CONGRESS AGRE$ TO MAKE IT ! (FICIAL ORGAN ( ! ,A,L,C4 ,IT W\LD HAVE A LONG LIFE 9 ,CUBAN PROLET>IAN CULTURE4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA'S FIR/ ISSUE APPE>$ ON ,DECEMB] #b#b1 #a#i#d#i1 AS A F\R-PAGE NEWSPAP] PR9T$ ON NEWSPR9T & PRIC$ AT FIVE C5TAVOS4 ,IT WAS BILL$ AS 0! ORGAN ( ORI5TATION & COMBAT40 ,ITS /AFF 9CLUD$ ,JOSE ,M4 ,FU5TES ,C&ON AS DIRECTOR1 ,DOM+O ,ALONSO & ,JORGE ,JORGE AS ADM9I/RATORS1 & ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ1 ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,JOSE ,RODRIGUEZ & ,ROB]TO ,CABANELLAS AS $ITORS4 ,IT APPE>$ MON?LY 9 ?IS =MAT UNTIL ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#e#a1 :5 ITS SIZE 9CREAS$ TO SIX PAGES2 9 ,DECEMB] #ai$ ITS SIZE 9CREAS$ AGA9 TO EI*I/ IDEAS4 ,9 ADDITION TO NEWS & ANALYSIS1 IT CONTA9$ A BOOK SECTION $IT$ BY ,DOM+O ,ALONSO1 :I* DEALT ) BOOKS ON V>I\S LIB]T>IAN TOPICS4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA WAS ONE ( ! LA/ 9DEP5D5T PUBLICATIONS %UT D[N BY ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T4 ,C>LOS ,PRIO ,SOC>RAS ASSUM$ ! ,CUBAN PRESID5CY 9 #a#i#d#h1 & FOLL[$ ! SAME TOL]ANT PA? AS ,GRAU 9 ! SOCIAL & LABOR FIELDS4 ,SO1 ! AN>*I/S W]E /ILL FREE TO ORGANIZE & TO PROPAGATE LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,9 #aidi ! AN>*I/S )9 ! ,C,T,C1 ALONG ) O!R SYMPA!TIC ELEM5TS1 TRI$ & FAIL$ TO CREATE A NEW LABOR C5TRAL1 ! ,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,C,G,T74 ,! IDEA WAS TO CREATE A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,C,T,C & ITS POLITICAL 9FLU5CE & ELECTORAL P>TICIPATION2 ?IS WAS V]Y MU* 9 L9E ) ! TRADITIONAL AN>*OSYNDICALI/ POSITION 7SU* AS ?AT ( ! ,C,N,O,C7 :I* TOTALLY REJECTS UNIONS FUNCTION+ AS POLITICAL 9/RUM5TS ( ! /ATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,HELIO ,N>DO1 ONE ( ! SURVIVORS ( ! ATTEMPT TO UNTIE LABOR FROM ! ,C,T,C1 0,! IDEA ( CREAT+ A SECOND LABOR C5TRAL WAS ! RESULT ( BELIEF 9 A NONPOLITICAL_/NON-ELECTORAL SYNDICALISM1 . ON :I* ,I WORK$ 9T5SELY ALONG ) ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS & ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO40 ,) ! SUPPORT ( ,ANGEL ,C(9O1 A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ELECTRICAL WORK]S1 & ,VIC5TE ,RUBI]A FROM ! TELEPHONE WORK]S1 ! ,COMITE ,OBR]O ,NACIONAL ,9DEP5DI5TE 7,C,O,N,I7 WAS =M$4 ,N>DO NOTES ?AT IT 0444 HAD A DAILY RADIO PROGRAM ON ,R,H,C ,BLUE ,*A910 & ?AT 0= ! BROADCA/ WE W\LD WRITE DAILY 9 ! HALL ( ! ,A,L,C40 ,DESPITE ALL ( ! OPPOSITION TO ?IS NEW /EP T[>D SYNDICALISM FREE ( POLITICAL PRESSURE1 0IT CAME 9TO BE+ 444 ) ! NAME ,CONF$]ACION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES 7,C,G,T7 444 ) ITS (FICES 9 ! ,CALLE ,AGUILA40 ,! ,T]C] 7,?IRD7 ,CONGRESO ,NACIONAL ,LIB]T>IO WAS HELD ON ! #a#a? & #a#b? ( ,M>* #a#i#e4 ,IT'S OBJECT WAS REORGANIZATION1 TO TAKE ORI5T+ POSITIONS )9 ,CUBAN UNIONISM1 & TO ATTEMPT TO PO9T ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 A HEAL?I] DIRECTION4 ,! ,CONGRESS AGRE$ 0TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CONTROL ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T BY BUREAUCRATS 444 POLITICIANS1 CULTS1 RELIGIONI/S1 ETC444 & TO EXP\ND ! TRUE SIGNIFICANCE ( SYNDICALISM1 :I* MU/ BE APOLITICAL1 REVOLUTION>Y & F$]ALI/10 9 ?IS MANN] COMBAT+ ! EXI/+ SYNDICALISM :I* WAS 0TYRANNICAL1 CONV]T$ 9 FACT 9TO AN AG5CY ( ! /ATE40 ,! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS 5D$ BY CALL+ UPON WORK]S TO REPUDIATE ! ,C,T,C AS AN ORGANIZATION 0SUPPORT$ BY ! /AL9I/ & FALSE WORK]S' ALLIES FACTION1 )\T A TRACE ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 SPIRIT1 OR PRACTICE 444 .<&.> DOM9AT$ BY DICTATORIAL POLITICAL P>TIES & A CORRUPT LEAD]%IP40 ,! ,CONGRESS ALSO D$ICAT$ ITSELF 0TO ACTIVELY WORK+ ) ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,G,T1 ! ONLY LEGITIMATE WORK]S ORGANIZATION ) SYNDICALI/ T5D5CIES & ! ONE MO/ S5SITIVE TO ! TRUE NE$S ( ! WORK]S40 ,IT WAS UN=TUNATE ?AT ! ATTEMPT TO CREATE ANO!R UNION C5TRAL W\LD FAIL TOTALLY4 ,! IDEA ( CREAT+ ! ,C,G,T 9DEP5D5T ( ! ,C,T,C -- & !RE=E 9DEP5D5T ( GOV]NM5T 9FLU5CE -- RAN 9TO =MIDABLE OB/ACLES ?ANKS TO RE=MI/ ELEM5TS1 ,COMMUNI/S1 & ! GOV]NM5T4 ,PRESID5T ,PRIO WAS WELL AW>E ( ! DANG]S POS$ BY A NEW WORK]S CONF$]ATION UND] /RONG AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE1 :I* C\LD NOT BE MANIPULAT$ BY HIS POLITICAL P>TY 7,P,R,C,A71 & AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 HE UNLEA%$ A PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,C,G,T 9 BO? ! ,CUBAN COMMUNICATIONS M$IA & 9 ! (FICIALLY APPROV$ UNIONS ) ! AIM ( D]AIL+ ! ,C,G,T 9ITIATIVE4 ,PRIO'S EXCUSE WAS OPPOSITION TO 0DIVISIV5ESS0 OR 0FACTIONALISM40 ,9 !SE YE>S1 AS A PRODUCT ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 ,PRIO1 MOTIVAT$ BY ,U4,S4 0SUGGE/IONS0 & BY MEMB]S ( HIS [N P>TY1 ALSO ACT$ AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,HE DECL>$ ! ,P>TIDO ,SOCIALI/A ,POPUL> 7,P,S,P -- ! ,COMMUNI/S' ELECTORAL FRONT7 ILLEGAL1 & CLOS$ ITS COMMUNICATIONS M$IA4 ,?IS CAUS$ ! ,CUBAN /AL9I/S TO SE>* = A NEW ALLIANCE ) !IR OLD FRI5D1 ,FULG5CIO ,BATI/A4 ,! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T'S FE> ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S AT ?IS TIME WAS NOT TOTALLY UNF\ND$4 ,ALREADY BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#dS1 ! AN>*I/S HAD REGA9$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,CUBAN LABOR MOVEM5T AT ! GRASSROOTS LEVEL4 ,!RE W]E AN>*I/ MILITANTS SCATT]$ ACROSS ALMO/ ! 5TIRE ISL& 9 SMALL GR\PS1 FUNCTION+ AT ! LOCAL LEVEL4 ,AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S W]E ALSO PRES5T 9 EV]Y PROV9CIAL CAPITAL 9 ,CUBA4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 9 HIS BOOK1 ,! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,CRITICAL ,APPRAISAL1 NOTES3 0!IR SYMPA?IZ]S & !IR 9FLU5CE WAS \T ( ALL PROPORTION TO ! NUMB] ( !IR MEMB]S4 ,AN>*OSYNDICALI/ GR\PS USUALLY CONSI/$ ( A FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT L>G] NUMB]S EXI/$ 9 MANY LOCAL & REGIONAL UNIONS1 AS 9 O!R ORGANIZATIONS40 ,SOME 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/S 9CLUD$ ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 & ,B>TOLO ,G>CIA 9 ! ,F$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES ,GA/RONOMICOS2 ,FRANCISCO ,BRETAU & HIS BRO!R ,ROB]TO 9 ! ,F$]ACION DE ,PLANTAS ,ELECTRICAS2 ,SANTIAGO ,COBO1 AS ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,SECRET>Y 9 ! ,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL ,OBR]A DE ,TRANSPORTE2 & ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 ! ,G5]AL ,SECRET>Y ( ,HAVANA ,PROV9CE 9 ! ,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE LOS ,TRABAJADORES DE LA ,CON/RUCCION4 ,ONE %\LD ALSO NOTE ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEW AN>*I/-ORI5T$ P]IODICAL 9 ,APRIL #aie 9 ,HAVANA TITL$ ,E/UDIOS3 ,M5SU>IO DE ,CULTURA 70,/UDIES3 ,CULTURAL ,MON?LY074 ,?IS NEW P]IODICAL REA*$ BEYOND ! SLOGANE]+ /YLE ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ MANY PREVI\S AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS2 ,E/UDIOS HAD A MOD]N LOOK AS WELL AS MOD]N CONT5T -- ITS SOCIO-CULTURAL TEXT WAS COMPLEM5T$ BY NUM]\S PHOTOS & DRAW+S & EXCELL5T TYPOGRAPHY4 ,?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ,E/UDIOS 9CLUD$ ITS BO>D ( DIRECTORS1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 & ,LUIS ,DULZAIDES1 ITS ADM9I/RATOR1 ,SANTIAGO ,VELASCO1 & ITS PUBLICITY DIRECTOR1 ,ROB]TO ,BRETAU4 ,IT HAD A CIRCULATION ( #a & WAS F9ANC$ BY ! V>I\S UNIONS4 ,?IS L>GE MAGAZ9E ( #eb PAGES D]IV$ MU* ( ITS MOD]N LOOK FROM ! DRAW+S ( ! PA9T] ,JOSE ,M>IA ,MIJ>ES1 :I* APPE>$ 9 EV]Y ISSUE1 & ITS USE ( PHOTOGRAPHY 79CLUD+ NUDES -- A TRUE NOVELTY AT ! TIME74 ,ONE O!R MON?LY AN>*I/ P]IODICAL WAS ALSO PUBLI%$ 9 ,CUBA AT ?IS TIME1 ,EL ,LIB]T>IO1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,A,L,C4 ,?IS P]IODICAL HAD APPE>$ SPORADICALLY 9 NEWSPAP] =MAT S9CE ! #a#i#dS1 & WAS UND] ! DIRECTION ( ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS4 ,ITS IRREGUL> APPE>ANCE WAS DICTAT$ BY F9ANCES1 & IT1 ALONG ) ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA1 WAS ONE ( ! LA/ 9DEP5D5T PUBLICATIONS %UT D[N BY ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,IT WAS A F\R-PAGE NEWSPAP] PRIC$ AT FIVE C5TAVOS1 & ITS CONTRIBUTORS & COLLABORATORS 9CLUD$ ,ROL&O ,P9]A 7ITS ADM9I/RATOR71 ,MANUEL ,GAONA ,S\SA1 ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 & FROM ,MEXICO1 ,SILVIA ,MI/RAL1 & FROM ,SW$51 ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#e#b1 ,BATI/A C>RI$ \T A C\P D'ETAT4 ,! ,CUBAN PEOPLE RECEIV$ ! NEWS ) UTT] 9DIFF]5CE1 GIV5 ! MORAL & ADM9I/RATIVE CORRUPTION ( ! ,PRIO GOV]NM5T4 ,A CALL = A G5]AL /RIKE FAIL$ TOTALLY1 & ! ,C,T,C1 UND] ,EUSEBIO ,MUJAL 7G5]AL SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,T,C1 & AN EX-,COMMUNI/ & EX-,TROTSKYI/ :O HAD BELONG$ TO ! ,COMISIONES ,OBR]AS7 QUICKLY CAME TO T]MS ) ,BATI/A1 DESPITE ! OPPOSITION ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,C,T,C TO ! IMPOSITION ( MILIT>Y RULE4 ,AS AN EXCUSE = HIS CONDUCT1 ,MUJAL TOLD UNION LEAD]S ?AT OPPOS+ ,BATI/A'S C\P W\LD HAVE MEANT ! \/+ ( ?OSE :O RESI/$ IT & !IR SUB/ITUTION BY MEMB]S ( ! ,P,C,C1 BACK$ BY ,BATI/A'S MILIT>Y4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! ,COMMUNI/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES TO P5ETRATE ! ,C,T,C BUREAUCRACY1 BUT W]E UNABLE TO REGA9 !IR ONCE-PREPOND]ANT 9FLU5CE 9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,= HIS P>T1 ,BATI/A EMBRAC$ ! ,COMMUNI/S AS ALLIES1 BUT ?IS TIME 9 SIL5CE4 ,! ,COLD ,W> WAS 9 FULL SW+ & HE HAD TO BE C>EFUL AB\T HIS /AL9I/ POLITICAL ASSOCIATES4 ,ANO!R SIGNIFICANT FIGURE APPE>$ 9 ?IS P]IOD3 ,FIDEL ,CA/RO1 A Y\NG1 ,JESUIT-$UCAT$ POLITICIAN FROM A B\RGEOIS BACKGR\ND1 :O S\IES C>RI$ \T AN ATTACK ON ! ,MONCADA ,B>RACKS 9 ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA1 :I* 5D$ 9 BLOOD%$ & ) MANY VICTIMS ON BO? SIDES4 ,CA/RO WAS TAK5 PRISON] & AT HIS TRIAL1 9 HIS DEF5SE PLEA1 HE \TL9$ A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 PROGRAM ?AT WAS ANY?+ BUT -- IT WAS SIMPLY RE=MI/ & BASICALLY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC4 ,HIS PRIM>Y OBJECT WAS TO REE/ABLI% ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#d1 :I* ,BATI/A HAD VIOLAT$ BY OV]?R[+ ,PRIO4 ,! TRIAL CONCLUD$ AT ! 5D ( #aiec ) ,CA/RO BE+ CONDEMN$ TO #ae YE>S 9 PRISON1 ALONG ) A NUMB] ( HIS COMRADES4 ,HE TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! OCCASION BY F\ND+ ! #b#f? ( ,JULY ,MOVEM5T 7,M#b#f,J74 ,AFT] BE+ IMPRISON$ = A FEW MON?S1 ,CA/RO WAS RELEAS$ BECAUSE ( A GOV]NM5TAL AMNE/Y1 & HE LEFT = ,MEXICO4 ,BY ?IS TIME ! OPPOSITION TO ,BATI/A HAD TURN$ VIOL5T1 & ,BATI/A1 AS WAS TO BE EXPECT$1 RESPOND$ BRUTALLY TO PROVOCATIONS4 ,! POLITICAL CLIMATE WAS HEAT+ UP1 & ! OPPOSITION1 :I* EMBRAC$ NON-,CA/RO AS WELL AS PRO-,CA/RO FACTIONS1 GREW RAPIDLY4 ,PREOCCUPI$ BY ! POLITICAL SITUATION1 9 ,M>* #aiee ! REC5TLY NAM$ ,A,L,C ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL CALL$ = A ,NATIONAL ,LIB]T>IAN ,CONF]5CE1 :I* WAS HELD ON ,APRIL #b#d? ( ! SAME YE> AT AN ECOLOGICAL PRES]VE 9 ! T[N ,CAMPO ,FLORIDO1 ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,HAVANA4 ,! CONF]5CE HAD AN AG5DA ( #a PO9TS1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( :I* WAS ,NATIONAL ,AFFAIRS4 ,ITS REPORT EVALUAT$ ALL ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES C>RI$ \T S9CE ! ,?IRD ,CONGRESS4 ,IT NOT$ ?AT ONE EV5T WAS ! CLOS+ ( ,EL ,LIB]T>IO 9 ,APRIL #aieb BY ! ,BATI/A REGIME4 ,IT ALSO COMM5T$ ON ! CURR5T POLITICAL SITUATION 9 ,CUBA1 DECRY+ 0! RE/RICTION ( LIB]TY 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS1 ! SURVEILLANCE & P]SECUTIONS 444 ! DET]M9ATION DEMON/RAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 GO+ AGA9/ ANY?+ ?AT W\LD SIGNIFICANTLY BETT] ! WORK+ CLASS 444 .<&.> ! TAXES ?AT 9CREASE DAILY40 ,! REPORT 5D$ BY NOT+ ?AT EV5TS 0=CE US LIB]T>IANS 444 TO CONFRONT ! REGIME ) ALL \R =CES2 WE WILL COOP]ATE ) 9ITIATIVES ?AT T5D TO RETURN TO ! C\NTRY ! LIB]TY IT IS CURR5TLY D5I$40 ,9 #aief ,CUBA BECAME TOTALLY POL>IZ$ BETWE5 ,BATI/A & HIS POLITICAL 5EMIES1 9CLUD+ ! ELECTORAL POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,?IS WAS L>GELY A RESULT ( HIS SUSP5SION ( ! #aid CON/ITUTION4 ,! AN>*I/S MA9TA9$ !IR ANTI-DICTATORIAL POSITIONS & D5\NC$ ! DISA/R\S POLITICS ( ,BATI/A4 ,9 ?IS CRUCIAL YE>1 ! ,A,L,C PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET WRITT5 BY ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS & ,CA/O ,MOSCU TITL$ ,PROYECCIONES ,LIB]T>IAS 70,LIB]T>IAN ,PROJECTIONS071 :I* D5\NC$ 0! EVIL POLITICS ( ,BATI/A0 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME PR$ICT+ :AT W\LD EMANATE FROM ! ,SI]RAS ,ORI5TALES & ,FIDEL ,CA/RO4 ,ALREADY 9 #aieg AT ! #b#d? ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,C,T,C1 ,CA/O ,MOSCU D5\NC$ ! (FICIAL REPORT ( ! SECRET>Y G5]AL ( ?AT ORGANIZATION1 ,EUSEBIO ,MUJAL1 :I* ADVOCAT$ ?AT -- 9 VIOLATION ( ! ACCORDS ( ! ,C,T,C -- ! ORGANIZATION UND]TAKE ELECTORAL P>TY POLITICK+ 9SIDE ! UNIONS4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! *ANGE 9 DIRECTION ( ! ,C,T,C1 & 9 COMPLIANCE ) ! 0ACCORDS ( \R ORGANIZATION10 TWO PROM95T AN>*I/S RESIGN$ !IR POSITIONS 9 ! ,C,T,C3 ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO 7,ORGANIZATIONAL ,SECRET>Y7 & ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS 7,CULTURAL ,SECRET>Y74 ,DESPITE ! DIFFICULTIES ( !SE D>K TIMES1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA CONT9U$ PUBLI%+ MON?LY4 ,?AT ?IS P]IODICAL APPE>$ 9 TIMES ( C5SOR%IP & SUSP5SION ( CON/ITUTIONAL RI*I/S4 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA C\LD BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS BO? VISC]ALLY ANTI-COMMUNI/ & ANTI-FASCI/1 & IT ZEAL\SLY DEF5D$ 0LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM40 ,ITS DIRECTORS W]E ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,DOM+O ,ALONSO1 & ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ1 & ITS (FICES REMA9$ AT ! 5D ( ! DECADE AT ,JESUS ,M>IA #c#a1 ! (FICES ( ! ,A,L,C4 ,ON ,APRIL #a#d1 #a#i#e#g1 ! ,CONF]5CIA ,AN>QUI/A DE LAS ,AM]ICAS WAS CELEBRAT$ 9 ,MONTEVIDEO1 ,URUGUAY4 ,! ,A,L,C S5T ,CA/O ,MOSCU & ,JOSE ,A4 ,ALV>EZ AS ITS REPRES5TATIVES4 ,AMONG O!R ?+S1 ?IS CONF]5CE D5\NC$ ALL ( ! DICTATOR%IPS PLAGU+ ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 9CLUD+ ! ONE 9 ,CUBA4 ,AT AB\T ! SAME TIME ANO!R REVOLUTION>Y /AGE OP5$ AT ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,A,L,C1 A PLACE :I* WAS (T5 ! SITE ( CL&E/9E MEET+S4 ,AMONG ?OSE CONSPIR+ W]E OP5LY 9SURRECTION>Y GR\PS SU* AS ! ,DIRECTORIO ,REVOLUCION>IO 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,DIRECTORATE1 A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC GR\P7 & ,M#b#f,J4 ,! ,A,L,C HEADQU>T]S WAS RAID$ ON A NUMB] ( OCCASIONS BY ,BATI/A'S POLICE1 ?\< )\T MU* SUCCESS = !IR REPRESSIVE PURPOSES4 ,AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 9SURRECTIONAL ACTIVITIES 9CLUD$ ,GILB]TO ,LIMA & ,LUIS ,L9SUA91 :O W]E P>T ( ,M#b#f,J4 ,! UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T WAS DIVID$ 9TO ZONES1 & ,LIMA P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! URBAN >M$ /RUGGLE 9 ! ,HAVANA-,MATANZAS >EA1 & ,L9SUA9 TOOK P>T 9 GU]RILLA ACTIVITY 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,ORI5TE ,PROV9CE4 ,ANO!R AN>*I/1 ,PLACIDO ,M5DEZ1 WAS ACTIVE 9 ! ,SEGUNDO ,FR5TE 7,SECOND ,FRONT7 GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN 9 ! ,ESCAMBRAY ,M\NTA9S4 ,!SE W]E BUT A FEW ( ! MANY AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT+ 9 >M$ ACTIONS AT ?IS TIME4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E1 ( C\RSE1 P]SECUT$ = !IR P>T 9 ! >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,GILB]TO ,LIMA WAS JAIL$ & TORTUR$ ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS1 & ,ISIDRO ,MOSCU WAS VICI\SLY TORTUR$1 ALMO/ TO DEA?4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 ,ISIDRO WAS TAK5 PRISON] & TORTUR$ ALONG ) A NUMB] ( O!R COMPAN]OS :O HAD BE5 PREP>+ AN >M$ UPRIS+ 9 ,P9> DEL ,RIO ,PROV9CE4 ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,ROB]TO ,BRETAU1 ,LUIS ,L9SUA91 ,PLACIDO ,M5DEZ1 ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ1 & ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO W]E ALSO >RE/$1 ALONG ) MANY O!R AN>*I/S4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,B>BEITO1 & ,AQUILES ,IGLESIAS W5T 9TO EXILE AFT] !Y W]E RELEAS$ FROM PRISON4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( #a#i#e#h1 ! ,CUBAN CAPITALI/ ELITE BEGAN TO COMPREH5D ?AT ,BATI/A & HIS REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS W]E AT ! PO9T ( LOS+ P[]4 ,?IS PRIVILEG$ GR\P1 ALONG ) ,U4,S4 9T]E/S1 FELT ?REAT5$ & NO LONG] CONSID]$ ,BATI/A AN ALLY4 ,SO1 !Y DECID$ TO SUPPORT ! OPPOSITION TO ,BATI/A4 ,CA/RO OBTA9$ SEV]AL MILLION DOLL>S FROM !M TO BUY >MS4 ,?IS MONEY CAME FROM BIG 9DU/RIALI/S & BIG BUS9ESSES1 SU* AS ,H]MANOS ,BABUN ,%IP ,BUILD]S1 & ,BAC>DI ,RUM1 AS A REW>D = ,CA/RO'S HAV+ RESI/$ ,BATI/A 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ,ORI5TE ,PROV9CE = TWO YE>S4 7,BATI/A HAD ORD]$ A WELL-CALCULAT$ 0P]SECUTION0 ( ,CA/RO1 DESIGN$ NOT TO EXT+UI% ! REBELLION1 BUT RA!R TO EVADE ITS POLITICAL 5DS47 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ! HI$ SO4 ,HIS >M$ UPRIS+1 KN[N AS 0! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DICTATOR%IP0 7DESPITE LAT] PROPAG&A71 NEV] HAD A SOLID CAMPES9O BASE1 LET ALONE A PROLET>IAN BASE4 ,IT WAS1 RA!R1 9 GOOD P>T ! WORK ( CAPITALISM & ! ,CUBAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 #aieg & #aieh !RE W]E SEV]AL >M$ ACTIONS3 A NAVAL UPRIS+ AT ,CI5FUEGOS1 AN ATTACK ON ! ,GOICURIA ,B>RACKS 9 ,MATANZAS1 A L&+ ON ! NOR? COA/ ( ,ORI5TE ,PROV9CE1 & AN ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATION ( ,BATI/A 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,PALACE ,ATTACK40 ,ALL ( !SE FAIL$ MIS]ABLY1 CO/+ MANY LIVES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN 9DEP5D5T GU]RILLA UPRIS+ OCCURR$ 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ,ESCAMBRAY 9 ! C5TRAL P>T ( ,CUBA4 ,A NUMB] ( >M$ GR\PS W]E ACTIVE 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,LAS ,VILLAS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! M\NTA9\S P>T ( ! PROV9CE4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ ! ,DIRECTORIO ,REVOLUCION>IO 7,REVOLUTION>Y ,DIRECTORATE7 & ! ,SEGUNDO ,FR5TE DEL ,ESCAMBRAY 7,SECOND ,FRONT ( ,ESCAMBRAY74 ,MANY ( ?OSE P>TICIPAT+ W]E VET]ANS ( URBAN COMBAT SEEK+ REFUGE 9 ! M\NTA9S2 !RE W]E ALSO MANY CAMPES9OS DISAFFECT$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T1 :O DIDN'T DO MU* 9 ! WAY ( >M$ ACTIONS1 BUT :O KEPT ! GOV]NM5T'S TROOPS TI$ UP = MON?S4 ,= ITS P>T1 ,M#b#f,J HAD NO?+ TO DO ) !SE EV5TS1 & !Y W]E PUBLICLY & OP5LY REPUDIAT$ BY ,FIDEL ,CA/RO4 ,BY ! MIDDLE ( #a#i#e#h1 ,BATI/A HAD LO/ ! POLITICAL BATTLE & C\LD NO LONG] MILIT>ILY CONTA9 ! REBELS4 ,WA%+TON TURN$ ITS BACK ON HIM & W\LD NO LONG] SELL HIM >MS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MEMB]S ( ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TRAVEL$ TO ,CA/RO'S CAMP 9 ! ,SI]RA ,MAE/RA & BEGAN MAK+ DEALS ) LIKE-M9D$ REBELS1 & LAT] ) ,CA/RO P]SONALLY4 ,! BE>D$ LEAD] GREW POLITICALLY /RONG] EV]Y DAY1 & SIGN$ A PACT 9 ,C>ACAS1 ,V5EZUELA ) ALL OPPOSITION ELEM5TS1 ALL ( :OM EVID5TLY ADMIR$ HIM4 ,CA/RO'S ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL PROGRAM CONT9U$ BE+ ! SAME -- AT LEA/ HE DECL>$ IT SO -- AS 9 #a#i#e#c3 SOCIAL JU/ICE1 ELECTORAL-POLITICAL RE=M1 & ! RE-IMPLEM5TATION ( ! WELL-RESPECT$ ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#d4 ,F9ALLY1 ,BATI/A FL$ ,CUBA ON ,DECEMB] #c#a1 #a#i#e#h4 ,ANO!R HI/ORICAL CYCLE HAD BEGUN = ,CUBA'S LIB]T>IANS4 O ,*APT] #d 3 ,CA/ROISM & ,CONFRONTATION 7#a#i#e#i-#a#i#f#a7 ,*APT] #d3 ,CA/ROISM & ,CONFRONTATION 7#a#i#e#i-#a#i#f#a7 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S HAD ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,BATI/A DICTATOR%IP4 ,SOME HAD F\T 9 ! URBAN /RUGGLE4 ,!IR PURPOSES W]E ! SAME AS ?OSE ( ! MAJORITY ( ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE3 TO \/ ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP & TO 5D POLITICAL CORRUPTION4 ,9 ADDITION TO CONSID]+ !SE 5DS DESIRABLE 9 & ( !MSELVES1 ! AN>*I/S BELIEV$ !Y W\LD PROVIDE A WID] SPACE 9 :I* TO WORK 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL1 SOCIAL1 & LABOR FIELDS4 ,NO ONE EXPECT$ A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! SOCIOECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! PREVI\SLY M5TION$ #aief PAMPHLET1 ,PROYECCIONES ,LIB]T>IAS1 :I* ATTACK$ ,BATI/A1 ALSO *>ACT]IZ$ ,CA/RO AS SOMEONE :O M]IT$ 0NO CONFID5CE :ATSOEV]10 BECAUSE 0HE . RESPECT PROMISES & ONLY F\*I/S E/ABLI%$ FREQU5T CL&E/9E CONTACTS ) O!R REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS1 ESPECIALLY ! ,DIRECTORIO ,REVOLUCION>IO1 AL?\< !RE W]E ALSO CONTACTS ) LIB]T>IAN ELEM5TS SU* AS ,GILB]TO ,LIMA )9 ,M#b#f,J4 ,MANY ( !SE MEET+S W]E HELD SECRETLY AT ! ,A,L,C (FICES AT ,CALLE ,JESUS ,M>IA #ac = ! PURPOSES ( COORD9ATION ( SABOTAGE ACTIVITIES & ( FACILITAT+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( OPPOSITION PROPAG&A4 ,UPON ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION1 ,CA/RO HAD BECOME ! 9DISPUTABLE LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 L>GELY AS A RESULT ( AN 9CORRECT EVALUATION BY ,BATI/A'S POLITICAL OPPOSITION1 :I* REG>D$ ,CA/RO AS A NECESS>Y1 TEMPOR>Y1 & CONTROLLABLE EVIL4 ,IF ! LIB]T>IANS W]E UNEASY AB\T ,CA/RO1 ! RE/ ( ! POLITICAL OPPOSITION1 ! ,CUBAN CAPITALI/ ELITE1 & ! ,U4,S4 EMBASSY EXPECT$ TO MANIPULATE HIM4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! MAJORITY ( ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE SUPPORT$ ,CA/RO )\T RES]VE 9 ! MID/ ( UNPREC$5T$ JUBILATION4 ,IT APPE>$ TO !M ?AT !Y W]E AT ! PORTAL ( P>ADISE1 :5 9 REALITY IT WAS ! ANTE*AMB] ( ! 9F]NO4 ,DUE TO ! APP>5T REFUSAL ( ,CA/RO TO LEAD1 A 0REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T0 WAS CREAT$ ) HIS SUPPORT1 ! PURPOSE ( :I* WAS TO 0SETTLE ACC\NTS0 ) ! CRIM9ALS ( ! =M] GOV]NM5T4 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,TRIBUNALS0 W]E E/ABLI%$ :I* ISSU$ SUMM>Y JUDGM5TS 9 RESPONSE TO 0POPUL> DEM&40 ,!SE TRIBUNALS H&$ D[N L5G?Y PRISON T]MS & DEA? S5T5CES1 ?US REE/ABLI%+ ! DEA? P5ALTY 7:I* HAD BE5 ABOLI%$ BY ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#d71 BUT ?IS TIME = POLITICAL CRIMES4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T UND]/OOD ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS1 :I* WAS SIMULTANE\SLY ORGANIZ$ UND] & MADE SUP]FLU\S BY ! POLITICAL GR\PS & RE=MI/S :O CONTROLL$ ! ,C,T,C4 ,!Y HAD LE>N$ ?IS LESSON ?R\< ONE NOTABLE FAILURE4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#e#h1 ,M#b#f,J HAD ORD]$ A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,HAVANA1 BUT IT WAS BADLY ORGANIZ$1 & ! COORD9ATION ) O!R REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS WAS ALSO BAD4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! /RIKE R\NDLY FAIL$1 :I* S]V$ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ,M#b#f,J HAD ESS5TIALLY NO BASE 9 ! UNIONS OR AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,GIV5 ?IS EXP]I5CE1 UPON TAK+ P[] ONE ( ! FIR/ GOALS ( ,CA/RO'S 0REVOLUTION>Y0 GOV]NM5T WAS TAK+ CONTROL ( ! ,C,T,C 7:I* !Y QUICKLY R5AM$ ! ,C,T,C,R -- ,C,T,C ,REVOLUCION>IA74 ,9 ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,JANU>Y #aiei -- US+ ! EXCUSE ( PURG+ ! ,C,T,C ( COLLABORATORS ) ! OLD REGIME -- ! NEW GOV]NM5T >BITR>ILY EXPELL$ ALL ( ! LEAD+ AN>*OSYNDICALI/S FROM ! GA/RONOMIC1 TRANSPORT1 CON/RUCTION1 ELECTRICAL UTILITY1 & O!R UNIONS ( ! CONF$]ATION4 ,SOME ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS HAD ACTIVELY OPPOS$ ! DICTATOR%IP1 & O!RS HAD SUFF]$ PRISON & EXILE4 ,?REE \T/&+ LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS :O FELL VICTIM TO ?IS PURGE W]E ,SANTIAGO ,COBO1 FROM ! TRANSPORT WORK]S' UNION1 ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 FROM ! GA/RONOMIC WORK]S' UNION1 & ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 FROM ! CON/RUCTION WORK]S' UNION4 ,9 ALL ?REE CASES RANK-&-FILE FELL[ WORK]S CAME =W>D TO DEF5D !M2 IF !Y HADN'T DONE ?IS1 ,COBO1 ,MOSCU1 & ,IGLESIAS W\LD HAVE 5D$ UP 9 PRISON4 ,?IS PURGE GRAVELY AFFECT$ ! ALREADY WEAK5$ LIB]T>IANS1 EV5 ?\< ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T RETA9$ ITS PRE/IGE AMONG ! ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! PURGE WAS NOT COMPREH5SIVE4 ,! NEW REGIME C\LDN'T ELIM9ATE :OLESALE ! MANY UNION LEAD]S :O HAD REMA9$ NEUTRAL 9 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ,CA/RO & ,BATI/A4 ,!RE /ILL REMA9$ )9 ! ,C,T,C,R LEAD]S :O HAD ! BACK+ ( ,CUBA'S WORK]S1 & O!RS :O HAD BE5 =C$ TO GO 9TO EXILE UND] ,BATI/A'S DICTATOR%IP4 ,DESPITE ! PURGE1 ! LIB]T>IAN PUBLICATIONS ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA & ,EL ,LIB]T>IO 9ITIALLY ADOPT$ A FAVORABLE1 BUT CAUTI\S & EXPECTANT1 ATTITUDE T[>D ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,H[EV]1 ! NATIONAL C\NCIL ( ! ,A,L,C ISSU$ A MANIFE/O 9 :I* IT 0EXP\ND$ ON 444 & PASS$ JUDGM5T ON ! TRIUMPHANT ,CUBAN REVOLUTION40 ,AFT] EXPLA9+ ! LIB]T>IAN OPPOSITION TO ! PA/ DICTATOR%IP1 ! MANIFE/O ANALYZ$ ! PRES5T & NE> FUTURE1 DECL>+ ?AT ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 9/ITUTIONAL *ANGES DID NOT M]IT 5?USIASM1 & ?AT ONE %\LD HAVE NO ILLUSIONS AB\T !M4 ,IT /AT$1 ) A C]TA9 IRONY1 ?AT ITS AU?ORS W]E 0SURE ?AT = SOME TIME AT LEA/ WE'LL 5JOY PUBLIC LIB]TIES SUFFICI5T TO GU>ANTEE ! OPPORTUNITY ( PUBLI%+ PROPAG&A40 ,IT W5T ON ) A WELL-AIM$ ATTACK AGA9/ 0/ATE C5TRALISM10 SAY+ ?AT IT W\LD LEAD TO AN 0AU?ORIT>IAN ORD]10 & IT !N MADE REF]5CE TO ! P5ETRATION ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 PROCESS4 ,IT CONCLUD$ ) A REF]5CE TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :]E IT NOT$ ! EMPHASIS ( ! ,P,C,C ON 0RECLAIM+ ! HEGEMONY :I* 444 IT 5JOY$ DUR+ ! O!R ]A ( ,BATI/A'S DOM9ATION10 EV5 ?\< IT PR$ICT$ ?AT ?IS W\LD NOT OCCUR4 ,! MANIFE/O 5D$ ON A NOTE ( OPTIMISM3 0,! PANORAMA1 DESPITE ALL1 IS 5C\RAG+40 ,= ITS P>T1 & TAK+ A SIMIL> TACK1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #aiei PUBLI%$ ANO!R MANIFE/O TO ,CUBA'S WORK]S & ! PEOPLE 9 G5]AL 9 :I* IT W>N$ ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T WAS AN IMPOSSIBILITY1 & ?AT 0.<9 ORD].> ?AT RIE RESPECT$ & EX]CIS$ 444 IT'S NECESS>Y ?AT UNION ELECTIONS BE CALL$ 444 & ?AT . ASSEMBLIES BEG9 TO FUNCTION40 ,IT LAT] NOT$ ?AT ! DECISION ( RELIEV+ PA/ (FIC]S ( !IR DUTIES 0MU/ ABSOLUTELY BE ?AT ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES 444 S9CE TO DO ?IS 9 ANY O!R WAY W\LD BE TO FALL 9TO ! PROC$URES ( ! PA/ 444 ,WE'LL COMBAT ?IS40 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS MANIFE/O DIDN'T RESONATE 9 ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS4 ,9 ITS ,M>* #a#e1 #aiei ISSUE1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA BITT]LY CONDEMN$ 0! DICTATORIAL PROCE$+S .<( ! ,C,T,C,R.> 444 AGREEM5TS & M&ATES H&$ D[N FROM ! TOP ?AT IMPOSE MEASURES1 DISMISS & 9/ALL . DIRECTORS40 ,! PAP] ALSO ACCUS$ 0ELEM5TS 444 9 ! ASSEMBLIES :O >E NOT MEMB]S ( ! UNIONS0 ( 0RAIS+ !IR >MS 9 FAVOR ( ORD]S ( ! . DIRECTORS40 ,AMONG O!R ABNORMALITIES IT CIT$ ! FOLL[+3 0,ON OCCASIONS ! ASSEMBLY HALLS HAVE BE5 FILL$ ) >M$ MILITIA M51 :I* CON/ITUTES A BLATANT =M ( CO]CION & LACK ( RESPECT = REGULATORY PRECEPTS10 & :I* %[S ?AT ! M>XI/S 0WILL RESORT TO ANY TYPE ( PROCE$+ TO MA9TA9 !IR CONTROL ( ! UNIONS40 ,AS IS OBVI\S 9 H9DSI*OSYNDICALI/S4 ,! OPPOSITION TO AN>*OSYNDICALISM EMANAT$ DIRECTLY FROM ,M#b#f,J & WAS 9/IGAT$ BY ! ,P,C,C ELEM5TS :I* HAD 9FILTRAT$ IT & HAD 9 AN ALMO/ MILIT>Y MANN] QUICKLY TAK5 CONTROL ( ALL ( ! UNIONS ON ! ISL&4 ,!Y SAID ?AT !Y HAD DONE ?IS AS A TEMPOR>Y MEASURE 9 ORD] TO PURGE ! CORRUPT ELEM5TS LEFT 9 ! UNIONS FROM ! ,BATI/A DICTATOR%IP1 & ?AT !IR DOM9ATION W\LD LA/ ONLY UNTIL !RE W]E NEW UNION ELECTIONS4 ,BUT AS HAS SO (T5 BE5 ! CASE 9 ,CUBA1 ! 0TEMPOR>Y0 BECAME P]MAN5T4 ,BUT :]E DID ! ,M#b#f,J ELEM5TS :O TOOK OV] ! UNIONS COME FROM8 ,IT WAS WELL KN[N ?AT ,M#b#f,J HAD NEV] HAD A REAL BASE 9 ! UNIONS1 HAD NOT HAD EV5 ! G5]AL SYMPA?Y ( ! WORK]S1 & DIDN'T HAVE WORK+ CLASS LEAD]%IP4 ,! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 UNION DIRECTORS CAME 9 A MAJORITY ( CASES FROM TWO ANTAGONI/IC CAMPS4 ,ONE CAMP WAS ! SYNDICALI/ ,COMISIONES ,OBR]AS 7! RE=MI/ ,WORK]S' ,COMMISSIONS71 :I* TI$ ITSELF TO ELECTORAL POLITICS & :OSE MEMB]S HAD BE5 5EMIES ( ! ,BATI/A REGIME2 ! ,COMISIONES ,OBR]AS BELONG$ TO ! ,P>TIDO DEL ,PUEBLO ,ORTODOXO & TO ! ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,CUBANO ,AUT5TICO4 ,! ,COMISIONES HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#dS1 & BO? P>TIES HAD BE5 WELL KN[N FROM ! F\ND+ ( ! ,C,T,C 9 #a#i#c#i4 ,!Y %>$ A VISC]AL & PR(\ND ANTI-,COMMUNISM4 ,! O!R CAMP WAS ! ,P,C,C4 ,! =M] 5GAG$ 9 CYNICAL OPPORTUNISM & L5T ITSELF TO ANY TYPE ( /ATE MANIPULATION4 ,! LATT] WAS EXTREMELY DANG]\S1 & DESPITE ITS MUDDY PA/ RECEIV$ EV5 9 ! V]Y E>LY /AGES (FICIAL SUPPORT FROM ! HI+ = AN OP5 /RUGGLE = HEGEMONY 9 ! PROLET>IAN SECTOR2 BUT 9/EAD1 AS WE'LL SEE LAT]1 ?IS :OLE AFFAIR 5D$ 9 AN AMALGAMATION DISA/R\S TO ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,BY ,JULY #a#i#e#i1 ! ,CUBAN /ATE WAS TOTALLY 9 ! H&S ( ,CA/RO & HIS CLOSE ADVIS]S1 ALMO/ ALL ( :OM HAD COME DIRECTLY FROM ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,BATI/A4 ,! PRES5CE ( ! ,P,C,C WAS ALREADY NOTABLE AMONG ! LEAD+ GOV]NM5T FIGURES1 NOTABLY 9 ,FIDEL'S BRO!R ,RAUL & 9 ,]NE/O ,GUEV>A1 BO? ( :OM W]E OP5LY M>XI/-L59I/4 ,SU* A GL>+ FACT PROVOK$ A REACTION 9 ,CUBA'S POLITICAL CLIMATE1 :I* HAD BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ANTI-,COMMUNISM4 ,! AN>*I/S HAD NOT$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,P,C,C & W]E GREATLY AL>M$1 BECAUSE !Y UND]/OOD ?AT ! ,P,C,C'S 9FLU5CE 9 ! GOV]NM5TAL & UNION SPH]ES W\LD LEAD TO A MORTAL BL[ TO BO? AN>*ISM & WORK]S' AUTONOMY SOON] OR LAT]4 ,!IR NIES W\LD %ORTLY BECOME REALITY4 ,= HIS P>T1 ,CA/RO PUBLICLY DECL>$ ?AT HE HAD NO RELATION%IP ) ! ,P,C,C1 BUT ?AT HE HAD ,COMMUNI/S 9 HIS GOV]NM5T1 JU/ AS HE HAD ANTI-,COMMUNI/S 9 IT4 ,! SITUATION ( !SE LA/ TURN$ CRITICAL 9 ! F9AL DAYS ( #a#i#e#i4 ,HALFWAY ?R\< ! YE> ! POLITICAL ADV]S>IES ( ,CA/RO HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO TAKE NOTE ( ! GR[+ ,P,C,C 9FLU5CE1 & BEGAN A TIMID OPPOSITION CAMPAIGN -- :I* !Y UND]/OOD AS !IR RIY GOV]NM5T FOLL[+ ,BATI/A'S OV]?R[4 ,PRESS$ BY ! M9I/]S 9 HIS [N GOV]NM5T 79CLUD+ ,FIDEL ,CA/RO7 TO NAME ,CA/RO AS 0MAXIMO LID] DE LA ,REVOLUCION0 70MAXIMUM LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION071 ,URRUTIA REFUS$4 ,HE WAS !N =C$ TO RESIGN & SEEK ASYLUM 9 A =EIGN EMBASSY FOLL[+ FALSE ACCUSATIONS ( CORRUPTION4 ,A WORSE FATE AWAIT$ ONE ( HIS CLOSE/ POLITICAL ALLIES & A MEMB] ( HIS CAB9ET4 ,HUMB]TO ,SORI ,M>91 ! =M] COMM&] ( ! REBEL >MY1 ! AU?OR ( ! AGR>IAN RE=M LAW1 & AN ANTI-,COMMUNI/1 WAS JAIL$ UND] ! ACCUSATION ( 0CONSPIR+ AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION0 & WAS EXECUT$ 9 ,APRIL #a#i#f#a4 ,ANO!R EX-REBEL COMM&] ALSO MET AN UNK9D FATE4 ,HUB]T ,MATOS1 =M] MILIT>Y *IEF ( ! ,CAMAGUEY DI/RICT1 COMPLA9$ TO ,CA/RO HIMSELF AB\T 0,COMMUNI/ 9FILTRATION0 9 ! RANKS ( ! >M$ =CES4 ,HE WAS !N ACCUS$ ( S$ITION & LAT] ( TREASON = ! CRIME ( HAV+ RESIGN$ HIS RANK & HIS PO/4 ,HE WAS S5T5C$ TO #b YE>S 9 PRISON1 & S]V$ #a#f4 ,!N !RE WAS ! CASE ( ,P$RO ,LUIS ,DIAZ ,LANZ1 HEAD ( ! REBEL AIR =CE4 ,PREOCCUPI$ ) ! EVID5T ,COMMUNI/ 9FLU5CE )9 ! ,FU]ZAS ,>MADAS ,REVOLUCION>IAS1 ,DIAZ ,LANZ DISCOV]$ A M>XI/ 9DOCTR9ATION C5T] AT A RAN* NE> ,HAVANA CALL$ 0,EL ,CORTIJO0 70,! ,F>MH\SE074 ,HE COMPLA9$ AB\T ?IS TO ,CA/RO4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,CA/RO =BADE HIM FROM MAK+ ?IS NEWS PUBLIC4 ,DIAZ ,LANZ BECAME EV] MORE DI/URB$ BY ! 9CREAS+ P[] ( ! ,P,C,C 9 BO? ! >M$ =CES & GOV]NM5T1 & RESIGN$ HIS PO/4 ,HE MANAG$ TO ESCAPE TO ,MIAMI BE=E MEET+ A FATE SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ,SORI ,M>9 & ,MATOS4 ,! REACTION ( P>TS ( ! OPPOSITION TO ?IS GOV]NM5TAL REPRESSION WAS VIOL5T -- SABOTAGE & A FEW BOMB+S4 ,!SE CL&E/9E ACTIONS W]E C>RI$ \T BY V>I\S POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* AT FIR/ W]E ANTI-,COMMUNI/ & 9 ! 5D W]E ANTI-,CA/RO4 ,ALMO/ ALL ( !SE GR\PS HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,BATI/A & HAD BE5 AFFILIAT$ ) ,M#b#f,J2 !Y *OSE DIRECT ACTION BECAUSE ( ! UND5IABLE & GR[+ M>XI/ 9FLU5CE AT ! HITM5T /ORES1 SET (F BOMBS 9 PUBLIC PLACES1 & COLLECT$ >MS & EXPLOSIVES TO S5D TO GU]RILLAS OP]AT+ 9 ! ,ESCAMBRAY ,M\NTA9S & ALSO 9 ! ,SI]RA DE LOS ,ORGANOS 7DESPITE !RE BE+ AS YET NO UNIT$ GU]RILLA FRONT74 ,CA/RO'S RESPONSE TO ALL ?IS WAS PR$ICTABLE3 HE REE/ABLI%$ ! 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,TRIBUNALS0 :I* H&$ D[N S5T5CES ( DEA? BY FIR+ SQUAD TO ANYONE ACCUS$ ( 0SUBV]SIVE ACTS40 ,?US COMM5C$ A LONG P]IOD ( T]ROR & C\NT]-T]ROR4 ,MEAN:ILE ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ COMMUNITY WAS M\RN+ ! LOSS ( ,CAMILO ,CI5FUEGOS1 ! VALIANT VET]AN ( ! >M$ /RUGGLE1 :OSE DISAPPE>ANCE REMA9$ %R\D$ 9 MY/]Y4 ,CAMILO WAS ONE ( ! *ILDR5 ( ,RAMON ,CI5FUEGOS1 A ,CUBAN WORK] :O HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T DUR+ ! #a#i#bS4 ,HE WORK$ ) ! ,S,I,A & P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! F\ND+ ( ! ,A,L,C1 BUT ACCORD+ TO ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 0,WE NEV] SAW HIM AGA9 UNTIL ,CAMILO BECAME A NATIONAL H]O40 ,! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ,CAMILO WAS LAM5T$ BY NE>LY ! 5TIRE ,CUBAN PEOPLE1 & ALSO ABROAD BY MANY LIB]T>IANS :O CONSID]$ HIM AN AN>*I/ 7?\< ! TRU? IS ?AT HE WAS NEV] A MEMB] ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T74 ,NONE!LESS1 HALF ! AN>*I/ WORLD CRI$ OV] ! LOSS ( ?IS REVOLUTION>Y H]O AS IF HE HAD BE5 ANO!R ,DURRUTI4 ,?IS IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ GIV5 ?AT ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T OCCUPI$ ITSELF 7PR9CIPALLY 9 ,EUROPE7 ) REPEAT+ TO ! PO9T ( FATIGUE ?AT ,COM&ANTE ,CAMILO ,CI5FUEGOS WAS A LIB]T>IAN MILITANT1 = ! PURPOSE ( GA9+ SUPPORT = ! ,CA/RO REGIME )9 ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! MY? HAS P]SI/$ AMONG LIB]T>IANS TO ?IS DAY3 ,SA9T ,CAMILO1 ! ,AN>*I/4 ,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#e#i1 ! ,T5? ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ! ,CONF$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES DE ,CUBA ,REVOLUCION>IA 7,C,T,C,R1 ! R5AM$ ,C,T,C7 WAS CONV5$4 ,A MAJORITY ( ! DELEGATES ACCEPT$ ! GOAL ( 0,HUMANISM10 A TYPE ( PHILOSOPHY :I* HAD BE5 \TL9$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! YE> AS A MEANS ( DI/ANC+ ! ,C,T,C,R FROM ! TRADITIONAL CAPITALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ ,COLD ,W> CAMPS4 ,! SLOGANS ( ?IS ,CUBAN ,HUMANISM W]E 0,BREAD ) ,LIB]TY0 & 0,LIB]TY )\T ,T]ROR40 ,! ,CUBANS1 ) TYPICAL CREATIVITY1 HAD 9V5T$ A NEW SOCIO-POLITICAL SY/EM 9 ORD] TO GIVE SOME TYPE ( IDEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION = ! NEW REGIME4 ,DAVID ,SALVADOR1 LEAD] ( ! ,M#b#f,J FACTION1 FEIGN$ & FUNCTION$ AS ! MO/ D>+ *AMPION ( ?IS NEW ,CUBAN 0,HUMANISM40 ,= ITS P>T1 ! ,P,C,C1 :I* WAS WELL REPRES5T$ 9 ?IS ,CONGRESS1 ?\< 9 ! M9ORITY1 CALL$ UP ! MU/Y SLOGAN1 0,UNITY40 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #b#c1 ! ,CONGRESS F\ND ITSELF TOTALLY DIVID$ OV] ! MATT]S ( MAK+ AGREEM5TS & ( ELECT+ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,CONFUSION REIGN$1 [+ TO ! 9ABILITY ( ! V>I\S OPPOS+ SECTORS TO REA* AGREEM5TS4 ,!RE W]E #bh$ DELEGATES AT ! ,CONGRESS1 ( :I* ! ,COMMUNI/S ONLY 9FLU5C$ #b#f#e4 ,) ?AT FEW DELEGATES1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = !M TO CONTROL ! ,CONGRESS4 ,BUT !Y HAD ! BACK+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T & ITS NEW ,M9I/] ( ,LABOR1 ,AUGU/O ,M>T9EZ ,SAN*EZ1 COMM&] ( ! >MY & AN 9TIMATE ( ,RAUL ,CA/RO1 ! NUMB] TWO MAN 9 ! NEW ,CUBAN HI]>*Y 7& JU/ 9CID5TALLY ! NUMB] ONE MAN'S BRO!R74 ,! M>XI/S !N PROPOS$ ! CREATION ( A S+LE LI/ ( C&IDATES ?AT W\LD ASSUME DIRECTION ( ! ,C,T,C,R4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y PROPOS$ ?AT CONTROL ( ! ,C,T,C,R BE PUT 9 ! H&S ( A COMMITTEE 9 :I* !Y 7! ,P,C,C7 W\LD HAVE EQUAL REPRES5TATION ) ,M#b#f,J & ! ANTI-,COMMUNI/ UNIONI/S4 ,GIV5 !IR SMALL REPRES5TATION )9 ! UNION MOVEM5T1 ?IS MANEUV] C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 MORE CYNICAL4 ,MU* TO ! SURPRISE ( ,M>T9EZ ,SAN*EZ & ,RAUL ,CA/RO1 BO? ! 9DEP5D5T UNIONI/S & ! ,M#b#f,J FACTION REJECT$ ?IS PROPOSAL1 ) ! ,M#b#f,J DELEGATES :I/L+ & %\T+ D[N !IR [N LEAD]S4 ,9 LIALYZES CREAT$ BY ! DIVISIONS 9 ! ,CONGRESS1 ,CA/RO HIMSELF %[$ UP & EXPLA9$ ! IMPORTANCE ( 0DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION10 = :I* IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT !RE BE 0TRULY REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTORS0 SUPPORT$ BY ALL ! DELEGATES ( ! ,CONGRESS4 ,HE PROPOS$ ?AT ! ,C,T,C,R LEAD] BE ,DAVID ,SALVADOR1 LEAD] ( ! ,M#b#f,J CONT+5T4 ,! ONLY FACTION ?AT %\LD PREVAIL IS 0! P>TY ( ! FA!RL&10 SAID ,CA/RO4 ,& EFFECTIVELY1 AS 9 ! 0GOOD TIMES0 ( ! ,CUBAN REPUBLIC1 AS MU* AS MANY WANT$ TO =GET !M1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! DAY NOM9AT$ ! ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL ( ! ,C,T,C,R4 ,SALVADOR WAS !N ELECT$ & GIV5 ! TASK ( DESIGNAT+ A NEW 0NATIONAL DIRECTORATE40 ,CA/RO'S NOM9ATION ( ,SALVADOR 9 EFFECT MADE HIM A GOV]NM5TAL APP5DAGE1 IF NOT A GOV]NM5T M9I/]4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #b#e1 ! ,CONGRESS 5D$4 ,! ,C,T,C,R WAS N[ 9 ! H&S ( ! 09DEP5D5T0 UNIONI/S :O FOLL[$ ! GOV]NM5T L9E4 ,IT WAS LOGICAL ?AT ! SYNDICALI/ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,M#b#f,J :O OPPOS$ ,P,C,C CONTROL ( ! ,CONGRESS & ! ,C,T,C,R1 AFT] LI/5+ TO ! 9/RUCTIONS FROM !IR MAXIMUM LEAD]1 ,FIDEL1 AB\T CONTROL ( ! ORGANIZATION1 W\LD MUTELY ACCEPT ! GOV]NM5T IMPOSITION ( ,SALVADOR4 ,?IS WAS = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT ! ORD]S COM+ FROM ABOVE 9DICAT$ ?AT !Y EI!R COMPLY OR 5D UP 9 JAIL4 ,AS ! SLOGAN ( ! DAY PUT IT1 0,FA!RL& OR ,DEA?6 ,WE ,WILL ,W960 ,9 ?IS MANN]1 A C5TURY ( /RUGGLE BY ,CUBAN WORK]S AGA9/ ! ABUSES ( ! BOSSES 5D$ ) ! 0,CONGRESS ( ! MELONS0 7OLIVE-GRE5 ON ! \TSIDE1 ! COLOR ( ,M#b#f,J'S >MY UNI=MS1 & R$ ON ! 9SIDE1 ! COLOR ( ! ,P,C,C74 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 9DIVIDUAL BOSSES HAD 5D$1 & 9 A FEW MON?S ! ,CUBAN /ATE W\LD BE ! ONE & ONLY BOSS -- & A BOSS :I* CONTROLL$ 7& CA/RAT$7 ! ONLY ORGANIZATION CAPABLE ( DEF5D+ WORK]S' RIK$ ! 5D ( A NE>LY C5TURY-LONG HI/ORY ( WORK]S' /RUGGLES1 ( /RIKES1 ( WORK /OPPAGES ?AT HAD BEGUN ) ! FIR/ WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS 9 #a#h#f#e4 ,TW5TY YE>S LAT] !SE ASSOCIATIONS BECAME MILITANT UNIONS 9 ! 9CIPI5T ,CUBAN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 ) !IR TOBACCO /RIKES1 DEMON/RATIONS1 CONGRESSES1 FREE S*OOLS1 NEWSPAP]S1 & O!R ACTIVITIES4 ,UNTIL A FEW MON?S AFT] ! F\ND+ ( ! ,C,N,O,C 7AT ! TIME1 FRANKLY AN>*OSYNDICALI/7 9 #a#i#b#e1 ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T AIM$ T[>D APOLITICISM & AGA9/ ! P>TICIPATION ( ! MOVEM5T'S LEAD]S 9 ELECTIONS OR POLITICAL (FICE4 ,! >RIVAL ( ! ,P,C,C & ITS OPPORTUNI/IC ASSAULT AIM$ AT TAK+ OV] ! ,C,N,O,C1 9 ORD] TO PUT IT AT ! DISPOSITION ( ,MA*ADO 9 #aicc & ,BATI/A 9 #a#i#c#i1 IS A B5* M>K 9 ! LE?AL FOSSILIZATION ( ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,! CONTROL ( ! ,C,T,C BY ELEM5TS AFFILIAT$ ) ,EUSEBIO ,MUJAL DUR+ ! 5TIRE DECADE ( ! #a#i#eS WAS ANO!R BACKW>D /EP = WORK]S' EMANCIPATION4 ,BUT ! #a? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,C,T,C,R WAS ! CRU%+ BL[4 ,AFT] IT1 ! ,CUBAN PROLET>IAT W\LD BE FIRMLY H>NESS$ TO ! GOV]NM5T C>T4 ,AT ! 5D ( ?AT #a? ,CONGRESS1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA COMM5T$ 9 A ,DECEMB] #a#e1 #aif $ITORIAL TITL$ 0,CONSID]ATIONS ,CONC]N+ ! #a? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,C,T,C,R0 ?AT1 0,IT WAS DEMON/RAT$ AT ! ,CONGRESS ?AT ! M>XI/ S5ORES NOT ONLY DO NOT REPRES5T A =CE 9SIDE ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 BUT ?AT ! REPULSION !Y 9SPIRE 9 ! PROLET>IAT ( \R C\NTRY IS WELL KN[N40 ,LAT]1 ! $ITORIAL CONT9U$3 0,?IS UND]L9ES ONCE MORE ! 9CL9ATION T[>D TOTAL CONTROL ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T BY ! POLITICAL CURR5T ?AT RULES ! NATION40 ,IT 5D$ ON A TOTALLY UNF\ND$ OPTIMI/IC NOTE3 0,! #a? ,CUBAN ,WORK]S' ,CONGRESS DIDN'T DELIV] LEAD]%IP ( ! ORGANIZATION TO ! ,COMMUNI/S1 AN 9DISPUTABLE PRO( ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CAN'T BE EASILY FOOL$40 ,! NEW DIRECTORATE NAM$ BY ,SALVADOR D$ICAT$ ITSELF TO 0PURIFY+0 ! UNIONS & F$]ATION ( ALL ( ! ANTI-,COMMUNI/ ELEM5TS :O HAD RESI/$ ! M>XI/S AT ! ,CONGRESS4 ,ALREADY BY ,APRIL #aif ?IS 0PURIFICATION0 HAD A*IEV$ RESULTS AS SATISFACTORY TO ! GOV]NM5T AS TO ! ,P,C,C4 ,ONE RESULT WAS ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! LABOR =CE4 ,! ,C,T,C,R PRESSUR$ ! UNIONS & F$]ATIONS TO CREATE MILITIAS4 ,BECAUSE UNION MEMB]%IP WAS OBLIGATORY 9 ALL WORKPLACES1 ?IS 9 EFFECT =C$ ,CUBA'S WORK]S TO 0VOLUNT>ILY0 MILIT>IZE !MSELVES4 ,:ILE ?IS WAS OCCURR+1 ,DAVID ,SALVADOR1 PRESSUR$ BY BO? ! 0DIRECTORATE0 HE HAD NAM$ & BY ! ,SECRET>Y ( ,LABOR1 ,M>T9EZ ,SAN*EZ1 RESIGN$ HIS PO/4 7,IRONICALLY1 ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( 0,SALVADOR0 IS 0,SAVIOR407 ,A FEW WEEKS LAT] IT WAS FILL$ BY ,P,C,C MEMB] ,LAZ>O ,P5A4 ,A LITTLE AFT] ?IS1 ,SALVADOR1 ! MAN :O HAD DELIV]$ ! ,CUBAN WORK+ CLASS TO ,FIDEL ,CA/RO1 WAS DETA9$ ON SUSPICION ( 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES40 ,%ORTLY AFT] HE WAS RELEAS$1 HE W5T 9TO EXILE1 :]E HE CONT9UES TO LIVE 9 OBSCURITY4 ,!SE W]E DIFFICULT TIMES1 AS 9 ANY REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS 9 :I* ! PEOPLE DEBATE AMONG !MSELVES AMID FE>1 HOPE1 & UNC]TA9TY4 ,MATT]S W]E WORSE = ! AN>*I/S ?AN = MO/ O!R ,CUBANS1 AS AT ! />T ( ! YE> ! (FICIAL ,CA/RO ORGAN1 ,REVOLUCION1 HAD BEGUN A CAMPAIGN ( ANTI-AN>*I/ PROVOCATION1 MAK+ ACCUSATIONS ?AT W]E AS VEIL$ AS !Y W]E FALSE4 ,! ,P,C,C HAD NOT ONLY SEIZ$ CONTROL ( ! UNIONS1 BUT ! GOV]NM5T WAS VILIFY+ ! /RONGE/ DEF5D]S ( WORK]S' RIY #b#e1 #a#i#f1 ! ,A,L,C HELD A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY4 ,ITS ACCORDS 9CLUD$ A CALL TO 0SUPPORT ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION0 BECAUSE ( 0ITS 9DISPUTABLE B5EFIT TO ! PEOPLE10 ITS DELIV]Y ( 0MORE SOCIAL JU/ICE & 5JOYM5T ( LIB]TY40 ,NONE!LESS1 9 ! SAME P>AGRAPH IT EXPRESS$ ! ,A,L,C'S 0TOTAL REJECTION ( ALL TYPES ( IMP]IALISM1 TOTALIT>IANISM1 & DICTATOR%IPS1 ! WORLD OV]40 ,! ACCORDS ALSO 9CLUD$ A CALL = SUPPORT ( & SOLID>ITY ) 0EL COMPAN]O ,CA/O ,MOSCU 444 .<9 ! FACE ( .> SECT>IAN ATTACKS & CALUMNIES40 ,! ,A,L,C DELEGATES ALSO ELECT$ A NEW NATIONAL C\NCIL1 ) ,JOSE ,RODRIGUEZ ,GONZALEZ AS ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL4 ,O!RS NAM$ TO POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY 9CLUD$ ,ROL&O ,P9]A ,P>DO1 ,B]N>DO ,MOR5O1 ,MANUEL ,GAONA1 ,M>CELO ,ALV>EZ1 & ,OM> ,DIEGUEZ4 ,LAT] ?AT YE>1 JU/ BE=E FALL+ VICTIM TO 0REVOLUTION>Y0 C5SOR%IP1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,GA/RONOMICA1 ! ,A,L,C J\RNAL1 PUBLI%$ ITS F9AL ISSUE4 ,?AT ISSUE1 ( ,DECEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#f1 CONTA9$ A FRONT PAGE >TICLE COMMEMORAT+ ,DURRUTI'S DEA? DUR+ ! DEF5SE ( ,MADRID4 ,9 IT1 ,SOLID>IDAD NOT$1 0,A DICTATOR%IP CAN ORIG9ATE 9 ! POLITICS ( CLASS DOM9ATION40 ,AN $ITORIAL 9 ! SAME ISSUE /AT$3 ,A COLLECTIVE DICTATOR%IP 444 ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 OR TO USE ! T]M9OLOGY ( ! DAY1 A PEOPLE'S DICTATOR%IP1 W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS1 GIV5 ?AT ! *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL DICTATOR%IPS1 9CLUD+ 0PEOPLES0 OR 0PROLET>IAN10 IS ! PLAC+ ( P[] 9 ! H&S ( A FEW P]SONS -- NOT ITS %>+ BY ! POPULACE4 ,DICTATORS HAVE ABSOLUTE DOM9ION NOT ONLY OV] ! OPPRESS$ POLITICAL & SOCIAL CLASSES1 BUT ABOVE ALL OV] ! MEMB]S ( ! SUPPOS$ DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,! DAY WILL NEV] COME :5 !RE IS A DICTATOR%IP ( WORK]S OR PROLET>IANS1 CAMPES9OS & /UD5TS 444 OR :ATEV] Y\ WANT TO CALL IT 444 ,! P[] ( DICTATORS FALLS UPON ALL 444 NOT ONLY UPON 9DU/RIALI/S1 L&[N]S1 & PLANTATION [N]S 444 BUT ALSO UPON ! PROLET>IAT & ! PEOPLE 9 G5]AL -- & ALSO UPON ?OSE 0REVOLUTION>IES0 :O DO NOT DIRECTLY P>TICIPATE 9 ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,AS = NON-,CUBAN AN>*I/ ANALYZES ( ! SITUATION1 ! ,G]MAN LIB]T>IAN ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y J\RNEY$ TO ,HAVANA 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#f4 ,S\*Y HAD BE5 9VIT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T TO /UDY ! SITUATION ( ,CUBAN AGRICULTURE & TO ISSUE HIS OP9IONS ON IT1 & MANY AN>*I/S W]E 5?USIA/IC AB\T HIS VISIT4 ,! ,G]MAN WRIT] WAS W>MLY GREET$ BY ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S ON ,AUGU/ #a#e1 #a#i#f4 ,S\*Y WAS A /UD5T ( AGRICULTURE & HAD WRITT5 A WIDELY KN[N 79 ,EUROPE7 PAMPHLET1 ,! ,ISRAELI ,COOP]ATIVES1 AB\T ! ORGANIZATION ( ! KIBBUTZIM4 ,?IS WAS ! REASON ?AT ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T HAD 9VIT$ HIM TO VISIT ,CUBA -- IT EXPECT$ SOME?+ SIMIL> FROM HIM2 IT HOP$ ?AT HE W\LD WRITE AN 5DORSEM5T ( ITS GIGANTIC AGR>IAN PROGRAM :I* W\LD1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 BE USEFUL AS PROPAG&A 9 ! AN>*I/ M$IA & AMONG LIB]T>IAN ,CUBANS4 ,?IS DIDN'T HAPP54 ,S\*Y TRAVEL$ ! ISL& ) HIS EYES WIDE OP51 & HIS ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 MORE PESSIMI/IC4 ,HE CONCLUD$ ?AT ,CUBA WAS GO+ TOO NE> ! ,SOVIET MODEL1 & ?AT ! LACK ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE C\LD LEAD TO NO?+ BUT C5TRALISM 9 ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR1 AS WAS ALREADY NOTABLE 9 ! RE/ ( ! ECONOMY4 ,HIS ANALYSIS WAS ISSU$ 9 A PAMPHLET TITL$ ,TE/IMONIOS SOBRE LA ,REVOLUCION ,CUBANA1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ )\T GO+ ?R\< (FICIAL C5SOR%IP4 ,?REE DAYS AFT] ,S\*Y LEFT ! ISL&1 ! 5TIRE PR9T RUN ( ! PAMPHLET WAS SEIZ$ & DE/ROY$ BY ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T1 ON ! SUGGE/ION ( ! ,P,C,C LEAD]%IP4 ,=TUNATELY1 ?IS ATTEMPT AT SUPPRESSION WAS ONLY P>TIALLY SUCCESSFUL1 AS ! AN>*I/ PUBLI%] ,$ITORIAL ,RECON/RUIR 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES ISSU$ A NEW PR9T+ ( ! WORK 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#f1 ) A NEW PROLOGUE BY ,JACOBO ,PR9CE4 ,9 ?IS SAME SUMM] ( #a#i#f1 CONV9C$ ?AT ,CA/RO 9CL9$ MORE EA* DAY T[>D A M>XI/-L59I/ GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD ASPHYXIATE FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 COMMUNICATION1 ASSOCIATION1 & EV5 MOVEM5T1 ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,A,L,C AGRE$ TO ISSUE ITS ,DECL>ACION DE ,PR9CIPIOS UND] ANO!R NAME4 ,?IS DOCUM5T WAS SIGN$ BY ! ,GRUPO DE ,S9DICALI/AS ,LIB]T>IOS & WAS 5DORS$ BY ! ,AGRUPACION ,S9DICALI/A ,LIB]T>IA 9 ,JUNE4 ,! REASON = US+ ?IS NAME WAS TO AVOID REPRISALS AGA9/ MEMB]S ( ! ,A,L,C4 ,?IS DOCUM5T IS VITAL 9 UND]/&+ ! SITUATION ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S AT ?IS TIME4 ,ITS OBJECTIVES 9CLUD$ 9=M+ ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE ( ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL SITUATION1 ACCUS+ ! GOV]NM5T ( FOM5T+ DISA/]1 & 5GAG+ ! ,P,C,C -- MANY ( :OSE MEMB]S W]E ALREADY OCCUPY+ IMPORTANT POSITIONS 9 ! GOV]NM5T -- 9 DEBATE4 ,! EIACION ATTACK$ 0! /ATE 9 ALL ITS =MS03 IT DEF9$1 9 ACCORD ) LIB]T>IAN IDEAS1 ! FUNCTIONS ( UNIONS & F$]ATIONS 9 REG>D TO !IR TRUE ECONOMIC ROLES2 IT DECL>$ ?AT ! L& %\LD BELONG 0TO ?OSE :O WORK IT02 IT BACK$ 0COOP]ATIVE & COLLECTIVE WORK0 9 CONTRA/ TO ! AGRICULTURAL C5TRALISM ( ! GOV]NM5T'S ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M LAW2 IT CALL$ = ! FREE & COLLECTIVE $UCATION ( *ILDR52 IT 9VEI<$ AGA9/ 0NOXI\S0 NATIONALISM1 MILIT>ISM1 & IMP]IALISM1 OPPOS+ FULLY ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! PEOPLE2 IT ATTACK$ 0BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALISM0 & WEI<$ =? 9 FAVOR ( F$]ALISM2 IT PROPOS$ 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY AS A MEANS ( OBTA9+ COLLECTIVE LIB]TY2 & IT DECL>$ ?AT ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION WAS1 LIKE ! SEA1 0= EV]YONE10 & 5]GETICALLY D5\NC$ 0! AU?ORIT>IAN T5D5CIES ?AT SURGE 9 ! BREA/ ( ! REVOLUTION40 ,?IS WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ DIRECT ATTACKS AGA9/ ! REGIME'S IDEOLOGICAL VIEWPO9T4 ,! RESPONSE WASN'T LONG 9 COM+4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#f1 ! ORGAN ( ! ,P,C,C1 ,HOY 70,TODAY071 UND] ! SIGNATURE ( ,SECRET>Y ,G5]AL ,BLAS ,ROCA1 ! MO/ PROM95T LEAD] 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ CAMP1 RESPOND$ TO ! ,DECL>ACION 9 AD HOM9EM MANN]1 REPEAT+ ! SAME LIBELS AS ! ,P,C,C HAD US$ 9 #a#i#c#d1 & ADD+ ! DANG]\S ACCUSATION ?AT ! AU?ORS ( ! ,DECL>ACION W]E 0AG5TS ( ! ,YANKEE ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T40 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE ( ! AU?ORS ( ! ,DECL>ACION1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 09 ! 5D1 ! EX-FRI5D ( ,BATI/A1 ,BLAS ,ROCA1 ANSW]$ US 9 .<,HOY'S.> ,SUNDAY SUPPLEM5T1 %[]+ US ) 9SULTS40 ,IT'S MO/ SIGNIFICANT ?AT AN ATTACK ON ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T WAS ANSW]$ BY ONE ( ! HI*I/S :O W]E 5EMIES ( ! REGIME HAD TO 5GAGE 9 CL&E/9E OP]ATIONS4 ,!Y ATTEMPT$ TO HAVE A #e-PAGE PAMPHLET PR9T$ 9 REPLY TO ! ,P,C,C & ,BLAS ,ROCA1 BUT1 ACCORD+ TO ,IGLESIAS1 0WE C\LDN'T GET \R PR9T]S -- ALREADY T]RORIZ$ BY ! DICTATOR%IP -- TO PR9T IT4 ,NEI!R C\LD WE MANAGE A CL&E/9E $ITION40 ,! MO/ COMBATIVE ELEM5TS AMONG ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S HAD FEW OPTIONS LEFT AT !IR DISPOSAL4 ,AFT] ! RESPONSE TO ! ,DECL>ACION1 !Y KNEW ?AT !Y W\LD BE H>RI$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 AS W\LD BE ANY O!R ,CUBANS OPPOS$ TO ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 PROCESS4 ,9 ?OSE DAYS AN ACCUSATION ( BE+ 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y0 MEANT A TRIP TO JAIL OR TO ! FIR+ SQUAD4 ,SO1 ) O!R MEANS CUT (F1 !Y W5T UND]GR\ND & RESORT$ TO CL&E/9E DIRECT ACTION4 ,!IR REASONS >E AS VALID TODAY AS !Y W]E !N4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 AN>*OSYNDICALISM )9 ! ,CUBAN UNIONS & F$]ATIONS HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$4 ,FRE$OM ( ! PRESS HAD BE5 SUSP5D$1 & IT WAS DANG]\S TO HAVE OP9IONS CONTR>Y TO ?OSE ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,TO ATTACK ! GOV]NM5T V]BALLY WAS AN ATTACK AGA9/ ! HOMEL&4 ,& ! REGIME'S POLITICO-ECONOMIC POLICIES W]E QUICKLY LEAD+ TO ! ,SOVIETIZATION ( ,CUBA1 ) ALL ITS NEGATIVE CONSEQU5CES4 ,! REGIME WAS CONDUCT+ ?IS ECONOMIC CAMPAIGN ) RIGOR1 & HAD GONE AFT] ALL ( ! BIG BUS9ESSES1 RAN*ES1 SUG> MILLS1 TOBACCO FIELDS1 ETC4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT WAS CONFISCAT+ ALL ( ! NATIONAL WEAL? ?AT UNTIL ?IS TIME HAD BE5 9 ! H&S ( ! BIG B\RGEOISIE1 NATIONAL CAPITALISM1 & ,U4,S4_/,CUBAN BANK+4 ,! AN>*I/S DIDN'T CRITICIZE !SE 0NATIONALIZATION0 MEASURES4 ,:AT !Y OPPOS$ WAS /ATE [N]%IP_/DICTATOR%IP OV] ALL ( ,CUBA'S WEAL?4 ,:AT WAS LEFT = ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S WAS TO *OOSE EI!R ! H>D PA? ( EXILE OR ?AT ( CL&E/9E /RUGGLE4 ,AS ,CA/O ,MOSCU W\LD EXPLA91 0,WE W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ALL ( \R EF=TS & ?OSE ( \R PEOPLE HAD GONE = NO?+1 & ?AT WE HAD >RIV$ AT A WORSE1 MORE M5AC+ SITUATION ?AN ALL ( ! ILLS WE HAD ALREADY COMBAT$40 ,FAC+ ?IS TOTALIT>IAN SITUATION1 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S DECID$ TO REBEL4 ,!Y 9ITIAT$ AN >M$ /RUGGLE ?AT WAS CONDEMN$ FROM ! />T TO FAILURE4 ,AMONG NONVIOL5T AN>*I/ OPPOSITION ACTIVITIES AT ?IS TIME WAS ! CL&E/9E BULLET91 ,M,A,S 7,MOVIMI5TO DE ,ACCION ,S9DICAL71 :I* CIRCULAT$ ?R\<\T ! ISL& & OV]SEAS4 ,M,A,S FEATUR$ 9 ITS FEW MON?LY $ITIONS 7,AUGU/ -- ,DECEMB] #a#i#f7 ATTACK )\T QU>T] AGA9/ ! ,P,C,C & ITS FOLL[]S 9 G5]AL & AGA9/ ,CA/RO 9 P>TICUL>4 ,AS = ! SITUATION 9 ,CUBA AT ?IS TIME1 ,CA/O ,MOSCU /ATES3 0,AN 9F9ITY ( MANIFE/OS W]E WRITT5 D5\NC+ ! FALSE PO/ULATES ( ! ,CA/RO REVOLUTION & CALL+ ! POPULACE TO OPPOSE IT4 ,MANY MEET+S W]E HELD TO DEBATE MATT]S & TO RAISE AW>5ESS10 & 0PLANS W]E PUT 9TO EFFECT TO SABOTAGE ! BASIC ?+S SU/A9+ ! /ATE40 ,! ME?ODS 9CLUD$ >M$ /RUGGLE4 ,MOSCU RELATES3 0,I P>TICIPAT$ 9 EF=TS TO SUPPORT GU]RILLA 9SURG5CIES 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! C\NTRY40 ,9 P>TICUL>1 TWO IMPORTANT OP]ATIONS TOOK PLACE 9 ! SAME ZONE1 ! ,SI]RA ,OCCID5TAL1 9 :I* OP]ATIONS W]E DIFFICULT BECAUSE ! M\NTA9S >5'T V]Y HI<1 !Y'RE N>R[1 & !Y'RE NE> ,HAVANA3 0,!RE WAS DIRECT CONTACT ) ! GU]RILLA B& COMM&$ BY ,CAPTA9 ,P$RO ,SAN*EZ 9 ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL2 S9CE SOME ( \R COMPAN]OS P>TICIPAT$ ACTIVELY 9 ?IS B& 444 !Y W]E SUPPLI$ ) >MS 444 ,WE ALSO DID EV]Y?+ WE C\LD TO SUPPORT ! GU]RILLA B& COMM&$ BY ,FRANCISCO ,ROBA9A 7KN[N AS ',MA*ETE'7 ?AT OP]AT$ 9 ! SAME RANGE40 ,AT LEA/ ONE AN>*I/ FIGO1 ,SEBA/IAN ,AGUIL>1 ,JR4 & ,V5TURA ,SU>EZ W]E %OT2 ,EUSEBIO ,OT]O WAS F\ND DEAD 9 HIS CELL2 ,RAUL ,NEGR91 H>ASS$ BEYOND 5DURANCE1 SET HIMSELF ON FIRE4 ,MANY O!RS W]E >RE/$ & S5T TO PRISON1 AMONG !M ,MODE/O ,P9EIRO1 ,FLOREAL ,B>R]A1 ,SURIA ,L9SUA91 ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ1 ,JOSE ,AC5A1 ,ISIDRO ,MOSCU1 ,NORB]TO ,TORRES1 ,SIC9IO ,TORRES1 ,JOSE ,M&ADO ,M>COS1 ,PLACIDO ,M5DEZ1 & ,LUIS ,L9SUA91 !SE LA/ TWO BE+ (FICIALS 9 ! ,REBEL ,>MY4 ,FRANCISCO ,AGUIRRE DI$ 9 PRISON2 ,VICTORIANO ,H]N&EZ1 SICK & BL9D BECAUSE ( PRISON TORTURES1 KILL$ HIMSELF2 & ,JOSE ,ALV>EZ ,MI*ELTOR5A DI$ A FEW WEEKS AFT] GETT+ \T ( PRISON4 ,! SITUATION ( ,CUBA'S LIB]T>IANS GREW MORE T5SE ) EA* PASS+ DAY4 ,! FAIL$ ,BAY ( ,PIGS 9VASION1 9 ,PLAYA ,GIRON1 S\? ( ,MATANZAS ,PROV9CE1 ON ! #a#g? ( ,APRIL #aifa -- AN ADV5TURE AS WELL F9ANC$ AS IT WAS BADLY PLANN$ BY ! ,C,I,A -- GAVE ! GOV]NM5T ! EXCUSE IT NE$$ TO TOTALLY LIQUIDATE ! 9T]NAL OPPOSITION1 :I* ( C\RSE 9CLUD$ ! AN>*I/S1 & TO CONSOLIDATE ITS P[]4 ,ON ,MAY ,DAY1 #a#i#f#a1 ,CA/RO DECL>$ HIS GOV]NM5T 0SOCIALI/0 -- 9 PRACTICE1 /AL9I/4 ,?IS PRES5T$ ! LIB]T>IANS BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ( ,CUBA ) AN E?ICAL DILEMMA3 ! REGIME DEM&$ ! MO/ DECID$ ALLEGIANCE ( ITS SYMPA?IZ]S & MILITANTS1 & DIDN'T RECOGNIZE AB/5TION OR A NEUTRAL POSITION4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ONE EI!R SLEPT ) CRIM9ALS OR DI$ ( 9SOMNIA1 ?AT IS1 ONE EI!R SUPPORT$ ! REGIME1 W5T 9TO EXILE1 OR W5T 9TO ! CEMET]Y4 ,9 PREVI\S EPO*S1 !RE W]E O!R R\TES4 ,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ONE C\LD EI!R OPT = ! SEP>ATI/ =CES OR KEEP \T ( ! 9DEP5D5CE QUE/ION4 ,:5 ,MA*ADO OR ,BATI/A W]E 9 P[]1 ! LIB]T>IANS C\LD DECL>E !MSELVES ANTI-POLITICAL OR PASS OV] TO ! OPPOSITION GR\PS ) ! MO/ AFF9ITY = AN>*I/ IDEALS -- LEFT REVOLUTION>IES OR LIB]AL OR SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL GR\PS4 ,BUT ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 PRESID$ OV] BY A BUDD+ DICTATOR1 (F]$ ONLY F\R ALT]NATIVES3 PLAC+ ONESELF UND] ! DICTATOR'S CONTROL2 PRISON2 ! FIR+ SQUAD2 OR EXILE4 ,A FEW MON?S AFT] ,FIDEL ,CA/RO DECL>$ HIMSELF A M>XI/-L59I/1 AN EV5T )\T P>ALLEL 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,CUBAN AN>*ISM OCCURR$4 ,MANUEL ,GAONA ,S\SA1 AN OLD RAILROAD WORK] FROM ! TIMES ( ,5RIQUE ,V>ONA & ! ,C,N,O,C1 A LIB]T>IAN MILITANT HIS 5TIRE LIFE & A F\ND] ( ! ,A,L,C1 & 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ,CA/ROISM ! ,A,L,C'S ,SECRET>Y ( ,RELATIONS -- & H5CE ! P]SON DEAL+ ) OV]SEAS AN>*I/ M$IA & ORGANIZATIONS -- BETRAY$ BO? HIS IDEALS & HIS COMRADES4 ,9 A DOCUM5T TITL$ ,A ,CL>IFICATION & A ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,CUBAN ,LIB]T>IANS1 DAT$ & SIGN$ 9 ,M>IANAO ON ,NOVEMB] #b#d1 #a#i#f#a1 ,GAONA D5\NC$ ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S :O DIDN'T %>E HIS 5?USIASM = ! ,CA/RO REVOLUTION4 ,AFT] ! FIR/ CONFRONTATIONS ) ! MO/ /AL9I/ SECTORS ( ! ,P,C,C1 IT WAS UND]/OOD 9 ! ,A,L,C ?AT ! REGIME1 ON ITS WAY TO TOTALIT>IANISM1 W\LD NOT P]MIT ! EXI/5CE ( AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 OR EV5 ! PROPAGATION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,! ,P,C,C WANT$ TO SETTLE ACC\NTS ) ! AN>*I/S4 ,= HIS P>T1 ,GAONA PREF]R$ TO SAVE HIS [N SK9 BY SETTL+ 9 ! 5EMY CAMP1 LEAV+ HIS =M] COMRADES TO F5D = !MSELVES4 ,9 ALL L&S & ALL LATITUDES !RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ?OSE :O HAVE EMBRAC$ & !N REJECT$ LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,9 ?IS1 ,GAONA WAS NOT UNUSUAL4 ,! R5UNCIATION ( AN>*ISM BY PROM95T AN>*I/S WAS NO?+ NEW2 P]SONS ) EQUAL OR MORE RESPONSIBILITY ?AN ,GAONA 9 ,CUBAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS HAD DONE IT1 EX*ANG+ !IR SOCIAL OP9IONS = ,CUBAN ELECTORAL POLITICS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,5RIQUE ,MESSONI] CROSS$ OV] TO ! ,P>TIDO ,LIB]AL 9 #a#i#a2 ,ANTONIO ,P5I*ET TO ! ,P>TIDO ,AUT5TICO AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i#cS2 & ,HELIO ,N>DO TO ! ,P>TIDO ,ORTODOXO AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i#dS4 ,!SE ACTS W]E NEV] CONSID]$ TRAITOR\S BY ! MAJORITY ( LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS4 ,!Y SIMPLY BELIEV$ ?AT !SE EX-COMPAN]OS HAD ! RITIES ( ! EXTREME RIIAN OR RELIGI\S P>TIES4 ,?IS WASN'T ! CASE ) ,GAONA4 ,HE NOT ONLY ALLI$ HIMSELF ) ! REACTION>Y =CES GOV]N+ ,CUBA1 BUT HE ALSO ?REAT5$ TO D5\NCE AS 0AG5TS ( IMP]IALISM0 =M] COMRADES :O DIDN'T %>E HIS PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y PO/URE TO ! REC5TLY =M$ ,COMMITTEES = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- :I*1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD HAVE MEANT PRISON OR ! FIR+ SQUAD = ANYONE HE D5\NC$4 ,GAONA W5T FUR!R & CO]C$ SEV]AL ELD]LY AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,RAFAEL ,S]RA & ,FRANCISCO ,BRETAU1 9TO BE+ ACCOMPLICES 9 HIS BETRAYAL ?R\< A DOCUM5T 9 :I* HE ATTEMPT$ TO 0CL>IFY0 = OV]SEAS AN>*I/S 0AN 9SIDI\S CAMPAIGN BE+ WAG$ 9 ! LIB]T>IAN PRESS ( Y\R C\NTRY 444 AGA9/ ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION0 ) ! PURPOSE ( 0COLLECT+ MONEY = ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IAN PRISON]S 444 TO DELIV] !M & !IR FAMILIES \T ( ! C\NTRY40 ,! DOCUM5T RAIL$ AGA9/ :AT ,GAONA LABEL$ 0A HOAX1 IRRESPONSIBILITY1 & BAD FAI?0 ON ! P>T ( HIS EX-COMRADES N[ 9 EXILE OR TAK+ REFUGE 9 SOME EMBASSY4 ,HE !N GU>ANTE$ 9 ! FIR/ P>AGRAPH ?AT !RE DID NOT EXI/ ON ! 5TIRE ISL& 0A S+LE LIB]T>IAN COMRADE :O HAS BE5 DETA9$ OR P]SECUT$ = HIS IDEAS40 ,& ?IS :5 ,GAONA HAD EXPELL$ ALL ! AN>*I/S FROM ! ,A,L,C & DISSOLV$ ! ORGANIZATION6 ,! SECOND P>AGRAPH ( ,GAONA'S DOCUM5T DECL>$ ?AT !RE DIDN'T EXI/ ANY TYPE ( POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S P]SECUTION 9 ,CUBA1 & !N ATTEMPT$ TO ID5TIFY ! ,BAY ( ,PIGS PRISON]S ) ALL ( ! OPPOSITION =CES 9 ,CUBA1 9CLUD+1 ( C\RSE1 ! AN>*I/S4 ,TO COMBAT ?IS ?REAT1 !RE EXI/$ AN 0EXTREME VIGILANCE 9 ! PEOPLE ?R\< ! ,COMMITTEES = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- ONE ON EV]Y BLOCK -- AGA9/ ! T]RORI/S40 ,GAONA ?US JU/IFI$ ! T]RORISM ( ! /ATE AGA9/ ! PEOPLE ?R\< COMMITTEES ( 9=M]S ?AT ANSW]$ TO ! FE>$ /ATE SECURITY AG5CY4 ,HE ALSO IMPLI$ ?AT ANY CITIZ5 ?AT DIDN'T BACK ?IS 0REVOLUTION>Y0 PROCESS1 !SE 9TRUSIVE COMMITTEES1 WAS A TRAITOR :O DES]V$ TO BE D5\NC$4 ,GAONA !N LI$ \TRI$ ?AT 0ALMO/ ! TOTALITY ( LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS 9 ,CUBA F9D !MSELVES 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! DI/9CT ',ORGANISMS ( ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION'10 ALL ( :I* HE LABEL$ 0MASS ORGANIZATIONS40 ,HE !N BOA/$ ?AT ! 09TEGRATION0 ( !SE MILITANTS WAS ! 0CONSEQU5CE ( ! MOLD+ .<9TO REALITY.> 444 ( ALL ( ! IMM$IATE OBJECTIVES ( \R PROGRAM 444 & ! REASON = BE+ ( ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T40 ,H]E ONE CAN GRASP FULLY ! 9T5TION & DIRECTION ( ?IS DOCUM5T4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,GAONA1 ! AN>*I/S 09TEGRAT$0 !MSELVES SPONTANE\SLY 9TO ,CA/RO'S DESPOTISM BECAUSE IT EMBODI$ ! OBJECTIVE ( ALL ( !IR SOCIAL /RUGGLES OV] MORE ?AN A C5TURY4 ,HE EV5 GOES BEYOND ?IS & SAYS ?AT ,CA/RO'S DESPOTISM EMBODIES ! TRUE AG5DA & PURPOSE ( ALL ( ! WORLD'S AN>*I/S4 ,GAONA 5DS ) AN EXHORTATION TO NON-,CUBAN AN>*I/S 0TO NOT BE SURPRIS$ BY ! BAD 9T5TIONS & FALSE 9=MATION ?AT Y\'LL RECEIVE FROM ?OSE 444 AT ! S]VICE1 CONSCI\S OR UNCONSCI\S1 ( ! ,CUBAN C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 :O UND]TAKE TO REMA9 DEAF & BL9D BE=E ! REALITIES 444 ( ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE1 DEMOCRATIC1 & HUMANI/ ,REVOLUTION ( \R CONT95T40 ,F9ALLY1 HE /ATES ?AT IT'S NECESS>Y TO SUPPORT ,CA/ROISM & 0TO TAKE UP >MS0 9 ITS DEF5SE1 DECL>+ 0TRAITORS & C[>DS0 ?OSE :O 0UND] ! PRETEXT ( DIFF]5CES OR SECT>IAN RANCOR0 OPPOSE ?IS BEAUTIFUL DREAM4 ,?IS DOCUM5T IS TREAT$ H]E AT L5G? BECAUSE IT WILL HELP ! READ] BETT] UND]/& ITS S9I/] CONSEQU5CES 9 COM+ YE>S4 ,GAONA1 AT ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 HAD BETRAY$ HIS COMRADES1 BUT EV5 WORSE1 HE CO]C$ FIVE ELD]LY MEMB]S ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T -- SOME ALREADY 9FIRM OCTOG5]IANS -- 9TO 5DORS+ ?IS MON/R\S DECL>ATION ?AT PRECISELY NEGAT$ ALL LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES1 BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ,CUBA4 ,VIC5TE ,ALEA1 ,RAFAEL ,S]RA1 ,FRANCISCO ,BRETAU1 ,&RES ,P>DO1 & ,FRANCISCO ,CALLE 70,MATA07 SIGN$ ?IS DOCUM5T ALONG ) #af O!RS :O HAD LITTLE OR NO?+ TO DO ) ,CUBAN AN>*ISM4 ,MANY LIB]T>IANS /ILL ON ! ISL& REJECT$ ?IS BIT ( 9FAMY & W]E ?US CONSID]$ 5EMIES ( ! REVOLUTION2 !Y W]E SOON] OR LAT] =C$ TO AB&ON !IR HOMEL&4 ,AMONG !SE WAS ONE ( ! MO/ \T/&+ ,CUBAN 9TELLECTUALS1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 :O1 HAD HE PUT HIMSELF AT ! S]VICE ( ! DICTATOR%IP BY SIGN+ ! ,GAONA DOCUM5T1 W\LD HAVE RECEIV$ ALL ( ! HONORS & PRE/IGE ?AT TYRANTS CAN DELIV] TO !IR LACKEYS4 ,:ILE ,GAONA WAS BETRAY+ HIS =M] COMRADES1 TWO ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ & ,CA/O ,MOSCU1 :O W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! TRANSPORTATION ( >MS & PROPAG&A1 W]E DETA9$ 9 ,HAVANA4 ,TAK5 TO A JAIL ( ! /ATE SECURITY S]VICE & FE>+ ?AT !Y W\LD BE %OT -- A COMMON FATE = 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES0 -- !Y W]E PUT AT LIB]TY ON ! ORD]S ( ! DEP>TM5T COMM&]1 :O WAS FAMILI> ) ! WORK ( ! LIB]T>IANS 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 & :O M5TION$ ) PRIDE KN[+ ,S]RA & ,SAL9AS 9 TIMES PA/4 ,GONZALEZ & ,MOSCU WA/$ LITTLE TIME GO+ DIRECTLY FROM ! JAIL TO ! ,MEXICAN EMBASSY1 :]E !Y W]E RECEIV$ ALMO/ )\T =MALITIES4 ,BO? W\LD M>* 9TO EXILE VIA ,MEXICO & W\LD LAT] REUNITE ) !IR COMRADES 9 ,MIAMI4 O ,*APT] #e 3 ,EXILE & ,%AD[S 7#a#i#f#a-#b#a7 ,*APT] #e3 ,EXILE & ,%AD[S 7#a#i#f#a-#b#a7 ,EV5 ?\< SOME AN>*I/S -- :E!R OR NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! VIOL5T OPPOSITION -- HAD GONE 9TO EXILE AS E>LY AS MID #a#i#f1 IT WASN'T UNTIL ! SUMM] ( #aifa ?AT A COLLECTIVE EXODUS BEGAN TO ! ,U4,S4 ,?IS WASN'T ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S HAD F\ND REFUGE 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,S9CE ! LATE #a#i? C5TURY1 ,KEY ,WE/1 ,TAMPA1 & ,NEW ,YORK HAD BE5 ! PLACES *OS5 BY P]SECUT$ ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS1 BECAUSE !Y (F]$ ! BE/ OPPORTUNITIES ( E>N+ A LIV+1 & BECAUSE ! ,FLORIDA CITIES W]E NE> 5\< TO ,CUBA TO CONT9UE ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,DUR+ ! ,MA*ADO & ,BATI/A DICTATOR%IPS1 EXIL$ AN>*I/S HAD GONE TO !SE CITIES2 & ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S HAD CONTACTS ) AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 O!R ,U4,S4 CITIES4 ,! ,U4,S4 IMMIGRATION LAWS HAD /IFF5$ AGA9/ AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#i#bS1 & !SE LAWS W]E /ILL 9 =CE 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS -- AS MANY W\LD-BE POLITICAL REFUGEES UNJU/LY D5I$ 5TRANCE WILL REMEMB]4 ,BUT ! ,IMMIGRATION & ,NATURALIZATION ,S]VICE MADE AN EXCEPTION = ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S FLEE+ ! ,CA/RO DICTATOR%IP1 EVID5TLY BELIEV+ ?AT 0! 5EMY ( MY 5EMY IS MY FRI5D10 & ?AT ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S W]E !RE=E POT5TIAL ALLIES4 ,:AT IS C]TA9 IS ?AT ! ,U4,S4 AU?ORITIES ASK$ ALMO/ ALL ( ! NEW REFUGEES AB\T !IR POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS1 ?AT ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS W]E TRU?FUL AB\T ! MATT]1 & ?AT !Y W]E P]MITT$ 5TRANCE TO & RESID5CY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,IT'S ALSO TRUE ?AT1 AS 9 O!R TIMES1 IT WAS UNUSUAL TO 5C\NT] A ,CUBAN EXILE :O ?\RIV$1 9CLUD+ ! LIB]T>IANS1 W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ! RETURN TO ,CUBA WAS NE> & !Y PLANN$ !IR ANTI-,CA/RO /RATEGY ACCORD+LY4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#f#a1 ! ,MOVIMI5TO ,LIB]T>IO ,CUBANO 5 EL ,EXILIO 7,M,C,L,E7 WAS =MALLY CON/ITUT$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK BY ! NOT V]Y NUM]\S EXILES 9 ?AT CITY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ANO!R LIB]T>IAN GR\P WAS ORGANIZ+ ITSELF 9 ,MIAMI2 ?IS GR\P 9CLUD$ ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 & ,ROL&O ,P9]A1 & WAS KN[N AS ! ,DELEGACION ,G5]AL 7( ! ,M,L,C,E74 ,! ,NEW ,YORK SECTION 7( ! ,M,L,C,E7 WAS COMPOS$ ALMO/ 5TIRELY ( MEMB]S ( ! ,S9DICATO ,GA/RONOMICO1 9CLUD+ ,JUAN ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,FLOREAL & ,OM> ,DIEGUEZ1 ,B>TOLO ,G>CIA1 ,F]N&O ,GOMEZ1 ,MANUEL ,RODRIGUEZ1 & ,JUAN ,FIDALGO4 ,FIDALGO E/ABLI%$1 ?R\< ,GOMEZ1 ! FIR/ CONTACTS ) ! EXIL$ ,SPANI% AN>*I/S ( ! ,CLUB ,AURORA 9 ,BO/ON4 ,AT ! TIME1 ANO!R GR\P ( ,SPANI% LIB]T>IAN EXILES 9 ,NEW ,YORK EXI/$1 C5T]+ >\ND ! LONG-RUNN+ AN>*I/ MAGAZ9E1 ,CULTURA ,PROLET>IA2 ! ,CUBANS ALSO E/ABLI%$ GOOD RELATIONS ) ?IS GR\P4 ,BUT )\T D\BT1 ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( SOLID>ITY & COOP]ATION = ! NEWLY >RIV$ ,CUBANS WAS ! ,NEW ,YORK-BAS$ AN>*I/ ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE1 L$ BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F & ,RUSSELL ,BLACKWELL4 ,BLACKWELL HAD BE5 A COMBATANT 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> & HELD NOTABLE RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T DESPITE1 OR P]HAPS BECAUSE (1 HIS ,TROTSKYI/ PA/4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 9 ?OSE YE>S WAS ONE ( ! MO/ RESPECT$ FIGURES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM1 & AFT] A LONG REVOLUTION>Y C>E] ALSO HAD CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE 9 ! ,AM]ICAN LEFT4 ,ALWAYS AT HIS SIDE -- & AT TIMES 9 FRONT -- WAS HIS COMPAN]A1 ,ES!R ,DOLG(F1 :O HAD ALSO BE5 9VOLV$ 9 CLASS-BAS$ AN>*I/ POLITICS S9CE H] Y\?4 ,ANO!R NOTABLE MEMB] ( ?IS GR\P WAS ,ABE ,BLUE/E91 :O ALSO MA9TA9$ CLOSE RELATIONS ) ! ,CUBANS4 ,9 #a#i#e#d1 ?IS GR\P HAD F\ND$ ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE1 :I* HAD AS ITS ORGAN ! NEWSLETT] TITL$ ,VIEWS @& ,COMM5TS4 7,DICK ,ELL+TON1 M5TION$ 9 ! FOOTNOTE BEL[1 WAS A MEMB] ( ! GR\P ?AT PRODUC$ ?IS NEWSLETT]47 ,)\T ! COLLABORATION ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE1 ! TASK ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/ EXILES W\LD HAVE BE5 MU* H>D]4 ,ALREADY 9 ?IS P]IOD COLLECTIONS W]E BE+ TAK5 AMONG AN>*I/S 9 ! ,U4,S41 ,MEXICO1 ,*ILI1 ,>G5T9A1 & ALMO/ ALL ( ,EUROPE = ! PURPOSE ( HELP+ 5DANG]$ ,CUBAN AN>*I/S &_/OR !IR FAMILIES OBTA9 VISAS & PASSAGE \T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 !SE YE>S = ! 5EMIES ( ! REGIME W]E 9DESCRIBABLE2 !Y W]E SUFF]+ 9 ! WOR/ POLITICAL PRISONS EV] KN[N 9 ,CUBA4 ,!Y HAD TO ADAPT !MSELVES TO 9HUMAN CONDITIONS & SUFF]$ TORM5T ON A DAILY BASIS AT ! H&S ( !IR JAIL]S -- ,CUBANS LIKE !MSELVES1 :O W]E 5GAG+ 9 CRUELTY 9 ! NAME ( 0SOCIALISM40 ,! DESIRE TO ESCAPE FROM ?IS GREAT DUNGEON ?AT ,CUBA HAD BECOME WAS AN OBSESSION = ALMO/ ALL ,CUBANS4 ,! DONATIONS 9 ,AUGU/ #aifa TOTAL$ @s#b#h#h 7EQUIVAL5T TO AB\T @s#a#a1#f TODAY71 & PROVOK$ ! ,GAONA EXPLOSION 7! ,D,D,G .<,DOCUM5TO DE ,GAONA.>1 :I* D5\NC$ ! EXIL$ AN>*I/S7 9 ,NOVEMB]4 ,!SE FUNDS1 ACCORD+ TO ! BOOKKEEP+ RECORDS ( ,CLAUDIO ,M>T9EZ1 TREASUR] ( ! ,M,L,C,E1 CAME FROM MANY DIFF]5T PLACES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! COMRADES AT ,FREIE ,>BEIT] ,/IMME1 ! ,YIDDI% AN>*I/ PAP] 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 CONTRIBUT$ @s#d#b#e4 ,SIX HUNDR$ ONE DOLL>S CAME FROM ! ,S,I,A 9 ,>G5T9A4 ,& MANY 9DIVIDUALS ALSO CONTRIBUT$1 9CLUD+ ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y & ONE ,DUT* AN>*I/1 :O /AT$ ?AT HIS DONATION WAS MADE = HUMANIT>IAN REASONS & ?AT HIS SYMPA?IES REMA9$ ) ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION4 7,?IS WAS TYPICAL ( ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ CONFUSION 9 REG>D TO ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S & ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T47 ,?IS COLLECTION BR\*I/S 9 EXILE BEGAN A CAMPAIGN TO UNMASK ! M>XI/-L59I/ REGIME AFFLICT+ ,CUBA4 ,BUT TO ! A/ONI%M5T ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 AFT] 9ITIAL SUCCESS ! F9ANCIAL APPEAL1 :I* %\LD HAVE BE5 FUR!R SUPPORT$ BY ?OSE FAMILI> ) ! ,CUBAN PROBLEM1 5C\NT]$ DIFFICULTIES4 ,!RE W]E TWO PR9CIPLE REASONS = ! DIM9I%+ CONTRIBUTIONS3 #a7 ! UNEXPECT$ DAMAGE ?AT ! ,D,D,G DOCUM5T WAS DO+ 9 C\NTRIES SU* AS ,MEXICO1 ,V5EZUELA1 & ,>G5T9A2 & #b7 NOT ALL ( ! REC5TLY >RIV$ ,CUBANS 9 ! ,U4,S4 RESPOND$ TO ! APPEALS4 ,9 ! FACE ( ?IS1 BY MID #aifb ! ,M,L,C,E HAD E/ABLI%$ A SY/EM ( DUES ( @s#b P] MON? P] MEMB]1 :I* COV]$ ! MO/ PRESS+ CO/S1 AMONG !M AID TO REC5TLY >RIV$ COMRADES & ! CAMPAIGN = ,CUBAN POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,& !RE W]E A NUMB] ( !SE4 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S SUFF]$ ! SAME PUNI%M5T AS O!R ,CUBANS ACCUS$ ( 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y0 CRIMES4 ,! ABUSE1 MALTREATM5T1 & EV5 TORTURE ( ,CUBA'S POLITICAL PRISON]S OV] ! LA/ F\R DECADES IS WELL DOCUM5T$ BY ,AMNE/Y ,9T]NATIONAL & O!R HUMAN RICELO ,SAL9AS 7IMPRISON$ 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#a#h 9 ! ,U4,S41 ,SPA91 & ,CUBA71 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS 7IMPRISON$ 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#c#i71 & ,CA/O ,MOSCU 7IMPRISON$ 9 ,CUBA 9 #a#i#c#c74 ,9 SU* CASES1 IF ! ACCUS$ ACCEPT$ HIS S5T5CE )\T TOO MU* PROTE/ & DIDN'T MAKE TR\BLE 9 PRISON1 ! AU?ORITIES G5]ALLY FRE$ ! PRISON] 9 ! 5D1 )\T ABUS+ HIM TOO MU* PHYSICALLY4 ,BUT ?AT WASN'T ! CASE 9 ,CA/RO'S ,CUBA4 ,ONE MAJOR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,CA/RO REGIME & ITS PR$ECESSORS WAS ! %E] NUMB] ( POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,! ,CUBAN WRIT] ,JUAN ,CL>K NOTES3 0,ACCORD+ TO A NUMB] ( E/IMATES1 ! HIK$ ON A PRISON-CON/RUCTION CAMPAIGN4 ,CURI\SLY1 ACCORD+ TO POLITICAL PRISON]S FRE$ 9 ! DECADE #a#i#g-#a#i#h1 ! POPULATION ( POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ! 0SOCIALI/0 ,CUBAN GULAGS CAME OV]:ELM+LY FROM WORK+ CLASS & CAMPES9O BACKGR\NDS4 ,!RE %\LD BE NO DISPUTE AB\T ?IS1 GIV5 ! MASS ( EVID5CE3 ! ,CA/RO REGIME P]SECUT$ ITS PROLET>IAN & CAMPES9O 5EMIES F> MORE VIGOR\SLY ?AN ITS CAPITALI/ 5EMIES4 ,MANY AN>*I/S SUFF]$ GREATLY UND] ?IS POLICY4 ,! TE/IMONY ( ! AN>*I/ =M] POLITICAL PRISON]S ,LUIS ,L9SUA9 7ORIG9ALLY CONDEMN$ TO DEA? = ATTEMPT+ TO ASSASS9ATE ,RAUL ,CA/RO71 ,PLACIDO ,M5DEZ1 & ,ISIDRO ,MOSCU1 ALL ( :OM S]V$ BETWE5 #ae & #b YE>S IMPRISONM5T1 \TL9ES ! ABUSES SUFF]$ BY ,CA/RO'S POLITICAL FOES4 ,9 ! FIR/ YE>S AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 :5 ! NUMB] ( POLITICAL PRISON]S F> \T/RIPP$ AVAILABLE PRISON SPACE1 PRISON]S LIV$ 9 V]Y CRAMP$ CONDITIONS4 ,! TREATM5T 9 ,CA/RO'S PRISONS WAS 7& APP>5TLY /ILL IS7 BRUTAL4 ,?OSE SL[ TO RESPOND TO ORD]S W]E IMPELL$ TO DO SO BY BE+ BEAT5 ) CLUBS OR JABB$ ) BAYONETS4 ,PRISON]S W]E ALSO =C$ TO WORK 9 QU>RIES OR SUG> CANE FIELDS1 OR TO DO O!R H>D PHYSICAL LABOR4 ,! AU?ORITIES ALSO 9/ITUT$ A SY/EM IMPORT$ FROM ! ,U,S,S,R1 UND] :I* PRISON]S :O /UDI$ & ATT5D$ CLASSES ON M>XISM-L59ISM RECEIV$ BETT] TREATM5T ?AN ?OSE :O RESI/$ ?IS C>ROT-&-/ICK SY/EM4 ,?OSE :O REFUS$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS W]E LABEL$ AS DANG]\S 09TRANSIG5TS0 BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,!SE PRISON]S W]E SO H>ASS$ ?AT MANY RESORT$ TO HUNG] /RIKES & 5D$ UP 9 PRISON HOSPITALS4 ,MANY ( !SE1 AS WELL AS O!R POLITICAL PRISON]S -- BASICALLY ANYONE ACCUS$ ( 0ANTISOCIAL CONDUCT0 -- 5D$ UP BURI$ 9 :AT 9 ! ,U4,S4 W\LD BE CALL$ 0! HOLE03 EXTREMELY SMALL CELLS1 LITTLE BIGG] ?AN A C(F91 9 :I* PRISON]S W]E HELD = DAYS OR EV5 WEEKS4 ,ON AN 9DIVIDUAL NOTE1 WE %\LD M5TION ! CASES ( ,SURIA ,L9SUA9 7SI/] ( ,LUIS1 M5TION$ ABOVE7 & ,C>MEL9A ,CASANOVA4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE WAS CONDEMN$ = 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y0 CRIMES TO #c YE>S 9 ! ,GUANAJAY & ,AM]ICA ,LIBRE PRISONS4 ,%E COMPLET$ FIVE YE>S IMPRISONM5T BETWE5 #aifd & #a#i#f#i1 & WAS RELEAS$ FROM ! PRISON HOSPITAL ONLY :5 %E WAS ON ! BR9K ( DEA?4 ,C>MEL9A ,CASANOVA WAS ALSO S5T5C$ TO #c YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,H] CRIME WAS HID+ ANTI-,CA/RO MILITANTS4 ,%E COMPLET$ EIS ( H] S5T5CE BE=E BE+ RELEAS$1 & !N FL$ TO ,MIAMI1 H] HEAL? BROK54 ,%E DI$ %ORTLY AFT] H] >RIVAL4 ,!SE >E BUT TWO EXAMPLES2 AT ! M9IMUM1 HUNDR$S ( O!R AN>*I/S SUFF]$ POLITICAL IMPRISONM5T & MI/REATM5T4 ,:ILE AID+ O!R LIB]T>IAN POLITICAL PRISON]S1 ! ,M,L,C,E AGITAT$ TO MOBILIZE 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ OP9ION 9 ORD] TO SAVE ! LIFE ( ,LUIS ,L9SUA94 ,BUT1 ALMO/ UNBELIEVABLY1 C]TA9 SECTORS ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ?AT ! 0,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION0 7?AT IS1 ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T7 HAD BECOME A TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM ?AT P]SECUT$1 IMPRISON$1 & %OT !IR ,CUBAN COMRADES4 ,! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS RE/AT$ ! AN>*I/ E?ICAL REASONS = OPPOS+ ! REGIME ?AT P]SECUT$ !M1 & ALSO SUPPLI$ PRO( ( ! P]SECUTION4 ,BUT ,GAONA'S DIS9=MATION 0,CL>IFICATION0 DOCUM5T HAD BEGUN TO CIRCULATE 9 ALMO/ ALL ( ! AN>*I/ MILIEUS TO :I* ITS AU?ORS HAD ACCESS1 & WAS ALSO BE+ T\T$ BY AG5CIES AT ! S]VICE ( 9T]NATIONAL M>XISM FROM ,MOSC[ TO ,SYDNEY4 ,9 REPLY1 9 #aifb MEMB]S ( ! ,M,L,C,E 9ITIAT$ A PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN ) ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,BOLET9 DE ,9=MACION ,LIB]T>IA 7,B,I,L71 RECEIV+ SUPPORT FROM ,VIEWS @& ,COMM5TS 9 ,NEW ,YORK & ! ,F$]ACION ,LIB]T>IA ,>G5T9A'S ORGAN1 ,ACCION ,LIB]T>IA4 ,! ,>G5T9E AN>*I/S1 LIKE ?OSE 9 ! ,U4,S41 RESPOND$ FROM ! FIR/ TO ! CALLS ( ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 & NEV] DES]T$ !M 9 ! DIFFICULT YE>S TO COME4 ,! CONFUSION 9 ! AN>*I/ CAMP REG>D+ ! ,CUBAN SITUATION WAS FOM5T$ BY ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T'S PROPAG&A APP>ATUS1 :I* HAD 5ORM\S RES\RCES1 TAL5T1 IMAG9ATION1 & GREAT POLITICAL ABILITY4 ,IT REPLI$ TO ! EXIL$ AN>*I/S' ATTACKS PRECISELY 9 ?AT IDEOLOGICAL T]RITORY :I* M>XISM HAD MANIPULAT$ SO SUCCESSFULLY DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL LEFT CONSI/$ ( A NUMB] ( POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & EV5 RELIGI\S GR\PS ?AT CON/ANTLY ATTACK$ CAPITALISM1 MILIT>ISM1 ! RUL+ CLASS1 & ORGANIZ$ RELIGION4 ,! 5TRANCE ( ! 0SOCIALI/0 ,CA/RO REGIME 9TO ?IS POLITICAL W> ZONE WAS A V]Y EFFECTIVE TACTIC 9 MA9TA9+ 9T]NATIONAL SYMPA?Y = ! REGIME & = KEEP+ IT 9 P[]4 ,?IS WAS AN ESPECIALLY P[]FUL TACTIC 9 COMB9ATION ) ! ,CA/RO REGIME'S EXTREMELY SOPHI/ICAT$ ME?ODS ( REPRESSION2 & !SE TWO FACTORS >E ! PR9CIPAL REASONS = ?AT REGIME'S DURABILITY4 ,9 ?IS PROPAG&A W>1 ! ,CA/RO REGIME ( C\RSE US$ ,GAONA'S 0,CL>IFICATION0 DOCUM5T TO ! FULLE/1 EV5 9 ! REMOTE/ P>TS ( ! PLANET1 TO 0PROVE0 ?AT ! AN>*I/S' *>GES -- :I* !Y DECEITFULLY LABEL$ 0ANTI-,CUBAN10 DELIB]ATELY CONFUS+ ! C\NTRY ) ! POLITICAL SY/EM -- W]E 9 FACT ! PRODUCT ( EX-AN>*I/S 9 ! PAY ( ! WOR/ CAPITALI/ ELEM5TS4 ,!Y CALL$ ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 0,C,I,A AG5TS1 GO-BETWE5S1 DRUG TRAFFICK]S1 ,BATI/A SUPPORT]S10 & MANY O!R EPI!TS COMMON TO M>XI/ PROPAG&A4 ,BUT ABOVE ALL !Y CIRCULAT$ ! ,D,D,G 9 ALL ( ! LIB]T>IAN MILIEUS TO :I* !Y HAD ACCESS1 9 ?IS MANN] CREAT+ CONFUSION FIR/ & D\BT LAT] 9 REG>D TO ! ,M,L,C,E4 ,( C\RSE1 ONE W\LD HAVE EXPECT$ ?IS MANEUV]4 ,:AT REALLY SURPRIS$ ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S WAS ! REACTION TO IT 9 ! AN>*I/ WORLD4 ,FROM ! BEG9N+ ! ,CUBANS HAD BELIEV$ 9 ! JU/NESS ( !IR CAUSE4 ,AFT] SUPPLY+ PRO( ( !IR P]SECUTION 9 ,CUBA & RECEIV+ ! SOLID>ITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN & ,>G5T9IAN AN>*I/S1 !Y ASSUM$ -- ]RONE\SLY AS IT TURN$ \T -- ?AT1 GIV5 ! JU/NESS ( !IR *>GES AGA9/ ,CA/ROISM1 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD'S AN>*I/S W\LD NATURALLY & SPONTANE\SLY RALLY TO !IR AID1 AS !Y HAD TO ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ VICTIMS ( ,FRANCO4 ,BUT ?IS DIDN'T HAPP54 ,D\BTS W]E RAIS$ 9 AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,MEXICO1 ,V5EZUELA1 ,URUGUAY1 ,FRANCE1 & ,ITALY4 ,9ITIALLY1 !SE D\BTS W]E COMPREH5SIBLE 9 RELATION TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ?AT WAS COM+ TO A HEAD 9 ,CUBA -- ESPECIALLY SO GIV5 ?AT ! SAME ,CUBAN AN>*I/S :O W]E N[ 9 EXILE & ATTACK+ ,CA/RO HAD 9ITIALLY SUPPORT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y SY/EM4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 9 ! MID & LATE #a#i#fS1 !RE'S NO D\BT ?AT ! ,D,D,G WAS DO+ ITS DAMAGE4 ,! ,M,L,C,E KNEW ( IT1 BUT DID LITTLE TO COMBAT IT1 ASSUM+ ?AT NO ONE W\LD PAY ATT5TION TO SU* CALUMNIES & FALLACIES4 ,! ,M,L,C,E /RATEGY WAS TO ATTACK ,CA/ROISM AS ! ONLY POLITICAL 5EMY4 ,9 H9DSIS1 !RE WAS A CONV]G5CE 9 ! *>GES MADE BY ! ,M,L,C,E AGA9/ ,CA/ROISM & ! *>GES MADE BY ! ,U4,S4 ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T AGA9/ IT4 ,?IS WAS TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( BY ! ,CA/ROITES :O *>G$ ?AT ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS W]E 0FOLL[+ ! IMP]IALI/ POLITICAL L9E40 ,NO ONE HAS EV] D5I$ ! CO9CID5CE ( ! *>GES MADE2 ?IS WAS1 & TO A PO9T /ILL IS1 A FACT4 ,BUT ANYONE FAMILI> ) ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM & ITS P>TISANS WILL RECOGNIZE ?AT AT DIFF]5T TIMES & PLACES AN>*I/S HAVE MADE *>GES AGA9/ GOV]NM5TS SIMIL> TO ?OSE MADE BY ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & EV5 ! ,VATICAN4 ,:5 !RE'S A COMMON 5EMY1 ONE MAKES COMMON CAUSE ) O!RS1 NO MATT] H[ LITTLE ONE'S IDEAS CO9CIDE ) !IRS4 ,BUT IT'S ONE ?+ TO MAKE *>GES SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( NON-AN>*I/ =CES & 5TIRELY ANO!R TO PLACE ONESELF UND] !IR COMM&4 ,9 ! ,CUBAN CASE1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S ALWAYS MA9TA9$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AS WELL1 ONE %\LD ASK :O OPPOS$ ,CA/RO FIR/8 ,IT'S UND5IABLE ?AT ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S OPPOS$ ,CA/RO BE=E ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T DID4 ,:ILE ! ,CUBAN REGIME'S CALUMNIES PROLIF]AT$1 CONFUSION SPREAD & ! POLEMIC ESCALAT$4 ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y'S ,TE/IMONIOS SOBRE LA ,REVOLUCION ,CUBANA & ! ANTI-,CA/RO ,MANIFIE/O DE LOS ,AN>QUI/AS DE ,*ILI CIRCULAT$ SL[LY 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & !RE W]E SOME DEF5D]S ( ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IAN CAUSE1 9CLUD+ ,$G> ,RODRIGUES 9 ,BRAZIL & ,RIC>DO ,ME/RE 9 ,MEXICO4 ,/ILL1 ! ,BOLET9 DE ,9=MACION ,LIB]T>IA 7,B,I,L7 EXPRESS$ SURPRISE AT ! SMALL AM\NT ( SOLID>ITY EXPRESS$ BY SOME AN>*I/ SECTORS1 & ATTRIBUT$ IT TO 0LACK ( TRUE & EXACT 9=MATION0 AB\T ! ,CUBAN SITUATION4 ,ALREADY BY #aifb ! ,B,I,L REPORT$ A C]TA9 0DECL>$ HO/ILITY0 9 SOME AN>*I/ M$IA & AN 09COMPREH5SION0 9 O!RS4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ! POLEMIC CONC]N+ ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION 9T5SIFI$ AL>M+LY4 ,WRIT+ AB\T ?IS USELESS RHETORICAL DISPUTE #b YE>S LAT]1 ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ QUOTES ,JACOBO ,PR9CE 7:O WROTE ! 9TRODUCTION TO ,S\*Y'S ,TE/IMONIOS PAMPHLET73 0,JACOBO ,PR9CE 444 9 A LETT] ( ,DECEMB] #e1 #aifa EMPHASIZ$ ?AT '! FACT ?AT ! MO/ VIOL5T ATTACKS AGA9/ ! ,CA/RO REGIME COME FROM REACTION>Y SECTORS AUGM5TS ! CONFUSION & MAKES NECESS>Y CONSID]ABLE CIVIL C\RAGE TO ATTACK ! MY? ( ?IS REVOLUTION4'0 ,IT'S UND]/&ABLE ?AT ! AN>*I/ M$IA SUSPECT$ ! 5EMIES ( ,CA/ROISM1 AMONG :OM ONE F\ND ! ,CUBAN COMPAN]OS1 BUT IT'S DIFFICULT TO UND]/& :Y !Y D\BT$ ! WORD ( !IR EXIL$ ,CUBAN COMRADES1 GIV5 ?AT !RE WAS NO EVID5CE AGA9/ !M SAVE ! ,D,D,G1 :I* %\LD HAVE BE5 OBVI\S TO ANYONE READ+ IT AS A LY+1 MALIGNANT PIECE ( DIS9=MATION4 ,! C>E ) :I* AN>*I/S HAD TO TREAT ! ,CUBAN MATT] WAS WELL DEMON/RAT$ 9 ,V5EZUELA & ,MEXICO4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ1 ! ,GRUPO ,MALATE/A 9 ,V5EZUELA 09 ! C\RSE ( A CAMPAIGN = ! LIB]ATION ( ,L4,M4 ,L9SUA9 . 444 HAD TO BE V]Y C>EFUL TO 'CL>IFY' & TO EXPLA9 EXACTLY :AT ! AN>*I/S WANT$ 444 & TO DEMON/RATE ?AT !Y W]5'T REACTION>IES40 ,LAT]1 9 REG>D TO ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD1 ! AN>*I/ ORGAN 9 ,MEXICO1 ,GOMEZ RELATES ?AT ?IS PUBLICATION 0HAD TO EXPLA9 ?AT ITS CRITICISM ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME DID NOT IMPLY ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y /RUCTURES40 ,9 BO? !SE CASES1 WE CAN SEE ?AT D\BTS & CONFUSION PREVAIL$ 9 BO? ,C>ACAS & ,MEXICO ,CITY4 ,BUT 9 ! 5D ! CAMPAIGN TO SAVE ,L9SUA9'S LIFE WAS SUCCESSFUL1 ?\< HE WAS /ILL S5T5C$ TO #c YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,9 ,HAVANA1 9 LATE #a#i#f#a1 ,CA/RO DECL>$ ?AT HE HAD BE5 0A M>XI/-L59I/ . 5TIRE LIFE40 ,& O!R COMPAN]OS :O HAD ESCAP$ ! EM]G+ TYRANNY BEGAN TO >RIVE 9 ,MIAMI4 ,SANTIAGO ,COBO ,CES>1 :O HAD OCCUPI$ POSITIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! ,SECRET>IA DE LA ,F$]ACION ,NACIONAL DE ,TRANSPORTE1 ONE ( ! L>GE/ & MO/ IMPORTANT UNIONS ON ! ISL&1 >RIV$ 9 ,MIAMI VIA ,V5EZUELA1 :]E HE HAD BE5 GIV5 POLITICAL ASYLUM4 ,ONCE 9 ,MIAMI1 HE PLUNG$ 9TO WORK+ ) ! ,M,L,C,E ) ! 5]GY ?AT HAD *>ACT]IZ$ HIM S9CE HIS Y\?4 ,ANO!R EXILE1 ,MANUEL ,F]RO1 ALREADY ( RETIREM5T AGE1 RECOMM5C$ HIS LIB]T>IAN ACTIVISM :I* HAD BEGUN 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,F]RO WAS A LUCID AN>*I/ WRIT] :O HAD NUM]\S 9T]NATIONAL CONTACTS1 & HE DIDN'T DELAY 9 UND]TAK+ ! LONG TASK1 AS DIFFICULT AS IT WAS FRUITFUL1 ( ATTEMPT+ TO %$ SOME LIIAN WORLD AT ?IS TIME 9 REG>D TO ,CUBA4 ,9 ! COMPANY ( HIS OLD ,ITALIAN FRI5D ,5RICO ,>RIGONI1 & URG$ ON BY HIM1 ,F]RO COMM5C$ 0TO WRITE SEV]AL >TICLES AB\T ! ,CUBAN REALITY0 :I*1 ) ! HELP ( ,>RIGONI'S TRANSLATIONS1 W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ! AN>*I/ PRESS ( ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,MEXICO1 & ,>G5T9A4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,F]RO1 0,9 ! MAJORITY ( \R MILIEUS .TICLES.> W]E RECEIV$ ) DISPLEASURE10 [+ TO ! 05?USIASM0 ) :I* ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 RECEIV$ 9 !M4 ,BUT 9 O!R CASES AN>*I/S RALLI$ TO ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IAN CAUSE4 ,RECON/RUIR 70,TO ,RECON/RUCT07 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 :OSE PUBLI%+ H\SE1 ,COLECTIVO1 FULLY ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 PUBLI%$ ALL ( ,F]RO'S WORKS4 ,9 REG>D TO ,EUROPE1 ,F]RO 7:O SIGN$ HIS >TICLES 0,JU/O ,MURIEL071 REGUL>LY S5T HIS PIECES TO ! EXIL$ ,SPANI% AN>*I/ LEAD]%IP1 :I* AT ?IS TIME RESID$ 9 ,T\L\SE1 ,FRANCE4 ,HIS FRI5D ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y ONLY PUBLI%$ ?REE4 ,%E EXPLA9$1 ) ! CYNICAL S9C]ITY BORN ( LONG POLITICAL EXP]I5CE1 0,IT'S NOT POPUL> TO ATTACK ,CA/RO 9 ,EUROPE40 ,9 REPLY1 ,F]RO NOT$ ?AT 0,NEI!R IS IT POPUL> TO ATTACK ,FRANCO 9 ,MIAMI40 ,! 9TELLECTUAL ACTIVITY ( ,F]RO & ( ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 AMONG O!R ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 WAS UNCEAS+ 9 ! E>LY & MID #a#i#fS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 #c %ORT DICTUMS1 SU* AS ! FOLL[+1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,ACCION ,LIB]T>IA 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES AS 0,REVOLUCION Y ,CONTR>EVOLUCION10 ,IGLESIAS CL>IFI$ ! ABYSMAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! M>XI/ & AN>*I/ CONCEPTIONS ( REVOLUTION 3 ,TO EXPROPRIATE CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES1 H&+ !M OV] TO ! WORK]S & TE*NICIANS1 ,?,I,S ,I,S ,R,E,V,O,L,U,T,I,O,N4 ,BUT TO CONV]T !M 9TO /ATE MONOPOLIES 9 :I* ! ONLY RIS ! EXIL$ ,CUBANS MADE !IR FIR/ CONTACTS ) ! LONG-E/ABLI%$ ,ITALIAN-,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S1 ALMO/ ALL ( :OM W]E ALREADY RETIR$ 9 ,TAMPA & ,MIAMI4 ,!SE ELD]LY MILITANTS SU/A9$ A PUBLICATION 9 ,NEW ,YORK CALL$ ,L',ADUNATA DEI ,REFRATT>I 70,! ,REUNION ( ! ,REFRACTORY07 :I* 9 !SE YE>S D$ICAT$ ITSELF TO DEF5D+ ,CA/ROISM OR ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION1 S9CE TO ITS $ITORS1 ! SAME AS TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,HAVANA1 ! TWO W]E ID5TICAL4 ,?IS CONFUSION P]SI/$1 & A DEBATE 5SU$ NOT ONLY ) ! ,M,L,C,E BUT ALSO ) ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE4 ,F]RO & ,>RIGONI BEGAN A CAMPAIGN 9 ,ITALY ITSELF1 ) ! IDEA ( TAK+ ! BULL BY ! HORNS4 ,!Y TURN$ TO ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ P]IODICAL1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA 70,NEW ,HUMANITY071 ! (FICIAL PUBLICATION ( ! ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA1 ) ! IDEA ( C\NT]BALANC+ ! UND5IABLE 9FLU5CE ( ,L',ADUNATA 9 ! ,ITALIAN-,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ COMMUNITY1 & MORE ESPECIALLY ( RESPOND+ TO A S]IES ( PRO-,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION >TICLES PUBLI%$ 9 ?AT WEEKLY BY ,>M&O ,BORTICLES 7TRANSLAT$ BY ,>RIGONI71 SAY+ ?AT !Y DIDN'T WANT TO CREATE A POLEMIC4 ,AT ?AT PO9T ,>RIGONI ACCUS$ !M ( BE+ 9 ! PAY ( ! ,COMMUNI/S1 & !Y EV5TUALLY PUBLI%$ ,F]RO'S RESPONSES TO ,BOR*I/S SUFF]+ 9 SIL5CE ! DESPOTISM ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,GU]RA1 ,SI]RA1 & ,SAL9AS1 :O W]E ALL ELD]LY VET]ANS ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS1 W]E AB&ON$ TO !IR FATE DESPITE ! EF=TS ( !IR COMPAN]OS 9 EXILE TO AID !M 9 OBTA9+ ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 ,! FIR/ TWO ( !SE HAD SIGN$ ,GAONA'S 0,CL>IFICATION0 DOCUM5T AGA9/ !IR WILL1 AS !Y ADMITT$ 9 PRIVATE4 ,SAL9AS1 :O HAD REFUS$ TO BE AN ACCOMPLICE TO ?IS CRIME1 WAS =C$ BY ! GOV]NM5T TO GO 9TO A TYPE ( 9T]NAL EXILE 9 ,SANTIAGO DE LAS ,VEGAS1 FROM :I* PLACE HE W\LD LAT] GO 9TO ACTUAL EXILE 9 ,MIAMI4 ,ANO!R VET]AN AN>*I/1 ,MODE/O ,B>BEITO1 W\LD DIE %ORTLY1 A VICTIM ( FRU/RATION & ILL HEAL?4 ,DUR+ !SE YE>S !RE W]E MANY AN>*I/S IMPRISON$ = 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITIES10 SU* AS ,ANTONIO ,DAGAS1 A ,SPANI>D :O BELONG$ TO ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION 9 ,CUBA1 :O WAS IMPRISON$ 9 ! S9I/] ,LA ,CABANA PRISON 9 ,HAVANA4 ,ALB]TO ,G>CIA1 ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,F$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES ,M$ICOS1 WAS CONDEMN$ TO #c YE>S IMPRISONM5T4 ,S&ALIO ,TORRES1 ACCUS$ ( 0CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! P[]S ( ! /ATE10 WAS S5T5C$ TO #a YE>S 9 PRISON = REFUS+ TO MAKE FALSE CONSPIRACY *>GES AGA9/ O!R AN>*I/S4 ,ANO!R MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T DELEGATION AMONG ! AN>*I/S 9 ,CUBA WAS ,SALVADOR ,G>CIA1 :O EV5TUALLY OBTA9$ ASYLUM 9 ,MEXICO4 ,UPON HIS >RIVAL1 HE MADE CONTACT ) O!R EXIL$ ,SPANI>DS1 SU* AS ,RIC>DO ,ME/RE1 ,FIDEL ,MIRO1 ,DOM+O ,ROJAS1 ,ISMAEL ,VIADU1 & ,M>COS ,ALCON1 ALL ( :OM SYMPA?IZ$ ) ! ,M,L,C,E4 ,AFT] HIS >RIVAL1 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD PUBLI%$ ! TE/IMONY ( ,G>CIA1 :I* NOT ONLY AFFIRM$ ?AT P]SECUTION ( LIB]T>IANS WAS TAK+ PLACE 9 ,CUBA1 BUT ALSO 5DORS$ ! OP9IONS ( ! ,M,L,C,E4 ,LAT]1 9 #a#i#f#b1 ! ALWAYS-SUPPORTIVE ,RECON/RUIR W\LD PUBLI% ,G>CIA'S ACC\NT 9 ,>G5T9A4 ,AT AB\T ! SAME TIME1 ! ,COMITE ,PRO-,LIB]T>IOS ,PRESOS 7,COMMITTEE = ,LIB]T>IAN ,PRISON]S7 WAS CREAT$ 9 ,MIAMI TO COLLECT FUNDS TO HELP ALLEVIATE ! H>D%IPS ( ! COMPAN]OS SUFF]+ 9 ,CA/RO'S PRISONS4 ,9 ! MIDDLE ( #a#i#f#c1 ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS F9I%$ WRIT+ A BOOKLET ( NE>LY #a PAGES TITL$ ,REVOLUCION Y DICTADURA 5 ,CUBA 70,REVOLUTION & ,DICTATOR%IP 9 ,CUBA071 :I* ) A PROLOGUE BY ,JACOBO ,PR9CE WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES 9 ,OCTOB]4 ,IGLESIAS1 AS ,PR9CE NOT$1 HAD WRITT5 ) *>ACT]I/IC S9C]ITY A DOCUM5T 0) ! AU?ORITY ( EXEMPL>Y MILITANCE OV] A P]IOD ( #c YE>S1 & :I* SEES . PEOPLE SUBJECT$ TO A NEW DICTATOR%IP40 ,REVOLUCION Y DICTADURA1 A CALM D5UNCIATION ( ,CA/RO1 (F]$ A DESCRIPTION ( ,CUBAN SOCIETY B5EA? ! 0REVOLUTION>Y0 REGIME4 ,IT 5D$ ) SOME CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! SUBORD9ATION ( ,CUBAN =EIGN POLICY TO ! ,KREML91 & AB\T :AT ! AU?OR CONSID]$ 0! CORRECT TACTIC0 AGA9/ ! NEW DICTATOR%IP3 0REVOLUTION>Y W>40 ,MEAN:ILE 9 ,NEW ,YORK 9 #a#i#f#d1 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE UND] ,SAM ,DOLG(F'S LEAD]%IP WAS CONT9U+ ITS PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T1 & ALSO ORGANIZ+ PUBLIC DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ IT4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 A CONTROV]SY >OSE BETWE5 ,DOLG(F & ,DAVE ,DELL+]1 ! PACIFI/ WRIT]1 UPON ,DELL+]'S RETURN FROM ,CUBA AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAY CELEBRATIONS 9 ,HAVANA 7! TRIP BE+ PAID = BY ! ,CA/RO REGIME7 -- )1 ( C\RSE1 ! OBLIGATORY MILIT>Y P>ADES1 ,SOVIET SLOGANS1 & ,! ,9T]NATIONAL AS BACKGR\ND MUSIC4 ,FOLL[+ HIS RETURN1 ,DELL+] WROTE A PRO-,CA/RO PIECE :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! 0AN>*O-PACIFI/0 MAGAZ9E1 ,LIB]ATION1 $IT$ BY ,DAVID ,WIECK4 ,MEMB]S ( ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE & SOME ,CUBAN AN>*I/S PUBLICLY PROTE/$ 9 FRONT ( ,LIB]ATION'S $ITORIAL (FICES1 ACCUS+ ,DELL+] & ,WIECK ( BE+ 0APOLOGI/S = ! ,CA/RO REGIME40 ,LONG-TIME ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,MIKE ,H>GIS RECALLS1 0,:ILE MO/ ( ! LEFT 9 ! ,U4,S41 9CLUD+ SOME ]/:ILE AN>*I/S1 LIKE ! PACIFI/S ,DAVID ,?OREAU ,WIECK & ,DAVID ,DELL+]1 JO9$ 9 D5UNCIATION ( ! ,M,L,C,E 7,CUBAN ,LIB]T>IAN ,MOVEM5T 9 ,EXILE7 AS ,C,I,A /OOGES1 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE & ! ,I,W,W CAME TO !IR DEF5SE PUBLI%+ ! /ATEM5TS & MANIFE/OS ( ! ,M,L,C,E 9 ,VIEWS @& ,COMM5TS & PUBLICLY *ALL5G+ ,CA/RO'S LEFTI/ APOLOGI/S = !IR WILLFUL BL9DNESS40 ,?AT BL9DNESS ALL[$ ,CA/RO'S P]SECUTION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S TO GO UN*ALL5G$ BY =EIGN LEFTI/S1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S4 ,! P]SECUTION ( ! AN>*I/S WAS 9T5SE 9 ! #a#i#f#a-#a#i#g#b P]IOD4 ,IT'S DIFFICULT TO KN[ EXACTLY H[ MANY LIB]T>IANS W]E JAIL$1 = AS LITTLE AS A FEW DAYS OR OV] #b YE>S1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,CUCO ,SAN*EZ1 A BAK] FROM ! CITY ( ,HOLGU9 9 ,ORI5TE ,PROV9CE1 :O WAS IMPRISON$ = MANY LONG YE>S 9 ! ,C>CEL DE ,BONIATO 9 ,SANTIAGO DE ,CUBA4 ,ANO!R :O SUFF]$ WAS ! ALREADY ELD]LY ,JESUS ,IGLESIAS 7NO RELATION TO ,ABEL>DO7 :O WAS S5T5C$ TO #b YE>S & S]V$ TIME ON ! ,ISLE ( ,P9ES & 9 ! ,COMB9ADO DEL ,E/E PRISON NE> ,HAVANA4 ,:5 HE WAS RELEAS$ HE HAD NO FAMILY & NO PLACE TO LIVE4 ,HE EV5TUALLY MOV$ TO ,GUANABACOA1 :]E HE DI$ 9 POV]TY4 ,AT PRES5T -- BECAUSE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS RELATIVELY WEAK :5 ,CA/RO CAME TO P[]1 & BECAUSE A GREAT MANY ,CUBAN AN>*I/S FL$ 9TO EXILE -- !RE >E NO MORE ?AN #d AN>*I/S LEFT 9 ,CUBA1 ( :OM P]HAPS #a W]E POLITICAL PRISON]S AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R4 ,AT ANY RATE1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aife AT A CONGRESS ( ! ,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,URUGUAYA 7,F,A,U7 CELEBRAT$ 9 ,MONTEVIDEO1 ! GR[+ FRACTIONALIZATION ( ! ,S\!RN ,CONE AN>*I/S 9 REG>D TO ,CUBA BECAME CLE>4 ,A MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,F,A,U1 ) SOME EXCEPTIONS SU* AS ,LUCE ,FABBRI1 DIDN'T HIDE !IR SYMPA?IES = ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,= !IR P>T ! ,>G5T9E DELEGATION1 9VIT$ TO REPRES5T ! ,F$]ACION ,LIB]T>IA ,>G5T9A1 OPPOS$ ?IS POSITION4 ,?IS POLEMIC 5D$ BY SPLITT+ ! ,F,A,U 9TO PRO- & ANTI-,CA/RO FACTIONS1 ) ! PRO-,CA/RO MAJORITY -- ACCORD+ TO ! >TICLE 0,LIV+ ,MY ,LIFE10 BY ,LUCE ,FABBRI1 PUBLI%$ YE>S LAT] 9 ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ REVIEW1 ,RIVI/A ,AN>*ICA -- 5D+ UP EI!R 9 EXILE 9 ,SW$5 OR 9 ! RANKS ( ! URBAN GU]RILLA GR\P1 ! ,TUPAM>OS4 ,?IS GR\P A*IEV$ NO?+ POSITIVE4 ,IT PROVOK$ ! D[NFALL ( ,URUGUAY'S DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T & ITS REPLACEM5T BY A MILIT>Y REGIME1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME PROVID+ ?AT REGIME ) ! P]FECT PRETEXT = ! 9/ITUTION ( MASSIVE REPRESSION1 EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS1 & R\T9E TORTURE ( POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,9 VIEW ( ! CONFUSION SURR\ND+ ! ,CUBAN SITUATION AMONG ! WORLD'S AN>*I/S1 ! ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA ORGANIZ$ A CONF]5CE 9 ,BOLOGNA TO CL>IFY ?+S2 ?IS CONF]5CE WAS HELD FROM ,M>* #bg ?R\< ,M>* #b#i1 #a#i#f#e1 & A DELEGATE FROM ! ,M,L,C,E WAS 9VIT$ TO PRES5T ! POSITION ( ! ,CUBAN LIB]T>IANS4 ,! ,CUBANS COLLECT$ FUNDS & S5T ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS AS !IR REPRES5TATIVE1 BECAUSE ,IGLESIAS HAD EXP]I5CE ) ?IS TYPE ( DISCUSSION & WAS WELL ABLE TO EXPRESS ! ,M,L,C,E'S VIEWPO9T4 ,AFT] VISIT+ 9 ,T\L\SE & ,P>IS ) O!R VET]ANS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 ,IGLESIAS TRAVEL$ TO ,BOLOGNA :]E HE SUCCESSFULLY PRES5T$ ! ,M,L,C,E'S >GUM5TS AGA9/ ,CA/RO4 ,! ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA 7,F,A,I,T7 5]GETICALLY CONDEMN$ ,CA/ROISM -- NOT+ ?AT ,CA/RO HAD SUB/ITUT$ VASSALAGE TO ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 PLACE ( VASSALAGE TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES -- & (F]$ ! ,M,L,C,E ITS FULL SUPPORT 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CA/RO-,COMMUNISM4 ,IT ALSO PL$G$ TO SUPPORT ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! POLITICAL EXECUTIONS TAK+ PLACE 9 ,CUBA4 ,! CONGRESS 5D$ BY CALL+ = ALL ( ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ P]IODICALS -- ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 ,L',AGITAZIONE DEL ,SUD1 ,SEMO ,AN>*ICO1 ,VOLANTA1 & O!RS -- TO PUBLI% ITS ACCORDS4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ,F,A,I,T1 ! ,F$]ACION ,LIB]T>IA ,>G5T9A1 ! ,F$]ACION ,LIB]T>IA ,MEXICANA1 ! ,LIB]T>IAN ,LEAGUE 7,U4,S471 ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ,LONDON1 ! ,SV]IGES ,>BET>ES ,C5TRAL-,ORGANIZATION 7,SW$I% ,C5TRAL ,WORK]S' ,ORGANIZATION -- ,S,A,C71 & ! ,MOVIMI5TO ,LIB]T>IO ,ESPANOL SIGN$ ! ACCORDS4 ,AFT] ! ,BOLOGNA CONGRESS1 ,IGLESIAS RETURN$ TO ,T\L\SE :]E HE PRES5T$ ! ,M,L,C,E POSITION AT ! CONGRESS ( ! ,FR5* ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION4 ,?AT CONGRESS CONDEMN$ ! 0M>XI/-L59I/ C\NT]REVOLUTION0 ?AT HAD SUBV]T$ ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION1 D5\NC+ ! ,CA/RO REGIME AS BE+ AS BAD AS A FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP OR ONE 9 ! PAY ( ! ,U4,S4 ,! ,FR5* F$]ATION PROMIS$ SUPPORT = ! AN>*I/S 9 ,CUBAN JAILS & TO LET ,FR5* WORK+ PEOPLE KN[ AB\T ! FATE ( !IR ,CUBAN BRO!RS 9 ! PAGES ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,FR5* AN>*I/ PAP]1 ,LE ,MONDE ,LIB]TAIRE4 ,UPON RETURN+ TO ! ,U4,S41 IT APPE>$ ?AT ,IGLESIAS HAD NOT ONLY WON ! LONG & VITRIOLIC DEBATE ) ,CA/RO'S SYMPA?IZ]S1 BUT HAD ALSO MANAG$ TO PROD ALMO/ ALL ( ! F$]ATIONS & LIB]T>IAN GR\PS 9 ,EUROPE & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 9TO CONDEMN+ ! SY/EM IMPOS$ BY ,CA/RO -- A D\BLE VICTORY4 ,?IS WASN'T ! CASE4 ,! ,CA/ROITE P5ETRATION ( AN>*I/ MILIEUS -- OR BETT]1 ! SELF-DECEPTION ( A GREAT MANY 9 ?OSE MILIEUS -- HAD E/ABLI%$ ! IDEA ( ! NECESSITY ( A 0P]MAN5T REVOLUTION0 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,AFRICA4 ,ANY CRITICISM ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME WAS SE5 AS A CRITICISM ( ?IS NEW POLITICAL ADV5TURE EMANAT+ FROM ,HAVANA1 :I* WAS BR++ TO A HEAD ! WORLD SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,TO ?IS TOTALIT>IAN M9DSET1 ANYONE :O WASN'T BEH9D ,CA/ROISM & ?IRD-WORLDISM WAS AN 5EMY ( ! PEOPLE & ( HUMANITY4 ,SADLY1 ! MAJORITY ( AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 ,EUROPE & 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 7AS 9 ,URUGUAY1 ,P]U1 ,*ILI1 & ,V5EZUELA7 PASS$ OV] 9TO ! CAMP ( ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION -- N[ ALWAYS CAPITALIZ$ -- & =GOT AB\T ! ,M,L,C,E & ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S4 ,! FACTIONALISM ! M>XI/S HOP$ TO FOM5T 7?R\< ! ,D,D,G DOCUM5T & O!R PIECES ( DIS9=MATION7 HAD COME TO PASS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ1 0,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 444 HAVE LIV$ 9 IMPRESSIVE SOLITUDE1 AB&ON$ 444 BY ! AN>*I/S ( ! RE/ ( ! WORLD :O ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 ,BUT DESPITE ALL1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,M,L,C,E CONT9U$ !IR CAMPAIGNS = ! POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ,CUBAN JAILS & AGA9/ ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,9 #a#i#f#g1 ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ALREADY 9 HIS LATE #gS & FATIGU$ BY HIS SUFF]+S ON ! ISL&1 >RIV$ 9 ,MIAMI4 ,SAL9AS C\LD HAVE SIGN$ ! ,D,D,G & ?US 5SUR$ HIMSELF AN HONOR$ PLACE AS A LEAD+ 9TELLECTUAL 9 ,CA/RO'S ,CUBA4 ,BUT HE REFUS$ TO SIGN1 & 9/EAD *OSE AT HIS ADVANC$ AGE TO GO 9TO EXILE1 AN EXILE AMONG RIIAN EF=TS BY WRIT+ >TICLES = ! AN>*I/ PRESS & BY SPEAK+ AT CONF]5CES4 ,HE WAS ALREADY KN[N ABROAD ?R\< HIS EXT5SIVE P]SONAL CORRESPOND5CE ( #e YE>S1 & ?R\< WRIT+ = ,RECON/RUIR 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 ,ONCE 9 EXILE1 HIS ACTIVITIES COMPLEM5T$ ?OSE ( ,F]RO & ,IGLESIAS4 ,HE CONT9U$ HIS WORK UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #aigf AT ! AGE ( #h#g4 ,) ! PASS+ ( ,M>CELO ,SAL9AS1 ! ,M,L,C,E NOT ONLY LO/ A D$ICAT$ COMRADE :O HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T = #g YE>S1 BUT ,CUBA LO/ 9 ?IS ?9 FIGURE ONE ( ! MO/ WELL-R\ND$ 9TELLECTUALS ( HIS G5]ATION4 ,HE WAS A DRAMATI/1 POET1 NOVELI/1 ESSAYI/1 & /ORY TELL]2 9 SUM1 HE WAS AN 5LICUSE 9 ,B]KELEY PREA*$ A M>XISM CLOSE TO AN>*ISM1 & 9 ,BO/ON ,NOAM ,*OMSKY CRITICIZ$ ALL ! HORRORS ( ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN /ATE2 9 ,P>IS1 ! NEW ,FR5* PHILOSOPH]S ATTACK$ ,M>X1 & 9 ! SAME CITY 9 ,MAY ( ?AT YE> A G5]AL /RIKE BROKE \T 9 :I* /UD5TS1 US+ AN>*I/ SLOGANS & ! BLACK FLAG1 TOOK P>T2 ,AM]ICAN Y\?S AT ?IS TIME D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO /OPP+ ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 AVOID+ ! DRAFT 7NOT NECESS>ILY 9 ?AT ORD]71 & OP5+ !MSELVES TO GOV]NM5T REPRESSION ?R\< ! USE ( ILLEGAL DRUGS2 ! ,U4,S4 WAS CAUXISM ,M>CUSE WAS PREA*+ 9 ,B]KELEY2 SIMULTANE\SLY 9 ,HAVANA ,CA/RO APPLAUD$ ?IS TRAGIC1 TOTALIT>IAN MANEUV]2 & 9 ,*9A1 ,MAO 9/ITUT$ ! VIOL5T & DESPOTIC 0CULTURAL REVOLUTION40 ,IT WAS 9 ! LATT] P>T ( ?IS YE> ?AT ! ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA CALL$ AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ( ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATIONS4 ,KN[N AS ! ,CONGRESS ( ,C>R>A1 IT WAS HELD FROM ,AUGU/ #c TO ,SEPTEMB] #h1 & WAS WIDELY COV]$ NOT ONLY BY ! AN>*I/ M$IA BUT BY ! WORLD M$IA4 ,?IS CONF]5CE 9CLUD$ REPRES5TATIVES FROM VIRTUALLY ALL ( ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES AS WELL AS DELEGATIONS ( ,MEXICANS & EXIL$ ,BULG>IANS4 ,! ,SW$I% ,S,A,C1 ! ,C5T] ,9T]NATIONALE P\R ,RE*]*ES SUR ,L',AN>*ISME 7A ,SWISS AN>*I/ RESE>* GR\P7 & ! ,ASOCIACION ,9T]NACIONAL DE LOS ,TRABAJADORES 7! AN>*OSYNDICALI/ 9T]NATIONAL7 P>TICIPAT$ AS OBS]V]S4 ,?IS WAS ONE ( ! L>GE/ AN>*I/ CONF]5CES HELD 9 OV] HALF A C5TURY4 ,DUE TO LACK ( FUNDS1 ! ,M,L,C,E WAS UNABLE TO S5D A DELEGATE1 & !RE=E ASK$ ,DOM+O ,ROJAS1 FROM ,MEXICO1 TO REPRES5T ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S AT ! CONF]5CE4 ,! CONGRESS HAMM]$ \T EI*ISM & M>XISM 9 ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,SPANI%1 & ,CUBAN REVOLUTIONS4 ,! CONF]EES DIDN'T HAVE D\BTS AB\T ! S9I/] ACTIONS ( ! M>XI/S 9 ,RUSSIA & ,SPA91 BUT ,CUBA WAS A DIFF]5T MATT]4 ,) ! BACKDROP ( ! LIB]T>IAN DISA/]S 9 ,RUSSIA & ,SPA91 ! CONF]EES DECL>$ ?AT ! ,CA/RO SY/EM WAS 9DE$ 0A DICTATOR%IP 444 A SATELLITE ( ! ,U,S,S,R10 ETC4 ,BUT !Y !N CONCLUD$ ) A P>AGRAPH ?AT WAS AS \T ( PLACE AS IT WAS CONTRADICTORY3 0,CUBA IS A MORE P]MEABLE C\NTRY TO ! !ORIES 444 ( A TYPE ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM UNLIKE ?AT ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS SATELLITE C\NTRIES40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,CUBAN 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 WAS A DIFF]5T CASE -- ?\< !Y DIDN'T EXPLA9 :Y -- & !RE WAS !RE=E HOPE ( P5ETRAT+ ! ,CA/RO REGIME 9 ORD] TO GET IT TO MODIFY ITS /ATI/1 TOTALIT>IAN POLICIES1 & TO ADOPT 9 !IR PLACE AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES 9 ACCORD ) LIB]TY & JU/ICE4 ,ANALYZ+ ?IS ACCORD #c YE>S LAT]1 IT SEEMS PA!TIC1 EV5 CONSID]+ ! TIME 9 :I* IT WAS WRITT54 ,! WORLD'S AN>*I/S HAD LO/ !IR P]SPECTIVE ON ,CUBA4 ,! WORDS ( ?IS DOCUM5T >E AN 9DICATION ( H[ ! ,CA/RO REGIME WAS W9N+ ! PROPAG&A BATTLE ON ! LEFT ) ITS FALSE 0REVOLUTION>Y0 PO/ULATES & SLOGANS2 IT ALSO CLE>LY DEMON/RATES ! P5ETRATION ( ,CA/ROITE PROPAG&A 9 ! AN>*I/ WORLD 9 REG>D TO ! ,M,L,C,E4 ,! AN>*I/ M$IA 9 ,EUROPE & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA SUPPORT$ ! ,CUBAN REGIME MORE EA* DAY AS !Y AB&ON$ !IR ,CUBAN COMPAN]OS1 ! VICTIMS ( ?AT REGIME4 ,TO ?IS DAY1 ) ALMO/ NO EXCEPTIONS1 !Y HAVE NEV] PUBLICLY ADMITT$ ?IS MI/AKE4 ,IT'S TRUE ?AT MANY AN>*I/S 9 ,EUROPE & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA W]E AW>E ( ! NATURE ( ,CA/RO'S DICTATOR%IP OV] ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE & ( ,CA/RO'S P]SECUTION ( ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S4 ,BUT IT'S ALSO TRUE ?AT1 ) ! SOLE EXCEPTION ( ,UMANITA ,NOVA'S PUBLICATION ( ,F]RO'S RESPONSE TO ,BOR*I/ P]IODICAL 9 ,EUROPE1 & V]Y FEW 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 PUBLI%$ A S+LE >TICLE ACKN[L$G+ -- MU* LESS CONDEMN+ -- ,CA/RO'S DICTATOR%IP & POLITICAL P]SECUTIONS4 ,BY #aig ! ,M,L,C,E KNEW ?AT IT HAD LO/ ! BATTLE4 ,EV5 ?\< ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S KEPT UP ! PROPAG&A FIDO ,IGLESIAS 9 ,B,I,L 9 #aig >E EXPLICIT3 0?OSE :O PICK UP ! ,COMMUNI/ ACCUSATIONS DON'T HESITATE 9 ACCUS+ US ( BE+ 9 ! S]VICE ( REACTION4 .<,!SE 9CLUDE.> ,ADUNATA DE ,REFRATT>I 444 ,F.<$]ACION.> ,A.QUI/A.> ,U. 444 ,F$]AZIONE ,AN>*ICA ,ITALIANA & ITS P]IODICAL1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA 444 ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT1 ETC40 ,IGLESIAS REC\NT$ ?AT AT ,C>R>A ,COHN-,B5DIT 0ACCUS$ ! ,M,L,C,E ( BE+ 'F9ANC$ BY ! ,C,I,A4'0 ,9 ANO!R >TICLE PUBLI%$ LAT]1 ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ M5TION$ ?AT ,LE ,MONDE ,LIB]TAIRE1 ! PUBLICATION ( ! ,F$]ACION ,AN>*I/E ,FRANCAISE1 HAD PUBLI%$ A PIECE M5TION+ ALL CURR5T DICTATOR%IPS -- EXCEPT ?AT ( ,CUBA4 ,?IS WAS 0AS IF ! ,FR5* COMRADES0 CONSID]$ ,CUBA AN EXCEPTION & ALSO 0CONSID]$ ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S SECOND-CLASS AN>*I/S1 UNDES]V+ ( !IR SOLID>ITY40 ,EV5 9 #aige !RE /ILL REMA9$ MU* MI/RU/ ( ,CUBA'S LIB]T>IANS 9 ! AN>*I/ WORLD4 ,AT ! 5D ( ?AT YE>1 ! WELL-DESIGN$ AN>*I/ MAGAZ9E ,COMUNIDAD 70,COMMUNITY071 PUBLI%$ 9 ,/OCKHOLM BY REFUGEES 7PRIM>ILY ,URUGUAYANS7 FROM ! DICTATOR%IPS 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA'S ,S\!RN ,CONE1 PR9T$ AN >TICLE TITL$1 0,LIB]T>IAN ,PRES5CE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA10 :I* WAS LAT] REPUBLI%$ 9 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MAGAZ9E1 ,BICICLETA 70,BICYCLE07 9 A SPECIAL $ITION D$ICAT$ TO 0,AN>*ISM ,?R\<\T ! ,WORLD40 ,9 REF]5CE TO ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S1 ! >TICLE'S AU?ORS /AT$ ?AT ! ,M,L,C,E WAS COMPOS$ ( 0M]E ANTI-,COMMUNI/S10 & ?AT ITS POSITIONS W]E 0CLE>LY REGRESSIVE40 ,?IS *>GE WAS SO RIDICUL\S ?AT ! ,M,L,C,E S5T ,BICICLETA A REPLY TO IT P>TIALLY 9 JE/4 ,?IS RESPONSE WAS ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,B,I,L & /AT$1 9 P>T3 0,9 REG>D TO \R 'CLE>LY REGRESSIVE POSITIONS1' !SE HAVE ALWAYS CONSI/$ ( OPPOSITION TO ! TYRANT ( ! DAY1 BE !Y 9 ,CUBA OR ANY:]E ELSE1 NO MATT] :AT !IR /RIPE 444 . :AT RELIGION !Y PR(ESS OR :AT POLITICAL DOGMA !Y FOLL[40 ,CURI\SLY1 ,BICLICETA NEV] PUBLI%$ ! ,M,L,C,E REPLY DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ITS SPECIAL $ITION WAS HEAD$ BY ! /ATEM5T ?AT IT WAS 9T5D$ TO 0/IR UP DEBATE 444 TO OP5 UP DEBATE40 ,! ACCUSATIONS 9 ! ,COMUNIDAD_/,BICICLETA >TICLE W]E TYPICAL4 ,! *>GE 9 ?OSE DAYS WAS ?AT ! ,M,L,C,E WAS A REACTION>Y ORGANIZATION ) NO PROGRAM BEYOND ANTI-,COMMUNISM4 ,NO M5TION WAS EV] MADE AB\T :Y ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S W]E 9 EXILE1 & ?IS *>GE FIT NEATLY ) ,CA/RO'S PROPAG&A :I* CEASELESSLY REPEAT$ ?AT ALL ( ! 0C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SECTORS 9 ,MIAMI0 W]E [N$ BY ! CAPITALI/S & W]E 5GAG+ 9 SU* ?+S AS DRUG TRAFFICK+ & :ITE SLAV]Y4 ,ANYONE FAMILI> ) ! SITUATION W\LD HAVE KN[N ?AT !SE W]E \TRAGE\S SL&]S AGA9/ ! ,M,L,C,E1 BUT ANYONE DEP5D+ UPON ! WORLD'S AN>*I/ PRESS = 9=MATION AB\T ,CUBA W\LDN'T HAVE KN[N IT4 ,IT WASN'T UNTIL #aigf ?AT ! ATMOSPH]E ( SUSPICION & DI/RU/ ( ! ,M,L,C,E BEGAN TO DISSIPATE1 ) ! PUBLICATION ( ,! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,CRITICAL ,P]SPECTIVE1 BY ,SAM ,DOLG(F4 ,?IS BOOK WAS WELL DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ WORLD1 FROM ,LONDON TO ,SYDNEY1 & HAD A DEMOLI%+ IMPACT AMONG ! LEFT 9 G5]AL & AN>*I/S 9 P>TICUL>4 ,IT WAS ! MU/ CUTT+ CRITIQUE ,CA/ROISM HAD RECEIV$ 9 !SE YE>S ( 0REVOLUTION>Y0 ADV5TURISM 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & WAS ! DECISIVE FACTOR 9 ! *ANGE 9 ATTITUDE T[>D ! ,M,L,C,E )9 WORLD AN>*ISM4 ,! BOOK SUCCE$$ BEYOND ! HOPES ( ITS AU?OR1 & WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,SPANI% & LAT] 9TO ,SW$I%4 ,DOLG(F SUBSEQU5TLY DECL>$1 0,I NEV] RECEIV$ A C5T = !SE PR9T+S1 BUT ,I FELT HAPPY TO BE ABLE TO PROPAGATE MY OP9IONS AB\T ! ,M,L,C,E & ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CA/RO 9 ?IS BOOK40 ,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#g#i1 9 ! FIR/ PO/-,FRANCO YE>S 9 ,SPA91 :5 ! AN>*I/ ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO_/,ASOCIACION ,9T]NACIONAL DE LOS ,TRABAJADORES 7,C,N,T_/,A,I,T7 C\LD AGA9 BEG9 TO OP]ATE )\T BE+ P]SECUT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 A CELEBRATORY CONGRESS WAS CALL$ 9 ,MADRID4 ,AN ,M,L,C,E DELEGATE WAS 9VIT$ TO P>TICIPATE1 & HE WAS RECOGNIZ$ BY A MAJORITY ( ?OSE PRES5T1 9CLUD+ ALMO/ ALL ( ! =EIGN REPRES5TATIVES4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! ,M,L,C,E1 :I* AT ! TIME WAS PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) BETT]+ RELATIONS ) O!R SECTORS ( 9T]NATIONAL AN>*ISM1 R5EW$ ITS FRAT]NAL TIES ) ! ,A,I,T4 ,A FEW MON?S LAT]1 ! ,SPANI% P]IODICAL ,BICICLETA1 :I* 9 ?OSE YE>S WAS PR9T+ AN>*I/ MAT]IALS1 PUBLI%$ P>T ( ! PREVI\SLY QUOT$ PIECE BY ,ALFR$O ,GOMEZ1 0,! ,CUBAN ,AN>*I/S1 OR ! ,BAD ,CONSCI5CE ( ,AN>*ISM40 ,?IS PIECE WAS LAT] REPR9T$ BY ! EXIL$ ,BULG>IAN AN>*I/S 9 !IR ORGAN1 ,I,Z,T,O,K1 9 ,P>IS1 & WAS /ILL LAT] REPR9T$ BY ! NEW MAGAZ9E ( ! ,M,L,C,E 9 ,MIAMI1 ,GUANG>A ,LIB]T>IA1 9 ! SUMM] #aiha ISSUE4 7,SEE BEL[47 ,IGLESIAS FOLL[$ ) AN EXPLICATORY >TICLE 9 ! AUTUMN ISSUE1 :I* FUR!R DEL9EAT$ ! POSITION ( ! ,M,L,C,E 9 REG>D TO ,CA/RO1 & ABOVE ALL ADDRESS$ ! AN>*I/ WORLD ( ! P]IOD4 ,HE QUOT$ ,PROGRESO ,ALF>A*E ,>RABAL 7A ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MEMB] ( ! ,C,N,T :O HAD FL$ TO ,MEXICO & WAS MEMB] ( ! $ITORIAL GR\P PRODUC+ ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD74 ,ALF>A*E COMM5T$ ON ! ACTIONS & ATTITUDES ( MANY AN>*I/S3 0,9 ! ,CUBAN CASE1 ! KE5 9/9CT = LIB]TY1 :I* IS ! ESS5CE ( AN>*ISM1 HAS FAIL$ LAM5TABLY40 ,ONE CAN WELL REG>D ?IS >TICLE BY ,IGLESIAS AS ! T]M9ATION ( ?IS LONG & DAMAG+ AFFAIR4 ,BUT !RE W]E ALSO *ANGES 9 ! WORLD :I* W]E AFFECT+ ! AN>*I/S4 ,A NEW ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN WORLD VIEW HAD BEGUN TO TAKE HOLD 9 ! #a#i#gS1 & 9 ! #a#i#hS ,CA/ROISM CAME TO BE SE5 BY AN>*I/S AS IT REALLY WAS 7& IS7 -- A SELF-AGGR&IZ+ DICTATOR%IP ?AT DIDN'T REPRES5T ITS PEOPLE4 ,AL?\< A LONG BUT SURE REPUDIATION ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME HAD BEGUN AMONG ! WORLD'S AN>*I/S1 IT WAS ALREADY V]Y LATE4 ,! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S HAD BE5 ! VICTIMS ( PREJUDICE & DEFAMATION 9 ! AN>*I/ WORLD1 9 ADDITION TO BE+ EXIL$1 ?R[N 9 JAIL1 & BE+ CONSIGN$ TO A %AD[Y SOLITUDE4 ,DESPITE EV]Y?+1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S LAUN*$ !IR NEW QU>T]LY MAGAZ9E1 ,GUANG>A ,LIB]T>IA1 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#g#i4 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,MIAMI1 & ITS FIR/ ISSUE APPE>$ 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#h4 ,AN AV]AGE ISSUE CONSI/$ ( #cb #h4#e8,X#a#a8 PAGES PR9T$ 9 BLACK 9K ON NEWSPR9T4 ,GUANG>A SUP]S$$ ! TWO EXI/+ ,CUBAN AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS1 ! ,B,I,L & ,EL ,GA/RONOMICO1 :I* W]E MODE/ BULLET9S ) LIMIT$ CIRCULATION4 ,GUANG>A WAS DESIGN$ TO HAVE BROAD] APPEAL TO & WID] CIRCULATION AMONG ! ,CUBAN EXILE COMMUNITY4 ,?IS NEW PUBLICATION WAS F9ANC$ BY ITS /AFF1 SUBSCRIB]S1 & MEMB]S ( ! ,M,L,C,E4 ,! NAME HAD BE5 SUGGE/$ BY ,ABEL>DO ,IGLESIAS1 :O NOT$ ?AT 0= ,CUBANS1 IT MEANS NOISE1 DISORD]1 & A R\< JOKE4 ,DEF9ITIVELY1 BRONCA 7A CO>SE JOKE71 BULLA 7A L\D >GUM5T71 & GUANG>A CAN BE TAK5 AS SYNONYMS = *AOS & DISORD]40 ,9 KEEP+ ) ?IS AN>*I/IC SPIRIT1 ! POSITION ( 0DIRECTOR0 79 EFFECT1 MANAG+ $ITOR7 WAS ABOLI%$ & ,GUANG>A WAS COLLECTIVELY MANAG$ & $IT$4 ,! $ITORIAL COLLECTIVE 9CLUD$ ,SANTIAGO ,COBO1 ,OM> ,DIEGUEZ1 ,LUIS ,DULZAIDES1 ,FRANK ,F]N&EZ1 & ,CA/O ,MOSCU4 ,! ADM9I/RATIVE ASPECTS W]E H&L$ BY A COLLECTIVE 9CLUD+ ,JOSE ,R4 ,ALV>EZ1 ,AGU/9 ,CA/RO1 ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ1 & ,>I/IDES ,VAZQUEZ4 ,! CONT5T AT ?IS TIME CONSI/$ ( >TICLES WRITT5 BY ! $ITORIAL /AFF AS WELL AS ?OSE SUBMITT$ BY READ]S 7PRIM>ILY ,CUBAN & ,SPANI% AN>*I/S7 SPREAD ?R\<\T ! AN>*I/ DIASPORA 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,TRANSLATIONS FROM ,5GLI%-LANGUAGE AN>*I/ P]IODICALS ALSO APPE>$4 ,GUANG>A 9CLUD$ A BOOK REVIEW SECTION 7$IT$ BY ,MANUEL ,F]RO71 PORTRAITS ( HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ FIGURES1 & NEWS & OP9ION AB\T EV5TS 9 ,CUBA & 9 ! EXILE COMMUNITY4 ,DUR+ !SE FIR/ YE>S ( ITS EXI/5CE1 ,GUANG>A HAD A PRESS RUN ( #a COPIES & WAS DI/RIBUT$ ONLY 9 ,MIAMI1 ?\< IT HAD AB\T #a SUBSCRIB]S SCATT]$ >\ND ! GLOBE4 ,GIV5 ! PLACE :]E ! MAGAZ9E WAS PUBLI%$1 ,MIAMI -- HOME BASE ( ! EXTREME RIA'S $ITORS KNEW FROM ! />T ?AT !Y'D HAVE TO BE C>EFUL AB\T H[ ! MAGAZ9E PRES5T$ ITSELF4 ,!RE WAS A V]Y REAL DANG] ( PHYSICAL VIOL5CE FROM RIS ,GUANG>A WAS FAIRLY MUT$ 9 ITS ADVOCACY ( AN>*ISM1 BILL+ ITSELF 9 ITS SUBTITLE AS 0,! ,REVIEW ( ,ECLECTIC ,LIB]T>IAN ,?\TICLES BY NONAN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 ?\< ( C\RSE ALL SU* >TICLES /ILL FELL 9 ! BROAD 0PROGRESSIVE0 VE94 ,ALL ( ?IS L$ SOME PURI/ TYPES TO *>GE ?AT ,GUANG>A WAS MORE 0LIT]>Y0 ?AN LIB]T>IAN4 ,AT AB\T ! TIME ( ,GUANG>A'S APPE>ANCE 9 E>LY #a#i#h1 ,MIAMI WAS %AK5 BY DEMON/RATIONS FOLL[+ ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,P]UVIAN EMBASSY 9 ,HAVANA BY ,CUBANS SEEK+ ASYLUM4 ,! ,M,L,C,E AN>*I/S 9 ,MIAMI P>TICIPAT$ ACTIVELY 9 !SE DEMON/RATIONS1 :ILE %[+ !IR COLORS1 & !Y ORGANIZ$ SOME ( !SE DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! ,CA/RO DICTATOR%IP4 ,! FIR/ SIGNS ( AN EXPLOSION OCCURR$ 9 ! E>LY MORN+ H\RS ( ,APRIL #d1 #a#i#h1 :5 A SMALL GR\P ( ,CUBANS 5T]$ ! ,P]UVIAN EMBASSY 9 ,HAVANA 9 SE>* ( POLITICAL ASYLUM4 ,! ,P]UVIAN GOV]NM5T REFUS$ TO H& ! ASYLUM SEEK]S OV] TO ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T1 & 9 RESPONSE ! ,CUBAN REGIME RECALL$ ! GU>DS WAT*+ OV] ! EMBASSY4 ,!N1 ) ! GU>DS )DRAWN1 A MULTITUDE ( MORE ?AN #a1 PEOPLE TRI$ TO SEEK ASYLUM AT ?AT SAME EMBASSY4 ,COMPREH5D+ ! DANG] 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS TYPE ( PROTE/1 & ?AT IT C\LD QUICKLY SPREAD1 ! AU?ORITIES DECID$1 AFT] A SPEE* BY ! MAXIMUM LEAD]1 TO P]MIT ANYONE :O WANT$ TO EXIT ! ISL& TO DO SO4 ,DESPITE ! OPPRESSIVE OMNIPRES5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T & ! WILL+NESS ( MANY GOV]NM5T SUPPORT]S TO RESORT TO VIOL5CE1 9 A FEW WEEKS AN EXODUS ( GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS TOOK =M4 ,MORE ?AN A QU>T] ( A MILLION ,CUBANS LEFT !IR HOMEL& ON BOATS SUPPLI$ BY ,CUBAN EXILES 9 ,MIAMI4 ,?IS SPECTACLE W\LD HAVE 9T]NATIONAL REP]CUSSIONS4 ,! COMMUNICATIONS M$IA ( ! 5TIRE WORLD WITNESS$ ! L>GE/ HUMAN /AMP$E 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 A /AMP$E ( POLITICAL 7& ECONOMIC7 REFUGEES4 ,?IS SPECTACLE WAS A PUBLIC RELATIONS DISA/] = ! ,CA/RO REGIME1 DESPITE ITS SKILLFUL DIS9=MATION EF=TS4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,M>IEL 0BOATLIFT10 ,GUANG>A WAS RE9=C$ BY A NUMB] ( 9TELLECTUALS :O ESCAP$ ,CUBA VIA ,M>IEL1 AMONG !M WRIT]S SU* AS ,B5JAM9 ,F]R]A1 ,5RIQUE ,G4 ,MORATO1 ,MIGUEL ,A4 ,SAN*EZ1 & ! ,AFRO-,CUBAN POET1 ,E/EBAN ,LUIS ,C>D5AS4 ,?IS HELP$ TO CREATE :AT WAS 9 EFFECT A NEW ,GUANG>A COLLECTIVE1 :I* 9CLUD$ WRIT]S1 ESSAYI/S1 HI/ORIANS1 & POETS1 9DIVIDUALS SU* AS ,P$RO ,LEYVA1 ,ANGEL ,AP>ICIO ,LAUR5CIO1 ,B5ITO ,G>CIA1 ,RIC>DO ,P>EJA1 & ,S]GIO ,MAG>OLAS1 AMONG O!RS4 ,AT AB\T ! SAME TIME1 & AT ,SAM ,DOLG(F'S SUGGE/ION1 ,GUANG>A 9CORPORAT$ AS A NONPR(IT UND] ! NAME ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIETY = ,HI/ORICAL @& ,SOCIAL ,/UDIES 7,I,%,S,S74 ,V>I\S MEMB]S ( ! ,M,L,C,E S]V$ ON ! ,SOCIETY'S BO>D4 ,! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS SET UP W]E ?AT IT ALL[$ ,GUANG>A TO RECEIVE TAX-D$UCTIBLE DONATIONS & ALSO ALL[$ IT TO MAIL ITS ISSUES AT M9IMAL CO/ )9 ! ,U4,S4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,I,%,S,S 9CORPORATION1 ,GUANG>A 9CREAS$ ITS PRESS RUN TO #c COPIES4 ,?IS MADE IT ONE ( ! L>GE/-CIRCULATION AN>*I/ P]IODICALS -- P]HAPS ! L>GE/ -- 9 ! ,U4,S42 & IT WAS ! ONLY ONE PUBLI%$ 9 ,SPANI%4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( GR[?1 ,GUANG>A BEGAN TO PUBLI% TRANSLATIONS FROM ,FR5* & ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS1 & ALSO BEGAN TO BE BETT] RECEIV$ 9 ,MIAMI4 ,FEEL+ MORE CONFID5T1 ,GUANG>A'S COLLECTIVE />T$ PUBLI%+ MORE EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ MAT]IALS1 & MOV$ BEYOND ATTACK+ ,CA/RO2 ,GUANG>A BEGAN TO ALSO PUBLI% ATTACKS ON ! REACTION>Y EXILE COMMUNITY & UPON ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T4 ,! ATTACKS ON ! F>-RIATUS4 7,! PURPOSE ( ?IS DIS9=MATION WAS TO HELP 5SURE ?AT NO VIABLE -- ?AT IS1 DEMOCRATIC & ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN -- OPPOSITION W\LD EM]GE 9 ,MIAMI1 & SO ?AT ,CA/RO C\LD ?US CONT9UE TO PRES5T ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE ) ! FALSE *OICE ( HIS REGIME OR ! EXTREMELY REACTION>Y ,CUBAN EXILE LEAD]%IP47 ,BY ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#h#e1 ,GUANG>A HAD A NUMB] ( NEW 9T]NATIONAL CORRESPOND5TS3 ,/EPHAN ,BACIU 9 ,HAWAII1 ,RIC>DO ,ME/RE 9 ,MEXICO1 ,COSME ,PAULES 9 ,*ILI1 ,ABRAHAM ,GUILL5 9 ,SPA91 ,M4,A4 ,SAN*EZ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 & ,VICTOR ,G>CIA 9 ,C>ACAS4 ,BO? ,G>CIA & ,GUILL5 W]E WELL KN[N AMONG ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S1 & !IR COLLABORATION GAVE ,GUANG>A ! 9T]NATIONAL DIM5SION ?AT ! ,M,L,C,E HAD ALWAYS S\GE SPECIAL $ITION1 & BY #aihg ,GUANG>A'S CIRCULATION HAD 9CREAS$ TO #e COPIES1 MAK+ IT ! L>GE/-CIRCULATION AN>*I/ P]IODICAL 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,! QUALITY ( BO? ITS WRIT+ & ITS GRAPHIC PRES5TATION HAD IMPROV$2 & TWO NEW WRIT]S1 ,M>IA ,T]ESA ,F]N&EZ & ,LUCY ,IBRAHIM1 CONTRIBUT$ BO? TRANSLATIONS & POEMS4 ,GUANG>A *ANG$ ITS SUBTITLE ?AT YE> TO 0,A ,CRY ( ,LIB]TY 9 ,BLACK @& ,:ITE02 9 #a#i#i1 IT *ANG$ IT AGA9 TO 0,FROM ,LIB]TY1 = ,LIB]TY0 ,! D[NFALL ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ITS LONG-OV]DUE RELEGATION TO ! 0DU/B9 ( HI/ORY0 WAS RECEIV$ ) JUBILATION BY ,GUANG>A'S COLLECTIVE & ! RE/ ( ! ,M,L,C,E1 & ,GUANG>A PUBLI%$ AN $ITORIAL PR$ICT+ ! SWIFT D[NFALL ( ,CA/RO4 7,( C\RSE1 ,GUANG>A WAS MI/AK5 AB\T ?IS1 BUT IT WAS H>DLY ALONE2 SU* PR$ICTIONS W]E COMMON 9 ! DAYS FOLL[+ ! FALL ( ,CA/RO'S PATRON1 ! ,U,S,S,R47 ,9 #a#i#i#b1 ,GUANG>A PUBLI%$ ITS #e? $ITION4 ,IT 9CLUD$ AN 9V5TORY 9 :I* IT NOT$ ?AT ,GUANG>A HAD PUBLI%$ OV] #b#b#e1 COPIES4 ,BUT BY ?IS TIME ,GUANG>A'S ALL-VOLUNTE]1 5TIRELY UNPAID /AFF WAS GR[+ WE>Y1 & ! FALL #aiib ISSUE WAS ,GUANG>A'S F9AL $ITION4 ,IT W\LD BE AN EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT ,GUANG>A CONV9C$ HALF ! WORLD ( ! EVIL ( ,CA/RO'S REGIME4 ,IT W\LD EQUALLY BE AN EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT IT DE/ROY$ ! IDEOLOGICAL BASE ( ,CA/ROISM4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE FAIR TO SAY ?AT ,GUANG>A BREA*$ ! BULW>KS ( PAID ANTI-,COMMUNISM 9 ! EXILE COMMUNITY1 & ?AT IT RECLAIM$ ! RIA WAS ?AT IT PUBLI%$ #$ ISSUES OV] #ac YE>S1 )\T EV] HAV+ A COV] PRICE OR BE+ SOLD ON ! NEWS/&4 ,IT WAS ALWAYS FREE TO ANYONE :O ASK$ = IT1 & IT WAS SUPPORT$ SOLELY BY ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ITS COLLECTIVE1 ITS SUBSCRIB]S1 & ITS ,M,L,C,E SUPPORT]S4 ,?OSE :O WORK$ ON ,GUANG>A CONT9UE TO PURSUE O!R PROJECTS1 SU* AS WRIT+ BOOKS & CONTRIBUT+ TO O!R AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS4 "9 "9 "9 ,AS ONE CAN APPRECIATE1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S HAVE SURVIV$ ALL TYPES ( P]SECUTIONS FROM ! /ATE1 9/IGAT$ BY ! MONEY$ CLASSES & ! ,CUBAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT %\LD BE EQUALLY CLE> ?AT !IR IDEAS W]E = MANY YE>S ! MAJORITY VIEWPO9T )9 ! ,CUBAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T2 !Y RESI/$ ,SPANI% COLONIALISM1 ,U4,S4 9T]V5TION1 ! SUG> & TOBACCO MAGNATES1 ! HAC5DADOS & PLANTATION [N]S1 CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIALI/S1 & ! FIR/ & SECOND REPUBLICS -- & F9ALLY ! MO/ DESPOTIC1 TOTALIT>IAN REGIME ,CUBA HAS EV] KN[N4 ,9 !IR LONG HI/ORY SPANN+ MORE ?AN A C5TURY1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S -- ?OSE :O HAD C>RI$ ! BANN]S1 ! WRIT]S1 ! !ORETICIANS1 ! ORATORS1 ! UNION ACTIVI/S1 ! PROPAG&I/S1 & EV5 ! LA/ ( ! MILITANTS -- MADE BLUND]S & ]RORS1 :I* WE MU/ ADMIT & ACCEPT4 ,BUT WE CAN BE SURE ?AT !Y MA9TA9$ ! SPIRIT ( DIS9T]E/$ /RUGGLE = ! GOOD ( ,CUBA & ITS PEOPLE4 ,?OSE :O SURVIVE TODAY >E ! 9H]ITORS ( A LONG TRADITION ( LIB]TY & JU/ICE1 UNIT$ BY ! CONFID5CE ?AT ?IS NEW C5TURY WILL BR+ ! DAWN ( A BETT] WORLD1 A WORLD 9 :I* !IR IDEAS WILL F9ALLY BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 O ,*APT] #f 3 ,REALITY & ,REFLECTION ,*APT] #f3 ,REALITY & ,REFLECTION ,! N[ OBVI\S SOCIOECONOMIC FAILURE ( ! ,CUBAN REVOLUTION C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 APPRECIAT$ BE=E ! MID #a#i#gS4 ,DUR+ ! #a#i#fS1 ,CUBA HAD SUFFICI5T MONET>Y RES]VES TO HIDE ?IS FAILURE3 9T]NATIONAL CR$ITS1 CA% ON H&1 =EIGN CURR5CY1 & EXPORTABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 7PRIM>ILY SUG> & TOBACCO74 ,!SE ECONOMIC RI*ES1 9H]IT$ FROM ! N[-DEFUNCT CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 MA9TA9$ ! ,CA/RO REGIME DUR+ ! FIR/ 0SOCIALI/0 DECADE1 ! />T ( :I* HAD BE5 (FICIALLY ANN\NC$ 9 #a#i#f#a4 ,! PROJECTS & POLICIES 9/ITUT$ 9 !SE FIR/ YE>S ( ECONOMIC ADV5TURISM1 0REVOLUTION>Y0 9EFFICI5CY1 & FAIL$ SOCIAL ATTEMPTS W]E ALL BAS$ 9 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM10 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC C5TRALISM1 & /ATE CONTROL ( ALL ( ! ISL&'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES1 9CLUD+ ALL BUT ! SMALLE/ AGRICULTURAL1 9DU/RIAL1 S]VICE1 & DI/RIBUTION BUS9ESSES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE 9 !SE DAYS WAS BAS$ 9 -- OR AT LEA/ WAS SAID TO BE BAS$ 9 -- ! L59I/ CONCEPT ( 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM10 9 :I* ! 5TIRE SOCIOECONOMIC LIFE ( ,CUBA WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,P>TIDO ,COMUNI/A ,CUBANO2 &1 AS WAS ! CU/OM 9 ! ,EUROPEAN M>XI/ MODELS1 ! DIRECTION & SUP]VISION ( ALL ( ! P[]S EMANAT+ FROM ! /ATE W]E MADE ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU & ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,C,C1 & ,FIDEL ,CA/RO AS ,FIR/ ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,P>TY4 ,! FIR/ & MO/ ESS5TIAL PROJECT *OS5 BY ! NEW SOCIALI/ /ATE WAS ! RAPID SUB/ITUTION ( A GIGANTIC PROJECT ( 9DU/RIAL GR[? & AGRICULTURAL DIV]SIFICATION TO REPLACE ! CULTIVATION ( SUG>CANE AS ,CUBA'S ECONOMIC MA9/AY -- A MONOCULTURE :I* HAD SU/A9$ ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,) DIPLOMATIC & COMM]CIAL RELATIONS ) ! ,U4,S4 BROK51 & ) ! ,U4,S4 ECONOMIC BLOCKADE 9 PLACE1 ?IS NEW ECONOMIC DIRECTION W\LD MAKE IT V]Y DIFFICULT TO RETURN TO ! OLD POLITICO-ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,PREV5T+ ?IS RETURN WAS PRECISELY ! AIM ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,:ILE ?IS *ANGE 9 ! ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS TAK+ PLACE1 ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T MOV$ TO E/ABLI% CLOS] TIES ) ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 A C\NTRY ) :I* ,CUBA HAD MA9TA9$ DIPLOMATIC & COMM]CIAL RELATIONS S9CE #a#i#c#c4 ,SO1 ,CUBA NOT ONLY MADE A #ah DEGREE TURN ECONOMICALLY1 IT MADE A SIMIL> TURN POLITICALLY1 ) ! ,U,S,S,R ASSUM+ ! DOM9AT+ ROLE =M]LY PLAY$ BY ! ,U,S,A = ALMO/ SEV5 DECADES4 ,CUBA'S WORK]S & CAMPES9OS DIDN'T B5EFIT MU* FROM ?IS TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO L59ISM1 NOR FROM ! SUB/ITUTION ( ! ,U,S,S,R = ! ,U,S,A AS POLITICAL MA/]4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS TRANSITION BR\KE/ DAYS ( ,SPANI% COLONIALISM4 ,! REGIME 9/ITUT$ 0VOLUNT>Y0 H\RS ( ADDITIONAL WORK1 ) ! /AT$ PURPOSE ( BUILD+ 0SOCIALISM10 A SY/EM :I* NO ONE APPE>$ TO UND]/&4 ,TO !SE EXTRA H\RS1 0,R$ ,SUNDAYS0 W]E ADD$ -- 0VOLUNT>Y0 DAYS ( 7( C\RSE7 UNPAID WORK BY /UD5TS4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 ONE ( ! MO/ POPUL> SLOGANS1 REPEAT$ DAILY1 WAS ?AT ( 0MAK+ UNEMPLOYM5T DISAPPE>02 & ) ALL ( !SE 0VOLUNT>Y0 DAYS & H\RS ( UNPAID WORK1 ! REGIME C]TA9LY SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+ ?AT GOAL4 ,BUT1 CURI\SLY1 ?IS ISN'T ONE ( ! A*IEVEM5TS T\T$ AS A TRIUMPH ( ,CA/RO'S FIR/ FEW YE>S 9 P[]4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT !SE ECONOMIC PLANS W]E BE+ IMPLEM5T$1 %ORTAGES BEGAN TO APPE> 9 ! NECESSITIES ( DAILY LIFE1 & ! GOV]NM5T 9/ITUT$ RATION+4 ,EA* CITIZ5 HAD A MON?LY ALLOTM5T ( FOOD & CLO?+ -- AN ALLOTM5T ! GOV]NM5T C\LDN'T ALWAYS SUPPLY4 ,?IS RAPIDLY L$ TO PROTE/S1 BUT !SE PROTE/S W]E QUA%$ BY ! ,COMMITTEES = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION & BY ! /ATE SECURITY APP>ATUS4 ,! PROTE/S1 H[EV]1 W]E CLE>LY AN AL>M BELL1 & ! GOV]NM5T FA/ REALIZ$ ?AT ITS NEW ECONOMIC MEASURES1 PLANN$ & 9/ITUT$ SO QUICKLY1 HAD BECOME A SOCIAL & ECONOMIC DISA/]4 ,SO1 IT *ANG$ C\RSE AGA9 9 AN EV5 MORE M>XI/ DIRECTION4 ,! GOV]NM5T !N IMPLEM5T$ ,]NE/O ,GUEV>A'S OLD PROPOSALS TO COMPLETE ! 0COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION0 & TO CREATE A SY/EM :I* AT ALL CO/S W\LD AVOID MAT]IAL 9C5TIVES1 A SY/EM ?AT W\LD OBLIGATE ! ,CUBANS TO BECOME 0NEW HUMAN BE+S0 -- HONE/1 EGALIT>IAN1 NONEGOTI/ICAL1 & ABOVE ALL 9 POSSESSION ( A 0SUP]IOR REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS0 & ?US WILL+ TO SACRIFICE EV]Y?+ = ! CON/RUCTION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,SO1 9 #a#i#f#h1 ! GOV]NM5T1 AS P>T ( A 0REVOLUTION>Y (F5SIVE10 SEIZ$ ALL ! REMA9+ SMALL BUS9ESSES 9 ,CUBA = ! PURPOSE ( LIQUIDAT+ =EV] ! HAT$ 0PETIT B\RGEOISIE0 :O /ILL /UBBORNLY P]SI/$ 9 CREAT+ P]SONAL WEAL?4 ,DESPITE !SE MEASURES :I* NOT ONLY DIDN'T IMPROVE ?+S1 BUT MADE !M WORSE1 ! ,CA/RO REGIME & ITS POLICIES C\LD /ILL C\NT ON ! BACK+ ( MANY ( ?OSE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! SOCIAL PYRAMID4 ,?+S BEGAN TO *ANGE DRAMATICALLY AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! T\T$ 0#a MILLION TON SUG> CROP0 CAMPAIGN 9 #a#i#g4 ,?IS AGRO-9DU/RIAL OP]ATION 9VOLV$ ! UNPREC$5T$ MILIT>IZATION ( ! LABOR =CE = ! S[+1 CUTT+1 & MILL+ ( SUG>1 & ALSO ! SLA%+ & BURN+ ( WOODS & O!R UNSPOIL$ NATURAL >EAS 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! >EA = ! PLANT+ ( SUG>CANE4 ,?IS PROCESS1 :I* 9VOLV$ CUTT+ D[N L>GE NUMB] ( TREES & ! DIV]SION ( F>M FIELDS & PA/URE L& TO SUG> PRODUCTION1 CAUS$ LONG-LA/+ & P]HAPS IRREP>ABLE DAMAGE TO ,CUBA'S NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,?IS PROCESS WAS SO GIGANTIC ?AT IT EV5 AFFECT$ RA9FALL & DRA9AGE PATT]NS4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ NOTABLE EFFECT ( ?IS WAS ! SILTATION & SAL9IZATION ( ,CUBA'S RIV]S & RES]VOIRS4 7,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS LACK ( CONC]N = ,CUBA'S NATURAL 5VIRONM5T P]SI/S TO ?IS DAY47 ,BUT DESPITE !SE DRACONIAN & 5VIRONM5TALLY DISA/R\S MEASURES1 ! GOAL ( A #a MILLION TON SUG> H>VE/ WASN'T EV5 APPROA*$4 ,AFT] ?IS DRAMATIC FAILURE1 ! ,U,S,S,R BEGAN TO REALIZE ?AT ! ATTEMPT$ RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ! ISL& & ! REORGANIZATION ( AGRICULTURE HAD BE5 MONUM5TAL ]RORS4 ,AS ,CUBA'S PRIM>Y \TLET = ITS PRODUCTS1 ! ,U,S,S,R 0SUGGE/$0 ?AT ! ,CA/RO REGIME RETURN TO ! OLD ME?ODS ( PLANT+1 H>VE/+1 & MILL+ SUG>4 ,BUT ! DAMAGE WAS DONE4 ,FUTURE SUG> H>VE/ YIELDS W]E ALL BEL[ :AT HAD BE5 PROJECT$1 & ! ISL& ATROPHI$ ECONOMICALLY = ALMO/ A DECADE -- AS WAS PR$ICTABLE1 GIV5 ?AT ,CUBA'S WORK]S HAD WA/$ ALMO/ A FULL YE> ON ,CA/RO'S IMPOSSIBLE 0#a MILLION TON0 PROJECT4 ,EV]YONE C\LD SEE ?AT ?IS S*EME WAS BO? AN ECONOMIC & AN ECOLOGICAL DISA/]1 & ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE BEGAN TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,( C\RSE ! ,SOVIET BUREAUCRACY 9 ,MOSC[ UND]/OOD ?AT ! ,CUBAN AGRICULTURAL PROJECT WASN'T PRODUC+ ADEQUATE DIVID5DS1 & AS IS NATURAL 9 !SE SORTS ( AFFAIRS1 IT DECID$ TO UP ! ANTE4 ,IT DRA/ICALLY 9CREAS$ AID TO ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#g#a4 ,?IS AID DIDN'T CONSI/ ( ,I,C,B,MS OR NUCLE> WEAPONS2 IT CONSI/$ ( MASSIVE AM\NTS ( DEVELOPM5T AID & COMM]CIAL SUBSIDIES4 ,! ANNUAL SUBSIDY 9 ! YE>S #a#i#f#a-#a#i#g AV]AG$ @s#c#b#g MILLION 7OV] @s#a4#e BILLION YE>LY 9 #ba DOLL>S71 & 9 ! DECADE #a#i#g#a-#a#i#h AV]AG$ @s#a4#e#g#c BILLION P] YE> 7OV] @s#e BILLION TODAY74 ,BUT DESPITE ?IS MASSIVE AID FROM ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 POPUL> DISCONT5T GREW 9 ,CUBA 9 A MANN] UNEXPECT$ BY ! GU>DIANS ( ! SY/EM4 ,PUBLIC DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! FALSE PROMISES ( ! REVOLUTION'S LEAD]S GREW RAPIDLY DUR+ ! #a#i#gS1 RESULT+ 9 9CREAS$ REPRESSION1 JAIL+S1 & EXILES4 ,TO GET A BETT] IDEA ( ! EXT5T ( ! REPRESSION 9 !SE YE>S1 ONE %\LD NOTE ?AT NEW P5AL FACILITIES W]E BUILT 9 EV]Y S+LE PROV9CE ?R\<\T ! L5G? ( ! ISL&4 ,!SE CONSI/$ ( PRISONS1 JAILS1 =C$ LABOR 7ONE C\LD FAIRLY CALL !M 0CONC5TRATION07 CAMPS1 & PRISON F>MS4 ,PRISON]S W]E US$ TO CON/RUCT ALL ( !SE4 ,9 #aihd !RE W]E #add JAILS & PRISONS ?R\<\T ! ISL& HOLD+ T5S ( ?\S&S ( 9MATES1 BO? COMMON & POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,! LA/ DATA AVAILABLE 9DICATE ?AT !RE W]E #afh ,CUBAN PRISONS 9 #aihh HOLD+ COMMON PRISON]S 79CLUD+ ?OSE CAUS71 POLITICAL PRISON]S1 & ?OSE :O HAD ATTEMPT$ TO ESCAPE ! ISL&4 ,9 ?OSE YE>S1 ! NUMB] ( PRISONS & ! NUMB] ( PRISON]S 9 ,CUBA 9CREAS$ 9 AN ALMO/ ,MAL?USIAN MANN]4 ,! ,CUBAN PEOPLE W]5'T ! ONLY ONES SUFF]+ FROM ,CA/RO'S POLICIES AT ?IS TIME2 ! PEOPLE ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,AFRICA W]E1 TOO4 ,9 ACCORD ) ! POLICY ( 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION10 ! ,CA/RO REGIME SUPPORT$ GU]RILLA MOVEM5TS -- BO? URBAN & RURAL -- 9 ALMO/ ALL ( ! C\NTRIES S\? ( ! ,RIO ,GR&E4 ,!SE MOVEM5TS RAN HEAD ON 9TO AN IRON DET]M9ATION BY ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T TO KEEP CONTROL ( ! C\NTRIES 9 ITS SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 %ORT ORD] 9 ! ,CA/RO-BACK$ 9SURG5TS PROVOK+ ! CREATION ( MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IPS 7BACK$1 ( C\RSE1 BY ! ,C,I,A71 A GANG ( UNI=M$ GORILLAS :O D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO KIDNAP+S1 0DISAPPE>ANCES10 RAPE1 ROBB]Y1 TORTURE1 & MURD] -- DIRECT$ AS MU* AGA9/ 9NOC5T CIVILIANS AS AGA9/ !IR GU]RILLA 5EMIES4 ,LIT]ALLY HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE DI$ AS A RESULT 9 C\NTRIES SU* AS ,GUATEMALA1 ,EL ,SALVADOR1 ,>G5T9A1 & ,COLOMBIA4 ,9 ,AFRICA1 ! ,CUBAN REGIME 9T]V5$ MILIT>ILY 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES1 MO/ NOTABLY ,E?IOPIA 7ON ! SIDE ( ! MURD]\SLY REPRESSIVE1 M>XI/-L59I/ ,D]GUE GOV]NM5T1 9 ITS ATTEMPTS TO SUPPRESS ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS 9 ,TIGRE & ,]ITREA7 & ,ANGOLA4 ,OV] A P]IOD ( MORE ?AN A DECADE1 ,CUBA S5T HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( SOLDI]S TO FIS1 TRIBAL CONFLICTS1 & UNDECL>$ W>S4 ,! SAME ,CUBAN TROOPS :O F\S AS WELL AS T5S ( ?\S&S ( MILIT>Y CASUALTIES4 ,?IS LONG HI/ORY ( DISA/]S & 9JU/ICE1 BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ( ,CUBA1 L$ EV5 ?OSE ,CUBANS :O /ILL SUPPORT ! GOV]NM5T FIR/ TO D\BTS1 !N TO APA?Y1 & F9ALLY TO A FRU/RATION :I* !Y !MSELVES DON'T UND]/&4 ,ALL ( ?IS HAS L$ TO A MASS DESIRE TO ESCAPE ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT ?AT'S A BIT DIFFICULT1 GIV5 ?AT ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #aigf D5IES ,CUBA'S CITIZ5S ! RIS4 ,AFT] ! #aih ,M>IEL 0BOATLIFT10 ,CA/RO'S ,CUBA APPE>$ TO HAVE /ABILIZ$ ITSELF AT LEA/ ECONOMICALLY1 EV5 ?\< SOCIAL T5SION CONT9U$4 ,SOVIET ECONOMIC AID CONTRIBUT$ NOTABLY TO ?IS ECONOMIC /ABILIZATION2 IT 9CREAS$ FUR!R 9 ! #a#i#h#a-#a#i#h#e P]IOD TO A TOTAL ( @s#b#b4#f#e#h BILLION1 AN AV]AGE ( @s#d4#e BILLION A YE> 7R\ ! MO/ AID ,CUBA HAD EV] RECEIV$ ?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY1 & !SE HUGE FIGURES GRAPHICALLY DEMON/RATE ! HEAVY 9VOLVEM5T ( ,MOSC[ 9 ! REMOTE ,C>IBBEAN ISL&4 ,DESPITE ?IS MASSIVE AID1 ! RESULTS ( ! FIR/ #be YE>S ( ,CA/ROISM C\LDN'T HAVE BE5 MORE NEGATIVE4 ,CUBA'S ECONOMY WAS DIRECTLY & MASSIVELY DEP5D5T ON ! ,U,S,S,R1 & ITS GOV]NM5T WAS A DICTATOR%IP ?AT P]MITT$ NO CRITICISM -- DESPITE ! EMPTY WORDS ( ! #aigf ,CON/ITUTION4 ,! WORK+ PEOPLE REALIZ$ ?AT ! /ATE HAD BROK5 ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 & D$ICAT$ !MSELVES TO PASSIVELY SABOTAG+ ?AT /ATE4 ,?OSE :O C\LDN'T ESCAPE ATTEMPT$ TO SURVIVE BY WORK+ AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE4 ,FROM ! CON/RUCTION SECTOR TO ! MASSIVE /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 & EV5 9 AGRICULTURE1 PRODUCTION FELL AL>M+LY4 ,?IS WAS WELL KN[N :5 ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ LABOR UNION C5TRAL1 ! ,CONF$]ACION DE ,TRABAJADORES ,CUBANOS ,REVOLUCION>IA1 MET 9 ITS #c#i? CONF]5CE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#g#i4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! ,CA/ROITE WORK]S' ORGANIZATION NOT$ 0A S]IES ( GRAVE ALT]ATIONS 9 ,CUBAN LABOR LIFE40 ,! HI]>*S ( ! ,C,T,C,R ACCUS$ ,CUBA'S WORK]S ( 0LACK ( DISCIPL9E1 !FTS1 & NEGLIG5CE40 ,!Y 5D$ !IR ANALYSIS ( ! ,CUBAN LABOR SITUATION ) SOME TRULY A/ONI%+ /ATI/ICS4 ,!Y /AT$ ?AT1 0.<,(.> #a1#f1 P]SONS 9 ! ACTIVE POPULATION 7LABOR =CE71 ONLY HALF A MILLION PRODUCE ANY?+40 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 IF WE CAN TRU/ !SE /ATI/ICS1 ?AT LESS ?AN A ?IRD ( ,CUBA'S LABOR =CE WAS P>TICIPAT+ USEFULLY 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,?IS DATA1 OBTA9$ FROM A 0,REPORT ( ! ,CONF]5CE10 C\LDN'T BE MORE REVEAL+4 ,IT 9DICATES ?AT A MAJORITY ( ,CUBA'S WORK]S1 BECAUSE ( LACK ( MOTIVATION OR SOME O!R REASON1 W]E REFUS+ TO WORK = 0! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIALISM0 -- A SLOGAN ?AT EMANAT$ CON/ANTLY FROM ! HIGE P>T CORRESPOND$ TO ! ,SOVIET ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY ( ! #a#i#bS :I*1 LIKE ! ,CUBAN MEASURE1 WAS 9/ITUT$ = ! PURPOSE ( AVOID+ 0/ATE DECOMPOSITION40 ,?IS POLICY ( CAPITALI/ 9VE/M5T W\LD1 IRONICALLY1 HAVE A BRIM]S' FREE M>KETS0 HAD A MU* D>K] FUTURE4 ,UND] ?IS RE=M1 ! /ATE ALL[$ CAMPES9OS TO SELL SOME ( !IR F>M PRODUCTS DIRECTLY TO CONSUM]S \TSIDE ( ! /ATE RATION+ SY/EM4 ,IT WAS MOTIVAT$ TO P]MIT ?IS L>GELY BECAUSE ( ITS [N 9ABILITY TO RELIABLY SUPPLY RATION$ PRODUCTS4 ,?IS SMALL-SCALE EXP]IM5T WAS RAPIDLY %UT D[N BY ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* REASON$ 9 ! ADMIRABLE /YLE ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM -- AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT WAS 5C\RAG+ 9VE/M5TS BY MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS -- ?AT F>M]S' M>KETS W\LD CREATE A DANG]\S PETIT B\RGEOISIE1 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! PR9CIPLES ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,! SOCIOPOLITICAL CRISIS ( ! ,U,S,S,R AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i#hS1 & ! SAD 5D+ 9 #aiia ( ! SY/EM IMPOS$ ON ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE BY ,L591 HAD DEPLORABLE CONSEQU5CES = ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ FIVE YE>S ( ,SOVIET ASSI/ANCE1 #a#i#h#f-#a#i#i1 ECONOMIC AID AV]AG$ OV] @s#e BILLION P] YE>1 A FIGURE :I* WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 BY A DIS9TEGRAT+ POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,! ,CA/RO REGIME DECID$ TO SURVIVE ! SOCIALI/ CAMP DISA/] BY *ANG+ ITS POLITICAL ECONOMY & 5T]+ 9TO A 0,SPECIAL ,P]IOD10 :I* W\LD LEAD TO A SOCIAL SITUATION WORSE ?AN ANY?+ ?AT HAD GONE BE=E1 & TO A QUALITY ( LIFE WORSE ?AN ?AT 9 ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRIES4 7,! 0,SPECIAL ,P]IOD0 IS /ILL 9 EFFECT47 ,TO AVOID ANY?+ SIMIL> TO ! 0,BU*>E/ ,SYNDROME0 7! %OOT+ ( ! DICTATOR BY HIS [N =CES71 ! REGIME 9/ITUT$ EV5 MORE REPRESSIVE MEASURES1 9CREAS$ ! SEV]ITY ( ! POLITICAL LAWS1 & T>GET$ ITS [N MILIT>Y4 ,G5]AL ,>NALDO ,O*OA1 A NATIONAL H]O ( ! ,AFRICAN CAMPAIGNS DECORAT$ AS A 0,H]O ( ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,CUBA10 WAS1 BECAUSE ( SUSPICION ( DISLOYALTY1 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?2 HE WAS %OT BY A FIR+ SQUAD ON ,JULY #a#c1 #a#i#h#i4 ,COLONEL ,ANTONIO DE LA ,GU>DIA WAS %OT ON ! SAME DAY1 AS W]E TWO O!R MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 ,AMADO ,PADRON & ,JORGE ,M>T9EZ4 ,PATRICIO DE LA ,GU>DIA1 ,ANTONIO'S BRO!R1 & A G5]AL ) ! ELITE ,SPECIAL ,TROOPS 7,TROPAS ,ESPECIALES71 WAS CONDEMN$ TO #c YE>S 9 PRISON4 ,?IS PURGE ( HI<-RANK+ MILIT>Y M5 5D$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aihi ) ! >RE/ & S5T5C+ ( ,JOSE ,ABRANTES1 A ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR 7SECRET POLICE7 G5]AL4 ,ABRANTES DI$ SOON !REAFT] UND] MY/]I\S CIRCUM/ANCES :ILE 9 PRISON4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT IT WAS PURG+ ITS MILIT>Y & SECRET POLICE1 ! ,CA/RO REGIME 9ITIAT$ AN OP5+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! SO-CALL$ ,CUBAN COMMUNITY 9 EXILE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,?IS OP5+ 9CLUD+ P]MISSION = EXILES TO VISIT ,CUBA & TO S5D MONEY DIRECTLY TO !IR FAMILY MEMB]S 9 ,CUBA4 7,( C\RSE1 MONEY SP5T ON TRAVEL & MONEY S5T TO ,CUBAN CITIZ5S W\LD PROP UP ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY1 & ?US HELP PROP UP ! ,CA/RO REGIME47 ,! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T ALSO OP5$ A /RONG DIPLOMATIC CAMPAIGN TO 9CREASE ECONOMIC TIES ) ALL ( ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE & ,ASIA1 AS WELL AS1 SURPRIS+LY 5\<1 ! ,U4,S41 ! ,VATICAN1 & ,ISRAEL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 & M>K+ ! DEF9ITIVE ECONOMIC FAILURE ( ,CA/RO'S 0SOCIALISM10 ! F>M]S' M>KETS W]E P]MITT$ TO REOP52 SOME E/ABLI%M5T ( PRIVATELY [N$ SMALL BUS9ESSES WAS TOL]AT$2 &1 MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! 0DOLL>IZATION0 ( ! ,CUBAN ECONOMY TOOK PLACE4 ,?IS LA/ MEANT ?AT ! ,U4,S4 DOLL> C\LD CIRCULATE JU/ AS FREELY 9 ,CUBA AS IT DID 9 ! ,U4,S4 -- :ILE UP TILL ?IS PO9T TRAFFICK+ 9 DOLL>S MEANT GO+ TO JAIL 9 ,CUBA4 ,! PURPOSE ( ?IS MEASURE WAS TO EXP$ITE ! S5D+ ( MONEY BY EXILES TO ,CUBA4 ,?IS AM\NT QUICKLY REA*$ @s#h MILLION P] YE>1 AN AM\NT HI<] ?AN ?AT PRODUC$ BY ! MO/ REC5T SUG> CROPS 7SUG> BE+ A BADLY DECAY$ 9DU/RY 9 ,CUBA74 ,MEAN:ILE ! SLOGANS AB\T ! 0GA9S0 REALIZ$ 9 HEAL? & $UCATION W]E REPEAT$1 = EXT]NAL CONSUMPTION1 :ILE CLASS DIFF]5CES %>P5$ BETWE5 ?OSE EMPLOY$ 9 ,CA/RO'S APP>ATUS1 ?OSE RECEIV+ MONEY FROM RELATIVES ABROAD1 & ?OSE RELY+ ON SAL>IES PAID 9 DEVALU$ PESOS4 ,ONCE AGA9 HOPELESSNESS SPREAD LIKE A CANC] AMONG ! LEA/ FAVOR$ &1 AS 9 NOT SO REMOTE TIMES1 ! MO/ D>+ ,CUBANS DECID$ TO ILLEGALLY AB&ON ! ISL& ON FLIMSY RAFTS VIA ! ,/RAITS ( ,FLORIDA -- A V]Y DANG]\S J\RNEY ?AT HAS CLAIM$ ?\S&S ( VICTIMS OV] ! YE>S4 ,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE ?IS IS A =M ( SUICIDE 9DUC$ BY DESP]ATION1 & A =M 9 :I* ,CUBA LEADS ! WORLD4 ,! ,ELIAN ,GONZALEZ AFFAIR IS A GOOD ILLU/RATION ( ?IS TRAG$Y4 ,P]HAPS ! WOR/ 9CID5T 9 ?IS ONGO+ SAD SITUATION WAS ?AT 9VOLV+ ! TUGBOAT 0#a#c DE M>ZO0 70,M>* #a#c?074 ,ON ,JULY #a#c1 #a#i#i#d1 MORE ?AN #g P]SONS CR[D$ ?IS TUG AS IT SET SAIL FROM ,HAVANA T[>D ,FLORIDA4 ,IT WAS 9T]CEPT$ \TSIDE ,HAVANA ,BAY BY ! ,CUBAN COA/ GU>D1 :I* ORD]$ IT TO RETURN TO ,HAVANA4 ,! TUG REFUS$ & CONT9U$ HEAD+ T[>D ,FLORIDA4 ,AT ?AT PO9T ! ,CUBAN COA/ GU>D VESSEL ATTACK$ ! 0#a#c DE M>ZO0 ) HI< PRESSURE WAT] HOSES1 S9K+ IT4 ,=TY-ONE P]SONS DI$ :5 IT W5T D[N1 9CLUD+ MANY WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,! SURVIVORS W]E TAK5 PRISON]4 ,?IS SORDID ATTACK ON UN>M$ CIVILIANS WAS SUPPOS$LY ORD]$ DIRECTLY BY ,FIDEL ,CA/RO4 ,:ILE ALL ?IS HAS BE5 GO+ ON1 ,CA/RO HAS DEF9ITIVELY 5D$ HIS 0SOCIALI/0 EXP]IM5T1 ) ! SOLE PURPOSE ( MA9TA9+ HIS HOLD ON P[]4 ,HE HAS 9/ITUT$ A =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 SIMIL> TO ?AT ( NEO-FASCI/ 0,R$0 ,*9A1 9 :I* =EIGN 9VE/ORS 9 DIRECT P>TN]%IP ) ! ,CUBAN /ATE DOM9ATE ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS & S]VICES4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE1 ! WORK]S 9 ! ,CUBAN T\RISM 9DU/RY1 AN 9DU/RY 5TIRELY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,CUBAN /ATE & ,SPANI% 9VE/ORS1 RECEIVE !IR SAL>IES 9 ,CUBAN PESOS 7! EX*ANGE RATE BE+ AB\T #b PESOS TO ONE DOLL>71 :I* EFFECTIVELY EXCLUDES !M FROM ! WORLD ( 0DOLL>IZATION40 ,AS WELL1 ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE 9 G5]AL >E B>R$ FROM 5T]+ ! HOTELS & BEA*ES RES]V$ = =EIGN T\RI/S1 ?US CREAT+ A TYPE ( AP>!ID -- IMPOS$ BY !IR 0SOCIALI/0 GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS IS A PA!TIC CONCLUSION TO A REVOLUTION ?AT BEGAN AMID JUBILATION & GREAT HOPES4 ,AFT] #d YE>S ! ,CUBAN REVOLUTION HAS 5D$ 9 ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION1 DESP]ATION1 %>P CLASS DIVISIONS1 MASSIVE EMIGRATION1 & A CRIM9AL TYRANNY ?AT SUPPRESSES ALL DISS5T4 ,H[ DID ?IS COME TO PASS8 ,H[ DID ?IS PROJECT ?AT PROMIS$ CIVIL LIB]TIES1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL RE=MS1 JU/ & HONE/ GOV]NM5T1 & AN EQUITABLE R$I/RIBUTION ( ! C\NTRY'S RI*ES COME TO SU* A BAD 5D8 ,H[ DID A REVOLUTION -- & A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 GOV]NM5T -- ) GREAT POPUL> BACK+ 5D UP LIKE ?IS8 ,!RE >E MANY REASONS = ?IS FAILURE1 BUT 9 \R VIEW !RE >E TWO PRIM>Y ONES3 ! SOCIOECONOMIC C\RSE & ! SPE$ ) :I* IT WAS ADOPT$ BY ,CUBA'S RUL+ ELITE2 & ! CONT9UAL1 MASSIVE REPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES4 ,9 REG>D TO ! FIR/ ( !SE1 ! TRANSITION FROM ! CAPITALISM ?AT EXI/$ 9 ,CUBA PRIOR TO ! REVOLUTION TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN PSEUDO-SOCIALISM SUB/ITUT$ = IT NEV] YIELD$ ! EXPECT$ RESULTS4 ,?IS WAS L>GELY DUE TO ! IDIOTIC & EGO-DRIV5 SPE$ ) :I* *ANGES W]E IMPLEM5T$4 ,! BE>D$ ONES W]E 9 TOO MU* ( A HURRY TO IMPOSE !IR SY/EM1 & NEV] S]I\SLY PLANN$ ! TRANSITION FROM ONE SY/EM TO ! O!R4 ,BUT IT WAS ALSO DUE TO ! V]Y NATURE ( ! 0SOCIALISM0 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO IMPOSE4 ,9/EAD ( H&+ OV] ! FIELDS1 FACTORIES1 & WORK%OPS DIRECTLY TO ! WORK]S AFT] EXPROPRIAT+ !M FROM !IR [N]S -- A MEASURE ) :I* ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S W\LD1 ( C\RSE1 HAVE BE5 9 ACCORD -- ! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T PLAC$ ALL ( ! GREAT BUS9ESSES1 9DU/RIES1 BANKS1 TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS1 ETC4 UND] ! CONTROL ( ! /ATE4 ,& !Y PUT ELEM5TS LOYAL TO ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT )\T ! FOGGIE/ IDEA ( H[ TO MAKE !SE 5T]PRISES FUNCTION1 AT ! HEAD ( !M ALL4 ,IT'S NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ?OSE )\T EXP]TIZE 9 ! FIELDS !Y CONTROLL$ MADE A HA% ( ?+S1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?AT !Y W]E ATTEMPT+ TO IMPLEM5T RAPID /RUCTURAL *ANGE4 ,! SECOND REASON1 P]HAPS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! FIR/1 WAS ! CREATION ( A MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP WORSE ?AN ?AT :I* PREC$$ IT1 A MASSIVE REPRESSIVE SY/EM REA*+ 9TO EV]Y NEIRI$1 & TORTUR$ POLITICAL PRISON]S MORE SAVAGELY ?AN ITS PR$ECESSORS4 ,CA/RO'S & ! ,P,C,C'S DE/RUCTION ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES WAS A CRIME AGA9/ ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE1 A PEOPLE :OSE *RONICLE IS ?AT ( LOVE ( LIB]TY & FIXI/ ATTEMPTS TO CREATE FREE1 PEACEFUL1 EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES ?R\< ! SY/EMATIC USE ( CO]CION1 VIOL5CE1 & T]ROR BY SMALL ELITES HAVE FAIL$ SO ABYSMALLY ! WORLD OV]4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S HAVE F\ B>ONS TO ! PSEUDO-SOCIALISM ( ,CA/RO4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E ! FIR/ TO UND]/& & D5\NCE ! ,CA/RO REGIME4 ,! AN>*I/S' /RUGGLE = FRE$OM & !IR UND]/&+ ( :AT ,CA/ROISM MEANT = ,CUBA CAN BE SE5 AS E>LY AS #aif 9 ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y'S ,TE/IMONIOS SOBRE LA ,REVOLUCION ,CUBANA & ! PUBLIC D5UNCIATION ( ,CA/RO 9 ! SAME YE> BY ! ,ASOCIACION ,LIB]T>IA DE ,CUBA4 ,! CORRECTNESS ( !SE E>LY APPRAISALS CAN BE FULLY APPRECIAT$ N[ ?AT 5D ( ,CA/ROISM F9ALLY APPE>S TO BE DRAW+ NE>4 ,) ,CA/RO'S DEA?1 !RE WILL BE A NEW DAWN+ ( LIB]TY 9 ,CUBA4 ,?AT DAWN WILL ALL[ ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S TO ONCE AGA9 PROPAGATE AN>*I/ IDEAS & TO ORGANIZE ON ! ISL&4 ,! SOLID>ITY ( OV]SEAS AN>*I/ GR\PS WILL BE AN IMPORTANT HELP 9 ?OSE EF=TS1 BUT IT WON'T BE 9DISP5SABLE4 ,IT WILL BE ,CUBA'S WORK]S !MSELVES :O WILL ORGANIZE TO A*IEVE FRE$OM 9 ITS CONCRETE S5SE ( CONTROL OV] !IR [N LIVES1 CONTROL OV] ! WEAL? !Y CREATE1 & CONTROL ( ! WORK ?AT PRODUCES ?AT WEAL?4 ,AS ! OLD ,ASOCIACION ,9T]NACIONAL DE LOS ,TRABAJADORES SAY+ GOES1 0,! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S MU/ BE ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES40 ,BUT ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S HAVE PO9T$ ! WAY TO ?AT EMANCIPATION4 ,S9CE ! #a#i? C5TURY1 !Y HAVE F\D TO ,CA/RO1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S HAVE CONSI/5TLY OPPOS$ HIS C\NT]REVOLUTION 7SUPPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & ! 9/ITUTION ( /ATE CONTROL RA!R ?AN WORK]S' CONTROL7 S9CE ITS E>LY D>K DAYS4 ,REM>KABLY E>LY ON ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S EXPRESS$ !IR OPPOSITION TO C5TRALIZATION1 VIOL5CE1 CO]CION1 & ! REM>KABLE MILIT>IZATION ( ,CUBA 7A MATT] ON :I* MANY ,U4,S4 & ,EUROPEAN ANTI-MILIT>I/S HAVE BE5 NOTABLY SIL5T71 & !IR SUPPORT ( WORK]-CONTROLL$ UNIONS1 FREE MUNICIPALITIES1 AGRICULTURAL COOP]ATIVES1 & COLLECTIVE WORKPLACES4 ,TO PUT ?IS ANO!R WAY1 ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S HAVE CONSI/5TLY SUPPORT$ A REAL REVOLUTION RA!R ?AN ! PHONY ONE :I* HAS MESM]IZ$ SO MANY LEFTI/S 79CLUD+ MANY AN>*I/S74 ,AN>*ISM & ITS IDEAS >E NOT DEAD 9 ,CUBA1 AS MANY :O WI% TO ]ASE !SE CONCEPTS ( SOCIAL R$EMPTION FROM ! ,CUBAN AG5DA WI% US TO BELIEVE4 ,M>XISM1 AS A UTOPIA1 AS A VISION ( A BETT] WORLD1 & AS A PRACTICAL MEANS TO GET TO ?AT WORLD1 DI$ :5 ITS IDEAS W]E PUT 9TO PRACTICE BY ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 ,/AL91 ,MAO1 ,KIM ,IL ,SUNG1 ,POL ,POT1 & ,CA/RO4 ,! IDEAS ( AN>*ISM >E1 9 CONTRA/1 QUITE ALIVE -- & !Y %[$ !IR VITALITY 9 ! ONE MAJOR TE/ TO :I* !Y W]E EV] PUT3 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i4 ,IT IS CLE>LY PREMATURE TO BURY LIB]T>IAN IDEAS4 ,ANSELMO ,LOR5ZO ONCE SAID1 0,! FIR/ ?+ NECESS>Y TO BE+ AN AN>*I/ IS A S5SE ( JU/ICE40 ,WE W\LD ADD ?AT IT'S ALSO NECESS>Y TO BE AN OPTIMI/4 ,! NEW G5]ATION ( ,CUBANS1 :O HAVE SUFF]$ ! T]RORS ( ,CA/ROISM = DECADES1 WILL F9D LIB]T>IAN IDEAS TO BE ! BE/1 & PROBABLY ! ONLY1 MEANS ( A*IEV+ A WORLD FREE ( 9TOL]ANCE1 DOM9ATION1 HATE1 GRE$1 & V5GEANCE4 ,OPTIMISM IS A KEY FACTOR 9 UND]/&+ ! TASK ( RECON/RUCT+ AN>*ISM 9 ,CUBA1 9 P>T BECAUSE IT'S A KEY TO ,CUBAN PSY*OLOGY4 ,BUT !RE >E O!R PSY*OLOGICAL FACTORS ?AT MU/ ALSO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,ONE IS ! RAMPANT IDEOLOGICAL CONFUSION & DISILLUSIONM5T ON ! ISL&4 ,M>XI/S HAVE ALWAYS 9SI/$ ?AT ! CORRECT PA? TO SOCIALISM IS ! CREATION ( AN ELITE1 A 0REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D10 ?AT AFT] TAK+ P[] WILL LEAD ! PEOPLE TO A SOCIALI/ UTOPIA BY 9/ITUT+ 0SCI5TIFIC0 POLITICAL & SOCIAL PR9CIPLES4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS APPROA* HAS L$ TO FAILURE 9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y L& :]E ! PR9CIPLES ( ,M>X & ,L59 HAVE BE5 PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,9 ,CUBA1 ?IS ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE A 0NEW MAN0 HAS L$ TO DISA/]2 ! OLD REVOLUTION>IES W]E UNABLE TO =CE-PRODUCE A 0REVOLUTION>Y0 Y\?4 ,! ,CUBAN PEOPLE HAVE = NE>LY TWO C5TURIES HELD 9 COMMON A LOVE ( FRE$OM4 ,?IS FIR/ MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 ! /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,SPA91 :]E SOME TOOK ! PA? ( VIOL5T 9SURRECTION1 O!RS DEM&$ RE=MS1 & ! MAJORITY SIMPLY WANT$ A BETT] SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T ?AT ,SPANI% COLONIALISM4 ,LAT]1 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ! FAILURE ( TWO REPUBLICS SEMI-9DEP5D5T ( ! ,U4,S41 & ! RISE ( TWO \TRIY G5]ATION BY ! AT FIR/ AU?ORIT>IAN & LAT] DESPOTIC FIGURE ( ,FIDEL ,CA/RO PLAC$ A MAJOR ROADBLOCK 9 ?IS C5TURIES-OLD QUE/ = LIB]TY4 ,IF !RE'S ANY POSITIVE ASPECT TO ! ,CA/RO DICTATOR%IP1 IT'S ?AT IT HAS S]V$ AS AN OBJECT LESSON TO MANY ,CUBANS TO NEV] SUPPORT /RONGM5 OR 0MAXIMUM LEAD]S10 NO MATT] :AT 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SLOGANS !Y M\?4 ,BUT ! ,CA/RO DET\R WILL BE JU/ ?AT -- A DET\R4 ,!RE >E MANY O!R SOCIAL1 MORAL1 & PSY*OLOGICAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE ?AT 9CL9E !M 9/9CTIVELY1 AS IT W]E1 T[>D AN>*ISM3 !IR DISRESPECT OR 9DIFF]5CE T[>D ! /ATE2 !IR P]MAN5T REBELLION AGA9/ AU?ORITY & ITS REPRES5TATIVES1 BE !Y POLITICAL OR RELIGI\S2 & !IR SY/EMATIC OPPOSITION TO LAWS1 RULES1 & REGULATIONS ?AT ATTEMPT TO RE/RICT !IR FRE$OM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT'S NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T ?AT EV5 ?\< ! ,CUBAN *>ACT] HAS AN AFF9ITY = AN>*ISM1 BE+ AN>*IC & BE+ AN AN>*I/ >E NOT ! SAME ?+4 ,/ILL1 ,CUBANS >E 9CL9$ TO DEFY AU?ORITY & TO DEFY ! LAWS ( BO? *UR* & /ATE4 ,! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T WAS WELL AW>E ( ?IS ,CUBAN T5D5CY1 & IT TOOK PA9S TO SUPPRESS IT FROM ! />T ?R\< ! MASSIVE USE ( T]ROR & CO]CION4 ,! FE> UNLEA%$ BY ,CA/RO HAS TEMPOR>ILY DRI$ UP ! LOVE ( LIB]TY & ! DISDA9 = TYRANTS & !IR ORD]S4 ,! ,CUBA ( TODAY1 ) ITS MULTITUDE ( PRISONS1 SECRET POLICE1 & GOV]NM5T 9=M]S ON EV]Y BLOCK 7! ,COMMITTEES = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- MORE ACCURATELY1 ! ,COMMITTEES = ! ,DEF5SE ( ! ,REGIME71 IS A SOCIETY BAS$ ON M]E SURVIVAL4 ,ONLY ?R\< ! USE ( NE>-9F9ITE REPRESSION HAS ,CA/RO MA9TA9$ HIS GRIP ON P[]2 & NOT ONLY HAS HE RETA9$ ?AT1 HE'S TEMPOR>ILY CREAT$ A DIFF]5T ,CUBAN ATTITUDE 7AT LEA/ AS PUBLICLY EXPRESS$7 -- ONE ?AT DISDA9S 0B\RGEOIS CIVIL LIB]TIES0 & ?AT RESPECTS REPRESSIVE LAWS4 ,9 %ORT1 ,CA/RO'S IS A REM>KABLE A*IEVEM5T3 REPLACEM5T ( ! TRADITIONAL ,CUBAN LOVE ( FRE$OM BY ITS OPPOSITE1 CR++ SUBMISSION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 :ILE ! PRES5T REGIME BE>S GREAT RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS 0A*IEVEM5T10 !RE W]E T5D5CIES 9 ?IS DIRECTION PRIOR TO ! RISE ( ,CA/RO2 & ,CUBA'S AN>*I/S1 FROM ! TIME ( ,EL ,PRODUCTOR1 HAVE ATTACK$ !SE T5D5CIES4 ,FIR/ & =EMO/ HAS BE5 ! MATT] ( RACISM4 ,CUBA 7AT ! SAME TIME AS ,BRAZIL7 WAS ! LA/ C\NTRY 9 ! ,WE/]N ,HEMISPH]E TO ABOLI% BLACK SLAV]Y2 & ! RACISM & ECONOMIC DISP>ITIES LEFT 9 SLAV]Y'S WAKE W]E A SEV]E H9DRANCE TO SOCIAL EMANCIPATION 9 ,CUBA ?R\<\T ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! ,CA/RO REGIME HAS MADE MU* ( ITS SUPPOS$ ELIM9ATION ( RACISM 9 ,CUBAN SOCIETY1 BUT 9 REC5T YE>S RACISM HAS RESURFAC$1 = ECONOMIC REASONS4 ,S9CE ! ,CA/RO REGIME REV]S$ ITSELF & ALL[$ ! FREE CIRCULATION ( ,U4,S4 DOLL>S ON ! ISL&1 & ! S5D+ ( DOLL>S FROM EXILES 7PR$OM9ANTLY :ITE ,CUBANS7 TO ?OSE /ILL 9 ,CUBA1 A GREAT MANY :ITE ,CUBAN FAMILIES HAVE BE5 ABLE TO SURVIVE :ILE DO+ V]Y LITTLE OR NO WORK &1 ( C\RSE1 :ILE PRODUC+ NO USEFUL GOODS OR S]VICES4 ,?IS HAS L$ TO CONSID]ABLE RES5TM5T ON ! P>T ( ?OSE NOT RECEIV+ MONEY FROM ABROAD 7PRIM>ILY BLACKS71 & IT HAS ALSO RESULT$ 9 ! 9TRODUCTION ( A DE FACTO CLASS SY/EM ) HEAVY RACIAL OV]TONES4 ,?IS CLASS SY/EM HAS L$ TO WIDESPREAD 9DIFF]5CE & 9DOL5CE 9 AGRICULTURE & ! SUG> 9DU/RY4 ,WORK]S & CAMPES9OS REFUSE TO WORK MORE ?AN ! ABSOLUTE M9IMUM NECESS>Y 9 A SOCIETY :]E T\RI/ DOLL>S MEAN MORE ?AN ?OSE PRODUC$ BY ANY TYPE ( PRODUCTION = EXPORT4 ,AS = ! MEANS -- O!R ?AN CO]CION1 VIOL5CE1 & SURVEILLANCE -- EMPLOY$ BY ! ,CA/RO GOV]NM5T TO KEEP ITSELF 9 P[]1 ONE MU/ CITE ITS PROPAG&A APP>ATUS4 ,! ,CUBAN GOV]NM5T CONTROLS EV]Y RADIO /ATION1 ,T,V /ATION1 & PUBLICATION ON ! ISL&4 ,FROM !SE1 ! ,CUBAN PEOPLE RECEIVE A DAILY DOSE ( M>XI/-L59I/ 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM10 A DOCTR9E ) :I* !Y D>E NOT PUBLICLY DISAGREE4 ,!Y ALSO RECEIVE DAILY REPORTS AB\T H[ HAPPY !Y >E BECAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 0GA9S0 ( ! ,CA/RO REGIME1 & BECAUSE ( !IR SUPPOS$ 0EQUALITY40 ,HE>+ SU* CLAIMS REPEAT$ DAY AFT] DAY1 YE> AFT] YE>1 )\T PUBLIC CONTRADICTION1 SOME COME TO BELIEVE !M4 ,& O!RS -- PRIM>ILY ?OSE 9 ! GOV]NM5T_/,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY APP>ATUS1 ! TOP TI] 9 ,CUBA'S CLASS-BAS$ SOCIETY -- WANT TO BELIEVE ?OSE CLAIMS1 BECAUSE !Y HELP JU/IFY !IR PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS4 ,CUBA'S $UCATIONAL SY/EM ALSO S]VES AS AN 9DOCTR9ATION FACTORY4 ,/UD5TS RECEIVE DAILY DOSES ( M>XISM AS REVEAL$ TRU?1 & !Y >E NOT FREE TO CRITICIZE IT1 JU/ AS !Y >E NOT FREE TO CRITICIZE ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM IMPOS$ ON !M BY ! /ATE4 ,!Y ALSO >E NOT FREE TO *OOSE !IR [N PA?S 9 LIFE4 ,AS 9 ,PLATO'S REPUBLIC1 IF ! /ATE DECIDES ?AT !Y HAVE1 = EXAMPLE1 AN APTITUDE = VET]9>Y M$IC9E1 !Y MU/ S]VE ! /ATE AS VET]9>IANS4 ,9 $UCATION1 AS 9 VIRTUALLY EV]Y O!R ASPECT ( ,CUBAN LIFE1 FRE$OM IS ABS5T4 "9 "9 "9 ,S9CE REMOTE TIMES1 HUMAN BE+S HAVE EVALUAT$1 CRITICIZ$1 & ALT]$ ! SOCIETY ?AT SURR\NDS !M4 ,AN>*ISM IS A REC5T DEVELOPM5T 9 ?IS NOBLE & HUMANE UND]TAK+1 :I* HAS RUN AS A ?READ ?R\< HUMAN HI/ORY FROM ! ,A!NS ( ,SOCRATES1 TO ! ,/OIC PHILOSOPH]S1 TO ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & TO ! PHILOSOPH]S & 5CYCLOP$I/S ( ! ,5LIE BUT TWO E>LY EXAMPLES ( ?OSE :O TOOK ?IS TRADITION & BUILT UPON IT TO PRODUCE AN>*ISM4 ,IF ,I READ !M CORRECTLY1 !IR PURPOSE1 LIKE ?AT ( LAT] AN>*I/S SU* AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 WAS NOT ONLY TO ELIM9ATE ! /ATE1 BUT TO CREATE A FRE]1 MORE JU/ HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,?IS 9T5TION -- :E!R OR NOT ITS BE>]S USE ! LABEL 0AN>*I/0 -- WILL1 ,I AM CONV9C$1 NEV] DIE4 ,IT WILL CONT9UE TO SURVIVE G5]ATION AFT] G5]ATION1 DESPITE TEMPOR>Y SETBACKS1 9 ,CUBA AS EV]Y:]E ELSE4 ,AS = ,CUBA1 5*A9$ & ON ITS KNEES1 ,I CANNOT HELP BUT ?9K ( ! REF]5CE ( ,5RIQUE ,ROIG ,SAN ,M>T9 TO ! 0TREE ( LIB]TY40 ,9 ,CUBA1 IT PUT D[N ROOTS & SPR\T$ BRAN*ES UNTIL1 9 ! #a#i#fS1 IT WAS BURN$ & CUT TO ! GR\ND4 ,BUT IT DIDN'T DIE4 ,!RE WILL BE ?OSE 9 ! G5]ATIONS ?AT SUCCE$ US :O WILL TAKE UP ! ALTRUI/IC LEGACY ( !IR =BE>S1 SO ?AT ! ROOTS ( AN>*ISM1 ! ROOTS ( FRE$OM1 N[ BURI$ 9 ! F]TILE ,CUBAN SOIL1 WILL ONCE AGA9 SPR+ TO LIFE & WILL BE> ! FRUITS ( LIB]TY & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,CUBAN ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,CUBAN ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/