,DEA? ( A ,SMALL ,PLANET #aihi ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,TAGS 3 \R 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS1 EXXON VALDEZ DISA/]1 GR[ OR DIE1 AIR WE BREA!1 EXXON VALDEZ1 OIL SPILLS1 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS1 M>KET ECONOMY1 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS1 CONTROLL+ GR[?4 ,TEXT 3 ,?IS >TICLE APPE>S 9 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES ) ! P]MISSION ( ! AU?OR4 ,IT APPE>$ ORIG9ALLY 9 ,! ,PROGRESSIVE1 ,AUGU/ #a#i#h#i1 PP4 #a#i-#b#c4 ,D,E,A,? ,( ,A ,S,M,A,L,L ,P,L,A,N,E,T ,IT'S GR[? ?AT'S KILL+ US ,B,Y ,M,U,R,R,A,Y ,B,O,O,K,*,9 ,PHOTO BY ,*RIS ,BLAKELEY1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,WE T5D TO ?9K ( 5VIRONM5TAL CATA/ROPHES -SU* AS ! REC5T ,EXXON ,VALDEZ OIL-SPILL DISA/] 9 ! ,BAY ( ,ALASKA-AS 0ACCID5TS03 ISOLAT$ PH5OM5A ?AT ]UPT )\T NOTICE OR W>N+4 ,BUT :5 DOES ! WORD ACCID5T BECOME 9APPROPRIATE8 ,:5 >E SU* OCCURR5CES 9EVITABLE RA!R ?AN ACCID5TAL8 ,& :5 DOES A CONSI/5T PATT]N ( 9EVITABLE DISA/]S PO9T TO A DEEP-SEAT$ CRISIS ?AT IS NOT ONLY 5VIRONM5TAL BUT PR(\NDLY SOCIAL8 ,PRESID5T ,BU% WAS CONT5T TO BLAME ! SPILL ( MORE ?AN T5 MILLION GALLONS ( CRUDE PETROLEUM (F ,VALDEZ ,H>BOR ON NEGLIG5CE BY A S\S$ SEA CAPTA94 ,9 FACT1 H[EV]1 IT WAS ! CONSEQU5CE ( SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES F> MORE COMPELL+ ?AN ! USUAL 0HUMAN0 OR 0TE*NOLOGICAL0 FACTORS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 LIVES 9 ,BURL+TON1 ,V]MONT1 & IS DIRECTOR EM]ITUS ( ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY AT ,PLA9FIELD1 ,V]MONT ,HE IS A CONTRIBU- TOR TO MANY PUBLICATIONS & ! AU?OR ( MORE ?AN A DOZ5 BOOKS1 9CLUD+ 0,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 0 &1 MORE REC5TLY1 0,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY10 PUBLI%$ BY ,S\? ,5D ,PRESS4 CIT$ 9 MASS-M$IA REPORT+4 ,S9CE ! PIPEL9E AT ,VALDEZ ,H>BOR W5T 9TO S]VICE A DOZ5 YE>S AGO1 !RE HAVE BE5 NO FEW] ?AN #d OIL SPILLS 9 ! ,BAY ( ,ALASKA4 ,9 #a#i#h#g1 ! TANK] ,/UYVESANT DUMP$ ALMO/ A MILLION GALLONS 9TO ! GULF AFT] LEAV+ ,VALDEZ1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE ( ME*ANICAL FAILURES ATTRIBUT$ TO SEV]E WEA!R4 ,! 5VIRONM5TAL - PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ,GRE5PEACE RECORD$ SEV5 SPILLS 9 ,ALASKAN WAT]S ?IS YE> EV5 BE=E ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ RAN AGR\ND4 ,OIL SPILLS RANG+ FROM A FEW ?\S& GALLONS TO A MILLION OR MORE-AS WELL AS ! OIL R\T9ELY FLU%$ \T ( TANK]S TO MAKE ROOM = RETURN-TRIP C>GOES HAVE POLLUT$ VA/ >EAS ( ! WORLD'S OCEAN SURFACE & COA/L9E4 ,! APPALL+ EFFECTS ( OIL SPILLS ?AT OCCURR$ MANY YE>S AGO >E /ILL APP>5T TODAY1 & NEW 9CID5TS KEEP ADD+ TO ! DAMAGE4 ,! WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ #a1-GALLON SPILL ?AT 0MY/]I\SLY POLLUT$ ! COA/AL >EAS ( TWO ,HAWAIIAN ISL&S A WEEK AFT] ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ RAN AGR\ND WAS MORE ?AN MAT*$ BY ! LITTLE-PUBLICIZ$ #a#a#g1 GALLONS ?AT ! ,EXXON ,H\/ON DUMP$ (F ANO!R ,HAWAIIAN COA/AL >EA SOME ?REE WEEKS BE=E ! ,VALDEZ SPILL4 ,ON A S+LE DAY1 ,JUNE #b#c1 #a#i#h#i1 ?REE MAJOR SPILLS--(F ,NEWPORT1 ,RHODE ,ISL&1 9 ! ,DELAW>E ,RIV]1 & ON ! ,TEXAS ,GULF ,COA/--DUMP$ A TOTAL ( WELL OV] ONE MILLION GALLONS ( OIL 9TO ,U4,S4 WAT]S ,MANY F9D IT DIFFICULT TO SEE !SE 9CID5TS AS P>T ( A CONT9UUM ?AT HAS A COMMON S\RCE4 ,TO TRACE A *A9 ( EV5TS FROM ITS CAUSE TO ITS CONSEQU5CE IS AN UNFAMILI> TASK = PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 CONDITION$ TO SEE LIFE AS A TELEVISION SIT-COM OR TALK %[ COMPOS$ ( DISCRETE SELF-CONTA9$1 ANECDOTAL SEGM5TS4 ,WE LIVE1 9 EFFECT1 ON A DIET ( %ORT TAKES1 DEVOID ( LOGIC OR LONG-RANGE EFFECT4 ,\R PROBLEMS TO ! EXT5T ?AT WE RECOGNIZE ,! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ DISA/] WAS NOT AN UN=ESE5 ACCID5T OR A R&OM MI%AP BUT A DEAD C]TA9TY4 ,IT WAS PR$ICTABLE-& PR$ICT$-DECADES AGO4 !M AS PROBLEMS AT ALL->E EPISODIC RA!R ?AN SY/EMIC2 ! SC5E DISSOLVES1 ! CAM]A MOVES ON4 ,BUT ! PRES5T CRISIS WILL NOT DISAPPE> ) A SWIT* ( *ANNELS4 ,IT WAS PR$ICTABLE-& PR$ICT$-DECADES AGO4 ,!RE IS AN ALL-BUT-=GOTT5 HI/ORY ( DIRE PORT5TS1 URG5T W>N+S1 & UNSUCCESSFUL EF=TS BY AN E>LI] G5]ATION ( 5VIRONM5TALI/S TO DEAL ) ! SOCIAL FACTORS ?AT UND]P9 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 ,9 MANY 9/ANCES1 !Y PR$ICT$ ) UNCANNY ACCURACY ! RESULTS ( ECOLOGICALLY 9SANE POLICIES PURSU$ BY ! CORPORATE E/ABLI%M5T 9 ! ,WE/ & ! BUREAUCRATIC E/ABLI%M5T 9 ! ,EA/4 ,! E>LIE/ DISPUTES >\ND ! DANG]S POS$ BY ! OIL 9DU/RY'S EXPANSION 9TO OCEANIC DRILL+ OCCURR$ EV5 BE=E ! ,>CTIC REGIONS W]E OP5$ TO OIL EXPLOITATION4 ,!Y GO BACK WELL 9TO ! #a#i#eS1 :5 L>G] VESSELS />T$ BE+ US$ TO TRANSPORT ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N OIL4 ,LONG BE=E SPILLS CAME TO PUBLIC ATT5TION1 5VIRONM5TALI/S W]E VOIC+ FE>S OV] HAZ>DS POS$ BY GR[+ TANK] CAPACITY4 ,NO LESS S]I\S ?AN ! POSSIBILITY ( 0HUMAN ]ROR0 9 ! OP]ATION ( !SE HUGE VESSELS WAS ! WELL-KN[N FACT ?AT EV5 ! /URDIE/ %IPS HAVE A WAY ( BE+ BUFFET$ BY /ORMS1 DRIFT+ (F C\RSE1 F\ND]+ ON REEFS 9 TREA*]\S WAT]S1 & S9K+4 ,9 LECTURES ,I GAVE DECADES AGO ON ! ,PACIFICA ,RADIO NETWORK1 ,I EMPHASIZ$ ! %E] C]TA9TY ( DISA/R\S OIL SPILLS ?AT W\LD SURELY FOLL[ UPON ! GR[+ SIZE ( TANK]S4 ,! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ SPILL WAS1 !RE=E1 NOT AN UN=ESE5 ACCID5T BUT A DEAD C]TA9TY-& ONE ?AT MAY YET BE BEGG>$ BY O!RS TO COME4 ,IT WAS AS PR$ICTABLE AS ,?REE ,MILE ,ISL& & ,*]NOBYL4 ,NO LESS PR$ICTABLE WAS ! GLOBAL W>M+ TR5D4 ,=ECA/S ?AT C>BON DIOXIDE FROM ! BURN+ ( FOSSIL FUELS C\LD RAISE PLANET>Y TEMP]ATURES GO BACK TO ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY & HAVE BE5 REPEAT$ FROM TIME TO TIME S9CE !N1 ?\< MORE (T5 AS ATMOSPH]IC CURIOSITIES ?AN AS S]I\S ECOLOGICAL W>N+S4 ,I WROTE AS E>LY AS #aifd ?AT 9CREASES 9 ! 0BLANKET ( C>BON DIOXIDE0 FROM FOSSIL-FUEL COMBU/ION 0WILL LEAD TO MORE DE/RUCTIVE /ORM PATT]NS & EV5TUALLY TO MELT+ ( POL> ICE CAPS1 RIS+ SEA LEVELS1 & ! 9UNDATION ( VA/ L& >EAS40 ,! POSSIBILITY ( ACID RA9 & ! SY/EMATIC DE=E/ATION ( ! EQUATORIAL RA9-=E/ BELT1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! IMPACT ( *LOR(LUOROC>BONS ON ! ,E>?'S OZONE LAY]1 C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 =ESE5 9 TE*NICAL DETAIL4 ,BUT ! L>G] ISSUE ( 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION ON A GLOBAL SCALE & ! DISRUPTIONS ( BASIC NATURAL CYCLES WAS ALREADY ON ! RADICAL AG5DA 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 LONG BE=E ,E>? ,DAY WAS PROCLAIM$ & ECOLOGICAL ISSUES W]E R$UC$ TO RIDD+ CITY /REETS ( CANS1 BOTTLES1 & G>BAGE4 ,PR$ICTIONS ( DISA/] COME *EAP :5 !Y >E NOT D]IV$ FROM REASON$ ANALYSIS ( ! SORT ?AT HAS BECOME UNPOPUL> 9 ?IS ]A ( ,NEW ,AGE MY/ICISM4 ,BUT WE HAVE NO REASON TO REJOICE 9 ! FACT ?AT ,M>G>ET ,?AT*] (T5 S\NDS LIKE AN 5VIRONM5TALLY ORI5T$ 0,GRE50 9 H] PUBLIC W>N+S AB\T ! ,GRE5H\SE ,EFFECT1 IF WE BE> 9 M9D ?AT ,?AT*]ISM 9 ,BRITA9 CAN (T5 BE EQUAT$ ) A TRANSITION TO HI<-TE*NOLOGY & NUCLEONICS4 ,NOR W\LD IT BE P>TICUL>LY 5C\RAG+ TO LE>N ?AT ,MIKHAIL ,GORBA*EV IS PREP>$ TO FOLL[ ,?AT*] 9 PHAS+ \T ! OLD] 0RU/-BELT0 9DU/RIES & !IR FOSSIL-FUEL 5]GY 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ,*]NOBYL & E>LI]1 POSSIBLY WORSE NUCLE> 0EV5TS0 WE HAV5'T YET HE>D MU* AB\T4 ,IF SOLUTIONS TO ! ,GRE5H\SE ,EFFECT CREATE POT5TIALLY MORE DISA/R\S PROBLEMS LIKE ! PROLIF]ATION ( 0CLEAN10 NUCLE> P[] & ITS LONG-LIV$ RADIOACTIVE DEBRIS1 ! WORLD MAY BE WORSE (F AS A RESULT ( ?IS NEW K9D ( 5VIRONM5TAL ?9K+ ,ATTEMPTS BY ,PRESID5T ,BU% TO JO9 ?IS *ORUS BY REVIS+ ! ,CLEAN ,AIR ,ACT TO R$UCE HI< OZONE LEVELS1 CANC]-CAUS+ POLLUTANTS1 & O!R TOXIC SUB/ANCES HAVE E>N$ ALMO/ AS MU* CRITICISM AS PRAISE4 ,! EFFECTS ( ,BU%'S PROPOSALS :I* >E MODE/ 5\< IF WE BE> 9 M9D ! APPALL+ MAGNITUDE ( ! 5VIRO NM5TAL CA/S-WILL NOT BE FULLY FELT UNTIL ! FIR/ DECADE ( ! NEXT C5TURY4 ,UND]/&ABLY1 ?AT HAS >\S$ ! IRE ( 5VIRONM5TALI/S4 ,MOREOV]1 = ,BU% TO LEAVE ! EXECUTION ( HIS PLAN TO 9DU/RY IS TO GU>ANTEE ?AT ! CO/S ( POLLUTION-CONTROL TE*NOLOGY WILL BE PASS$ ON1 ) SOME EXTRAS1 TO ! CONSUM] & ?AT MANY ( ! PROPOSALS WILL BE HONOR$ 9 ! BREA*4 ,:AT 5VIRONM5TALI/S MU/ EMPHASIZE IS ?AT ! GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS SY/EMIC NOT SIMPLY ! PRODUCT ( R&OM MI%APS4 ,IF ! ,EXXON ,VALDEZ DISA/] IS TREAT$ M]ELY AS AN 0ACCID5T0 AS W]E ,*]NOBYL & ,?REE ,MILE ,IS- ,UNLIMIT$ GR[? IS PU%+ BACK ! EVOLUTION>Y CLOCK4 ,SOIL IS BE+ TURN$ 9TO S&2 =E/S 9TO MOONSCAPES2 RIV]S1 LAKES1 & OCEANS 9TO SEW]S4 L&-WE WILL HAVE DEFLECT$ PUBLIC ATT5TION FROM A SOCIAL CRISIS ( HI/ORIC PROPORTIONS3 ,WE DO NOT SIMP#aY LIVE 9 A WORLD ( PROBLEMS BUT 9 A HI-REA*+ /RUCTURAL *ANGE4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ OBVI\S ( \R SY/EMIC PROBLEMS IS UNCONTROLLABLE GR[?4 ,I USE ! WORD 0UNCONTROLLABLE0 ADVIS$LY1 9 PREF]5CE TO 0UNCONTROLL$40 ,! GR[? ( :I* ,I SPEAK IS NOT HUMANITY'S COLONIZATION ( ! PLANET OV] MILL5NIA ( HI/ORY4 ,IT IS RA!R AN 9EXORABLE MAT]IAL REALITY ?AT IS UNIQUE TO \R ]A3 NAMELY1 ?AT UNLIMIT$ ECONOMIC GR[? IS ASSUM$ TO BE EVID5CE ( HUMAN PROGRESS4 ,WE HAVE TAK5 ?IS NOTION SO MU* = GRANT$ OV] ! PA/ FEW G5]ATIONS ?AT IT IS AS IMMUTABLY FIX$ 9 \R CONSCI\SNESS AS ! SANCTITY ( PROP]TY ITSELF4 ,GR[? IS1 9 FACT1 ALMO/ SYNONYM\S ) ! M>KET ECONOMY ?AT PREVAILS TODAY4 ,?AT FACT F9DS ITS CLE>E/ EXPRESSION 9 ! M>KETPLACE MAXIM1 0,GR[ OR DIE40 ,WE LIVE 9 A COMPETITIVE WORLD 9 :I* RIVALRY IS A LAW ( ECONOMIC LIFE2 PR(IT1 A SOCIAL AS WELL AS P]SONAL DESID]ATUM2 LIMIT OR RE/RA9T1 AN >*AISM2 & ! COMMODITY1 A SUB/ITUTE = ! TRADITIONAL M$IUM = E/ABLI%+ ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS-NAMELY1 ! GIFT4 ,IT'S NOT 5\<1 H[EV]1 TO BLAME \R 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS ON ! OBSESSION ) GR[?4 ,A SY/EM ( DEEPLY 5TR5*$ /RUCTURES-( :I* GR[? IS M]ELY A SURFACE MANIFE/ATION-MAKES UP \R SOCIETY4 ,!SE /RUCTURES >E BEYOND MORAL CONTROL1 MU* AS ! FL[ ( ADR5AL9E IS BEYOND ! CONTROL ( A FRIKET SOCIETY 7BE IT ( ! CORPORATE K9D F\ND 9 ! ,WE/ OR ! BUREAUCRATIC K9D F\ND 9 ! ,EA/71 COMPETITION ITSELF G5]ATES A NE$ = GR[?4 ,GR[? IS EA* 5T]PRISE'S DEF5SE AGA9/ ! ?REAT ( ABSORPTION BY A RIVAL4 ,MORAL ISSUES HAVE NO BE>+ ON ?IS COMPELL+ ADV]S>IAL RELATION%IP4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT A M>KET ECONOMY BECOMES SO P]VASIVE ?AT IT TURNS SOCIETY ITSELF 9TO A M>KETPLACE-A VA/ %OPP+ MALL-IT DICTATES ! MORAL P>AMET]S (-HUMAN LIFE & MAKES GR[? SYNONYM\S ) P]SONAL AS WELL AS SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,ONE'S P]SONALITY1 LOVE LIFE1 9COME1 OR BODY ( BELIEFS1 NO LESS ?AN AN 5T]PRISE1 MU/ GR[ OR DIE4 ,?IS M>KET SOCIETY SEEMS TO HAVE OBLIT]AT$ FROM MO/ PEOPLE'S MEMORY ANO!R WORLD ?AT ONCE PLAC$ LIMITS ON GR[?1 /RESS$ COOP]ATION OV] COMPETITION1 & VALU$ ! GIFT AS A BOND ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 ,9 ?AT REMOTE WORLD1 ! M>KET WAS M>G9AL TO A DOME/IC OR 0NATURAL0 SOCIETY & TRAD+ COMMUNITIES EXI/$M]ELY 9 ! 09T]/ICES0 ( ! PREM>KET WORLD1 TO USE ,M>X'S APPROPRIATE WORDS4 ,TODAY1 A RA!R NAIVE LIB]AL LANGUAGE LEGITIMATES A CONDITION WE ALREADY TAKE AS MU* = GRANT$ AS ! AIR WE BREA!3 0HEAL?Y0 GR[?1 0FREE0 COMPETITION1 & 0RUGG$0 9DIVIDUALISM-EUPHEMISMS ?AT EV]Y 9SECURE SOCIETY ADOPTS TO TRANS=M ITS MORE PR$ATORY ATTRIBUTES 9TO VIRTUES4 0,IT'S BUS9ESS1 NOT P]SONAL1 ,SONNY60 AS ! ,GODFA!R'S CONSIGLI]E SAYS AFT] ! FAMILY PATRI>* HAS BE5 PUMP$ FULL ( BULLETS BY HIS ,MAFIA RIVALS4 ,?US >E ALL P]SONAL VALUES R$UC$ TO 5TREPR5]9AL ONES4 ,IT HAS BE5 DAWN+ ON ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD1 :I* IS RAPIDLY US+ UP MANY ( ITS RES\RCES1 ?AT GR[? IS EAT+ AWAY ! BIOSPH]E AT A PACE UNPREC$5T$ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,DE=E/ATION FROM ACID RA91 ITSELF A PRODUCT ( FOSSIL FUEL COMBU/ION1 IS MAT*$ OR EV5 EXCE$$ BY ! SY/EMATIC BURN+ ?AT IS CLEAN+ VA/ RA9 =E/S4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( ! OZONE LAY]1 WE >E BEG9N+ TO LE>N1 IS OCCURR+ ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 NOT JU/ 9 ,ANT>CTICA4 ,WE N[ S5SE ?AT UNLIMIT$ GR[? IS LIT]ALLY RECYCL+ ! COMPLEX ORGANIC PRODUCTS ( NATURAL EVOLUTION 9TO ! SIMPLE M9]AL CON/ITU5TS ( ! ,E>? AT ! DAWN ( LIFE BILLIONS ( YE>S AGO4 ,SOIL ?AT WAS 9 ! MAK+ = MILL5NIA IS BE+ TUNN$ 9TO S&2 RI*LY =E/$ REGIONS FILL$ ) COMPLEX LIFE-=MS >E BE+ R$UC$ TO B>R5 MOONSCAPES2 RIV]S1 LAKES1 & EV5 VA/ OCEANIC REGIONS >E BECOM+ NOXI\S & LE?AL SEW]S1 RADIO NUCLIDES1 TOGE!R ) AN 5DLESS & EV]-9CREAS+ >RAY ( TOXICANTS1 >E 9VAD+ ! AIR WE BREA!1 ! WAT] WE DR9K1 & ALMO/ EV]Y FOOD ITEM ON ! D9N] TABLE4 ,NOT EV5 SEAL$1 AIR-CONDITION$1 & SANITIZ$ (FICES >E IMMUNE TO ?IS POISON\S DELUGE4 ,GR[? IS ONLY ! MO/ IMM$IATE CAUSE ( ?IS PU%+ BACK ( ! EVOLUTION>Y CLOCK TO A MORE PRIMORDIAL & ,UNLESS GR[? IS TRAC$ TO ITS BASIC S\RCE-COMPETITION 9 A M>KET SOCIETY-! DEM& = CONTROLL+ GR[? IS MEAN+LESS AS WELL AS UNATTA9ABLE4 M9]ALIZ$ WORLD4 ,& CALL+ = 0LIMITS TO GR[?0 IS M]ELY ! FIR/ /EP T[>D BR++ ! MAGNITUDE ( \R 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS UND] PUBLIC PURVIEW4 ,UNLESS GR[? IS TRAC$ TO ITS BASIC S\RCE-COMPETITION 9 A GR[-OR-DIE M>KET SOCIETY-! DEM& = CONTROLL+ GR[? IS MEAN+LESS AS WELL AS UNATTA9ABLE4 ,WE CAN NO MORE >RE/ GR[? :ILE LEAV+ ! M>KET 9TACT ?AN WE CAN >RE/ EGOISM :ILE LEAV+ RIVALRY 9TACT4 ,9 ?IS HIDD5 WORLD ( CAUSE-&-EFFECT1 ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T & ! PUBLIC /& AT A CROSSROADS4 ,IS GR[? A PRODUCT ( 0CONSUM]ISM0 -! MO/ SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE & SOCIALLY NEUTRAL EXPLANATION ?AT WE USUALLY 5C\NT] 9 DISCUSSIONS ( 5VIRONM5TAL DET]IORATION8 ,OR DOES GR[? OCCUR BECAUSE ( ! NATURE ( PRODUCTION = A M>KET ECONOMY8 ,TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 WE CAN SAY4 BO?4 ,BUT ! OV]ALL REALITY ( A M>KET ECONOMY IS ?AT CONSUM] DEM& = A NEW PRODUCT R>ELY OCCURS SPONTANE\SLY1 NOR IS ITS CONSUMPTION GUID$ PURELY BY P]SONAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,TODAY1 DEM& IS CREAT$ NOT BY CONSUM]S BUT BY PRODUC]S-SPECIFICALLY1 BY 5T]PRISES CALL$ ADV]TIS+ AG5CIES ?AT USE A HO/ ( TE*NIQUES TO MANIPULATE PUBLIC TA/E4 ,AM5CAN WA%+ & DRY+ MA*9ES1 = EXAMPLE1 >E ALL BUT CON/RUCT$ TO BE US$ COMMUNALLY-& !Y >E COMMUNALLY US$ 9 MANY AP>TM5T BUILD+S4 ,!IR PRIVATIZATION 9 HOMES1 :]E !Y /& IDLE MO/ ( ! TIME1 IS A RESULT ( ADV]TIS+ +5UITY4 ,ONE CAN SURVEY ! 5TIRE L&SCAPE ( TYPICAL 0CONSUM]0 ITEMS & F9D MANY O!R EXAMPLES ( ! IRRATIONAL CONSUMPTION ( PRODUCTS BY 9DIVIDUALS & SMALL FAMILIES-0CONSUM]0 ITEMS ?AT READILY L5D !MSELVES TO PUBLIC USE4 ,ANO!R POPUL> EXPLANATION ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS IS POPULATION 9CREASE4 ,?IS >GUM5T W\LD BE MORE COMPELL+ IF IT C\LD BE %[N ?AT C\NTRIES ) ! L>GE/ RATES ( POPULATION 9CREASE >E ! L>GE/ CONSUM]S ( 5]GY1 RAW MAT]IAL1 OR EV5 FOOD4 ,BUT SU* CORRELATIONS >E NOTORI\SLY FALSE4 ,(T5 M]E D5SITY ( POPULATION IS EQUAT$ ) OV]POPULATION 9 A GIV5 C\NTRY OR REGION4 ,SU* >GUM5TS1 COMMONLY CYNICAL 9 !IR USE ( GRAPHICS-SC5ES ( CONGE/$ ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY /REETS & SUBWAY /ATIONS DUR+ RU% H\RS1 = EXAMPLE-H>DLY DES]VE S]I\S NOTICE4 ,WE HAVE YET TO DET]M9E H[ MANY PEOPLE ! PLANET CAN SU/A9 )\T COMPLETE ECOLOGICAL DISRUPTION4 ,! DATA >E F> FROM CONCLUSIVE1 BUT !Y >E SURELY HI FROM A SCI5CE1 \T IT IS A NOTORI\S POLITICAL WEAPON :OSE ABUSE HAS DISA/R\SLY CLAIM$ ! LIVES ( MILLIONS OV] ! C\RSE ( ! C5TURY4 ,F9ALLY1 09DU/RIAL SOCIETY10 TO USE A G5TEEL EUPHEMISM = CAPITALISM1 HAS ALSO BECOME AN EASY EXPLANATION = ! 5VIRONM5TAL ILLS ?AT AFFLICT \R TIME4 ,BUT A BLISSFUL IGNORANCE CL\DS ! FACT ?AT SEV]AL C5TUNES AGO1 MU* ( ,5GL&'S =E/ L&1 9CLUD+ ,ROB9 ,HOOD'S LEG- 5D>Y HAUNTS1 WAS DE=E/$ BY ! CRUDE AXES ( RURAL PROLET>IANS TO PRODUCE *>COAL = A TE*NOLOGICALLY SIMPLE METALLURGICAL ECONOMY & TO CLE> L& = PR(ITABLE %EEP RUNS4 ,?IS OCCURR$ LONG BE=E ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,TE*NOLOGY MAY MAGNIFY A PROBLEM OR EV5 ACCEL]ATE ITS EFFECTS4 ,BUT ) OR )\T A 0TE*NOLOGICAL IMAG9ATION0 7TO USE ,JACQUES ,ELLUL'S EXPRESSION71 R>ELY DOES IT PRODUCE ! PROBLEM ITSELF4 ,9DE$1 ! RATIONALIZATION ( WORK BY MEANS ( ASSEMBLY-L9E TE*NIQUES GOES BACK TO SU* PAT5TLY PRE-9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES AS ! PYRAMID-BUILD]S ( ANCI5T ,EGYPT1 :O DEVELOP$ A VA/ HUMAN MA*9E TO BUILD TEMPLES & MAUSOLEUMS4 ,TO TAKE GR[? \T ( ITS PROP] SOCIAL CONTEXT IS TO DI/ORT & PRIVATIZE ! PROBLEM4 ,IT IS 9ACCURATE & UNFAIR TO CO]CE PEOPLE 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT !Y >E P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = PRES5T-DAY ECOLOGICAL DANG]S BECAUSE !Y CONSUME TOO MU* OR PROLIF]ATE TOO READILY4 ,?IS PRIVATIZATION ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS1 LIKE ,NEW ,AGE CULTS ?AT FOCUS ON P]SONAL PROBLEMS RA!R ?AN ON SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS1 HAS R$UC$ MANY 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5TS TO UTT] 9EFFECTIV5ESS & ?REAT5S TO DIM9I% !IR CR$IBILITY ) ! PUBLIC4 ,IF 0SIMPLE LIV+0 & MILITANT RECYCL+ >E ! MA9 SOLUTIONS TO ! 5VIRONM5TAL CA/S1 ! CRISIS WILL C]TA9LY CONT9UE & 9T5SIFY4 ,IRONICALLY1 MANY ORD9>Y PEOPLE & !IR FAMILIES CANNOT AF=D TO LIVE 0SIMPLY40 ,IT IS A DEM&+ 5T]PRISE :5 ONE CONSID]S ! CO/L9ESS ( 0SIMPLE0 H&-CRAFT$ >TIFACTS & ! EXORBITANT PRICE ( ORGANIC & 0RECYCL$0 GOODS4 ,MOREOV]1 :AT ! 0PRODUCTION 5D0 ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS CANNOT SELL TO ! 0CONSUMPTION 5D10 IT WILL C]TA9LY SELL ,IT IS UNFAIR TO CO]CE PEOPLE 9TO BELIEV+ !Y >E P]SONALLY RESPONSIBLE = ! CRISIS4 ',SIMPLE LIV+' & MILITANT RECYCL+ WILL NOT SOLVE IT4 TO ! MILIT>Y4 ,G5]AL ,ELECTRIC 5JOYS CONSID]ABLE EM95CE NOT ONLY = ITS REFRIG]ATORS BUT ALSO = ITS ,GATL+ GUNS4 ,?IS %AD[Y SIDE ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEM-MILIT>Y PRODUCTION-CAN ONLY BE IGNOR$ BY ATTA9+ AN ECOLOGICAL AIRHEAD$NESS SO VACU\S AS TO DEFY DESCRIPTION4 ,PUBLIC CONC]N = ! 5VIRONM5T CANNOT BE ADDRESS$ BY PLAC+ ! BLAME ON GR[? )\T SPELL+ \T ! CAUSES ( GR[?4 ,NOR CAN AN EXPLANATION BE EXHAU/$ BY CIT+ 0CONSUM]ISM0 :ILE IGNOR+ ! S9I/] ROLE PLAY$ BY RIVAL PRODUC]S 9 %AP+ PUBLIC TA/E & GUID+ PUBLIC PUR*AS+ P[]4 ,ASIDE FROM ! CO/S 9VOLV$1 MO/ PEOPLE QUITE RI? ,FIR/6 GR\P7 MAY S\ND1 !Y >E NO LESS DEGRAD+ & DEP]SONALIZ+ ?AN ! TE*NOCRATIC UTOPIAS ISSU$ BY ,H4,G4 ,WELLS E>LY 9 ?IS C5TURY4 ,IT WILL TAKE A HI< DEGREE ( S5SITIVITY & REFLECTION-ATTRIBUTES ?AT >E FO/]$ BY ! CONSUMPTION ( SU* ITEMS AS BOOKS1 >T WORKS1 & MUSIC-TO GA9 AN UND]/&+ ( :AT ONE ULTIMATELY NE$S & DOES NOT NE$ TO BE A TRULY FULFILL$ P]SON4 ,)\T SU* PEOPLE 9 SUFFICI5T NUMB]S TO *ALL5GE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PLANET1 ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T WILL BE AS SUP]FICIAL 9 ! FUTURE AS IT IS 9EFFECTUAL TODAY4 ,! ISSUE ( GR[?1 !N1 CAN BE US$ EI!R TO DELIV] US OV] TO BANALITIES AB\T \R CONSUMPTION PATT]NS & TE*NOCRATIC PASSION = GADGETRY 7,BUDDHISM1 ,I NOTE1 HAS NOT R5D]$ ,JAPAN LESS TE*- NOCRATIC ?AN ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES7 OR TO GUIDE PUBLIC ?9K+ TO ! BASIC ISSUES ?AT BR+ ! SOCIAL S\RCES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS 9TO CLE> FOCUS4 ,9 ,V]MONT1 = EXAMPLE1 ,LEFT ,GRE5S :O >E SEEK+ TO RADICALIZE ! /ATE'S RA!R TEPID 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T HAVE FOLL[$ ! LOGIC ( DIM9I%$ GR[? ALONG *ALL5G+ & USEFUL L9ES4 ,9 !IR DEM& = A YE>-LONG MORATORIUM ON GR[? & A PUBLIC DISCUSSION ( VITAL NE$S1 !Y HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE TO ASK KEY QUE/IONS AB\T ! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY GR[? CONTROL4 ,BY :AT CRIT]IA >E WE TO DET]M9E :AT CON/ITUTES NE$LESS GR[?1 = EXAMPLE1 & :AT IS NE$FUL GR[?8 ,:O WILL MAKE ?IS DECISION-/ATE AG5CIES1 T[N MEET+S1 ALLIANCES AMONG T[NS ON A C\NTYWIDE BASIS1 NEIM]S TO SAVE F>MS = FUTURE G5]ATIONS8 ,%\LD !Y BR+ MAJOR 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CONC]NS UND] ! CONTROL ( CITIZ5 ASSEMBLIES8 ,%\LD !Y E/ABLI% LEGAL CRIT]IA TO DET]M9E ECOLOGICALLY S\ND RE/RICTIONS ON DEVEL- OP]S & V5TURE-CAPITAL 9VE/ORS8 ,?IS SEQU5CE ( QUE/IONS1 EA* ( :I* LOGICALLY FOLL[S FROM ! IDEA ( CONTROLL+ GR[?1 CAN HAVE IMPRESSIVE CONSEQU5CES4 ,IT HAS =C$ PEOPLE 9 ,V]MONT COMMUNITIES TO ?9K ?R\< ! NATURE ( !IR PRIORITIES3 GR[? OR A DEC5T 5VIRONM5T8 ,C5TRALIZ$ OR LOCAL P[]8 ,COMMUNITY ALLIANCES OR BUREAUCRATIC AG5CIES8 ,! EXPLOITATIVE USE ( PROP]TY ?AT 9VOLVES ! PUBLIC WELF>E OR ! COMMUNAL CONTROL ( SU* PROP]TY8 ,A NUMB] ( ,V]MONT T[NS HAVE *ALL5G$ ! RID ! DEM&S ( CITIZ5S & T[N MEET+S TO 9HIBIT GR[?-9DE$1 TO IGNORE !IR ATTEMPTS TO DET]M9E !IR [N DE/9Y4 ,NEW ,AGE 5VIRONM5TALISM & CONV5TIONAL 5VIRONM5TALISM ?AT PLACE LIMITS ON S]I\S1 9-DEP? ECOLOGICAL ?9K+ HAVE BE5 9CREAS+LY REPLAC$ BY SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?AT EXPLORES ! ECONOMIC & 9/ITUTIONAL FACTORS ?AT 5T] 9TO ! 5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ?IS MORE MATURE DISC\RSE1 ! ,VALDEZ OIL SPILL IS NO LONG] SE5 AS AN ,ALASKAN MATT]1 AN 0EPISODE0 9 ! GEOGRAPHY ( POLLUTION4 ,RA!R IT IS RECOGNIZ$ AS A SOCIAL ACT ?AT RAISES SU* 0ACCID5TS0 TO ! LEVEL ( SY/EMIC PROBLEMS-ROOT$ NOT 9 CONSUM]ISM1 TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE1 & POPULATION GR[? BUT 9 AN IRRATIONAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 AN ABUSE ( TE*NOLOGY BY A GR[-OR-DIE ECONOMY1 & ! DEMOGRAPHICS ( POV]TY & WEAL?4 ,ECOLOGICAL DISLOCATION CANNOT BE SEP>AT$ FROM SOCIAL DISLOCATIONS4 ,! SOCIAL ROOTS ( \R 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS CANNOT REMA9 HIDD5 )\T TRIVIALIZ+ ! CA/S ITSELF & ?W>T+ ITS RESOLUTION4 ,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JULY #c#a1 #aihi 3 ,DEA? ( A ,SMALL ,PLANET -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,DEA? ( A ,SMALL ,PLANET -- ,ADD$4 ,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,DEA? ( A ,SMALL ,PLANET -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/