,*APT] #g 
,HONOR & ,DEGRADATION1 ,OR1 ,ON ! ,F\NDATIONS ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,CIVILIZATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,HONOR & ,DEGRADATION1 OR1 ,ON ! ,F\NDATIONS ( ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,CIVILIZATION 

  
  

UR#e .<,H,>.> 33 N41 LIV]2 SPLE52 HE>T1 S\L2 BULK1 MA9 BODY2 F\NDATION2 LOAN2 OBLIGATION2 9T]E/2 SURPLUS1 PR(IT2 9T]E/-BE>+ DEBT2 REPAYM5T2 SLAVE-WOMAN4 

--E>LY ,SUM]IAN DICTION>Y.<#c#a#a.>  
  
  

,IT IS JU/ TO GIVE EA* :AT IS [$4 

--,SIMONIDES  
  

,9 ! LA/ *APT]1 ,I (F]$ A GLIMPSE ( H[ HUMAN ECONOMIES1 ) !IR SOCIAL CURR5CIES--:I* >E US$ TO MEASURE1 ASSESS1 & MA9TA9 RELATION%IPS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 & ONLY P]HAPS 9CID5TALLY TO ACQUIRE MAT]IAL GOODS--MI<T BE TRANS=M$ 9TO SOME?+ ELSE4 ,:AT WE DISCOV]$ WAS ?AT WE CANNOT BEG9 TO ?9K AB\T SU* QUE/IONS )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! ROLE ( %E] PHYSICAL VIOL5CE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ,AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE1 ?IS WAS PRIM>ILY VIOL5CE IMPOS$ FROM \TSIDE4 ,NONE!LESS1 ITS V]Y SUDD5NESS1 ITS V]Y BRUTALITY1 PROVIDES US ) A SORT ( FREEZE-FRAME ( A PROCESS ?AT MU/ HAVE OCCURR$ 9 A MU* SL[]1 MORE HAPHAZ>D FA%ION 9 O!R TIMES & PLACES4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT SLAV]Y1 ) ITS UNIQUE ABILITY TO RIP HUMAN BE+S FROM !IR CONTEXTS1 TO TURN !M 9TO AB/RACTIONS1 PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! RISE ( M>KETS EV]Y:]E4 

,:AT HAPP5S1 !N1 :5 ! SAME PROCESS HAPP5S MORE SL[LY8 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT MU* ( ?IS HI/ORY IS P]MAN5TLY LO/--S9CE 9 BO? ! ANCI5T ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ! ANCI5T ,M$IT]RANEAN1 MO/ ( ! REALLY CRITICAL MOM5TS SEEM TO HAVE OCCURR$ JU/ BE=E ! ADV5T ( WRITT5 RECORDS4 ,/ILL1 ! BROAD \TL9ES CAN BE RECON/RUCT$4 ,! BE/ WAY TO DO SO1 ,I BELIEVE1 IS TO />T FROM A S+LE1 ODD1 VEX$ CONCEPT3 ! CONCEPT ( HONOR1 :I* CAN BE TREAT$ AS A K9D ( >TIFACT1 OR EV5 AS A HI]OGLYPHIC1 A FRAGM5T PRES]V$ FROM HI/ORY ?AT SEEMS TO COMPRESS 9TO ITSELF ! ANSW] TO ALMO/ EV]Y?+ WE'VE BE5 TRY+ TO UND]/&4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 VIOL5CE3 M5 :O LIVE BY VIOL5CE1 :E!R SOLDI]S OR GANG/]S1 >E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY OBSESS$ ) HONOR1 & ASSAULTS ON HONOR >E CONSID]$ ! MO/ OBVI\S JU/IFICATION = ACTS ( VIOL5CE4 ,ON ! O!R1 DEBT4 ,WE SPEAK BO? ( DEBTS ( HONOR1 & HONOR+ ONE'S DEBTS2 9 FACT1 ! TRANSITION FROM ONE TO ! O!R PROVIDES ! BE/ CLUE TO H[ DEBTS EM]GE FROM OBLIGATIONS2 EV5 AS ! NOTION ( HONOR SEEM$ TO E*O A DEFIANT 9SI/5CE ?AT F9ANCIAL DEBTS >E NOT REALLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ONES2 AN E*O1 H]E1 ( >GUM5TS ?AT1 LIKE ?OSE 9 ! ,V$AS & ! ,BIBLE1 GO BACK TO ! V]Y DAWN ( ! M>KET ITSELF4 ,EV5 MORE DI/URB+LY1 S9CE ! NOTION ( HONOR MAKES NO S5SE )\T ! POSSIBILITY ( DEGRADATION1 RECON/RUCT+ ?IS HI/ORY REVEALS H[ MU* \R BASIC CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM & MORALITY TOOK %APE )9 9/ITUTIONS--NOTABLY1 BUT NOT ONLY1 SLAV]Y--?AT WE'D SOON] NOT HAVE TO ?9K AB\T AT ALL4 

,TO UND]SCORE SOME ( ! P>ADOXES SURR\ND+ ! CONCEPT & BR+ HOME :AT'S REALLY AT /AKE H]E1 LET US CONSID] ! /ORY ( ONE MAN :O SURVIV$ ! ,MIDDLE ,PASSAGE3 ,OLAUDAH ,EQUIANO1 BORN SOMETIME >\ND #agde 9 A RURAL COMMUNITY SOME:]E )9 ! CONF9ES ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,B594 ,KIDNAPP$ FROM HIS HOME AT ! AGE ( ELEV51 ,EQUIANO WAS EV5TUALLY SOLD TO ,BRITI% SLAV]S OP]AT+ 9 ! ,BI<T ( ,BIAFRA1 FROM :5CE HE WAS CONVEY$ FIR/ TO ,B>BADOS1 !N TO A PLANTATION 9 COLONIAL ,VIRG9IA4 

,EQUIANO'S FUR!R ADV5TURES--& !RE W]E MANY-->E N>RAT$ 9 HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY1 ,! ,9T]E/+ ,N>RATIVE ( ! ,LIFE ( ,OLAUDAH ,EQUIANO3 OR1 ,GU/AVUS ,VASSA1 ! ,AFRICAN1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#h#i4 ,AFT] SP5D+ MU* ( ! ,SEV5 ,YE>S' ,W> HAUL+ GUNP[D] ON A ,BRITI% FRIGATE1 HE WAS PROMIS$ HIS FRE$OM1 D5I$ HIS FRE$OM1 SOLD TO SEV]AL [N]S--:O REGUL>LY LI$ TO HIM1 PROMIS+ HIS FRE$OM1 & !N BROKE !IR WORD--UNTIL HE PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( A ,QUAK] M]*ANT 9 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 :O EV5TUALLY ALL[$ HIM TO PUR*ASE HIS FRE$OM4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( HIS LAT] YE>S HE WAS TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL M]*ANT 9 HIS [N RI<T1 A BE/-SELL+ AU?OR1 AN ,>CTIC EXPLOR]1 & EV5TUALLY1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ VOICES ( ,5GLI% ,ABOLITIONISM4 ,HIS ELOQU5CE & ! P[] ( HIS LIFE /ORY PLAY$ SIGNIFICANT P>TS 9 ! MOVEM5T ?AT L$ TO ! ,BRITI% ABOLITION ( ! SLAVE TRADE 9 #a#h#g4 

,READ]S ( ,EQUIANO'S BOOK >E (T5 TR\BL$ BY ONE ASPECT ( ! /ORY3 ?AT = MO/ ( HIS E>LY LIFE1 HE WAS NOT OPPOS$ TO ! 9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y4 ,AT ONE PO9T1 :ILE SAV+ MONEY TO BUY HIS FRE$OM1 HE EV5 BRIEFLY TOOK A JOB ?AT 9VOLV$ PUR*AS+ SLAVES 9 ,AFRICA4 ,EQUIANO ONLY CAME >\ND TO AN ABOLITIONI/ POSITION AFT] CONV]T+ TO ,ME?ODISM & FALL+ 9 ) RELIGI\S ACTIVI/S AGA9/ ! TRADE4 ,MANY HAVE ASK$3 ,:Y DID IT TAKE HIM SO LONG8 ,SURELY IF ANYONE HAD REASON TO UND]/& ! EVILS ( SLAV]Y1 HE DID4 

,! ANSW] SEEMS1 ODDLY1 TO LIE 9 ! MAN'S V]Y 9TEGRITY4 ,ONE ?+ ?AT COMES ?R\< /RIK+LY 9 ! BOOK IS ?AT ?IS WAS NOT ONLY A MAN ( 5DLESS RES\RCEFULNESS & DET]M9ATION1 BUT ABOVE ALL1 A MAN ( HONOR4 ,YET ?IS CREAT$ A T]RIBLE DILEMMA4 ,TO BE MADE A SLAVE IS TO BE /RIPP$ ( ANY POSSIBLE HONOR4 ,EQUIANO WI%$ ABOVE ALL ELSE TO REGA9 :AT HAD BE5 TAK5 FROM HIM4 ,! PROBLEM IS ?AT HONOR IS1 BY DEF9ITION1 SOME?+ ?AT EXI/S 9 ! EYES ( O!RS4 ,TO BE ABLE TO RECOV] IT1 !N1 A SLAVE MU/ NECESS>ILY ADOPT ! RULES & /&>DS ( ! SOCIETY ?AT SURR\NDS HIM1 & ?IS MEANS ?AT1 9 PRACTICE AT LEA/1 HE CANNOT ABSOLUTELY REJECT ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT DEPRIV$ HIM ( HIS HONOR 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,IT /RIKES ME ?AT ?IS EXP]I5CE--( ONLY BE+ ABLE TO RE/ORE ONE'S LO/ HONOR1 TO REGA9 ! ABILITY TO ACT ) 9TEGRITY BY ACT+ 9 ACCORD ) ! T]MS ( A SY/EM ?AT ONE KN[S1 ?R\< DEEPLY TRAUMATIC P]SONAL EXP]I5CE1 TO BE UTT]LY UNJU/--IS ITSELF ONE ( ! MO/ PR(\NDLY VIOL5T ASPECTS ( SLAV]Y4 ,IT IS ANO!R EXAMPLE1 P]HAPS1 ( ! NE$ TO >GUE 9 ! MA/]'S LANGUAGE1 BUT H]E TAK5 TO 9SIDI\S EXTREMES4 

,ALL SOCIETIES BAS$ ON SLAV]Y T5D TO BE M>K$ BY ?IS AGONIZ+ D\BLE CONSCI\SNESS3 ! AW>5ESS ?AT ! HI<E/ ?+S ONE HAS TO /RIVE = >E ALSO1 ULTIMATELY1 WRONG2 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ! FEEL+ ?AT ?IS IS SIMPLY ! NATURE ( REALITY4 ,?IS MI<T HELP EXPLA9 :Y ?R\<\T MO/ ( HI/ORY1 :5 SLAVES DID REBEL AGA9/ !IR MA/]S1 !Y R>ELY REBELL$ AGA9/ SLAV]Y ITSELF4 ,BUT ! FLIP SIDE ( ?IS IS ?AT EV5 SLAVE-[N]S SEEM$ TO FEEL ?AT ! :OLE >RANGEM5T WAS SOMEH[ FUNDAM5TALLY P]V]SE OR UNNATURAL4 ,FIR/-YE> ,ROMAN LAW /UD5TS1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E MADE TO MEMORIZE ! FOLL[+ DEF9ITION3 

SLAV]Y 

IS AN 9/ITUTION ACCORD+ TO ! LAW ( NATIONS :]EBY ONE P]SON FALLS UND] ! PROP]TY RI<TS ( ANO!R1 CONTR>Y TO NATURE4.<#c#a#b.> 

,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 !RE WAS ALWAYS SE5 TO BE SOME?+ DISREPUTABLE & UGLY AB\T SLAV]Y4 ,ANYONE TOO CLOSE TO IT WAS TA9T$4 ,SLAVE-TRAD]S P>TICUL>LY W]E SCORN$ AS 9HUMAN BRUTES4 ,?R\<\T HI/ORY1 MORAL JU/IFICATIONS = SLAV]Y >E R>ELY TAK5 P>TICUL>LY S]I\SLY EV5 BY ?OSE :O ESP\SE !M4 ,= MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 MO/ PEOPLE SAW SLAV]Y MU* AS WE SEE W>3 A TAWDRY BUS9ESS1 TO BE SURE1 BUT ONE W\LD HAVE TO BE NAIVE 9DE$ TO IMAG9E IT C\LD SIMPLY BE ELIM9AT$4 

,HONOR ,IS ,SURPLUS ,DIGNITY 

  

,SO :AT IS SLAV]Y8 ,I'VE ALREADY BEGUN TO SUGGE/ AN ANSW] 9 ! LA/ *APT]4 ,SLAV]Y IS ! ULTIMATE =M ( BE+ RIPP$ FROM ONE'S CONTEXT1 & ?US FROM ALL ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?AT MAKE ONE A HUMAN BE+4 ,ANO!R WAY TO PUT ?IS IS ?AT ! SLAVE IS1 9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 DEAD4 

,?IS WAS ! CONCLUSION ( ! FIR/ S*OL> TO C>RY \T A BROAD HI/ORICAL SURVEY ( ! 9/ITUTION1 AN ,EGYPTIAN SOCIOLOGI/ NAM$ ,ALI ',ABD AL-,WAHID ,WAFI1 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#c#a4.<#c#a#c.> ,EV]Y:]E1 HE OBS]VES1 FROM ! ANCI5T WORLD TO !N-PRES5T-DAY ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ONE F9DS ! SAME LI/ ( POSSIBLE WAYS :]EBY A FREE P]SON MI<T BE R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y3 

#a7 ,BY ! LAW ( =CE 

A4 ,BY SURR5D] OR CAPTURE 9 W> 

B4 ,BY BE+ ! VICTIM ( RAID+ OR KIDNAPP+ 

#b7 ,AS LEGAL PUNI%M5T = CRIMES 79CLUD+ DEBT7 

#c7 ,?R\< PAT]NAL AU?ORITY 7A FA!R'S SALE ( HIS *ILDR57 

#d7 ,?R\< ! VOLUNT>Y SALE ( ONE'S SELF.<#c#a#d.> 

,EV]Y:]E1 TOO1 CAPTURE 9 W> IS CONSID]$ ! ONLY WAY ?AT IS CONSID]$ ABSOLUTELY LEGITIMATE4 ,ALL ! O!RS W]E SURR\ND$ BY MORAL PROBLEMS4 ,KIDNAPP+ WAS OBVI\SLY CRIM9AL1 & P>5TS W\LD NOT SELL *ILDR5 EXCEPT UND] DESP]ATE CIRCUM/ANCES4.<#c#a#e.> ,WE READ ( FAM9ES 9 ,*9A SO SEV]E ?AT ?\S&S ( POOR M5 W\LD CA/RATE !MSELVES1 9 ! HOPE ?AT !Y MI<T SELL !MSELVES AS EUNU*S AT C\RT--BUT ?IS WAS ALSO SE5 AS ! SIGN ( TOTAL SOCIAL BREAKD[N4.<#c#a#f.> ,EV5 ! JUDICIAL PROCESS C\LD EASILY BE CORRUPT$1 AS ! ANCI5TS W]E WELL AW>E--ESPECIALLY :5 IT CAME TO 5SLAVEM5T = DEBT4 

,ON ONE LEVEL1 AL-,WAHID'S >GUM5T IS JU/ AN EXT5D$ APOLOGIA = ! ROLE ( SLAV]Y 9 ,ISLAM--WIDELY CRITICIZ$1 S9CE ,ISLAMIC LAW NEV] ELIM9AT$ SLAV]Y1 EV5 :5 ! 9/ITUTION L>GELY VANI%$ 9 ! RE/ ( ! ,M$IEVAL WORLD4 ,TRUE1 HE >GUES1 ,MOHAMM$ DID NOT =BID ! PRACTICE1 BUT /ILL1 ! E>LY ,CALIPHATE WAS ! FIR/ GOV]NM5T WE KN[ ( ?AT ACTUALLY SUCCE$$ 9 ELIM9AT+ ALL !SE PRACTICES 7JUDICIAL ABUSE1 KIDNAP+S1 ! SALE ( (FSPR+7 ?AT HAD BE5 RECOGNIZ$ AS SOCIAL PROBLEMS = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 & TO LIMIT SLAV]Y /RICTLY TO PRISON]S ( W>4 

,! BOOK'S MO/ 5DUR+ CONTRIBUTION1 ?\<1 LAY SIMPLY 9 ASK+3 ,:AT DO ALL !SE CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE 9 COMMON8 ,AL-,WAHID'S ANSW] IS /RIK+ 9 ITS SIMPLICITY3 ONE BECOMES A SLAVE 9 SITUATIONS :]E ONE W\LD O!RWISE HAVE DI$4 ,?IS IS OBVI\S 9 ! CASE ( W>3 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ! VICTOR WAS ASSUM$ TO HAVE TOTAL P[] OV] ! VANQUI%$1 9CLUD+ !IR WOM5 & *ILDR52 ALL ( !M C\LD BE SIMPLY MASSACR$4 ,SIMIL>LY1 HE >GU$1 CRIM9ALS W]E CONDEMN$ TO SLAV]Y ONLY = CAPITAL CRIMES1 & ?OSE :O SOLD !MSELVES1 OR !IR *ILDR51 NORMALLY FAC$ />VATION4.<#c#a#g.> 

,?IS IS NOT JU/ TO SAY1 ?\<1 ?AT A SLAVE WAS SE5 AS [+ HIS MA/] HIS LIFE S9CE HE W\LD O!RWISE BE DEAD4.<#c#a#h.> ,P]HAPS ?IS WAS TRUE AT ! MOM5T ( HIS OR H] 5SLAVEM5T4 ,BUT AFT] ?AT1 A SLAVE C\LD NOT [E DEBTS1 BECAUSE 9 ALMO/ EV]Y IMPORTANT S5SE1 A SLAVE WAS DEAD4 ,9 ,ROMAN LAW1 ?IS WAS QUITE EXPLICIT4 ,IF A ,ROMAN SOLDI] WAS CAPTUR$ & LO/ HIS LIB]TY1 HIS FAMILY WAS EXPECT$ TO READ HIS WILL & DISPOSE ( HIS POSSESSIONS4 ,%\LD HE LAT] REGA9 HIS FRE$OM1 HE W\LD HAVE TO />T OV]1 EV5 TO ! PO9T ( REM>RY+ ! WOMAN :O WAS N[ CONSID]$ HIS WID[4.<#c#a#i.> 

,9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA1 ACCORD+ TO ONE ,FR5* AN?ROPOLOGI/1 ! SAME PR9CIPLES APPLI$3 

,ONCE HE HAD BE5 F9ALLY REMOV$ FROM HIS [N MILIEU ?R\< CAPTURE ! SLAVE WAS CONSID]$ AS SOCIALLY DEAD1 JU/ AS IF HE HAD BE5 VANQUI%$ & KILL$ 9 COMBAT4 ,AMONG ! ,M&E1 AT ONE TIME1 PRISON]S ( W> BR\<T HOME BY ! CONQU]ORS W]E (F]$ DEGE 7MILLET & MILK PORRIDGE7--BECAUSE IT WAS HELD ?AT A MAN %\LD NOT DIE ON AN EMPTY /OMA*--& !N PRES5T$ ) !IR >MS SO ?AT !Y C\LD KILL !MSELVES4 ,ANYONE :O REFUS$ WAS SLAPP$ ON ! FACE BY HIS ABDUCTOR & KEPT AS A CAPTIVE3 HE HAD ACCEPT$ ! CONTEMPT :I* DEPRIV$ HIM ( P]SONALITY4.<#c#b.> 

,TIV HORROR /ORIES AB\T M5 :O >E DEAD BUT DO NOT KN[ IT OR :O >E BR\<T BACK FROM ! GRAVE TO S]VE !IR MURD]]S1 & ,HAITIAN ZOMBIE /ORIES1 ALL SEEM TO PLAY ON ?IS ESS5TIAL HORROR ( SLAV]Y3 ! FACT ?AT IT'S A K9D ( LIV+ DEA?4 

,9 A BOOK CALL$ ,SLAV]Y & ,SOCIAL ,DEA?--SURELY ! MO/ PR(\ND COMP>ATIVE /UDY ( ! 9/ITUTION YET WRITT5--,ORL&O ,PATT]SON WORKS \T EXACTLY :AT IT HAS MEANT TO BE SO COMPLETELY & ABSOLUTELY RIPP$ FROM ONE'S CONTEXT4.<#c#b#a.> ,FIR/ ( ALL1 HE EMPHASIZES1 SLAV]Y IS UNLIKE ANY O!R =M ( HUMAN RELATION BECAUSE IT IS NOT A MORAL RELATION4 ,SLAVE-[N]S MI<T DRESS IT UP 9 ALL SORTS ( LEGALI/IC OR PAT]NALI/IC LANGUAGE1 BUT REALLY ?IS IS JU/ W9D[-DRESS+ & NO ONE REALLY BELIEVES IT2 REALLY1 IT IS A RELATION BAS$ PURELY ON VIOL5CE2 A SLAVE MU/ OBEY BECAUSE IF HE DOESN'T1 HE CAN BE BEAT51 TORTUR$1 OR KILL$1 & EV]YONE IS P]FECTLY WELL AW>E ( ?IS4 ,SECOND ( ALL1 BE+ SOCIALLY DEAD MEANS ?AT A SLAVE HAS NO B9D+ MORAL RELATIONS ) ANYONE ELSE3 HE IS ALI5AT$ FROM HIS ANCE/ORS1 COMMUNITY1 FAMILY1 CLAN1 CITY2 HE CANNOT MAKE CONTRACTS OR MEAN+FUL PROMISES1 EXCEPT AT ! :IM ( HIS MA/]2 EV5 IF HE ACQUIRES A FAMILY1 IT CAN BE BROK5 UP AT ANY TIME4 ,! RELATION ( PURE =CE ?AT ATTA*$ HIM TO HIS MA/] WAS H5CE ! ONLY HUMAN RELATION%IP ?AT ULTIMATELY MATT]$4 ,AS A RESULT--& ?IS IS ! ?IRD ESS5TIAL ELEM5T--! SLAVE'S SITUATION WAS ONE ( UTT] DEGRADATION4 ,H5CE ! ,M&E W>RIOR'S SLAP3 ! CAPTIVE1 HAV+ REFUS$ HIS ONE F9AL *ANCE TO SAVE HIS HONOR BY KILL+ HIMSELF1 MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT HE WILL N[ BE CONSID]$ AN 5TIRELY CONTEMPTIBLE BE+4.<#c#b#b.> 

,YET AT ! SAME TIME1 ?IS ABILITY TO /RIP O!RS ( !IR DIGNITY BECOMES1 = ! MA/]1 ! F\NDATION ( HIS HONOR4 ,AS ,PATT]SON NOTES1 !RE HAVE BE5 PLACES--! ,ISLAMIC WORLD AF=DS NUM]\S EXAMPLES--:]E SLAVES >E NOT EV5 PUT TO WORK = PR(IT2 9/EAD1 RI* M5 MAKE A PO9T ( SURR\ND+ !MSELVES ) BATTALIONS ( SLAVE RETA9]S SIMPLY = REASONS ( /ATUS1 AS TOK5S ( !IR MAGNIFIC5CE & NO?+ ELSE4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT GIVES HONOR ITS NOTORI\SLY FRAGILE QUALITY4 ,M5 ( HONOR T5D TO COMB9E A S5SE ( TOTAL EASE & SELF-ASSURANCE1 :I* COMES ) ! HABIT ( COMM&1 ) A NOTORI\S JUMP9ESS1 A HEI<T5$ S5SITIVITY TO SLI<TS & 9SULTS1 ! FEEL+ ?AT A MAN 7& IT IS ALMO/ ALWAYS A MAN7 IS SOMEH[ R$UC$1 HUMILIAT$1 IF ANY 0DEBT ( HONOR0 IS ALL[$ TO GO UNPAID4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE HONOR IS NOT ! SAME AS DIGNITY4 ,ONE MI<T EV5 SAY3 HONOR IS SURPLUS DIGNITY4 ,IT IS ?AT HEI<T5$ CONSCI\SNESS ( P[]1 & ITS DANG]S1 ?AT COMES FROM HAV+ /RIPP$ AWAY ! P[] & DIGNITY ( O!RS2 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 FROM ! KN[L$GE ?AT ONE IS CAPABLE ( DO+ SO4 ,AT ITS SIMPLE/1 HONOR IS ?AT EXCESS DIGNITY ?AT MU/ BE DEF5D$ ) ! KNIFE OR SWORD 7VIOL5T M51 AS WE ALL KN[1 >E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY OBSESS$ ) HONOR74 ,H5CE ! W>RIOR'S E?OS1 :]E ALMO/ ANY?+ ?AT C\LD POSSIBLY BE SE5 AS A SIGN ( DISRESPECT--9 9APPROPRIATE WORD1 AN 9APPROPRIATE GLANCE--IS CONSID]$ A *ALL5GE1 OR CAN BE TREAT$ AS SU*4 ,YET EV5 :]E OV]T VIOL5CE HAS L>GELY BE5 PUT \T ( ! PICTURE1 :]EV] HONOR IS AT ISSUE1 IT COMES ) A S5SE ?AT DIGNITY CAN BE LO/1 & !RE=E MU/ BE CON/ANTLY DEF5D$4 

,! RESULT IS ?AT TO ?IS DAY1 0HONOR0 HAS TWO CONTRADICTORY MEAN+S4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 WE CAN SPEAK ( HONOR AS SIMPLE 9TEGRITY4 ,DEC5T PEOPLE HONOR !IR COMMITM5TS4 ,?IS IS CLE>LY :AT 0HONOR0 MEANT = ,EQUIANO3 TO BE AN HONORABLE MAN MEANT TO BE ONE :O SPEAKS ! TRU?1 OBEYS ! LAW1 KEEPS HIS PROMISES1 IS FAIR & CONSCI5TI\S 9 HIS COMM]CIAL DEAL+S4.<#c#b#c.> ,HIS PROBLEM WAS ?AT HONOR SIMULTANE\SLY MEANT SOME?+ ELSE1 :I* HAD EV]Y?+ TO DO ) ! K9D ( VIOL5CE REQUIR$ TO R$UCE HUMAN BE+S TO COMMODITIES TO BEG9 )4 

,! READ] MI<T BE ASK+3 ,BUT :AT DOES ALL ?IS HAVE TO DO ) ! ORIG9S ( MONEY8 ,! ANSW] IS1 SURPRIS+LY3 EV]Y?+4 ,SOME ( ! MO/ G5U9ELY >*AIC =MS ( MONEY WE KN[ AB\T APPE> TO HAVE BE5 US$ PRECISELY AS MEASURES ( HONOR & DEGRADATION3 ?AT IS1 ! VALUE ( MONEY WAS1 ULTIMATELY1 ! VALUE ( ! P[] TO TURN O!RS 9TO MONEY4 ,! CURI\S PUZZLE ( ! CUMAL--! SLAVE-GIRL MONEY ( M$IEVAL ,IREL&--W\LD APPE> TO BE A DRAMATIC ILLU/RATION4 

,HONOR ,PRICE 7,E>LY ,M$IEVAL ,IREL&7 

  

,= MU* ( ITS E>LY HI/ORY1 ,IREL&'S SITUATION WAS NOT V]Y DIFF]5T ?AN ?AT 9 MANY ( ! ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES WE LOOK$ AT 9 ! 5D ( ! LA/ *APT]4 ,IT WAS A HUMAN ECONOMY P]*$ UNCOM=TABLY ON ! FR+E ( AN EXP&+ COMM]CIAL ONE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 AT C]TA9 P]IODS !RE WAS A V]Y LIVELY SLAVE TRADE4 ,AS ONE HI/ORIAN PUT IT1 0,IREL& HAS NO M9]AL WEAL?1 & =EIGN LUXURY GOODS C\LD BE B\<T BY ,IRI% K+S MA9LY = TWO EXPORT GOODS1 CATTLE & PEOPLE40.<#c#b#d.> ,H>DLY SURPRIS+1 P]HAPS1 ?AT CATTLE & PEOPLE W]E ! TWO MAJOR D5OM9ATIONS ( ! CURR5CY4 ,/ILL1 BY ! TIME \R E>LIE/ RECORDS KICK 91 >\ND #f,A,D1 ! SLAVE TRADE APPE>S TO HAVE DI$ (F1 & SLAV]Y ITSELF WAS A WAN+ 9/ITUTION1 COM+ UND] SEV]E DISAPPROVAL FROM ! ,*UR*4.<#c#b#e.> ,:Y1 !N1 W]E CUMAL /ILL BE+ US$ AS UNITS ( ACC\NT1 TO TALLY UP DEBTS ?AT W]E ACTUALLY PAID \T 9 C[S1 & 9 CUPS & BROO*ES & O!R OBJECTS MADE ( SILV]1 OR1 9 ! CASE ( M9OR TRANSACTIONS1 SACKS ( :EAT OR OATS8 ,& !RE'S AN EV5 MORE OBVI\S QUE/ION3 ,:Y WOM58 ,!RE W]E PL5TY ( MALE SLAVES 9 E>LY ,IREL&1 YET NO ONE SEEMS EV] TO HAVE US$ !M AS MONEY4 

,MO/ ( :AT WE KN[ AB\T ! ECONOMY ( E>LY ,M$IEVAL ,IREL& COMES FROM LEGAL S\RCES--A S]IES ( LAW CODES1 DRAWN UP BY A P[]FUL CLASS ( JURI/S1 DAT+ R\<LY FROM ! SEV5? TO N9? C5TURIES AD4 ,!SE1 H[EV]1 >E EXCEPTIONALLY RI*4 ,IREL& AT ?AT TIME WAS /ILL V]Y MU* A HUMAN ECONOMY4 ,IT WAS ALSO A V]Y RURAL ONE3 PEOPLE LIV$ 9 SCATT]$ HOME/EADS1 NOT UNLIKE ! ,TIV1 GR[+ :EAT & T5D+ CATTLE4 ,! CLOSE/ !RE W]E TO T[NS W]E A FEW CONC5TRATIONS >\ND MONA/]IES4 ,!RE APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 A NE> TOTAL ABS5CE ( M>KETS1 EXCEPT = A FEW ON ! COA/--PRESUMABLY1 MA9LY SLAVE OR CATTLE M>KETS--FREQU5T$ BY =EIGN %IPS4.<#c#b#f.> 

,AS A RESULT1 MONEY WAS EMPLOY$ ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY = SOCIAL PURPOSES3 GIFTS2 FEES TO CRAFTSM51 DOCTORS1 POETS1 JUDGES1 & 5T]TA9]S2 V>I\S FEUDAL PAYM5TS 7LORDS GAVE GIFTS ( CATTLE TO CLI5TS :O !N HAD TO REGUL>LY SUPPLY !M ) FOOD74 ,! AU?ORS ( ! LAW CODES DIDN'T EV5 KN[ H[ TO PUT A PRICE ON MO/ GOODS ( ORD9>Y USE--PIT*]S1 PILL[S1 *ISELS1 SLABS ( BACON1 & ! LIKE2 NO ONE SEEMS EV] TO HAVE PAID MONEY = !M4.<#c#b#g.> ,FOOD WAS %>$ 9 FAMILIES OR DELIV]$ TO FEUDAL SUP]IORS1 :O LAID IT \T 9 SUMPTU\S FEA/S = FRI5DS1 RIVALS1 & RETA9]S4 ,ANYONE NE$+ A TOOL OR FURNITURE OR CLO?+ EI!R W5T TO A K9SMAN ) ! RELEVANT CRAFT SKILLS OR PAID SOMEONE TO MAKE IT4 ,! OBJECTS !MSELVES W]E NOT = SALE4 ,K+S1 9 TURN1 ASSIGN$ TASKS TO DIFF]5T CLANS3 ?IS ONE WAS TO PROVIDE !M ) LEA!R1 ?IS ONE POETS1 ?IS ONE %IELDS 444 PRECISELY ! SORT ( UNWIELDY >RANGEM5T ?AT M>KETS W]E LAT] DEVELOP$ TO GET >\ND4.<#c#b#h.> 

,MONEY C\LD BE LOAN$4 ,!RE WAS A HI<LY COMPLEX SY/EM ( PL$GES & SURETIES TO GU>ANTEE ?AT DEBTORS DELIV]$ :AT !Y [$4 ,MA9LY1 ?\<1 IT WAS US$ = PAY+ F9ES4 ,!SE F9ES >E 5DLESSLY & METICUL\SLY ELABORAT$ 9 ! CODES1 BUT :AT REALLY /RIKES ! CONTEMPOR>Y OBS]V] IS ?AT !Y W]E C>EFULLY GRAD$ BY RANK4 ,?IS IS TRUE ( ALMO/ ALL ! 0,B>B>IAN ,LAW ,CODES0--! SIZE ( ! P5ALTIES USUALLY HAS AT LEA/ AS MU* DO ) ! /ATUS ( ! VICTIM AS IT DOES ) ! NATURE ( ! 9JURY--BUT ONLY 9 ,IREL& W]E ?+S MAPP$ \T QUITE SO SY/EMATICALLY4 

,! KEY TO ! SY/EM WAS A NOTION ( HONOR3 LIT]ALLY 0FACE40.<#c#b#i.> ,ONE'S HONOR WAS ! E/EEM ONE HAD 9 ! EYES ( O!RS1 ONE'S HONE/Y1 9TEGRITY1 & *>ACT]1 BUT ALSO ONE'S P[]1 9 ! S5SE ( ! ABILITY TO PROTECT ONESELF1 & ONE'S FAMILY & FOLL[]S1 FROM ANY SORT ( DEGRADATION OR 9SULT4 ,?OSE :O HAD ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( HONOR W]E LIT]ALLY SACR$ BE+S3 !IR P]SONS & POSSESSIONS W]E SACROSANCT4 ,:AT WAS SO UNUSUAL AB\T ,CELTIC SY/EMS--& ! ,IRI% ONE W5T FUR!R ) ?IS ?AN ANY O!R--WAS ?AT HONOR C\LD BE PRECISELY QUANTIFI$4 ,EV]Y FREE P]SON HAD HIS OR H] 0HONOR PRICE03 ! PRICE ?AT ONE HAD TO PAY = AN 9SULT TO ! P]SON'S DIGNITY4 ,!SE V>I$4 ,! HONOR PRICE ( A K+1 = 9/ANCE1 WAS SEV5 CUMAL1 OR SEV5 SLAVE GIRLS--?IS WAS ! /&>D HONOR PRICE = ANY SACR$ BE+1 ! SAME AS A BI%OP OR MA/] POET4 ,S9CE 7AS ALL S\RCES HA/5 TO PO9T \T7 SLAVE GIRLS W]E NOT NORMALLY PAID AS SU*1 ?IS W\LD MEAN1 9 ! CASE ( AN 9SULT TO SU* A P]SON'S DIGNITY1 ONE W\LD HAVE TO PAY TW5TY-ONE MILK C[S OR TW5TY-ONE \NCES ( SILV]4.<#c#c.> ,! HONOR PRICE ( A WEAL?Y PEASANT WAS TWO & A HALF C[S1 ( A M9OR LORD1 ?AT1 PLUS HALF A C[ ADDITIONALLY = EA* ( HIS FREE DEP5D5TS--& S9CE A LORD1 TO REMA9 A LORD1 HAD TO HAVE AT LEA/ FIVE ( !SE1 ?AT BR\<T HIM UP TO AT LEA/ FIVE C[S TOTAL4.<#c#c#a.> 

,HONOR PRICE IS NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) W]GELD--! ACTUAL PRICE ( A MAN OR WOMAN'S LIFE4 ,IF ONE KILL$ A MAN1 ONE PAID GOODS TO ! VALUE ( SEV5 CUMALS1 9 RECOMP5SE = KILL+ HIM1 TO :I* ONE !N ADD$ HIS HONOR PRICE1 = HAV+ (F5D$ AGA9/ HIS DIGNITY 7BY KILL+ HIM74 ,9T]E/+LY1 ONLY 9 ! CASE ( A K+ >E ! BLOOD PRICE & HIS HONOR PRICE ! SAME4 

,!RE W]E ALSO PAYM5TS = 9JURY3 IF ONE W\NDS A MAN'S *EEK1 ONE PAYS HIS HONOR PRICE PLUS ! PRICE ( ! 9JURY4 7,A BL[ TO ! FACE WAS1 = OBVI\S REASONS1 P>TICUL>LY EGREGI\S47 ,! PROBLEM WAS H[ TO CALCULATE ! 9JURY1 S9CE ?IS V>I$ ACCORD+ TO BO? ! PHYSICAL DAMAGE & /ATUS ( ! 9JUR$ P>TY4 ,H]E1 ,IRI% JURI/S DEVELOP$ ! +5I\S EXP$I5T ( MEASUR+ DIFF]5T W\NDS ) DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( GRA93 A CUT ON ! K+'S *EEK WAS MEASUR$ 9 GRA9S ( :EAT1 ON ?AT ( A SUB/ANTIAL F>M] 9 OATS1 ON ?AT ( A SMALLHOLD] M]ELY 9 PEAS4 ,ONE C[ WAS PAID = EA*4.<#c#c#b.> ,SIMIL>LY1 IF ONE /OLE1 SAY1 A MAN'S BROO* OR PIG1 ONE HAD TO PAY BACK ?REE BROO*ES OR ?REE PIGS--PLUS HIS HONOR PRICE1 = HAV+ VIOLAT$ ! SANCTITY ( HIS HOME/EAD4 ,ATTACK+ A PEASANT UND] ! PROTECTION ( A LORD WAS ! SAME AS RAP+ A MAN'S WIFE OR DAU<T]1 A VIOLATION ( ! HONOR NOT ( ! VICTIM1 BUT ( ! MAN :O %\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO PROTECT !M4 

,F9ALLY1 ONE HAD TO PAY ! HONOR PRICE IF ONE SIMPLY 9SULT$ SOMEONE ( ANY IMPORTANCE3 SAY1 BY TURN+ ! P]SON AWAY AT A FEA/1 9V5T+ A P>TICUL>LY EMB>RASS+ NICKNAME 7AT LEA/1 IF IT CAU<T ON71 OR HUMILIAT+ ! P]SON ?R\< ! USE ( SATIRE4.<#c#c#c.> ,MOCK]Y WAS A REF9$ >T 9 ,M$IEVAL ,IREL&1 & POETS W]E CONSID]$ CLOSE TO MAGICIANS3 IT WAS SAID ?AT A TAL5T$ SATIRI/ C\LD RHYME RATS TO DEA?1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 RAISE BLI/]S ON ! FACES ( VICTIMS4 ,ANY MAN PUBLICLY MOCK$ W\LD HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO DEF5D HIS HONOR2 &1 9 ,M$IEVAL ,IREL&1 ! VALUE ( ?AT HONOR WAS PRECISELY DEF9$4 

,I %\LD NOTE ?AT :ILE TW5TY-ONE C[S MI<T NOT SEEM LIKE MU* :5 WE >E DEAL+ ) K+S1 ,IREL& AT ! TIME HAD AB\T #ae K+S4.<#c#c#d.> ,MO/ HAD ONLY A C\PLE ( ?\S& SUBJECTS1 ?\< !RE W]E ALSO HI<]-RANK+1 PROV9CIAL K+S = :OM ! HONOR PRICE WAS D\BLE4.<#c#c#e.> ,:AT'S MORE1 S9CE ! LEGAL SY/EM WAS COMPLETELY SEP>ATE FROM ! POLITICAL ONE1 JURI/S1 9 !ORY1 HAD ! RI<T ! DEMOTE ANYONE--9CLUD+ A K+--:O HAD COMMITT$ A DI%ONORABLE ACT4 ,IF A NOBLEMAN TURN$ A WOR?Y MAN AWAY FROM HIS DOOR OR FEA/1 %ELT]$ A FUGITIVE1 OR ATE /EAK FROM AN OBVI\SLY /OL5 C[1 OR EV5 IF HE ALL[$ HIMSELF TO BE SATIRIZ$ & DID NOT TAKE ! (F5D+ POET TO C\RT1 HIS PRICE C\LD BE L[]$ TO ?AT ( A COMMON]4 ,BUT ! SAME WAS TRUE ( A K+ :O RAN AWAY 9 BATTLE1 OR ABUS$ HIS P[]S1 OR EV5 WAS CAU<T WORK+ 9 ! FIELDS OR O!RWISE 5GAG+ 9 TASKS B5EA? HIS DIGNITY4 ,A K+ :O DID SOME?+ UTT]LY \TRAGE\S--MURD]$ ONE ( HIS [N RELATIVES1 = EXAMPLE--MI<T 5D UP ) NO HONOR PRICE AT ALL1 :I* MEANT NOT ?AT PEOPLE C\LD SAY ANY?+ !Y LIK$ AB\T ! K+1 )\T FE> ( RECOMP5SE1 BUT ?AT HE C\LDN'T /& AS SURETY OR WITNESS 9 C\RT1 AS ONE'S OA? & /&+ 9 LAW WAS ALSO DET]M9$ BY ONE'S HONOR PRICE4 ,?IS DIDN'T HAPP5 (T51 BUT IT DID HAPP51 & LEGAL WISDOM MADE SURE TO REM9D PEOPLE ( IT3 ! LI/1 CONTA9$ 9 ONE FAM\S LEGAL TEXT1 ( ! 0SEV5 K+S :O LO/ !IR HONOR PRICE10 WAS MEANT TO 5SURE ?AT EV]YONE REMEMB]$ ?AT NO MATT] H[ SACR$ & P[]FUL1 ANYONE C\LD FALL4 

,:AT'S UNUSUAL AB\T ! ,IRI% MAT]IAL IS ?AT IT'S ALL SPELL$ \T SO CLE>LY4 ,?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE ,IRI% LAW CODES W]E ! WORK ( A CLASS ( LEGAL SPECIALI/S :O SEEM TO HAVE TURN$ ! :OLE ?+ ALMO/ 9TO A =M ( 5T]TA9M5T1 DEVOT+ 5DLESS H\RS TO COM+ UP ) EV]Y POSSIBLE AB/RACT POSSIBILITY4 ,SOME ( ! PROVISOS >E SO :IMSICAL 70IF /UNG BY ANO!R MAN'S BEE1 ONE MU/ CALCULATE ! EXT5T ( ! 9JURY1 BUT ALSO1 IF ONE SWATT$ IT 9 ! PROCESS1 SUBTRACT ! REPLACEM5T VALUE ( ! BEE07 ?AT ONE HAS TO ASSUME !Y W]E SIMPLY JOKES4 ,/ILL1 AS A RESULT1 ! MORAL LOGIC ?AT LIES BEH9D ANY ELABORATE CODE ( HONOR IS LAID \T H]E 9 />TL+ HONE/Y4 ,:AT AB\T WOM58 ,A FREE WOMAN WAS HONOR$ AT PRECISELY #e P]C5T ( ! PRICE ( H] NE>E/ MALE RELATIVE 7H] FA!R1 IF ALIVE2 IF NOT1 H] HUSB&74 ,IF %E WAS DI%ONOR$1 H] PRICE WAS PAYABLE TO ?AT RELATIVE4 ,UNLESS1 ?AT IS1 %E WAS AN 9DEP5D5T L&HOLD]4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 H] HONOR PRICE WAS ! SAME AS ?AT ( A MAN4 ,& UNLESS %E WAS A WOMAN ( EASY VIRTUE1 9 :I* CASE IT WAS Z]O1 S9CE %E HAD NO HONOR TO \TRAGE4 ,:AT AB\T M>RIAGE8 ,A SUITOR PAID ! VALUE ( ! WIFE'S HONOR TO H] FA!R & ?US BECAME ITS GU>DIAN4 ,:AT AB\T S]FS8 ,! SAME PR9CIPLE APPLI$3 :5 A LORD ACQUIR$ A S]F1 HE B\<T \T ?AT MAN'S HONOR PRICE1 PRES5T+ HIM ) ITS EQUIVAL5T 9 C[S4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ON1 IF ANYONE 9SULT$ OR 9JUR$ ! S]F1 IT WAS SE5 AN ATTACK ON ! LORD'S HONOR1 & IT WAS UP TO ! LORD TO COLLECT ! ATT5DANT FEES4 ,MEAN:ILE ! LORD'S HONOR PRICE WAS NOT*$ UPW>D AS A RESULT ( GA!R+ ANO!R DEP5D5T3 9 O!R WORDS1 HE LIT]ALLY ABSORBS HIS NEW VASSAL'S HONOR 9TO HIS [N4.<#c#c#f.> 

,ALL ?IS1 9 TURN1 MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO UND]/& BO? SOME?+ ( ! NATURE ( HONOR1 & :Y SLAVE GIRLS W]E KEPT AS UNITS = RECKON+ DEBTS ( HONOR EV5 AT A TIME :5--[+ NO D\BT TO *UR* 9FLU5CE--!Y NO LONG] ACTUALLY *ANG$ H&S4 ,AT FIR/ SI<T IT MI<T SEEM /RANGE ?AT ! HONOR ( A NOBLEMAN OR K+ %\LD BE MEASUR$ 9 SLAVES1 S9CE SLAVES W]E HUMAN BE+S :OSE HONOR WAS Z]O4 ,BUT IF ONE'S HONOR IS ULTIMATELY F\ND$ ON ONE'S ABILITY TO EXTRACT ! HONOR ( O!RS1 IT MAKES P]FECT S5SE4 ,! VALUE ( A SLAVE IS ?AT ( ! HONOR ?AT HAS BE5 EXTRACT$ FROM !M4 

,SOMETIMES1 ONE COMES ON A S+LE HAPHAZ>D DETAIL ?AT GIVES ! GAME AWAY4 ,9 ?IS CASE IT COMES NOT FROM ,IREL& BUT FROM ! ,DIMETIAN ,CODE 9 ,WALES1 WRITT5 SOME:AT LAT] BUT OP]AT+ ON MU* ! SAME PR9CIPLES4 ,AT ONE PO9T1 AFT] LI/+ ! HONORS DUE TO ! SEV5 HOLY SEES ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,DYF$1 :OSE BI%OPS & ABBOTS W]E ! MO/ EXALT$ & SACR$ CREATURES 9 ! K+DOM1 ! TEXT SPECIFIES ?AT 

,:OEV] DRAWS BLOOD FROM AN ABBOT ( ANY ONE ( ?OSE PR9CIPAL SEATS BE=E M5TION$1 LET HIM PAY SEV5 P\NDS2 & A FEMALE ( HIS K9DR$ TO BE A WA%]WOMAN1 AS A DISGRACE TO ! K9DR$1 & TO S]VE AS A MEMORIAL TO ! PAYM5T ( ! HONOR PRICE4.<#c#c#g.> 

,A WA%]WOMAN WAS ! L[E/ ( S]VANTS1 & ! ONE TURN$ OV] 9 ?IS CASE WAS TO S]VE = LIFE4 ,%E WAS1 9 EFFECT1 R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y4 ,H] P]MAN5T DISGRACE WAS ! RE/ORATION ( ! ABBOT'S HONOR4 ,:ILE WE CANNOT KN[ IF SOME SIMIL> 9/ITUTION ONCE LAY BEH9D ! HABIT ( RECKON+ ! HONOR ( ,IRI% 0SACR$0 BE+S 9 SLAVE-WOM51 ! PR9CIPLE IS CLE>LY ! SAME4 ,HONOR IS A Z]O-SUM GAME4 ,A MAN'S ABILITY TO PROTECT ! WOM5 ( HIS FAMILY IS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ?AT HONOR4 ,!RE=E1 =C+ HIM TO SURR5D] A WOMAN ( HIS FAMILY TO P]=M M5IAL & DEGRAD+ *ORES 9 ANO!R'S H\SEHOLD IS ! ULTIMATE BL[ TO HIS HONOR4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 MAKES IT ! ULTIMATE REAFFIRMATION ( ! HONOR ( HE :O TAKES IT AWAY4 

,:AT MAKES ,M$IEVAL ,IRI% LAWS SEEM SO PECULI> FROM \R P]SPECTIVE IS ?AT !IR EXPON5TS HAD NOT ! SLI<TE/ DISCOM=T ) PUTT+ AN EXACT MONET>Y PRICE ON HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,= US1 ! NOTION ?AT ! SANCTITY ( A PRIE/ OR ! MAJE/Y ( A K+ C\LD BE HELD EQUIVAL5T TO A MILLION FRI$ EGGS OR A HUNDR$ ?\S& HAIRCUTS IS SIMPLY BIZ>RE4 ,!SE >E PRECISELY ! ?+S ?AT \<T TO BE CONSID]$ BEYOND ALL POSSIBILITY ( QUANTIFICATION4 ,IF ,M$IEVAL ,IRI% JURI/S FELT O!RWISE1 IT WAS BECAUSE PEOPLE AT ?AT TIME DID NOT USE MONEY TO BUY EGGS OR HAIRCUTS4.<#c#c#h.> ,IT WAS ! FACT ?AT IT WAS /ILL A HUMAN ECONOMY1 9 :I* MONEY WAS US$ = SOCIAL PURPOSES1 ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO CREATE SU* AN 9TRICATE SY/EM :]EBY IT WAS POSSIBLE NOT JU/ TO MEASURE BUT TO ADD & SUBTRACT SPECIFIC QUANTITIES ( HUMAN DIGNITY--& 9 DO+ SO1 PROVIDE US ) A UNIQUE W9D[ 9TO ! TRUE NATURE ( HONOR ITSELF4 

,! OBVI\S QUE/ION IS3 ,:AT HAPP5S TO SU* AN ECONOMY :5 PEOPLE DO BEG9 TO USE ! SAME MONEY US$ TO MEASURE DIGNITY TO BUY EGGS & HAIRCUTS8 ,AS ! HI/ORY ( ANCI5T ,MESOPOTAMIA & ! ,M$IT]RANEAN WORLD REVEALS1 ! RESULT WAS A PR(\ND--& 5DUR+--MORAL CRISIS4 

,MESOPOTAMIA 7,! ,ORIG9S ( ,PATRI>*Y7 

  

,9 ANCI5T ,GREEK1 ! WORD = 0HONOR0 WAS TIME4 ,9 ,HOM]'S TIME1 ! T]M APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 US$ MU* LIKE ! ,IRI% T]M 0HONOR PRICE03 IT REF]R$ BO? TO ! GLORY ( ! W>RIOR & ! COMP5SATION PAID AS DAMAGES 9 CASE ( 9JURY OR 9SULT4 ,YET ) ! RISE ( M>KETS OV] ! NEXT SEV]AL C5TURIES1 ! MEAN+ ( ! WORD TIME BEGAN TO *ANGE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT BECAME ! WORD = 0PRICE0--AS 91 ! PRICE ( SOME?+ ONE BUYS 9 ! M>KET4 ,ON ! O!R1 IT REF]R$ TO AN ATTITUDE ( COMPLETE CONTEMPT = M>KETS4 

,ACTUALLY1 ?IS IS /ILL ! CASE TODAY3 

,9 ,GREECE ! WORD 0TIMI0 MEANS HONOR1 :I* HAS BE5 TYPICALLY SE5 AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT VALUE 9 ,GREEK VILLAGE SOCIETY4 ,HONOR IS (T5 *>ACT]IZ$ 9 ,GREECE AS AN OP5H&$ G5]OSITY & BLATANT DISREG>D = MONET>Y CO/S & C\NT+4 ,& YET ! SAME WORD ALSO MEANS 0PRICE0 AS 9 ! PRICE ( A P\ND ( TOMATOES4.<#c#c#i.> 

,! WORD 0CRISIS0 LIT]ALLY REF]S TO A CROSSROADS3 IT IS ! PO9T :]E ?+S C\LD GO EI!R ( TWO DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,! ODD ?+ AB\T ! CRISIS 9 ! CONCEPT ( HONOR IS ?AT IT NEV] SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 RESOLV$4 ,IS HONOR ! WILL+NESS TO PAY ONE'S MONET>Y DEBTS8 ,OR IS IT ! FACT ?AT ONE DOES NOT FEEL ?AT MONET>Y DEBTS >E REALLY ?AT IMPORTANT8 ,IT APPE>S TO BE BO? AT ! SAME TIME4 

,!RE'S ALSO ! QUE/ION ( :AT M5 ( HONOR ACTUALLY DO ?9K IS IMPORTANT4 ,:5 MO/ ( US ?9K ( A ,M$IT]RANEAN VILLAG]'S S5SE ( HONOR1 WE DON'T ?9K SO MU* ( A CASUAL ATTITUDE T[>D MONEY AS ( A V]ITABLE OBSESSION ) PREM>ITAL VIRG9ITY4 ,MASCUL9E HONOR IS CAU<T UP NOT EV5 SO MU* 9 A MAN'S ABILITY TO PROTECT HIS WOM5FOLK AS 9 HIS ABILITY TO PROTECT !IR SEXUAL REPUTATIONS1 TO RESPOND TO ANY SUGGE/ION ( IMPROPRIETY ON ! P>T ( HIS MO!R1 WIFE1 SI/]1 OR DAU<T] AS IF IT W]E A DIRECT PHYSICAL ATTACK ON HIS [N P]SON4 ,?IS IS A /]EOTYPE1 BUT IT'S NOT 5TIRELY UNJU/IFI$4 ,ONE HI/ORIAN :O W5T ?R\< FIFTY YE>S ( POLICE REPORTS AB\T KNIFE-FI<TS 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,IONIA DISCOV]$ ?AT VIRTUALLY EV]Y ONE ( !M BEGAN :5 ONE P>TY PUBLICLY SUGGE/$ ?AT ! O!R'S WIFE OR SI/] WAS A :ORE4.<#c#d.> 

,SO1 :Y ! SUDD5 OBSESSION ) SEXUAL PROPRIETY8 ,IT DOESN'T SEEM TO BE !RE 9 ! ,WEL% OR ,IRI% MAT]IAL4 ,!RE1 ! GREATE/ HUMILIATION WAS TO SEE Y\R SI/] OR DAU<T] R$UC$ TO SCRUBB+ SOMEONE ELSE'S LAUNDRY4 ,:AT IS IT1 !N1 AB\T ! RISE ( MONEY & M>KETS ?AT CAUSE SO MANY M5 TO BECOME SO UNEASY AB\T SEX8.<#c#d#a.> 

,?IS IS A DIFFICULT QUE/ION1 BUT AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ONE CAN IMAG9E H[ ! TRANSITION FROM A HUMAN ECONOMY TO A COMM]CIAL ONE MI<T CAUSE C]TA9 MORAL DILEMMAS4 ,:AT HAPP5S1 = 9/ANCE1 :5 ! SAME MONEY ONCE US$ TO >RANGE M>RIAGES & SETTLE AFFAIRS ( HONOR CAN ALSO BE US$ TO PAY = ! S]VICES ( PRO/ITUTES8 

,AS WE'LL SEE1 !RE IS REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT IT IS 9 SU* MORAL CRISES ?AT WE CAN F9D ! ORIG9 NOT ONLY ( \R CURR5T CONCEPTIONS ( HONOR1 BUT ( PATRI>*Y ITSELF4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 AT LEA/1 IF WE DEF9E 0PATRI>*Y0 9 ITS MORE SPECIFIC ,BIBLICAL S5SE3 ! RULE ( FA!RS1 ) ALL ! FAMILI> IMAGES ( /]N BE>D$ M5 9 ROBES1 KEEP+ A CLOSE EYE OV] !IR SEQUE/]$ WIVES & DAU<T]S1 EV5 AS !IR *ILDR5 KEPT A CLOSE EYE OV] !IR FLOCKS & H]DS1 FAMILI> FROM ! BOOK ( ,G5ESIS4.<#c#d#b.> ,READ]S ( ! ,BIBLE HAD ALWAYS ASSUM$ ?AT !RE WAS SOME?+ PRIMORDIAL 9 ALL ?IS2 ?AT ?IS WAS SIMPLY ! WAY DES]T PEOPLE1 & ?US ! E>LIE/ 9HABITANTS ( ! ,NE> ,EA/1 HAD ALWAYS BEHAV$4 ,?IS WAS :Y ! TRANSLATION ( ,SUM]IAN1 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 CAME AS SOME?+ ( A %OCK4 

,9 ! V]Y E>LIE/ ,SUM]IAN TEXTS1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE FROM R\<LY #c TO #be BC1 WOM5 >E EV]Y:]E4 ,E>LY HI/ORIES NOT ONLY RECORD ! NAMES ( NUM]\S FEMALE RUL]S1 BUT MAKE CLE> ?AT WOM5 W]E WELL REPRES5T$ AMONG ! RANKS ( DOCTORS1 M]*ANTS1 SCRIBES1 & PUBLIC (FICIALS1 & G5]ALLY FREE TO TAKE P>T 9 ALL ASPECTS ( PUBLIC LIFE4 ,ONE CANNOT SPEAK ( FULL G5D] EQUALITY3 M5 /ILL \TNUMB]$ WOM5 9 ALL !SE >EAS4 ,/ILL1 ONE GETS ! S5SE ( A SOCIETY NOT SO DIFF]5T ?AN ?AT :I* PREVAILS 9 MU* ( ! DEVELOP$ WORLD TODAY4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( ! NEXT ?\S& YE>S OR SO1 ALL ?IS *ANGES4 ,! PLACE ( WOM5 9 CIVIC LIFE ]ODES2 GRADUALLY1 ! MORE FAMILI> PATRI>*AL PATT]N TAKES %APE1 ) ITS EMPHASIS ON *A/ITY & PREM>ITAL VIRG9ITY1 A WEAK5+ & EV5TUALLY :OLESALE DISAPPE>ANCE ( WOM5'S ROLE 9 GOV]NM5T & ! LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS1 & ! LOSS ( WOM5'S 9DEP5D5T LEGAL /ATUS1 :I* R5D]S !M W>DS ( !IR HUSB&S4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! ,BRONZE ,AGE1 >\ND #ab BC1 WE BEG9 TO SEE L>GE NUMB]S ( WOM5 SEQUE/]$ AWAY 9 H>EMS & 79 SOME PLACES1 AT LEA/71 SUBJECT$ TO OBLIGATORY VEIL+4 

,9 FACT1 ?IS APPE>S TO REFLECT A MU* BROAD] WORLDWIDE PATT]N4 ,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 SOME?+ ( A SC&AL = ?OSE :O LIKE TO SEE ! ADVANCE ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY1 ! ACCUMULATION ( LE>N+1 ECONOMIC GR[?--0HUMAN PROGRESS10 AS WE LIKE TO CALL IT--AS NECESS>ILY LEAD+ TO GREAT] HUMAN FRE$OM1 ?AT = WOM51 ! EXACT OPPOSITE (T5 SEEMS TO BE ! CASE4 ,OR AT LEA/1 HAS BE5 ! CASE UNTIL V]Y REC5T TIMES4 ,A SIMIL> GRADUAL RE/RICTION ON WOM5'S FRE$OMS CAN BE OBS]V$ 9 ,9DIA & ,*9A4 ,! QUE/ION IS1 OBVI\SLY1 ,:Y8 ,! /&>D EXPLANATION 9 ! ,SUM]IAN CASE HAS BE5 ! GRADUAL 9FILTRATION ( PA/ORALI/S FROM ! SURR\ND+ DES]TS :O1 PRESUMABLY1 ALWAYS HAD MORE PATRI>*AL MORES4 ,!RE WAS1 AFT] ALL1 ONLY A N>R[ /RIP ( L& ALONG ! ,TIGRIS & ,EUPHRATES RIV]S ?AT C\LD SUPPORT 9T5SIVE IRRIGATION WORKS1 & H5CE1 URBAN LIFE4 ,CIVILIZATION WAS ?US FROM E>LY TIMES SURR\ND$ BY A FR+E ( DES]T PEOPLE1 :O LIV$ MU* LIKE ?OSE DESCRIB$ 9 ,G5ESIS & SPOKE ! SAME ,SEMITIC LANGUAGES4 ,IT IS UND5IABLY TRUE ?AT1 OV] ! C\RSE ( TIME1 ! ,SUM]IAN LANGUAGE WAS GRADUALLY REPLAC$--FIR/ BY ,AKKADIAN1 !N BY ,AMORITE1 !N BY ,>AMAIC LANGUAGES1 & F9ALLY1 MO/ REC5TLY ( ALL1 BY ,>ABIC1 :I* WAS ALSO BR\<T TO ,MESOPOTAMIA & ! ,LEVANT BY DES]T PA/ORALI/S4 ,:ILE ALL ?IS DID1 CLE>LY1 BR+ ) IT PR(\ND CULTURAL *ANGES AS WELL1 IT'S NOT A P>TICUL>LY SATISFY+ EXPLANATION4.<#c#d#c.> ,=M] NOMADS APPE> TO HAVE BE5 WILL+ TO ADAPT TO URBAN LIFE 9 ANY NUMB] ( O!R WAYS4 ,:Y NOT ?AT ONE8 ,& IT'S V]Y MU* A LOCAL EXPLANATION & DOES NO?+1 REALLY1 TO EXPLA9 ! BROAD] PATT]N4 ,FEM9I/ S*OL>%IP HAS 9/EAD T5D$ TO EMPHASIZE ! GR[+ SCALE & SOCIAL IMPORTANCE ( W>1 & ! 9CREAS+ C5TRALIZATION ( ! /ATE ?AT ACCOMPANI$ IT4.<#c#d#d.> ,?IS IS MORE CONV9C+4 ,C]TA9LY1 ! MORE MILIT>I/IC ! /ATE1 ! H>%] ITS LAWS T5D$ TO BE T[>D WOM54 ,BUT ,I W\LD ADD ANO!R1 COMPLEM5T>Y >GUM5T4 ,AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 HI/ORICALLY1 W>1 /ATES1 & M>KETS ALL T5D TO FE$ (F ONE ANO!R4 ,CONQUE/ LEADS TO TAXES4 ,TAXES T5D TO BE WAYS TO CREATE M>KETS1 :I* >E CONV5I5T = SOLDI]S & ADM9I/RATORS4 ,9 ! SPECIFIC CASE ( ,MESOPOTAMIA1 ALL ( ?IS TOOK ON A COMPLICAT$ RELATION TO AN EXPLOSION ( DEBT ?AT ?REAT5$ TO TURN ALL HUMAN RELATIONS--& BY EXT5SION1 WOM5'S BODIES--9TO POT5TIAL COMMODITIES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT CREAT$ A HORRIFI$ REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! 7MALE7 W9N]S ( ! ECONOMIC GAME1 :O OV] TIME FELT =C$ TO GO TO GREAT] & GREAT] L5G?S TO MAKE CLE> ?AT !IR WOM5 C\LD 9 NO S5SE BE B\<T OR SOLD4 

,A GLANCE AT ! EXI/+ MAT]IAL ON ,MESOPOTAMIAN M>RIAGE GIVES US A CLUE AS TO H[ ?IS MI<T HAVE HAPP5$4 

,IT IS COMMON AN?ROPOLOGICAL WISDOM ?AT BRIDEWEAL? T5DS TO BE TYPICAL ( SITUATIONS :]E POPULATION IS RELATIVELY ?91 L& NOT A P>TICUL>LY SC>CE RES\RCE1 & !RE=E1 POLITICS >E ALL AB\T CONTROLL+ LABOR4 ,:]E POPULATION IS D5SE & L& AT A PREMIUM1 ONE T5DS TO 9/EAD F9D D[RY3 ADD+ A WOMAN TO ! H\SEHOLD IS ADD+ ANO!R M\? TO FE$1 & RA!R ?AN BE+ PAID (F1 A BRIDE'S FA!R IS EXPECT$ TO CONTRIBUTE SOME?+ 7L&1 WEAL?1 MONEY 4447 TO HELP SUPPORT HIS DAU<T] 9 H] NEW HOME4.<#c#d#e.> ,9 ,SUM]IAN TIMES1 = 9/ANCE1 ! MA9 PAYM5T AT M>RIAGE WAS A HUGE GIFT ( FOOD PAID BY ! GROOM'S FA!R TO ! BRIDE'S1 DE/9$ TO PROVIDE A SUMPTU\S FEA/ = ! W$D+4.<#c#d#f.> ,BE=E LONG1 H[EV]1 ?IS SEEMS TO HAVE SPLIT 9TO TWO PAYM5TS1 ONE = ! W$D+1 ANO!R TO ! WOMAN'S FA!R1 CALCULAT$--& (T5 PAID--9 SILV]4.<#c#d#g.> ,WEAL?Y WOM5 SOMETIMES APPE> TO HAVE 5D$ UP ) ! MONEY3 AT LEA/1 MANY APPE> TO HAVE TO WORN SILV] >M & LEG R+S ( ID5TICAL D5OM9ATIONS4 

,H[EV] AS TIME W5T ON1 ?IS PAYM5T1 CALL$ ! T]HATUM1 (T5 BEGAN TO TAKE ON ! QUALITIES ( A SIMPLE PUR*ASE4 ,IT WAS REF]R$ TO AS 0! PRICE ( A VIRG90--NOT A M]E METAPHOR1 S9CE ! ILLEGAL DEFL[]+ ( A VIRG9 WAS CONSID]$ A PROP]TY CRIME AGA9/ H] FA!R4.<#c#d#h.> ,M>RIAGE WAS REF]R$ TO AS 0TAK+ POSSESSION0 ( A WOMAN1 ! SAME WORD ONE W\LD USE = ! SEIZURE ( GOODS4.<#c#d#i.> ,9 PR9CIPLE1 A WIFE1 ONCE POSSESS$1 [$ H] HUSB&S /RICT OB$I5CE1 & (T5 C\LD NOT SEEK A DIVORCE EV5 9 CASES ( PHYSICAL ABUSE4 

,= WOM5 ) WEAL?Y OR P[]FUL P>5TS1 ALL ?IS REMA9$ L>GELY A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE1 MODIFI$ CONSID]ABLY 9 PRACTICE4 ,M]*ANTS' DAU<T]S1 = EXAMPLE1 TYPICALLY RECEIV$ SUB/ANTIAL CA% D[RIES1 ) :I* !Y C\LD GO 9TO BUS9ESS 9 !IR [N RI<T1 OR ACT AS P>TN]S TO !IR HUSB&S4 ,H[EV]1 = ! POOR--?AT IS1 MO/ PEOPLE--M>RIAGE CAME MORE & MORE TO RESEMBLE A SIMPLE CA% TRANSACTION4 

,SOME ( ?IS MU/ HAVE BE5 AN EFFECT ( SLAV]Y3 :ILE ACTUAL SLAVES W]E R>ELY NUM]\S1 ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( A CLASS ( PEOPLE ) NO K91 :O W]E SIMPLY COMMODITIES1 DID MAKE A DIFF]5CE4 ,9 ,NUZI1 = 9/ANCE1 0! BRIDEPRICE WAS PAID 9 DOME/IC ANIMALS & SILV] AM\NT+ TO A TOTAL VALUE ( #d %EKELS ( SILV]0'--TO :I* ! AU?OR DRYLY ADDS1 0!RE IS SOME EVID5CE ?AT IT WAS EQUAL TO ! PRICE ( A SLAVE GIRL40.<#c#e.> ,?IS MU/ HAVE BE5 MAK+ ?+S UNCOM=TABLY OBVI\S4 ,IT'S 9 ,NUZI1 TOO1 :]E WE HAPP5 TO HAVE UNUSUALLY DETAIL$ RECORDS1 ?AT WE F9D EXAMPLES ( RI* M5 PAY+ CUT-RATE 0BRIDEPRICE0 TO IMPOV]I%$ FAMILIES TO ACQUIRE A DAU<T] :O !Y W\LD !N ADOPT1 BUT :O W\LD 9 FACT BE EI!R KEPT AS A CONCUB9E OR NURSEMAID1 OR M>RI$ TO ONE ( !IR SLAVES4.<#c#e#a.> 

,/ILL1 ! REALLY CRITICAL FACTOR H]E WAS DEBT4 ,AS ,I PO9T$ \T 9 ! LA/ *APT]1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE LONG EMPHASIZ$ ?AT PAY+ BRIDEWEAL? IS NOT ! SAME AS BUY+ A WIFE4 ,AFT] ALL--& ?IS WAS ONE ( ! CL9*+ >GUM5TS1 REMEMB]1 9 ! ORIG9AL #a#i#cS ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS DEBATE--IF A MAN W]E REALLY BUY+ A WOMAN1 W\LDN'T HE ALSO BE ABLE TO SELL H]8 ,CLE>LY ,AFRICAN & ,MELANESIAN HUSB&S W]E NOT ABLE TO SELL !IR WIVES TO SOME ?IRD P>TY4 ,AT MO/1 !Y C\LD S5D !M HOME & DEM& BACK !IR BRIDEWEAL?4.<#c#e#b.> 

,A ,MESOPOTAMIAN HUSB& C\LDN'T SELL HIS WIFE EI!R4 ,OR1 NORMALLY HE C\LDN'T4 ,/ILL1 EV]Y?+ *ANG$ ! MOM5T HE TOOK \T A LOAN4 ,S9CE IF HE DID1 IT WAS P]FECTLY LEGAL--AS WE'VE SE5--TO USE HIS WIFE & *ILDR5 AS SURETY1 & IF HE WAS UNABLE TO PAY1 !Y C\LD !N BE TAK5 AWAY AS DEBT PAWNS 9 EXACTLY ! SAME WAY ?AT HE C\LD LOSE HIS SLAVES1 %EEP1 & GOATS4 ,:AT ?IS ALSO MEANT WAS ?AT HONOR & CR$IT BECAME1 EFFECTIVELY1 ! SAME ?+3 AT LEA/ = A POOR MAN1 ONE'S CR$ITWOR?9ESS WAS PRECISELY ONE'S COMM& OV] ONE'S H\SEHOLD1 & 7! FLIP SIDE1 AS IT W]E7 RELATIONS ( DOME/IC AU?ORITY1 RELATIONS ?AT 9 PR9CIPLE MEANT ONES ( C>E & PROTECTION1 BECAME PROP]TY RI<TS ?AT C\LD 9DE$ BE B\<T & SOLD4 

,AGA91 = ! POOR1 ?IS MEANT ?AT FAMILY MEMB]S BECAME COMMODITIES ?AT C\LD BE R5T$ OR SOLD4 ,NOT ONLY C\LD ONE DISPOSE ( DAU<T]S AS 0BRIDES0 TO WORK 9 RI* M5'S H\SEHOLDS1 TABLETS 9 ,NUZI %[ ?AT ONE C\LD N[ HIRE \T FAMILY MEMB]S SIMPLY BY TAK+ \T A LOAN3 !RE >E RECORD$ CASES ( M5 S5D+ !IR SONS OR EV5 WIVES AS 0PAWNS0 = LOANS ?AT W]E CLE>LY JU/ ADVANCE PAYM5T = EMPLOYM5T 9 ! L5D]'S F>M OR CLO? WORK%OP4.<#c#e#c.> 

,! MO/ DRAMATIC & 5DUR+ CRISIS C5T]$ ON PRO/ITUTION4 ,IT'S ACTUALLY NOT 5TIRELY CLE>1 FROM ! E>LIE/ S\RCES1 :E!R ONE CAN SPEAK H]E ( 0PRO/ITUTION0 AT ALL4 ,SUM]IAN TEMPLES DO (T5 APPE> TO HAVE HO/$ A V>IETY ( SEXUAL ACTIVITIES4 ,SOME PRIE/ESSES1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E CONSID]$ TO BE M>RI$ TO OR O!RWISE D$ICAT$ TO GODS4 ,:AT ?IS MEANT 9 PRACTICE SEEMS TO HAVE V>I$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,MU* AS 9 ! CASE ( ! LAT] DEVADASIS1 OR 0TEMPLE DANC]S0 ( ,H9DU ,9DIA1 SOME REMA9$ CELIBATE2 O!RS W]E P]MITT$ TO M>RY BUT W]E NOT TO BE> *ILDR52 O!RS W]E APP>5TLY EXPECT$ TO F9D WEAL?Y PATRONS1 BECOM+ 9 EFFECT C\RTESANS TO ! ELITE4 ,/ILL O!RS LIV$ 9 ! TEMPLES & HAD ! RESPONSIBILITY TO MAKE !MSELVES SEXUALLY AVAILABLE TO WOR%IP]S ON C]TA9 RITUAL OCCASIONS4.<#c#e#d.> ,ONE ?+ ! E>LY TEXTS DO MAKE CLE> IS ?AT ALL SU* WOM5 W]E CONSID]$ EXTRAORD9>ILY IMPORTANT4 ,9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 !Y W]E ! ULTIMATE EMBODIM5TS ( CIVILIZATION4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! 5TIRE MA*9]Y ( ! ,SUM]IAN ECONOMY O/5SIBLY EXI/$ TO SUPPORT ! TEMPLES1 :I* W]E CONSID]$ ! H\SEHOLDS ( ! GODS4 ,AS SU*1 !Y REPRES5T$ ! ULTIMATE POSSIBLE REF9EM5T 9 EV]Y?+ FROM MUSIC & DANCE TO >T1 CUIS9E1 & GRACI\SNESS ( LIV+4 ,TEMPLE PRIE/ESSES & SP\SES ( ! GODS W]E ! HI<E/ HUMAN 9C>NATIONS ( ?IS P]FECT LIFE4 

,IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ,SUM]IAN M5 DO NOT APPE>1 AT LEA/ 9 ?IS E>LIE/ P]IOD1 TO HAVE SE5 ANY?+ TR\BL+ AB\T ! IDEA ( !IR SI/]S HAV+ SEX = MONEY4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 9S(> AS PRO/ITUTION DID OCCUR 7& REMEMB]1 IT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 NE>LY SO IMP]SONAL1 COLD-CA% A RELATION 9 A CR$IT ECONOMY71 ,SUM]IAN RELIGI\S TEXTS ID5TIFY IT AS AMONG ! FUNDAM5TAL FEATURES ( HUMAN CIVILIZATION1 A GIFT GIV5 BY ! GODS AT ! DAWN ( TIME4 ,PROCREATIVE SEX WAS CONSID]$ NATURAL 7AFT] ALL1 ANIMALS DID IT74 ,NON-PROCREATIVE SEX1 SEX = PLEASURE1 WAS DIV9E4.<#c#e#e.> 

,! MO/ FAM\S EXPRESSION ( ?IS ID5TIFICATION ( PRO/ITUTE & CIVILIZATION CAN BE F\ND 9 ! /ORY ( ,5KIDU 9 ! EPIC ( ,GILGAME%4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! /ORY1 ,5KIDU IS A MON/]--A NAK$ & F]OCI\S 0WILD MAN0 :O GRAZES ) ! GAZELLES1 DR9KS AT ! WAT]+ PLACE ) WILD CATTLE1 & T]RORIZES ! PEOPLE ( ! CITY4 ,UNABLE TO DEFEAT HIM1 ! CITIZ5S F9ALLY S5D \T A C\RTESAN :O IS ALSO A PRIE/ESS ( ! GODDESS ,I%T>4 ,%E /RIPS BE=E HIM1 & !Y MAKE LOVE = SIX DAYS & SEV5 NI<TS4 ,AFT]W>DS1 ,5KIDU'S =M] ANIMAL COMPANIONS RUN AWAY FROM HIM4 ,AFT] %E EXPLA9S ?AT HE HAS N[ LE>N$ WISDOM & BECOME LIKE A ,GOD 7%E IS1 AFT] ALL1 A DIV9E CONSORT71 HE AGREES TO PUT ON CLO?+ & COME TO LIVE 9 ! CITY LIKE A PROP]1 CIVILIZ$ HUMAN BE+4.<#c#e#f.> 

,ALREADY1 9 ! E>LIE/ V]SION ( ! ,5KIDU /ORY1 ?\<1 ONE CAN DETECT A C]TA9 AMBIVAL5CE4 ,MU* LAT]1 ,5KIDU IS S5T5C$ TO DEA? BY ! GODS1 & HIS IMM$IATE REACTION IS TO CONDEMN ! C\RTESAN = HAV+ BR\<T HIM FROM ! WILDS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE3 HE CURSES H] TO BECOME A COMMON /REETWALK] OR TAV]N KEEP]1 LIV+ AMONG VOMIT+ DRUNKS1 ABUS$ & BEAT5 BY H] CLI5TS4 ,!N1 LAT]1 HE REGRETS HIS BEHAVIOR & BLESSES H] 9/EAD4 ,BUT ?AT TRACE ( AMBIVAL5CE WAS !RE FROM ! BEG9N+1 & OV] TIME1 IT GREW MORE P[]FUL4 ,FROM E>LY TIMES1 ,SUM]IAN & ,BABYLONIAN TEMPLE COMPLEXES W]E SURR\ND$ BY F> LESS GLAM\R\S PROVID]S ( SEXUAL S]VICES--9DE$1 BY ! TIME WE KN[ MU* AB\T !M1 !Y W]E ! C5T] ( V]ITABLE R$-LI<T DI/RICTS FULL ( TAV]NS ) DANC+ GIRLS1 M5 9 DRAG 7SOME ( !M SLAVES1 SOME RUNAWAYS71 & AN ALMO/ 9F9ITE V>IETY ( PRO/ITUTES4 ,!RE IS AN 5DLESSLY ELABORATE T]M9OLOGY :OSE SUBTLETIES >E LONG S9CE LO/ TO US4 ,MO/ SEEM TO HAVE D\BL$ AS 5T]TA9]S3 TAV]N-KEEP]S D\BL$ AS MUSICIANS2 MALE TRANSVE/ITES W]E NOT ONLY S+]S & DANC]S1 BUT (T5 P]=M$ KNIFE-?R[+ ACTS4 ,MANY W]E SLAVES PUT TO WORK BY !IR MA/]S1 OR WOM5 WORK+ (F RELIGI\S V[S OR DEBTS1 OR DEBT BONDSWOM51 OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 WOM5 ESCAP+ DEBT BONDAGE ) NO PLACE ELSE TO GO4 ,OV] TIME1 MANY ( ! L[]-RANK+ TEMPLE WOM5 W]E EI!R B\<T AS SLAVES OR DEBT PEONS AS WELL1 & !RE MI<T HAVE (T5 BE5 A BLURR+ ( ROLES BETWE5 PRIE/ESSES :O P]=M$ ]OTIC RITUALS & PRO/ITUTES [N$ BY ! TEMPLE 7& H5CE1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BY ! GOD71 SOMETIMES LODG$ )9 ! TEMPLE COMP\ND ITSELF1 :OSE E>N+S ADD$ TO ! TEMPLE TREASURIES4.<#c#e#g.> ,S9CE MO/ EV]YDAY TRANSACTIONS 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA W]E NOT CA% TRANSACTIONS1 ONCE HAS TO ASSUME ?AT IT WAS ! SAME ) PRO/ITUTES--LIKE ! TAV]N-KEEP]S1 MANY ( :OM SEEM TO HAVE BE5 =M] PRO/ITUTES1 !Y DEVELOP$ ONGO+ CR$IT RELATIONS ) !IR CLI5TS--& ?IS MU/ HAVE MEANT ?AT MO/ W]E LESS LIKE :AT WE ?9K ( AS /REETWALK]S & MORE LIKE C\RTESANS4.<#c#e#h.> ,/ILL1 ! ORIG9S ( COMM]CIAL PRO/ITUTION APPE> TO HAVE BE5 CAU<T UP 9 A PECULI> MIXTURE ( SACR$ 7OR ONCE-SACR$7 PRACTICE1 COMM]CE1 SLAV]Y1 & DEBT4 

0,PATRI>*Y0 ORIG9AT$1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 9 A REJECTION ( ! GREAT URBAN CIVILIZATIONS 9 ! NAME ( A K9D ( PURITY1 A REASS]TION ( PAT]NAL CONTROL AGA9/ GREAT CITIES LIKE ,URUK1 ,LAGA%1 & ,BABYLON1 SE5 AS PLACES ( BUREAUCRATS1 TRAD]S1 & :ORES4 ,! PA/ORAL FR+ES1 ! DES]TS & /EPPES AWAY FROM ! RIV] VALLEYS1 W]E ! PLACES TO :I* DISPLAC$1 9DEBT$ F>M]S FL$4 ,RESI/ANCE1 9 ! ANCI5T ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 WAS ALWAYS LESS A POLITICS ( REBELLION ?AN A POLITICS ( EXODUS1 ( MELT+ AWAY ) ONE'S FLOCKS & FAMILIES--(T5 BE=E BO? W]E TAK5 AWAY4.<#c#e#i.> ,!RE W]E ALWAYS TRIBAL PEOPLES LIV+ ON ! FR+ES4 ,DUR+ GOOD TIMES1 !Y BEGAN TO TAKE TO ! CITIES2 9 H>D TIMES1 !IR NUMB]S SWELL$ ) REFUGEES--F>M]S :O EFFECTIVELY BECAME ,5KIDU ONCE AGA94 ,!N1 P]IODICALLY1 !Y W\LD CREATE !IR [N ALLIANCES & SWEEP BACK 9TO ! CITIES ONCE AGA9 AS CONQU]ORS4 ,IT'S DIFFICULT TO SAY PRECISELY H[ !Y IMAG9$ !IR SITUATION1 BECAUSE IT'S ONLY 9 ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 WRITT5 ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,F]TILE ,CRESC5T1 ?AT ONE HAS ANY RECORD ( ! PA/ORAL REBELS' PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,BUT NO?+ !RE MITIGATES AGA9/ ! SUGGE/ION ?AT ! EXTRAORD9>Y EMPHASIS WE F9D !RE ON ! ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY ( FA!RS1 & ! JEAL\S PROTECTION ( !IR FICKLE WOM5FOLK1 W]E MADE POSSIBLE BY1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME A PROTE/ AGA9/1 ?IS V]Y COMMODITIZATION ( PEOPLE 9 ! CITIES ?AT !Y FL$4 

,! WORLD'S ,HOLY ,BOOKS--! ,OLD & ,NEW ,TE/AM5TS1 ! ,KORAN1 RELIGI\S LIT]ATURE FROM ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES TO ?IS DAY--E*O ?IS VOICE ( REBELLION1 COMB9+ CONTEMPT = ! CORRUPT URBAN LIFE1 SUSPICION ( ! M]*ANT1 & (T51 9T5SE MISOGYNY4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY ?9K ( ! IMAGE ( ,BABYLON ITSELF1 :I* HAS BECOME P]MAN5TLY LODG$ 9 ! COLLECTIVE IMAG9ATION AS NOT ONLY ! CRADLE ( CIVILIZATION1 BUT ALSO ! ,PLACE ( ,:ORES4 ,H]ODOTUS E*O$ POPUL> ,GREEK FANTASIES :5 HE CLAIM$ ?AT EV]Y ,BABYLONIAN MAID5 WAS OBLIG$ TO PRO/ITUTE H]SELF AT ! TEMPLE1 SO AS TO RAISE ! MONEY = H] D[RY4.<#c#f.> ,9 ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T1 ,SA9T ,PET] (T5 REF]R$ TO ,ROME AS 0,BABYLON10 & ! ,BOOK ( ,REVELATION PROVIDES P]HAPS ! MO/ VIVID IMAGE ( :AT HE MEANT BY ?IS :5 IT SPEAKS ( ,BABYLON1 0! GREAT :ORE10 SITT+ 0UPON A SC>LET COLOR$ BEA/1 FULL ( NAMES ( BLASPHEMY03 

#a#g3#d ,& ! WOMAN WAS >RAY$ 9 PURPLE & SC>LET COLOR1 & DECK$ ) GOLD & PRECI\S /ONES & PE>LS1 HAV+ A GOLD5 CUP 9 H] H& FULL ( ABOM9ATIONS & FIL?9ESS ( H] =NICATION3 

#a#g3#e ,& UPON H] =EHEAD WAS A NAME WRITT51 MY/]Y1 BABYLON ! GREAT1 ! MO!R ( H>LOTS & ABOM9ATIONS ( ! E>?4.<#c#f#a.> 

,SU* IS ! VOICE ( PATRI>*AL HATR$ ( ! CITY1 & ( ! ANGRY MILL5NIAL VOICES ( ! FA!RS ( ! ANCI5T POOR4 

,PATRI>*Y AS WE KN[ IT SEEMS TO HAVE TAK5 %APE 9 A SEE-SAW+ BATTLE BETWE5 ! NEWF\ND ELITES & NEWLY DISPOSSESS$4 ,MU* ( MY [N ANALYSIS H]E IS 9SPIR$ BY ! BRILLIANT WORK ( FEM9I/ HI/ORIAN ,G]DA ,L]N]1 :O1 9 AN ESSAY ON ! ORIG9S ( PRO/ITUTION1 OBS]V$3 

,ANO!R S\RCE = COMM]CIAL PRO/ITUTION WAS ! PAUP]IZATION ( F>M]S & !IR 9CREAS+ DEP5D5CE ON LOANS 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE P]IODS ( FAM9E1 :I* L$ TO DEBT SLAV]Y4 ,*ILDR5 ( BO? SEXES W]E GIV5 UP = DEBT PL$GES OR SOLD = 0ADOPTION40 ,\T ( SU* PRACTICES1 ! PRO/ITUTION ( FEMALE FAMILY MEMB]S = ! B5EFIT ( ! HEAD ( ! FAMILY C\LD READILY DEVELOP4 ,WOM5 MI<T 5D UP AS PRO/ITUTES BECAUSE !IR P>5TS HAD TO SELL !M 9TO SLAV]Y OR BECAUSE !IR IMPOV]I%$ HUSB&S MI<T SO USE !M4 ,OR !Y MI<T BECOME SELF-EMPLOY$ AS A LA/ ALT]NATIVE TO 5SLAVEM5T4 ,) LUCK1 !Y MI<T 9 ?IS PR(ESSION BE UPW>DLY MOBILE ?R\< BECOM+ CONCUB9ES4 

,BY ! MIDDLE ( ! SECOND MILL5NIUM ,B4,C41 PRO/ITUTION WAS WELL E/ABLI%$ AS A LIKELY OCCUPATION = ! DAU<T]S ( ! POOR4 ,AS ! SEXUAL REGULATION ( WOM5 ( ! PROP]TI$ CLASS BECAME MORE FIRMLY 5TR5*$1 ! VIRG9ITY ( RESPECTABLE DAU<T]S BECAME A F9ANCIAL ASSET = ! FAMILY4 ,?US1 COMM]CIAL PRO/ITUTION CAME TO BE SE5 AS A SOCIAL NECESSITY = MEET+ ! SEXUAL NE$S ( M54 ,:AT REMA9$ PROBLEMATIC WAS H[ TO DI/+UI% CLE>LY & P]MAN5TLY BETWE5 RESPECTABLE & NON-RESPECTABLE WOM54 

,?IS LA/ PO9T IS CRUCIAL4 ,! MO/ DRAMATIC KN[N ATTEMPT TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM1 ,L]N] OBS]VES1 CAN BE F\ND 9 A ,MIDDLE ,ASSYRIAN LAW CODE DAT+ FROM SOME:]E BETWE5 #ad & #aa BC1 :I* IS ALSO ! FIR/ KN[N REF]5CE TO VEIL+ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/--& ALSO1 ,L]N] EMPHASIZES1 FIR/ TO MAKE ! POLIC+ ( SOCIAL B\ND>IES ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! /ATE4.<#c#f#b.> ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ?IS TAKES PLACE UND] ! AU?ORITY ( P]HAPS ! MO/ NOTORI\SLY MILIT>I/IC /ATE 9 ! 5TIRE ANCI5T ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 

,! CODE C>EFULLY DI/+UI%ES AMONG FIVE CLASSES ( WOM54 ,RESPECTABLE WOM5 7EI!R M>RI$ LADIES OR CONCUB9ES71 WID[S1 & DAU<T]S ( FREE ,ASSYRIAN M5--0MU/ VEIL !MSELVES0 :5 !Y GO \T ON ! /REET4 ,PRO/ITUTES & SLAVES 7& PRO/ITUTES >E N[ CONSID]$ TO 9CLUDE UNM>RI$ TEMPLE S]VANTS AS WELL AS SIMPLE H>LOTS7 >E NOT ALL[$ TO WE> VEILS4 ,! REM>KABLE ?+ AB\T ! LAWS IS ?AT ! PUNI%M5TS SPECIFI$ 9 ! CODE >E NOT DIRECT$ AT RESPECTABLE WOM5 :O DO NOT WE> VEILS1 BUT AGA9/ PRO/ITUTES & SLAVES :O DO4 ,! PRO/ITUTE WAS TO BE PUBLICLY BEAT5 FIFTY TIMES ) /AVES & HAVE PIT* P\R$ ON H] HEAD2 ! SLAVE GIRL WAS TO HAVE H] E>S CUT (F4 ,FREE M5 PROV5 TO HAVE KN[+LY ABETT$ AN IMPO/OR W\LD ALSO BE ?RA%$ & PUT TO A MON?'S =C$ LABOR4 

,PRESUMABLY 9 ! CASE ( RESPECTABLE WOM51 ! LAW WAS ASSUM$ TO BE SELF-5=C+3 AS :AT RESPECTABLE WOMAN W\LD WI% TO GO \T ON ! /REET 9 ! GUISE ( A PRO/ITUTE8 

,:5 WE REF] TO 0RESPECTABLE0 WOM51 !N1 WE >E REF]R+ TO ?OSE :OSE BODIES C\LD NOT1 UND] ANY CONDITIONS1 BE B\<T OR SOLD4 ,!IR PHYSICAL P]SONS W]E HIDD5 AWAY & P]MAN5TLY RELEGAT$ TO SOME MAN'S DOME/IC SPH]E2 :5 !Y APPE>$ 9 PUBLIC VEIL$1 !Y W]E EFFECTIVELY /ILL O/5TATI\SLY WALK+ >\ND1 EV5 9 PUBLIC1 9SIDE SU* A SPH]E4.<#c#f#c.> ,WOM5 :O C\LD BE EX*ANG$ = MONEY1 ON ! O!R H&1 MU/ BE 9/ANTLY RECOGNIZABLE AS SU*4 

,! ,ASSYRIAN LAW CODE IS ONE ISOLAT$ 9/ANCE2 VEILS C]TA9LY DID NOT BECOME OBLIGATORY EV]Y:]E AFT] #ac BC4 ,BUT IT PROVIDES A W9D[ ON DEVELOPM5TS ?AT W]E HAPP5+1 H[EV] UNEV5LY1 EV5 SPASMODICALLY1 ACROSS ! REGION1 PROPELL$ BY ! 9T]SECTION ( COMM]CE1 CLASS1 DEFIANT ASS]TIONS ( MALE HONOR1 & ! CON/ANT ?REAT ( ! DEFECTION ( ! POOR4 ,/ATES SEEM TO HAVE PLAY$ A COMPLEX DUAL ROLE1 SIMULTANE\SLY FO/]+ COMMODITIZATION & 9T]V5+ TO AMELIORATE ITS EFFECTS3 5=C+ ! LAWS ( DEBT & RI<TS ( FA!RS1 & (F]+ P]IODIC AMNE/IES4 ,BUT ! DYNAMIC ALSO L$1 OV] ! C\RSE ( MILL5NIA1 TO A SY/EMATIC DEMOTION ( SEXUALITY ITSELF FROM A DIV9E GIFT & EMBODIM5T ( CIVILIZ$ REF9EM5T TO ONE ( ITS MORE FAMILI> ASSOCIATIONS3 ) DEGRADATION1 CORRUPTION1 & GUILT4 

,H]E ,I ?9K WE HAVE ! EXPLANATION = ?AT G5]AL DECL9E ( WOM5'S FRE$OMS ?AT MAY BE OBS]V$ 9 ALL ! GREAT URBAN CIVILIZATIONS = SO MU* ( !IR HI/ORY4 ,9 ALL ( !M1 SIMIL> ?+S W]E HAPP5+1 EV5 IF 9 EA* CASE1 ! PIECES CAME TOGE!R 9 DIFF]5T WAYS4 

,! HI/ORY ( ,*9A1 = 9/ANCE1 SAW CONT9UAL & L>GELY UNSUCCESSFUL GOV]NM5T CAMPAIGNS TO ]ADICATE BO? BRIDEPRICE & DEBT SLAV]Y1 & P]IODIC SC&ALS OV] ! EXI/5CE ( 0M>KETS 9 DAU<T]S10 9CLUD+ ! \TRI<T SALE ( GIRLS AS DAU<T]S1 WIVES1 CONCUB9ES1 OR PRO/ITUTES 7AT ! BUY]'S DISCRETION7 CONT9UE TO ?IS DAY4.<#c#f#d.> ,9 ,9DIA1 ! CA/E SY/EM ALL[$ :AT W]E O!RWISE DIFF]5CES BETWE5 RI* & POOR TO BE MADE =MAL & EXPLICIT4 ,BRAHM9S & O!R MEMB]S ( ! UPP] CA/ES JEAL\SLY SEQUE/]$ !IR DAU<T]S1 & M>RI$ !M (F ) LAVI% D[RIES1 :ILE ! L[] CA/ES PRACTIC$ BRIDEPRICE1 ALL[+ MEMB]S ( ! HI<] 70TWICE-BORN07 CA/ES TO SC(F AT !M = SELL+ !IR DAU<T]S4 ,! TWICE-BORN W]E LIKEWISE L>GELY PROTECT$ FROM FALL+ 9TO DEBT BONDAGE1 :ILE = MU* ( ! RURAL POOR1 DEBT DEP5D5CY WAS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 ) ! DAU<T]S ( POOR DEBTORS1 PR$ICTABLY1 (T5 DISPAT*$ TO BRO!LS OR TO ! KIT*5S OR LAUNDRIES ( ! RI*4.<#c#f#e.> ,9 EI!R CASE1 BETWE5 ! PU% ( COMMODITIZATION1 :I* FELL DISPROPORTIONALLY ON DAU<T]S1 & ! PULL ( ?OSE TRY+ TO REASS]T PATRI>*AL RI<TS TO 0PROTECT0 WOM5 FROM ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT !Y MI<T BE COMMODITIZ$1 WOM5'S =MAL & PRACTICAL FRE$OMS APPE> TO HAVE BE5 GRADUALLY BUT 9CREAS+LY RE/RICT$ & EFFAC$4 ,AS A RESULT1 NOTIONS ( HONOR *ANG$ TOO1 BECOM+ A K9D ( PROTE/ AGA9/ ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! M>KET1 EV5 AS AT ! SAME TIME 7LIKE ! WORLD RELIGIONS7 !Y CAME TO E*O ?AT M>KET LOGIC 9 5DLESS SUBTLE WAYS4 

,NO:]E1 H[EV]1 >E \R S\RCES AS RI* & DETAIL$ AS !Y >E = ANCI5T ,GREECE4 ,?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE A COMM]CIAL ECONOMY >RIV$ !RE SO LATE1 ALMO/ ?REE ?\S& YE>S LAT] ?AN 9 ,SUM]4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,CLASSICAL ,GREEK LIT]ATURE GIVES US A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO OBS]VE ! TRANS=MATION AS IT WAS ACTUALLY TAK+ PLACE4 

,ANCI5T ,GREECE 7,HONOR & ,DEBT7 

  

,! WORLD ( ! ,HOM]IC EPICS IS ONE DOM9AT$ BY H]OIC W>RIORS :O >E DISDA9FUL ( TRADE4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 IT IS /RIK+LY REM9ISC5T ( M$IEVAL ,IREL&4 ,MONEY EXI/$1 BUT IT WAS NOT US$ TO BUY ANY?+2 IMPORTANT M5 LIV$ !IR LIVES 9 PURSUIT ( HONOR1 :I* TOOK MAT]IAL =M 9 FOLL[]S & TREASURE4 ,TREASURES W]E GIV5 AS GIFTS1 AW>D$ AS PRIZES1 C>RI$ (F AS LOOT4.<#c#f#f.> ,?IS IS NO D\BT H[ TIME FIR/ CAME TO MEAN BO? 0HONOR0 & 0PRICE0--9 SU* A WORLD1 NO ONE S5S$ ANY SORT ( CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! TWO4.<#c#f#g.> 

,ALL ?IS WAS TO *ANGE DRAMATICALLY :5 COMM]CIAL M>KETS BEGAN TO DEVELOP TWO HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]4 ,GREEK CO9AGE SEEM TO HAVE BE5 FIR/ US$ MA9LY TO PAY SOLDI]S1 AS WELL AS TO PAY F9ES & FEES & PAYM5TS MADE TO & BY ! GOV]NM5T1 BUT BY AB\T #f BC1 JU/ AB\T EV]Y ,GREEK CITY-/ATE WAS PRODUC+ ITS [N CO9S AS A M>K ( CIVIC 9DEP5D5CE4 ,IT DID NOT TAKE LONG1 ?\<1 BE=E CO9S W]E 9 COMMON USE 9 EV]YDAY TRANSACTIONS4 ,BY ! FIF? C5TURY1 9 ,GREEK CITIES1 ! AGORA1 ! PLACE ( PUBLIC DEBATE & COMMUNAL ASSEMBLY1 ALSO D\BL$ AS A M>KETPLACE4 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ EFFECTS ( ! >RIVAL ( A COMM]CIAL ECONOMY WAS A S]IES ( DEBT CRISES1 ( ! SORT LONG FAMILI> FROM ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,ISRAEL4 0,! POOR10 AS ,>I/OTLE SUCC9CTLY PUT IT 9 HIS ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,A!NIANS1 0TOGE!R ) !IR WIVES & *ILDR51 W]E 5SLAV$ TO ! RI*40.<#c#f#h.> ,REVOLUTION>Y FACTIONS EM]G$1 DEM&+ AMNE/IES1 & MO/ ,GREEK CITIES W]E AT LEA/ = A :ILE TAK5 OV] BY POPULI/ /RONGM5 SWEPT 9TO P[] P>TLY BY ! DEM& = RADICAL DEBT RELIEF4 ,! SOLUTION MO/ CITIES ULTIMATELY F\ND1 H[EV]1 WAS QUITE DIFF]5T ?AN IT HAD BE5 9 ! ,NE> ,EA/4 ,RA!R ?AN 9/ITUTIONALIZE P]IODIC AMNE/IES1 ,GREEK CITIES T5D$ TO ADOPT LEGISLATION LIMIT+ OR ABOLI%+ DEBT PEONAGE ALTOGE!R1 & !N1 TO =E/ALL FUTURE CRISES1 !Y W\LD TURN TO A POLICY ( EXPANSION1 %IPP+ (F ! *ILDR5 ( ! POOR TO F\ND MILIT>Y COLONIES OV]SEAS4 ,BE=E LONG1 ! 5TIRE COA/ FROM ,CRIMEA TO ,M>SEILLE WAS DOTT$ ) ,GREEK CITIES1 :I* S]V$1 9 TURN1 AS CONDUITS = A LIVELY TRADE 9 SLAVES4.<#c#f#i.> ,! SUDD5 ABUNDANCE ( *ATTEL SLAVES1 9 TURN1 COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ ! NATURE ( ,GREEK SOCIETY4 ,FIR/ & MO/ FAM\SLY1 IT ALL[$ EV5 CITIZ5S ( MODE/ MEANS TO TAKE P>T 9 ! POLITICAL & CULTURAL LIFE ( ! CITY & HAVE A G5U9E S5SE ( CITIZ5%IP4 ,BUT ?IS1 9 TURN1 DROVE ! OLD >I/OCRATIC CLASSES TO DEVELOP MORE & MORE ELABORATE MEANS ( SETT+ !MSELVES (F FROM :AT !Y CONSID]$ ! TAWDR9ESS & MORAL CORRUPTION ( ! NEW DEMOCRATIC /ATE4 

,:5 ! CURTA9 TRULY GOES UP ON ,GREECE1 9 ! FIF? C5TURY1 WE F9D EV]YBODY >GU+ AB\T MONEY4 ,= ! >I/OCRATS1 :O WROTE MO/ ( ! SURVIV+ TEXTS1 MONEY WAS ! EMBODIM5T ( CORRUPTION4 ,>I/OCRATS DISDA9$ ! M>KET4 ,IDEALLY1 A MAN ( HONOR %\LD BE ABLE TO RAISE EV]Y?+ HE NE$$ ON HIS [N E/ATES1 & NEV] HAVE TO H&LE CA% AT ALL4.<#c#g.> ,9 PRACTICE1 !Y KNEW ?IS WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,YET AT EV]Y PO9T !Y TRI$ TO SET !MSELVES AP>T FROM ! VALUES ( ! ORD9>Y D5IZ5S ( ! M>KETPLACE3 TO CONTRA/ ! BEAUTIFUL GOLD & SILV] BEAK]S & TRIPODS !Y GAVE ONE ANO!R AT FUN]ALS & W$D+S ) ! VULG> HAWK+ ( SAUSAGES OR *>COAL2 ! DIGNITY ( ! A?LETIC CONTE/S = :I* !Y 5DLESSLY TRA9$ ) COMMON]S' VULG> GAMBL+2 ! SOPHI/ICAT$ & LIT]ATE C\RTESANS :O ATT5D$ TO !M AT !IR DR9K+ CLUBS1 & COMMON PRO/ITUTES 7PORNE7--SLAVE-GIRLS H\S$ 9 BRO!LS NE> ! AGORA1 BRO!LS (T5 SPONSOR$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC POLIS ITSELF AS A S]VICE TO ! SEXUAL NE$S ( ITS MALE CITIZ5RY4 ,9 EA* CASE1 !Y PLAC$ A WORLD ( GIFTS1 G5]OSITY1 & HONOR ABOVE SORDID COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE4.<#c#g#a.> 

,?IS RESULT$ 9 A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T PLAY ( PU% & PULL ?AN WE SAW 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 WE SEE A CULTURE ( >I/OCRATIC PROTE/ AGA9/ :AT !Y SAW AS ! L[LY COMM]CIAL S5SIBILITIES ( ORD9>Y CITIZ5S4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE SEE AN ALMO/ S*IZOPHR5IC REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! ORD9>Y CITIZ5S !MSELVES1 :O SIMULTANE\SLY TRI$ TO LIMIT OR EV5 BAN ASPECTS ( >I/OCRATIC CULTURE & TO IMITATE >I/OCRATIC S5SIBILITIES4 ,P$]A/Y IS AN EXCELL5T CASE 9 PO9T H]E4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 MAN-BOY LOVE WAS SE5 AS ! QU9TESS5TIAL >I/OCRATIC PRACTICE--IT WAS ! WAY1 9 FACT1 ?AT Y\NG >I/OCRATS W\LD ORD9>ILY BECOME 9ITIAT$ 9TO ! PRIVILEGES ( HI< SOCIETY4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! DEMOCRATIC POLIS SAW IT AS POLITICALLY SUBV]SIVE & MADE SEXUAL RELATIONS BETWE5 MALE CITIZ5S ILLEGAL4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ALMO/ EV]YONE BEGAN TO PRACTICE IT4 

,! FAM\S ,GREEK OBSESSION ) MALE HONOR ?AT /ILL 9=MS SO MU* ( ! TEXTURE ( DAILY LIFE 9 RURAL COMMUNITIES 9 ,GREECE HE>K5S BACK NOT SO MU* TO ,HOM]IC HONOR BUT TO ?IS >I/OCRATIC REBELLION AGA9/ ! VALUES ( ! M>KETPLACE1 :I* EV]YONE1 EV5TUALLY1 BEGAN TO MAKE !IR [N4.<#c#g#b.> ,! EFFECTS ON WOM51 ?\<1 W]E EV5 MORE SEV]E ?AN !Y HAD BE5 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,ALREADY BY ! AGE ( ,SOCRATES1 :ILE A MAN'S HONOR WAS 9CREAS+LY TI$ TO DISDA9 = COMM]CE & ASS]TIV5ESS 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 A WOMAN'S HONOR HAD COME TO BE DEF9$ 9 ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY SEXUAL T]MS3 AS A MATT] ( VIRG9ITY1 MODE/Y1 & *A/ITY1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT RESPECTABLE WOM5 W]E EXPECT$ TO BE %UT UP 9SIDE ! H\SEHOLD & ANY WOMAN :O PLAY$ A P>T 9 PUBLIC LIFE WAS CONSID]$ = ?AT REASON A PRO/ITUTE1 OR TANTAM\NT TO ONE4.<#c#g#c.> ,! ,ASSYRIAN HABIT ( VEIL+ WAS NOT WIDELY ADOPT$ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 BUT IT WAS ADOPT$ 9 ,GREECE4 ,AS MU* AS IT FLIES 9 ! FACE ( \R /]EOTYPES AB\T ! ORIG9S ( 0,WE/]N0 FRE$OMS1 WOM5 9 DEMOCRATIC ,A!NS1 UNLIKE ?OSE ( ,P]SIA OR ,SYRIA1 W]E EXPECT$ TO WE> VEILS :5 !Y V5TUR$ \T 9 PUBLIC4.<#c#g#d.> 

,MONEY1 !N1 HAD PASS$ FROM A MEASURE ( HONOR TO A MEASURE ( EV]Y?+ ?AT HONOR WAS NOT4 ,TO SUGGE/ ?AT A MAN'S HONOR C\LD BE B\<T ) MONEY BECAME A T]RIBLE 9SULT--?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT1 S9CE M5 W]E (T5 TAK5 9 W> OR EV5 BY B&ITS OR PIRATES & HELD = RANSOM1 !Y (T5 DID GO ?R\< DRAMAS ( BONDAGE & R$EMPTION NOT UNLIKE ?OSE EXP]I5C$ BY SO MANY ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N WOM54 ,ONE P>TICUL>LY /RIK+ WAY ( HAMM]+ IT HOME--ACTUALLY1 9 ?IS CASE1 ALMO/ LIT]ALLY--WAS BY BR&+ RANSOM$ PRISON]S ) ! M>K ( !IR [N CURR5CY1 MU* AS IF TODAY SOME IMAG9>Y =EIGN KIDNAPP]1 AFT] HAV+ RECEIV$ ! RANSOM MONEY = AN ,AM]ICAN VICTIM1 MADE A PO9T ( BURN+ A DOLL> SIGN ONTO ! VICTIM'S =EHEAD BE=E RETURN+ HIM4.<#c#g#e.> 

,ONE QUE/ION ?AT ISN'T CLE> FROM ALL ?IS IS1 ,:Y8 ,:Y HAD MONEY1 9 P>TICUL>1 BECOME SU* A SYMBOL ( DEGRADATION8 ,WAS IT ALL BECAUSE ( SLAV]Y8 ,ONE MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO CONCLUDE ?AT IT WAS3 P]HAPS ! NEWF\ND PRES5CE ( ?\S&S ( UTT]LY DEGRAD$ HUMAN BE+S 9 ANCI5T ,GREEK CITIES MADE ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT A FREE MAN 7LET ALONE A FREE WOMAN7 MI<T 9 ANY S5SE BE B\<T OR SOLD P>TICUL>LY 9SULT+4 ,BUT ?IS IS CLE>LY NOT ! CASE4 ,\R DISCUSSION ( ! SLAVE MONEY ( ,IREL& %[$ ?AT ! POSSIBILITY ( ! UTT] DEGRADATION ( A HUMAN BE+ WAS 9 NO S5SE A ?REAT TO H]OIC HONOR--9 A WAY1 IT WAS ITS V]Y ESS5CE4 ,HOM]IC ,GREEKS DO NOT APPE> TO HAVE BE5 ANY DIFF]5T4 ,IT SEEMS H>DLY CO9CID5TAL ?AT ! QU>REL BETWE5 ,AGAMEMNON & ,A*ILLES ?AT SETS (F ! ACTION ( ! ,ILIAD1 G5]ALLY CONSID]$ TO BE ! FIR/ GREAT WORK ( ,WE/]N LIT]ATURE1 IS A DISPUTE OV] HONOR BETWE5 TWO H]OIC W>RIORS OV] ! DISPOSITION ( A SLAVE GIRL4.<#c#g#f.> ,AGAMEMNON & ,A*ILLES W]E ALSO WELL AW>E ?AT IT W\LD ONLY TAKE AN UN=TUNATE TURN 9 BATTLE1 OR P]HAPS A %IPWRECK1 = EI!R ( !M TO W9D UP AS A SLAVE4 ,ODYSSEUS B>ELY ESCAPES BE+ 5SLAV$ ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS 9 ! ,ODYSSEY4 ,EV5 9 ! ?IRD C5TURY AD1 ! ,ROMAN EMP]OR ,VAL]IAN 7#b#e#c-#b#f AD71 DEFEAT$ AT ! ,BATTLE ( ,$ESSA1 WAS CAPTUR$ & SP5T ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE AS ! FOOT/OOL ?AT ! ,SASSANIAN EMP]OR ,%APUR ,I US$ TO M\NT HIS HORSE4 ,SU* W]E ! P]ILS ( W>4 ,ALL ?IS WAS ESS5TIAL TO ! NATURE ( M>TIAL HONOR4 ,A W>RIOR'S HONOR IS HIS WILL+NESS TO PLAY A GAME ON :I* HE /AKES EV]Y?+4 ,HIS GR&EUR IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO H[ F> HE CAN FALL4 

,WAS IT1 !N1 ?AT ! ADV5T ( COMM]CIAL MONEY ?REW TRADITIONAL SOCIAL HI]>*IES 9TO DIS>RAY8 ,GREEK >I/OCRATS (T5 SPOKE ?IS WAY1 BUT ! COMPLA9TS SEEM RA!R DIS+5U\S4 ,SURELY IT WAS MONEY ?AT ALL[$ SU* A POLI%$ >I/OCRACY TO EXI/ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4.<#c#g#g.> ,RA!R1 ! ?+ ?AT REALLY SEEM$ TO BO!R !M AB\T MONEY WAS SIMPLY ?AT !Y WANT$ IT SO MU*4 ,S9CE MONEY C\LD BE US$ TO BUY JU/ AB\T ANY?+1 EV]YBODY WANT$ IT4 ,?AT IS3 IT WAS DESIRABLE BECAUSE IT WAS NON-DISCRIM9AT+4 ,ONE C\LD SEE H[ ! METAPHOR ( ! PORNE MI<T SEEM P>TICUL>LY APPROPRIATE4 ,A WOMAN 0COMMON TO ! PEOPLE0--AS ! POET ,>*ILO*OS PUT IT--IS AVAILABLE TO EV]YONE4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 WE %\LDN'T BE ATTRACT$ TO SU* AN UNDISCRIM9AT+ CREATURE4 ,9 FACT1 ( C\RSE1 WE >E4.<#c#g#h.> ,& NO?+ WAS BO? SO UNDISCRIM9AT+1 & SO DESIRABLE1 AS MONEY4 ,TRUE1 ,GREEK >I/OCRATS W\LD ORD9>ILY 9SI/ ?AT !Y W]E NOT ATTRACT$ TO COMMON PORNE1 & ?AT ! C\RTESANS1 FLUTE-GIRLS1 ACROBATS1 & BEAUTIFUL BOYS ?AT FREQU5T$ !IR SYMPOSIA W]E NOT REALLY PRO/ITUTES AT ALL 7?\< AT TIMES !Y ALSO ADMITT$ ?AT !Y REALLY W]E71 !Y ALSO /RUGGL$ ) ! FACT ?AT !IR [N HI<-M9D$ PURSUITS1 SU* AS *>IOT-RAC+1 \TFITT+ %IPS = ! NAVY1 & SPONSOR+ TRAGIC DRAMAS1 REQUIR$ ! EXACT SAME CO9S AS ! ONES US$ TO BUY *EAP P]FUME & PIES = A FI%]MAN'S WIFE--! ONLY REAL DIFF]5CE BE+ ?AT !IR PURSUITS T5D$ TO REQUIRE A LOT MORE ( !M4.<#c#g#i.> 

,WE MI<T SAY1 !N1 ?AT MONEY 9TRODUC$ A DEMOCRATIZATION ( DESIRE4 ,9S(> AS EV]YONE WANT$ MONEY1 EV]YONE1 HI< & L[1 WAS PURSU+ ! SAME PROMISCU\S SUB/ANCE4 ,BUT EV5 MORE3 9CREAS+LY1 !Y DID NOT JU/ WANT MONEY4 ,!Y NE$$ IT4 ,?IS WAS A PR(\ND *ANGE4 ,9 ! ,HOM]IC WORLD1 AS 9 MO/ HUMAN ECONOMIES1 WE HE> ALMO/ NO DISCUSSION ( ?OSE ?+S CONSID]$ NECESS>Y TO HUMAN LIFE 7FOOD1 %ELT]1 CLO?+7 BECAUSE IT IS SIMPLY ASSUM$ ?AT EV]YBODY HAS !M4 ,A MAN ) NO POSSESSIONS C\LD1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 BECOME A RETA9] 9 SOME RI* MAN'S H\SEHOLD4 ,EV5 SLAVES HAD 5\< TO EAT4.<#c#h.> ,H]E TOO1 ! PRO/ITUTE WAS A POT5T SYMBOL = :AT HAD *ANG$1 S9CE :ILE SOME ( ! D5IZ5S ( BRO!LS W]E SLAVES1 O!RS W]E SIMPLY POOR2 ! FACT ?AT !IR BASIC NE$S C\LD NO LONG] BE TAK5 = GRANT$ W]E PRECISELY :AT MADE !M SUBMIT TO O!RS' DESIRES4 ,?IS EXTREME FE> ( DEP5D5CY ON O!RS' :IMS LIES AT ! BASIS ( ! ,GREEK OBSESSION ) ! SELF-SUFFICI5T H\SEHOLD4 

,ALL ?IS LIES BEH9D ! UNUSUALLY ASSIDU\S EF=TS ( ! MALE CITIZ5S ( ,GREEK CITY-/ATES--LIKE ! LAT] ,ROMANS--TO 9SULATE !IR WIVES & DAU<T]S FROM BO? ! DANG]S & ! FRE$OMS ( ! M>KETPLACE4 ,UNLIKE !IR EQUIVAL5TS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 !Y DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE (F]$ !M AS DEBT PAWNS4 ,NEI!R1 AT LEA/ 9 ,A!NS1 WAS IT LEGAL = ! DAU<T]S ( FREE CITIZ5S TO BE EMPLOY$ AS PRO/ITUTES4.<#c#h#a.> ,AS A RESULT1 RESPECTABLE WOM5 BECAME 9VISIBLE1 L>GELY REMOV$ FROM ! HI< DRAMAS ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4.<#c#h#b.> ,IF ANYONE WAS 5SLAV$ = DEBT1 IT WAS NORMALLY ! DEBTOR4 ,EV5 MORE DRAMATICALLY1 IT WAS ORD9>ILY MALE CITIZ5S :O ACCUS$ ONE ANO!R ( PRO/ITUTION--) ,A!NIAN POLITICIANS REGUL>LY ASS]T+ ?AT !IR RIVALS1 :5 !Y W]E Y\NG BOYS BE+ PLI$ ) GIFTS FROM !IR MALE SUITORS1 W]E REALLY TRAD+ SEX = MONEY1 & H5CE DES]V$ TO LOSE !IR CIVIC FRE$OMS4.<#c#h#c.> 

,IT MI<T BE HELPFUL H]E1 TO RETURN TO ! PR9CIPLES LAID \T 9 *APT] FIVE4 ,:AT WE SEE ABOVE ALL IS ! ]OSION BO? ( OLD] =MS ( HI]>*Y--! ,HOM]IC WORLD ( GREAT M5 ) !IR RETA9]S--&1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ( OLD] =MS ( MUTUAL AID1 ) COMMUNI/IC RELATIONS 9CREAS+LY BE+ CONF9$ TO ! 9T]IOR ( ! H\SEHOLD4 

,IT'S ! =M]--! ]OSION ( HI]>*Y--?AT REALLY SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AT /AKE 9 ! 0DEBT CRISES0 ?AT /RUCK SO MANY ,GREEK CITIES >\ND #f BC1 RI<T >\ND ! TIME ?AT COMM]CIAL M>KETS W]E FIR/ TAK+ %APE4.<#c#h#d.> ,:5 ,>I/OTLE SPOKE ( ! ,A!NIAN POOR AS FALL+ SLAVE TO ! RI*1 :AT HE APPE>S TO HAVE MEANT WAS ?AT 9 H>% YE>S1 MANY POOR F>M]S FELL 9TO DEBT2 AS A RESULT !Y 5D$ UP AS %>ECROPP]S ON !IR [N PROP]TY1 DEP5D5TS4 ,SOME W]E EV5 SOLD ABROAD AS SLAVES4 ,?IS L$ TO UNRE/ & AGITATION1 & ALSO TO DEM&S = CLEAN SLATES1 = ! FREE+ ( ?OSE HELD 9 BONDAGE1 & = ! R$I/RIBUTION ( AGRICULTURAL L&4 ,9 A FEW CASES IT L$ TO \TRI<T REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,MEG>A1 WE >E TOLD1 A RADICAL FACTION ?AT SEIZ$ P[] NOT ONLY MADE 9T]E/-BE>+ LOANS ILLEGAL1 BUT DID SO RETROACTIVELY1 =C+ CR$ITORS TO MAKE RE/ITUTION ( ALL 9T]E/ !Y HAD COLLECT$ 9 ! PA/4.<#c#h#e.> ,9 O!R CITIES1 POPULI/ TYRANTS SEIZ$ P[] ON PROMISES TO ABROGATE AGRICULTURAL DEBTS4 

,ON ! FACE ( IT1 ALL ?IS DOESN'T SEEM ALL ?AT SURPRIS+3 ! MOM5T :5 COMM]CIAL M>KETS DEVELOP$1 ,GREEK CITIES QUICKLY DEVELOP$ ALL ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT HAD BE5 PLAGU+ ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N CITIES = MILL5NIA3 DEBT CRISES1 DEBT RESI/ANCE1 POLITICAL UNRE/4 ,9 REALITY1 ?+S >E NOT SO CLE>4 ,= ONE ?+1 = ! POOR TO BE 05SLAV$ TO ! RI*10 9 ! LOOSE S5SE ?AT ,>I/OTLE SEEMS TO BE US+1 WAS H>DLY A NEW DEVELOPM5T4 ,EV5 9 ,HOM]IC SOCIETY1 IT WAS ASSUM$ AS A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT RI* M5 W\LD LIVE SURR\ND$ BY DEP5D5TS & RETA9]S1 DRAWN FROM ! RANKS ( ! DEP5D5T POOR4 ,! CRITICAL ?+1 ?\<1 AB\T SU* RELATIONS ( PATRONAGE IS ?AT !Y 9VOLV$ RESPONSIBILITIES ON BO? SIDES4 ,A NOBLE W>RIOR & HIS HUMBLE CLI5T W]E ASSUM$ TO BE FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORTS ( PEOPLE1 BUT BO? W]E ALSO EXPECT$ TO TAKE ACC\NT ( EA* O!R'S 7FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T7 NE$S4 ,TRANS=M+ PATRONAGE 9TO DEBT RELATIONS--TREAT+1 SAY1 AN ADVANCE ( SE$ CORN AS A LOAN1 LET ALONE AN 9T]E/-BE>+ LOAN--*ANG$ ALL ?IS4.<#c#h#f.> ,:AT'S MORE1 IT DID SO 9 TWO COMPLETELY CONTRADICTORY RESPECTS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 A LOAN IMPLIES NO ONGO+ RESPONSIBILITIES ON ! P>T ( ! CR$ITOR4 ,ON ! O!R1 AS ,I HAVE CONT9UALLY EMPHASIZ$1 A LOAN DOES ASSUME A C]TA9 =MAL1 LEGAL EQUALITY BETWE5 CONTRACTOR & CONTRACTEE4 ,IT ASSUMES ?AT !Y >E1 AT LEA/ 9 SOME WAYS ON SOME LEVEL1 FUNDAM5TALLY ! SAME K9D ( P]SON4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY AB\T ! MO/ RU?LESS & VIOL5T =M ( EQUALITY IMAG9ABLE4 ,BUT ! FACT IT WAS CONCEIV$ AS EQUALITY BE=E ! M>KET MADE SU* >RANGEM5TS EV5 MORE DIFFICULT TO 5DURE4.<#c#h#g.> 

,! SAME T5SIONS CAN BE OBS]V$ BETWE5 NEI<BORS1 :O 9 F>M+ COMMUNITIES T5D TO GIVE1 L5D1 & BORR[ ?+S AMONG !MSELVES--ANY?+ FROM SIEVES & SICKLES1 TO *>COAL & COOK+ OIL1 TO SE$ CORN OR OX5 = PL[+4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 SU* GIV+ & L5D+ W]E CONSID]$ ESS5TIAL P>TS ( ! BASIC FABRIC ( HUMAN SOCIABILITY 9 F>M COMMUNITIES1 ON ! O!R1 OV]LY DEM&+ NEI<BORS W]E A NOTORI\S IRRITANT--ONE ?AT C\LD ONLY HAVE GR[N WORSE :5 ALL P>TIES >E AW>E ( PRECISELY H[ MU* IT W\LD HAVE CO/ TO BUY OR R5T ! SAME ITEMS ?AT W]E BE+ GIV5 AWAY4 ,AGA91 ONE ( ! BE/ WAYS TO GET A S5SE ( :AT W]E CONSID]$ EV]YDAY DILEMMAS = ,M$IT]RANEAN PEASANTS IS TO LOOK AT JOKES4 ,LATE /ORIES FROM ACROSS ! ,AEGEAN 9 ,TURKEY E*O EXACTLY ! SAME CONC]NS3 

,NASRUDD9'S NEI<BOR ONCE CAME BY ASK IF HE C\LD BORR[ HIS DONKEY = AN UNEXPECT$ ]R&4 ,NASRUDD9 OBLIG$1 BUT ! NEXT DAY ! NEI<BOR WAS BACK AGA9--HE NE$$ TO TAKE SOME GRA9 TO BE MILL$4 ,BE=E LONG HE WAS %[+ UP ALMO/ EV]Y MORN+1 B>ELY FEEL+ HE NE$$ A PRETEXT4 ,F9ALLY1 ,NASRUDD9 GOT F$ UP1 & ONE MORN+ TOLD HIM HIS BRO!R HAD ALREADY COME BY & TAK5 ! DONKEY4 

,JU/ AS ! NEI<BOR WAS LEAV+ HE HE>D A L\D BRAY+ S\ND FROM ! Y>D4 

0,HEY1 ,I ?\<T Y\ SAID ! DONKEY WASN'T H]E60 

0,LOOK1 :O >E Y\ GO+ TO BELIEVE80 ASK$ ,NASRUDD94 0,ME1 OR SOME ANIMAL80 

,) ! APPE>ANCE ( MONEY1 IT C\LD ALSO BECOME UNCLE> :AT WAS A GIFT1 & :AT A LOAN4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 EV5 ) GIFTS1 IT WAS ALWAYS CONSID]$ BE/ TO RETURN SOME?+ SLI<TLY BETT] ?AN ONE HAD RECEIV$4.<#c#h#h.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 FRI5DS DO NOT *>GE ONE ANO!R 9T]E/1 & ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT !Y MI<T WAS SURE TO RANKLE4 ,SO :AT'S ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A G5]\S RETURN GIFT & AN 9T]E/ PAYM5T8 ,?IS IS ! BASIS ( ONE ( ! MO/ FAM\S ,NASRUDD9 /ORIES1 ONE ?AT APPE>S TO HAVE PROVID$ C5TURIES ( AMUSEM5T = PEASANTS ACROSS ! ,M$IT]RANEAN BAS9 & ADJO9+ REGIONS4 7,IT IS ALSO1 ,I MI<T NOTE1 A PLAY ON ! FACT ?AT 9 MANY ,M$IT]RANEAN LANGUAGES1 ,GREEK 9CLUD$1 ! WORD = 09T]E/0 LIT]ALLY MEANS 0(FSPR+407 

,ONE DAY ,NASRUDD9'S NEI<BOR1 A NOTORI\S MIS]1 CAME BY TO ANN\NCE HE WAS ?R[+ A P>TY = SOME FRI5DS4 ,C\LD HE BORR[ SOME ( ,NASRUDD9'S POTS8 ,NASRUDD9 DIDN'T HAVE MANY BUT SAID HE WAS HAPPY TO L5D :ATEV] HE HAD4 ,! NEXT DAY ! MIS] RETURN$1 C>RY+ ,NASRUDD9'S ?REE POTS1 & ONE T9Y ADDITIONAL ONE4 

0,:AT'S ?AT80 ASK$ ,NASRUDDD94 

0,OH1 ?AT'S ! (FSPR+ ( ! POTS4 ,!Y REPRODUC$ DUR+ ! TIME !Y W]E ) ME40 

,NASRUDD9 %RUGG$ & ACCEPT$ !M1 & ! MIS] LEFT HAPPY ?AT HE HAD E/ABLI%$ A PR9CIPLE ( 9T]E/4 ,A MON? LAT] ,NASRUDD9 WAS ?R[+ A P>TY1 & HE W5T OV] TO BORR[ A DOZ5 PIECES ( HIS NEI<BOR'S MU* MORE LUXURI\S CROCK]Y4 ,! MIS] COMPLI$4 ,!N HE WAIT$ A DAY4 ,& !N ANO!R 444 

,ON ! ?IRD DAY1 ! MIS] CAME BY & ASK$ :AT HAD HAPP5$ TO HIS POTS4 

0,OH1 !M80 ,NASRUDD9 SAID SADLY4 0,IT WAS A T]RIBLE TRAG$Y4 ,!Y DI$40.<#c#h#i.> 

,9 A H]OIC SY/EM1 IT IS ONLY DEBTS ( HONOR--! NE$ TO REPAY GIFTS1 TO EXACT REV5GE1 TO RESCUE OR R$EEM FRI5DS OR K9SM5 FALL5 PRISON]--?AT OP]ATE COMPLETELY UND] A LOGIC ( TIT-=-TAT EX*ANGE4 ,HONOR IS ! SAME AS CR$IT2 IT'S ONE'S ABILITY TO KEEP ONE'S PROMISES1 BUT ALSO1 9 ! CASE ( A WRONG1 TO 0GET EV540 ,AS ! LA/ PHRASE IMPLIES1 IT WAS A MONET>Y LOGIC1 BUT MONEY1 OR ANYWAY MONEY-LIKE RELATIONS1 >E CONF9$ TO ?IS4 ,GRADUALLY1 SUBTLY1 )\T ANYONE COMPLETELY UND]/&+ ! FULL IMPLICATIONS ( :AT WAS HAPP5+1 :AT HAD BE5 ! ESS5CE ( MORAL RELATIONS TURN$ 9TO ! MEANS = EV]Y SORT ( DI%ONE/ /RATAGEM4 

,WE KN[ A LITTLE AB\T IT FROM TRIAL SPEE*ES1 MANY ( :I* HAVE SURVIV$4 ,H]E IS ONE FROM ! F\R? C5TURY1 PROBABLY >\ND #cfe BC4 ,APOLLODORUS WAS A PROSP]\S BUT L[-BORN ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 7HIS FA!R1 A BANK]1 HAD BEGUN LIFE AS A SLAVE7 :O1 LIKE MANY SU* G5TLEM51 HAD ACQUIR$ A C\NTRY E/ATE4 ,!RE HE MADE A PO9T ( MAK+ FRI5DS ) HIS CLOSE/ NEI<BOR1 ,NICO/RATUS1 A MAN ( >I/OCRATIC ORIG9S1 ?\< CURR5TLY ( SOME:AT /RAIT5$ MEANS4 ,!Y ACT$ AS NEI<BORS NORMALLY DID1 GIV+ & BORR[+ SMALL SUMS1 L5D+ EA* O!R ANIMALS OR SLAVES1 M9D+ EA* O!R'S PROP]TY :5 ONE WAS AWAY4 ,!N ONE DAY ,NICO/RATUS RAN 9TO A PIECE ( T]RIBLE LUCK4 ,:ILE TRY+ TO TRACK D[N SOME RUNAWAY SLAVES1 HE WAS HIMSELF CAPTUR$ BY PIRATES & HELD = RANSOM AT ! SLAVE M>KET ON ! ISL& ( ,AEG9A4 ,HIS RELATIVES C\LD ONLY ASSEMBLE P>T ( ! PRICE1 SO HE WAS =C$ TO BORR[ ! RE/ FROM /RANG]S 9 ! M>KET4 ,!SE APPE> TO HAVE BE5 PR(ESSIONALS :O SPECIALIZ$ 9 SU* LOANS1 & !IR T]MS W]E NOTORI\SLY H>%3 IF NOT REPAID 9 ?IRTY DAYS1 ! SUM D\BL$2 IF NOT REPAID AT ALL1 ! DEBTOR BECAME ! SLAVE ( ! MAN :O HAD PUT UP ! MONEY = HIS R$EMPTION4 

,TE>FULLY1 ,NICO/RATUS APPEAL$ TO HIS NEI<BOR4 ,ALL HIS POSSESSIONS W]E ALREADY PL$G$ N[ TO ONE CR$ITOR OR ANO!R2 HE KNEW ,APOLLODORUS W\LDN'T HAVE ?AT MU* CA% LY+ >\ND1 BUT C\LD HIS DE> FRI5D POSSIBLY PUT UP SOME?+ ( HIS [N BY WAY ( SECURITY8 ,APOLLODORUS WAS MOV$4 ,HE W\LD BE HAPPY TO =GIVE ALL DEBTS ,NICO/RATUS ALREADY [$ HIM1 BUT ! RE/ W\LD BE DIFFICULT4 ,/ILL1 HE W\LD DO HIS BE/4 ,9 ! 5D1 HE >RANG$ TO HIMSELF TAKE A LOAN FROM AN ACQUA9TANCE ( HIS1 ,>CESAS1 ON ! SECURITY ( HIS T[N-H\SE1 AT #af P]C5T ANNUAL 9T]E/1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO SATISFY ,NICO/RATUS'S CR$ITORS :ILE ,NICO/RATUS HIMSELF >RANG$ A FRI5DLY1 NO-9T]E/ ]ANOS LOAN FROM HIS [N RELATIVES4 ,BUT BE=E LONG1 ,APOLLODORUS BEGAN TO REALIZE ?AT HE HAD BE5 SET UP4 ,! IMPOV]I%$ >I/OCRAT HAD DECID$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( HIS N\VEAU-RI*E NEI<BOR2 HE WAS ACTUALLY WORK+ ) ,>CESAS & SOME ( ,APOLLODORUS'S 5EMIES TO HAVE HIM FALSELY DECL>$ A 0PUBLIC DEBTOR10 ?AT IS1 SOMEONE :O HAD DEFAULT$ ON AN OBLIGATION TO ! PUBLIC TREASURY4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE FIR/ ( ALL MEANT ?AT HE W\LD LOSE HIS RI<T TO TAKE ANYONE TO C\RT 7I4E41 HIS DECEIV]S1 TO RECOV] ! MONEY71 & SECOND1 W\LD GIVE !M A PRETEXT TO RAID HIS H\SE TO REMOVE HIS FURNITURE & O!R POSSESSIONS4 ,PRESUMABLY1 ,NICO/RATUS HAD NEV] FELT ESPECIALLY COM=TABLE BE+ 9 DEBT TO A MAN HE CONSID]$ HIS SOCIAL 9F]IOR4 ,RA!R LIKE ,EGIL ! ,VIK+1 :O W\LD RA!R KILL HIS FRI5D ,E9> ?AN HAVE TO COMPOSE AN ELEGY ?ANK+ HIM = AN OV]LY MAGNIFIC5T GIFT1 ,NICO/RATUS APPE>S TO HAVE CONCLUD$ ?AT IT WAS MORE HONORABLE1 OR ANYWAY MORE BE>ABLE1 TO TRY TO EXTRACT ! MONEY FROM HIS L[LY FRI5D ?R\< =CE & FRAUD ?AN TO SP5D ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE FEEL+ BEHOLD54 ,BE=E LONG1 ?+S HAD 9DE$ DESC5D$ TO \TRI<T PHYSICAL VIOL5CE1 & ! :OLE MATT] 5D$ UP 9 C\RT4.<#c#i.> 

,! /ORY HAS EV]Y?+4 ,WE SEE MUTUAL AID3 ! COMMUNISM ( ! PROSP]\S1 ! EXPECTATION ?AT IF ! NE$ IS GREAT 5\<1 OR ! CO/ MANAGEABLE 5\<1 FRI5DS & NEI<BORS WILL HELP ONE ANO!R4.<#c#i#a.> ,& MO/ DID1 9 FACT1 HAVE CIRCLES ( PEOPLE :O W\LD POOL MONEY IF A CRISIS DID >ISE3 :E!R A W$D+1 A FAM9E1 OR A RANSOM4 ,WE ALSO SEE ! OMNIPRES5T DANG] ( PR$ATORY VIOL5CE ?AT R$UCES HUMAN BE+S TO COMMODITIES1 & BY DO+ SO 9TRODUCES ! MO/ CUT?ROAT K9DS ( CALCULATION 9TO ECONOMIC LIFE--NOT JU/ ON ! P>T ( ! PIRATES1 BUT EV5 MORE SO1 P]HAPS1 ON ?OSE MONEYL5D]S LURK+ BY ! M>KET (F]+ /IFF CR$IT T]MS TO ANYONE :O CAME TO RANSOM !IR RELATIVES BUT F\ND !MSELVES CAU<T %ORT1 & :O !N C\LD APPEAL TO ! /ATE TO ALL[ !M TO HIRE M5 ) WEAPONS TO 5=CE ! CONTRACT4 ,WE SEE H]OIC PRIDE1 :I* SEES TOO GREAT AN ACT ( G5]OSITY AS ITSELF A K9D ( BELITTL+ ASSAULT4 ,WE SEE ! AMBIGUITY AMONG GIFTS1 LOANS1 & COMM]CIAL CR$IT >RANGEM5TS4 ,NEI!R DOES ! WAY ?+S PLAY$ \T 9 ?IS CASE SEEM P>TICUL>LY UNUSUAL1 EXCEPT P]HAPS = ,NICO/RATUS'S EXTRAORD9>ILY +RATITUDE4 ,PROM95T ,A!NIANS W]E ALWAYS BORR[+ MONEY TO PURSUE !IR POLITICAL PROJECTS2 LESS-PROM95T ONES W]E CON/ANTLY WORRY+ AB\T !IR DEBTS1 OR H[ TO COLLECT FROM !IR [N DEBTORS4.<#c#i#b.> ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS ANO!R1 SUBTL] ELEM5T H]E4 ,:ILE EV]YDAY M>KET TRANSACTIONS1 AT %OPS OR /ALLS 9 ! AGORA1 W]E H]E AS ELSE:]E TYPICALLY CONDUCT$ ON CR$IT1 ! MASS PRODUCTION ( CO9AGE P]MITT$ A DEGREE ( ANONYMITY = TRANSACTIONS ?AT1 9 A PURE CR$IT REGIME1 SIMPLY C\LD NOT EXI/4.<#c#i#c.> ,PIRATES & KIDNAPP]S DO BUS9ESS 9 CA%--YET ! LOAN %>KS AT ,AEG9A'S M>KETPLACE C\LD NOT HAVE OP]AT$ )\T !M4 ,IT IS ON ?IS SAME COMB9ATION ( ILLEGAL CA% BUS9ESS1 USUALLY 9VOLV+ VIOL5CE1 & EXTREMELY H>% CR$IT T]MS1 ALSO 5=C$ ?R\< VIOL5CE1 ?AT 9NUM]ABLE CRIM9AL UND]WORLDS HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ EV] S9CE4 

,9 ,A!NS1 ! RESULT WAS EXTREME MORAL CONFUSION4 ,! LANGUAGE ( MONEY1 DEBT1 & F9ANCE PROVID$ P[]FUL--& ULTIMATELY IRRESI/IBLE--WAYS TO ?9K AB\T MORAL PROBLEMS4 ,MU* AS 9 ,V$IC ,9DIA1 PEOPLE />T$ TALK+ AB\T LIFE AS A DEBT TO ! GODS1 ( OBLIGATIONS AS DEBTS1 AB\T LIT]AL DEBTS ( HONOR1 ( DEBT AS S9 & ( V5GEANCE AS DEBT COLLECTION4.<#c#i#d.> ,YET IF DEBT WAS MORALITY--& C]TA9LY AT ! V]Y LEA/ IT WAS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( CR$ITORS1 :O (T5 HAD LITTLE LEGAL REC\RSE TO COMPEL DEBTORS TO PAY UP1 TO 9SI/ ?AT IT WAS--:AT WAS ONE TO MAKE ( ! FACT ?AT MONEY1 ?AT V]Y ?+ ?AT SEEM$ CAPABLE ( TURN+ MORALITY 9TO AN EXACT & QUANTIFIABLE SCI5CE1 ALSO SEEM$ TO 5C\RAGE ! V]Y WOR/ SORTS ( BEHAVIOR8 

,IT IS FROM SU* DILEMMAS ?AT MOD]N E?ICS & MORAL PHILOSOPHY BEG94 ,I ?9K ?IS IS TRUE QUITE LIT]ALLY4 ,CONSID] ,PLATO'S ,REPUBLIC1 ANO!R PRODUCT ( F\R?-C5TURY ,A!NS4 ,! BOOK BEG9S :5 ,SOCRATES VISITS AN OLD FRI5D1 A WEAL?Y >MS MANUFACTUR]1 AT ! PORT ( ,PIRAEUS4 ,!Y GET 9TO A DISCUSSION ( JU/ICE1 :I* BEG9S :5 ! OLD MAN PROPOSES ?AT MONEY CANNOT BE A BAD ?+1 S9CE IT ALL[S ?OSE :O HAVE IT TO BE JU/1 & ?AT JU/ICE CONSI/S 9 TWO ?+S3 TELL+ ! TRU?1 & ALWAYS PAY+ ONE'S DEBTS4.<#c#i#e.> ,! PROPOSAL IS EASILY DEMOLI%$4 ,:AT1 ,SOCRATES ASKS1 IF SOMEONE L5T Y\ HIS SWORD1 W5T VIOL5TLY 9SANE1 & !N ASK$ = IT BACK 7PRESUMABLY1 SO HE C\LD KILL SOMEONE78 ,CLE>LY IT CAN NEV] BE RI<T TO >M A LUNATIC :ATEV] ! CIRCUM/ANCES4.<#c#i#f.> ,! OLD MAN *E]FULLY %RUGS ! PROBLEM (F & HEADS (F TO ATT5D TO SOME RITUAL1 LEAV+ HIS SON TO C>RY ON ! >GUM5T4 

,! SON1 ,POLEM>*US1 SWIT*ES GE>S3 CLE>LY HIS FA!R HADN'T MEANT 0DEBT0 9 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( RETURN+ :AT ONE HAS BORR[$4 ,HE MEANT IT MORE 9 ! S5SE ( GIV+ PEOPLE :AT IS [$ TO !M2 REPAY+ GOOD ) GOOD & EVIL ) EVIL2 HELP+ ONE'S FRI5DS & HURT+ ONE'S 5EMIES4 ,DEMOLI%+ ?IS ONE TAKES A LITTLE MORE WORK 7>E WE SAY+ JU/ICE PLAYS NO P>T 9 DET]M9+ :O ONE'S FRI5DS & 5EMIES >E8 ,IF SO1 W\LDN'T SOMEONE :O DECID$ HE HAD NO FRI5DS1 & !RE=E TRI$ TO HURT EV]YONE1 BE A JU/ MAN8 ,& EV5 IF Y\ DID HAVE SOME WAY TO SAY = C]TA9 ?AT ONE'S 5EMY REALLY IS AN 9TR9SICALLY BAD P]SON & DES]VES H>M1 BY H>M+ HIM1 DO Y\ NOT ?US MAKE HIM WORSE8 ,CAN TURN+ BAD PEOPLE 9TO EV5 WORSE PEOPLE REALLY BE AN EXAMPLE ( JU/ICE87 BUT IT IS EV5TUALLY ACCOMPLI%$4 ,AT ?IS PO9T A ,SOPHI/1 ,?RASYMA*OS1 5T]S & D5\NCES ALL ( ! DEBAT]S AS MILKY-EY$ IDEALI/S4 ,9 REALITY1 HE SAYS1 ALL TALK ( 0JU/ICE0 IS M]E POLITICAL PRETEXT1 DESIGN$ TO JU/IFY ! 9T]E/S ( ! P[]FUL4 ,& SO IT %\LD BE1 BECAUSE 9S(> AS JU/ICE EXI/S1 IT IS SIMPLY ?AT3 ! 9T]E/ ( ! P[]FUL4 ,RUL]S >E LIKE %EPH]DS4 ,WE LIKE TO ?9K ( !M AS B5EVOL5TLY T5D+ !IR FLOCKS1 BUT :AT DO %EPH]DS ULTIMATELY DO ) %EEP8 ,!Y KILL & EAT !M1 OR SELL ! MEAT = MONEY4 ,SOCRATES RESPONDS BY PO9T+ \T ?AT ,?RASYMA*OS IS CONFUS+ ! >T ( T5D+ %EEP ) ! >T ( PR(IT+ FROM !M4 ,! >T ( M$IC9E AIMS TO IMPROVE HEAL?1 :E!R OR NOT DOCTORS GET PAID = PRACTIC+ IT4 ,! >T ( %EPH]D+ AIMS TO 5SURE ! WELL-BE+ ( %EEP1 :E!R OR NOT ! %EPH]D 7OR HIS EMPLOY]7 IS ALSO A BUS9ESSMAN :O KN[S H[ TO EXTRACT A PR(IT FROM !M4 ,JU/ SO ) ! >T ( GOV]NANCE4 ,IF SU* AN >T EXI/S1 IT MU/ HAVE ITS [N 9TR9SIC AIM AP>T FROM ANY PR(IT ONE MI<T ALSO GET FROM IT1 & :AT CAN ?IS BE O!R ?AN ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIAL JU/ICE8 ,IT'S ONLY ! EXI/5CE ( MONEY1 ,SOCRATES SUGGE/S1 ?AT ALL[S US TO IMAG9E ?AT WORDS LIKE 0P[]0 & 09T]E/0 REF] TO UNIV]SAL REALITIES ?AT CAN BE PURSU$ 9 !IR [N RI<T1 LET ALONE ?AT ALL PURSUITS >E REALLY ULTIMATELY ! PURSUIT ( P[]1 ADVANTAGE1 OR SELF-9T]E/4.<#c#i#g.> ,! QUE/ION1 HE SAID1 IS H[ TO 5SURE ?AT ?OSE :O HOLD POLITICAL (FICE WILL DO SO NOT = GA91 BUT RA!R = HONOR4 

,I WILL LEAVE (F H]E4 ,AS WE ALL KN[1 ,SOCRATES EV5TUALLY GETS >\ND TO (F]+ SOME POLITICAL PROPOSALS ( HIS [N1 9VOLV+ PHILOSOPH] K+S2 ! ABOLITION ( M>RIAGE1 ! FAMILY1 & PRIVATE PROP]TY2 SELECTIVE HUMAN BRE$+ BO>DS4 7,CLE>LY1 ! BOOK WAS MEANT TO ANNOY ITS READ]S1 & = MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& YE>S1 IT HAS SUCCE$$ BRILLIANTLY47 ,:AT ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE1 ?\<1 IS ! DEGREE TO :I* :AT WE CONSID] \R CORE TRADITION ( MORAL & POLITICAL !ORY TODAY SPR+S FROM ?IS QUE/ION3 ,:AT DOES IT MEAN TO PAY \R DEBTS8 ,PLATO PRES5TS US FIR/ ) ! SIMPLE1 LIT]AL BUS9ESSMAN'S VIEW4 ,:5 ?IS PROVES 9ADEQUATE1 HE ALL[S IT TO BE REFRAM$ 9 H]OIC T]MS4 ,P]HAPS ALL DEBTS >E REALLY DEBTS ( HONOR AFT] ALL4.<#c#i#h.> ,BUT H]OIC HONOR NO LONG] WORKS 9 A WORLD :]E 7AS ,APOLLODORUS SADLY DISCOV]$7 COMM]CE1 CLASS1 & PR(IT HAVE SO CONFUS$ EV]Y?+ ?AT PEOPLES' TRUE MOTIVES >E NEV] CLE>4 ,H[ DO WE EV5 KN[ :O \R 5EMIES >E8 ,F9ALLY1 ,PLATO PRES5TS US ) CYNICAL REALPOLITIK4 ,MAYBE NOBODY REALLY [ES ANY?+ TO ANYBODY4 ,MAYBE ?OSE :O PURSUE PR(IT = ITS [N SAKE HAVE IT RI<T AFT] ALL4 ,BUT EV5 ?AT DOES NOT HOLD UP4 ,WE >E LEFT ) A C]TA9TY ?AT EXI/+ /&>DS >E 9COH]5T & SELF-CONTRADICTORY1 & ?AT SOME SORT ( RADICAL BREAK W\LD BE REQUIR$ 9 ORD] TO CREATE A WORLD ?AT MAKES ANY LOGICAL S5SE4 ,BUT MO/ ( ?OSE :O S]I\SLY CONSID] A RADICAL BREAK ALONG ! L9ES ?AT ,PLATO SUGGE/$ HAVE COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT !RE MI<T BE F> WORSE ?+S ?AN MORAL 9COH]5CE4 ,& !RE WE HAVE /OOD1 EV] S9CE1 9 ! MID/ ( AN 9SOLUBLE DILEMMA4 

,IT'S NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT !SE ISSUES WEI<$ ON ,PLATO'S M9D4 ,NOT SEV5 YE>S BE=E1 HE HAD TAK5 AN ILL-FAT$ SEA CRUISE & W\ND UP BE+ CAPTUR$ &1 SUPPOS$LY LIKE ,NICO/RATUS1 (F]$ = SALE ON ! AUCTION BLOCK AT ,AEG9A4 ,H[EV]1 ,PLATO HAD BETT] LUCK4 ,A ,LIBYAN PHILOSOPH] ( ! ,EPICUREAN S*OOL1 ONE ,ANNIK]IS1 HAPP5$ TO BE 9 ! M>KET AT ! TIME4 ,HE RECOGNIZ$ ,PLATO & RANSOM$ HIM4 ,PLATO FELT HONOR-B\ND TO TRY TO REPAY HIM1 & HIS ,A!NIAN FRI5DS ASSEMBL$ TW5TY M9AS 9 SILV] ) :I* TO DO SO1 BUT ,ANNIK]IS REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! MONEY1 9SI/+ ?AT IT WAS HIS HONOR TO BE ABLE TO B5EFIT A FELL[ LOV] ( WISDOM4.<#c#i#i.> ,AS 9DE$ IT WAS3 ,ANNIK]IS HAS BE5 REMEMB]$1 & CELEBRAT$1 = HIS G5]OSITY EV] S9CE4 ,PLATO W5T ON TO USE ! TW5TY M9AS TO BUY L& = A S*OOL1 ! FAM\S ,ACADEMY4 ,& :ILE HE H>DLY %[$ ! SAME +RATITUDE AS ,NICO/RATUS1 ONE DOES RA!R GET ! IMPRESSION ?AT EV5 ,PLATO WASN'T ESPECIALLY HAPPY AB\T ! FACT ?AT HIS SUBSEQU5T C>E] WAS1 9 A S5SE1 MADE POSSIBLE BY HIS DEBT TO A MAN :O HE PROBABLY CONSID]$ AN EXTREMELY M9OR PHILOSOPH]--& ,ANNIK]IS WASN'T EV5 ,GREEK6 ,AT LEA/ ?IS W\LD HELP EXPLA9 :Y ,PLATO1 O!RWISE ! 9VET]ATE NAME-DROPP]1 NEV] M5TION$ ,ANNIK]IS4 ,WE KN[ ( HIS EXI/5CE ONLY FROM LAT] BIOGRAPH]S4.<#d.> 

,ANCI5T ,ROME 7,PROP]TY & ,FRE$OM7 

  

,IF ,PLATO'S WORK TE/IFIES TO H[ PR(\NDLY ! MORAL CONFUSION 9TRODUC$ BY DEBT HAS %AP$ \R TRADITIONS ( ?\<T1 ,ROMAN LAW REVEALS H[ MU* IT HAS %AP$ EV5 \R MO/ FAMILI> 9/ITUTIONS4 

,G]MAN LEGAL !ORI/ ,RUDOLF VON ,JH]+ FAM\SLY REM>K$ ?AT ANCI5T ,ROME HAD CONQU]$ ! WORLD ?REE TIMES3 ! FIR/ TIME ?R\< ITS >MIES1 ! SECOND ?R\< ITS RELIGION1 ! ?IRD ?R\< ITS LAWS4.<#d#a.> ,HE MI<T HAVE ADD$3 EA* TIME MORE ?OR\<LY4 ,! ,EMPIRE1 AFT] ALL1 ONLY SPANN$ A T9Y PORTION ( ! GLOBE2 ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* HAS SPREAD F>!R2 ,ROMAN LAW HAS COME TO PROVIDE ! LANGUAGE & CONCEPTUAL UND]P9N+S ( LEGAL & CON/ITUTIONAL ORD]S EV]Y:]E4 ,LAW /UD5TS FROM ,S\? ,AFRICA TO ,P]U >E EXPECT$ TO SP5D A GOOD DEAL ( !IR TIME MEMORIZ+ TE*NICAL T]MS 9 ,LAT91 & IT IS ,ROMAN LAW ?AT PROVIDES ALMO/ ALL \R BASIC CONCEPTIONS AB\T CONTRACT1 OBLIGATION1 TORTS1 PROP]TY1 & JURISDICTION--&1 9 A BROAD] S5SE1 ( CITIZ5%IP1 RI<TS1 & LIB]TIES ON :I* POLITICAL LIFE1 TOO1 IS BAS$4 

,?IS WAS POSSIBLE1 ,JH]+ HELD1 BECAUSE1 ! ,ROMANS W]E ! FIR/ TO TURN JURISPRUD5CE 9TO A G5U9E SCI5CE4 ,P]HAPS--BUT = ALL ?AT1 IT REMA9S TRUE ?AT ,ROMAN LAW HAS A FEW NOTORI\SLY QUIRKY FEATURES1 SOME SO ODD ?AT !Y HAVE CONFUS$ & CONF\ND$ JURI/S EV] S9CE ,ROMAN LAW WAS REVIV$ 9 ,ITALIAN UNIV]SITIES 9 ! ,HI< ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! MO/ NOTORI\S ( !SE IS ! UNIQUE WAY IT DEF9ES PROP]TY4 ,9 ,ROMAN LAW1 PROP]TY1 OR DOM9IUM1 IS A RELATION BETWE5 A P]SON & A ?+1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY ABSOLUTE P[] ( ?AT P]SON OV] ?AT ?+4 ,?IS DEF9ITION HAS CAUS$ 5DLESS CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT'S NOT CLE> :AT IT W\LD MEAN = A HUMAN TO HAVE A 0RELATION0 ) AN 9ANIMATE OBJECT4 ,HUMAN BE+S CAN HAVE RELATIONS ) ONE ANO!R4 ,BUT :AT W\LD IT MEAN TO HAVE A 0RELATION0 ) A ?+8 ,& IF ONE DID1 :AT W\LD IT MEAN TO GIVE ?AT RELATION LEGAL /&+8 ,A SIMPLE ILLU/RATION WILL SUFFICE3 IMAG9E A MAN TRAPP$ ON A DES]T ISL&4 ,HE MI<T DEVELOP EXTREMELY P]SONAL RELATION%IPS )1 SAY1 ! PALM TREES GR[+ ON ?AT ISL&4 ,IF HE'S !RE TOO LONG1 HE MI<T WELL 5D UP GIV+ !M ALL NAMES & SP5D+ HALF HIS TIME HAV+ IMAG9>Y CONV]SATIONS ) !M4 ,/ILL1 DOES HE [N !M8 ,! QUE/ION IS MEAN+LESS4 ,!RE'S NO NE$ TO WORRY AB\T PROP]TY RI<TS IF NOONE ELSE IS !RE4 

,CLE>LY1 !N1 PROP]TY IS NOT REALLY A RELATION BETWE5 A P]SON & A ?+4 ,IT'S AN UND]/&+ OR >RANGEM5T BETWE5 PEOPLE CONC]N+ ?+S4 ,! ONLY REASON ?AT WE SOMETIMES FAIL TO NOTICE ?IS IS ?AT 9 MANY CASES--P>TICUL>LY :5 WE >E TALK+ AB\T \R RI<TS OV] \R %OES1 OR C>S1 OR P[] TOOLS--WE >E TALK+ ( RI<TS HELD1 AS ,5GLI% LAW PUTS IT1 0AGA9/ ALL ! WORLD0--?AT IS1 UND]/&+S BETWE5 \RSELVES & EV]YONE ELSE ON ! PLANET1 ?AT !Y WILL ALL REFRA9 FROM 9T]F]+ ) \R POSSESSIONS1 & !RE=E ALL[ US TO TREAT !M MORE OR LESS ANY WAY WE LIKE4 ,A RELATION BETWE5 ONE P]SON & EV]YONE ELSE ON ! PLANET IS1 UND]/&ABLY1 DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE AS SU*4 ,IT'S EASI] TO ?9K ( IT AS A RELATION%IP ) A ?+4 ,BUT EV5 H]E1 9 PRACTICE ?IS FRE$OM TO DO AS ONE LIKES TURNS \T TO BE FAIRLY LIMIT$4 ,TO SAY ?AT ! FACT ?AT ,I [N A *A9SAW GIVES ME AN 0ABSOLUTE P[]0 TO DO ANY?+ ,I WANT ) IT IS OBVI\SLY ABSURD4 ,ALMO/ ANY?+ ,I MI<T ?9K ( DO+ ) A *A9SAW \TSIDE MY [N HOME OR L& IS LIKELY TO BE ILLEGAL1 & !RE >E ONLY A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( ?+S ,I CAN REALLY DO ) IT 9SIDE4 ,! ONLY ?+ 0ABSOLUTE0 AB\T MY RI<TS TO A *A9SAW IS MY RI<T TO PREV5T ANYONE ELSE FROM US+ IT4.<#d#b.> 

,NONE!LESS1 ,ROMAN LAW DOES 9SI/ ?AT ! BASIC =M ( PROP]TY IS PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ! [N]'S ABSOLUTE P[] TO DO ANY?+ HE WANTS ) HIS POSSESSIONS4 ,TWELF?-C5TURY ,M$IEVAL JURI/S CAME TO REF9E ?IS 9TO ?REE PR9CIPLES1 USUS 7USE ( ! ?+71 FRUCTUS 7FRUITS1 I4E41 5JOYM5T ( ! PRODUCTS ( ! ?+71 & ABUSUS 7ABUSE OR DE/RUCTION ( ! ?+71 BUT ,ROMAN JURI/S W]5'T EV5 9T]E/$ 9 SPECIFY+ ?AT MU*1 S9CE 9 A C]TA9 WAY1 !Y SAW ! DETAILS AS LY+ 5TIRELY \TSIDE ! DOMA9 ( LAW4 ,9 FACT1 S*OL>S HAVE SP5T A GREAT DEAL ( TIME DEBAT+ :E!R ,ROMAN AU?ORS ACTUALLY CONSID]$ PRIVATE PROP]TY TO BE A RI<T 7IUS71.<#d#c.> = ! V]Y REASON ?AT RI<TS W]E ULTIMATELY BAS$ ON AGREEM5TS BETWE5 PEOPLE1 & ONE'S P[] TO DISPOSE ( ONE'S PROP]TY WAS NOT3 IT WAS JU/ ONE'S NATURAL ABILITY TO DO :ATEV] ONE PLEAS$ :5 SOCIAL IMP$IM5TS W]E ABS5T4.<#d#d.> 

,IF Y\ ?9K AB\T IT1 ?IS REALLY IS AN ODD PLACE TO />T 9 DEVELOP+ A !ORY ( PROP]TY LAW4 ,IT IS PROBABLY FAIR TO SAY ?AT1 9 ANY P>T ( ! WORLD1 9 ANY P]IOD ( HI/ORY1 :E!R 9 ANCI5T ,JAPAN OR ,MA*U ,PIC*U1 SOMEONE :O HAD A PIECE ( /R+ WAS FREE TO TWI/ IT1 KNOT IT1 PULL IT AP>T1 OR TOSS IT 9 ! FIRE MORE OR LESS AS !Y HAD A M9D TO4 ,NO:]E ELSE DID LEGAL !ORI/S APPE> TO HAVE F\ND ?IS FACT 9 ANY WAY 9T]E/+ OR IMPORTANT4 ,C]TA9LY NO O!R TRADITION MAKES IT ! V]Y BASIS ( PROP]TY LAW--S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 DO+ SO MADE ALMO/ ALL ACTUAL LAW LITTLE MORE ?AN A S]IES ( EXCEPTIONS4 

,H[ DID ?IS COME AB\T8 ,& :Y8 ,! MO/ CONV9C+ EXPLANATION ,I'VE SE5 IS ,ORL&O ,PATT]SON'S3 ! NOTION ( ABSOLUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY IS REALLY D]IV$ FROM SLAV]Y4 ,ONE CAN IMAG9E PROP]TY NOT AS A RELATION BETWE5 PEOPLE1 BUT AS A RELATION BETWE5 A P]SON & A ?+1 IF ONE'S />T+ PO9T IS A RELATION BETWE5 TWO PEOPLE1 ONE ( :OM IS ALSO A ?+4 7,?IS IS H[ SLAVES W]E DEF9$ 9 ,ROMAN LAW3 !Y W]E PEOPLE :O W]E ALSO A RES1 A ?+47.<#d#e.> ,! EMPHASIS ON ABSOLUTE P[] BEG9S TO MAKE S5SE AS WELL4.<#d#f.> 

,! WORD DOM9IUM1 MEAN+ ABSOLUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 WAS NOT P>TICUL>LY ANCI5T4.<#d#g.> ,IT ONLY APPE>S 9 ,LAT9 9 ! LATE ,REPUBLIC1 RI<T >\ND ! TIME :5 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( CAPTIVE LABOR]S W]E P\R+ 9TO ,ITALY1 & :5 ,ROME1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 WAS BECOM+ A G5U9E SLAVE SOCIETY4.<#d#h.> ,BY #e BC1 ,ROMAN WRIT]S HAD COME TO SIMPLY ASSUME ?AT WORK]S--:E!R ! F>MWORK]S H>VE/+ PEAS 9 C\NTRYSIDE PLANTATIONS1 ! MULETE]S DELIV]+ ?OSE PEAS TO %OPS 9 ! CITY1 OR ! CL]KS KEEP+ C\NT ( !M--W]E SOMEONE ELSE'S PROP]TY4 ,! EXI/5CE ( MILLIONS ( CREATURES :O W]E SIMULTANE\SLY P]SONS & ?+S CREAT$ 5DLESS LEGAL PROBLEMS1 & MU* ( ! CREATIVE G5IUS ( ,ROMAN LAW WAS SP5T 9 WORK+ \T ! 5DLESS RAMIFICATIONS4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY FLIP OP5 A CASEBOOK ( ,ROMAN LAW TO GET A S5SE ( !SE4 ,?IS IS FROM ! SECOND-C5TURY JURI/ ,ULPIAN3 

,AGA91 ,MELA WRITES ?AT IF SOME P]SONS W]E PLAY+ BALL & ONE ( !M1 HITT+ ! BALL QUITE H>D1 KNOCK$ IT AGA9/ A B>B]'S H&S1 & 9 ?IS WAY ! ?ROAT ( A SLAVE1 :OM ! B>B] WAS %AV+1 WAS CUT BY A RAZOR PRESS$ AGA9/ IT1 !N :O IS ! P]SON ) :OM ! CULPABILITY LAY IS LIABLE UND] ! ,LEX ,AQUILIA .<! LAW ( CIVIL DAMAGES.>8 ,PROCLUS SAYS ?AT ! CULPABILITY LIES ) ! B>B]2 & 9DE$1 IF HE WAS %AV+ AT A PLACE :]E GAMES >E NORMALLY PLAY$ OR :]E TRAFFIC WAS HEAVY1 !RE IS REASON TO FAULT HIM4 ,BUT IT W\LD NOT BE BADLY HELD ?AT IF SOMEONE 5TRU/S HIMSELF TO A B>B] :O HAS A *AIR 9 A DANG]\S PLACE1 HE %\LD HAVE HIMSELF TO BLAME4.<#d#i.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ! MA/] CANNOT CLAIM CIVIL DAMAGES AGA9/ ! BALLPLAY]S OR B>B] = DE/ROY+ HIS PROP]TY IF ! REAL PROBLEM WAS ?AT HE B\<T A /UPID SLAVE4 ,MANY ( !SE DEBATES MI<T /RIKE US AS PR(\NDLY EXOTIC 7C\LD Y\ BE ACCUS$ ( !FT = M]ELY CONV9C+ A SLAVE TO RUN AWAY8 ,IF SOMEONE KILL$ A SLAVE :O WAS ALSO Y\R SON1 C\LD Y\ TAKE Y\R S5TIM5TAL FEEL+S T[>D HIM 9TO ACC\NT 9 ASSESS+ DAMAGES1 OR W\LD Y\ HAVE TO /ICK TO HIS M>KET VALUE87--BUT \R CONTEMPOR>Y TRADITION ( JURISPRUD5CE IS F\ND$ DIRECTLY ON SU* DEBATES4.<#d#a.> 

,AS = DOM9IUM1 ! WORD IS D]IV$ FROM DOM9US1 MEAN+ 0MA/]0 OR 0SLAVE-[N]10 BUT ULTIMATELY FROM DOMUS1 MEAN+ 0H\SE0OR 0H\SEHOLD40 ,IT'S ( C\RSE RELAT$ TO ! ,5GLI% T]M 0DOME/IC10 :I* EV5 N[ CAN BE US$ EI!R TO MEAN 0P]TA9+ TO PRIVATE LIFE10 OR TO REF] TO A S]VANT :O CLEANS ! H\SE4 ,DOMUS OV]LAPS SOME:AT 9 MEAN+ ) FAMILIA1 0FAMILY0--BUT1 AS PROPON5TS ( 0FAMILY VALUES0 MI<T BE 9T]E/$ TO KN[1 FAMILIA ITSELF ULTIMATELY D]IVES FROM ! WORD FAMULUS1 MEAN+ 0SLAVE40 ,A FAMILY WAS ORIG9ALLY ALL ?OSE PEOPLE UND] ! DOME/IC AU?ORITY ( A PAT]FAMILIAS1 & ?AT AU?ORITY WAS1 9 E>LY ,ROMAN LAW AT LEA/1 CONCEIV$ AS ABSOLUTE4.<#d#a#a.> ,A MAN DID NOT HAVE TOTAL P[] OV] HIS WIFE1 S9CE %E WAS /ILL TO SOME DEGREE UND] ! PROTECTION ( H] [N FA!R1 BUT HIS *ILDR51 SLAVES1 & O!R DEP5D5TS W]E HIS TO DO ) AS HE WANT$--AT LEA/ 9 E>LY ,ROMAN LAW1 HE WAS P]FECTLY FREE TO :IP1 TORTURE1 OR SELL !M4 ,A FA!R C\LD EV5 EXECUTE HIS *ILDR51 PROVID$ HE F\ND !M TO HAVE COMMITT$ CAPITAL CRIMES4.<#d#a#b.> ,) HIS SLAVES1 HE DIDN'T EV5 NE$ ?AT EXCUSE4 

,9 CREAT+ A NOTION ( DOM9IUM1 !N1 & ?US CREAT+ ! MOD]N PR9CIPLE ( ABSOLUTE PRIVATE PROP]TY1 :AT ,ROMAN JURI/S W]E DO+ FIR/ ( ALL WAS TAK+ A PR9CIPLE ( DOME/IC AU?ORITY1 ( ABSOLUTE P[] OV] PEOPLE1 DEF9+ SOME ( ?OSE PEOPLE 7SLAVES7 AS ?+S1 & !N EXT5D+ ! LOGIC ?AT ORIG9ALLY APPLI$ TO SLAVES TO GEESE1 *>IOTS1 B>NS1 JEWELRY BOXES1 & SO =?--?AT IS1 TO EV]Y O!R SORT ( ?+ ?AT ! LAW HAD ANY?+ TO DO )4 

,IT WAS QUITE EXTRAORD9>Y1 EV5 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 = A FA!R TO HAVE ! RI<T TO EXECUTE HIS SLAVES--LET ALONE HIS *ILDR54 ,NO ONE IS QUITE SURE :Y ! E>LY ,ROMANS W]E SO EXTREME 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,IT'S TELL+1 ?\<1 ?AT ! E>LIE/ ,ROMAN DEBT LAW WAS EQUALLY UNUSUAL 9 ITS H>%NESS1 S9CE IT ALL[$ CR$ITORS TO EXECUTE 9SOLV5T DEBTORS4.<#d#a#c.> ,! E>LY HI/ORY ( ,ROME1 LIKE ! HI/ORIES ( E>LY ,GREEK CITY-/ATES1 WAS ONE ( CONT9UAL POLITICAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 CR$ITORS & DEBTORS1 UNTIL ! ,ROMAN ELITE EV5TUALLY FIGUR$ \T ! PR9CIPLE ?AT MO/ SUCCESSFUL ,M$IT]RANEAN ELITES LE>N$3 ?AT A FREE PEASANTRY MEANS A MORE EFFECTIVE >MY1 & ?AT CONQU]+ >MIES CAN PROVIDE W> CAPTIVES :O CAN DO ANY?+ DEBT BONDSM5 US$ TO DO1 & !RE=E1 A SOCIAL COMPROMISE--ALL[+ LIMIT$ POPUL> REPRES5TATION1 BANN+ DEBT SLAV]Y1 *ANNEL+ SOME ( ! FRUITS ( EMPIRE 9TO SOCIAL-WELF>E PAYM5TS--WAS ACTUALLY 9 !IR 9T]E/4 ,PRESUMABLY1 ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( FA!RS DEVELOP$ AS P>T ( ?IS :OLE CON/ELLATION 9 ! SAME WAY AS WE'VE SE5 ELSE:]E4 ,DEBT BONDAGE R$UC$ FAMILY RELATIONS TO RELATIONS ( PROP]TY2 SOCIAL RE=MS RETA9$ ! NEW P[] ( FA!RS BUT PROTECT$ !M FROM DEBT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! 9CREAS+ 9FLUX ( SLAVES SOON MEANT ?AT ANY EV5 MOD]ATELY PROSP]\S H\SEHOLD WAS LIKELY TO CONTA9 SLAVES4 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ! LOGIC ( CONQUE/ EXT5D$ 9TO ! MO/ 9TIMATE ASPECTS ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,CONQU]$ PEOPLE P\R$ ONE'S BA? & COMB$ ONE'S HAIR4 ,CONQU]$ TUTORS TAU<T ONE'S *ILDR5 AB\T POETRY4 ,S9CE SLAVES W]E SEXUALLY AVAILABLE TO [N]S & !IR FAMILIES1 AS WELL AS TO !IR FRI5DS & D9N] GUE/S1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT MO/ ,ROMANS' FIR/ SEXUAL EXP]I5CE WAS ) A BOY OR GIRL :OSE LEGAL /ATUS WAS CONCEIV$ AS ?AT ( A DEFEAT$ 5EMY4.<#d#a#d.> 

,OV] TIME1 ?IS BECAME MORE & MORE ( A LEGAL FICTION--ACTUAL SLAVES W]E MU* MORE LIKELY TO HAVE BE5 PAUP]S SOLD BY P>5TS1 UN=TUNATES KIDNAPP$ BY PIRATES OR B&ITS1 VICTIMS ( W>S OR JUDICIAL PROCESS AMONG B>B>IANS AT ! FR+ES ( ! EMPIRE1 OR *ILDR5 ( O!R SLAVES4.<#d#a#e.> ,/ILL1 ! FICTION WAS MA9TA9$4 

,:AT MADE ,ROMAN SLAV]Y SO UNUSUAL1 9 HI/ORICAL T]MS1 WAS A CONJUNCTURE ( TWO FACTORS4 ,ONE WAS ITS V]Y >BITR>9ESS4 ,9 DRAMATIC CONTRA/ )1 SAY PLANTATION SLAV]Y 9 ! ,AM]ICAS1 !RE WAS NO S5SE ?AT C]TA9 PEOPLE W]E NATURALLY 9F]IOR & !RE=E DE/9$ TO BE SLAVES4 ,9/EAD1 SLAV]Y WAS SE5 AS A MIS=TUNE ?AT C\LD HAPP5 TO ANYONE4.<#d#a#f.> ,AS A RESULT1 !RE WAS NO REASON ?AT A SLAVE MI<T NOT BE 9 EV]Y WAY SUP]IOR TO HIS OR H] MA/]3 SM>T]1 ) A F9] S5SE ( MORALITY1 BETT] TA/E1 & A GREAT] UND]/&+ ( PHILOSOPHY4 ,! MA/] MI<T EV5 BE WILL+ TO ACKN[L$GE ?IS4 ,!RE WAS NO REASON NOT TO1 S9CE IT HAD NO EFFECT ON ! NATURE ( ! RELATION%IP1 :I* WAS SIMPLY ONE ( P[]4 

,! SECOND WAS ! ABSOLUTE NATURE ( ?IS P[]4 ,!RE >E MANY PLACES :]E SLAVES >E CONCEIV$ AS W> CAPTIVES1 & MA/]S AS CONQU]ORS ) ABSOLUTE P[]S ( LIFE & DEA?--BUT USUALLY1 ?IS IS SOME?+ ( AN AB/RACT PR9CIPLE4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y:]E1 GOV]NM5TS QUICKLY MOVE TO LIMIT SU* RI<TS4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 EMP]ORS & K+S WILL 9SI/ ?AT !Y >E ! ONLY ONES ) ! P[] TO ORD] O!RS PUT TO DEA?4.<#d#a#g.> ,BUT UND] ! ,ROMAN ,REPUBLIC !RE WAS NO EMP]OR2 9S(> AS !RE WAS A SOV]EIGN BODY1 IT WAS ! COLLECTIVE BODY ( ! SLAVE-[N]S !MSELVES4 ,ONLY UND] ! E>LY ,EMPIRE DO WE SEE ANY LEGISLATION LIMIT+ :AT [N]S C\LD DO TO !IR 7HUMAN7 PROP]TY3 ! FIR/ BE+ A LAW ( ! TIME ( ! EMP]OR ,TIB]IUS 7DAT$ #af AD7 /IPULAT+ ?AT A MA/] HAD TO OBTA9 A MAGI/RATE'S P]MISSION BE=E ORD]+ A SLAVE PUBLICLY TORN AP>T BY WILD BEA/S4.<#d#a#h.> ,H[EV]1 ! ABSOLUTE NATURE ( ! MA/]'S P[]--! FACT ?AT 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 HE EFFECTIVELY WAS ! /ATE--ALSO MEANT ?AT !RE W]E ALSO1 AT FIR/1 NO RE/RICTIONS ON MANUMISSION3 A MA/] C\LD LIB]ATE HIS SLAVE1 OR EV5 ADOPT HIM OR H]1 :]EBY--S9CE LIB]TY MEANT NO?+ \TSIDE ( MEMB]%IP 9 A COMMUNITY--?AT SLAVE AUTOMATICALLY BECAME A ,ROMAN CITIZ54 ,?IS L$ TO SOME V]Y PECULI> >RANGEM5TS4 ,9 ! FIR/ C5TURY AD1 = EXAMPLE1 IT WAS NOT UNCOMMON = $UCAT$ ,GREEKS TO HAVE !MSELVES SOLD 9TO SLAV]Y TO SOME WEAL?Y ,ROMAN 9 NE$ ( A SECRET>Y1 5TRU/ ! MONEY TO A CLOSE FRI5D OR FAMILY MEMB]1 & !N1 AFT] A C]TA9 9T]VAL1 BUY !MSELVES BACK1 ?US OBTA9+ ,ROMAN CITIZ5%IP4 ,?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT1 DUR+ SU* TIME AS !Y W]E SLAVES1 IF !IR [N] DECID$ TO1 SAY1 CUT ONE ( HIS SECRET>Y'S FEET (F1 LEGALLY1 HE W\LD HAVE BE5 P]FECTLY FREE TO DO SO4.<#d#a#i.> 

,! RELATION ( DOM9US & SLAVE ?US BR\<T A RELATION ( CONQUE/1 ( ABSOLUTE POLITICAL P[] 9TO ! H\SEHOLD 79 FACT1 MADE IT ! ESS5CE ( ! H\SEHOLD74 ,IT'S IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS WAS NOT A MORAL RELATION ON EI!R SIDE4 ,A WELL-KN[N LEGAL =MULA1 ATTRIBUT$ TO A ,REPUBLICAN LAWY] NAM$ ,QU9TUS ,HAT]IUS1 BR+S ?IS HOME ) P>TICUL> CL>ITY4 ,) ! ,ROMANS AS ) ! ,A!NIANS1 = A MALE TO BE ! OBJECT ( SEXUAL P5ETRATION WAS CONSID]$ UNBEFITT+ TO A CITIZ54 ,9 DEF5D+ A FRE$MAN ACCUS$ ( CONT9U+ TO PROVIDE SEXUAL FAVORS TO HIS =M] MA/]1 ,HAT]IUS CO9$ AN APHORISM ?AT WAS LAT] TO BECOME SOME?+ ( A POPUL> DIRTY JOKE3 IMPUDICITIA 9 +5UO CRIM5 E/1 9 S]VO NECESSITAS1 9 LIB]TO (FICIUM 70TO BE ! OBJECT ( ANAL P5ETRATION IS A CRIME 9 ! FREEBORN1 A NECESSITY = A SLAVE1 A DUTY = A FRE$MAN074.<#d#b.> ,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT H]E IS ?AT SEXUAL SUBS]VI5CE IS CONSID]$ ! 0DUTY0 ONLY ( ! FRE$MAN4 ,IT IS NOT CONSID]$ ! 0DUTY0 ( A SLAVE4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE1 AGA91 SLAV]Y WAS NOT A MORAL RELATION4 ,! MA/] C\LD DO :AT HE LIK$1 & !RE WAS NO?+ ! SLAVE C\LD DO AB\T IT4 

,! MO/ 9SIDI\S EFFECT ( ,ROMAN SLAV]Y1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ?R\< ,ROMAN LAW1 IT HAS COME TO PLAY HAVOC ) \R IDEA ( HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,! MEAN+ ( ! ,ROMAN WORD LIB]TAS ITSELF *ANG$ DRAMATICALLY OV] TIME4 ,AS EV]Y:]E 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD1 TO BE 0FREE0 MEANT1 FIR/ & =EMO/1 NOT TO BE A SLAVE4 ,S9CE SLAV]Y MEANS ABOVE ALL ! ANNIHILATION ( SOCIAL TIES & ! ABILITY TO =M !M1 FRE$OM MEANT ! CAPACITY TO MAKE & MA9TA9 MORAL COMMITM5TS TO O!RS4 ,! ,5GLI% WORD 0FREE10 = 9/ANCE1 IS D]IV$ FROM A ,G]MAN ROOT MEAN+ 0FRI5D10 S9CE TO BE FREE MEANT TO BE ABLE TO MAKE FRI5DS1 TO KEEP PROMISES1 TO LIVE )9 A COMMUNITY ( EQUALS4 ,?IS IS :Y FRE$ SLAVES 9 ,ROME BECAME CITIZ5S3 TO BE FREE1 BY DEF9ITION1 MEANT TO BE AN*OR$ 9 A CIVIC COMMUNITY1 ) ALL ! RI<TS & RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT ?IS 5TAIL$4.<#d#b#a.> 

,BY ! SECOND C5TURY AD1 H[EV]1 ?IS HAD BEGUN TO *ANGE4 ,! JURI/S GRADUALLY R$EF9$ LIB]TAS UNTIL IT BECAME ALMO/ 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! P[] ( ! MA/]4 ,IT WAS ! RI<T TO DO ABSOLUTELY ANY?+1 ) ! EXCEPTION1 AGA91 ( ALL ?OSE ?+S ONE C\LD NOT DO4 ,ACTUALLY1 9 ! ,DIGE/1 ! DEF9ITIONS ( FRE$OM & SLAV]Y APPE> BACK TO BACK3 

,FRE$OM IS ! NATURAL FACULTY TO DO :ATEV] ONE WI%ES ?AT IS NOT PREV5T$ BY =CE OR LAW4 ,SLAV]Y IS AN 9/ITUTION ACCORD+ TO ! LAW ( NATIONS :]EBY ONE P]SON BECOMES PRIVATE PROP]TY 7DOM9IUM7 ( ANO!R1 CONTR>Y TO NATURE4.<#d#b#b.> 

,M$IEVAL COMM5TATORS IMM$IATELY NOTIC$ ! PROBLEM H]E4.<#d#b#c.> ,BUT W\LDN'T ?IS MEAN ?AT EV]YONE IS FREE8 ,AFT] ALL1 EV5 SLAVES >E FREE TO DO ABSOLUTELY ANY?+ !Y'RE ACTUALLY P]MITT$ TO DO4 ,TO SAY A SLAVE IS FREE 7EXCEPT 9S(> AS HE ISN'T7 IS A BIT LIKE SAY+ ! E>? IS SQU>E 7EXCEPT 9S(> AS IT IS R\ND71 OR ?AT ! SUN IS BLUE 7EXCEPT 9S(> AS IT IS YELL[71 OR1 AGA91 ?AT WE HAVE AN ABSOLUTE RI<T TO DO ANY?+ WE WI% ) \R *A9SAW 7EXCEPT ?OSE ?+S ?AT WE CAN'T47 

,9 FACT1 ! DEF9ITION 9TRODUCES ALL SORTS ( COMPLICATIONS4 ,IF FRE$OM IS NATURAL1 !N SURELY SLAV]Y IS UNNATURAL1 BUT IF FRE$OM & SLAV]Y >E JU/ MATT]S ( DEGREE1 !N1 LOGICALLY1 W\LD NOT ALL RE/RICTIONS ON FRE$OM BE TO SOME DEGREE UNNATURAL8 ,W\LD NOT ?AT IMPLY ?AT SOCIETY1 SOCIAL RULES1 9 FACT EV5 PROP]TY RI<TS1 >E UNNATURAL AS WELL8 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT MANY ,ROMAN JURI/S DID CONCLUDE--?AT IS1 :5 !Y DID V5TURE TO COMM5T ON SU* AB/RACT MATT]S1 :I* WAS ONLY R>ELY4 ,ORIG9ALLY1 HUMAN BE+S LIV$ 9 A /ATE ( NATURE :]E ALL ?+S W]E HELD 9 COMMON2 IT WAS W> ?AT FIR/ DIVID$ UP ! WORLD1 & ! RESULTANT 0LAW ( NATIONS10 ! COMMON USAGES ( MANK9D ?AT REGULATE SU* MATT]S AS CONQUE/1 SLAV]Y1 TREATIES1 & BORD]S1 ?AT WAS FIR/ RESPONSIBLE = 9EQUALITIES ( PROP]TY AS WELL4.<#d#b#d.> 

,?IS 9 TURN MEANT ?AT !RE WAS NO 9TR9SIC DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PRIVATE PROP]TY & POLITICAL P[]--AT LEA/1 9S(> AS ?AT P[] WAS BAS$ 9 VIOL5CE4 ,AS TIME W5T ON1 ,ROMAN EMP]ORS ALSO BEGAN CLAIM+ SOME?+ LIKE DOM9IUM1 9SI/+ ?AT )9 !IR DOM9IONS1 !Y HAD ABSOLUTE FRE$OM--9 FACT1 ?AT !Y W]E NOT B\ND BY LAWS4.<#d#b#e.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AS ,ROMAN SOCIETY %IFT$ FROM A REPUBLIC ( SLAVE-HOLD]S TO >RANGEM5TS ?AT 9CREAS+LY RESEMBL$ LAT] FEUDAL ,EUROPE1 ) MAGNATES ON !IR GREAT E/ATES SURR\ND$ BY DEP5D5T PEASANTS1 DEBT S]VANTS1 & AN 5DLESS V>IETY ( SLAVES--) :OM !Y C\LD L>GELY DO AS !Y PLEAS$4 ,! B>B>IAN 9VASIONS ?AT OV]?REW ! EMPIRE M]ELY =MALIZ$ ! SITUATION1 L>GELY ELIM9AT+ *ATTEL SLAV]Y1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME 9TRODUC+ ! NOTION ?AT ! NOBLE CLASSES W]E REALLY DESC5DANTS ( ! ,G]MANIC CONQU]ORS1 & ?AT ! COMMON PEOPLE W]E 9H]5TLY SUBS]VI5T4 

,/ILL1 EV5 9 ?IS NEW ,M$IEVAL WORLD1 ! OLD ,ROMAN CONCEPT ( FRE$OM REMA9$4 ,FRE$OM WAS SIMPLY P[]4 ,:5 ,M$IEVAL POLITICAL !ORI/S SPOKE ( 0LIB]TY10 !Y W]E NORMALLY REF]R+ TO A LORD'S RI<T TO DO :ATEV] HE WANT$ )9 HIS [N DOMA9S4 ,?IS WAS1 AGA91 USUALLY ASSUM$ TO BE NOT SOME?+ ORIG9ALLY E/ABLI%$ BY AGREEM5T1 BUT A M]E FACT ( CONQUE/3 ONE FAM\S ,5GLI% LEG5D HOLDS ?AT :51 >\ND #a#b#i1 ,K+ ,$W>D ,I ASK$ HIS LORDS TO PRODUCE DOCUM5TS TO DEMON/RATE BY :AT RI<T !Y HELD !IR FRAN*ISES 7OR 0LIB]TIES071 ! ,E>L ,W>5NE PRES5T$ ! K+ ONLY ) HIS RU/Y SWORD4.<#d#b#f.> ,LIKE ,ROMAN DOM9IUM1 IT WAS LESS A RI<T ?AN A P[]1 & A P[] EX]CIS$ FIR/ & =EMO/ OV] PEOPLE--:I* IS :Y 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES IT WAS COMMON TO SPEAK ( ! 0LIB]TY ( ! GALL[S10 MEAN+ A LORD'S RI<T TO MA9TA9 HIS [N PRIVATE PLACE ( EXECUTION4 

,BY ! TIME ,ROMAN LAW BEGAN TO BE RECOV]$ & MOD]NIZ$ 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 ! T]M DOM9IUM POS$ A P>TICUL> PROBLEM1 S9CE IT HAD COME1 9 ORD9>Y *UR* ,LAT9 ( ! TIME1 TO BE US$ EQUALLY = 0LORD%IP0 & 0PRIVATE PROP]TY40 ,M$IEVAL JURI/S SP5T A GREAT DEAL ( TIME & >GUM5T E/ABLI%+ :E!R !RE WAS 9DE$ A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,IT WAS A P>TICUL>LY ?ORNY PROBLEM BECAUSE1 IF PROP]TY RI<TS REALLY W]E1 AS ! ,DIGE/ 9SI/$1 A =M ( ABSOLUTE P[]1 IT WAS V]Y DIFFICULT TO SEE H[ ANYONE C\LD HAVE IT BUT A K+--OR EV51 = C]TA9 JURI/S1 ,GOD4.<#d#b#g.> 

,?IS IS NOT ! PLACE TO DESCRIBE ! RESULT+ >GUM5TS1 BUT ,I FEEL IT'S IMPORTANT TO 5D H]E BECAUSE 9 A WAY1 IT BR+S US FULL CIRCLE & ALL[S US TO UND]/& PRECISELY H[ ,LIB]ALS LIKE ,ADAM ,SMI? W]E ABLE TO IMAG9E ! WORLD ! WAY !Y DID4 ,?IS IS A TRADITION ?AT ASSUMES ?AT LIB]TY IS ESS5TIALLY ! RI<T TO DO :AT ONE LIKES ) ONE'S [N PROP]TY4 ,9 FACT1 NOT ONLY DOES IT MAKE PROP]TY A RI<T2 IT TREATS RI<TS !MSELVES AS A =M ( PROP]TY4 ,9 A WAY1 ?IS IS ! GREATE/ P>ADOX ( ALL4 ,WE >E SO US$ TO ! IDEA ( 0HAV+0 RI<TS--?AT RI<TS >E SOME?+ ONE CAN POSSESS--?AT WE R>ELY ?9K AB\T :AT ?IS MI<T ACTUALLY MEAN4 ,9 FACT 7AS ,M$IEVAL JURI/S W]E WELL AW>E71 ONE MAN'S RI<T IS SIMPLY ANO!R'S OBLIGATION4 ,MY RI<T TO FREE SPEE* IS O!RS' OBLIGATION NOT TO PUNI% ME = SPEAK+2 MY RI<T TO A TRIAL BY A JURY ( MY PE]S IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! GOV]NM5T TO MA9TA9 A SY/EM ( JURY DUTY4 ,! PROBLEM IS JU/ ! SAME AS IT WAS ) PROP]TY RI<TS3 :5 WE >E TALK+ AB\T OBLIGATIONS [$ BY EV]YONE 9 ! 5TIRE WORLD1 IT'S DIFFICULT TO ?9K AB\T IT ?AT WAY4 ,IT'S MU* EASI] TO SPEAK ( 0HAV+0 RI<TS & FRE$OMS4 ,/ILL1 IF FRE$OM IS BASICALLY \R RI<T TO [N ?+S1 OR TO TREAT ?+S AS IF WE [N !M1 !N :AT W\LD IT MEAN TO 0[N0 A FRE$OM--W\LDN'T IT HAVE TO MEAN ?AT \R RI<T TO [N PROP]TY IS ITSELF A =M ( PROP]TY8 ,?AT DOES SEEM UNNECESS>ILY CONVOLUT$4 ,:AT POSSIBLE REASON W\LD ONE HAVE TO WANT TO DEF9E IT ?IS WAY8.<#d#b#h.> 

,HI/ORICALLY1 !RE IS A SIMPLE--IF SOME:AT DI/URB+--ANSW] TO ?IS4 ,?OSE :O HAVE >GU$ ?AT WE >E ! NATURAL [N]S ( \R RI<TS & LIB]TIES HAVE BE5 MA9LY 9T]E/$ 9 ASS]T+ ?AT WE %\LD BE FREE TO GIVE !M AWAY1 OR EV5 TO SELL !M4 

,MOD]N IDEAS ( RI<TS & LIB]TIES >E D]IV$ FROM :AT1 FROM ! TIME :5 ,JEAN ,G]SON1 ,RECTOR ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P>IS1 BEGAN TO LAY !M \T >\ND #a#d1 BUILD+ ON ,ROMAN LAW CONCEPTS1 CAME TO BE KN[N AS 0NATURAL RI<TS !ORY40 ,AS ,RI*>D ,TUCK1 ! PREMI] HI/ORIAN ( SU* IDEAS1 HAS LONG NOT$1 IT IS ONE ( ! GREAT IRONIES ( HI/ORY ?AT ?IS WAS ALWAYS A BODY ( !ORY EMBRAC$ NOT BY ! PROGRESSIVES ( ?AT TIME1 BUT BY CONS]VATIVES4 0,= A ,G]SONIAN1 LIB]TY WAS PROP]TY & C\LD BE EX*ANG$ 9 ! SAME WAY & 9 ! SAME T]MS AS ANY O!R PROP]TY0--SOLD1 SWAPP$1 LOAN$1 OR O!RWISE VOLUNT>ILY SURR5D]$4.<#d#b#i.> ,IT FOLL[$ ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO?+ 9TR9SICALLY WRONG )1 SAY1 DEBT PEONAGE1 OR EV5 SLAV]Y4 ,& ?IS IS EXACTLY :AT NATURAL-RI<TS !ORI/S CAME TO ASS]T4 ,9 FACT1 OV] ! NEXT C5TURIES1 !SE IDEAS CAME TO BE DEVELOP$ ABOVE ALL 9 ,ANTW]P & ,LISBON1 CITIES AT ! V]Y C5T] ( ! EM]G+ SLAVE TRADE4 ,AFT] ALL1 !Y >GU$1 WE DON'T REALLY KN[ :AT'S GO+ ON 9 ! L&S BEH9D PLACES LIKE ,CALAB>1 BUT !RE IS NO 9TR9SIC REASON TO ASSUME ?AT ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! HUMAN C>GO CONVEY$ TO ,EUROPEAN %IPS HAD NOT SOLD !MSELVES1 OR BE5 DISPOS$ ( BY !IR LEGAL GU>DIANS1 OR LO/ !IR LIB]TY 9 SOME O!R P]FECTLY LEGITIMATE FA%ION4 ,NO D\BT SOME HAD NOT1 BUT ABUSES WILL EXI/ 9 ANY SY/EM4 ,! IMPORTANT ?+ WAS ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ 9H]5TLY UNNATURAL OR ILLEGITIMATE AB\T ! IDEA ?AT FRE$OM C\LD BE SOLD4.<#d#c.> 

,BE=E LONG1 SIMIL> >GUM5TS CAME TO BE EMPLOY$ TO JU/IFY ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,?OMAS ,HOBBES WAS ! FIR/ TO REALLY DEVELOP ?IS >GUM5T 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 BUT IT SOON BECAME COMMONPLACE4 ,GOV]NM5T WAS ESS5TIALLY A CONTRACT1 A K9D ( BUS9ESS >RANGEM5T1 :]EBY CITIZ5S HAD VOLUNT>ILY GIV5 UP SOME ( !IR NATURAL LIB]TIES TO ! SOV]EIGN4 ,F9ALLY1 SIMIL> IDEAS HAVE BECOME ! BASIS ( ?AT MO/ BASIC1 DOM9ANT 9/ITUTION ( \R PRES5T ECONOMIC LIFE3 WAGE LABOR1 :I* IS1 EFFECTIVELY1 ! R5T+ ( \R FRE$OM 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT SLAV]Y CAN BE CONCEIV$ AS ITS SALE4.<#d#c#a.> 

,IT'S NOT ONLY \R FRE$OMS ?AT WE [N2 ! SAME LOGIC HAS COME TO BE APPLI$ EV5 TO \R [N BODIES1 :I* >E TREAT$1 9 SU* =MULATIONS1 AS REALLY NO DIFF]5T ?AN H\SES1 C>S1 OR FURNITURE4 ,WE [N \RSELVES1 !RE=E \TSID]S HAVE NO RI<T TO TRESPASS ON US4.<#d#c#b.> ,AGA91 ?IS MI<T SEEM AN 9NOCU\S1 EV5 A POSITIVE NOTION1 BUT IT LOOKS RA!R DIFF]5T :5 WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! ,ROMAN TRADITION ( PROP]TY ON :I* IT IS BAS$4 ,TO SAY ?AT WE [N \RSELVES IS1 ODDLY 5\<1 TO CA/ \RSELVES AS BO? MA/] & SLAVE SIMULTANE\SLY4 0,WE0 >E BO? [N]S 7EX]T+ ABSOLUTE P[] OV] \R PROP]TY71 & YET SOMEH[1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ?+S BE+ [N$ 7BE+ ! OBJECT ( ABSOLUTE P[]74 ,! ANCI5T ,ROMAN H\SEHOLD1 F> FROM HAV+ BE5 =GOTT5 9 ! MI/S ( HI/ORY1 IS PRES]V$ 9 \R MO/ BASIC CONCEPTION ( \RSELVES--&1 ONCE AGA91 JU/ AS 9 PROP]TY LAW1 ! RESULT IS SO /RANGELY 9COH]5T ?AT IT SP9S (F 9TO 5DLESS P>ADOXES ! MOM5T ONE TRIES TO FIGURE \T :AT IT W\LD ACTUALLY MEAN 9 PRACTICE4 ,JU/ AS LAWY]S HAVE SP5T A ?\S& YE>S TRY+ TO MAKE S5SE ( ,ROMAN PROP]TY CONCEPTS1 SO HAVE PHILOSOPH]S SP5T C5TURIES TRY+ TO UND]/& H[ IT C\LD BE POSSIBLE = US TO HAVE A RELATION ( DOM9ATION OV] \RSELVES4 ,! MO/ POPUL> SOLUTION--TO SAY ?AT EA* ( US HAS SOME?+ CALL$ A 0M9D0 & ?AT ?IS IS COMPLETELY SEP>ATE FROM SOME?+ ELSE1 :I* WE CAN CALL 0! BODY10 & ?AT ! FIR/ ?+ HOLDS NATURAL DOM9ION OV] ! SECOND--FLIES 9 ! FACE ( JU/ AB\T EV]Y?+ WE N[ KN[ AB\T COGNITIVE SCI5CE4 ,IT'S OBVI\SLY UNTRUE1 BUT WE CONT9UE TO HOLD ONTO IT ANYWAY1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT NONE ( \R EV]YDAY ASSUMPTIONS AB\T PROP]TY1 LAW1 & FRE$OM W\LD MAKE ANY S5SE )\T IT4.<#d#c#c.> 

,CONCLUSIONS 

  

,! FIR/ F\R *APT]S ( ?IS BOOK DESCRIBE A DILEMMA4 ,WE DON'T REALLY KN[ H[ TO ?9K AB\T DEBT4 ,OR1 TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 WE SEEM TO BE TRAPP$ BETWE5 IMAG9+ SOCIETY 9 ! ,ADAM ,SMI? MODE1 AS A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS :OSE ONLY SIGNIFICANT RELATIONS >E ) !IR [N POSSESSIONS1 HAPPILY B>T]+ ONE ?+ = ANO!R = ! SAKE ( MUTUAL CONV5I5CE1 ) DEBT ALMO/ 5TIRELY ABOLI%$ FROM ! PICTURE1 & A VISION 9 :I* DEBT IS EV]Y?+1 ! V]Y SUB/ANCE ( ALL HUMAN RELATIONS--:I* ( C\RSE LEAVES EV]YONE ) ! UNCOM=TABLE S5SE ?AT HUMAN RELATIONS >E SOMEH[ AN 9TR9SICALLY TAWDRY BUS9ESS1 ?AT \R V]Y RESPONSIBILITIES TO ONE ANO!R >E ALREADY SOMEH[ NECESS>ILY BAS$ 9 S9 & CRIME4 ,IT'S NOT AN APPEAL+ SET ( ALT]NATIVES4 

,9 ! LA/ ?REE *APT]S ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT !RE IS ANO!R WAY ( LOOK+ AT ?+S1 & !N TO DESCRIBE H[ IT IS ?AT WE GOT H]E4 ,?IS IS :Y ,I DEVELOP$ ! CONCEPT ( HUMAN ECONOMIES3 ONES 9 :I* :AT IS CONSID]$ REALLY IMPORTANT AB\T HUMAN BE+S IS ! FACT ?AT !Y >E EA* A UNIQUE NEXUS ( RELATIONS ) O!RS--!RE=E1 ?AT NO ONE C\LD EV] BE CONSID]$ EXACTLY EQUIVAL5T TO ANY?+ OR ANYONE ELSE4 ,9 A HUMAN ECONOMY1 MONEY IS NOT A WAY ( BUY+ OR TRAD+ HUMAN BE+S1 BUT A WAY ( EXPRESS+ JU/ H[ MU* ONE CANNOT DO SO4 

,I !N W5T ON TO DESCRIBE H[ ALL ?IS CAN BEG9 TO BREAK D[N3 H[ HUMANS CAN BECOME OBJECTS ( EX*ANGE3 FIR/1 P]HAPS1 WOM5 GIV5 9 M>RIAGE2 ULTIMATELY1 SLAVES CAPTUR$ 9 W>4 ,:AT ALL !SE RELATIONS HAVE 9 COMMON1 ,I OBS]V$1 WAS VIOL5CE4 ,:E!R IT IS ,TIV GIRLS BE+ TI$ UP & BEAT5 = RUNN+ AWAY FROM !IR HUSB&S1 OR HUSB&S BE+ H]D$ 9TO SLAVE %IPS TO DIE ON F>AWAY PLANTATIONS1 ?AT SAME PR9CIPLE ALWAYS APPLIES3 IT IS ONLY BY ! ?REAT ( /ICKS1 ROPES1 SPE>S1 & GUNS ?AT ONE CAN TE> PEOPLE \T ( ?OSE 5DLESSLY COMPLICAT$ WEBS ( RELATION%IP ) O!RS 7SI/]S1 FRI5DS1 RIVALS 4447 ?AT R5D] !M UNIQUE1 & ?US R$UCE !M TO SOME?+ ?AT CAN BE TRAD$4 

,ALL ( ?IS1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE1 CAN HAPP5 9 PLACES :]E M>KETS 9 ORD9>Y1 EV]YDAY GOODS--CLO?+1 TOOLS1 FOOD/UFFS--DO NOT EV5 EXI/4 ,9 FACT1 9 MO/ HUMAN ECONOMIES1 ONE'S MO/ IMPORTANT POSSESSIONS C\LD NEV] BE B\<T & SOLD = ! SAME REASONS ?AT PEOPLE CAN'T3 !Y >E UNIQUE OBJECTS1 CAU<T UP 9 A WEB ( RELATION%IPS ) HUMAN BE+S4.<#d#c#d.> 

,MY OLD PR(ESSOR ,JOHN ,COM>(F US$ TO TELL A /ORY AB\T C>RY+ \T A SURVEY 9 ,NATAL1 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,HE HAD SP5T MO/ ( A WEEK DRIV+ FROM HOME/EAD TO HOME/EAD 9 A JEEP ) A BOX FULL ( QUE/IONNAIRES & A ,ZULU-SPEAK+ 9T]PRET]1 DRIV+ PA/ APP>5TLY 5DLESS H]DS ( CATTLE4 ,AFT] AB\T SIX DAYS1 HIS 9T]PRET] SUDD5LY />T$ & PO9T$ 9TO ! MIDDLE ( ONE H]D4 0,LOOK60 HE SAID4 0,?AT'S ! SAME C[6 ,?AT ONE !RE--) ! R$ SPOT ON ITS BACK4 ,WE SAW IT ?REE DAYS AGO 9 A PLACE T5 MILES FROM H]E4 ,I WOND] :AT HAPP5$8 ,DID SOMEONE GET M>RI$8 ,OR MAYBE !RE WAS A SETTLEM5T TO SOME DISPUTE40 

,9 HUMAN ECONOMIES1 :5 ?IS ABILITY TO RIP PEOPLE FROM !IR CONTEXTS DOES APPE>1 IT IS MO/ (T5 SE5 AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF4 ,ONE CAN ALREADY SEE A H9T ( ?IS AMONG ! ,LELE4 ,IMPORTANT M5 W\LD OCCASIONALLY ACQUIRE W> CAPTIVES FROM F> AWAY AS SLAVES1 BUT IT WAS ALMO/ ALWAYS TO BE SACRIFIC$ AT !IR FUN]AL4.<#d#c#e.> ,! SQUEL*+ ( ONE MAN'S 9DIVIDUALITY WAS SE5 AS SOMEH[ SWELL+ ! REPUTATION1 ! SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 ( ! O!R4.<#d#c#f.> ,9 :AT ,I'VE BE5 CALL+ H]OIC SOCIETIES1 ( C\RSE ?IS K9D ( ADDITION & SUBTRACTION ( HONOR & DISGRACE IS LIFT$ FROM A SOME:AT M>G9AL PRACTICE TO BECOME ! V]Y ESS5CE ( POLITICS4 ,AS 5DLESS EPICS1 SAGAS1 & $DAS ATTE/1 H]OES BECOME H]OES BY MAK+ O!RS SMALL4 ,9 ,IREL& & ,WALES1 WE CAN OBS]VE H[ ?IS V]Y ABILITY TO DEGRADE O!RS1 TO REMOVE UNIQUE HUMAN BE+S FROM !IR HE>?S & FAMILIES & ?US R5D] !M ANONYM\S UNITS ( ACC\NT+--! ,IRI% SLAVE-GIRL CURR5CY1 ! ,WEL% WA%]WOM5--IS ITSELF ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( HONOR4 

,9 H]OIC SOCIETIES1 ! ROLE ( VIOL5CE IS NOT HIDD5--IT'S GLORIFI$4 ,(T51 IT CAN =M ! BASIS ( ONE'S MO/ 9TIMATE RELATIONS4 ,9 ! ,ILIAD1 ,A*ILLES SEES NO?+ %AMEFUL 9 HIS RELATION ) HIS SLAVE-GIRL1 ,BRISEIS1 :OSE HUSB& & BRO!RS HE KILL$2 HE REF]S TO H] AS HIS 0PRIZE ( HONOR10 BUT ALMO/ 9 ! V]Y SAME BREA?1 HE ALSO 9SI/S ?AT1 JU/ ANY DEC5T MAN MU/ LOVE & C>E = HIS H\SEHOLD DEP5D5TS1 0SO ,I FROM MY HE>T LOV$ ?IS ONE1 EV5 ?\< ,I WON H] ) MY SPE>40.<#d#c#g.> 

,?AT SU* RELATIONS ( 9TIMACY CAN (T5 DEVELOP BETWE5 M5 ( HONOR & ?OSE !Y HAVE /RIPP$ ( !IR DIGNITY1 HI/ORY CAN WELL ATTE/4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! ANNIHILATION ( ANY POSSIBILITY ( EQUALITY ALSO ELIM9ATES ANY QUE/ION ( DEBT1 ( ANY RELATION O!R ?AN P[]4 ,IT ALL[S A C]TA9 CL>ITY4 ,?IS IS PRESUMABLY :Y EMP]ORS & K+S HAVE SU* A NOTORI\S T5D5CY TO SURR\ND !MSELVES ) SLAVES OR EUNU*S4 

,!RE IS SOME?+ MORE H]E1 ?\<4 ,IF ONE LOOKS ACROSS ! EXPANSE ( HI/ORY1 ONE CANNOT HELP BUT NOTICE A CURI\S S5SE ( ID5TIFICATION BETWE5 ! MO/ EXALT$ & ! MO/ DEGRAD$2 P>TICUL>LY1 BETWE5 EMP]ORS & K+S1 & SLAVES4 ,MANY K+S SURR\ND !MSELVES ) SLAVES1 APPO9T SLAVE M9I/]S--!RE HAVE EV5 BE51 AS ) ! ,MAMLUKS 9 ,EGYPT1 ACTUAL DYNA/IES ( SLAVES4 ,K+S SURR\ND !MSELVES ) SLAVES = ! SAME REASON ?AT !Y SURR\ND !MSELVES ) EUNU*S3 BECAUSE ! SLAVES & CRIM9ALS HAVE NO FAMILIES OR FRI5DS1 NO POSSIBILITY ( O!R LOYALTIES--OR AT LEA/ ?AT1 9 PR9CIPLE1 !Y %\LDN'T4 ,BUT 9 A WAY1 K+S %\LD REALLY BE LIKE ?AT TOO4 ,AS MANY AN ,AFRICAN PROV]B EMPHASIZES3 A PROP] K+ HAS NO RELATIVES EI!R1 OR AT LEA/1 HE ACTS AS IF HE DOES NOT4.<#d#c#h.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! K+ & SLAVE >E MIRROR IMAGES1 9 ?AT UNLIKE NORMAL HUMAN BE+S :O >E DEF9$ BY !IR COMMITM5TS TO O!RS1 !Y >E DEF9$ ONLY BY RELATIONS ( P[]4 ,!Y >E AS CLOSE TO P]FECTLY ISOLAT$1 ALI5AT$ BE+S AS ONE CAN POSSIBLY BECOME4 

,AT ?IS PO9T WE CAN F9ALLY SEE :AT'S REALLY AT /AKE 9 \R PECULI> HABIT ( DEF9+ \RSELVES SIMULTANE\SLY AS MA/] & SLAVE1 R$UPLICAT+ ! MO/ BRUTAL ASPECTS ( ! ANCI5T H\SEHOLD 9 \R V]Y CONCEPT ( \RSELVES1 AS MA/]S ( \R FRE$OMS1 OR AS [N]S ( \R V]Y SELVES4 ,IT IS ! ONLY WAY ?AT WE CAN IMAG9E \RSELVES AS COMPLETELY ISOLAT$ BE+S4 ,!RE IS A DIRECT L9E FROM ! NEW ,ROMAN CONCEPTION ( LIB]TY--NOT AS ! ABILITY TO =M MUTUAL RELATION%IPS ) O!RS1 BUT AS ! K9D ( ABSOLUTE P[] ( 0USE & ABUSE0 OV] ! CONQU]$ *ATTEL :O MAKE UP ! BULK ( A WEAL?Y ,ROMAN MAN'S H\SEHOLD--TO ! /RANGE FANTASIES ( LIB]AL PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,HOBBES1 ,LOCKE1 & ,SMI?1 AB\T ! ORIG9S ( HUMAN SOCIETY 9 SOME COLLECTION ( ?IRTY- OR =TY-YE>-OLD MALES :O SEEM TO HAVE SPRUNG FROM ! E>? FULLY =M$1 !N HAVE TO DECIDE :E!R TO KILL EA* O!R OR BEG9 TO SWAP BEAV] PELTS4.<#d#c#i.> 

,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS1 IT IS TRUE1 HAVE SP5T MU* ( ! LA/ TWO HUNDR$ YE>S TRY+ TO FLEE FROM ! MORE DI/URB+ IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS TRADITION ( ?\<T4 ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON1 ?AT [N] ( MANY SLAVES1 *OSE TO BEG9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE BY DIRECTLY CONTRADICT+ ! MORAL BASIS ( SLAV]Y1 WRIT+ 0WE HOLD !SE TRU?S TO BE SELF-EVID5T1 ?AT ALL M5 >E CREAT$ EQUAL1 & ?AT !Y >E 5D[$ BY !IR ,CREATOR ) C]TA9 9ALI5ABLE ,RI<TS 4440--?US UND]CUTT+ SIMULTANE\SLY ANY >GUM5T ?AT ,AFRICANS W]E RACIALLY 9F]IOR1 & ALSO ?AT !Y OR !IR ANCE/ORS C\LD EV] HAVE BE5 JU/LY & LEGALLY DEPRIV$ ( !IR FRE$OM4 ,9 DO+ SO1 H[EV]1 HE DID NOT PROPOSE SOME RADICALLY NEW CONCEPTION ( RI<TS & LIB]TIES4 ,NEI!R HAVE SUBSEQU5T POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]S4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 WE'VE JU/ KEPT ! OLD ONES1 BUT ) ! WORD 0NOT0 9S]T$ H]E & !RE4 ,MO/ ( \R MO/ PRECI\S RI<TS & FRE$OMS >E A S]IES ( EXCEPTIONS TO AN OV]ALL MORAL & LEGAL FRAMEWORK ?AT SUGGE/S WE %\LDN'T REALLY HAVE !M 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,=MAL SLAV]Y HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$1 BUT 7AS ANYONE :O WORKS FROM N9E TO FIVE CAN TE/IFY7 ! IDEA ?AT Y\ CAN ALI5ATE Y\R LIB]TY1 AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY1 5DURES4 ,9 FACT1 IT DET]M9ES :AT MO/ ( US HAVE TO DO = MO/ ( \R WAK+ H\RS1 EXCEPT1 USUALLY1 ON WEEK5DS4 ,! VIOL5CE HAS BE5 L>GELY PU%$ \T ( SI<T4.<#d#d.> ,BUT ?IS IS L>GELY BECAUSE WE'RE NO LONG] ABLE TO IMAG9E :AT A WORLD BAS$ ON SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT DID NOT REQUIRE ! CONT9UAL ?REAT ( TAS]S & SURVEILLANCE CAM]AS W\LD EV5 LOOK LIKE4 

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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,UPDAT$4 

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