,DECL>ATION ON ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION 
,! ,DEF5CE ,>GUM5TS ?AT ! ,HEAD ( ! ,P,K,K ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN ,PRES5T$ AT 0,! ,TRAIL ( ! ,C5TURY0 

#aiii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN 

,TEXT 3 

,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N 

,MY DEF5SE IS NOT SO MU* BAS$ ON DETAIL$ REPLIES TO ! *>GES 9 ! 9DICTM5T PREP>$ BY ! ,*IEF ,PROSECUTOR .<( ! ,/ATE ,SECURITY ,C\RTS.>1 BUT RA!R1 IS IT AB\T :AT ,I SEE AS A MORE IMPORTANT TOPIC3 H[ TO REA* A HI/ORIC RECONCILIATION FROM A REVOLT UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,K,K & 9CREASE ! POSSIBILITY ( A SOLUTION TO ! ,KURDI% ISSUE4 ,I HAVE CREAT$ AN OPPORTUNITY = PEACE TO !SE .<>M$.> ACTIVITIES ?AT C\LD V]Y WELL BE CALL$ A LAW-9T5SITY W>4 

,ACTUALLY1 ,I VOIC$ !SE VIEWS = ! FIR/ TIME AS A RESPONSE TO ,PRESID5T ,TURGUT ,OZAL'S CALL .<= A CEASEFIRE8.>4 ,AT ! HI/ORIC PRESS CONF]5CE ON #ae ,M>*1 #aiic .<:]E ,I DECL>$ ! CEASEFIRE.>1 ?IS IS EXACTLY :AT ,I SAID3 0,WE >E NOT DEM&+ AN IMM$IATE SEP>ATION FROM ,TURKEY4 ,WE >E REALI/S ON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,DO NOT 9T]PRET ?IS .<CEASEFIRE.> AS A SIMPLE TACTIC .<S]V+ A HIDD5 AG5DA.>4 ,!RE >E MANY REASONS AS TO :Y .<WE >E REALI/S.>4 ,?OSE :O UND]/& ! HI/ORIC1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SITUATION ( ! TWO PEOPLES .<! ,KURDS & ,TURKS.>1 KN[ WELL ?AT SEP>ATION C\LD NOT TAKE PLACE4 ,!Y .<! ,KURDS & ,TURKS.> >E 9T]TW9$ LIKE FLE% & BONE4 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ?IS 9 MANY 9T]VIEWS4 ,WE WANT ! RELATIONS TO BE RE>RANG$4 ,KNOTT$ RELATIONS & CONTRADICTIONS ( A ?\S& YE>S AWAIT UNTANGL+4 ,\R FUNDAM5TAL UND]/&+ RE/S ON A FREE & EQUAL RE>RANGEM5T ( .<,KURDI%-,TURKI% RELATIONS.>4 ,TO DUB US 0SEP>ATI/S0 AT EV]Y OPPORTUNITY1 IS 9 FACT ! ATTITUDE ?AT AIMS TO FAN SEP>ATISM4 ,! CURR5T >RANGEM5T ( RELATIONS IS HUGELY DRA9+ ! LIFE & ! WEAL? ( BO? ! ,TURKI% & ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE40 

,H]E IS :AT ,I CLE>LY SAID ON ! OCCASION ( \R LATE/ UNILAT]AL CEASEFIRE ON #a ,SEPTEMB] #aiih BE=E ,I WAS H&$ TO ,TURKEY AT ! 5D ( A PLOT C>RI$ \T BY AN 9T]NATIONAL =CE3 0,! W>1 IF NOT ORIG9AT+ FROM A V]Y IMPORTANT CONTRADICTION1 IS A MADNESS4 ,ESPECIALLY1 MEAN+LESS T]ROR & VIOL5CE %\LD NEV] BE P>T ( HUMAN AFFAIRS4 ,IF ?IS HUGE OPPRESSION ( US IS LET UP A BIT & /OPP$2 IF HUMAN RI<TS & DEMOCRACY >E PROMOT$ TO IMPROVE \R RELATIONS2 & IF PROBLEMS >E SOLV$ ?R\< DIALOGUE1 ,I DON'T ?9K Y\ WILL F9D ANY O!R PEOPLE & ORGANIZATION ?AT >E AS ?IR/+ = PEACEFUL ME?ODS AS US40 ,I CONT9U$ ) !SE WORDS1 0RI<T N[ ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ( ,TURKEY IS TO TAKE DEMOCRACY \T ( ITS /ATE ( DEMAGOG]Y & TRU/ IT TO ! C>E ( ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS %\LD NOT BE TAK5 AS BA%+ ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,ESPECIALLY1 DIVISIVE & SEP>ATI/1 IT NEV] IS4 ,IF ANY?+1 IT IS A WI% = DEMOCRATIZ+ ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS 9DE$ IS 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ,TURKEY4 ,?IS IS1 IF ANY?+1 TO RESUSCITATE ,TURKEY FROM ITS CURR5TLY *OK$ (F /ATE4 ,?OSE :O SPEAK & ACT 9 ! NAME ( ! ,REPUBLIC MU/ DO SOME?+ AB\T ?IS C\NT]-DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS IS BASICALLY :AT ,I SAID AB\T VIOL5CE40 

0,WE >E ! SIDE ?AT HAS SUFF]$ ! MO/ FROM ?IS VIOL5CE4 ,:O C\LD BLAME US IF1 9 ?IS /ATE ( HORRIFIC IMBALANCE ( =CES1 9 ORD] TO AVOID EXT]M9ATION1 WE W]E =C$ TO DEF5D \RSELVES1 \R MO/ LEGITIMATE RI<TS1 \R ID5TITY & CULTURE8 ,! ,U,N ,CON/ITUTION & EV5 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,TURKI% ,REPUBLIC RECOGNIZES .<! LEGITIMACY (.> ! DEF5SE ( !SE RI<TS40 ,I AM QUOT+ !SE BECAUSE1 SOME PEOPLE MI<T FALSELY 9T]PRET ?AT ,I HAVE ADOPT$ !SE VIEWS DUE TO ! H>% CONDITIONS ( MY SOLIT>Y CONF9EM5T4 ,I HAVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT EV5 9 ! 9DICTM5T1 MY /ATEM5TS ADVOCAT+ ! SAME VIEWS - TAK5 UND] 9T]ROGATION - W]E BY-PASS$4 

,H[EV]1 .<MY /ATEM5TS.> ALSO EXPRESS ! NE$ TO TRANS=M ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,P,K,K1 ITS N>R[ & /RICT IDEOLOGICAL APPROA* - A REMNANT ( ! FI]Y #a#i#gS -1 & ITS POLITICAL /RUCTURE 9 ! LI<T ( ! DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! WORLD & 9 ,TURKEY 9 ! #a#i#iS4 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ = REVIEW+1 REVIS+ & UPDAT+ ITS PR9CIPLES & PROGRAM 9 ! AFT]MA? ( A HUGE EXP]I5CE4 ,?R\<\T !SE YE>S1 ,I HAVE 9CREAS+LY SE>*$ TO BROAD5 .<! ,P,K,K'S WORLDVIEW.>4 ,! SAME IS TRUE AB\T MY VIEWS ON VIOL5CE4 .<,EXCESSIVE.> VIOL5CE EV5 9 DEF5SE ( BASIC HUMAN RI<TS1 ID5TITY & CULTURAL SURVIVAL IS REJECT$4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ,I HAVE /RUGGL$ )9 ! ORGANIZATION AGA9/ PRACTICES ( VIOL5CE ?AT W5T BEYOND ! BASIC M9IMUM4 ,! 9DICTM5T DOES NOT T\* ON !SE PO9TS4 ,ALSO1 IT IS NOT OBJECTIVE TO HEAP UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0T]ROR0 ALL ! NEGATIVITY ON ONE SIDE .<( ! W>R+ P>TIES.>4 ,I DO NOT FEEL COMPELL$ TO CRITICIZE !SE ASPECTS MU*4 ,I DO NOT F9D IT NECESS>Y TO DEF5D MYSELF ON !SE PO9TS4 ,P]HAPS1 MY LAWY]S C\LD OP5 !SE MATT]S MORE 9 !IR DEF5SE ?AT CONC5TRATES MORE ON ! LEGAL ASPECTS4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ = ME - IRRESPECTIVE ( ITS NAME1 ORIG9S & RATIONALE - IS TO LAY B>E ! NECESSITY ( PEACE = ?IS EXT5SIVE >M$ MOVEM5T :I* IS EV5 (FICIALLY DUBB$ A 0L[ 9T5SITY W>04 ,TO F9D A REASONABLE SOLUTION1 REMEMB]+ ! RULE ?AT 0EA* W> HAS A PEACE01 BECAME ! MA9 FOCUS ( MY DEF5SE4 ,IT IS ( GREAT IMPORTANCE .<= ME.> TO EVALUATE ! PA/1 TO UPDATE ! PROGRAM & ! POLITICAL L9E .<( ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T.> 9 ! LI<T ( ! CURR5T1 CONCRETE FACTS 9 ORD] TO FACILITATE A SOLUTION4 ,?IS IS ALSO ONE ( MANY ?+S EXPECT$ FROM ME4 ,IT WAS ! MO/ PRACTICAL ?+ TO TRANS=M .<! ,P,K,K PLAT=M.>9TO A PLAT=M = PEACE S9CE ?IS IS :AT ,I WAS /RIV+ TO DO JU/ BE=E MY ABDUCTION4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! ,P,K,K'S .<IDEOLOGICAL.> DEF5SES HAVE FOLL[$ ! TWO OPPOS+ EXTREMES3 ,EI!R A /UBBORN DEF5SE ( ! CLASSICAL L9E1 OR ! AB&ONM5T ( ?AT L9E4 ,?IS1 9 A S5SE1 IS ! SAME AS HAV+ NO SOLUTION4 ,9 MY DEF5SE1 ,I MADE IT A PO9T TO ,I GO BEYOND ?IS4 

,9 MY DEF5SE1 ,I DID NOT REV]T TO EI!R A CLASSICAL ,KURDI% NATIONALI/ L9E OR A LEFTI/ 9T]PRETATION ( A SIMIL> T5D5CY4 ,DEVELOPM5TS W5T BEYOND .<BO? T5D5CIES.>4 ,I DID NOT F9D IT V]Y NECESS>Y TO GO 9TO L5G?Y DISCUSSIONS ( ! HI/ORICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ID5TITY ISSUES4 ,IT WAS MORE APPROPRIATE TO LEAVE !M TO SOCIAL SCI5TI/S AS TOPICS = RESE>*4 ,O!RWISE1 MY LEAV+ !M ASIDE DOES NOT EMANATE FROM ANY S]I\S POLITICAL CONC]NS4 ,ALSO1 WE HAD SEV]AL SIMIL> EXPOSITIONS & EVALUATIONS 9 ! PA/4 ,= ! SAME REASON ,I DID NOT GO 9TO A POLITICAL CRITICISM ( ,TURKEY EI!R4 ,TO REIT]ATE (T5-DEBAT$ PO9TS DID NOT APPEAL TO ME AS CREATIVE4 ,! SAME PO9T IS VALID = ! ,P,K,K'S PROGRAM1 ITS /RUCTURE & ACTIONS4 ,RA!R ?AN DISCUSS+ !SE TOPICS :I* ,I HAVE DONE ELSE:]E EXT5SIVELY1 ,I F\ND IT IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE AS TO :AT K9D ( TRANS=MATION IS NE$$ TO SATISFY ! NE$ = A SOLUTION AT ?IS TIME4 ,POLITICAL P>TIES >E A MEANS TO AN 5D4 ,IF !Y DO NOT TRANS=M !MSELVES AS TIME REQUIRES1 !Y WILL BECOME AN OB/RUCTION1 \TDAT$ & 9EVITABLY DEFEAT$4 ,AN UNPRODUCTIVE REPETITION1 NO MATT] H[ H]OIC1 CANNOT CONTRIBUTE MU* TO ! IDEAL ( FRE$OM4 

,9 MY DEF5SE /ATEM5T1 ,I AM NOT CONC]N$ ) A LEGALI/IC DEF5SE = MYSELF4 ,IT IS SO OBVI\S TO ME ?AT EV5 ! MO/ BASIC RULES ( ! EXI/+ CON/ITUTION .<9 ,TURKEY.> >E VIOLAT$ 9 MY CASE4 ,9 ADDITION1 AT A TIME :5 .<! /ATE.> IS 9SI/5T ON D5Y+ ! .<,KURDI%.> ID5TITY1 :AT IS ESS5TIAL IS TO EMPHASIZE ! E?ICAL & POLITICAL NE$ = RESI/ANCE4 ,?IS1 P]HAPS1 WILL NOT *ANGE ! \TCOME ( ! TRIAL4 ,H[EV]1 IT WILL LEAVE = FUTURE .<G5]ATIONS.> A V]Y PRECI\S LEGACY ( SOLV+ ! PROBLEM4 ,I ESPECIALLY MADE SURE ?AT ,I PAID ATT5TION TO ?IS .<POIGNANT ISSUE.>4 

,I HAVE PUT ! ISSUES 9TO WRIT+ 9 ! =M ( !SES )\T BE+ OV]LY CONC]N$ ) MORE DETAILS4 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 ,I DID NOT DEEM IT NECESS>Y4 ,BESIDES1 ,I HAVE NOT HAD MU* OPPORTUNITY .<TO HAVE ACCESS TO DEF5SE MAT]IALS.> ANYWAY4 

,! MA9 ?READ ?AT RUNS ?R\< MY DEF5SE1 EV5 IF REPETITI\S AT TIMES1 IS ! CONCEPT ( A 0DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION04 ,?IS TIME ,I W5T 9TO DETAILS ( ?IS APPROA* :I* ,I HAD T\*$ ON 9 A LIMIT$ WAY PREVI\SLY4 ,LESLIE ,LIPSON'S BOOK ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,CIVILIZATION :I* ACCID5TALLY REA*$ MY H&S1 CONTRIBUT$ TO .<MY UND]/&+ ( ?IS .<DETAIL$ APPROA*.>4 0,! RI<T ( NATIONS = SELF-DET]M9ATION0 :I* WAS FA%IONABLE 9 ! #a#i#gS1 & :I* 9 PRACTICAL T]MS MEANT E/ABLI%+ A SEP>ATE /ATE1 WAS1 9 FACT1 A BL9D ALLEY 9 ?IS SPECIFIC .<CONTEXT.>4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,KURDI/AN1 IT WAS OB/RUCT+ ! SOLUTION RA!R ?AN SOLV+ ! PROBLEM4 ,9 MY PRACTICE1 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO SURPASS !SE .<LIMITATIONS.>4 ,:5 ,I SAW 9 PRACTICE1 H[ BACKW>D & SOMETIMES OB/RUCTIVE EV5 ! ALT]NATIVES SU* AS E/ABLI%+ A SEP>ATE /ATE1 F$]ALISM1 AUTONOMY & SIMIL> APPROA*ES W]E 9 COMP>ISON TO ! RI* MODE ( SOLUTIONS DEMOCRACY (F]$4 ,IT BECAME V]Y IMPORTANT = ME TO CONC5TRATE ON ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,! GRADUAL OCCLUSION ( ! MILIT>Y APPROA*ES1 ?AT IS ! >M$ /RUGGLE ALSO HAS A %>E 9 ?IS *ANGE ( .<DIRECTIONS.> 9 \R MOVEM5T4 ,ESPECIALLY1 GIV5 ! TRADITIONAL .<,KURDI%.> UPRIS+S :]E ! REBELLION - SUPPRESSION CYCLE PR$OM9ATES1 AN APPROA* ?AT DID NOT CONTA9 =CE & VIOL5CE WAS URG5TLY NE$$1 NOT ONLY 9 ! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T BUT ALSO GLOBALLY4 

,! UNIQU5ESS ( ,TURKI% - ,KURDI% RELATIONS1 ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! NATIONAL PACT BORD]S1 & ! CURR5T POLITICAL & MILIT>Y SITUATION NECESSITAT$ A SOLUTION )9 A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM NOT ONLY AS HI/ORICALLY CORRECT1 BUT NE>LY ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE4 ,! URG5T NE$ = A COMPREH5SIVE PEACE YE>N$ = BY EV]YONE CON/ITUT$ ! BASIS ( \R (F]4 ,DUE TO !SE REASONS1 ! *>M+ RI*NESS ( ! 0DEMOCRATIC MODE ( F9D+ A SOLUTION0 IS SUP]IOR TO ! OB/RUCT+ MILIT>Y & EV5 TO ! .<OLD.> POLITICAL /YLE4 .<,?IS (F].> SOO!S ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ( ,TURKEY & ?IS HI/ORIC /AGE ( ITS G5]AL DEMOCRATIZATION LIKE A .<WELL-PRESCRIB$.> M$IC9E4 ,& MOREOV]1 ! KEY APPROA* ( ! /ATE - :I* UNOBTRUSIVELY & GRADUALLY %AP$ POLICIES & PROGRAMS & EV5 REFLECT$ TO US - WAS ALSO ALONG ! SAME L9ES4 ,AS SU*1 ,I DID NOT %Y AWAY FROM OP5+ IT \T ) HOPE & DO+ ALL ,I CAN TO MAKE IT A SUCCESS4 ,H[EV]1 AT ?IS /AGE1 IT W\LD BE EXTREMELY OPTIMI/IC - & EV5 DANG]\S - TO SAY ?AT 0! TWO SIDES >E REA*+ AN AGREEM5T04 ,H[EV]1 ,I /RONGLY BELIEVE & ,I AM ( ! IMPRESSION ?AT1 SOON] OR LAT]1 ?IS IS ! MO/ SUITABLE WAY ( SOLV+ ! PROBLEM AMONG ALL ELSE4 

,! LA/ P>T ( MY DEF5SE IS RELAT$ TO MY P]SONAL SITUATION4 ,P]HAPS !RE WAS NOT MU* ( A NE$ = IT4 ,H[EV]1 ,I F\ND IT NECESS>Y = IT COMPLETES ! OV]ALL PICTURE4 ,TO 9VE/IGATE 9 DEP? ! SE>* = A GREAT FRE$OM ?AT ALSO RELATES TO MY CASE1 HAS BECOME ! ME?ODOLOGY = ME4 ,I HAD TO APPLY IT TO MYSELF4 ,A REPLY ( ?IS K9D TO ! 9DICTM5T W\LD BE V]Y 9/RUCTIVE4 ,H]E IS :AT ,I OBS]V$3 ,:AT *>ACT]IZES .<M>KS.> MY LIFE IS ! MOTTO ( 0,GIVE ME MY FRE$OM OR GIVE ME DEA?40 ,ANY O!R /ANCE IS UN?9KABLE4 ,H[EV]1 TO OP5 ITS ESS5CE1 TO %[ ITS 9TRICACIES WAS V]Y 9/RUCTIVE4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 MY GREATE/ FE> IS ! NON-COMPLETION ( ?IS HUMANIT>IAN PROJECT4 ,!RE=E1 MY GREATE/ EXPECTATION FROM LIFE IS .<TO HAVE A *ANCE.> TO REA* FROM AN OV]LY-COMPET5T *>ACT] ( A REBEL = FRE$OM TO ?AT ( A /RUGGL] = PEACE :I* CONTA9S FRE$OM4 ,TO ANALYZE ! *>ACT] ( A MAN ( PEACE & ?AT ( A SOCIETY ( PEACE DO REQUIRE MORE ?AN :AT IS ASSUM$1 NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( A POLITICAL & SOCIAL ANALYSIS1 BUT ALSO1 A !ORETICAL 5DEAVOR ?AT REQUIRES A DETAIL$ PSY*OLOGICAL ANALYSIS4 ,AS ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 A W> 7OR ALL K9DS ( VIOL5T ACTIONS7 :I* DO NOT AIM AT A NOBLE1 SACR$ & V]Y NECESS>Y PEACE1 IS MADNESS4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS RULE .<UND]/&+.>1 IT WAS IMPORTANT ?AT ,I %\LD ANALYZE 9 DEP?1 NOT ONLY ! !ORETICAL BUT ALSO ! MORAL1 POLITICAL & PRACTICAL ASPECTS ( ! *>ACT] 79 ! ,TURKI% TEXT ! LIT]AL WORD IS P]SONALITY7 ( ! MAN ( PEACE4 

,) SU* FEATURES1 MY DEF5SE LAYS B>E 9 A REM>KABLE & CREATIVE WAY ! NECESSITY ( BO?1 H[ ! PR(\ND DEMOCRATIC /IRR+S ,TURKEY IS CURR5TLY GO+ ?R\< %\LD BECOME A FUNDAM5TAL ATTRIBUTE ( ! ,REPUBLIC & H[ ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION ) ITS DEMOCRATIC SPIRIT ( UNITY1 S\L & WILL %\LD UNIFY AT ?IS HI/ORIC /AGE ) ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,MY DEF5SE ALSO EMPHASIZES ! NE$ = *ANGE 9 \R ORGANIZATION & 9 \R PEOPLE TO 9CORPORATE ! ABOVE TRANS=MATIONS4 ,9/EAD ( ! N[ CLASSICAL KILL - GET KILL$ CYCLE1 .<MY DEF5SE ADVOCATES.> ?AT IT IS MU* BETT] TO LIVE & LET LIVE AS \R MOD]N TIMES REQUIRE4 .<,MY DEF5SE.> CONCLUDES ) ! HOPE ( A #b#a/ ,C5TURY ?AT U%]S 9 A NEW P]IOD ( HI/ORY :I* IS POSSIBLE ONLY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 9 DEMOCRATIC UNITY & ITS UNP>ALLEL$ P[] ( SOLV+ PROBLEMS1 9/EAD ( ! NE>LY TWO HUNDR$-YE> -OLD TRADITION ( ! REBELLION & ! CONSEQU5TIAL SUPPRESSION-&-D5IAL POLICIES ( ,TURKEY4 

,A,T ,! ,5,D ,( ,! #b,? ,C,5,T,U,R,Y3 ,V,I,C,T,O,R,I,\,S ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y 

,EV5 ?\< ! ROOTS ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM GO WAY BACK TO ! E>LY HI/ORY ( HUMANITY1 IT ACQUIR$ A COMPREH5SIVE MEAN+ :5 IT WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9TO A /ATE SY/EM 9 ANCI5T ,A!NS4 ,BASICALLY1 DEMOCRACY IS ! MO/ REALI/IC SY/EM ?AT 9SURES ! MO/ FRE$OM = ! 9DIVIDUAL :ILE ALL[+ SOCIETY TO EX]CISE SELF-RULE4 ,IT D]IVES ITS REAL P[] FROM CORRESPOND+ TO ! NATURAL 9 SOCIETY4 ,P]HAPS1 AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES BR+ AB\T RAPID DEVELOPM5T1 BUT NO MATT] H[ /RONG1 SOON] OR LAT]1 !Y COLLAPSE BECAUSE !Y ALI5ATE !MSELVES FROM :AT IS SOCIALLY NATURAL4 ,GIANT EMPIRES BAS$ ON SLAV]Y1 CAPITALI/ FASCI/ TOTALIT>IAN DICTATOR%IPS & EV5 ! TOTALIT>IAN REAL-SOCIALISM1 ALL %>$ ! SAME FATE .<DUE TO ?IS ALI5ATION.>4 

,! FACT ?AT DEMOCRACY DECL>$ ITS TOTAL VICTORY AT ! 5D ( ?IS ,C5TURY1 ! C5TURY ( A/\ND+ PRODUCTION & TE*NOLOGY1 IS NO CO9CID5CE4 ,?IS IS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO ! .<FUNCTIONAL OP]ATION.> ( DEMOCRATIC SY/EM'S ME*ANISMS4 ,NO O!R SY/EM HAS MANAG$ TO R5D] ! SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL ?IS CREATIVITY 9 !IR [N NATURALNESS4 ,! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM OBTA9S ITS P[] FROM FREE+ PEOPLE4 ,DEMOCRACY IS SIMPLE1 BUT DEVELOPS SL[LY4 ,H[EV]1 )\T A D\BT1 ! RESULTS IT BORE 9 \R TIMES >E MORE IMPRESSIVE & RAPID ?AN ?OSE A MO/ P[]FUL REGIME CAN AF=D4 ,DEMOCRACIES POSSESS MO/LY AN EVOLUTION>Y LANGUAGE1 BUT ESS5TIALLY1 !Y RE/ ON REVOLUTIONS4 ,! MO/ CRUCIAL ?+ TO KN[ IS :5 TO DEMOCRATIZE A REVOLUTION4 ,REVOLUTIONS ?AT FAIL TO DEMOCRATIZE MI<T EI!R LEAD TO DICTATOR%IP OR DET]IORATE 9TO AN>*ISM4 ,REVOLUTIONS ?AT SUCCE$ 9 DEMOCRATIZ+ LIFE BECOME P]MAN5T & MANAGE TO BR+ AB\T CREATIVE DEVELOPM5T4 ,TO BECOME /UCK TO A REVOLUTION>Y /AGE IS TO BECOME /UCK TO BUREAUCRACY AS MU* AS TO C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS ?IS .<PR9CIPLE.> ?AT CON/ITUTES ! SECRET ( PA/ & PRES5T SUCCESS ( ! MI<TIE/ SOCIETIES ?AT PURSU$ SUCCESSFUL DEMOCRATIZATION4 

,! !ORETICAL - IDEATIONAL DIM5SION ( TODAY'S DEMOCRACIES DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! #a#g?-#a#h? C5TURIES4 ,! 9/ITUTIONAL & ADM9I/RATIVE DEVELOPM5TS RELAT+ TO DEMOCRACY GA9$ MOM5TUM />T+ ) ! MID-#a#i? ,C5TURY4 ,DUR+ ! #b? ,C5TURY1 DEMOCRACY RESI/$ ! TOTALIT>IAN1 UN=GIV+ DICTATOR%IP ( FASCISM & ITS ADV]S>Y1 REAL-SOCIALISM4 ,IT WAS AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY ?AT DEMOCRACY ANN\NC$ ITS F9AL VICTORY4 ,! TWO TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS1 AL?\< PRODUC+ RAPID 7ECONOMIC7 DEVELOPM5T1 COLLAPS$ BECAUSE ( EXCESSIVE SUPPRESSION ( ! FRE$OM & CREATIVE ABILITIES 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL & 9 SOCIETY4 ,CO]CION C\LD PRODUCE RAPID DEVELOPM5T1 BUT ALSO A RAPID D[NFALL4 ,:]EAS ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM DEVELOPS SL[LY1 BUT IT DOES NOT COLLAPSE EASILY4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY W\LD NOT EASILY LET GO ( IT4 ,DEMOCRACY D]IVES ITS P[] FROM ?IS4 ,SOCIETY'S 5LI<T5M5T ( ITSELF1 ?AT IS1 ITS ACQUISITION ( SCI5TIFIC P[] .<UND]/&+.> IS MO/LY RELAT$ TO ITS LEVEL ( DEMOCRACY4 ,LIKEWISE1 IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT SCI5TIFIC & >TI/IC TAL5T DEVELOPS 9 SOCIETIES ?AT PROVIDE ! MO/ FRE$OM4 

,EV5 ) ! COLLAPSE ( ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM 9 ! #a#i#iS & ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO .<SOME =M (.> DEMOCRACY1 ! GREAT ADVANCE ( DEMOCRACY IS /ILL 9 ! MAK+4 ,9 A WAY1 ! REMNANTS ( O!R SY/EMS WILL CONT9U\SLY EX]T A PRESSURE ON DEMOCRACY & A PURE V]SION ( IT C\LD1 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 NOT BE E/ABLI%$4 ,H[EV]1 .<MORE & MORE DEMOCRATIZATION.> WILL BE ! TR5D ( ! FUTURE4 ,! CRUCIAL ?+ IS TO APPLY DEMOCRATIC VALUES TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS & TO RULE ! SOCIETY4 ,! BE/ POLITICS OR POLITICIAN IS ! ONE ?AT SEEKS ITS_/HIS ID5TITY ?R\< ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! P>TY & ! LEAD]%IP ?AT REPRES5T P[]4 

,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 SOCIETIES :]E DEMOCRACY IS LIKELY TO FL\RI% >E ! ONES ?AT -AFT] MANIFE/+ !IR V]Y %>P CONFLICTS 9 ! =M ( REVOLUTION>Y EXPLOSIONS- *OOSE TO SOLVE ! RE/ ( !IR PROBLEMS 7RELAT+ TO CONFLICTS 9 GR\P'S & 9DIVIDUAL'S 9T]E/S7 ?R\< NONVIOL5T ME?ODS ) ! M$IATION ( POLITICAL P>TIES & 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IF & :5 A SOCIETY MATURES TO ?IS DEGREE1 ALL IT TAKES IS TO CORRECTLY ID5TIFY ! PR9CIPLES & 9/ITUTIONS ( DEMOCRACY1 & !N1 MAKE !M OP]ATIONAL TO SOLVE EXI/+ PROBLEMS4 ,?IS REQUIRES CREATIVITY ON ! P>T ( ! POLITICAL LEAD]S & DEF9ES ! DEMOCRATIC ESS5CE ( POLITICAL LEAD]%IP4 

,! >T ( SUCCESSFUL DEMOCRATIC POLITICS REQUIRES ! ABILITY TO CORRECTLY ID5TIFY ! 9T]E/ GR\PS1 ! NATURE ( SOCIAL CONFLICTS & TO BALANCE ! RELATIONS AMONG !M PEACEFULLY4 ,IT ALSO 9CLUDES ! ABILITY TO H&LE P[] & ! FALL FROM ! P[]4 

,! ECONOMIC WEAL? ( A NATION OR ! LACK ( IT CANNOT BE ! CRIT]IA = ! PRACTICE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,DEMOCRACY CAN BE IMPLEM5T$ 9 RI* & POOR C\NTRIES ALIKE4 ,P]HAPS ! ONLY CONDITION ?AT IS REQUIR$ IS TO ACCOMPLI% ONE OR A FEW ( ! NECESS>Y REVOLUTION>Y /EPS4 

,DEMOCRACY HAS LITTLE TO DO ) POLITICAL BORD]S OR ) ! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE4 ,DEMOCRATIC SY/EMS DO NOT DEAL ) !SE ISSUES4 ,DEMOCRATIC SY/EMS DEAL ESS5TIALLY ) ! 9T]E/S1 FRE$OM & EQUALITY ( ! SOCIAL GR\PS & ! 9DIVIDUALS2 & ! RULES & REGULATIONS ?AT GOV]N POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 GOV]N+1 COM+ TO P[] OR LOS+ P[]4 ,NATIONAL BORD]S >E A DATUM1 A GIV54 ,!Y >E A FRAMEWORK )9 :I* POLICIES >E MADE & IMPLEM5T$4 ,CO]CION DOES H>M DEMOCRACY4 ,DEMOCRATIC POLITICS DOES NOT RELATE TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE OR ITS 9DIVISIBILITY4 ,IT RELATES 9T5SELY1 ?\<1 TO ! =MS ( ! /ATE1 H[ IT H&LES SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 ITS RULES & REGULATIONS1 H[ IT SELECTS & DEL9EATES POLITICAL-MORAL VALUES1 ! ISSUE ( REPRES5TATION & H>MONI\S-PEACEFUL TRANSF] ( P[]4 ,! RECOGNITION ( ! RI<TS & FRE$OMS = ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS ?AT LACK !M1 & ! 9CORPORATION ( !SE ACTORS 9TO ! SY/EM >E ALSO ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL POLITICAL & MORAL REQUIREM5TS ( DEMOCRACY4 ,AS LONG AS !RE >E OPPRESS$ & P[]LESS 9DIVIDUALS & /RATA :O LACK BASIC FRE$OM & RI<TS1 ?AT DEMOCRACY HAS MAJOR %ORTCOM+S4 ,IF CONFLICTS & T5SIONS >E NOT SOLV$ PEACEFULLY1 REBELLIONS1 CIVIL W>S1 9SURG5CIES & O!R REVOLUTION>Y CONFLICTS W\LD BREAK \T & CAUSE BLOOD%$1 U%]+ 9 P]HAPS A NEW DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS4 

,DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPM5T 9 SOCIETIES DOM9AT$ BY DOGMATISM1 AU?ORIT>IAN PR9CIPLES & 9/ITUTIONS1 REQUIRES ABOVE ALL1 A /RUGGLE ) !SE HURDLES4 ,:AT FE$S ! AU?ORIT>IAN & ! TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES IS SU* DOGMATISM & TRADITIONALISM4 

,DEMOCRACY HAS ITS [N PR9CIPLES1 9/ITUTIONS & TRADITIONS TOO4 ,!Y >E FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 LACK ( OPPRESSION1 EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T1 RESPECT = RI<TS & RESPONSIBILITIES & CONS5SUAL SOLUTIONS4 ,DEMOCRACY IS CLOSELY RELAT$ TO SCI5TIFIC .<OBJECTIVE.> DEF9ITION ( ! SOCIETY & .<! NE$ =.> ITS 5LI<T5M5T4 ,) SU* QUALITIES1 DEMOCRACY IS A WOND]FUL WAY ( CREAT+ MATURE1 RESPONSIBLE 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIAL CLASSES4 

,?IS COMPREH5SIVE FRAMEWORK 9 :I* WE HAVE DEF9$ DEMOCRACY1 V]Y CLE>LY %[S AS TO :Y DEMOCRACY IS BO? ! CAUSE & ! \TCOME ( SCI5TIFIC-TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS & ! 5LI<T5$ SOCIETY4 

,! FAILURE ( ! SUFFOCAT+ TOTALIT>IANISM ( FASCISM & B\RGEOIS NATIONALISM1 & ! EXCESSIVE EGALIT>IAN TOTALIT>IANISM ( ! WORK+ CLASS >E RELAT$ TO HAV+ MOV$ \T ( ! DEMOCRATIC FRAMEWORK DESCRIB$ ABOVE4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM HAS 9SUR$ ITS VICTORY 9TO ! #bS & CANNOT BE /OPP$ SPREAD+ 9 DEP? TO ALL SOCIETIES4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ?OSE :O RESI/ ?IS .<WAVE ( DEMOCRATIZATION.> WILL LOSE :ILE ?OSE :O IMPLEM5T IT WILL SURELY W94 

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,DEVELOPM5TS DUR+ ! LA/ #ae YE>S ( MOD]N HI/ORY ?AT WE HAVE PRES5T$ H]E 9 V]Y BROAD \TL9ES1 PO9T TO ! VICTORY ( DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS PROCESS ( DEMOCRATIZATION C\LD BE SUCCESSFUL 9 ,TURKEY IF V]Y S]I\S MI/AKES >E AVOID$ ESPECIALLY 9 DEMOCRATICALLY SOLV+ ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM2 IF ! ,TURKI% LEFT MANAGES TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO LEGAL POLITICAL P>TIES & ! ,ISLAMIC MOVEM5T ASSIMILATES DEMOCRATIC IDEALS4 

,! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ?OSE :O APPROA* ?IS PROCESS FROM A N>R[1 OPPORTUNI/IC & SELFI% MOTIVE CANNOT GO BEYOND DEMAGOG]Y4 ,ONE MU/ SEE 9 DEP? ?AT ,TURKEY IS GO+ ?R\< AN IMPORTANT P]IOD ?AT IS QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T4 ,REC5T HI/ORY1 :ILE 9H]IT+ A HEAVILY C5TRALIZ$ FEUDAL TRADITION ?AT WAS DEVOID ( DEMOCRACY1 HAS BE5 /UCK 9 A /AGE ( PRODUC+ NO SOLUTIONS AS A RESULT ( DEVA/AT+ BL[S ( ! FREQU5T C\PS & C\NT]-C\PS1 REVOLUTIONS & C\NT]-REVOLUTIONS4 ,A V]Y T5SE SOCIETY ?AT IS RESI/ANT TO DEMOCRATIC OP5+S1 /ATE (FICIALS :O HAVE ALWAYS VIEW$ DEMOCRACY ) SUSPICION1 9TELLECTUALS :O HAVE /OOD ALO( TO ANY /RUGGLE = DEMOCRATIC VALUES1 >E ALL FUNDAM5TAL ASPECTS ( ?IS PROBLEM4 ,TRULY1 ! ,REPUBLIC C\LD HAVE REALIZ$ A LOT LESS ON]\S PA? ( DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,! PROCESS .<( DEMOCRATIZATION.> 9 ,TURKEY HAS BE5 TRULY H>D1 AS ! SAME IS TRUE = O!R C\NTRIES4 ,TURKEY FAIL$ TO HAVE A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM DUE TO LACK ( CONVICTION1 S]I\S EF=TS & A TRUE UND]/&+ ( DEMOCRACY 7AS OPPOS$ TO DEMAGOG]Y74 ,9 ! NAME ( DEMOCRACY1 ! DEMAGOG]Y ALWAYS RUL$4 ,?AT IS1 9 ! NAME ( DEMOCRACY - ISM1 A PLAY WAS /AG$ 9 AN UGLY WAY ) AN ACCOMPANY+ RHETORIC ?AT BO? CONCEAL$ & S]V$ TO VE/$ 9T]E/S4 ,!RE C\LD BE NO PLACE = DEMAGOG]Y ANY MORE4 ,! PROCESS 7P]IOD7 WE >E GO+ ?R\< RI<T N[ WILL EI!R LEAD TO AN 5DUR+1 TRULY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC ) ITS SOCIAL MILIEU1 9/ITUTIONS1 ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE & REAL DEMOCRATIC IDEALS1 OR IT WILL LEAD TO ! REPETITION ( MORE ( ! SAME4 ,! .<,TURKI%.> SOCIETY HAS MATUR$ & IS READY = DEMOCRACY & ITS SY/EM ( PEACEFULLY SOLV+ PROBLEMS4 ,POLITICAL P>TIES .<9 ,TURKEY.> HAVE LE>N$ !IR LESSONS TO A GREAT EXT5T4 ,DYSFUNCTIONAL 9/ITUTIONS HAVE BE5 EXPOS$4 ,AN EFFECTIVE ADM9I/RATION W\LD NOT FAIL TO OBTA9 ! SU/A9$ SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! MILIT>Y AS ! MO/ READY 9/ITUTION IS 9CL9$ TO TURN ?IS PROCESS 9 FAVOR ( DEMOCRATIZATION1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 HAS NO 9T5TION ( RELAX+ ITS CONTROL ( SOCIETY4 

,AS ONE ( ! MO/ S]I\S PROBLEMS .<( ,TURKEY.>1 IF ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM IS SOLV$ 9 A WAY ?AT 9CORPORATES ! .<,KURDI%.> GU]RILLAS & ! ,P,K,K 9 AN APPROPRIATE DEMOCRATIC SY/EM ?AT CAN SOLVE ! PROBLEM1 IT WILL BE A P]MAN5T VICTORY = DEMOCRACY4 ,! 9TEGRATION ( ,ISLAM AS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,R,P_/,F,P HAS ALREADY BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ TO A GOOD EXT5T4 ,H]E IS :AT AWAITS ,TURKEY ON ! HORIZON3 !1 AT LEA/1 TWO HUNDR$ YE> OLD EF=T T[>D ,WE/]NIZATION W\LD F9ALLY BE> ITS FRUIT4 ,VIOL5CE EMB$D$ 9 SOCIETY & ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ?AT PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 MOV+ ! C5TURIES =W>D .<5G9E ( *ANGE.> WILL LOSE ITS MEAN+ & BE DUMP$ TO ! DU/B9 ( HI/ORY4 ,NOT ONLY VIOL5CE HAS BECOME UNNECESS>Y1 BUT ALSO1 DUE TO 9CREAS+ APA?Y & /AGNATION ( SOCIETY1 WILL NOT EV5 BE NOTIC$4 ,EV5 IF SOCIETY 9 ,TURKEY HAS TRULY REA*$ TO SOME DEGREE ( MATURITY1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & CADRES HAVE NOT YET SET AN EFFECTIVE & WELL-E/ABLI%$ PACE ( PROGRESS4 ,?IS IS :]E ! TR\BLE LIES4 ,LACK ( ANY O!R ALT]NATIVE MAKES ! DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION ! ONLY OPTION4 

,! DEMOCRATIC OPTION 7ALT]NATIVE71 AS IT IS 9 O!R MATT]S1 IS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE 9 .<SOLV+.> ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION4 ,SEP>ATION IS NEI!R POSSIBLE NOR NECESS>Y4 ,KURDI% 9T]E/S >E DEF9ITELY BE/ S]V$ 9 A DEMOCRATIC UNION ) ! :OLE ( ,TURKEY4 ,IF ! DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION IS FULLY IMPLEM5T$1 IT W\LD BECOME EV5 A MORE SUCCESSFUL & REALI/IC MODEL ?AN AUTONOMY & F$]ATION4 ,EV5 AT ?IS V]Y MOM5T1 DEVELOPM5TS >E ALL PO9T+ 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 

,IF ,TURKEY SOLVES ITS T\<E/ PROBLEM 9 ?IS MANN]1 VIOL5CE 9 ALL ITS =MS1 BE IT REVOLUTION>Y OR C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y1 MILIT>Y MUSCLE FLEX+ 7SU* AS UND] M>TIAL LAWS7 OR RELIGI\S FANATICISM1 WILL R>ELY BE AN ISSUE4 ,A ,WE/]N-/YLE PROBLEM SOLV+ WILL CONSID]ABLY GA9 MOM5TUM4 ,!N1 ECONOMIC RES\RCES1 SOCIETY'S LEVEL ( $UCATION1 ! NON-DEMAGOGIC ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE & LOYALTY TO TRULY DEMOCRATIC VALUES SU* AS LIB]TY1 EQUALITY & JU/ICE1 C\LD MAKE A GREAT LEAP =W>D4 

,EV5 ?\< SIMIL> APPROA*ES HAVE BE5 CONCEPTUALIZ$ 9 DISCUSSIONS ON A ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 WE BELIEVE A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC .<5VISION$ 9 ?IS DEF5SE.> IS A MORE CORRECT APPROA*4 ,! #bS .<! NEW MILL5NIUM.> IS IMPOS+ AN EVOLUTION 9 ?IS DIRECTION .<T[>D A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC.>1 :I*1 BECOMES MORE 9EVITABLE ) EV]Y PASS+ DAY4 ,IT IS NOT H>D TO SEE ?AT = ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS1 POLITICAL P>TIES & SOCIAL GR\PS ?AT FEEL DEEPLY AB\T .<! *ANGE.>1 HI/ORY IS PROVID+ A *ANCE TO TAKE A GREAT LEAP =W>D1 IF !Y TAKE ! NECESS>Y /EPS4 ,:ILE ! NE$ IS 9CREAS+LY MAK+ ?IS SE>* .<= PEACE & DEMOCRATIZATION.> AS ! URG5T ITEM ON ! AG5DA 9 NE$ ( A SOLUTION1 ! ABS5CE ( A LEAD] .<AS AN 9T]LOCUTOR = PEACE.> IS SORELY MISS+4 ,DI/RU/ CREAT$ BY WORN \T POLITICIANS1 LACK ( A COMPLETE UND]/&+ ( ! >M$ =CES' ROLE1 ! WEAKNESS ( AN EVOLUTION>Y & FE> ( A REVOLUTION>Y LEAD]%IP1 HAVE ALL L$ TO ! CURR5T LEAD]%IP CRISIS ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 

,A %ORT HI/ORY & SOME FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,TURKI%-,KURDI% RELATIONS 

,! >RIVAL ( ,TURKS - & 9 P>TICUL> ( ,TURKM5S :O BROKE AWAY FROM !IR RUL+ ELEM5TS - 9 ! >EAS HEAVILY POPULAT$ BY ,KURDS 9 ! T5? C5TURY1 L$ TO ! 9T]M+L+ ( ! TWO PEOPLES4 ,! RELATIVELY MORE SETTL$ WAY ( LIFE ( ! ,KURDS L$ TO ! ABSORPTION ( ! ,TURKI% TRIBES 9 !SE C5TURIES4 ,9 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ! ,TURKS1 & 9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ! ,KURDS W]E RELATIVELY DOM9ANT4 ,:ILE ! ,TURKI% UPP] /RATA 9 G5]AL TOOK OV] ! LOCAL POLITICAL CULTURE & A*IEV$ DOM9ANCE1 ! L[] ORD]S ON ! :OLE W]E ABSORB$ BY ! ,KURDS4 ,! SOCIO-ECONOMIC & CULTURAL & RELIGI\S SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! TWO PEOPLES PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ?IS 9T]M+L+4 ,! FEUDAL SOCIAL /RUCTURE IS QUITE SIMIL> 9 BO? SETTL$ & NOMADIC TRIBES4 ,SU*1 9 BRIEF1 >E ! F\NDATIONS ( ! BRO!RHOOD ( ! ,TURKS & ,KURDS ?AT IS (T5 ALLUD$ TO4 

,:5 WE LOOK AT HI/ORY WE SEE ?AT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,SELJUK ,EMPIRE SET UP 9 ,IRAN1 ,IRAQ1 ,SYRIA & ! ,KURDI% L&S & LAT] ) ! ,M]VANIS1 ,>TUKOGULL>IS1 ,AYYUBIS & ! ,AKKOYUNLUS & ,K>AKOYUNLUS1 & MANY SMALL /ATES1 ! ,TURKI% & ,KURDI% UPP] SOCIAL /RATA & !RE=E ! SOCIAL ORD]S UND] !M %>E A COMMON L& & /ATE4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ 9 CONFLICT ) EA* O!R1 !Y LIVE 9 H>MONY 9 CLOSE PROXIMITY TO ONE ANO!R4 ,) NO O!R NATION - BE IT ! ,>ABS1 ! ,IRANIANS1 ,>M5IANS OR ,BYZANT9ES - IS SU* A CONCEPT ( A COMMON /ATE %>$4 ,?IS IS H[ ! ,KURDI% ,TURK OR ,TURKI% ,KURD IS BORN4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE> ?IS 9 M9D AS AN \T/&+ *>ACT]I/IC 9 ORD] TO MAKE S\ND OBJECTIVE ASSESSM5TS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO HAVE SU* A SCI5TIFIC APPROA* TO ! BRO!RHOOD ( ,TURKS & ,KURDS4 

,WE SEE A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON ON A V]Y HI< LEVEL 9 ! ,OTTOMAN-,KURDI% RELATIONS :I* BEG9 ) ,SELIM ,I4 ,DESPITE ,SELIM'S WI% TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! DOM9ANT ,KURDI% LORDS *OSE NOT TO SET UP A SEP>ATE /ATE1 BUT FELT !IR 9T]E/ W]E BETT] S]V$ BY /AY+ UND] ! UMBRELLA ( ! SAME /ATE UND] A GOV]NOR S5T BY ! ,SULTAN HIMSELF4 ,?IS APPROA* L$ TO SUCCESS AGA9/ ! ,SAFFEVIS ( ,IRAN 9 ! BATTLE ( ,CALDIRAN & AGA9/ ! ,>ABIC ,MAMLUKS 9 ! BATTLES ( ,RIDANIYE & ,M]CIDABIK4 ,UND] ?IS >RANGEM5T1 ! ,KURDS CONT9U$ TO DEVELOP UNTIL ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,!IR LANGUAGE & CULTURE DEVELOP$ TO A HI< DEGREE4 ,ONLY V]Y R>ELY W]E !RE PROBLEMS4 ,?IS WAS L>GELY DUE TO ! L>GE MEASURE ( AUTONOMY GRANT$ TO ! LOCAL GOV]NM5TS UND] ! UMBRELLA ( ! COMMON /ATE1 9DEP5D5T TRIBAL /RUCTURES1 & ! FRE$OMS 5JOY$ 9 ! FIELDS ( LANGUAGE & RELIGION BY ALL EXCEPT ! ,ALEVIS4 ,:AT WE SEE H]E IS A MULTI-LAY]$1 RI* EXP]IM5T 9 GOV]NM5T ?AT CAN SET US AN EXAMPLE EV5 TODAY4 

,?IS SY/EM />T$ FALL+ AP>T 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY AS A RESULT ( ! ,EMPIRE'S FAILURE TO COMPETE ) ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE 9 P>TICUL> 5T]$ 9TO ! REGION & ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY UPP$ ITS DEM&S REG>D+ TAXATION & MILIT>Y S]VICE2 A PROCESS ( REBELLION WAS PUT 9 MOTION ?AT CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY4 

,IT IS HI<LY TYPICAL ?AT1 :ILE ! REBELLIONS BY ALL ! O!R NATIONS W]E SUCCESSFUL1 !SE REBELLIONS FAIL$ DESPITE BE+ ON SU* A L>GE SCALE4 ,! REASON = ?IS IS ONCE AGA9 ! CONCEPT ( A COMMON L& & A COMMON /ATE ?AT IS SU* A FUNDAM5TAL GUID+ PR9CIPLE4 ,SOME ( ! REBELS W]E ALWAYS ON ! SIDE ( ! /ATE4 ,BREAK+ AWAY IS NOT :AT !IR \TLOOK OR POLICY IS FUNDAM5TALLY AB\T4 ,!Y >E MORE 9T]E/$ 9 SECUR+ ADVANTAGES & CONCESSIONS4 ,!IR ATTITUDE IS ONE ( 0,IF Y\ DON'T GIVE IT TO ME1 ,I'LL GET 9 T\* ) ?IS OR ?AT =EIGN P[] & REBEL04 ,?IS IS NOT ONLY ! FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/IC BUT ALSO ! MIS=TUNE & TRAG$Y ( ,KURDI% UPRIS+S4 ,IT IS AN EXAGG]ATION EV5 TO LOOK AT !SE UPRIS+S AS PROGRESSIVE OR REACTION>Y1 POLITICAL OR NATIONAL4 ,?AT IS NOT !IR FUNDAM5TAL NATURE4 ,?AT IS MORE ( A COV] /ORY4 ,!Y >E DIRECT$ MORE BY ! SELF-9T]E/S ( TRIBAL LEAD]S & BY DYNA/IC & FAMILY CONC]NS1 & !Y DEEP5 ! IMPASSE1 FILL+ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE ) SUFF]+ & MASSACRES & LEAD+ NOT TO PROGRESS BUT RU94 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REASSESS !SE REBELLIONS :I* HAVE NO PHILOSOPHY1 NO POLITICAL PROGRAM OR ORGANIZATION1 HAVE TWO LEAD]S EV5 )9 ! SAME TRIBE OR FAMILY 9 EV]Y REBELLION1 SELDOM ABIDE BY MILIT>Y RULES1 & CONSEQU5TLY ALWAYS 5D UP FAIL+4 ,9DE$ !IR BELIEF 9 SUCCESS IS PRACTICALLY NON-EXI/5T4 ,!Y >E SPONTANE\S & PRIMITIVE4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO REA* ANY:]E ON ! BASIS ( FOLL[+ :OEV] (F]S ! MO/4 ,?IS IS :]E ! TRAG$Y & MIS=TUNE LIE4 ,ONE IS TEMPT$ TO SAY1 0,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 BETT] IF !IR HI/ORY DID NOT CONSI/ ( !SE UPRIS+S40 ,?IS IS ONCE AGA9 ! REASON4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ! 5TRY ( IMP]IALI/ =CES1 OPPRESSION BY ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY & 9CREAS$ DEM&S REG>D+ TAXES & MILIT>Y S]VICE PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE4 ,BUT ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL CAUSE1 AS (T5 M5TION$ 9 \R DAY1 IS ! NOTION ( A COMMON C\NTRY1 BE+ ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL ORIG9AL ELEM5TS ( ! /ATE1 ASSIMILATION BETWE5 ! TWO PEOPLES1 !IR HAV+ GONE ?R\< MANY A W> TOGE!R1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 !IR BE+ CLOSE TO ONE ANO!R 9 DE/9Y & JOY1 ! DANG]S ( SEP>ATION1 & !IR HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE ( ALL !Y /& TO LOSE4 ,!SE HAVE L$ TO A FUNDAM5TAL NOTION ( TOGE!RNESS4 ,EV5 AT ! />T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :5 EV]Y?+ WAS BE+ DONE TO PROVOKE NATIONALISM1 ?IS NOTION WAS PRES]V$ & A SUCCESSFUL W> ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION WAS WAG$ TOGE!R4 

,! ,W> ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION & A NEW /AGE 9 ,TURKI%-,KURDI% RELATIONS 

,9 BO? ! LA/ ,P>LIAM5T & AT ! MEET+S & CONGRESSES L$ BY ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL AT ,AMASYA1 ,]ZURUM1 ,SIVAS & ,ANK>A1 NATIONAL LIB]ATION WAS CLE>LY SE5 AS A JO9T LIB]ATION EF=T BY ,TURKS & ,KURDS4 ,?IS WAS NOT ONLY ! RI<T & PRACTICAL PA?1 BUT ALSO ! ONE DEM&$ BY ! HI/ORICAL NOTION ( A COMMON C\NTRY & /ATE4 ,TO 5GAGE 9 SEP>ATE1 & ESPECIALLY OPPOS$1 /RUGGLES = LIB]ATION W\LD HAVE PLAY$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! 0DIVIDE & RULE0 POLICY FAVOR$ BY ! IMP]IALI/S ( ! DAY & ESPECIALLY BY ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,H]E ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL'S POLITICAL \TLOOK TE/$ & DEVELOP$ BY REALITIES IS CLE> & IT IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE ONE4 ,)\T GO+ OV]MU* 9TO ! !ORETICAL REASONS1 HE MA9TA9$ UNITY VIRTUALLY BY ORD]+ IT1 & ?AT WAS :AT WAS NE$$ AT ! TIME4 ,?IS WAS SO1 BECAUSE !RE W]E ?OSE ON BO? SIDES :O W]E WORK+ H>D1 ) A GOOD DEAL ( HELP FROM ! ,SULTAN & ,CALIPH1 TO CAUSE A RIFT1 & NATIONAL LIB]ATION WAS A MOVEM5T AGA9/ !SE UPRIS+S AS MU* AS AGA9/ EXT]NAL 5EMIES4 ,:AT C\NTS H]E IS NOT 9T5TION BUT PRACTICE4 ,EV5 )9 ,P>LIAM5T ?OSE 9 FAVOR ( ! SULTANATE & ! CALIPHATE W]E QUITE P[]FUL UNTIL #a#i#b#d4 ,HAV+ TO CONT5D ) !SE & ALSO ) ! FOLL[]S ( ! OLD ,OTTOMAN ,UNION & ,PROGRESS MOVEM5T & ) ,BOL%EVIK 9FLU5CES1 ! LEAD+ P[] HAD TO FOLL[ 9T5SE & DIFF]5T TACTICS4 ,ADD TO ?IS ! EXT5SIVE CLAIMS ( E?NIC ,GREEKS 9 ! ,WE/ EMBOLD5$ BY ! ,GREEK ATTACK ON ,TURKEY1 & EQUALLY EXT5SIVE CLAIMS BY ! ,>M5IANS 9 ! ,EA/1 & IT WAS OBVI\S ?AT NATIONAL LIB]ATION HAD TO BE BAS$ ON ! TWO FUNDAM5TAL PEOPLES1 ! ,KURDS & ! ,TURKS4 ,IF ! TWO NATIONS W5T !IR SEP>ATE WAYS1 & ESPECIALLY IF !Y ACT$ AGA9/ EA* O!R1 !Y W\LD 5D UP LOS+ ALL !Y HAD4 ,IT IS USEFUL TO EXPLA9 SOME MATT]S H]E :I* HAVE NOT BE5 GONE 9TO 9 DEP?3 ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T WAS UND\BT$LY L$ BY ! ,TURKI% SIDE :I* WAS ! ONE ) ! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y EXP]I5CE & ! DEVELOP$ NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ?IS NOT OPPOS$1 IT WAS EXPECT$4 ,! ,KURDI% SIDE F\ND ?IS NATURAL & WAS NOT UNCOM=TABLE OR ANXI\S AB\T BE+ AN AUXILI>Y =CE UND] COMM&4 ,! NOTION ( A COMMON HI/ORY1 /ATE1 C\NTRY & RELIGION WAS FUNDAM5TAL H]E1 & NO ONE D\BT$ ?AT ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION W\LD BE WAG$ TOGE!R AS WELL4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT HAS BE5 MA9TA9$ BY SOME 9TELLECTUALS1 !RE WAS NO QUE/ION ( DECEPTION OR BE+ DECEIV$ H]E4 ,:AT WAS HAPP5+ WAS ! NECESS>Y \TCOME ( NATURAL TOGE!RNESS4 ,?IS WAS DEF9ITELY ! RI<T /RATEGY & IT AM\NT$ TO A UNIFI$ TACTICAL UND]/&+4 ,ONE HAS TO ADMIRE ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL & ?OSE LEAD+ ! MOVEM5T4 ,IT IS A MI/AKE TO ?9K ( ! ,KURDI% SIDE AS COLLABORATORS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,!Y DID ! RI<T ?+1 BUT SUFF]$ FROM AN IMPORTANT LACK ( CONSCI\SNESS & ORGANIZATION AS F> AS ! NEGATIVE DEVELOPM5TS ?AT W\LD OCCUR 9 ! FUTURE W]E CONC]N$4 

,AN IMPORTANT IMPASSE W\LD EV5TUALLY DEVELOP ON BO? SIDES ON ?IS PO9T1 :5 9 FACT ! BEG9N+ WAS ABSOLUTELY RI<T & ! SUCCESSFUL NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE & ! ,REPUBLIC PROCLAIM$ AT ! 5D ( IT >E 9 FACT A BEAUTIFUL JO9T A*IEVEM5T4 ,9DE$1 AT ! PRESS CONF]5CE 9 ,IZMIT - & IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT ?IS TOOK PLACE AFT] ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC - ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL GAVE A SPEE* :I* CAN /ILL (F] GUIDANCE TODAY1 & 9 :I* HE CLE>LY /ATES ?AT ,KURDI% & SIMIL> PROBLEMS CAN ONLY BE SOLV$ BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A DEMOCRATIC /YLE4 

,GIV5 ! /ATE ( MIX$ >EAS & ! 9SOLUBLE PROBLEMS LIKELY TO BE CAUS$ BY BORD] *ANGES1 A TYPE ( LOCAL AUTONOMY1 ! ME?OD EMPLOY$ TODAY EV]Y:]E 9 ! WORLD 9 DEMOCRACIES & PROPOS$ BY ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL1 IS ONCE AGA9 ! CORRECT SOLUTION = ?IS PROBLEM4 ,H[EV]1 BECAUSE ! CALIPHATE & ! SULTANATE HAD P[]FUL SUPPORT ON BO? SIDES & BECAUSE SOME PRIMITIVE ,KURDI% 9TELLECTUALS C\LD NOT DETA* !MSELVES FROM IMP]IALISM1 C\LD NOT %>E !IR PROGRAM ) ! ,TURKI% ,P>LIAM5T UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL & BECAME N>R[-M9D$ SEP>ATI/S1 !Y 5D$ UP P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! UPRIS+ ( #a#i#b#e1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E NOT 9 ANY WAY READY = IT4 ,9 FACT1 H[EV]1 !Y DID NOT HAVE SU* AN 9T5TION AT ! />T4 ,A L>GE PORTION ( !M W]E /ATE (FICIALS & >MY (FIC]S :O SUPPORT$ ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T4 ,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! CASE ( ! LOCAL TRIBAL & RELIGI\S LEAD]S1 A COMB9ATION ( !IR IDEOLOGICAL OPPOSITION TO ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! ?REAT5+ ( !IR MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 & !IR RELATIONS ) ,I/ANBUL & H5CE ) ! ,ALLI$ P[]S WAS TO DRIVE !M TO ! SAME WRONG C\RSE 9 AN UNTIMELY & UNPREP>$ MANN]4 ,!SE W]E PEOPLE :O HAD SUPPORT$ ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T1 BELIEV+ IT W\LD RESULT NOT 9 A REPUBLIC BUT ! RE/ORATION ( ! SULTANATE & ! CALIPHATE1 :5 ?IS DID NOT HAPP51 !Y REBELL$4 ,AS WILL BE SE5 FROM ?IS1 LIMIT$ ,KURDI% NATIONALISM WAS NOT A FUNDAM5TAL FACTOR 9 ! UPRIS+4 ,! UPRIS+ WAS A WEAK AFFAIR1 )\T A PROGRAM1 DISORGANIZ$ & LEAD]LESS4 ,! MASSES & MO/ ( ! UPP]-CLASS 9TELLECTUALS *OSE TO SUPPORT ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS RIFT ?AT OCCURR$ ON ! ,KURDI% SIDE OCCURR$ 9 A MORE 9T5SE MANN] ON ! ,TURKI% SIDE4 

,!RE W]E MORE OP5 EXPON5TS ( ! SULTANATE & ! CALIPHATE1 ! OLD ,UNIONI/S W]E NOT HAPPY ) ! ,REPUBLIC & AS ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY !Y REPRES5T$ ! CONS]VATIVE W+ & FROM TIME TO TIME A*IEV$ A MAJORITY4 ,DUR+ ! UPRIS+ ( #aibe ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL W\LD OBJECTIVELY TREAT ALL !SE ELEM5TS AS A UNIFI$ =CE ) A COMMON AIM & FIRMLY PROCE$ TO ELIM9ATE !M4 ,IF ONE PAYS ATT5TION1 IT IS CLE> ?AT !Y >E NOT SE5 AS A SPECIAL DEMOCRATIC GR\P ON ! ,TURKI% SIDE & A ,KURDI% NATIONALI/ GR\P ON ! ,KURDI% SIDE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 SU* A SITUATION DOES NOT CLE>LY >ISE4 ,:AT IS BE+ DEBAT$ IS NOT ! DEMOCRATIC NATURE ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,SU* A QUE/ION IS NOT ON ! AG5DA AP>T FROM ! 9T]JECTIONS ( A FEW FA9T VOICES4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION IS ! PROTECTION ( ! ,REPUBLIC :I* IS BUT A YE>-OR-TWO-OLD4 ,AT LEA/ ?IS IS DEF9ITELY SO = ,ATATURK4 ,HE DOES NOT SAY1 0,I AM CRU%+ DEMOCRATS & ,KURDS02 HE SAYS1 0,I AM ELIM9AT+ ?OSE OPPOS$ TO ! ,REPUBLIC40 ,?IS MI<T P]HAPS BE A LITTLE EXTREME1 BUT IT IS A REALI/IC APPROA*4 ,LET US IMAG9E ONE ( ! O!R TWO SIDES TRIUMPH+4 ,SULTAN ,VAHDETT9 WAS READY & WAIT+4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :AT W\LD HAVE COME WAS NEI!R DEMOCRACY NOR AN 9DEP5D5T ,KURDI% /ATE1 BUT A SULTANATE COLLABORAT+ ) ! ,BRITI%4 ,?IS IS ! TRU?4 ,!RE WAS NO ?IRD WAY4 ,! WEAK COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* C\LD NOT EV5 SAVE ITSELF FROM BE+ DEFEAT$ BY SIMPLE TACTICS1 C\LD H>DLY A*IEVE P[]4 

,! TRIUMPH ( ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T & ( ! ,REPUBLIC MU/ !RE=E BE SE5 AS AN HI/ORIC COMMON C\NTRY & /ATE = ! TWO PEOPLES4 ,ONE CANNOT ASCRIBE TO ,ATATURK EI!R A P>TICUL> OPPOSITION TO DEMOCRACY OR TO ,KURDS4 ,HE WAS = PROGRESS & HAD EXPECTATIONS4 ,! LACK ( 9TELLECTUAL DEP?1 ! ABS5CE ( ANY EXP]I5CE ( DEMOCRACY1 FEEL+S ( BE+ UND] SIEGE BY DOME/IC & =EIGN =CES & ( WEAKNESS2 ! REALITY ( !SE ?+S L$ TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN CONCEPT ( ! ,REPUBLIC AT AN E>LY /AGE & R5D] ! CONCEPT ( VIOL5CE OP5 TO CRITICISM4 ,IF ,FE?I ,OKY>1 :O CAN BE SE5 AS AN UNSUCCESSFUL LIB]AL 9TELLECTUAL ( ! P]IOD - & :O1 IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D1 WAS A CLOSE FRI5D & COLLEAGUE ( ,ATATURK'S - HAD BE5 SUCCESSFUL1 ! ,REPUBLIC C\LD HAVE BECOME MORE LIB]AL & EV5TUALLY MORE DEMOCRATIC4 ,BUT ! H>%] & MORE BUREAUCRATIC PREMI]%IP ( ,ISMET ,9ONU1 :O WAS PUT 9 P[] BY ! UPRIS+1 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ?IS AU?ORIT>IAN DEVELOPM5T4 

,AL?\< 9FLU5C$ BY ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY & ,/AL9'S ,RUSSIA1 HE NEV]!LESS DID NOT WANT TO R5D] ! ,REPUBLIC F\ND$ BY ,ATATURK AU?ORIT>IAN 9 ! EXTREME4 ,?IS CAN ALSO BE SE5 9 ! ,FREE ,P>TY 9CID5T :I* IS ! SECOND LIB]AL EXP]IM5T ) ,FE?I ,OKY>4 ,HE WAS = A LIB]AL DEVELOPM5T1 BUT DID NOT HAVE ! P[] TO GRASP ! PHILOSOPHICAL & SOCIAL F\NDATIONS ?IS REQUIR$4 ,SUBSEQU5T ,KURDI% UPRIS+S MU/ BE ASSESS$ ALONG SIMIL> L9ES4 ,9DE$1 ! TRADITIONAL 9ABILITY ( ! LOCAL P[]S TO TOE ! G5]AL L9E1 !IR TRADITIONAL HABIT ( DO+ AS !Y PLEAS$1 & LIMIT$ =EIGN 9FLU5CES1 PLAY A ROLE1 & ?IS MEANS ?AT !Y HAD LITTLE *ANCE ( SUCCESS AGA9/ AN 9CREAS+LY P[]FUL REPUBLIC4 

,?IS IS H[ ! AU?ORIT>IAN REPUBLICANISM ( ! ,ATATURK P]IOD APPE>S )9 ITS CONCRETE REALITY4 ,IT IS A MAJOR ]ROR & 9JU/ICE TO BLAME ! ,REPUBLIC & ,ATATURK = NOT MOV+ 9 A MORE LIB]AL-DEMOCRATIC DIRECTION & ESPECIALLY = ,KURDI% UPRIS+S & ! 9ABILITY TO PRODUCE ANY?+ MORE ?AN !SE UPRIS+S ( A SOCIETY :I* DOES NOT FOLL[ ITS NATIONAL MOVEM5T BUT - & EXCEPTIONS DO NOT *ANGE ! RULE - IS L$ BY SCATT]$ & DISORGANIZ$ LOCAL LORDS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT LEADS TO ! ADOPTION ( ! WRONG APPROA* & LEADS TO EXTREMISM1 & ?IS LEADS 9TELLECTUALS1 ,ISLAMICI/S1 SOCIALI/S & ,KURDI% NATIONALI/S TO MAJOR ]RORS ( ASSESSM5T1 & 9DE$ ACTION4 ,HAD ! CLAIMS ?AT >E MADE BE5 TRUE & HAD !Y HAD A MAT]IAL BASIS 9 ?AT P]IOD1 SURELY !Y W\LD HAVE A*IEV$ SOME SUCCESS4 ,SOME?+ ?AT HAS A BASIS 9 REALITY WILL BE SUCCESSFUL4 ,AT MO/1 ?IS CAN BE SE5 AS AN IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE BO? = DEMOCRACY & ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION :I* IS A P>T ( IT4 ,IT IS H>D TO SAY IT HAS YET BE5 ASSESS$ PROP]LY4 ,?OSE :O DO NOT ASSESS HI/ORY CORRECTLY WILL HAVE GREAT DIFFICULTY ASSESS+ ! PRES5T & !MSELVES CORRECTLY4 ,?IS WILL (T5 LEAD TO FAILURE1 & :]E IT LEADS TO SUCCESS1 SUCCESS WILL COME AB\T AS A RESULT ( ! *A9S ( CO9CID5CES ?AT >E (T5 5C\NT]$ 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 

,! ,KURDI% IDEOLOGICAL & POLITICAL MOVEM5TS ?AT FAIL TO ASSESS ! F\ND+ ( ?IS ,REPUBLIC & ITS AU?ORIT>IAN DEVELOPM5T CORRECTLY 5D UP CREAT+ BY ?IS MEANS ! FUNDAM5TAL REASON = !IR TRAG$Y & DEFEAT4 ,AS AN ACT ( SELF-CRITICISM IT W\LD BE CLOS] TO ! TRU? TO EXPRESS ! REAL SITUATION REG>D+ ?IS P]IOD AS FOLL[S4 

,:AT %\LD HAVE BE5 DONE WAS TO ACCEPT UNCONDITIONALLY ! ,REPUBLIC & ! REALITY ( A COMMON C\NTRY P]TA9+ TO IT1 !N TO SEEK DEMOCRATIC SOLUTIONS = SOCIAL PROBLEMS 9CLUD+ ! ,ATATURK P]SONALITY )9 ?IS FRAMEWORK BY DISCUSS+ !M 9 ,P>LIAM5T1 =M+ GR\PS :]E NECESS>Y & F9D+ SOLUTIONS :I*1 )\T EV] BECOM+ REACTION>Y OR SEP>ATI/1 W\LD C>RY ! SAME REPUBLICAN & NATIONAL UNITY PR9CIPLES1 BUT 9 A MORE DEMOCRATIC WAY1 TO MANY SOCIAL UNITS4 ,NEW P>TIES & ALLIANCES %\LD ALSO HAVE BE5 TRI$1 DEMOCRACY %\LD HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO BECOME WIDESPREAD AS 9 MANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 & ! REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T %\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 =W>D ?R\< DEMOCRATIC EVOLUTIONS TO A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! RI<T SOLUTION & IT /ILL CANNOT BE IMPLEM5T$ TODAY4 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY CAME TO P[] BY ALMO/ CREAT+ A DEMOCRATIC /ORM ON ! BASIS ( ! PRESSURES EX]T$ BY ! AU?ORIT>IAN REPUBLIC & 9 G5]AL BY TWO WORLD W>S4 ,OR RA!R1 BY ADD+ TO ! G5]AL P[] /RUCTURE1 L&-[N]S & ! EXP&+ M]CANTILE UPP] CLASS1 IT TRANS=M$ ! *>ACT] ( ! REPUBLIC 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN OLIG>*Y4 ,IT WAS ! SUPPRESS$ FEUDAL DIGNIT>IES ( ! ,EA/ & ! NEWLY EM]G+ L&-[N+ B\RGEOISIE & ! M]CANTILE UPP] CLASS ( ! ,WE/ ?AT BECAME PROM95T DUR+ ?IS P]IOD 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,9 ?IS P]IOD1 ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ! =M ( RETURN+ FROM EXILE AFT] ! P]IOD ( SUPPRESS$ UPRIS+S1 ! B9D+ ( W\NDS1 & A V]Y WEAK IDEOLOGICAL ,KURDISM4 ,?IS IS A V]Y WEAK B\RGEOIS-FEUDAL ,KURDISM4 ,!Y /ILL HAVE 9TELLECTUALS1 BUT !IR ACTIVITIES REMA9 IDEOLOGICAL4 ,!Y DO NOT S]I\SLY =M P>TIES1 DO NOT BECOME A MOVEM5T1 & !IR IDEOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES >E NOT V]Y SCI5TIFIC OR COMPREH5SIVE4 ,!Y >E SOME WAY BEH9D EV5 ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS AT ! />T ( ! C5TURY4 ,AL?\<1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,B>ZANI1 !Y >E 9FLU5C$ BY & TRY TO MAKE USE ( ! ,TURKI% LEFT1 H]E1 TOO1 !Y FAIL TO E/ABLI% A /RUCTURE ) *>ACT]4 ,9 BRIEF1 !Y /AY CONSID]ABLY BEH9D ! UPRIS+S ( ! FEUDAL P]IOD & FAIL TO TRANSC5D ! CLASSICAL COLLABORATIONI/-CUM-SEP>ATI/ /ANCE ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,!Y FAIL TO E/ABLI% ! CORRECT DEF9ITION ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ! CORRECT APPROA* TO IT4 ,! FE>FUL & HOLL[ CRITICISM ?AT IS PRACTIC$ PRODUCES MANY A DISEAS$ P]SONALITY4 ,) ! SUPPRESSION PRACTIC$ DUR+ ! P]IOD ADD$ TO ALL ?IS1 A HEAL?Y ,KURDI% B\RGEOIS NATIONAL MOVEM5T FAILS TO MAT]IALIZE4 ,!IR FAILURE TO ANALYZE FROM A ,KURDI% PO9T ( VIEW ! FACT ( ! ,REPUBLIC BE+ A FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5T & TO DEVELOP AN APPROA* :I* IS NOT SEP>ATI/ BUT SEEKS EQUALITY & FRE$OM PU%ES !M 9TO ! OLD /ATE ( AFFAIRS :]E EV5 ! SMALLE/ CRITICISM IS SE5 AS SEP>ATISM4 ,) ! EXTREME ACCUSATIONS ( EXTREME ,TURKI% NATIONALISM ADD$ TO ALL ?IS1 ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION1 :I* IS 9 FACT A FUNDAM5TAL DEMOCRATIC PROBLEM1 CANNOT AS A RULE EV5 AVOID BE+ PROVOK$4 ,! BR&+ ( EV5 A M9IMAL DEMOCRATIC DEM& AS SEP>ATISM & TREASON L$ TO ITS OPPOSITE1 I4E4 ANTI-DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDES1 BECOM+ P[]FUL AS A RESULT ( ! SITUATION4 ,*AUV9ISM & FASCISM GREW /RONG4 ,EV5 )9 ! ,TURKI% LEFT ?IS *AUV9ISM WAS 9FLU5TIAL4 ,! ,KURDI% MOVEM5T :I* SUFF]$ PHYSICAL ELIM9ATION DUR+ ! UPRIS+S1 C\LD NOT SAVE ITSELF FROM IDEOLOGICAL & POLITICAL P>ALYZES DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,9 FACT IT C\LD NOT TRANSC5D ITS FUNDAM5TAL ]ROR4 ,IT C\LD NOT COME UP ) A SUCCESSFUL DEMOCRATIC PROGRAM & AN ACCOMPANY+ =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD PRES5T ! COMMON C\NTRY & /ATE ANALYSIS & ! RI<TS :I* W]E NOT GRANT$ & REMA9$ MISS+ 9 ?IS CONTEXT4 ,IF IT HAD BE5 ABLE TO EXPLA9 9 A SCI5TIFIC & CONV9C+ WAY ! ,TURKI% & POLITICAL & NATIONAL =CES1 & /ATE ?AT ! C\NTRY WAS UNIFI$ & SEP>ATION FROM ! ,REPUBLIC WAS NOT AN OPTION2 IF IT HAD ADOPT$ ?IS ME?OD WAY BACK 9 ! ,ATATURK P]IOD1 ! SITUATION W\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 I4E4 T[>DS A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,H]E1 TOO1 H[EV]1 ! FUNDAM5TAL RESPONSIBILITY RE/S ) ! UPP] SOCIAL /RATA1 ! LOCAL LORDS & TRIBAL LEAD]S4 ,! REACTION>Y COLLABORATIONI/ & SEP>ATI/ & ALSO UNDEMOCRATIC /ANCE ( ?IS CLASS BORN ( ITS FUNDAM5TAL NATURE L$ ! QUE/ION 9TO AN IMPASSE FROM ! />T DESPITE A V]Y IMPORTANT BEG9N+1 & GAVE RISE TO PR(\ND TRAG$IES & LOSSES4 ,KURDI% 9TELLECTUALS ALWAYS BLAME ALL ?IS ON ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,9 REALITY1 !IR FAILURE TO QUE/ION !IR [N FUNDAM5TAL1 ALBEIT CLASS-BAS$ ROLE 9 ?IS1 IS ! REAL REASON ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION HAS BECOME 9TRACTABLE4 ,! FAILURE1 DESPITE AN OLIG>*IC /RUGGLE & A QUITE S]I\S CONFLICT BETWE5 ! RI<T & ! LEFT DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 EV5 TO POSE ! QUE/ION CORRECTLY WAS TO BE 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! EM]G5CE ( ! ,P,K,K4 

,! ,EM]G5CE ( ! ,P,K,K & A ,NEW ,/AGE 9 ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION 

,! 9DICTM5T ( ! ,*IEF ,PROSECUTOR CONTA9S A PICTURE ( ! ,P,K,K4 ,LIKE ALL PICTURES1 H[EV]1 IT IS DEVOID ( SPIRIT4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< TO PRES5T ! BILL = AN 5TIRE W> & ACTIONS ( A L>GE SCOPE4 ,AGA91 TO DET]M9E ! OBJECTIVE ON ! BASIS ( ! 9ITIAL PROGRAM & TO DEMON/RATE IT ) SOME EXTRACTS FROM SPEE*ES BY ! LEAD]%IP )\T BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY ! *ANGES & TRANS=MATIONS 9 ! WORLD DUR+ ! LA/ QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 MI<T P]HAPS 5D[ ! 9DICTM5T ) MEAN+ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( LEGAL PROC$URE1 BUT IT CLE>LY CANNOT EXACTLY EXPRESS ITS POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,!RE IS AN ACCUSATION ( WANT+ TO F\ND A /ATE1 BUT :O IS GO+ TO F\ND ?IS /ATE8 ,IF IT IS ! PEOPLE1 :AT SORT ( HI/ORIC & SOCIAL REALITY DO !Y HAVE8 ,AGA91 IS IT POSSIBLE OBJECTIVELY1 I4E4 FROM A SCI5TIFIC PO9T ( VIEW8 ,NOT TO M5TION SU* MATT]S AT ALL WILL PREV5T IT FROM BE+ ANY?+ MORE ?AN A SUBJECTIVE LEGAL TEXT HEAVY ON ACCUSATION4 ,9DE$1 EV5 FROM A LEGAL PO9T ( VIEW1 IT WILL ONLY BE ONE-SID$ 9 ?IS /ATE4 ,WE >E ( ! OP9ION ?AT TO EXPRESS ! TRUE NATURE ( ! ,P,K,K H]E 9 T]MS ( !ORY1 POLITICS & ACTION IS A HI/ORIC DUTY & IT WILL SUPPLEM5T ! 9DICTM5T & PROVIDE A REPLY TO IT4 ,WE WILL NOT DISCUSS ITS LEGAL SIDE 9 ANY DETAIL4 ,IF !RE IS AN OPPORTUNITY1 P]HAPS SOME ( \R LAWY]S C\LD GO 9TO ?AT4 ,H[ !N %\LD ! ,P,K,K BE APPROA*$8 

,! ,P,K,K IS ! LA/ MAJOR ,KURDI% REBELLION MOVEM5T :I* WAS CREAT$ & DEVELOP$ BY AN UTOPIAN !ORETICAL GR\P GIV5 TO ! /UDY ( ! /ORMY REVOLUTION>Y & C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ! WORLD1 & :I* PURSU$ IDEOLOGICAL REBELLION 9 ! P]IOD FROM #aig TO #aih & POLITICS & ACTION 9 ! P]IOD FROM #aih TO #a#i#i4 ,IT HAS TAK5 MAJOR /EPS 9 UNIT+ POLITICS ) ! >T ( W>1 & IS A UNIQUE LIB]ATION MOVEM5T :I*1 :ILE ,KURDI% 9 =M1 IS REGIONAL 9 *>ACT]4 ,IT HAS PRES5T$ ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION 9 A WAY ?AT TRANSC5DS ! CLASSICAL APPROA* TO IT1 & IS A ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION MOVEM5T ?AT IS MOD]N & DEMOCRATIC 9 T]MS ( ITS SOCIAL BASIS1 OBJECTIVES & TACTICS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AS WELL AS DEVELOP+ ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION 9TO MATURITY1 IT HAS1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 BR\<T TO ! SOLUTION ! DEMOCRATIC /YLE ( WORK+-CLASS ELEM5TS4 ,IT IS A MOVEM5T :I* IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY !SE FACTORS4 ,IT HAS DEVELOP$ ! QUE/ION 9TO MATURITY & R5D]$ IT HI<LY CAPABLE ( BE+ SOLV$ BY AB&ON+ & R5D]+ VOID ! APPROA* ( TRADITIONAL DYNA/IC LEAD]%IPS BAS$ ( RELY+ ON \TSIDE P[]S &1 9 ! EV5T ( F9D+ NO HELP FROM SU* A QU>T]1 CAPITULAT+ IMM$IATELY4 ,IT HAS F\ND ITS PLACE ON ! /AGE ( WORLD HI/ORY AS A LA/+ MOVEM5T :I* IS BAS$ ON FREE 9DIVIDUALS & A FREE SOCIETY & IS ?US BO? QUITE MOD]N & CAPABLE ( (F]+ A G5U9E SOCIAL SOLUTION4 ,UNTIL ! #a#i#iS IT WAS CONC]N$ ) PROV+ ! EXI/5CE ( ! PROBLEM TO ,TURKEY & TO ! WORLD & ASK+ = A SOLUTION1 & 9 ! #a#i#iS IT PROGRESS$ BY HAV+ ! SOLUTION PLAC$ ON ! AG5DA4 ,:ILE ITS 9ABILITY TO GRASP ! SOLUTION AT ! />T ( ! #a#i#iS RESULT$ FROM LACK ( PREP>ATION1 ]RORS & LACK ( EXP]I5CE1 FROM #aiic ONW>DS IT WAS 9 A P]IOD ( DIFFICULTIES & TURMOIL4 ,IT WAS 9DE$ 9 ?IS P]IOD 9 ! #a#i#iS ?AT IT %\LD HAVE TRANS=M$ ITSELF4 ,ESPECIALLY ITS FAILURE TO DETECT WORLD-WIDE DEVELOPM5TS AFT] #aiic & TO BE CREATIVE 9 T]MS ( A SOLUTION CAN BE SE5 AS A DEFECT4 ,IT REPEAT$ ITSELF EXCESSIVELY 9 ?IS P]IOD4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT MOV$ AWAY FROM ITS CAPABILITY = A SOLUTION & CAUS$ ! PROBLEM TO WORS5 AGA94 ,UND\BT$LY1 ! D]AILM5T1 ON BO? SIDES1 ( ! /YLE ( W> IT FOLL[$ PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE H]E4 ,) MIS=TUNES ADD$ TO ALL ?IS1 ! PROBLEM WORS5$4 ,AS WE APPROA* ! YE> #b1 %\LD ! ,P,K,K MANAGE TO SOLVE ITS CONTRADICTORY POSITION ( BO? HAV+ TO TRANSC5D ITSELF & ONCE AGA9 DIRECT+ ! PROBLEM T[>DS A SOLUTION1 IT WILL HAVE PLAY$ ITS HI/ORIC ROLE4 ,IT CAN BR+ ?IS AB\T BY TRANS=M+ ITSELF FROM A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION 9TO A DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION4 

,AS F> AS ! SEP>ATISM-V]SUS-UNION QUE/ION IS CONC]N$1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 TWO /AGES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,P,K,K4 ,DUR+ ! PROCESS ( ITS EM]G5CE1 YE>S ( OPPRESSION & D5IAL EXT5D+ AS F> AS ! BANN+ ( ! ,KURDI% LANGUAGE1 ! UTOPIAN APPROA* BAS$ ON SIMPLE SLOGANS !N DOM9ANT ON ! LEFT1 ! SEP>ATISM BORN ( ! FE> & ANXIETY )9 ,KURDI% NATIONALISM1 & ! P]CEPTION ON ! P>T ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS ALL OV] ! WORLD ?AT ! ONLY SOLUTION WAS A SEP>ATE /ATE1 L$ TO A HEAVY EMPHASIS ON SEP>ATISM 9 ! PROGRAM & PROPAG&A ( ! ,P,K,K4 ,!RE WAS (T5 AN EMPHASIS ON 9T]NATIONAL UNITY1 BUT ! DOM9ANT SIDE HAD BROK5 AWAY FROM ! EXI/+ UNION BR\<T AB\T BY =CE4 ,WE (T5 COMP>$ ?IS TO A M>RIAGE BR\<T AB\T BY =CE & SAID IT C\LD NOT LA/4 ,9 A S5SE1 ?IS WAS A VALID APPROA*4 ,BUT ANSW]S HAD TO BE F\ND AS TO :AT EXT5T & 9 :AT WAY4 ,?IS P]IOD EXT5D$ AS F> AS ! N9ETIES4 ,TOGE!R ) MASS SUPPORT1 ! NE$ >OSE TO TRANSC5D ?IS P]IOD AT AB\T ?IS TIME4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! F\NDATIONS W]E BE+ LAID = A FREE UNION4 ,! LIFT+ BY ! /ATE ( ! LANGUAGE BAN1 ! LIMIT$ FRE$OMS GRANT$ 9 ! >EAS ( LANGUAGE & CULTURE1 ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! PROBLEM BY S5IOR /ATESM5 & !IR EF=TS TO SOLVE IT1 & F9ALLY MY [N CEASEFIRE APPROA* 9 ,M>* #aiic CLE>LY 9DICAT$ A P]IOD :5 BO? SIDES W]E EMPHASIZ+ A FREE UNION4 ,AFT] ?IS PO9T FREE UNION PROPAG&A BECOMES DOM9ANT4 ,FROM #aiif ONW>DS \R V]BAL & WRITT5 RESPONSES TO ! 9DIRECT MESSAGES WE RECEIV$ W]E OP5LY BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 0DEMOCRATIC UNION )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! UNITY ( ! C\NTRY & ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! /ATE04 ,?IS WAS DUE TO A V]Y L>GE EXT5T TO BO? ! /ATE TRANSC5D+ ITS =M] H>% APPROA* & IT BECOM+ CLE> ?AT1 9 PRACTICE1 SEP>ATISM WAS NOT A REALI/IC OPTION & 5TAIL$ TOO MU* PA9 & LOSS4 ,LIFE WAS %[+ US MORE CLE>LY EV]Y DAY :AT WAS TRUE & A BASIS = UNION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ,I REG>D IT AS A GREAT DEFECT ?AT1 9 ITS 9DICTM5T1 ! ,(FICE ( ! ,*IEF ,PROSECUTOR REG>DS ?IS AS A SIMPLE TACTICAL MANEUV] & FAILS TO ASSESS IT AS AN IMPORTANT TRANS=MATION4 ,! CALL = A DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC & A DEMOCRATIC UNION MU/ BE SE5 AS NOT ONLY A PIECE ( /RATEGY BUT ALSO A SOLUTION 9DICAT$ TO1 & MADE 9ESCAPABLE = US1 BY ! /RUGGLE ITSELF4 

,! ,ROLE ,PLAY$ BY ,KURDS 9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION & ,ITS ,SOLUTION 

,! CLASSICAL N>R[ LEGAL APPROA* IS UND\BT$LY 9ADEQUATE 9 T]MS ( ASSESS+ & JUDG+ ! ,P,K,K 9 ! CORRECT MANN]4 ,AGA91 IT CANNOT BE PRES5T$ CORRECTLY ?R\< ! PRIMITIVE SEP>ATI/ APPROA* ANY MORE ?AN IT CAN ?R\< ! TRADITIONAL NATIONALI/ APPROA* BAS$ ON D5IAL4 ,IF ,TURKEY WANTS TO GET RID ( ?IS MO/ IMPORTANT PROBLEM1 %E HAS TO UNE>? ! FACTS BY APPLY+ ! SCI5TIFIC /&>DS ( ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL APPROA* TO OPT = A CONCILIATORY SOLUTION4 ,ASSESSM5TS :I* DO NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! SOCIAL REALITY ( ! ,P,K,K & ! EXI/+ POLITICAL SY/EM1 & :I* HAVE GOT P>TICUL>LY SUBJECTIVE ( LATE1 CAN NEI!R DE/ROY ! ,P,K,K NOR ATTRACT IT TO A SOLUTION4 ,IF BO? SIDES S(T5 ! LANGUAGE US$ 9 !IR PROPAG&A & ADOPT A MORE OBJECTIVE APPROA*1 ! PROBLEM WILL SL[LY /OP BE+ 9TRACTABLE & IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO TAKE IT T[>DS A SOLUTION4 ,H>DL9E IDEOLOGICAL & POLITICAL APPROA*ES >E NOT 9 KEEP+ ) ! NE$ = A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION ?AT *>ACT]IZES ?IS P]IOD4 ,IF ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION IS TREAT$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,REPUBLIC & A SOLUTION IS S\<T1 IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT ! ,P,K,K PH5OM5ON IS ! MO/ MATURE 9/RUM5T = A SOLUTION4 ,9 HI/ORICAL T]MS IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT TO POSE & ANSW] SOME QUE/IONS OP5LY4 ,EV]YONE N[ GIVES VOICE TO !SE4 ,IF ! ,KURDS >E ONE ( ! F\ND+ MEMB]S ( ! ,REPUBLIC - & !Y >E - :Y DID ! DISPLAY+ ( !IR ID5TITY BECAME ! GREATE/ PROBLEM 9 ! P]IOD ( F\ND+ & DEVELOPM5T8 ,:AT >E ! HI/ORICAL ]RORS COMMITT$ BY BO? SIDES8 ,& 9 ORD] TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM IT IS N[ 9EVITABLE ?AT ,KURDS %\LD BE SCI5TIFICALLY R$EF9$ AS ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL DYNAMIC ELEM5TS ( F\ND+ & DEVELOPM5T1 & !Y %\LD ALSO BE DEF9$ AS CONSCI\S FREE CITIZ5S & A SOCIAL GR\P ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & !IR %>E 9 ! G5]AL CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS & RESPONSIBILITIES %\LD BE 9DICAT$4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT DONE1 ! COMPLETELY UNSCI5TIFIC OLD ME?OD :]EBY EV]YONE DRAWS CONCLUSIONS ?AT SUIT !IR SELF-9T]E/S ( ! MOM5T WILL BECOME ! DANG]\S BASIS ( ?IS MATT]4 ,SOME WILL USE IT TO SEEK AN UNDEMOCRATIC VOT] BASE1 O!RS WILL MAKE IT ! T>GET & SUBJECT ( NATIONALISM & O!RS /ILL WILL F9D 9 IT GR\NDS = REBELLION4 ,IT IS 9DISPUTABLE ?AT1 DESPITE ALL ITS UTOPIAN & EXTREME POLITICAL APPROA*ES1 ! ,P,K,K PLAY$ AN HI/ORIC ROLE BY PRES5T+ ! PROBLEM & ! NE$ = A SOLUTION 9 ! MO/ /RIK+ WAY & BY MAK+ A SOLUTION NECESS>Y4 ,ITS ME?ODS1 ITS H>DL9E POLITICAL APPROA* & ITS CONFUSION ( BE+ IDEOLOGICAL ) BE+ POLITICAL NOT)/&+1 IT HAS NO EQUAL & IT HAS LEFT A L>GE & RI* LEGACY TO HI/ORY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT HAS PAID ! HI<E/ PRICE NOT ONLY TO HAVE ! EXI/5CE ( ,KURDS ACCEPT$ BUT ALSO TO /OP IT BE+ A PROBLEM4 ,IT HAS LO/ ALMO/ #be ?\S& MEMB]S1 MORE ?AN #a ?\S& ( ITS MEMB]S HAVE BE5 S5T5C$ TO PRISON = ALMO/ #b YE>S1 MILLIONS HAVE BE5 =C$ TO MOVE1 IT HAS SUFF]$ GREAT H>D%IP & MADE GREAT SACRIFICES 9 ! W>1 & MORE ?AT #c1 ?\S& VILLAGES BELONG+ TO ! MASSES FROM IT D]IVES ITS /R5G? FROM HAVE BE5 EMPTI$4 ,!SE FACTS NOT ONLY 9DICATE ! S\RCE ( ! PROBLEM1 !Y ALSO 9DICATE ! FACT ?AT A SOLUTION MU/ BE F\ND4 ,IF ONE ADDS TO ?IS ! O!R SIDE ( ! W>1 I4E4 ! LOSSES SUFF]$ BY ! /ATE1 ! DIM5SIONS ( ! PROBLEM & ! OV]:ELM+ NE$ = A SOLUTION WILL BECOME APP>5T4 ,! PR(\ND EFFECTS ON DOME/IC & =EIGN POLITICS & ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURE & 9DE$ ! VIRTUAL DEADLOCK ?AT HAS DEVELOP$ 9 !SE >EAS MAKE IT /ILL MORE NECESS>Y TO F9D A SOLUTION4 

,9 REALITY ,TURKEY & ! ,REPUBLIC HAVE TO A L>GE EXT5T BECOME FAMILI> ) ?IS ASPECT ( ! PH5OM5ON4 ,H[EV]1 ! HEAVY (FICIAL RHETORIC & ! TIMID APPROA* TO F9D+ A SOLUTION HAVE TURN$ 9TO A PROBLEM4 ,WE MU/ ADMIT ! FOLL[+ TO \RSELVES4 ,WE HAVE ALWAYS LIV$ ) ?IS PH5OM5ON & WE WILL CONT9UE TO DO SO4 ,?AT BE+ ! CASE1 :Y NOT BECOME KN[N AS AN UNPROBLEMATIC1 FREE1 DYNAMIC & DEMOCRATIC ELEM5T ( PROGRESS & BECOME ! P[]1 ! FREE DEMOCRATIC P[] ( ! ,REPUBLIC8 ,:Y BALK AT ?IS8 ,:Y %\LD ! TRANS=MATION ( A F\ND+ ELEM5T 9TO A RECOGNIZ$ ELEM5T ) DEMOCRATIC P>TICIPATION BE AGA9/ ! CON/ITUTION & ! LAW8 ,IF ANY?+ IS WRONG1 IT IS ?IS CON/ITUTION & !SE LAWS :I* >E AGA9/ ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,:AT NE$S TO BE *ANG$ IS NOT ! PH5OM5ON BUT ! LAWS ?AT CANNOT EXPRESS IT ADEQUATELY & 9 A DEMOCRATIC MANN]4 ,?IS ASPECT ( ! LAWS HAS PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! WORS5+ ( ! PROBLEM4 ,9 FACT ?IS SITUATION DOES NOT EXI/ 9 ! F\ND+ ASSEMBLY ( ! ,REPUBLIC & 9 ! ,ATATURK ( ! F\ND+ P]IOD4 ,H]E1 NOT)/&+ ITS AMATEURI% & UTOPIAN EM]G5CE & ITS ]RORS AS REG>DS ITS ME?ODS ( ACTION1 ! ,P,K,K HAS R5D]$ ! ,REPUBLIC A G5U9E S]VICE BY SAY+1 0,SEE & SOLVE ! PROBLEM ?AT HAS TR\BL$ Y\ = SO LONG04 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT HAS TRI$ TO PLAY A ROLE AS IMPORTANT AS ?AT PLAY$ BY ! ,KURDS AS A LIB]AT$ & F\ND+ NATION 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,REPUBLIC3 IT HAS TRI$ TO PLAY A ROLE 9 ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,) !IR REBELLION 9 ! =M ( ! ,P,K,K ! ,KURDS HAVE PROV$ ! FOLL[+3 ,IF Y\ DON'T RECOGNIZE \R FRE$OM1 SEP>ATISM & REBELLION WILL ALWAYS BE ON ! AG5DA4 ,EI!R ,I 5T] 9TO A FREE UNION ) Y\ OR ,I DIE OR RUN AWAY4 ,?IS IS :AT !Y HAVE 5D$ UP SAY+4 ,?IS IS :AT ! REBELLION HAS EXPRESS$4 ,! ,P,K,K HAS >RIV$ AT ! NE>E/ LEVEL ( MATURITY = A FREE UNION4 ,SEE+ ?IS IS ITS HI/ORY4 ,NOT TO SEE ?IS CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS PROTECT+ ! ,REPUBLIC &1 ABOVE ALL1 IT CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS DEF5D+ IT4 ,TO SEE ! FREE UNION1 :I* REC5TLY EXPRESS$ ITSELF ?R\< ! MILLIONS ( VOTES CA/ = ! ,H,A,D,E,P P>TY & TO TAKE IT TO A DEMOCRATIC UNION ) ! LEGAL SY/EM ( ! ,REPUBLIC IS ! CORRECT WAY TO DEF5D ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ,P,K,K IS A MOVEM5T ( CONSCI\SNESS & FREE WILL ?AT HAS %[N ?AT UNION CANNOT BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! SUPPRESS$ & FRI<T5$ REALITY ( ! ,KURDS :I* IGNORANCE HAS R5D]$ ALMO/ UNRECOGNIZABLE1 ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( SU* A GR\P IS NOT COMPATIBLE ) ! 5LI<T5M5T TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ?AT1 IF ! ,REPUBLIC /&S = 5LI<T5M5T & FRE$OM1 IT HAS TO HAVE !SE QUALITIES = ITS F\ND+ MEMB] AS WELL4 ,! LA/ ELECTIONS HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ?IS CLE>LY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! ,P,K,K IS ! HI/ORICAL REALITY ( ! CORRECT DEF9ITION & FREE UNION :I* >E ! RI<TS ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE UND] ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,IF ?IS HI/ORICAL REALITY IS FULLY SUCCESSFUL1 IT NE$S TO BE SAID 9 ! LA/ SECTION ( ! 9DICTM5T NOT ?AT ! ,P,K,K CALLS = A SEP>ATE /ATE1 BUT ?AT IT V]Y CLE>LY CALLS = A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC & IS ! F\ND+ =CE = SU* A REPUBLIC4 ,HI/ORY MAY NOT /ATE ?IS CLE>LY TODAY1 BUT SOON] OR LAT] IT WILL DO SO4 ,) ! ,P,K,K1 HI/ORY IS UNE>!D1 CORRECT$ & ALSO PROVID$ ) A SOLUTION4 ,JU/ AS ! ,KURDS W]E AMONG ! ,NATIONAL ,=CES DUR+ ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION 9 ! #a#i#bS1 AS WE APPROA* ! YE> #b1 !Y HAVE BE5 A DEMOCRATIC =CE ) ! ,P,K,K1 ) ALL ! CORRECT & 9CORRECT ACTIONS1 & ALL ! SUFF]+ & HAPP9ESS ?AT 5TAILS4 ,?IS IS NOT SEP>ATISM BUT P]HAPS A MOVE = ! GREATE/ UNION ) ,TURKEY & ! ,TURKS1 A MOVE T[>DS /R5G? & ONCE AGA9 BECOM+ A LEAD] 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ! ,CAUCASUS & ! ,BALKANS4 ,!RE IS NO WAY ( A*IEV+ ?IS O!R ?AN ?R\< A FREE UNION4 ,! ,P,K,K HAS ALSO S]V$ TO PROVE ?IS4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE P[]FUL ?AN REALITY & ?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE = LAWS4 ,TO BE NOT = SEP>ATISM BUT = UNION AT ?IS HI/ORIC CROSSROADS REG>D+ ! ,P,K,K IT IS NECESS>Y TO SEE & DEF9E ?IS DOM9ANT ASPECT ( REALITY4 

,TRANS=MATION ,PROBLEMS )9 ! ,P,K,K 

,IT IS A /RIK+ FACT ?AT T[>DS ! 5D ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY SOCIAL & POLITICAL SY/EMS HAVE UND]GONE MAJOR *ANGES & TRANS=MATIONS & ?OSE RESI/+ !SE *ANGES & TRANS=MATIONS HAVE NOT BE5 V]Y SUCCESSFUL4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 SY/EMS :I* CANNOT ANSW] ! NE$S ( 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE BECOME FREE AS A RESULT ( ! SCI5TIFIC-TE*NOLOGICAL REVOLUTION >E UND] GREAT /RESS4 ,NO MATT] H[ !Y TRY TO PAT* ?+S UP1 !Y >E 9 DIFFICULTIES1 & REG>DLESS ( !IR ATTEMPTS AT SUPPRESSION *ANGES >E TAK+ PLACE ON A LEVEL & ) A SPE$ NOT 5C\NT]$ 9 ANY O!R P]IOD4 ,IT IS AS IF WE >E EXP]I5C+ ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL REP]CUSSIONS ( ! ATOMIC AGE4 ,SOCIALISM1 :I* REPRES5T$ ! HI<E/ /AGE ( DEMOCRATIC PROGRESS & ITS MO/ EGALIT>IAN & FREE EXPRESSION AT ! />T ( ! C5TURY1 & :I*1 BEG9N+ ) ! UPHEAVAL 9 ,RUSSIA1 W5T ON TO EX]T CONSID]ABLE PRESSURE ON CAPITALISM :I* WAS EVOLV+ T[>DS A S+LE SY/EM1 HAS VIRTUALLY DI$ ?\< %ORTNESS ( BREA?4 ,?IS ( C\RSE HAPP5$ BECAUSE1 LIKE MANY SY/EMS1 SOCIALISM WAS RIGID1 & BECAUSE IT C\LD NOT OP5 *ANNELS )9 ! SY/EM TO ! FRE$OM & EQUALITY ?AT >E P>T ( ITS ESS5CE1 & IT FAIL$ TO C>RY =W>D TO ! PEOPLE ! POSITIVE DEVELOPM5TS 9 BO? ! ECONOMIC & ! POLITICAL FIELDS EXP]I5C$ & P>TLY C>RI$ =W>D TO PEOPLE EV5 UND] CAPITALISM1 IT BR\<T AB\T ITS [N D[NFALL4 ,ITS EXP]I5CE ( A TYPE ( 9T5SE SECT>IANISM ALSO 5C\NT]$ 9 RELIGIONS WAS ALSO A FACTOR H]E4 ,?IS ( C\RSE DOES NOT MEAN ?AT SOCIALISM LEFT NO POSITIVE LEGACY4 ,! HI/ORIC ROLE IT PLAY$ 9 BR++ AB\T ! SOCIAL & NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT *>ACT]IZE \R AGE & 9 ! EM]G5CE ( CLASSES & NATIONS 5JOY+ A GREAT] DEGREE ( EQUALITY CANNOT BE DISPUT$4 ,:AT CAPITALISM HAD A*IEV$ 9 ONLY A LIMIT$ WAY OV] SEV]AL C5TURIES1 SOCIALISM EXCE$$ 9 HALF A C5TURY4 ,ITS 9ABILITY TO PROVIDE A SOLUTION TO ! HEAVY GLOBAL CRISES1 9 :I* CAPITALISM PLAY$ ! FUNDAM5TAL ROLE1 IS NOT 5TIRELY ITS FAULT4 ,H[EV]1 BECAUSE IT WAS HELD RESPONSIBLE = F9D+ A SOLUTION1 IT EI!R HAD TO F9D ONE OR GO UND]4 ,BECAUSE IT DID NOT F9D A SOLUTION1 IT W5T UND]4 ,?IS IS A DEVELOPM5T (T5 SE5 9 HI/ORY4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT IT WILL FL[] AGA9 ON ITS ROOTS4 ,AGA9 IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT1 REG>D+ ! BASIC HUMAN PROBLEMS1 SOCIALISM1 I4E4 SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! SOLV+ ( SOCIAL REALITY BY SCI5CE1 WILL FL[] AGA94 ,IT WILL =M ! ANTI!SIS TO ! !SIS POS$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM ) ITS GREAT 9EQUALITIES & ESPECIALLY ITS 9ABILITY TO COPE ) HI/ORY1 ) NATURE & ) MANY SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,! SOCIALI/ EXP]IM5T1 :I* HAS LEFT A GREAT EXP]I5CE BEH9D IT1 WILL =M A SYN!SIS BETWE5 ITS A*IEVEM5TS & :AT IT HAS TO A*IEVE4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ! >EAS ( NATURE & ! 5VIRONM5T1 WOM51 *ILDR5 & POPULATION1 HI/ORY & CULTURE1 E?NIC & RELIGI\S M9ORITIES & ! SOLUTION NATIONAL SITUATIONS & SOCIAL IMBALANCES WILL IT BE EFFECTIVE4 ,IT WILL A*IEVE ?IS BY R5EW+ ITS !ORIES & COMB9+ ?IS ) ! RI<T PRACTICE4 ,IT WILL REA* ITS P]IOD ( MATURITY & R5EW ITSELF BY ADD+ TO ! DEMOCRACY ?AT L$ TO ITS D[NFALL EV]Y?+ FROM ! WAYS 9 :I* EV5 CAPITALISM CAN BE US$ TO ! A=EM5TION$ E?NIC & CULTURAL GR\PS1 SO AS TO REA* ITS BROADE/ DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,JU/ AS CAPITALISM 9CORPORAT$ ! A*IEVEM5TS ( SOCIALISM 9TO ITS [N DEMOCRACY1 EV5 ALL[+ ! F\ND+ ( ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES & PAY+ MORE ATT5TION TO ! HUMAN RI<TS AT ! ROOTS ( SOCIALISM ?AN SOCIALISM ITSELF1 & !REBY \T/RIPP+ SOCIALISM1 ! NEW SOCIALISM WILL 9CORPORATE ALL ! VALUES ( NOT ONLY CAPITALISM BUT ALSO ALL HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,IT WILL FACE ! DANG]S BE=E HUMANITY & REA* ITS GREAT POT5TIAL = (F]+ A SOLUTION4 ,?OSE :O RESPOND 9 TIME TO ?IS LAW ( EVOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL DIALECTIC WILL 5JOY DEVELOPM5T1 :ILE ?OSE :O DO NOT WILL ONLY SUFF] PA9 & BE LEFT UND] ! WRECKAGE ( MEAN+LESS LOSSES4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS WE >E UND]GO+ AT AN 9T5SE RATE 9 \R DAY1 WE SEE ! APPLICATION1 VIRTUALLY UND] LABORATORY CONDITIONS1 ( SOME LAW 9 SOME CORN] ( ! WORLD EV]Y DAY4 

,NOT TO DRAW A CONCLUSION FROM ?IS IS POSSIBLE ONLY IF ONE IS BL9D OR EXTREMELY CONS]VATIVE4 ,EV5 IF *ANGE & TRANS=MATION EXT5D OV] ! 5TIRE C5TURY 9 ,TURKEY1 :I* IS ONE ( ! FOCAL PO9TS :]E !SE G5]AL *ANGES >E EXP]I5C$ 9 AN 9T5SE MANN]1 IT W\LD BE TRUE TO SAY ?AT1 9 ! SOCIAL S5SE1 !Y HAVE OCCURR$ TO A GREAT] EXT5T DUR+ ! LA/ ?IRTY OR =TY YE>S EXP]I5C$ BY \R G5]ATION4 ,?IS HAS 9VOLV$ SOCIALISM1 ! MA9 IDEOLOGY ?AT HAD AN IMPACT ON ! P]IOD1 & RI<T-W+ & RELIGI\S IDEOLOGIES ?AT W]E /RUGGL+ AGA9/ IT4 ,! TRANSF] ( SOCIALISM TO ,TURKEY WAS CONDUCT$ 9 A MORE ECLECTIC1 SLAVI% & S*EMATIC MANN] ?AN ?AT ( CAPITALISM4 ,DOME/IC SOCIAL ?9K+ WAS AT A L[ LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T & DOGMATIC4 ,IT WAS ?\<T ?AT1 9/EAD ( ID5TIFY+ & ANALYZ+ SOCIAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 IT W\LD BE SUFFICI5T TO APPLY SOCIALISM 9 AN S*EMATIC MANN] TO A*IEVE PROGRESS4 ,SOCIALI/S W]E PREY TO VAPID G5]ALIZATIONS & W]E SLIP%OD 9 PRACTICE4 ,IT MI<T BE 5\< TO SAY 0,!RE IS NO GOD BUT ,ALLAH1 & ,MOHAMM$ IS HIS PROPHET0 TO BECOME A ,MUSLIM4 ,SU* AN ACT MI<T BE IMPORTANT & SIGNIFICANT 9 ! CONTEXT ( ITS DAY1 BUT SOCIALISM 9 ,TURKEY 9 ! #a#i#gS WAS EV5 MORE ( A ME*ANICAL EX]CISE & EV5 MORE IRRESPONSIBLE4 ,SOCIALI/S DID NOT HAVE AN APPROA* BEFITT+ ! S]I\SNESS ( !IR IDEOLOGY4 ,IT BORE A CLOSE RESEMBLANCE TO ?AT 0FALSE BELIEF0 ?AT BELIEV$ EASILY & AB&ON$ ITS BELIEFS :5 TO DO SO SUIT$ ITS 9T]E/S4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A FALSE FACTION WAS 9 EXI/5CE4 ,?IS WAS A DEG5]ATE /YLE ?AT DOM9AT$ 9 G5]AL4 ,SOCIALISM WAS ALSO P>TLY JU/ A FA%ION4 ,9 ! SUP]/RUCTURE1 9 ! ADH]5CE TO ! (FICIAL IDEOLOGY1 TOO1 ! SAME /YLE OBTA9$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 NOT ONLY WAS ! HEAL?Y =M = SOCIAL *ANGE1 ?AT IS! MA9 *ANGE NE$$ 9 ! P]IOD1 NOT F\ND1 BUT ?+S 5D$ UP 9 *AOS4 ,! *ANCE TO E/ABLI% A DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T ?AT W\LD HAVE PROVID$ ! MO/ RESULTS HI/ORICALLY WAS LO/1 & EXTREME VIOL5CE CAUS$ A REACTION ON ! P>T ( SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,9EVITABLY1 ! CLASSICAL RI<T & CONS]VATIVE TR5DS GA9$ GR\ND4 ,ONCE AGA9 ! LAW ?AT /ATES 0IF Y\ CAN'T POSE ! RI<T SOLUTION1 Y\ WILL GO UND]0 APPLI$4 ,! LEFT1 :I* ESP\S$ *ANGE1 WAS UNABLE TO TRANSC5D ITS EMPTY SLOGANS & DEMAGOGICAL /ANCE4 ,! RI<T WAS 9CAPABLE ( BR++ AB\T *ANGE4 ,) ! >MY EX]CIS+ ITS TRADITIONAL BALANC+ FUNCTION1 !SE YE>S W]E LO/ 9 A R\T9E BUT V]Y PA9FUL WAY ALONG ) ! LOSS ( MANY *ANCE ( DEVELOPM5T4 

,AL?\< ! ,P,K,K WAS BORN AMID ! :IRLPOOL ( !SE TURBUL5T YE>S1 ! OP5 W\ND ( ,TURKEY & ITS ALL-TOO-OBVI\S CONTRADICTIONS MEANT ?AT ?IS ORGANIZATION DID NOT HAVE MU* DIFFICULTY 9 GRASP+ ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION & P>TLY SOLV+ IT 9 A MANN] ?AT WAS NE>LY RI<T4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT DEVELOP$ RAPIDLY4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! CLAIMS MADE BY SOME1 ?IS WAS NOT FUNDAM5TALLY DUE TO VIOL5CE4 ,IT WAS CONNECT$ ) ?AT1 BUT ALSO ) ! LEVEL ( SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS4 ,?IS IS LIKE PICK+ A RIPE FRUIT ON ! PR9CIPLE ( 0,/RIKE & IT'LL DROP04 ,H]E ! BELIEF ( ! LEAD] & ! FULFILLM5T ( ! REQUIREM5TS BAS$ ON C]TA9 FUNDAM5TAL TRU?S W]E 5\< = A />T4 ,IT WAS ESPECIALLY EASY TO \T/RIP SIMIL> GR\PS1 CROSS (FICIAL & UN(FICIAL B>RI]S & TO BE /RIK+ ) ! V]Y FIR/ ACTIONS UND]TAK5 BY ! ORGANIZATION4 ,EV5 AN AMATEURI% APPROA* WAS SUFFICI5T4 ,EV5 A DECADE WAS TOO MU* TIME TO SURPASS SIMIL> GR\PS1 ! IDEOLOGIES ( ! SY/EM & FEUDAL B>RI]S4 ,BY ! TIME ! #a#i#hS W]E REA*$1 ! SY/EM HAD BE5 TRANSC5D$ BO? FEUDALLY ON ! LOCAL LEVEL & (FICIALLY ON ! G5]AL LEVEL4 ,IT WAS CLE> ?AT IDEOLOGICAL & POLITICAL SY/EMS & B>RI]S C\LD NO LONG] BE A DET]R5T4 ,?IS RE/$ ON ! P[] ( A SOCIALISM ?AT WAS NOT UND]/OOD 9 ANY DEP? & ( ,KURDI% CONSCI\SNESS ( HI/ORY & SOCIETY :I* W]E ONCE AGA9 POORLY EXAM9$ & SUP]FICIAL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !SE W]E 5\< = AN AMATEUR MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS ESS5TIALLY H[ ! DEVELOPM5T UP TO ! #a#i#hS CAN BE EXPLA9$4 ,ONLY ! >MY C\LD /OP ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 & 9DE$ ?AT WAS :AT HAPP5$4 ,!RE WAS1 H[EV]1 A P>TIAL RESPONSE TO ?IS 9 ! =M ( ! REFUGE F\ND 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ! SITUATION WAS P>TLY TRANSC5D$4 ,?IS WAS H[ ! >MY'S TRADITIONAL ME?OD ( SUPPRESSION WAS TRANSC5D$ BY ! TIME WE >RIV$ AT ! #a#i#iS4 ,( C\RSE ?IS DID NOT AM\NT TO ! DEFEAT ( ! >MY4 ,IT WAS ONLY A /RIK+ PRO( ?AT ! CLASSICAL ME?OD ( SUPPRESSION ( ! >MY C\LD BE TRANSC5D$1 P]HAPS = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HI/ORY4 

,! RESPONSE TO ?IS BY ! >MY & ! /ATE WAS ! RECOGNITION ( ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM & ! ACCEPTANCE ( A LIMIT$ SOLUTION 9 (FICIAL QU>T]S4 ,?IS WAS 9DE$ AN HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ! CONTEXT ( ! REALITIES ( ,TURKEY IT WAS ! ULTIMATE PO9T TO >RIVE AT1 NO MATT] H[ MU* ONE F\<T BE=EH&4 ,! ,KURDI% REALITY :OSE MA9 FEATURES AS A F\ND+ ELEM5T ( ! ,TURKI% ,REPUBLIC W]E NEGLECT$1 & :I* WAS SUPPRESS$ & FRI<T5$ 9TO SUBMISSION FOLL[+ ITS UPRIS+S1 ALL[$ TO /AY BACKW>D & IGNORANT1 & FUR!R DI/ORT$ BY ! FEUDAL /YLE1 HAD TURN$ 9TO AN UGLY MON/]1 WAS RECOGNIZ$4 ,ON ! F\ND+ ( A NEW GOV]NM5T1 ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,SULEYMAN ,DEMIREL SAID AT ,DIY>BAKIR1 0,WE RECOGNIZE ! ,KURDI% REALITY04 ,! SAME PO9T WAS MADE 9 A MORE COMPREH5SIVE MANN] BY ,PRESID5T ,OZAL & BECAME ! FIR/ ITEM ON ! AG5DA = ALL (FICIAL & UN(FICIAL P>TIES & MILIEUS4 ,?IS %[S ?AT !RE WAS A *ANCE ( SOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 EV]YONE WAS REALLY UNPREP>$ & AMATEURI%4 ,! PROBLEM WAS A BIG ONE1 BUT APPROA*ES TO IT W]E SUP]FICIAL4 ,?IS WAS TRUE ( ! ,P,K,K AS WELL4 ,A P>TIAL CEASEFIRE WAS A BOLD MOVE1 BUT ! P>TIES DID NOT HAVE ! NECESS>Y DEP? & PREP>ATION4 ,) ! TRADITIONAL REBELLI\S /ANCE BE+ DOM9ANT ON ! P>T ( ! ,P,K,K & ! TRADITIONAL SUPPRESSIVE /ANCE BE+ DOM9ANT ON ! P>T ( ! /ATE1 ! *ANCE ( AN HI/ORIC SOLUTION WAS MISS$4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 OPPORTUNI/ POLITICIANS1 PROVOCATIONS & ! 9FLU5CE ( \TSIDE P[]S PLAY$ NO SMALL ROLE H]E4 

,9 REALITY1 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ! /ATE WAS UND]GO+ S]I\S *ANGES4 ,! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & DEVELOPM5TS ?AT G5U9ELY AFFECT$ ,TURKEY 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,GULF ,W> MADE IT VITAL TO F9D A SOLUTION = ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM1 & ! R\TE ?AT W\LD LEAD TO ?IS LAY ?R\< A BELAT$ COMPREH5SIVE DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,H]E ! ,P,K,K PUT UP A RESI/ANCE4 ,IT RESI/$ BY EXCESSIVELY REPEAT+ ITSELF 9/EAD ( DEVELOP+ ITSELF4 ,IT ?\<T ?IS WAS ! ONLY SOLUTION4 ,9 REALITY1 FROM ! COLLAPSE ( ! SOCIALI/ SY/EM IT %\LD HAVE D$UC$ A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION4 ,IT %\LD HAVE SE5 ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( 0SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS0 WAS NO LONG] VALID1 ?AT SCI5TIFIC-TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5TS HAD UND]M9$ ! CONCEPT ( ! NATION /ATE PRODUC$ BY ! DEVELOPM5TS FROM ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY ONW>DS1 ?AT A SOLUTION BAS$ ON DEVELOP+ DEMOCRACY )9 ! EXI/+ BORD]S )\T ALT]+ !SE BORD]S 9 ANY WAY WAS MORE REALI/IC4 ,TO PUT IT BRIEFLY1 IT %\LD HAVE AB&ON$ ITS PROGRAM DAT+ FROM ! #a#i#gS & EMB>K$ ON A NEW PROGRAM4 ,IT %\LD HAVE ANALYZ$ ,TURKEY AGA91 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! DEVELOPM5T ! C\NTRY HAD UND]GONE BO? :5 IT WAS BE+ F\ND$ & 9 ! #a#i#iS1 & IT %\LD HAVE BAS$ ITS PROGRAM ON !SE NEW DEVELOPM5TS4 ,SOCIALI/ SY/EMS W]E COLLAPS+ ALL OV] ! WORLD1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS FALL+ AP>T1 & A BL9D & LAME DEMOCRACY WAS BE+ LOOK$ TO = A SOLUTION4 

,! ,P,K,K %\LD HAVE DRAWN IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS FROM ?IS4 ,9/EAD ( ESP\S+ BE+ A SEP>ATE P>TS & A SEP>ATE /ATE1 SOME?+ ?AT DID NOT TRANSC5D AN IDEOLOGICALLY UTOPIAN RHETORIC2 9/EAD ( CALL+ = BE+ A SEP>ATE P>T ( A /ATE1 SOME?+ :I*1 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! FUNDAM5TAL GEOGRAPHY ( ! COMMON MO!RL&1 W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y DIFFICULT TO REALIZE - &1 IF REALIZ$1 C\LD NOT BE MA9TA9$ & WAS NOT NECESS>Y EI!R4 ,IT %\LD HAVE OPT$ = A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY )9 ! SAME BORD]S1 ! TR5D ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,IT %\LD HAVE CLE>LY SE5 & %[N ! FREE UNION ( ,KURDS ) ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,ESPECIALLY ) EXTREME 9T]M+L+1 9T5SE ASSIMILATION1 & HALF ! POPULATION BE+ 9 A DIFF]5T GEOGRAPHICAL REGION1 ! SOLUTION TO BE >RIV$ AT & PREF]R$ WAS A DEEP] DEMOCRACY4 ,IT %\LD HAVE F\ND ! LANGUAGE = ?IS &1 9/EAD ( ! VIOL5CE :I* GOT EV] MORE DEG5]ATE & L$ TO GREAT PA9 & LOSSES1 %\LD HAVE MOV$ T[>DS A L9E ( ACTION ?AT CONC5TRAT$ POLITICAL-DEMOCRATIC ACTIVITY4 ,IT %\LD HAVE ACT$ 9 AN EXP]T & RESPONSIBLE MANN] & 5D$ ! W> ?AT WAS /EADILY GETT+ DIRTI]4 ,IT %\LD HAVE SE5 ?AT EV5 CONT9U\S GU]RILLA ACTIVITY AGA9/ ! >MY C\LD PLAY NO O!R ROLE ?AN EV5TUALLY >RIV+ AT ! SAME SOLUTION & %\LD HAVE PLAC$ A CONTROLL$ TRANS=MATION 9TO A POLITICAL-LEGAL ALT]NATIVE ON ITS AG5DA4 

,AFT] #a#i#i#c1 9/EAD ( 9SI/+ ON GU]RILLA W>F>E & REPEAT+ ?IS1 IT %\LD HAVE LAID ! GR\ND WORK = ?IS ALT]NATIVE4 ,H[EV] MU* ONE MAY BLAME ! CLIQUES 9 GOV]NM5T & ! LOSSES SUFF]$ BY ! GU]RILLAS1 ! ,P,K,K %\LD HAVE SE5 ! *ANGES 9 BO? ! WORLD AT L>GE & ! /ATE AT ! />T ( ! #a#i#iS & COME UP ) A RESPONSE4 ,AL?\< IT S5S$ ?IS & FELT ! NE$ = IT1 LACK ( EXP]I5CE & FE> PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 PREV5T+ IT4 ,! ,P,K,K WAS NOT DEFEAT$ DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 BUT NOR DID IT DEVELOP1 BECAUSE IT WAS DIFFICULT TO ADVANCE V]Y F> 9 ITS EXI/+ /ATE UND] ?OSE CONDITIONS4 ,?IS IS ! ,P,K,K'S FAILURE TO SEE1 TO F9D A SOLUTION & TO SAVE ITSELF FROM REPETITION4 ,! ,V? & ,V,I? ,CONGRESSES ?US 5D$ UP BECOM+ CONGRESSES ( REPETITION 9 ?IS S5SE4 ,IT WILL BE SE5 FROM ?IS ?AT ! ,P,K,K IS G5U9ELY AT A MAJOR CROSSROADS & IT WILL EI!R H>D5 ITS TRADITIONAL L9E FUR!R & CONT9UE ITS EXI/5CE ) ! HELP ( EXT5SIVE DOME/IC & =EIGN RES\RCES1 OR IT WILL GIVE UP >M$ /RUGGLE ON ! BASIS ( C]TA9 LEGAL ASSURANCES1 WILL MAKE ! UNITY ( ,TURKEY ! BASIS ( ITS PROGRAM & TURN ITSELF 9TO AN ORGANIZATION ?AT IS BAS$ ON TRANS=M+ A BETT] UND]/OOD ,KURDI% SOCIETY ?R\< POLITICAL-LEGAL ACTION & ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IS DEF9ITELY ! HI/ORICAL /AGE ?AT HAS BE5 >RIV$ AT4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION1 F> FROM BE+ SE5 AS A R5EGADE ACT OR ELIM9ATION1 %\LD BE SE5 AS A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION4 

,! ALT]NATIVE1 I4E4 ! FAILURE TO A*IEVE A TRANS=MATION 9 ! APPROA* & NATURE ( ! ORGANIZATION1 WILL LEAD TO EXTREME CONS]VATISM & EV5TUALLY ELIM9ATION4 ,OR1 LIKE SIMIL> ORGANIZATION1 ?IS1 TOO1 WILL DESC5D 9TO A H>DL9E SECT>IANISM4 ,?IS REALITY1 :I* IS FUNDAM5TALLY EXP]I5C$ )9 ! ,P,K,K BUT NOT =MULAT$1 CLE>LY DISPLAYS ITS NE$ = TRANS=MATION4 ,TO A*IEVE A SOLUTION IT IS NECESS>Y NOT ONLY TO SEE ! PROBLEM BUT ALSO TO PREV5T REPETITION AS SOON AS POSSIBLE1 TO PREV5T ! LOSS ( =CE &1 )\T ALL[+ DIS9TEGRATION1 TO MOVE SL[LY ) A COMMON WILL FROM GU]RILLA W>F>E TO AN ASSURANCE-BACK$ SOLUTION BAS$ ON A DEMOCRATIC ,TURKEY & T[>DS ! POLITICAL-LEGAL PROCESS & ITS L9E ( ACTION4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT IS ?\<T1 ?IS IS NOT CONNECT$ ) ! LEAD]%IP BUT IS A PROBLEM & A SOLUTION ?AT GOES CONSID]ABLY BEYOND ! LEAD]%IP & HAS CONSID]ABLE DEP?4 ,! LEAD]%IP AT MO/ SPE$S UP ! PROCESS4 ,9 MANY PROCESSES ! LEAD]%IP HAS 9 FACT PLAY$ A SIMIL> ROLE4 ,IT IS HI<LY IMPORTANT TO GRASP ?IS P>TICUL> SITUATION PROP]LY4 ,UND\BT$LY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 HEAL?I] UND] FREE CONDITIONS4 ,H[EV]1 CORRECT SOLUTIONS DEM& & MA9TA9 !IR VALIDITY EV5 IF 9DIVIDUALS >E 9 CAPTIVITY OR 9 !IR GRAVES4 ,:AT IS ( DEF9+ IMPORTANCE H]E IS ! FUNDAM5TAL /AGE & ! CORRECT EXPRESS+ ( IT & ITS NE$ = A SOLUTION4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ! POSITION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 & ESPECIALLY1 ) ! ,P,K,K1 ! POSITION ( ! LEAD]%IP1 PLAYS A DEF9+ ROLE4 ,IF IT HAS PLAY$ A FUNDAM5TAL ROLE1 ! LEAD]%IP WILL LA/ = A LONG TIME & ITS ABILITY TO (F] SOLUTIONS & ITS 9FLU5CE & P[] WILL CONT9UE4 ,?IS IS ESS5TIALLY H[ WE CAN EXPRESS ! TRANS=MATION PROBLEM )9 ! ,P,K,K & ITS MA9 PLAT=M4 

,H[ ?+S WILL DEVELOP 9 PRACTICE 9 ! LONG PROCESS BE=E US DEP5DS ON NUM]\S FACTORS2 :AT WE HAVE TO DO IS TO =ESEE ?+S & NOT ALL[ \RSELVES TO BE CAU<T 9 AN UNPREP>$ /ATE4 ,AT ?IS /AGE 9 ITS HI/ORY1 ! ,P,K,K %\LD BEHAVE 9 A MATURE & SELF-CONFID5T MANN] :ILE SETT+ A NEW C\RSE = ITSELF4 ,IT %\LD NOT FAIL TO SEE ?AT SELF-EXAM9ATION & ! ID5TIFICATION ( FUNDAM5TAL ]RORS & MI/AKES IS A NECESSITY = A MAJOR ORGANIZATION & MOVEM5T1 & FAILURE TO DO ?IS 9 TIME BETOK5S1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! WEAKNESS ( AN ORGANIZATION4 ,SOME *ANGES F9I% ONE (F1 O!RS CREATE HI/ORY4 ,TO KEEP WALK+ 9 ! SAME WAY1 REPEAT+ ONESELF ALL ! TIME MAY TIRE ONE \T1 BUT1 LIKE A HORSE US$ TO TURN A :EEL DRAW+ WAT] FROM A WELL1 ONE WILL WALK 9 CIRCLES & COV] NO REAL DI/ANCE4 ,! LOSS ( CREATIVITY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & ! CONS]VATISM ?AT COMES ) IT MU/ ULTIMATELY BE TRANSC5D$4 ,LIFE WILL NOT TOL]ATE ?OSE :O /& \TSIDE IT = LONG4 ,A =CE ?AT DOES NOT TAKE LIFE FUR!R TURNS 9TO AN OB/ACLE1 & LIFE ITSELF BECOMES ! REVOLUTION>Y REALITY & TRANSC5DS ! OB/ACLES 9 ITS WAY4 ,SECT>IANISM IS LIV+ LIFE 9 A TWI/$ WAY4 ,! ,P,K,K HAS UND\BT$LY NOT DESC5D$ 9TO ?IS4 ,IT CAN COM=TABLY /AY ON ITS TRADITIONAL PA? & ! GA9S ?AT WILL ACCRUE FROM ?IS CANNOT BE DESPIS$4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ?IS CANNOT BE A*IEV$ ?R\< SIMPLE CONFID5CE & E/ABLI%$ ME?ODS1 BUT ?R\< ! F9D+ ( ! SOLUTION SOON] OR LAT]4 

,BRIEFLY1 TO REASSESS PR9CIPLES1 ! PROGRAM & ! MODE ( ACTION - ?IS IS AS NECESS>Y AS NOT TO HAVE DONE SO DESPITE ! FACT NE>LY A QU>T] ( A C5TURY HAS PASS$ - IS DANG]\S4 ,TO A*IEVE PROGRESS IT IS ESS5TIAL TO EXAM9E ) WE>Y EYES A MAJOR PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE1 & ESPECIALLY ONE ?AT WAS UND]GONE UND] ! MO/ BACKW>D SOCIAL1 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CONDITIONS 9 ! =M ( A HI<LY UNUSUAL REBELLION-W>4 ,NOT TO DO ?IS WILL PUT ONE UND] A HEAVY RESPONSIBILITY BE=E HI/ORY4 ,IT DOES NOT MATT] IF SOME CRITICIZE ?IS2 :AT MATT]S IS BE+ ABLE TO RESPOND TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! HI/ORICAL MOM5T4 ,SOME DO NOT WANT TO SEE ?IS1 O!RS SEE IT BUT DO NOT WANT TO BELIEVE IT4 ,BUT :AT IS CORRECT & NEW ALWAYS />TS 9 ?IS WAY4 ,! PICTURE ( ! ,P,K,K 9 ! 9DICTM5T WILL ( C\RSE NOT *ANGE4 ,A PICTURE CAN ONLY SUFF] ]OSION & BECOME VAGUE4 ,H[EV]4 ! ,P,K,K IS ! FREE LIFE NOT ONLY ( ?IS NATION BUT ( A NEW HUMANITY4 ,! FACT ?AT IT GAVE BIR? TO ITSELF BY =CE DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ?AT IS ! WAY IT IS GO+ TO GR[ UP4 ,A *ILD1 TOO1 COMES 9TO ?IS WORLD ?R\< A DIFFICULT BIR?1 BUT !N ITS NATURAL DEVELOPM5T TAKES PLACE )\T ANY DIFFICULTY4 ,?IS IS A LAW ( NATURE4 ,QUALITATIVE LEAPS =CE ?+S1 BUT IT IS QUANTITATIVE DEVELOPM5T ?AT IS FUNDAM5TAL4 ,:Y %\LD IT BE WRONG TO APPLY ?IS TO HUMAN LIFE & ! LIFE ( AN ORGANIZATION AS WELL8 ,IF EV]Y?+ 5D$ ! WAY IT BEGAN OR /AY$ ! WAY IT WAS1 !RE W\LD NOT ONLY BE NO DEVELOPM5T BUT SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS W\LD BE CONTR>Y TO ! LAWS ( NATURE AS WELL4 ,ESPECIALLY IF GREAT RESI/ANCE & =CE IS BE+ EXP]I5C$ 9 A PH5OM5ON1 IT WILL EI!R DECAY OR R5EW ITSELF & REA* A NEW /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T4 

,!SE DIALECTICAL TRU?S 9DICATE ?AT ! PICTURE PA9T$ ( ! ,P,K,K 9 ! 9DICTM5T FAILS TO E/ABLI% A CONNECTION ) ITS LIV+ REALITY4 ,?IS MI<T BE SUFFICI5T TO CONDEMN IT1 BUT IT WILL A*IEVE NO?+ FUR!R ?AN MAK+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS WORSE4 ,AS MANY EXAMPLES 9 HI/ORY 9DICATE1 TO CONVICT SU* A MOVEM5T ?AT HAS POS$ SU* A DANG] TO ! /ATE1 HAS EXACT$ SU* A HEAVY TOLL 9 ITS W>1 HAS HAD AN EFFECT ON SO MANY POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS ON A DAILY BASIS1 HAS EX]T$ PRESSURE ON MORE ?AN T5 GOV]NM5TS & R5D]$ !M UNSUCCESSFUL1 ON ! BASIS ( LAWS :I* >E A LONG WAY BEH9D SOCIAL PRACTICE1 IS AN EXAMPLE ( GREAT CONS]VATISM & WILL DEPRIVE ! /ATE ( ! RE=M IT HAS TO UND]GO & SOCIETY ( AN IMPORTANT OPPORTUNITY = DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,! RI<T ?+ W\LD HAVE BE5 NOT ONLY TO ACCUSE1 NOT ONLY TO PO9T \T :AT IS RI<T1 BUT ALSO TO %[ H[ IT C\LD BE A*IEV$4 ,! 9DICTM5T HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO MAKE GOOD USE ( ?IS OPPORTUNITY1 & IT FAILS TO TRANSC5D A TRADITIONAL1 ONE-SID$ & 5TIRELY NEGATIVE CONDEMNATION4 ,BO? = ! ,REPUBLIC & ! ,P,K,K !RE IS AN HI/ORIC 5VIRONM5T & OPPORTUNITY ( CONCILIATION AS REG>DS DEMOCRACY 9 G5]AL & ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM ?AT LIES AT ITS ROOTS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,IF ! ,REPUBLIC W]E TO ACT MATURELY & SEE ?AT DEMOCRATIZATION W\LD NOT BE A LOSS BUT A GA9 & /OP 9SI/+1 & IF ! ,P,K,K C\LD SEE ?AT TO TRANS=M ITSELF IT MU/ OPT = CONCILIATION ) REG>D TO ! ,REPUBLIC & HI/ORICAL CONCILIATION CAN ONLY BE A*IEV$ 9 ?IS WAY1 & IF IT W]E TO TAKE /EPS 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 !RE W\LD BE AN 5ORM\S LEAP :5 ! DEMOCRATIZATION OBTA9+ 9 SOCIETY CAME TOGE!R ) A DEMOCRATIZATION ) ! SAME FREQU5CY ON ! P>T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,OLD LAWS >E UND\BT$LY A MAJOR OB/ACLE TO ?IS4 ,NEW LAWS1 ON ! O!R H&1 WILL CLE> ! OB/ACLES1 & ! OB/ACLES BE=E ! LAWS !MSELVES WILL BE CLE>$ BY POLITICAL WILL4 

,9 ! ,P,K,K TRIAL1 ! 9DICTM5T & ! DEF5SE HAVE A *ANCE ( W9N+ 9 A BIG WAY ONLY BY NOT DEAL+ 9 OPPOSITES LIKE GREAT]_/LESS] & LESS GUILTY_/MORE GUILTY & BE+ MAGNANIM\S 5\< TO USE ! WOND]FULLY SUBTLE CREATIVITY ( POLITICS TO MEET 9 ?IS HI/ORIC VALLEY ( CONCILIATION1 BREAK ! ICE BETWE5 !M & 5D !IR E/RANGEM5T4 ,A NEW SYN!SIS WILL BE BORN \T ( ! !SIS & ! ANTI!SIS4 ,! ,/ATE-,P,K,K OPPOSITION WILL LEAD TO ! SYN!SIS ( A ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC & WILL BE A VICTORY4 ,LIFE DOES NOT PROGRESS )\T CONTRADICTIONS1 &1 AS /AT$ BY MANY (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 9 ?IS GREATE/ EV5T1 REBELLION & CONFLICT 9 ITS HI/ORY1 ! ,REPUBLIC MU/ *OOSE NOT TO /RANGLE BUT TO PROGRESS BY RESOLV+ ! CONTRADICTION4 ,NO?+ CAN BE GA9$ BY /RANGL+ A BABY ?AT HAS BE5 BORN 9 ONE'S [N BOSOM4 ,BUT IF ! BABY IS ALL[$ TO LEAD ITS LIFE & TREAT$ AS ONE'S [N1 IT WILL ADD TO ONE'S /R5G?1 & ?IS TIME R\ND HI/ORY WILL NOT 5D BITT]LY BUT MOVE T[>DS ! PEACE :I* IS DEM&$ BY ! DEMOCRATIC WORLD AT L>GE & HAS BECOME ! GREATE/ NE$ ( ?IS SOCIETY1 ! GREAT CONTRADICTION WILL HAVE BE5 TRANSC5D$ & ! PA? TO /R5G? WILL LIE OP54 ,! TRIAL ( ! ,P,K,K 9 ! P]SON ( ITS LEAD] HAS ?IS POT5TIAL4 ,IF ! JUDGES 9 ! C\RT SEE ! DEEP SOCIAL REALITY UND] ?IS TRIAL1 IF !Y LOOK AT ! HI/ORY ( DEMOCRACY1 & IF !Y ASSESS ! LAWS1 :I* !Y KN[ V]Y WELL BUT :I* HAVE BECOME AN OB/ACLE BE=E SOCIETY1 TOGE!R ) !SE1 !Y WILL BE ABLE TO REA* !IR HI/ORIC V]DICT 9 A MORE OBJECTIVE MANN]4 ,IF !Y REA* A V]DICT BY CONSID]+ NOT LEGAL =MALITIES BUT ! ESS5CE ( SOCIETY1 IF !Y BE> 9 M9D NOT ! PRES5T MOM5T BUT ! REC5T PA/ & ! NE> FUTURE1 & IF !Y MAKE ROOM = ! HI/ORIC APPROA* ?AT HAS (T5 BE5 SE5 9 ! HI/ORY ( JU/ICE1 ?IS WILL BE AN OPPORTUNITY = ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ,P,K,K WILL *ANGE FROM ALLEG$LY BE+ A =CE WORK+ TO BREAK UP ! ,REPUBLIC 9TO ONE ( ! PRIM>Y S\RCES ( ITS /R5G?4 ,! JUDGES MU/ BE ABLE TO SEE ?IS4 ,IT IS AN HI/ORIC DUTY NOT TO TURN 9TO A CONVICT & OPPON5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC A MOVEM5T ?AT HAS LO/ NE>LY TW5TY-FIVE ?\S& ( ITS MEMB]S1 HAS MORE ?AN T5 ?\S& MEMB]S 9 PRISON1 & HAS RECEIV$ ONE & A HALF MILLION VOTES 9 ! LA/ ELECTIONS4 ,EV5 IF IT HAS ITS FAULTS & ]RORS1 :AT IS GO+ ON IS1 AS IS (T5 (FICIALLY EXPRESS$ AT MIDDLE LEVELS1 A W>4 ,EV]Y W> IS FOLL[$ BY A PEACE1 & IF ! /ATE OP5S ! DOOR TO PEACE1 ALBEIT 9 A LIMIT$ WAY1 IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT ! ,P,K,K IS /RONG 5\< TO TREAT ! ,REPUBLIC ) ! RESPECT IT DES]VES4 ,O!RWISE1 BO? SIDES WILL LOSE1 \R 5EMIES WILL W91 SUFF]+ WILL 9CREASE1 & HI/ORY WILL BE ! LOS]4 ,:AT IS EXPECT$ FROM ?IS TRIAL IS A V]DICT ?AT WILL 5ABLE HI/ORY TO W9 SOON] OR LAT]4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 ! ,P,K,K MU/ BE> 9 M9D ! GREAT *ANGES ( ! LA/ QU>T] ( A C5TURY & ESPECIALLY ! ACTUAL *ANGE 9 ! DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE ( ! ,REPUBLIC BR\<T AB\T BY ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION1 & ALSO BE> 9 M9D ! LEGAL SY/EM ?AT IS UND] PRESSURE1 & MAKE 9 ITS PROGRAM & PR9CIPLES ! *ANGES ?AT >E EXPECT$ FROM IT & >E R5D]$ NECESS>Y 9 NUM]\S WAYS BY !SE *ANGES4 ,IT %\LD DEVELOP A POLITICAL PROGRAM BAS$ ON ! CONCEPTS ( A DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC & A COMMON C\NTRY1 GIV+ UP ! DEM&S ( ! UTOPIAN P]IOD :I* >E NO LONG] ! ONLY =M FRE$OM CAN TAKE &1 9 ANY CASE1 NO LONG] WORK & HAVE BE5 AB&ON$1 & OPT+ 9/EAD = ! NOTION ( FREE UNION2 & IT %\LD R5D] ?IS PROGRAM (FICIAL AT A CONF]5CE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,BO? SIDES CAN TRANSC5D ! IMPASSE ONLY 9 ?IS WAY4 ,AT A TIME :5 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC HAS 5T]$ 9TO A P]IOD ( GREAT DEMOCRATIZATION AS REG>DS ITS SOCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL F\NDATIONS1 ! ,P,K,K MU/ AB&ON ITS PROGRAM 9FLU5C$ TO A L>GE EXT5T BY ! SOCIALI/ SY/EMS ( ! #a#i#gS & A DOGMATIC APPROA* TO ! REALITY ( ,KURDI%-,TURKI% RELATIONS1 & REA* A PROGRAM ( DEMOCRATIC POLITICS 9 ,TURKEY AS A :OLE &1 ON A DEEP] & MORE DETAIL$ LEVEL1 9 ,KURDI% SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,?IS WILL OP5 ! PA? TO POLITICAL-LEGAL DEVELOPM5T & MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO TRANSC5D ! IMPASSE4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 MANY C\NTRIES PROBLEMS1 :I* 9 SOME CASES HAD CONT9U$ = C5TURIES1 HAVE BE5 SOLV$ BY A S(T5+ ( APPROA* ( ?IS TYPE1 & ! ,EUROPEAN DEMOCRATIC SY/EM IS FULL ( EXAMPLES ( ?IS PROCESS4 ,TO 9SI/ ON /ICK+ TO OLD WAYS IS TO 9SI/ ON MA9TA9+ ! IMPASSE4 ,PR9CIPLES & PROGRAMS HAVE A VALUE IF !Y EXI/ TO TAKE LIFE FUR!R4 ,IF !Y >E MAK+ LIFE DIFFICULT1 *ANG+ !M 9 KEEP+ ) CONCRETE REALITIES DOES NOT BETOK5 A LACK ( BELIEF OR SELF-D5IAL1 BUT IS A NECESSITY4 ,= SU* A GREAT /RUGGLE NOT TO MAKE ! NECESS>Y *ANGES 9 ITS PR9CIPLES & PROGRAM IS CONS]VATISM & DOGMATISM4 ,LIFE IS ALWAYS ON ! SIDE ( PR9CIPLES & PROGRAMS ?AT TAKE IT FUR!R4 ,:OEV] PUTS UP A RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ?IS WILL LOSE4 

,! ,P,K,K'S ,ACTION ,/RUCTURE 

,! ,*IEF ,PROSECUTOR'S ,(FICE /ATES ?AT !Y CANNOT PRES5T ! 5TIRE REALITY AS REG>DS ! ,P,K,K'S ACTION /RUCTURE &1 BY SELECT+ SOME ACTS1 TRIES TO MAKE ! ,P,K,K RESPONSIBLE = ! CRUEL SIDE ( ! REBELLION & TO /R5G!N ! ACCUSATION ( T]RORISM4 ,H[EV]1 FROM ! />T TO ?IS PRES5T DAY MANY TOP CIVILIAN & MILIT>Y (FICIALS HAVE REF]R$ TO ! PH5OM5ON AS A REBELLION & 9DE$ ! #b#h? REBELLION1 HAVE SPOK5 ( IT 9 VEIL$ T]MS AS A GU]RILLA W> OR1 MORE SCI5TIFICALLY1 A W> ( M$IUM OR 0L[ 9T5SITY02 & ?IS IS 9 FACT ! TRU?4 ,MANY BOOKS HAVE BE5 WRITT5 ON ?IS SUBJECT & IT HAS BE5 EXPLA9$ SCI5TIFICALLY4 ,AL?\< ! PH5OM5ON HAS MANY FEATURES ?AT >E UNIQUE TO IT1 IT IS ! COMMON VIEW ( ALL LEAD+ EXP]TS ?AT1 ( ! MANY SEMI-REBELLIONS & GU]RILLA W>S1 ?IS IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ONE 9 ! LA/ QU>T] ( ! C5TURY4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT1 ! VIEW IT EXPRESSES = PROPAG&A PURPOSES NOT)/&+1 ?IS IS ALSO ! REAL VIEW ( ! ,G5]AL ,/AFF4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 IF WE AB&ON ! LANGUAGE ( PROPAG&A & LOOK AT ! ACTION /RUCTURE OBJECTIVELY1 IT IS CLE> ?AT A CONFLICT 9VOLV+ A GREAT DEAL ( SUFF]+ & HEAVY LOSSES ON BO? SIDES1 HAS CLAIM$ ! LIVES ( #e1 MEMB]S ( ! SECURITY =CES ACCORD+ TO ! (FICIAL FIGURE1 & ( #b1 MEMB]S ( ! ,P,K,K1 ALONG ) ! #a#e1 CIVILIANS KILL$ ON TOP ( ?IS1 AM\NT+ TO COMB9$ DEA? TOLL ( #d11 HAS L$ TO MORE ?AN #c1 VILLAGES BE+ EVACUAT$ & CAUS$ MORE ?AN #c MILLION PEOPLE TO BE DISPLAC$1 HAS 9VOLV$ ! USE ( ALL TYPES ( AIRCRAFT1 HEAVY >TILL]Y & TANKS1 & HAS AT TIMES L$ TO #d OR #e ?\S& >MY P]SONNEL BE+ 9VOLV$ 9 OP]ATIONS LA/+ WEEKS1 CANNOT SIMPLY BE CALL$ A W> AGA9/ T]RORISM4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE SCI5TIFICALLY DESIGNAT$ AS W>4 ,9 T]MS ( ! TIME IT HAS TAK51 TOO1 IT IS A COMPREH5SIVE W> ?AT HAS LA/$ = #ae YE>S4 ,A CONFLICT SU* AS ?IS ( C\RSE HAS NOT ONLY EXTREMELY IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL GR\NDS BUT ALSO POLITICAL GOALS4 ,! TWO SIDES EXPRESS ?IS EV]Y DAY ?R\< !IR PROPAG&A4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! N>R[ LABEL ( 0T]RORISM0 IS H>DLY ADEQUATE TO DESCRIBE ! PH5OM5ON4 ,TO DEF9E IT AS FREE W> OR REBELLION W\LD NOT ONLY BE MORE SCI5TIFIC BUT W\LD ALSO BE ! WAY TO MOVE T[>DS ! BE/ SOLUTION4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 MANY SIMIL> & DIFF]5T W>S 9 HI/ORY1 BUT ALL ( !M HAVE ALWAYS 5D$ ) ! RE/ORATION ( PEACE &1 9 CASES :]E ?IS WAS UNILAT]AL PEACE1 !RE HAVE BE5 V>I\S AGREEM5TS UNTIL ! RE/ORATION ( A MUTUALLY AGRE$ PEACE4 ,!Y HAVE GIV5 RISE TO V]Y IMPORTANT SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES LEAD+ TO BO? DEVELOPM5T & REGRESSION4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT QUE/ION ?AT NE$S TO BE ASK$ H]E IS :AT %\LD BE ! BE/ SOLUTION OR BE/ TYPE ( PEACE = ?IS W>4 ,) ?IS /YLE ( W> ! ,P,K,K HAS BR\<T AB\T A *ANGE 9 ! ,KURDI% REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION & %[N ?AT1 RA!R ?AN RELY+ ON A P>TICUL> TRIBE OR TRIBAL LEAD] OR ?IS OR ?AT =EIGN P[] 9 ! TRADITIONAL WAY1 IT CAN CONT9UE TO EXI/ ON ! BASIS ( ITS [N RES\RCES4 ,H[EV]1 IT HAS BECOME CLE> ?AT ! POLITICAL =MATION EXPRESS$ BY ! ,P,P,K AS ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( ITS PROGRAM IS NEI!R REALI/IC NOR NECESS>Y4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! /ATE HAS SE5 ?AT1 9 ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! W> >OSE1 IT IS PO9TLESS TO D5Y ! ,KURDI% REALITY1 LANGUAGE & CULTURE &1 ACKN[L$G+ ?IS DE FACTO & 9DE$ DE JURE1 HAS >RIV$ AT ! PO9T ( AGREE+ TO A SOLUTION LEAD+ TO DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPM5T4 

,! REALITY ( ! #a#i#iS %[$ ?AT1 FOLL[+ ! P]CEPTION ( !SE TRU?S1 ! W> WAS MOV+ T[>DS PEACE4 ,A MEAN+FUL PEACE WAS ON ! AG5DA 9 ?OSE YE>S4 ,IT IS EXTREMELY SAD ?AT IT HAS NOT HAPP5$4 ,IF ANO!R DECADE PASSES1 ! PO9T ?AT IS >RIV$ AT WILL /ILL BE ! PEACE DEM&$ BY !SE ACTUAL CONDITIONS4 ,! COM+ ( ! PEACE 9 CONDITIONS :]E SOCIETY IS BECOM+ DEMOCRATIC & ! /ATE IS RESPOND+ TO ?IS POSITIVELY IS ALSO ! EXPRESSION ( AN HI/ORIC MOM5T1 & = ! FIR/ TIME !RE IS A *ANCE ?AT DEMOCRATIC CONCILIATION WILL LEAD TO ?IS LA/ REBELLION BE+ 9DE$ ! V]Y LA/ REBELLION4 ,TO F9D ! LEGAL LANGUAGE = ?IS IS ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ( \R AGE4 ,)\T BE+ EMOTIONAL & )\T SEE+ EI!R ! ,REPUBLIC OR ! ,P,K,K AS AN OB/ACLE1 ! CONFLICT MU/ BE VIEW$ AS A V]Y SAD ONE BORN ( 9JU/ICE & NEGLIG5CE BETWE5 BRO!RS1 & A JO9T1 BRO!RLY MOVE MU/ BE MADE T[>DS ! MA9 REALITY1 A PEACE UND] ! DEMOCRATIC UMBRELLA ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,S]I\S ACCUSATIONS & DEM&S = CAPITULATION OR A FI<T UNTIL ! LA/ MEMB] IS KILL$ CAN ONLY 9CREASE SUFF]+4 

,9 BRIEF1 TO VIEW ! ACTION /RUCTURE 9 ?IS WAY W\LD BE BO? MORE SCI5TIFIC & LEAD TO AN APPROA* ?AT W9S & DEVELOPS ! FUTURE4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT DONE1 ! F\NDATIONS ( NEW REBELLIONS WILL BE LAID AS WAS DONE 9 ! PA/4 ,! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL CONCLUSION TO BE DRAWN FROM ! DATES ( W>S1 ! DATES ( ,KURDI% UPRIS+S1 %\LD BE ?AT WE MU/ F9D A WAY ( E/ABLI%+ A SOCIAL F\NDATION ?AT WILL PREV5T SU* W>S 9 ! FUTURE & WILL NOT EV5 GIVE RISE TO ISOLAT$ ACTIONS4 ,UND\BT$LY1 ?IS SOCIAL F\NDATION & ! SOLUTIONS RELAT$ TO IT1 CAN ONLY BE F\ND ?R\< PEACE1 ! ONLY VALID DEMOCRATIC PA?4 ,IF SOCIETY IS PRES5T$ ) ! DEMOCRATIC MODE ( EXPRESSION1 IF ?IS IS MADE CONV9C+ ?R\< DEMOCRATIC *ANNELS & DEMOCRATIC ACTION1 & IF ! /ATE IS TOL]ANT T[>DS ALL ?IS1 ! NECESSITY = REBELLION & ACTION WILL DISAPPE>4 ,AS !RE IS N[ A /RONG *ANCE ( SOLV+ ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION1 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS W> %\LD BE ?AT IT HAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT IT NE$ NOT OCCUR AGA92 ?IS LA/ REBELLION %\LD BE TREAT$ AS 9DE$ ! LA/ REBELLION 9 HI/ORY1 & ?IS %\LD ALSO BE ! LEGAL 9T]PRETATION (1 & ! LEGAL V]DICT1 ON ! MATT]4 

,! ,BIGGE/ ,PROBLEM 9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ! ,REPUBLIC ,MU/ BE ,SOLV$ ,DEMOCRATICALLY 

,! MO/ REGRETTABLE ASPECT ( ! ,*IEF ,PROSECUTOR'S 9DICTM5T IS ITS REFUSAL TO REF] BY NAME TO ! ,KURDS :O HAVE BE5 ! BIGGE/ PROBLEM 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 >E RECOGNIZ$ AS SU* BY ALL LEAD+ POLITICIANS & MILIT>Y FIGURES1 & >E ACCEPT$ TODAY AS F\ND+ MEMB]S ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS IS A V]Y BACKW>D APPROA* BAS$ ON D5IAL & C\LD HAVE DANG]\S CONSEQU5CES4 ,IT W\LD !RE=E BE USEFUL TO 9DICATE H]E ?R\< EXT5SIVE QUOTATION H[ ! ,KURDS W]E VIEW$ BY ,ATATURK DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! F\ND+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,TO AGREE AT LEA/ ON !SE WORDS BY ,ATATURK W\LD KEEP ! OPPORTUNITY = A SOLUTION ON A REASONABLE LEVEL = EV]YONE4 ,!SE >E ! WORDS ?AT CLE>LY EXPRESS ?AT ,KURDS W]E ONE ( ! PILL>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC ?AT WAS ! \TCOME ( ! VICTORY 9 ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,! FOLL[+ >E ,ATATURK'S 9/RUCTIONS ( ,JUNE #aib TO ,NIHAT ,PA%A1 ! COMM&] AT ,EL ,CEZIRE1 LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS ( ,ATATURK'S POLICY ) RESPECT TO ! ,KURDS & ,KURDI/AN3 

0,! ,9/RUCTIONS ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,M9I/]S ( ! ,GR& ,P>LIAM5T ( ,TURKEY TO ! ,COMM&] ( ! ,EL ,CEZIRE ,FRONT ,REG>D+ ,KURDI/AN 

#a- ,IT IS A P>T ( \R DOME/IC POLICY ?AT ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY LOCAL ADM9I/RATIONS %\LD BE SET UP 9 :I* ! MASSES >E DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ & 9FLU5TIAL4 ,9 ,KURDI% >EAS ! SETT+ UP ( A LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ?R\<\T IS NECESS>Y NOT ONLY = \R DOME/IC POLICY BUT ALSO \R =EIGN POLICY4 

#b- ,! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( NATIONS IS A PR9CIPLE ACCEPT$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,WE1 TOO1 HAVE ACCEPT$ ?IS PR9CIPLE4 ,IT IS ASSUM$ ?AT BY N[ ! ,KURDS HAVE MADE !IR PREP>ATIONS = LOCAL ADM9I/RATION1 & !IR LEAD]S & PROM95T P]SONALITIES HAVE BE5 WON OV] TO \R SIDE = ?IS CAUSE1 & :5 ! TIME COMES = !M TO EXPRESS !IR WI%1 !Y WILL 9DICATE ?AT !Y >E 9 *>GE ( !IR [N DE/9Y & WANT TO LIVE UND] ! WILL ( ! ,TURKI% ,P>LIAM5T4 ,IT IS UP TO ! ,COMM&] ( ! ,EL ,CEZIRE ,FRONT TO SEE ?AT ALL ! WORK 9 ,KURDI/AN IS DIRECT$ AT ! POLICY BAS$ ON ?IS GOAL4 

#c- ,G5]AL PR9CIPLES HAVE BE5 ACCEPT$ SU* AS DRIV+ ! 5MITY BETWE5 ! ,KURDS & ! ,FR5* & ESPECIALLY BETWE5 ! ,KURDS & ! ,BRITI% ALONG ! ,IRAQI BORD] TO A LEVEL :]E IT CANNOT BE RESOLV$ ?R\< >M$ CONFLICT+1 PREV5T+ ANY ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,KURDS & =EIGN]S1 EXPLA9+ ! REASONS = SETT+ UP LOCAL ADM9I/RATIONS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY & ?US MAK+ SURE !Y >E G5U9ELY WON OV] TO \R SIDE1 & GIV+ ,KURDI% *IEFS CIVILIAN & MILIT>Y PO/S40 

,MU/AFA ,KEMAL1 ,LEAD] ( ! ,GR& ,P>LIAM5T ( ,TURKEY 

,9 ?IS SET ( 9/RUCTIONS1 ! PR9CIPAL PO9TS ( :I* >E QUOT$ ABOVE1 ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL ,ATATURK RECOGNIZES ,KURDS & ,KURDI/AN AT ! V]Y />T ( ! NATIONAL W> = LIB]ATION1 &1 BECAUSE ! ,REPUBLIC WAS NOT !N YET 9 EXI/5CE & ! ,GR& ,P>LIAM5T ( ,TURKEY EXI/$ 9/EAD1 SAYS !Y %\LD RULE !MSELVES UND] ! ,P>LIAM5T4 ,?IS IS ! V]Y PH5OM5ON ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ?AT IS /ILL BE+ ASK$ =4 ,IT IS A K9D ( DEMOCRATIC AUTONOMY4 ,! 9DICTM5T /ATES ?AT ,KURDS >E NOT RECOGNIZ$ & ?IS IS :AT MAKES ! PROBLEM WORSE4 ,! SOLUTION WILL COME ?R\< RECOGNITION4 ,& N[ LET US LOOK AT ,ATATURK'S APPROA* TO ! MATT] AFT] ! F\ND+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS IS V]Y SIMIL> TO HIS 9ITIAL APPROA* & IS MORE ANALYTICAL4 ,IT IS TO BE F\ND 9 HIS ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION POS$ BY ,AHMET ,EM9 ,YALMAN AT ! ,IZMIR ,PRESS ,CONF]5CE1 & ?IS ANSW] WAS REPEAT$ AT ,ESKISEHIR4 ,?IS IS :AT ,M4 ,K4 ,ATATURK SAYS3 

0,! ,KURDI% QUE/ION CANNOT BE RAIS$ BECAUSE ( ! 9T]E/S ( LOCAL ,TURKS4 ,BECAUSE1 AS Y\ KN[1 ! ,KURDS )9 \R NATIONAL BORD]S >E SETTL$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ONLY 9 A V]Y FEW >EAS !RE IS A CONC5TRATION ( ,KURDS4 ,ELSE:]E1 !Y >E DISP]S$ ?R\<\T ! ,TURKI% POPULATION & ?IS HAS L$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SU* A BORD] ?AT IF ONE WANT$ TO DRAW A BORD] SEP>AT+ ! ,KURDS1 ONE W\LD HAVE TO DEVA/ATE ,TURKEY4 ,!RE W\LD HAVE TO BE A BORD] ?AT W5T AS F> AS1 SAY1 ,]ZURUM1 ,]Z9CAN1 ,SIVAS OR ,H>PUT4 ,9DE$1 ONE MU/ NOT =GET ! ,KURDI% TRIBES 9 ! DES]TS ( ,KONYA4 ,!RE=E1 9/EAD ( IMAG9+ A SEP>ATE ,KURDI% NATION1 IT IS BETT] TO ABIDE BY \R ,CON/ITUTION1 UND] :I* A K9D ( LOCAL AUTONOMY WILL 9 ANY CASE =M4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT 9 ?OSE PROV9CES ) A ,KURDI% POPULATION !Y WILL 5JOY AUTONOMY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AS F> AS ! ,TURKS >E CONC]N$1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO GIVE VOICE TO !IR EXI/5CE AS WELL4 ,IF ?IS IS NOT DONE1 IT IS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT !Y WILL REG>D ?IS AS A PROBLEM4 ,! ,GR& ,P>LIAM5T ( ,TURKEY CONSI/S ( BO? ,KURDI% & ,TURKI% DEPUTIES1 & ! ,KURDS & ! ,TURKS1 !SE TWO ELEM5TS HAVE UNIT$ !IR 9T]E/S & DE/9IES4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE RI<T TO ATTEMPT TO DRAW A BORD] BETWE5 !M40 

,IT IS POSSIBLE TO F9D MANY SIMIL> PASSAGES4 ,?IS CAN NEV] BE D5I$4 ,H[EV]1 :5 ! PROBLEM DEVELOP$ 9 A DANG]\S WAY 9 ! WAKE ( SUBSEQU5T REBELLIONS1 ?IS APPROA* WAS AB&ON$4 ,:AT MU/ ALWAYS BE BORNE 9 M9D >E ! FACTS ?AT ,KURDS & ,TURKS >E 9T]M+L$1 !IR DE/9IES >E UNIT$1 & DRAW+ A BORD] SEP>AT+ !M W\LD LEAD TO RU94 ,BUT A SOLUTION WAS NOT DEVELOP$4 ,!RE IS NO D5IAL H]E1 BUT ! COMPLEXITY ( ! PROBLEM1 ! 9T]NAL RELATIONS ) ! SULTANATE & ! CALIPHATE & ! EXT]NAL ONES ) ,BRITA9 L$ TO SUSPICION1 & ! OPPORTUNITY ( F9D+ A POSITIVE SOLUTION WAS LO/4 ,:5 ! ,KURDS FAIL$ TO UNITE )9 ! ,REPUBLIC1 MA9LY BECAUSE ( IDEOLOGICAL REASONS & !IR LEAD]S1 SEP>ATISM BR\<T AB\T REPRESSION4 ,! SPIRIT ?AT HAD OBTA9$ AT ! BEG9N+ WAS DAMAG$4 ,E/RANGEM5T & SUSPICION DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ! ,KURDS & ! ,TURKS1 TWO ELEM5TS :I* C\LD NOT 9 FACT DO )\T ONE ANO!R4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROBLEM BY =EIGN P[]S MADE IT EV5 MORE 9SOLUBLE4 ,?AT WAS ! WAY ! P]IOD 5D$1 BUT ! PROBLEM WAS TO KEEP COM+ UP4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,KURDS P>TICIPAT$ AS F\ND+ MEMB]S 9 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION & ! F\ND+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC & !Y >E NOT TOGE!R ) ,TURKS1 IT WILL BE AS IF ! ,TURKI% NATION HAS LO/ A FOOT & BECOME LAME4 ,?IS HAS BE5 PROV5 AGA9 & AGA9 AT ALL ! IMPORTANT PO9TS 9 ,TURKI% HI/ORY1 AT ! BATTLES ( ,MALAZGIRT & ,CALDIRAN4 ,! UNIT$ DE/9Y ( ! TWO PEOPLES & ! BRO!RHOOD BETWE5 !M IS ! \TCOME ( ?IS HI/ORY4 ,! HI/ORY OR REBELLION %\LD NOT ALL[ US TO =GET ?IS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! REBELLIONS W]E MA9LY A /RUGGLE = DOM9ANCE BETWE5 ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY & ,KURDI% FEUDAL LORDS4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! LATT] W]E NOT REALLY ACT+ \T ( NATIONALI/ F]VOR BUT W]E 9T]E/$ 9 A*IEV+ LOCAL DOM9ANCE = !IR TRIBE & FUR!R+ ITS 9T]E/S4 ,IT IS ALSO A HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT !Y MOV$ OV] TO ! SIDE ( :OEV] SUPPORT$ !SE 9T]E/S4 ,! ,KURDI% PROBLEM IS 5C\NT]$ MA9LY AS A TRIBAL PROBLEM1 I4E4 A PROBLEM BORN ( A CULTURALLY & SOCIO-ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ! C\RSE ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! N>R[LY NATIONALI/IC & SEP>ATI/ UNSCI5TIFIC APPROA* ADOPT$ BY BO? SIDES HAS RAIS$ ! PROBLEM TO DANG]\S LEVELS & MADE A SOLUTION DIFFICULT4 

,!RE >E 9 FACT APPROA*ES ?AT ALMO/ AM\NT TO A SOLUTION DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION & ! F\ND+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,AS 9DICAT$ BY ! PASSAGES QUOT$ ABOVE1 ! APPROA*ES ADOPT$ BY ,ATATURK DUR+ ! P]IOD PROVE ?IS1 AS DO ! WAG+ ( ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION & ! F\ND+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC TOGE!R ON ! BASIS ( A COMMON W> & A COMMON C\NTRY4 ,A FUR!R PRO( IS ! WAY DEPUTIES >E ALL[$ TO WE> !IR NATIONAL CO/UMES & USE !IR NATIONAL LANGUAGE 9 ! ,GR& ,P>LIAM5T ( ,TURKEY4 ,EV5 ! ,KOCGIRI REBELLION 5D$ ) AN AMNE/Y & CONCILIATION DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,A H>DL9E APPROA* DID NOT F9D FAVOR 9 ! ,GR& ,P>LIAM5T4 ,?IS IS V]Y EVID5T 9 ! ,NURETT9 ,PA%A 9CID5T4 ,IF ?IS HAD BE5 CONT9U$1 ! PROBLEM W\LD NOT HAVE GOT WORSE 9 ?AT P]IOD1 W\LD NOT HAVE WEAK5$ ! ,REPUBLIC1 & W\LD NOT HAVE HAD SU* A HEAVY CO/4 ,H]E ! MA9 PROBLEM CONSI/S ( E/ABLI%+ L9KS ) ! SULTANATE & ! CALIPHATE BE=E ! ,REPUBLIC HAS REALLY REA*$ ! ,EA/1 ! ,KURDS & ALL ( ,TURKEY4 ,!RE IS ALSO ! REFUSAL TO GIVE UP LOCAL AU?ORITY4 ,!SE >E ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! REBELLIONS 9 ?IS P]IOD1 & !Y L$ TO CONFLICT & SUPPRESSION4 ,! CONCLUSION ?AT MU/ BE DRAWN FROM ?IS IS NOT ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( PROBLEMS %\LD BE D5I$ BUT ?AT ! CORRECT SOLUTION MU/ BE F\ND = !M4 ,& ! CORRECT SOLUTION IS ?AT DEMOCRATIZATION :I*1 :ILE NOT MU* 9 EVID5CE BETWE5 ! TWO WORLD W>S1 HAS BE5 MOV+ =W>D AT A GREAT RATE S9CE ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ,TURKEY'S GREAT PROBLEM IS H] 9ABILITY TO WAGE A SUCCESSFUL W> = DEMOCRACY & TO DEVELOP DEMOCRATIC /&>DS4 ,! REASON :Y1 DESPITE MANY DEVELOPM5TS1 BO? CAPITALI/ & SOCIALI/ AU?ORIT>IAN & TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES HAVE COLLAPS$ IS ?AT !Y W]E /RUCTURES \T ( KEEP+ ) ?IS DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 \R DAY ALL RIGID SY/EMS >E EXP]I5C+ A MAJOR COLLAPSE & TRANS=MATION 9 !IR SUP]/RUCTURES & MOV+ T[>DS A DEMOCRATIC EVOLUTION4 ,ALL NATIONAL1 CULTURAL1 E?NIC1 RELIGI\S1 L+UI/IC & 9DE$ REGIONAL PROBLEMS >E BE+ SOLV$ BY GRANT+ & APPLY+ ! BROADE/ DEMOCRATIC /&>DS4 ,EV]Y DAY WE SEE EXAMPLES ( ?IS ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,FROM ,9DONESIA TO ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 ! ,BALKANS1 ,AFRICA & ,S\? ,AM]ICA ! DEMOCRATIC ME?OD IS LOOK$ TO = ! SOLUTION ( ALL G5]AL SOCIAL PROBLEMS :I* HAVE V>I\S *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,IT IS USEFUL TO DWELL FUR!R ON A FEW ASPECTS ( ! MATT]4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE IS ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,?IS PR9CIPLE WAS APPLI$ MA9LY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! GREAT] P>T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS BAS$ ON ! IDEA ( SETT+ UP A NATION /ATE4 ,! IDEOLOGY IT SUBSCRIB$ TO WAS NATIONALISM4 ,! ME?OD IT EMPLOY$ WAS MA9LY >M$ /RUGGLE & NATIONAL W>S ( LIB]ATION4 ,IT WAS SE5 ?AT IT HAD A LIMIT$ APPLICATION1 BUT L$ TO GREAT BLOOD%$ & ITS EXTREME NATIONALISM 5G5D]$ LONG-LA/+ 5MITIES4 ,?IS APPROA* :I* KEPT ! WORLD 9 A /ATE ( T5SION IS /ILL 9FLU5TIAL1 IS ONE :OSE UNHEAL?Y ASPECTS HAVE L>GELY COME TO LI<T 9 \R DAY4 ,! /RUGGLE ?AT IS CURR5TLY GO+ ON 9 ! ,BALKANS CLE>LY %[S :AT A DISEAS$ APPROA* ?IS IS4 ,! REASONS = ?IS >E ( C\RSE ITS FAILURE TO GRASP SOCIAL REALITY1 ITS N>R[LY NATIONALI/IC APPROA*1 & ITS ATTEMPT TO F9D A SOLUTION BY =C+ SOCIETY & A L& :]E DIFF]5T PEOPLES >E 9T]M+L$4 ,NATURALLY ?IS HAS CONSEQU5CES ?AT AM\NT TO SAVAG]Y4 ,!RE >E MANY EXAMPLES ( ?IS 9 HI/ORY4 ,MANY A GR\P OR NATION *OOS+ TO FOLL[ ?IS PA? HAS1 EV5 :]E TRIUMPHANT1 FAIL$ TO %$ ITS BACKW>DNESS & 9DE$ FAIL$ TO RID ITSELF ( MANY PROBLEMS BORN ( ?IS 9H]ITANCE4 ,BECAUSE ( ! APPROA* ADOPT$1 ! NATIONAL PROBLEM HAS GIV5 RISE TO EV5 BIGG] PROBLEMS EV]Y TIME AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO SOLVE IT4 ,AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS 9 HI/ORY IS ! RELIGI\S & SECT>IAN W>S 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! EFFECTS ( :I* CAN /ILL BE SE5 FROM TIME TO TIME4 ,EV5 ?\< ! NATIONALI/ APPROA* EM]G$ CLAIM+ TO BE A SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS CAUS$ BY ! RELIGI\S APPROA*1 IT FAIL$ TO REFRA9 FROM FOLL[+ ! SAME ME?ODS & MADE ?+S /ILL MORE DIFFICULT4 ,AL?\< !RE MI<T BE DIFF]5CES BETWE5 OLD RELIGI\S IDEOLOGIES & ! EXTREME NATIONALISM & ITS V>I\S RI<T & LEFT-W+ =MS ?AT FOLL[$1 !Y >E 9 FACT MOVEM5TS ?AT >E QUITE SIMIL> & HAVE 9FLU5C$ EA* O!R4 ,BY ! TIME ! TW5TIE? C5TURY WAS REA*$ !Y HAD %[N ?AT !Y W]E EV5LY MAT*$ 9 T]MS ( BLOOD%$ & SAVAG]Y4 ,! G5]AL DEMOCRATIC !ORY & PRACTICE HAS BE5 HI<LY SUCCESSFUL 9 DEAL+ ) PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY BO? EXTREME RELIGI\S & EXTREME NATIONALI/ APPROA*ES1 & C\NTRIES & SOCIETIES EMPLOY+ !M HAVE TRIUMPH$4 ,AS WE APPROA* ! 5D ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 VICTORY BELONGS TO A DEMOCRACY ?AT IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY MATURE4 ,9DE$ ! SOCIETIES ?AT EMPLOY ?IS SY/EM ) CONVICTION & 9 A CONTROLL$ KN[L$GEABLE MANN] >E ! MO/ ADVANC$ SOCIETIES 9 ! WORLD4 ,!IR /ATES >E ! /ATES :OSE P[] IS ACKN[L$G$ 9 ! WORLD4 ,?IS IS CLE> :5 ONE LOOKS AT ! WAY ! ,U,S & ,GREAT ,BRITA9 LEAD & %APE ! WORLD4 

,! P[] ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM UND\BT$LY RE/S ABOVE ALL ON ITS SCI5TIFIC GRASP ( SOCIAL REALITY1 ITS ABILITY TO PROVIDE CORRECT DEF9ITIONS = ! MORAL & PHILOSOPHICAL LEVELS & ! SUB/RUCTURES BEL[ !SE1 & ! POLITICAL & LEGAL LEVELS1 & TO (F] A SOLUTION :I*1 )\T EMPLOY+ LABELS LIKE 0PROGRESSIVE0 & 0REGRESSIVE0 ANSW]S ! NE$S ( ! SOCIAL =CES ( ! TIME & !IR DEM& = EQUALITY & FRE$OM4 ,!RE IS NEI!R D5IAL NOR AN ATTEMPT TO BR+ AB\T A UTOPIA BY =CE4 ,!RE IS NO ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE ! BELIEFS & GOALS1 ! UTOPIAS ( A C5TURY AGO OR A C5TURY H5CE4 ,AS IT PRES5TS SOLUTIONS BO? 9 PR9CIPLE & 9 PRACTICE & PROVES ITS ABILITY TO SOLVE PROBLEMS1 ! DEMOCRATIC LEVEL ( SOCIETY BECOMES ITS LEVEL ( SOLUTION4 ,BY =C+ ITS /ATE & ITS MORAL VALUES TO BECOME DEMOCRATIC IT DEMON/RATES ?AT IT HAS A RI* V>IETY ( SOLUTIONS AT ITS DISPOSAL4 ,:AT IS V]Y IMPORTANT H]E IS ! P[] TO (F] A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO EV]Y PROBLEM4 ,:AT IS EV5 MORE IMPORTANT IS ?AT IT HAS ! LEA/ REC\RSE TO VIOL5CE & ?AT1 EV5 :5 FOLL[+ SU* A C\RSE1 IT IMM$IATELY DEMON/RATES ITS P[] TO 9ITIATE A PEACEFUL ME?OD4 

,!RE >E ( C\RSE HI/ORIC REASONS = ALL ?IS AS WELL4 ,TO PUT IT 9 V]Y G5]AL T]MS1 9 BO? RELIGI\S W>S & W>S >IS+ AS NATIONAL & SOCIAL W>S OR 9 REVOLUTIONS & C\NT]-REVOLUTIONS1 !RE HAS BE5 MASSIVE BLOOD%$ & !RE >E NO MAJOR PROBLEMS LEFT ?AT CAN BE SOLV$ ?R\< BLOOD%$ OR AT LEA/ !RE >E V]Y FEW4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! PA? FOLL[$ BY DEMOCRACY IS ?AT ( EVOLUTION & PEACE4 ,?IS IS A HI/ORICAL FACT4 ,DEMOCRACY MOVES =W>D ON ! LEGACY ( SUFF]+ LEFT OV] FROM ! REC5T & DI/ANT PA/4 ,ITS CLAIM IS ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 5\< REVOLUTIONS & C\NT]-REVOLUTIONS & IT IS 9T]E/$ 9 A ME?OD ?AT (F]S MORE SOLUTIONS & (F]S MORE DEVELOPM5T & C\LD BE T]M$ MORE CIVILIZ$1 & IT IS 9T]E/$ 9 ! SOCIAL1 POLITICAL & PHILOSOPHICAL /&>DS ASSOCIAT$ ) ?IS4 ,?IS IS ! CLAIM ( DEMOCRACY1 ESPECIALLY AS IT HAS BECOME MATURE 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 & IT HAS DEF9ITELY BE5 V]IFI$4 ,! NUMB] & MAGNITUDE ( ! PROBLEMS BR\<T AB\T BY SCI5TIFIC-TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T IS ( C\RSE ALSO AN IMPORTANT FACTOR4 ,IF WE VIEW EA* PROBLEM AS A REVOLUTION & AN 9/ANCE ( VIOL5CE1 IF WE BE> 9 M9D ?AT ?IS TE*NOLOGY HAS ! P[] TO WIPE MANK9D (F ! FACE ( ! E>?1 IF WE CONSID] 9 P>TICUL> ! DEVELOPM5TS 9 NUCLE> TE*NOLOGY & ALL ! O!R WEAPONS1 ?IS VIOL5CE OR ! OLD CONCEPTS ( REVOLUTION & C\NT]-REVOLUTION HAVE ! POT5TIAL TO SPELL ! 5D ( NOT JU/ MANK9D BUT ! 5TIRE PLANET4 

,?IS SCI5TIFIC-TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T HAS UND\BT$LY ALSO PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEMOCRACY4 ,H]E ! POSITIVE ASPECT IS MORE DOM9ANT4 ,EV]Y IDEOLOGY & MODE ( BELIEF CAN1 IF TRUE1 IMPLEM5T ITSELF BY US+ ! RES\RCES ( TE*NOLOGY & ABOVE ALL ?OSE ( ! M$IA )\T HAV+ TO RESORT TO VIOL5CE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 VIOL5CE HAS BECOME UNNECESS>Y4 ,9 FACT ?+S HAVE GOT TO ! PO9T :]E VIOL5CE CANNOT BE AF=D$4 ,! RI* V>IETY ( 9/ITUTIONS & PRACTICES ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM (F]S IS BUILT ON ?IS SOCIAL & SCI5TIFIC-TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & :ATEV] PROBLEM IT TACKLES1 IT (F]S A C]TA9 SOLUTION4 ,IT ITSELF IS ! SOLUTION4 ,TO GO ?R\< ! EXAMPLES1 ! SOLUTION TO RELIGI\S W>S IS SECUL>ISM4 ,H]E ! /&>D & ! IMPLEM5TATION 9VOLVE TAK+ ! APPROA* ?AT EV]YONE IS FREE TO FOLL[ !IR RELIGI\S BELIEFS & DEMOCRATIC CRIT]IA WILL APPLY TO ALL ( !M4 ,DEMOCRACY (F]S DEF9ITE FRE$OM ( BELIEF & ?IS IS ! ANTIDOTE TO RELIGI\S W>S4 ,AGA9 ! SAME APPLIES TO ! FIELDS ( ?\<T & IDEOLOGY4 ,!RE IS FRE$OM ( ?\<T & CONVICTION4 ,IT IS ALL[$ TO WORK AS ONE WANTS & IMPLEM5T ONE'S BELIEFS AS LONG AS ONE DOES NOT 9FR+E ! RI<TS ( O!RS 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,?IS ALSO APPLIES TO POLITICAL IDEAS & !IR EXPRESSION 9 ! =M ( P>TIES4 ,AS LONG AS IT ADH]ES TO ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM & ITS /ATE /RUCTURE1 EV]Y P>TY CAN (F] A SOLUTION )\T RESORT+ TO VIOL5CE4 ,!RE IS NO QUE/ION H]E ( EI!R IMPOS+ A RELIGION BY =CE OR BREAK+ & %ATT]+ ! /RUCTURE ( ! /ATE4 ,RELIGION1 ?\<T & ! P>TIES BAS$ ON !M KN[ TO MEET ! /&>DS ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM ( ! /ATE BECAUSE !Y >E BAS$ ON !M4 ,IF !Y DON'T KN[ H[ TO DO ?IS1 !N DEMOCRACY GETS ! RI<T TO DEF5D ITSELF4 ,IT IS CLE> H]E ?AT REG>DLESS ( ! SOCIAL GR\P !Y >E BAS$ ON 7:I* MI<T BE A NATION OR AN E?NIC OR RELIGI\S GR\P71 BELIEFS1 IDEAS & ! P>TIES ?R\< :I* !Y >E EXPRESS$ CANNOT1 9 ! NAME ( !SE BELIEFS & IDEAS1 =CE ! LIMITS ON :I* ! /ATE IS BAS$4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ = ?IS1 BECAUSE IT WILL R5D] ! PROBLEM !Y CLAIM TO BE SOLV+ EV5 WORSE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE IS NO NE$ = IT1 &1 9 ANY CASE1 !RE >E SOLUTIONS )9 ! SY/EM4 ,!SE >E ! DEMOCRATIC RI<TS ( ?OSE GR\PS4 ,!Y >E !IR FRE$OMS ( BELIEF & ?\<T4 ,!Y >E ! P>TIES4 ,!Y >E ALL TYPES ( COALITIONS4 ,9 ! >EA ( LANGUAGE & CULTURE1 ! DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION IS EV5 MORE /RIK+4 ,?IS IS ! >EA :]E ! GREATE/ SUCCESSES HAVE BE5 A*IEV$4 ,BECAUSE ! 9T]M+L+ ( LANGUAGE & CULTURE1 !SE VALUES ?AT MANY NATIONAL GR\PS HAVE ASSIMILAT$ TOGE!R = C5TURIES1 DO NOT WANT TO SEP>ATE & GET WEAK & MONOTON\S1 BUT PREF] TO /AY TOGE!R TO GET 5RI*$ & A*IEVE V>IETY1 /R5G? & LIFE4 ,& ! S*OOL & LABORATORY = ?IS IS DEMOCRACY & ITS IMPLEM5TATION ) CONVICTION4 ,DEMOCRACY IS ALMO/ A G>D5 ( LANGUAGE & CULTURE4 ,! MO/ DEVELOP$ & P[]FUL PR9CIPLES ( \R DAY ONCE AGA9 EXPRESS ?IS CLE>LY4 ,ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA >E CLE> PRO(S ( IT4 ,! ATTEMPT TO SUPPRESS NEW RELIGI\S1 L+UI/IC1 CULTURAL1 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS DUR+ PA/ C5TURIES WAS ! CAUSE ( ALL MAJOR W>S1 & RESI/ANCE AGA9/ SUPPRESSION GAVE TO W>S :I* C\LD BE SE5 AS UND]/&ABLE4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES ?IS EXP]I5CE L$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A DET]M9$ DEMOCRACY 9 ! WAKE ( ALL !SE W>S & L$ TO ! SUPREMACY ( ! ,WE/4 ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION CAN1 9 ?IS S5SE1 BE T]M$ DEMOCRATIC CIVILIZATION4 ,! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM IS AT LEA/ AS IMPORTANT AS SCI5TIFIC & TE*NOLOGICAL SUP]IORITY4 ,FE$+ (F EA* O!R1 !Y BO? BECAME /RONG & A*IEV$ ! /ATUS ( WORLD CIVILIZATION4 

,MANY O!R REGIONS 9 ! WORLD REMA9$ BACKW>D &1 9 ACCOMPANY+ DEVELOPM5T1 !IR POLITICAL SY/EMS REMA9$ UNDEMOCRATIC4 ,! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE REGIONS4 ,! RELIGI\S W>S IT HAS EXP]I5C$ FROM ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES TO ! PRES5T HAVE GIV5 SOCIETY ITS DOM9ANT %APE1 & ITS BE+ ! BIR?PLACE ( ?REE MAJOR RELIGIONS HAS L$ TO ITS EXP]I5C+ !SE CONTRADICTIONS 9 A MAJOR WAY4 ,! RELIGIONS LO/ ! PROGRESSIVE ASPECTS !Y HAD 9 !IR E>LY /AGES &1 AS WELL AS PROV+ AN OB/ACLE TO A SCI5TIFIC APPROA*1 FAIL$ TO DEVELOP DEMOCRATIC /&>DS & A DEMOCRATIC TRADITION4 ,9CREAS+ FEUDALISM CREAT$ AN EV5 MORE CONS]VATIVE 5VIRONM5T & EV5 ! DEMOCRATIC ELEM5TS ?AT >E *>ACT]I/IC ( TRIBALISM W]E ]OD$ & A SUITABLE BASIS WAS CREAT$ = ALL K9DS ( DEMOCRATIC RULE4 ,RELIGI\S & SECT>IAN W>S DID NOT EV5 LEAD TO A RE=M TO ! EXT5T ?AT WAS A*IEV$ 9 ! ,WE/4 ,P>O*IALISM 9CREAS$ & ?IS VIRTUALLY PUT AN 5D TO ! /RUGGLE ( 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIETY = DEMOCRACY4 ,9 P>TICUL> ?\<T & POLITICAL FRE$OM W]E ALMO/ =GOTT54 

,AL?\< ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,TURKEY1 F\ND$ 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MANN] ON ! BASIS ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION ON ! LEGACY ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE1 WAS ! FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT MOVE 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 IT FAIL$ TO DISPLAY A P[]FUL TR5D T[>DS DEMOCRACY BECAUSE ( ! 9T]NAL REBELLIONS & =EIGN ?REATS DUR+ ITS 9ITIAL YE>S1 & IT A*IEV$ A LIMIT$ DEVELOPM5T 9 ! >EAS ( ?\<T & NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURES4 ,UNTIL ! #a#i#eS !RE WAS ONLY A MOVE M5T FROM ! AUTOCRATIC /YLE ( GOV]NM5T TO A LIMIT$ OLIG>*Y UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( WORLDWIDE DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPM5TS4 ,! C\P ( #bg ,MAY1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! RI<T & ! LEFT 9 ! #a#i#gS1 ! C\PS ( #ab ,M>* & #ab ,SEPTEMB] FOLL[$4 ,H[EV]1 AGA9 ) DEMOCRACY A*IEV+ WORLD-WIDE DOM9ATION1 IT BECAME NECESS>Y TO TAKE ON ! *>ACT] ( A ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC BO? = ?IS REASON & 9 ! FACE ( 9T5SE 9T]NAL CONFLICTS & SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,ALL 9DICATIONS %[ ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC IS UND]GO+ RAPID DEMOCRATIZATION 9 BO? ITS SOCIAL /&>DS & ITS IDEOLOGICAL VALUES1 & IT HAS >RIV$ AT A /AGE :]E ?IS WILL NO LONG] BE PREV5T$ 9 ANY WAY4 

,) ?IS LONG 9TRODUCTION WE HAVE TRI$ TO E/ABLI% A FRAMEWORK AS TO H[ ALL PROBLEMS %\LD H5CE=? BE SOLV$ UND] ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,WE HAVE TO CONC5TRATE 9 DETAIL ON H[ ALL PROBLEMS P]TA9+ TO SOCIAL GR\PS1 9CLUD+ ! RELIGI\S PROBLEM & ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM1 :I* GIVES RISE TO ! GREATE/ FE>S1 CAN BE SOLV$ )9 ?IS FRAMEWORK4 ,IF PROBLEMS HAVE GR[N ?IS IS NOT ONLY BECAUSE ! SY/EM HAS NOT E/ABLI%$ ?IS FRAMEWORK BUT ALSO BECAUSE ?OSE ) PROBLEMS NE$+ A SOLUTION HAVE NOT PUT SU* A FRAMEWORK ON !IR AG5DA4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE 9 ! #a#i#iS TO REA* ?IS FRAMEWORK :I* %\LD HAVE BE5 PUT 9 PLACE 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS & REPRES5T$ 9 A CONSI/5T WAY4 ,TO TRY NOT TO MISS SU* AN OPPORTUNITY AGA9 9 ! #bS & TO MAKE USE ( IT %\LD ALMO/ BE ! DE/9Y ( ALL DEMOCRATIC =CES AFT] ! GREAT EXP]I5CE !Y HAVE BE5 ?R\<4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! TRIAL ( ! ,P,K,K & MYSELF WILL PLAY A MO/ IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,BE=E 5T]+ 9TO ! SUBJECT ( ! G5]AL DEMOCRATIC SY/EM & ! PROBLEMS REG>D+ ITS IMPLEM5TATION 9 ,TURKEY1 9 ORD] TO R5D] !SE JUDGM5TS EASI] TO UND]/& IT W\LD BE USEFUL TO PROVIDE A SUMM>Y ( ! ,EUROPEAN EXP]I5CE 9VOLV+ A GREAT DEAL ( PUTT+ ?+S 9TO PRACTICE4 ,I CONSID] IT IMPORTANT TO QUOTE MANY PASSAGES FROM ,LESLIE ,LIPSON'S BOOK ,DEMOCRATIC ,CIVILIZATION1 :I* ,I HAVE CONC5TRAT$ ON BE=E 9 MY DEF5SE1 & :I*1 DESPITE HAV+ BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ! #a#i#fS1 ,I FEEL IS /ILL RELEVANT AS F> AS ,TURKEY IS CONC]N$4 ,?IS /UDY IS NOT ONLY SCI5TIFIC1 BUT ITS ALMO/ TRIUMPHAL V9DICATION 9 \R DAY MAKES IT EV5 MORE VALUABLE4 ,! EXAMPLE ,I HAVE *OS5 IS MULTI-SECT>IAN1 MULTI-L+UAL1 MULTI-CULTURAL ,SWITZ]L& :I* ALSO =MS ! CORE ( ,EUROPE4 ,?IS IS ! HI/ORIC LESSON !Y HAVE D]IV$ FROM C5TURIES ( SECT>IAN /RUGGLE3 0,:5 !Y W]E MUTUALLY EXHAU/$1 :5 NONE ( ! P>TIES MANAG$ TO ELIM9ATE ITS OPPON5T1 & :5 !Y REALIZ$ ?AT IF !Y DID NOT REUNITE1 !IR CONF$]ATION W\LD FALL AP>T1 ! ,SWISS REALIZ$ ! VALUE ( TOL]ANCE4 ,9/EAD ( KILL+ & GETT+ KILL$1 !Y AGRE$ TO LIVE & LET LIVE4 ,?US ! TOL]ANCE ( V>IETY BECAME ! F\NDATION ( UNITY & DEMOCRACY DEVELOP$ AS AN AGREEM5T CONC]N+ ! MUTUAL CO-EXI/5CE ( BETWE5 DIFF]5T 5TITIES40 ,! DEVELOPM5T REG>D+ ! L+UI/IC DIVISIONS 9 ,SWITZ]L& & ! WAY 9 :I* ?IS BECAME ! /R5G? ( ! UNION IS EV5 MORE /RIK+4 

0,?US L+UI/IC DIFF]5CES >E ADD$ TO A SOCIETY ALREADY FRAGM5T$ ?R\< ! DIVISIONS )9 ,*RI/IANITY4 ,IT CAN BE SAID 9 FAVOR ( ! ,G]MAN MAJORITY - & !Y >E A SUB/ANTIAL MAJORITY - ?AT !Y DISPLAY$ AN 9TELLIG5T ,R,E,S,P,E,C,T T[>DS ! S5SIBILITIES ( ! CITIZ5S & MADE MANY IMPORTANT ,C,O,N,C,E,S,S,I,O,N,S 9 ! >EA ( LANGUAGE4 ,9 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #ahdh ,FR5*1 ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN >E RECOGNIZ$ AS NATIONAL LANGUAGES ) EQUAL VALIDITY = PURPOSES ( (FICIAL USE4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,SWISS W5T EV5 FUR!R4 ,9 ! CANTON ( ,GRISON 9 ! M\NTA9\S REGION 9 ! S\!A/ ( ! C\NTRY LIVES A M9ORITY ( SOME FIFTY ?\S& PEOPLE :O SPEAK ,ROMANS*1 A LANGUAGE :I* C\LD R\<LY BE DESCRIB$ AS A SORT ( ,G]MANIZ$ ,ITALIAN4 ,?IS GR\P WANT$ TO RAISE !IR LANGUAGE FROM ! /ATUS ( A DIALECT TO ?AT ( 9DEP5D5T LANGUAGE & ?US TO BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ! F\R? (FICIAL LANGUAGE4 ,9 A REF]5DUM 9 #ai* ?IS WAS ACCEPT$ BY A MAJORITY ( T5 TO ONE4 ,?IS IS A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ! RESPECT DISPLAY$ BY ! MAJORITY T[>DS ! S5SIBILITIES ( A M9ORITY40 ,IT IS !N SAID3 

0,9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,SWITZ]L& ! PROBLEM ( UNIT+ A L+UI/ICALLY FRAGM5T$ SOCIETY & !N GOV]N+ IT DEMOCRATICALLY MAY BE DEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 SOLV$4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TO MEAN ?AT BE+ MULTI-L+UAL DOES NOT 5TAIL ANY DIFFICULTIES OR COMPLEXITIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,I WI% TO SAY ?AT 9 ,SWITZ]L& ! ADVANTAGES ( V>IETY BALANCE & 9DE$ EXCE$ ITS DISADVANTAGES4 ,! ,SWISS HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! IDEALS ( DEMOCRACY BY US+ DEMOCRATIC TE*NIQUES & GRANT+ EA* SOCIAL GR\P ! RI<T TO DET]M9E ITS [N FUTURE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO POND] A LITTLE ! PR9CIPLES & PRACTICES ?AT L$ TO ?IS \TCOME4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ,SWISS =CE !MSELVES TO LE>N AT LEA/ A SECOND LANGUAGE4 ,IT IS COMPULSORY TO LE>N ,G]MAN 9 ,FR5*1 ,ITALIAN & ,ROMANS*-SPEAK+ >EAS & A ,ROMANCE LANGUAGE 9 ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ >EAS4 ,A WELL-$UCAT$ ,SWISS SPEAKS AT LEA/ ?REE LANGUAGES4 

0,?IS L+UI/IC V>IETY E/ABLI%ES A SPECIAL RELATION BO? BETWE5 ! ,SWISS & NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES & AMONG ! ,SWISS !MSELVES4 ,?R\< ! LANGUAGES !Y SPEAK !Y %>E 9 ! ?REE GREAT ,EUROPEAN CULTURES BAS$ ON ,FR5*1 ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN4 ,IT IS EXTREMELY NATURAL ?AT ,ITALIAN ,SWITZ]L& %\LD FEEL A C]TA9 ATTA*M5T TO ,ITALY1 ,FR5* ,SWITZ]L& %\LD HANK] AFT] ,P>IS1 & ,G]MAN ,SWITZ]L& %\LD HAVE AFF9ITIES ) ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! C5TRIFUGAL EFFECTS ( LANGUAGE BR+ ! ,SWISS CLOS] TO !IR NEI<BORS & PREV5T P>O*IALISM & ISOLATION4 ,( ALL ! NATIONS 9 ,EUROPE ! ,SWISS >E ! MO/ ,EUROPEAN4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 H[EV]1 !Y >E ,SWISS4 ,& !Y >E SO 9 ! MO/ PATRIOTIC WAY4 ,!Y >E PR\D ( !IR POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE FROM !IR NEI<BORS & ?ANKFUL = ! PEACE & PROSP]ITY !Y 5JOY4 ,SWISS FROM ALL GR\PS NE$ ! O!RS 9 ORD] TO PROTECT !IR ID5TITY4 ,!Y HAVE MANAG$ TO TURN !IR DIFF]5CE 9TO A WAY ( /R5G!N+ ONE ANO!R4 

0,! MUTUAL EFFECTS ( !SE CONTRA/S >E DISPLAY$ 9 /RIK+ WAYS4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TRAVEL 9 ,SWITZ]L& )\T BECOM+ AW>E ( ! RI*NESS BORN ( ! L+UI/IC V>IETY4 ,COMP>$ TO O!R C\NTRIES1 ?IS IS A SMALL C\NTRY ) A SMALL POPULATION4 ,IT IS NOT1 H[EV]1 A C\NTRY ) A MONOTON\S /&>DS & LIMIT$ *>ACT]I/ICS4 

0,! ROOTS ( ! ,SWISS /ATE1 ! SUCCESS 9 CREAT+ A QUITE H>MONI\S DEMOCRACY DESPITE 9DEP5D5CE & %>P DIFF]5CES1 REPRES5TS A POLITICAL VICTORY4 ,:5 ONE LOOKS AT ! CONDITION ( ! ,SWISS1 ! IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES )9 ! C\NTRY & ! PRESSURES FROM )\T1 IT APPE>S MIRACUL\S ?AT !Y W]E ABLE TO CREATE ,SWITZ]L&1 /AY UNIT$ & EVOLVE AS A DEMOCRACY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 AS !IR C\NTRY IS AN EXCEPTION TO MANY A G5]ALIZATION1 IT PRES5TS AN EXTRAORD9>Y SUBJECT ( /UDY TO POLITICAL SCI5TI/S4 ,SWITZ]L& DOES NOT JU/ CONFIRM ! RULE1 IT AM5DS UNIV]SALLY HELD BELIEFS4 

0,9 CONCLUSION1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,SWISS 9 ! FIELD ( LANGUAGE & CULTURE CAN BE SUMM$ UP BY A P>ADOX4 ,L+UI/IC V>IETY1 RA!R ?AN WEAK5+ !IR UNION1 HAS /R5G!N$ IT1 & !IR TOL]ANCE ( ?IS V>IETY IS BO? ! CAUSE & ! \TCOME ( !IR DEMOCRACY40 7,DEMOCRATIC ,CIVILIZATION1 PP4 #a#b#e-#a#b#h7 

,!SE EXAMPLES (F] A /RIK+ DEMON/RATION ( ! WAY L+UI/IC & CULTURAL DIFF]5CES >E /R5G!N$ 9 A /ATE ( 9DEP5D5CE UND] DEMOCRACY & 5D UP BE+ BO? ITS CAUSE & \TCOME4 ,!RE >E D\BTLESS MANY LESSONS TO BE DRAWN 9 T]MS ( ,TURKEY1 TOO1 BECOM+ A MOSAIC ( LANGUAGES & CULTURES4 ,! LESSONS TO BE DRAWN >E /RIK+ 9DE$ :5 ONE BE>S 9 M9D ?AT ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM CAN ULTIMATELY BE R$UC$ TO A PROBLEM ( LANGUAGE & CULTURE4 

,LET ME QUOTE ANO!R PASSAGE1 ?IS TIME CONC]N+ ! MEAN+ ( A DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION4 ,?IS1 TOO1 IS A SUBJECT ?AT HAS A CURR5T RELEVANCE = ,TURKEY4 

0,! FIR/ PRECONDITION = A DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION IS ?AT EV]YONE SUBJECT TO ! /ATE %\LD BE EQUAL AS CITIZ5S & HAVE AN EQUAL %>E 9 CONTROLL+ ! ELECTION ( (FICIALS4 ,:AT ?IS MEANS IS ?AT A DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION WILL NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 CITIZ5S & SUBJECTS1 TREAT+ ONE AS FIR/ & ! O!R AS SECOND-CLASS CITIZ5S4 ,)9 ! CONTEXT ( FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS & RESPONSIBILITIES1 IT WILL NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 CITIZ5S ON ! BASIS ( RACE1 FAI?1 LANGUAGE1 SEX1 FAMILY OR WEAL?4 ,9 A DEMOCRACY EV]YONE WILL BE EQUAL AS REG>DS !SE FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS4 ,! CONCLUSION TO BE DRAWN FROM ALL ?IS IS ?AT P]HAPS :O >E KN[+LY EXCLUD$ OR RELEGAT$ TO A SECOND>Y LEVEL BY A CON/ITUTION CANNOT BE REPRES5T$ BY IT4 ,TO ! EXT5T SU* A GR\P EXI/S1 ! CON/ITUTION IS NOT DEMOCRATIC4 ,IF SU* GR\PS OPPOSE ! CON/ITUTION & REFUSE TO BE B\ND BY IT1 !Y WILL BE MORALLY & POLITICALLY 9 ! RI<T BECAUSE ! CON/ITUTION HAS REJECT$ !M4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 DEMOCRACY CANNOT BE IMPLEM5T$1 ?R\< A CON/ITUTION OR ANY O!R MEANS1 AMONG GR\PS :I* REJECT EA* O!R'S NATURAL HUMAN EXI/5CE OR ! COMMON *>ACT] !Y %>E4 ,A DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION MU/ FIR/ (F ALL CONTA9 A UNITY ACCEPT$ BY EV]YONE40 7,DEMOCRATIC ,CIVILIZATION1 P4#c#d#h7 

,ANO!R EXAMPLE IS PROVID$ BY ,BRITA94 ,IT HAS ! REPUTATION ( HAV+ ! BE/ APPLI$ CON/ITUTION 9 ! WORLD4 ,IT IS ALSO ! =EMO/ C\NTRY = SOLV+ PROBLEMS )9 DEMOCRACY )\T RESORT+ TO VIOL5CE4 ,IT IS /RIK+ H[ ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS WAS >RIV$ AT4 

0,TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,BRITONS CAN HAVE !IR SMALL >GUM5TS 9 SECURITY1 BECAUSE ! ,5GLI% & ! ,SCOTS1 ! ,WEL% & ! ,IRI%1 ,PROTE/ANTS & ,CA?OLICS1 >I/OCRATS & COMMON]S HAVE COMMITT$ !IR ACTS ( G5OCIDE & EXPLOITATION & MURD] 9 =M] TIMES & >E DONE ) !M4 ,! PEACE ( TODAY IS ! FRUIT ( ! CRISES ( YE/]DAY40 

,IT IS CLE> H]E :AT A P]FECT CON/ITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY !Y HAVE MANAG$ TO EXTRACT FROM ! MULTI-FACET$ QU>RELS ( ! C5TURY4 ,!IR GREATE/ VIRTUE IS ! CREATION ( A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,! LANGUAGE ( DEMOCRACY IS EVOLUTION & ! ,BRITI% >E EXP]TS AT ?IS4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT PASSAGE CONC]NS ! REEXAM9ATION ( PR9CIPLES & PROGRAMS AFT] !IR IMPLEM5TATION 9 ?IS P]IOD4 

0,BUT1 IF PR9CIPLES >E1 AS IS NATURAL1 E/ABLI%$ BE=E PROGRAMS1 IT IS A FACT ?AT !Y HAVE TO BE LOOK$ AT AGA9 AFT] PROGRAMS >E DEVELOP$4 ,IDEALS MI<T & %\LD BE US$ TO />T A MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 AS EXP]I5CE BROAD5S1 IT MI<T BE NECESS>Y TO RE-=MULATE IDEALS 9 ! LI<T ( :AT IS POSSIBLE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE MU/ BE A CON/ANT EX*ANGE BETWE5 POLITICAL IMPLEM5TATION & ! PHILOSOPHY BEH9D IT4 ,BECAUSE CON/ANTLY APPLI$ PROGRAMS *ANGE ! POPULATION1 !Y HAVE AN EFFECT ON SOCIETY & POLITICS4 ,GOALS :I* W]E EXCIT+ = GR&FA!RS BECOME MEAN+LESS NURS]Y RHYMES = !IR GR&*ILDR54 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO TAILOR AB/RACT IDEALS TO *ANG+ SPECIFIC CONDITIONS40 

,?IS MAKES IT V]Y CLE> H[1 9 DEMOCRACIES1 9 SPECIFIC CIRCUM/ANCES OR :]E PR9CIPLES >E NOT COMPATIBLE ) PRACTICE1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS MU/ ADAPT !IR PR9CIPLES & PROGRAMS & ! /ATE MU/ ADAPT ITS CON/ITUTION4 ,IT IS ALSO CLE> ?AT PR9CIPLES & PROGRAMS :I* REMA9 9COMPATIBLE ) PRACTICE = A LONG TIME CAN HAVE NO VALUE4 ,:AT MU/ BE GA!R$ FROM ! LONG PASSAGES QUOT$ IS ?AT1 9 ! WORDS ( A SAY+ ?AT HAS BECOME FAM\S 9 ,TURKEY1 0,9 DEMOCRACIES SOLUTIONS >E 5DLESS04 ,H[EV]1 IT IS CLE> ?AT PRACTICE HAS NOT ALTOGE!R KEPT UP ) ?IS SAY+4 ,:5 WE PUT ! QUE/ION ( :AT /AGE WE >E AT 9 ! PROCESS ( DEMOCRATIZATION & :AT PROBLEMS WE >E FAC$ ) ON ! AG5DA ) CONVICTION & DET]M9ATION1 IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT WE HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY = A GREAT SOLUTION4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES ON ! :OLE SOLV$ !IR MO/ IMPORTANT NATIONAL1 L+UI/IC & RELIGI\S PROBLEMS AT ! />T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & SET UP !IR PRES5T /RONG DEMOCRACIES1 & ?AT ?IS REGIME IS MA9LY RESPONSIBLE = !IR EXT5SIVE DEVELOPM5T & SUP]IORITY4 ,EUROPEANIZATION 9 ?IS S5SE WAS A GOAL 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,ATATURK'S DESIRE 0TO REA* & EV5 EXCE$ ! LEVEL ( CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION0 & HIS SAY+ 0,WE SET UP ! ,REPUBLIC2 Y\ WILL TAKE IT FUR!R0 CAN BECOME REALITIES ONLY ?R\< ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,! ,REPUBLIC ITSELF1 ! ,FE?I ,OKY> CAB9ET ) LIB]AL LEAN+S 9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 ! ,FREE ,P>TY EXP]IM5T >E EXPRESSIONS ( ,ATATURK'S YE>N+ = DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS CLE> FROM HIS HAV+ SE5 TWO MAJOR =MS ( GOV]NM5T ( HIS DAY1 ! ,NAZI TOTALIT>IANISM ( ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY & ,/AL9'S ,SOVIET DICTATOR%IP1 & SAID1 0,!SE SY/EMS %ALL COLLAPSE01 ?AT ! SUP]IORITY ( DEMOCRACY WAS P]CEIV$ EV5 9 ?OSE DAYS1 BUT C\LD NOT BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,! FLAG ( DEMOCRACY WAV$ BY ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> WAS = %[ ONLY & IT FAIL$ TO A*IEVE ANY?+ MORE ?AN LEAD+ TO AN OLIG>*Y4 ,S9CE ! FIFTIES ,TURKEY HAS CON/ANTLY SPOK5 ( A WE/]N-/YLE DEMOCRACY1 BUT %E HAS NOT APPLI$ IT4 ,?IS HAS BR\<T AB\T HEAVY CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! RI<T & ! LEFT & ?REE MAJOR MILIT>Y C\PS4 ,! FACT ?AT ! POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T IS CON/ANTLY FILL$ ) ?IS VIOL5CE & IS T5SE AS A RESULT PROVES ?AT DEMOCRACY HAS NOT DEVELOP$4 ,! FACT ?AT ! EFFECTS ( ?IS >E /ILL BE+ EXP]I5C$ TODAY IS ! MO/ RELEVANT SUBJECT ( \R TIME4 

 "9"9"9 

,AS = ! REGIONS ) A CONC5TRATION ( ,KURDS1 IT IS CLE>1 ?AT :ATEV] ONE CALLS IT1 A REBELLION & GREAT SUFF]+ & VIOL5CE >E BE+ EXP]I5C$ 9 !SE >EAS & ?AT !RE >E S]I\S ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROBLEMS BEH9D ?IS4 ,MANY (FICIALS & GOV]NM5T 9/ITUTIONS FREQU5TLY /ATE ?IS V]BALLY & WRITE IT 9TO !IR REPORTS4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS CLE> ?AT A DEMOCRATIC UPSURGE IS ALSO TAK+ PLACE4 ,MORE ?AN TW5TY P>TIES REPRES5T+ EV] %ADE ( OP9ION & SOCIAL GR\P HAVE 5T]$ ! LA/ ELECTIONS & EV]YONE C\LD VOTE4 ,?IS IS NO SMALL DEVELOPM5T FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,IT IS EQUALLY CLE> ?AT DEMOCRACY IS NOT COMPATIBLE ) VIOL5CE & ONLY ! PEACEFUL SOLUTION ( ALL PROBLEMS ?AT LEAD TO VIOL5CE IS COMPATIBLE ) DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS !RE=E ! CASE ?AT ! /AGE WE >E AT & BO? ! RELIGI\S & E?NO-CULTURAL PROBLEMS ?AT UND]LIE IT DEMON/RATE ?AT WE >E FACE TO FACE ) DEMOCRATIZATION1 & ?AT PROGRESS IS SYNONYM\S ) ! SOLV+ ( !SE PROBLEMS BY DEMOCRATIC MEANS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO SEE IT V]Y CLE>LY ?AT1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! TWO HUNDR$ YE>S S9CE ! TOPPL+ ( ,SELIM ,I,I,I AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! CONCLUSION ( ! 0,TREATY ( ,AGREEM5T0 ) LEAD+ FIGURES1 ?AT ,TURKEY HAS LIV$ ?R\< EV]Y K9D ( VIOL5CE1 REVOLUTION1 C\NT]-REVOLUTION & C\P1 & ?AT IT IS N[ CLE> ?AT VIOL5CE IS NOT A SOLUTION BUT AN OB/ACLE :I* 9DE$ REPEATS ITSELF TO EXCESS4 

,I BELIEVE ?IS IS ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL SUBJECT ON :I* !RE IS A CONS5SUS AMONG ALL GR\PS 9 ,TURKEY4 ,NO ONE BELIEVES PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLV$ ?R\< VIOL5CE4 ,?IS IS PROV5 ALSO BY ! HI/ORIC /AGE WE >E GO+ ?R\<1 :I* APPE>S TO HAVE DRAWN ITS GREATE/ LESSON FROM HI/ORY &1 ?AT DESPITE ITS GREAT CAPACITY = VIOL5CE1 USES ?IS CAPACITY TO DIRECT A CREATIVE CONTEMPOR>Y DEMOCRACY 9/EAD1 & HAS CLE>LY BE5 RUN BY ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL CONCEPTS S9CE ! MID #a#i#iS4 ,! >MY DOES NOT /AGE A C\P4 ,! >MY IS MORE S5SITIVE ?AN ! MO/ SEEM+LY DEMOCRATIC P>TIES4 ,IT BE>S 9 M9D /&>DS ( DEMOCRACY4 ,9 \R DAY1 :5 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! >MY & DEMOCRACY IS UND] /UDY1 ! FACT ?AT ! >MY HAS TAK5 UPON ITSELF TO BE ! PROTECTOR ( DEMOCRATIC NORMS1 AT A TIME :5 EV]YONE WANTS MORE DEMOCRACY = !MSELVES1 IS ( C\RSE CONNECT$ ) ! SECURITY ( ! C\NTRY4 ,H[EV]1 ! >MY'S ABILITY TO P]CEIVE ?AT EV5 ?IS SECURITY = :I* IT IS RESPONSIBLE IS CONNECT$ ) DEMOCRACY1 IS A HI<-M9D$ APPROA* WOR?Y ( RESPECT4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 TOO1 ?IS IS AN HI/ORIC /AGE 9 DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT A SOLUTION IS BE+ LOOK$ = ON ! BASIS ?AT 9 A DEMOCRACY SOLUTIONS >E 5DLESS4 ,IF ?IS HAD NOT BE5 COMPREH5D$1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 A C\P & NO?+ & NO ONE W\LD HAVE BE5 ABLE TO /OP IT4 ,TODAY ! >MY IS NOT A ?REAT TO DEMOCRACY1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y A =CE ?AT GU>ANTEES ?AT DEMOCRACY WILL MOVE ON TO ! NEXT /AGE 9 A HEAL?Y MANN] & CONT9UE WORK+4 ,:Y IS ?IS SO8 ,IT IS SO BECAUSE !RE IS NO SOLUTION LEFT TO ! PROBLEMS O!R ?AN WORDS & ACTION CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! ESS5CE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS SO BECAUSE VIOL5CE CAN NO LONG] SOLVE PROBLEMS BUT 9/EAD MAKES !M WORSE1 & SOLUTIONS MU/ H5CE=? COME FROM ! 9T]NAL CREATIVITY ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,IT IS SO BECAUSE DEMOCRACY HAS /OPP$ BE+ SIMPLY A NE$ = ,TURKEY & BECOME 9ESCAPABLE4 ,I FEEL ! NE$ TO ASK ?AT IT %\LD BE RECALL$ AS A HI/ORICAL FACT ?AT1 S9CE #a#i#i#f1 ,I HAVE APPROV$ ( ?IS ROLE PLAY$ BY ! >MY ) C>E1 & SAID EV5 BACK !N ?AT WE HAD NO OPTION BUT TO HELP !M1 & ?AT ,I HAVE 9CREAS+LY S\<T A SOLUTION 9 ?IS DIRECTION BY 9/IGAT+ UNILAT]AL BUT UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS AT A CEASE-FIRE4 

,! FACT ?AT MORE OR LESS ALL O!R IMPORTANT POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & CIVILIAN 9/ITUTIONS >E1 EV5 IF !Y DO NOT EXPLICITLY SAY SO1 5GAG$ 9 A GREAT SE>* = DEMOCRACY1 & !RE IS NO GR\P :I* DOES NOT WANT A MEAN+FUL DEMOCRACY1 ALSO S]VES TO DEMON/RATE ! HI/ORIC *>ACT] ( ?IS EPO*4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO SEE ?IS 9 MANY REPORTS1 CONF]5CES1 DISCUSSION PANELS4 ,! VIRTUAL BOMB>DM5T 9 ?IS RESPECT 9 MANY M$IA ORGANIZATIONS ALSO %[S ?IS IS A HI/ORIC P]IOD & ITS HI/ORIC NATURE LIES 9 ITS DEMOCRATIC NATURE4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS ALSO ! CASE ?AT FROM ! UPP]MO/ LEVELS ( GOV]NM5T TO ORD9>Y CITIZ5S EV]YONE IS AGRE$ ?AT :AT IS BE+ IMPLEM5T$ IS NOT REAL DEMOCRACY4 ,( ! HEADS ( FUNDAM5TAL /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 ?OSE ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,C\RT & ! ,/ATE ,C\NCIL N[ADAYS SPEAK ( ! NE$ TO REMOVE ! OB/ACLES - />T+ ) ! BANS AGA9/ LANGUAGE1 ?\<T & POLITICAL P>TIES - 9 ! WAY ( DEMOCRATIC /&>DS 9 ! SPEE*ES !Y GIVE ON ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! F\ND+ ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!RE >E EV5 PROBLEMS ) SWE>+-9 9 ,P>LIAM5T4 ,! POSITION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! /ATE ) RESPECT TO DEMOCRACY DEMON/RATE ! S5SITIVITY & HI/ORIC IMPORTANCE ( ! EPO*4 ,! FOLL[+ PASSAGES >E IMPORTANT AS A SUMM>Y ( EXP]I5CES ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD :I* %[ H[ DEMOCRACY CAN PROVIDE A SOLUTION TO CONFLICTS :I* HAVE REA*$ SU* A SCALE3 

0,H[EV]1 CONFLICT HAS ! NATURE ( IMPOS+ C]TA9 LIMITS4 ,IF IT IS NOT CONTROLL$1 IT CAN BE DEVA/AT+ 5\< TO DE/ROY ITSELF4 ,UNLESS WE MANAGE TO LIMIT \R IMPULSE TO DE/ROY1 WE CANNOT LIVE AS CIVILIZ$ BE+S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! NE$ >ISES TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE \R CONFLICTS & TO F9D ME?ODICAL ASSURANCES = !M4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :ILE DISCUSS+ :AT IDEALS WE HAVE TO REA* 9 ! FUTURE1 WE HAVE TO CONDUCT \R PRES5T LIVES )9 AN ORD]LY FRAMEWORK4 ,JU/ AS ! CONFLICTS ( TODAY WILL LEAD TO ! ,O,R,D,] ?AT WILL EXI/ TOMORR[1 ! PRES5T ,O,R,D,] IS ! \TCOME ( CONFLICTS 9 ! PA/4 ,= SOCIETY TO REMA9 9 EXI/5CE1 ITS ADM9I/RATION MU/ BE ORGANIZ$ 9 A WAY ?AT COMPREH5DS CITIZ5S1 RULES1 AN ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 RI<TS & P]SONS ) AU?ORITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !RE MU/ BE A /ATE4 ,H[EV]1 AGA9 = ?IS SOCIETY TO ADAPT TO *ANGE & EVOLVE1 POLITICAL DISCUSSION MU/1 )9 ! /ATE1 BE ABLE TO F9D A WAY ( RESPOND+ TO *ANGE & !REBY BR++ REALITY CLOS] TO IDEALS4 ,9/ITUTIONS :I* WORK WELL & CONT9UE TO EXI/ >E ?OSE :I* E/ABLI% A BALANCE BETWE5 BE+ OP5 TO *ANGES & PROTECT+ !MSELVES4 ,IF ?IS BALANCE IS NOT E/ABLI%$1 ! APP>ATUS ( ADM9I/RATION WILL F9D ITSELF 9 CONFLICT ) ! =CES ?AT EVOLVE )9 ! POLITICAL PROCESS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE IS A T5SION BETWE5 POLITICS & ! /ATE4 ,! DYNAMIC QUALITIES ( POLITICS PU% AGA9/ ! /ATIC NATURE ( ! /ATE4 ,POLITICS HAS ! NATURE ( BE+ FLUID4 ,IT IS LIKE A SEA :]E =CES ?AT >E DIFFICULT TO GOV]N & *ECK >E TOSS+ AB\T4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! /ATE HAS A C]TA9 /RUCTURE4 ,IT SEEKS UNITY & /R5G?2 ITS /&>DS >E LAW & ORD] & AU?ORITY4 ,JU/ AS ! SEA ET]NALLY BATT]S ! L&1 ! WAVES ( POLITICS KEEP BATT]+ ! /ATE4 ,!IR PO9T ( CONTACT IS ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS MEET+ IS LIKE A METAPHYSICAL RIDDLE AB\T AN IRRESI/IBLE =CE LIFT+ AN IMMOVABLE ROCK4 ,9DE$1 ?IS IS ! SORT ( ?+ ?AT HAPP5S 9 MOM5TS ( POLITICAL UPRIS+ SU* AS A REVOLUTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 A SY/EM NE$S TO BE E/ABLI%$ ?AT WILL REMOVE A ,T,5,S,I,O,N ( ?IS K9D4 ,?IS SY/EM IS ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y4 ,AMONG =MS ( GOV]NM5T DEMOCRACY IS ,U,N,I,Q,U,E 9 ITS NATURE & ITS ME?OD ( APPROA*+ !SE PROBLEMS4 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ITS GOALS IT IS PREV5TIVE TO SOME EXT5T4 ,IT PREV5TS CONFLICTS BETWE5 9T]E/S1 GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS FROM BECOM+ DE/RUCTIVE4 ,H[EV]1 TO A L>G] EXT5T1 IT IS ,C,O,N,/,R,U,C,T,I,V,E4 ,BY BR++ TOGE!R ! POLITICAL 5]GIES ( DIFF]5T GR\PS IT TRIES TO S]VE ! PUBLIC GOOD4 ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y TRIES TO E/ABLI% A RELATION%IP 9 :I* POLITICS CAN BE CREATIVE & ! /ATE CAN BE S5SITIVE4 ,! GOAL ( DEMOCRACY IS ! R5D] ! ROCK MOVABLE & ! =CE RESI/IBLE40 7,DEMOCRATIC ,CIVILIZATION1 P4#b#c#e7 

,! PO9T ,I REALLY WI% TO EMPHASIZE H]E IS ?AT DEMOCRACY ACTS AS A REAL M$IC9E 9 P]IODS :5 ! POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T IS T5SE & IS %AK5 FROM TIME TO TIME BY UPRIS+S & REBELLIONS4 ,I WI% TO EMPHASIZE ?AT1 AS WELL AS PREV5T+ EXTREME MOVES ON ! P>TS ( 9T]E/S1 DEMOCRACY ALL[S !IR JU/IFI$ ASPECTS TO BE REALIZ$ ?R\< /ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,I WI% TO EMPHASIZE ?AT IT TRANSC5DS T5SION & CONFLICT ) A WOND]FUL BALANCE4 ,?AT IT HAS IDEAL GOV]NM5TS :I*1 ?ANKS TO ! SUITABILITY ( DEMOCRATIC /ATE 9/ITUTIONS = SU* A PURPOSE1 CAN (F] A SOLUTION )\T ALL[+ DIFF]5T K9DS ( POLITICS & ! =CES BEH9D !SE TO COME 9TO CONFLICT4 ,H]E EV]Y PROBLEM IS BALANC$ ?R\< A /ATE1 I4E4 A GOV]NM5T1 ?AT HAS BE5 R5D]$ S5SITIVE ?R\< DEMOCRACY1 )\T RESORT+ TO VIOL5CE1 & 9DE$ PROBLEMS >E MADE TO S]VE ! PUBLIC GOOD 9 ! BE/ POSSIBLE WAY4 ,T5SIONS & ! =CES & CONFLICTS BEH9D !SE1 :I* LEAD TO DEVA/ATION & MASSACRES UND] O!R REGIMES1 >E R5D]$ B5EFICIAL TO ALL UND] DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS IS :]E WE SEE ! IMM5SE CREATIVITY ( DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS ALSO %[S :]E ! SUP]IORITY ( WE/]N SOCIETIES REALLY COMES FROM4 ,?OSE :O CANNOT TRANS=M !IR DE/RUCTIVE 5]GY 9TO CON/RUCTIV5ESS - & :AT WILL A*IEVE SU* A TRANS=MATION IS DEMOCRATIC /&>DS - WILL ( C\RSE LOSE 9 A BIG WAY1 & ?OSE :O CAN DO SO WILL W94 ,TURKEY'S LOSSES HAVE BE5 5ORM\S DUR+ ! LA/ HALF C5TURY BECAUSE ( H] 9ABILITY TO TRANS=M ! NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( POLITICAL T5SION & VIOL5CE & ! 5]GY CONTA9$ !RE9 9TO SOME?+ B5EFICIAL TO 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS4 ,AS WELL AS LOS+ A G5]ATION1 RES\RCES ( UNLIMIT$ MAT]IAL & MORAL VALUE HAVE BE5 LO/4 ,!RE HAS BE5 9F9ITE SUFF]+4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO REGRET ?IS 9 A BIG WAY :5 ONE CONSID]S ALL ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 WON 9/EAD IF ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM HAD BE5 AGRE$ ON 9 ! CONVICTION ?AT IT C\LD BE MANAG$ & EV]YONE HAD ABID$ BY ITS REQUIREM5TS4 ,ESPECIALLY ! EXP]I5CES ( ! LA/ =TY YE>S 9DICATE ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC EPO* ,TURKEY IS 9 MU/ NOT ONLY BE WON 9 ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL WAY POSSIBLE BUT ?AT IT IS ALSO ! ONE 9DISP5SABLE SOLUTION4 

,I HAVE TRI$ TO SUM UP ! *>ACT] ( ! ,TURKI% ,REPUBLIC1 ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS ( ITS EM]G5CE & ! NATIONAL & SOCIAL REALITIES )9 IT1 ,I HAVE GIV5 A BRIEF HI/ORY ( ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & EV5 COMP>$ IT TO ! 9T]NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC SY/EM 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% A FRAMEWORK = ?IS TRIAL & ! ,KURDI% - OR1 IF Y\ PREF] TO CALL IT ?AT1 S\?-EA/]N OR T]ROR - PROBLEM4 ,! JO9T /RUGGLE ( ! F\NDATION P]IOD IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A BITT] PROBLEM :5 UPRIS+S & ! SOCIAL REASONS BEH9D !M PREV5T A FREE UNION FROM COM+ AB\T4 ,EV]Y UPRIS+ MAKES ! PROBLEM WORSE4 ,TOGE!R ) ! HI/ORICAL REASONS BEH9D IT1 IT IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A REALITY ?AT BURNS EV]YONE :O APPROA*ES IT1 9TO A W\ND$1 EXTREMELY PA9FUL1 TRAGIC REALITY4 ,AL?\< ! NATIONS & V>I\S ( GR\PS 9 C\NTRIES ALL OV] ! WORLD :I* EXP]I5C$ SIMIL> PROBLEMS & W]E 9DE$ AT EA* O!R'S ?ROATS = C5TURIES ATTA9$ A WOND]FUL P[] TO SOLVE !IR PROBLEMS & BR\<T AB\T FRUITFUL UNIONS 9 ! C5TURY ( ! ,REPUBLIC 7,SWITZ]L& HAS BE5 CIT$ AS A /RIK+ EXAMPLE71 TURN+ !IR LANGUAGES & RELIGIONS 9TO ! F\NDATIONS ( !IR 9DEP5D5CE & DEMOCRACY & DO+ SO DESPITE ! SEP>ATI/ =CES SURR\ND+ !M1 :Y WASN'T ?IS DONE H]E8 ,:Y1 DESPITE A COMMON HI/ORY & RELIGION & 9DE$ L+UI/IC & CULTURAL AFF9ITIES1 ! WAG+ ( ! W> ( LIB]ATION & ! SETT+ UP ( ! ,REPUBLIC TOGE!R1 C\LD REBELLIONS NOT BE PREV5T$8 ,:Y WAS ?IS ASPECT NOT DEVELOP$1 :Y W]E WE UNABLE TO 5D[ ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC1 :I* MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS GOV]NM5T BY ! PEOPLE1 ) ! P[] TO SOLVE ?IS PROBLEM8 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 H[ >E WE GO+ TO 5D[ IT ) ?IS P[]8 ,9 ! LI<T ( ! EXP]I5CE ( O!R NATIONS 9 ! WORLD IT IS POSSIBLE TO SEE ?AT ! PROBLEM IS NOT ONLY CAPABLE ( A SOLUTION BUT IS ACCOMPANI$ BY NE>LY IDEAL CONDITIONS4 ,! FACT ( 9T]M+L+1 A COMMON C\NTRY1 CULTURAL AFF9ITIES BORN ( C5TURIES ( NATURAL ASSIMILATION 9 LANGUAGE & RELIGION1 &1 MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 HAV+ CONT9U\SLY LIV$ UND] ! UMBRELLA ( ! SAME /ATE1 %[ H[ DEVELOP$ ! OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS >E = A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION4 ,IT IS ALSO A FACT ?AT1 UND] ! EXI/+ CONFLICTS1 ! TWO SIDES >E ( A TYPE ?AT IS ! CLOSE/ TO A UNION BY WORLD /&>DS4 ,H]E UNION IS AS SUIT$ TO ! OBJECTIVE F\NDATION AS SEP>ATISM IS 9COMPATIBLE ) IT4 ,I W5T 9TO ! GR\NDS = ?IS 9 ! RELEVANT SECTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 9 ESS5CE BO?1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! OPPOSITION TO ! ,REPUBLIC ( ! TRADITIONAL ,KURDI% RUL+ CLASS1 ! FEEL+ ( ! DYNA/IES & TRIBAL LEAD]S LONG ACCU/OM$ TO DO+ AS !Y PLEASE ?AT ! NEW ORD] WAS NOT COMPATIBLE ) !IR 9T]E/S1 & !IR ABILITY TO CAUSE A PEOPLE1 :OM !Y HAD TI$ TO !MSELVES ) FEUDAL TRIBAL & RELIGI\S TIES OV] ! C5TURIES1 TO REBEL2 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! 9ABILITY ( ! ,REPUBLIC TO E/ABLI% ITS DEMOCRATIC F\NDATIONS = ?IS REASON HAVE UND\BT$LY L$ CONFLICTS MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( DE/RUCTIV5ESS & SEP>ATISM4 ,9/EAD ( BLAM+ ! P>TIES1 ,I AM TRY+ TO ASSESS !M SCI5TIFICALLY H]E4 ,I AM SAY+ ?AT1 AL?\< ! F\NDATIONS W]E PROMIS+1 SOON ! NATURAL ANXIETY ( ONE SIDE TO PROTECT ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ! /RUGGLE ( ! O!R SIDE TO PROTECT ITS 9T]E/S DEVELOP$ OV] C5TURIES1 MADE IT DIFFICULT = !M TO CROSS ! BRIDGE 9 A FRI5DLY1 BRO!RLY MANN]1 & ! PROBLEM GOT WORSE4 ,EXTREME VIOL5CE1 FE>1 SUFF]+ & E/RANGEM5T CAME AB\T4 ,IT WAS AS IF H5CE=? ! ,REPUBLIC W\LD SUPPRESS & D5Y1 & ! ,KURDS W\LD SAY1 0,I EXI/1 BUT ,I AM RUNN+ AWAY1 ,I AM REBELL+04 ,?IS IS H[ ! TRAG$Y & ! BITT] DIVISION CAME AB\T4 ,9 FACT ?IS %\LD NOT HAVE HAPP5$4 ,AS NATURAL ASSIMILATION HAD BR\<T ,KURDS & ,TURKS SO CLOSE OV] ! C5TURIES1 !RE WAS NO NE$ = D5IAL & ! USE ( =CE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ACCEPTANCE ( ,TURKI% AS ! (FICIAL LANGUAGE & ITS DEVELOPM5T W]E ONLY NATURAL4 ,! ,TURKS W]E AT ! ROOT ( ! TRANS=MATION ( ,TURKEY 9TO A NATION1 & SO NO ONE C\LD OBJECT TO ?IS1 IT WAS NATURAL4 ,AS !Y W]E FUNDAM5TAL F\ND+ ELEM5T ( ! /ATE1 IT C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 O!RWISE4 ,?IS WAS ! HI/ORIC MEAN+ ( EV]YONE P>TICIPAT+ 9 ?IS TRANS=MATION 9TO A NATION & ,ATATURK SAY+1 0,HAPPY IS ! ONE :O CAN SAY1 ,I AM A ,TURK04 ,IT WAS FIR/ ( ALL ,ATATURK :O SAID ?IS AB\T ! ,TURKS :OM ! ,OTTOMANS HAD LABEL$ 0,TURKS 9CAPABLE ( COMPREH5SION04 ,JU/ AS 9DIVIDUALS FROM DIFF]5T ORIG9S CAN USE ! ,5GLI% !Y SPEAK 9 COMMON TO SAY1 0,I AM AN ,AM]ICAN0 & 9DE$ EV5 9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,SWITZ]L&1 :I* HAS F\R LANGUAGES & CULTURES1 !Y CAN SAY1 0,I AM ,SWISS01 !RE IS NO?+ /RANGE AB\T SPEAK+ ( ! EXI/5CE ( A S+LE NATIONAL ID5TITY 9 :I* ALL %>E 9 ,TURKEY4 ,NATIONAL UNITY IS NOT BE+ QUE/ION$ H]E & IT MU/ NOT BE QUE/ION$4 ,! SAME IS TRUE TO A GREAT] EXT5T ( ! UNITY ( ! C\NTRY & ! /ATE4 ,AL?\< !SE FACTS >E EVID5T1 !IR MEAN+ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( SOCIOLOGY & POLITICAL SCI5CE IS NOT EXAM9$ 9 DEP?1 & !Y >E 9/EAD US$ = A *AUV9I/IC & EXTREME NATIONALISM & TURN$ 9TO A PROBLEM4 ,AL?\< ,ATATURKI/ NATIONALISM IS NOT A NATIONALISM ( RACE OR ORIG9S & IS BAS$ ON A NATIONAL CULTURE ?AT HAS EVOLV$ ?R\< HI/ORY1 DEVIATION FROM ?IS NATIONALISM PREP>ES ! GR\ND = A NATIONALISM OPPOS$ TO IT4 ,:5 !SE NATIONALI/ APPROA*ES1 :I* W]E NOT MU* 9 EVID5CE DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! F\ND+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 COMB9$ ) ! DOM9ANT ASPECTS ( ,KURDI% SOCIETY1 !Y GOT DEEP]4 ,IT WAS NOT ?\<T TO OPT = A ,EUROPEAN-/YLE DEMOCRATIC ACCEPTANCE & BO? TO PREV5T L+UI/IC1 CULTURAL1 RELIGI\S & E?NIC DIFF]5CES FROM DEVELOP+ 9TO CONFLICTS & TO TURN !M 9TO =CES S]V+ ! COMMON GOOD 9 ! DEMOCRATIC CAULDRON4 ,9DE$1 DEMOCRACY WAS PU%$ 5TIRELY TO ONE SIDE1 & ! CLASS DIFF]5CES ?AT GREW AFT] ! FIFTIES L$ TO AN OLIG>*IC /RUCTURE ?AT WAS A B>RI] TO DEMOCRACY4 ,:5 ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM WAS NOT GIV5 A *ANCE TO SOLVE CONFLICTS ( CLASS1 LANGUAGE1 CULTURE & EV5 RELIGION :I* W]E TO GET /EADILY WORSE1 ! PROBLEMS L$ TO R5EW$ FI<T+ 9 ! SEV5TIES4 ,AL?\< A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION %\LD EASILY HAVE BE5 F\ND = ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM TOGE!R ) O!R PROBLEMS1 BO? BECAUSE ( ITS HI/ORIC F\NDATIONS & BECAUSE ( ! WORLD-WIDE CONFLICTS ( ! P]IOD 9 QUE/ION1 IT TURN$ 9TO A P[D] KEG 9 ! H&S ( ! Y\NG PEOPLE ( ! DAY4 ,BE=E WE GOT TO KN[ ! /ATE1 SOCIETY & HI/ORY1 WE F\ND \RSELVES 9 ! MID/ ( A REBELLION 9 ! NAME ( ! ,P,K,K BECAUSE ( \R DOGMATIC1 IDEOLOGICAL APPROA* & \R UTOPIAN POLITICS4 ,! PROBLEM :I* HAD BE5 LY+ DORMANT = YE>S BUR/ 9TO LIFE AGA9 & TURN$ 9TO A REBELLION4 ,NO K9D ( VIOL5CE CAN GET ?IS F> UNLESS IT HAS A SOCIAL BASIS4 ,EV]YONE KN[S ?AT T]RORISM BY 9DIVIDUALS CAN GO ONLY SO F>4 ,9 ANY CASE1 !RE IS NO ACT ( VIOL5CE :I* DOES NOT HAVE A SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,VIOL5CE )\T A PURPOSE IS ! MO/ DANG]\S K9D ( VIOL5CE1 & CONSEQU5TLY IT IS A CRIME4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS CLE> ?AT A CONFLICT :I* HAS LONG AGO MOV$ BEYOND BE+ A W>1 :I* AT TIMES HAS CO/S HUNDR$S ( LIVES ON A S+LE DAY1 & :I* HAS AFFECT$ MILLIONS = SU* A LONG TIME CAN ONLY RESULT FROM A PROBLEM ) DEEP HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL ROOTS4 ,! ,P,K,K CAN AT MO/ HAVE ACT$ AS A FUZE4 ,:AT ,I AM TRY+ TO %[ H]E IS NOT ONLY ! WAY 9 :I* ! PROBLEM EM]G$ BUT ALSO H[ IT WAS SOLV$ ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD & ! =M IT HAS TAK5 9 ,TURKEY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,P,K,K UND] MY LEAD]%IP4 ,BECAUSE ( !IR HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE1 ,I HAD TO DEAL 9 DETAIL ) ASPECTS NOT ALLUD$ TO AT ALL BY ! RESPECT$ PROSECUTORS 9 !IR 9DICTM5T4 ,FROM A LEGAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! /ATUS ( ! ,P,K,K IS CLE>1 BUT IF WE DO NOT UND]L9E ! HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL DIM5SIONS ( ! PROBLEM & COMP>E IT ) PROBLEMS ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD TO :I* A SOLUTION HAS BE5 F\ND1 ?IS TRIAL WILL HAVE BE5 WA/$4 ,A HI/ORIC TRIAL %\LD LEAD TO A HI/ORIC SOLUTION4 ,?IS IS :AT ,TURKEY PASSIONATELY DEM&S FROM US4 ,?IS TIME R\ND1 WILL ! ,REPUBLIC DEMON/RATE ITS P[] TO F9D A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION & CREATE SU* A SOLUTION8 ,?IS IS ! QUE/ION EV]YONE IS ASK+4 ,WILL ?IS LA/ REBELLION BE SOLV$ BY A HI/ORIC DEMOCRATIC CONCILIATION & DEMOCRATIC CREATIVITY - AS ,I BELIEVE IT WILL- & 5D UP BE+ 9DE$ ! V]Y LA/ REBELLION8 ,?IS IS :AT !Y >E ASK+4 

,EV5 IF IT 9VOLVES REPETITION & 9VOLVES GO+ 9TO ?+S AT L5G?1 IT IS AS IMPORTANT TO COMP>E ! PROBLEM TO SIMIL> PROBLEMS ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD AS IT IS TO DESCRIBE ITS L9KS ) HI/ORY & SOCIETY4 ,IF ,I HAVE BRAVELY DEALT ) !SE ?+S 9 ?IS TRIAL1 IT IS BECAUSE ?IS IS MADE NECESS>Y BY ?IS ,REPUBLIC & ITS DEVELOP+ *>ACT] & NECESSITY = US TO RECOGNIZE ?IS 9 ! RI<T WAY & CONSEQU5TLY GET RECONCIL$4 ,IT IS ALSO BECAUSE ,I WANT$ TO %[ ?AT1 SCI5TIFICALLY1 WE NEI!R HAVE NOR NE$ ANO!R OPTION4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ONW>DS ,I %ALL TRY TO ANSW] ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS4 ,AL?\< IT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL *>GE 9 ! 9DICTM5T1 & AL?\< IT IS 9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,P,K,K & M5TION$ 9 MANY DECL>ATIONS ,I HAVE MADE1 IS A SEP>ATE /ATE NECESS>Y8 ,IS IT POSSIBLE8 ,IS ?IS CONFIRM$ BY WORDS & ACTIONS8 ,:AT HAS LIFE PROV58 ,IS UNION BY =CE OR SEP>ATISM /ILL AN OPTION8 ,CAN !Y (F] A SOLUTION8 ,& IF NOT1 WILL !RE BE A HI/ORIC OPPORTUNITY ?IS TIME R\ND = A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION BAS$ ON A COMMON C\NTRY & A COMMON /ATE8 

,! ,KURDI% ,PROBLEM ,9VOLVES NOT ,SEP>ATION BUT A ,DEMOCRATIC ,UNION ) ! ,REPUBLIC 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM :I* WE HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO SUMM>IZE & ! SOCIAL REALITY IT IS BAS$ ON1 %[ ?AT AS F> AS BO? ! COMMON L& & ! /ATE BUILT ON IT >E CONC]N$1 ?AT AL?\< ! ,TURKS HAVE DONE ! LEAD+1 ! ,KURDS HAVE BE5 !IR MO/ BRO!RLY FOLL[]S4 ,?OSE :O REBELL$ DID SO MORE \T ( LOCAL 9T]E/S ?AN TO F\ND A SEP>ATE /ATE & W]E UNABLE TO GO BEYOND ! N>R[ FRAMEWORK ( FAMILIES & TRIBAL AU?ORITY P]TA9+ TO ! RUL+ ELITE4 ,FROM ! />T TOO1 AT LEA/ ONE GR\P HAS BE5 CONCILIATORY4 ,EV5 IF ,KURDI% NATIONALISM HAS ULTIMATELY MADE A CLAIM TO SEP>ATISM1 9 PRACTICE IT HAS NEV] HAD ! 9T5TION1 P[] OR PREP>ATION TO BR+ ?IS AB\T4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT HAS FROM ! />T CONDEMN$ ITSELF TO BE+ UNABLE TO F9D A SOLUTION4 ,IT SEEMS TO PURSUE SEP>ATISM1 BUT 9 ! 5D IT IS ! PEOPLE :O SUFF] :5 ! /ATE TAKES ACTION4 ,& ?IS GIVES RISE TO A DAMAG$1 DISEAS$ SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,?IS 9 TURN BR+S SUSPICION1 FE>1 ANXIETY1 IGNORANCE & AN 9CREAS+ SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS ) IT4 ,& AS ! /ATE GETS TO SEE ! ,KURDS AS A PEOPLE 9 A CON/ANT /ATE ( REBELLION1 GO+ 9TO EXILE BECOMES A FEATURE ( ?IS SOCIETY4 ,IT IS AS IF EV]YONE /RIVES TO GET \T ( ! REGION4 ,! PSY*OLOGY ( P]MAN5T REBELLION IS AN EXPRESSION ( ?IS SOCIAL REALITY4 ,A /ATE CANNOT >ISE \T ( SU* A SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,NEI!R ITS 9TELLECTUAL LEVEL1 NOR ITS GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION1 NOR ITS ECONOMIC /ATE WILL P]MIT IT4 ,:5 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,KURDS & ! /ATE IS LOOK$ AT 9 A SCI5TIFIC WAY1 IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT NOT ONLY DEMOCRATIC UNION IS ! BE/ SOLUTION BUT IT IS ! ONE ?AT ! CONDITIONS >E MO/ SUIT$ TO4 ,:5 WE BE> 9 M9D SEV]AL ALT]NATIVES 9 ?IS CONTEXT WE WILL SEE ?AT3 

,A- ,! ALT]NATIVE ( A SEP>ATE /ATE IS NOT A SOLUTION EI!R 9 T]MS ( ITS CONCRETE F\NDATIONS OR ITS B5EFITS1 & AL?\< CLAIMS >E MADE = IT1 ( ALL ALT]NATIVES1 IT HAS ! LEA/ PRACTICAL VALUE4 ,EV5 IF IT W]E TO COME 9TO EXI/5CE1 IT W\LD NOT BE RECOGNIZ$ BY ANY ( ITS NEI<BORS & W\LD NOT BE RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL >5A4 ,LET US PUT ?AT TO ONE SIDE4 ,9 ORD] TO REMA9 9 EXI/5CE1 SU* A /ATE W\LD NE$ AN ECONOMY1 A LANGUAGE1 SOCIAL UNITY & DEF5SE1 & IT IS OBVI\S ?AT IT LACKS ! F\NDATIONS TO REMA9 9 EXI/5CE = EV5 ONE DAY4 ,IF1 DESPITE FULL \TSIDE SUPPORT1 EV5 AUTONOMY IS PROV+ IMPOSSIBLE = ! ,KURDS 9 ,NOR!RN ,IRAQ1 ?IS IS ALSO P>TLY DUE TO !IR 9T]NAL SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! ALT]NATIVE ( A SEP>ATE /ATE CANNOT BE ANY?+ MORE ?AN AN IDEOLOGICAL SLOGAN = ! ,KURDS4 ,9 ! PROGRAM ( ! ,P,K,K1 TOO1 IT IS REF]R$ TO AS A MATT] ( IDEOLOGY1 BUT :AT PRACTICE & HI/ORY HAVE %[N IS ! REALITY ( UNION4 ,H[EV]1 ! VITAL QUE/ION IS :AT SORT ( UNION ?IS %\LD BE4 

,B- ,ALT]NATIVES SU* AS A F$]ATION & AUTONOMY CAN BE IMPLEM5T$ TO SOME EXT5T4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! FEUDAL & TRIBAL /RUCTURE 9 ,KURDI% >EAS CAN PROVIDE A BASIS = !SE4 ,:AT IS EXP]I5C$ 9 /ATES :]E !RE IS NO DEMOCRACY & :AT WAS =M]LY EXP]I5C$ UND] FEUDALISM IS MA9LY AN E?NIC & TRIBAL AUTONOMY4 ,?IS NOT ONLY HAS NO NATIONAL *>ACT] BUT IS VALID ONLY )9 A N>R[ TRIBAL FRAMEWORK4 ,EV5 9 \R DAY ! ,BEHD9AN-,SORAN DI/9CTION AMONG ,S\!RN ,KURDS & AUTONOM\S /RUCTURES BASE ON ?IS >E NOT FULLY DEVELOP$4 ,ONCE AGA91 ! MA9 REASON IS ! P[] ( FEUDALISM4 ,:AT ! ,KURDS EXP]I5C$ 9 ! ,OTTOMAN P]IOD1 TOO1 WAS POCKETS ( 9T5SE FEUDAL AUTONOMY4 ,EV5 REBELLIONS ALWAYS CAME 9TO BE+ :5 !SE POCKETS W]E ?REAT5$4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO VIEW !SE UPRIS+S AS MOVEM5TS BAS$ ON ! FREE WILL ( ! POPULATION4 ,!IR SOCIAL /RUCTURE & \TLOOK W\LD NOT HAVE P]MITT$ !IR REA*+ SU* A /ATE4 ,DYNA/IC IDEOLOGIES & TRIBAL 9T]E/S TAKE PREC$5CE OV] EV]Y?+4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 BECAUSE EV5 9 \R DAY1 AUTONOMY & ! CONCEPT ( F$]ATION :I* IS N[ BE+ DISCUSS$ 9 ?IS CONTEXT W\LD BE DEP5D5T ON A BACKW>D SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 !Y W\LD NOT REALLY ALL[ = ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEMOCRATIC VALUES4 ,!SE W\LD DO MORE TO /R5G!N FEUDAL & TRIBAL REMNANTS4 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,S\!RN ,KURDS L>GELY PROVES ?IS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !SE >E ! =MS MO/ CONDUCIVE TO COLLABORATIONISM & BE+ A TOOL 9 ! H&S ( :OEV] WANTS TO USE IT ! MO/ & HAS ! P[] TO DO SO4 ,BECAUSE !Y HAVE NOT EVOLV$ DEMOCRATICALLY1 !Y >E QUITE OP5 TO BO? TRADITIONAL TYPES ( REBELLION & DE/RUCTION4 ,!RE=E1 AL?\< IT HAS BE5 DISCUSS$ A GREAT DEAL & TRI$ OP51 IT IS BE/ TO ADOPT A QUITE CRITICAL ATTITUDE T[>DS ?IS TYPE ( SOLUTION4 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ,KURDS 9 ,TURKEY1 ! SITUATION PRES5TS US ) MORE IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES4 ,AS WELL AS ! EXI/5CE ( DIFF]5T DIALECTS1 ! 9T]M+L+ ( ,KURDS & ,TURKS1 & ! PRES5CE ( AT LEA/ AS MANY ,KURDS 9 ! WE/ AS !RE >E 9 ! EA/ 9DICATE ?AT AUTONOMY IS NOT A PRACTICAL OPTION4 ,F$]ATION CANNOT BE APPLI$ TO ! MILLIONS ( ,KURDS 9 PROV9CES LIKE ,I/ANBUL1 ,IZMIR & ,ADANA4 ,?IS TYPE ( POPULATION DISP]SAL IS F\ND 9 MANY EXAMPLES >\ND ! WORLD & 9DICATES ?AT DEMOCRATIC NOTIONS REG>D+ LANGUAGE & CULTURE (F] A BETT] SOLUTION ?AN REGIONAL SOLUTIONS4 ,PEOPLE ( V>I\S DIFF]5T E?NIC ORIG9S >E TO BE F\ND LIV+ 9 CLOSE PROXIMITY 9 ! SAME CITIES & REGIONS1 & ?IS IS A CONTEMPOR>Y 9DICATION ?AT ! SOLUTION LIES 9 ! TURN+ ( DEMOCRACY 9TO AN 9/ITUTION4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO D]IVE GREAT] B5EFITS FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATIONS ?AN ?OSE EXPECT$ FROM AUTONOMY4 ,! DEMOGRAPHIC DI/RIBUTION ( ,KURDI% & ,TURKI% POPULATIONS IS SUITABLE NEI!R = SEP>ATION NOR = F$]ATION BUT = SOLUTIONS ?AT WILL LEAD TO ! /R5G!N+ ( !IR UNION BY MEANS ( ! REMOVAL ( ! OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( DEMOCRACY 9TO AN 9/ITUTION4 ,FROM C5TURIES ( NATURAL ASSIMILATION TO ! MUTUAL DAILY FUNCTION+ ( ! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE & SOCIAL FLUIDITY1 EV]Y?+ CON/ANTLY N>R[S ! MAT]IAL BASIS ( AUTONOMY EV5 FUR!R4 

,C- ,! ?IRD ALT]NATIVE IS ! DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION4 ,! FAILURE TO DISCUSS ! !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL ASPECTS ( ?IS APPROA*1 :I* HAS PROVID$ SOLUTIONS TO V]Y IMPORTANT PROBLEMS ALL OV] ! WORLD1 & TO PUT IT ON ! AG5DA 9 ,TURKEY UNTIL N[ IS NOT ONLY UN=TUNATE BUT ALSO AN \TCOME ( ! FAILURE ( DEMOCRACY TO DEVELOP 9 A CONSI/5T & S]I\S WAY4 ,9 FACT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO F9D ! IDEAL APPROA* TO ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM 9 ! !ORY ( DEMOCRACY & ITS RI* V>IETY ( PRACTICAL APPROA*ES1 & DEVELOP NE>LY IDEAL SOLUTIONS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE WAS A HI/ORICAL BASIS = ?IS DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! F\ND+ ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ,ATATURK'S REPLY AT ! ,IZMIT PRESS CONF]5CE CLE>LY 9DICATES ?AT ! SOLUTION MU/ BE S\<T 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,BE=E GO+ 9TO !SE MATT]S IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E ?IS /YLE FUR!R4 ,= EXAMPLE 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 A C\NTRY WE HAVE LOOK$ AT1 GEOGRAPHIES1 CULTURES1 LANGUAGES & RELIGIONS :I* >E 9T]M+L$ CAN BE SE5 F9D+ ! /RONGE/ DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION :5 A LONG P]IOD ( CONFLICT 5DS ) !IR SEE+ !Y HAVE A MUTUAL 9T]E/ 9 UNION4 ,! C\NTRY ?US 5DS UP DEVELOP+ ! /RONGE/ DEMOCRACY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,?IS SIMULTANE\SLY MAKES = A P[]FUL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AS WELL AS ALL[+ !M TO SEE ! DAMAGE CAUS$ BY ! 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL =CES WORK+ TO BREAK !M UP1 !IR EXP]I5CE 5ABLES !M TO SEE ! GREAT B5EFITS TO BE D]IV$ FROM UNION4 ,IF IT WANT$1 EA* P>T C\LD JO9 ) ITS LANGUAGE1 CULTURE & GEOGRAPHY ! MA9 P>T1 I4E4 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE OR ,ITALY2 BUT !Y KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT IF !Y W]E TO DO ?IS1 !Y W\LD BE LOS+ BO? !IR ID5TITY & !IR AFFLU5CE & :AT !Y W\LD BE GA9+ W\LD 9 NO WAY BE EQUAL TO :AT IS GRANT$ TO EA* ( !M BY ,SWITZ]L&4 ,?IS IS SOME?+ WE CAN SEE 9 MANY C\NTRIES1 9CLUD+ EV5 PLACES :]E AP>!ID IS PRACTIC$4 ,9 ,BELGIUM1 ,CANADA1 ! ,REPUBLICS ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ,NEW ,ZEAL& & EV5 9 ! ,U,S,A1 DESPITE REGIONAL1 CULTURAL1 RELIGI\S & L+UI/IC DIFF]5CES1 IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! COMMON GOOD IS BAS$ ON A /RONG DEMOCRATIC /ATE /RUCTURE4 ,9DE$ !Y HAVE A*IEV$ DEVELOPM5T BY APPLY+ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT V>IETY MAKES = P[] & WEAL?4 ,UND\BT$LY1 AS WELL AS ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( CONFLICT1 DEMOCRATIC /RUGGLE HAS PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ?IS4 ,?OSE :O CANNOT SUCCE$ 9 ?IS LOSE 9 A BIG WAY4 ,9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD ?IS HAS EM]G$ AS ! SUCCESSFUL SOLUTION1 & ! EXTREME PO9T TO :I* ! BLOOD-SOAK$ ALT]NATIVE CAN LEAD HAS BE5 DEMON/RAT$ MO/ REC5TLY 9 ,KOSOVO4 

,:AT IS SADDE/ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ,TURKEY IS ! QUE/ION ( :Y WE C\LD NOT LE>N A LESSON FROM ! POLICIES APPLI$ 9 ! WORLD1 & :Y1 AL?\< A NE>LY IDEAL SOLUTION WAS POSSIBLE1 WE DID NOT SEIZE ! OPPORTUNITY4 ,AS HAPP5$ ) MANY PROBLEMS1 WE ALWAYS BEHAV$ AS IF REBELLION & SUPPRESSION W]E ! ONLY WAY4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO GO 9TO ?IS 9 SOME DETAIL ) RESPECT TO ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM3 

,SEP>ATISM & REBELLION BY ONE SIDE & SUPPRESSION & D5IAL BY ! O!R6 

,EV5 LEAV+ ASIDE ! HEAVY & TRAGIC LOSSES !SE TWO FREQU5TLY TRI$ APPROA*ES HAVE CAUS$1 !Y HAVE NO P[] TO (F] A SOLUTION & HAVE PRES5T$ SOCIETY ) MAJOR PROBLEMS4 ,:5 ME?ODS >E NOT CONTEMPOR>Y & !RE=E CAPABLE ( (F]+ A SOLUTION1 ?IS IS ! PO9T :]E ONE 5DS UP - ! PO9T :]E !RE IS NO SOLUTION4 ,AL?\< WE SAY ?IS IS NOT AN 9EVITABLE FATE & 9 DEMOCRACIES SOLUTIONS >E TRULY 5DLESS1 \R 9ABILITY TO APPLY ?IS 9 PRACTICE R5D]S US ALL RESPONSIBLE BE=E HI/ORY4 ,NO PROBLEM CAN BE PRES5T$ CORRECTLY BY BLAM+ ONE P]SON1 ONE GR\P1 ONE SIDE4 ,BY BLAM+ A PROBLEM ) SU* COMPLEX HI/ORICAL1 GEOGRAPHICAL1 CULTURAL1 SOCIAL & 9T]NATIONAL DIM5SIONS ALMO/ SOLELY ON MY P]SON EV]YONE CAN AT BE/ HIDE !IR GUILT1 HAVE AN EASY ESCAPE & LIVE TO FI<T ANO!R DAY4 ,9 ,TURKEY EV]YONE FROM ! V]Y TOP TO ! V]Y BOTTOM N[ FOLL[S ?IS FA%ION4 ,EV]YONE MI<T BE ABLE TO FE$ !IR EMOTIONS & !IR DAILY 9T]E/S BY BLAM+ EV]Y?+ ON ME4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS WON'T MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO HI/ORY OR T[>DS SOLV+ ! PROBLEM & WILL NOT DO ANY?+ O!R ?AN CREATE AN OB/ACLE4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT W\LD BE MORE CORRECT FROM A MORAL & POLITICAL PO9T ( VIEW = EV]YONE1 REG>DLESS ( !IR PA/ APPROA*1 TO ASSUME !IR RESPONSIBILITIES & APPROA* ! MATT] ) ! 9T5TION ( F9D+ A SCI5TIFIC SOLUTION = IT1 TO F9D A SOLUTION = A CONTEMPOR>Y PROBLEM :I* DAILY CAUSES SUFF]+ & BLOOD%$1 & TO MAKE A CONTRIBUTION 9/EAD ( MAK+ ACCUSATIONS4 ,WE >E LIV+ ?R\< AN HI/ORIC MOM5T :5 ! DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION MU/ COME 9TO EFFECT1 & ITS ESS5CE IS ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO LOOK AT ! LA/ ELECTIONS TO SEE ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION HAS GA9$ GR\ND4 ,! SUCCESS ,H,A,D,E,P A*IEV$ 9 LOCAL ELECTIONS DESPITE NOT HAV+ CANVAS$ S]I\SLY AT GRASSROOTS LEVEL1 ! DISPLAY+ BY ! ,KURDI% MASSES ( !IR 9T5TION TO BE GOV]N$ BY !IR COLLECTIVE WILL IS A SOLUTION (F]$ BY DEMOCRACY ?AT IS NOT 9CONSID]ABLE IF ONE BE>S 9 M9D ! HEAVY FEUDAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! >EA4 ,IT IS AN IMPORTANT /EP ALONG ! WAY4 ,ITS VALUE IS EV5 GREAT] FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION4 ,IF ?IS CAN HAPP5 DESPITE ! EXI/+ T5SION & CONFLICTS1 :5 ! FI<T+ /OPS COMPLETELY1 :5 ! OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( LEGAL RE=MS & FRE$OMS REF]R$ TO BY ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,C\RT & O!R LEGAL 9/ITUTIONS1 AS WELL AS BY PROM95T /ATESM5 & POLITICAL P>TY (FICIALS1 >E LIFT$1 !RE WILL BE A VICTORY = DEMOCRACY1 :I* WILL HAVE BECOME CONSI/5T & BE5 SE5 TO HAVE ! CAPABILITY ( (F]+ A SOLUTION4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,TURKEY IS MOV+ T[>DS SU* AN \TCOME ) ALL H] DYNAMISM1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R SU* AN \TCOME IS DESIR$ OR OB/ACLES >E PUT 9 ITS WAY4 ,?IS IS :AT WE D]IVE \R BELIEF & ASSURANCE FROM4 

,LET US GO BACK TO ! BEG9N+4 ,NO ONE CAN D5Y ! DEMOCRATIC VALUE ( ! ,REPUBLIC DUR+ ! P]IODS ( LIB]ATION & F\ND+1 OR D5Y ?AT ! ,KURDS W]E P]CEIV$ AS A F\ND+ ELEM5T4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,ATATURK P]SONALLY US$ EXPRESSIONS LIKE 0A TYPE ( AUTONOMY0 & 0REGIONAL AUTONOMY0 & 9DICAT$ HIS 9T5TION ( F9D+ A SOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 ! REBELLIONS TOOK ?IS (F ! AG5DA & LAT] L$ TO A FIRM BANN+ & D5IAL ( ! PROBLEM4 ,?+S W]E TAK5 TO ! EXT5T ( IMPOS+ A BAN ON ! ,KURDI% LANGUAGE UNTIL #a#i#i#b4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT1 AS WELL AS NOT BE+ DEMOCRACY1 ?IS IS NOT CONSI/5T ) ,ATATURKISM4 ,! ,KURDI%NESS ?AT ,ATATURK OBJECT$ TO IS NOT ?AT ,KURDI%NESS :I* IS GO+ TO =M A UNION ) ! ,REPUBLIC 9 A CIVILIZ$ & EV5TUALLY DEMOCRATIC WAY4 ,:AT HE OBJECT$ TO WAS ! REBELLION ?AT E/ABLI%$ L9KS ) ! SULTANATE DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC & WAS UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( =EIGN P[]S1 & W\LD PROBABLY HAVE L$ TO ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ! GREATE/ LOSSES = ,TURKS & ,KURDS ALIKE4 ,:AT HE OBJECT$ TO WAS ANTI-,REPUBLICANISM4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! NUMB] ( REBELLIONS ( ?IS NATURE ?AT OCCURR$ 9 WE/]N ,ANATOLIA WAS F> GREAT]4 ,!Y W]E APPROA*$ 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,I BELIEVE IT IS HI/ORICALLY IMPORTANT TO ASSESS ,ATATURK'S APPROA*ES1 !SE TWO IMPORTANT ASPECTS1 TOGE!R4 ,I ALSO BELIEVE ?AT IF ,ATATURK W]E ALIVE TODAY1 HE W\LD TAKE ! MO/ APPROPRIATE /ANCE1 ! ONE ?AT SUPPORTS A DEMOCRATIC UNION ) ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,NO ONE CAN EI!R VIEW ! ANXIETY TO PROTECT ! ,REPUBLIC DUR+ ITS MO/ VULN]ABLE P]IOD AS SUPPRESSION & D5IAL OR REFUSE TO SEE ?AT ! ,KURDS W]E AN (FICIALLY ACCEPT$ VOLUNT>Y F\ND+ ELEM5T AT ! />T ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I MEAN BY ! TWO IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL ASPECTS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT WAS ,ATATURK HIMSELF :O OP5LY H&$ \T ! DUTY ( TAK+ ! ,REPUBLIC FUR!R4 

,9 ANY CASE1 ?AT P]IOD WAS NOT ONE :5 DEMOCRACY WAS /RONG1 IT WAS ! P]IOD ( TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES4 ,!RE W]E NOT MANY YE>S BETWE5 ! TWO WORLD W>S4 ,IT WAS MORE A QUE/ION ( PROTECT+ :AT EXI/$4 ,H[EV]1 ! 9CREAS+ /R5G? ( ! DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & ! REALITIES ( A *ANG+ WORLD %\LD HAVE L$ US TO CONC5TRATE ON A ,REPUBLIC ?AT W\LD BE IRRETRIEVABLY COMMITT$ TO SOLV+ ITS PROBLEMS 9 A DEMOCRATIC WAY4 ,:5 ?IS WAS NOT DONE1 9 ! UNDEMOCRATIC ATMOSPH]E ( ! P]IOD BESET BY CONFLICTS1 AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE ON ! OLD BASIS TO GOV]N A REBELLION BY A LIMIT$ AM\NT ( SOCIOLOGICAL KN[L$GE4 ,EV5 ?\< UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,K,K !RE WAS TALK ( A 0SOCIALI/ /ATE01 EV5 ?\< EV]Y ORGANIZATION ( ! P]IOD SPOKE ( ITS [N CONCEPT ( A /ATE1 !SE W]E CONCEPTS ON A M]ELY SECT>IAN LEVEL & DID NOT GO BEYOND BE+ UTOPIAN4 ,:5 ! ,P,K,K P>TIALLY TRANSC5D$ ?IS BY A*IEV+ MASS SUPPORT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! #a#i#iS A SE>* BEGAN = 0FREE UNION0 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 DEMOCRATIC UNION1 :I* ,I P]SONALLY TRI$ TO GIVE VOICE TO ) 9T5SE ASSESSM5TS4 ,?IS WAS A NECESSITY :I* LIFE HAD FAC$ US )4 ,EV5 IT UTOPIAS >E ATTRACTIVE1 SUCCESS 9 POLITICS CAN COME ONLY ?R\< FAC+ REALITY1 & ?IS WAS :AT WE BELAT$LY TRI$ TO DO4 ,DEVELOPM5TS DUR+ !SE YE>S W]E 9 FAVOR ( DEMOCRACY & !Y W]E WORLD-WIDE4 ,! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS FALL+ AP>T BECAUSE ( A1 LACK ( DEMOCRACY1 ! 5TIRE SY/EM WAS MOV+ T[>DS DEMOCRACY EV5 IF IT WAS ONLY LIMP+1 ! :OLE WORLD WAS *ANG+ 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,! PO9T ! CONFLICT HAD =C$ EV]YONE TO >RIVE AT 9 ,TURKEY1 TOO1 WAS ! OPPORTUNITY = A HI/ORIC DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION4 ,! /ATE HAD SE5 ?IS4 ,! LANGUAGE BAN HAD BE5 LIFT$ & \TLETS SU* AS ! ,KURDI% ,9/ITUTE1 ! ,ROJA ,WELAT NEWSPAP]1 ! ,MESOPOTAMIAN ,CULTURE ,ASSOCIATION ETC4 W]E ALL[$4 ,! ,PRIME ,M9I/] ( ! P]IOD1 ,DEMIREL MADE ! /ATEM5T 0,I RECOGNIZE ! ,KURDI% ID5TITY0 9 ! NAME ( ! NEWLY =M$ COALITION GOV]NM5T4 ,PRESID5T ,OZAL W5T EV5 FUR!R & SAID EV5 F$]ATION C\LD BE DISCUSS$4 ,EV5 LIMIT+ MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS & A CEASE-FIRE W]E GIV5 S]I\S CONSID]ATION TO4 ,KURDI% SOCIETY WAS /AG+ ! GREATE/ DEMOCRATIC DEMON/RATIONS 9 ITS HI/ORY4 ,:AT REALLY %\LD HAVE BE5 DONE WAS = BO? SIDES TO 5D ALL FI<T+ & TO CONC5TRATE ON ! DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION :I* WE HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO EXPLA9 & = :I* !RE WAS N[ AN OPPORTUNITY EV5 IF IT WAS A LIMIT$ ONE4 ,FAIL+ TO TAKE ! MEASURES TO R5D] ! CEASE-FIRE P]MAN5T1 LACK ( TRU/1 LACK ( EXP]I5CE1 & ! NOT 9CONSID]ABLE MA*9ATIONS ( \TSIDE P[]S CAUS$ ?IS HI/ORIC PROCESS TO GIVE WAY TO MEAN+LESS FI<T+ :I* BITT]LY REPEAT$ ITSELF & L$ TO HEAVY LOSSES4 ,?IS %\LD NOT HAVE HAPP5$4 ,P]SONALLY ,I ALWAYS FELT ! PA9 ( ?IS4 ,H[EV]1 ! RU?LESS APPROA* ADOPT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! DAY IS TO BLAME AS WELL4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME VIOL5CE ALSO ROSE TO UNLIMIT$ & RU?LESS LEVELS4 ,KILL+S BY P]SONS UNKN[N & EVACUATIONS ( VILLAGES W]E ! PROCESS :]E VIRTUAL GANG W>F>E BECAME MO/ 9T5SE4 ,?IS PROCESS :I* %\LD NOT HAVE BE5 GONE ?R\< IS A LO/ PROCESS4 ,! CONCEPT :I* WAS VOIC$ 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL 9 #a#i#i#e-#a#i#i#f = BO? ,TURKEY & ! ,P,K,K1 ! CONCEPT :I* WAS ALL[$ TO REA* US BY 9DIRECT MEANS & :I* L$ ME TO BELIEVE ! >MY WAS TAK+ A NEW APPROA* WAS ?AT ! ,P,K,K %\LD BE> 9 M9D ! TRANS=MATION UND]GONE BY ! /ATE & %\LD RESPOND TO IT 9 ! WAY EXPECT$4 ,AS ,I UND]/OOD IT1 ?IS ATTEMPT1 TO :I* ,I TRI$ TO RESPOND QUICKLY & 9 A POSITIVE WAY1 WAS AN ATTEMPT TO LOOK = A SOLUTION 9 ! CONTEXT ( WE/]N-/YLE DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPM5T UND] ! CONTROL ( ! >MY1 )\T QUE/ION+ ! CONCEPT ( A COMMON L& OR BR++ 9 ! NOTION ( AN 9DEP5D5T /ATE4 ,I RESPOND$ TO ?IS1 IF 9ADEQUATELY1 BY SEV]AL TIMES DECL>+ A UNILAT]AL CEASE-FIRE4 ,I TRI$ TO 9=M ! ORGANIZATION & SL[LY PREP>E IT = ! NEW CONCEPT4 ,?IS IS ! APPROA* ,I HAVE HAD UP TO ?IS DAY4 ,! REASON ,I GO 9TO !SE DEVELOPM5TS 9 SU* DETAIL IS ?IS3 ,:AT WAS IMPORTANT WAS ?AT1 AS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! C\NTRY1 ! >MY1 LOOK$ 9 A NEW DIRECTION TO 5SURE ! SAFETY ( ! ,REPUBLIC &1 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T WAY FROM ITS PREVI\S 9T]V5TIONS1 REM9D$ EV]YONE1 EV]Y GR\P & EV]Y P>TY1 ( ! /&>DS ( LEGITIMACY1 DEMOCRACY & SECUL>ISM4 ,! RESPONSE ?IS DEM&$ FROM ! ,P,K,K WAS NOT JU/ ?AT IT %\LD GIVE UP ! >M$ /RUGGLE BUT ALSO ?AT IT %\LD REVIEW ITS SEP>ATI/ PROGRAM1 F9D A SOLUTION = ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM SL[LY ?R\< DEMOCRATIZATION1 TREAD+ ! PA? ?AT HAD BEGUN TO OP5 UP & W\LD OP5 FUR!R 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,ANO!R IMPORTANT REASON = REG>D+ ?IS CONCEPT OR P]SPECTIVE AS A POSITIVE DEVELOPM5T WAS ?AT IT WAS PRACTICAL4 ,I MU/ PO9T \T ?AT IT WAS !SE MESSAGES1 :I* ,I BELIEV$ CAME FROM ! RI<T S\RCE & :I* ,I SAW OP5+ UP *ANNELS = !MSELVES DAY AFT] DAY1 ?AT 5C\RAG$ ME TO REA* ! CONCLUSION ?AT EV5 TOPPL+ ! /ATE W\LD NOT A*IEVE ANY?+1 ?AT SEP>ATISM HAD NO?+ TO (F]1 & ?AT ! BE/ OPTION WAS TO DEVELOP ! DEMOCRATIC NATURE ( ! /ATE4 

,BRIEFLY1 :AT ,I HAVE BE5 TRY+ TO SAY IS ?AT1 AFT] LOOK+ AT BO? ! 9ITIAL YE>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC & AN IMPORTANT REBELLION 9 REC5T HI/ORY1 A REBELLION ?AT BEGAN NE>LY A QU>T] ( A C5TURY AGO & HAS HAD ! DIM5SIONS ( A W> = ! PA/ #ae YE>S1 AS ! PR9CIPAL LEAD] ( ! SAID REBELLION1 ! HI/ORICAL CONCLUSION ,I HAVE >RIV$ AT IS ?AT ! SOLUTION = ?IS PROBLEM :I* HAS GOT SO BIG1 IS DEMOCRATIC UNION ) ! DEMOCRATIC1 SECUL> ,REPUBLIC4 

,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,UNION ,SOLUTION IS ! ,FUTURE ( ,TURKEY 

,A PROBLEM :I* HAS AN IMPORTANT SOCIAL P[] BASE & KEEPS ITSELF ALIVE ?R\< FREQU5T REBELLIONS WILL1 H[EV] MU* IT IS SUPPRESS$1 SOON] OR LAT] ]UPT ?R\< DIFF]5T *ANNELS :5 ! TIME & PLACE >E RI<T1 IF IT IS NOT RESOLV$4 ,SUPPRESSION WILL ONLY KILL TIME & P]HAPS CRU% ! ELEM5TS ACTIVE 9 A P>TICUL> P]IOD4 ,IT WILL NOT GET RID ( ! PROBLEM4 ,PROBLEMS :I* HAVE A S]I\S & HI/ORICAL MEAN+ ONLY DISAPPE> :5 ! 9T]E/S ( ! P[] IT REPRES5TS >E PROTECT$ )9 ! SY/EM ?R\< RE=MS OR ?IS P[] TRANSC5DS ! SY/EM & F9DS A SOLUTION 9 ANO!R SY/EM4 ,!Y /OP CAUS+ ! SY/EM CON/ANTLY TO LOSE /R5G? & TURN 9TO A POSITIVE S\RCE ( /R5G?4 ,IT IS ! HI/ORICAL DUTY ( EV]YONE & EV]Y 9/ITUTION 9 ,TURKEY TO F9D A SOLUTION TO ?IS PROBLEM :I* IS REG>D$ AS ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM BY BO? ITS PUBLIC1 PRIVATE1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL OPPON5TS & SUPPORT]S1 BY NE>LY EV]YONE & EV]Y 9/ITUTION1 & SE5 AS ! PROBLEM ?AT WILL HOLD ,TURKEY BACK UNTIL IT IS SOLV$4 ,& ?IS SOLUTION %\LD BE F\ND ?R\< ! SCI5TIFIC APPROA* :I* WE HAVE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 A LITTLE & C\NTLESS EXAMPLES ( :I* CAN BE F\ND 9 EV]Y SOCIETY4 

,! GREAT DEMOCRATIC UPSURGE ?AT IS BE+ EXP]I5C$ 9 ,TURKEY IS AN 9DICATION ?AT ! PROBLEM HAS BO? EM]G$ & IS AB\T TO BE SOLV$4 ,! WORSE A PROBLEM HAS GOT ! CLOS] IT IS TO SOLUTION4 ,! TALK+ ( MANY GOV]NM5TS 9 REC5T TIMES ( ! PROBLEM1 !IR 9ABILITY TO SOLVE IT & !IR AGGRAVAT+ IT IS ! MA9 REASON = !IR FAILURE4 ,WE CAN SEE ?IS 9 ! FAILURE ( ALL POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS & LEAD]S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IMPORTANT ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROBLEMS >E ALSO OB/ACLES4 ,IF !Y >E NOT SOLV$1 OB/ACLES GR[ & ! MATT] BECOMES 9TRACTABLE4 ,MANY ATTEMPTS HAVE BE5 MADE TO CUT ?IS ,GORDIAN KNOT ) A SWORD1 BUT ! V]Y ONES WIELD+ ! SWORDS HAVE /AT$ ?AT ONE CANNOT GET ANY:]E BY CONT9U+ TO USE SWORD4 ,!Y HAVE ADMITT$ ?AT ?IS IS ALL ?AT CAN BE DONE BY ! SWORD1 BY MILIT>Y MEANS4 

,! REASON ,I M5TION !SE ASPECTS :I* ,I CANNOT REFRA9 FROM REPEAT+ IS ?AT A HI/ORIC SOLUTION MU/ EM]GE FROM ?IS TRIAL4 ,MY REPETITIONS %\LD !RE=E BE EXCUS$4 ,I WANT TO DEMON/RATE ?AT O!RWISE HI/ORY WILL NOT =GIVE ANYONE1 ?AT 9CREAS+LY & ) CONVICTION ! HEAVIE/ RESPONSIBILITY IS PLAC$ ON ME1 ?AT ,I AM READY TO DO :AT IS NECESS>Y1 & ?AT ,I BO? BE> A HEAVY RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS REBELLION & N[ 9 ?IS TRIAL WI% TO (F] MY SOLUTION1 9DICAT+ ?AT ! TIME HAS DEF9ITELY COME = PEACE4 

,DEMOCRATIC ,UNITY ,SOLUTION ,!SES 

#a - ,! ,SOLUTION WILL /R5G!N ! /ATE'S UNITY AS WELL AS MAK+ A COMMON HOMEL& A REALITY4 

,! (FICE ( ! ,PROSECUTION 9 ITS 9DICTM5T 9DICATES ?AT BAS$ ON ! PROGRAM .<( ! P>TY.> & MY SPEE*ES1 AN 9DEP5D5T /ATE ( ,KURDI/AN WAS TO BE E/ABLI%$4 ,IT IS TRUE1 :5 AN IDEA OR PROGRAM IS SUBJECT$ TO ! TE/ ( TIME1 OR W>S >E WAG$ TO SEE IF IT IS VIABLE1 ONE LE>NS IF !Y CAN BE IMPLEM5T$ OR NOT4 ,! WORLD IS FULL ( GR\PS :OSE IDEAS :5 FAC$ ) ! PRACTICAL NE$S ( .<REALITY.> HAVE *ANG$ C\RSES4 ,UNITS ?AT HAVE BE5 KEPT TOGE!R BY =CE ( >MS HAVE DISSOLV$1 JU/ AS >TIFICIALLY SEP>AT$ UNITS OR 5TITIES HAVE COME TOGE!R4 ,! GREAT /ATE ( ! ,SOVIETS HAS DISSOLV$ AFT] #g YE>S1 .<BUT.> ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION IS COM+ TOGE!R .<JU/.>AS O!R .<VOLUNT>Y.> =MATIONS >E TAK+ PLACE 9 ! WORLD4 ,I WANT TO SAY ?IS3 SEP>ATION DOES NOT HAPP5 BY WANT+ IT OR BY ACCOMPLI%+ IT2 ?IS IS NOT ! WAY Y\ REA* Y\R GOAL4 ,IF UNITY IS B5EFICIAL1 AT ! 5D1 IT WILL PREVAIL4 

,! ,TURKS & ! ,KURDS F\<T UND] A ,NATIONAL ,PACT .<,MISAK-I ,MILLI.> & ACCEPT$ IT AS !IR NATIONAL OA?4 ,EV5 IF ! ,NATIONAL ,PACT IS NOT IMPLEM5T$ FULLY IT REMA9S A NATIONAL OA?4 ,?IS IS V]IFIABLE BY DOCUM5TS4 ,NO ONE CAN D5Y ?IS4 ,! REGIONS :]E ! ,KURDS DOM9ATE WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS SU* BY NOTABLES SU* AS ,GREAT ,SELCUK .<RUL].> ,SANC>1 & O!R ,OTTOMAN ,SULTANS D[N TO ,MU/APHA ,KEMAL ,ATATURK4 ,! WORD ,KURDI/AN CAN NOT BE A CRIME4 ,! DESIRE TO LIVE FREE & 9DEP5D5T 9 IT %\LD NOT BE CON/RU$ AS DIVID+ IT .<FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,PACT.>4 ,! LA/ P>T ( ?AT 9DICTM5T 5DS ) A SIMIL> S5T5CE4 ,I TOO BELIEVE ?IS IS ! CRUX ( ! PROBLEM4 ,IF MY PRACTICE IS CLOSELY ANALYZ$ ?IS WILL /& \T2 !RE >E BOOKS FULL ( DOCUM5TS TO PROVE MY PO9T4 ,! MO/ MEAN+FUL FRE$OM EV5 IF IT IS 9 A PLACE CALL$ ,KURDI/AN CAN ONLY BE POSSIBLE )9 ! BORD]S ( ,TURKEY'S ,NATIONAL ,PACT4 ,IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO PROVE ?IS BY SCI5TIFIC EVID5CE AS WELL4 ,A SEP>AT$ ,KURDI/AN IS NOT VIABLE1 WILL BE A PUPPET ( ANO!R P[] OR TOOL ( ! COLLABORATORS4 ,! SEP>AT$ ,KURDI/AN WILL NOT BELONG TO ! PEOPLE1 IT WILL BELONG TO =EIGN]S & COLLABORATORS1 & ?AT 9 ITSELF IS UTOPIAN1 & = ?AT REASON IT IS AN (T5 REPEAT$ GAME = SELFI% 9T]E/S4 ,HI/ORY PROVES ?AT SELFI% 9T]E/S MANIPULATE ! REBELLIONS1 BUT ?AT A HEAVY PRICE IS PAID BY ! PEOPLE4 ,WE SEE ?IS 9 \R [N REBELLION4 ,I MEAN TO SAY ?IS3 MY [N /RUGGLE .<TELLS ME ?AT.>1 WE CAN ONLY REA* \R GOAL )9 ,TURKEY4 ,I DID MY BE/ TO 9/ILL ?IS .<SPIRIT.> 9TO ! ,P,K,K .<RANK & FILE.>4 ,?IS IS NOT DIFFICULT TO SEE4 ,FREE UNION IS ! GOAL ( ALL \R FRI5DS4 

,A CLOSE LOOK AT HI/ORY1 SOCIETY1 GEOGRAPHY1 LANGUAGE1 CULTURE .<( ,TURKEY.> WILL %[ .<H[ !SE PEOPLES.> HAVE 9T]M+L$ ) ONE ANO!R4 ,I AM NOT GO+ TO DWELL ON !SE ISSUES N[ S9CE ,I PLAN TO TACKLE !M ONE BY ONE LAT]4 ,JU/ AS A VA/ MAJORITY ( ! ,KURDS .<( ,NATIONAL ,PACT.>1 SOME #g .0 ( !M LIVE 9 ,TURKEY .<PROP].> & ! O!RS .<,KURDS.> :O LIVE 9 ! .<,KURDI% REGIONS.> & ,TURKM5 BECAUSE !Y LIVE )9 ! ,NATIONAL ,PACT1 >E ALL CONSID]$ AS FROM ,TURKEY4 ,?OSE :O HAVE A BIT ( HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE WILL ACKN[L$GE ?AT !IR SEP>ATION FROM ONE ANO!R 9 ! #a#i#bS W\LD HAVE RESULT$ 9 ! LOSS ( !IR HOMEL&4 ,IT W\LD HAVE ALSO MEANT ?AT ! SEP>ATION ( ! ,TURKS & ! ,KURDS W\LD HAVE MEANT ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 SWALL[$ UP OR W\LD HAVE REMA9$ SMALL M9ORITIES4 ,! ROLE ,ATATURK PLAY$ 9 ! =MATION ( ?IS /ATE & \R JO9T ACTIONS C>RI$ ! DAY4 ,WE >E ALL GRATEFUL = ?AT4 ,?OSE :O QUE/ION ?IS WILL %[ DISRESPECT TO ! CAUSE ( HI/ORY4 ,IT MEANS WE DO NOT RECOGNIZE \RSELVES4 ,! COMMON GEOGRAPHIES WE HAVE MAKE US PLAY A DET]M9+ & CONT9U+ ROLE .<9 \R LIVES4.> ,! ADVANCES 9 ! FIELD ( SCI5CE DICTATE ?AT WE GO BEYOND E?NIC DIFF]5CES & =M B5EFICIAL UNIONS ABOVE NATIONS4 ,WE :O >E BORN ON \R HOMEL& VIEW ! REAL FRE$OM & LIB]TY 9 ?IS LI<T4 ,EV5 IF Y\ =CE IT1 WE WILL NOT ACCEPT SEP>ATION4 ,BECAUSE1 FREE UNION IS RI*NESS1 MULTI-COLOR$ & .<(F]S.> /R5G?4 ,\R .<P>TY.> PROGRAM :I* AIM$ TO PROTE/ ! =C$ UNION .<( ! ,TURKS & ! ,KURDS.> W5T ?R\< *ANGES 9 ! #a#i#iS1 = ! SOLUTION DICTAT$ TO US ?AT WE OPT = .<VOLUNT>Y.> UNION4 .<,&.> ?IS WAS NATURAL1 A LESSON ( LIFE1 & ! .<ADAPTATION.> TO ! *ANGES ?AT W]E TAK+ PLACE 9 ! WORLD4 ,! BE/ =M ( PATRIOTISM 9 A UNIT$ /ATE IS ! WAY TO GO 9 A FREE UNION3 DEMOCRATIC UNITY & LIV+ ON \R COMMON HOMEL&4 ,?IS LATE/ REBELLION HAS TAU<T A LESSON TO BO? ,KURDS & ,TURKS & ALL ! O!R CITIZ5S ( ,TURKEY & ?AT IT IS ONLY ?R\< FRE$OM1 ONE CAN BECOME A KN[L$GEABLE PATRIOT4 ,! ,KURDS MORE ?AN EV] BE=E1 WANT A UNIT$ /ATE ?AT IS FREE4 ,FRE$OM IS ! /RONGE/ CEM5T ( A UNIT$ HOMEL&4 ,?IS REBELLION HAS TAU<T US ?AT4 ,PA9FUL AS HAS BE5 ! /RUGGLE ) MANY LOSSES1 IT MU/ ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT AN HI/ORICAL GA9 HAS BE5 MADE4 ,!RE IS NO ROOM = REBELLIONS 9 A /ATE ?AT IS FREE & DEF5D$ ) KN[L$GE2 AS IT IS OBVI\S ?AT AN UNWAV]+ UNITY & /RONG /ATE IS ONLY POSSIBLE !N4 ,CON/ITUTIONAL FRE$OM CAN ONLY HAVE MEAN+ :5 AN 9DIVIDUAL FEELS .<TOTALLY.> FREE4 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL FROM ! ,EA/ MORE ?AN EV] BE=E CAN N[ FEEL ! MEAN+ ( ,CON/ITUTIONAL CITIZ5%IP4 ,?IS IS ! WAY WE UND]/& A FREE /ATE & PATRIOTISM4 ,?IS IS ! ONLY WAY = A /ATE TO LIVE & GR[ /RONG4 ,\R /RUGGLE1 :I* BEGAN AS IT DID1 ) ! AIM ( SEP>ATION1 HAS TAU<T US ! LESSONS ( /ATE UNITY4 ,A ,FREE UNIT$ HOMEL& IS SACR$ & %\LD NOT BE QUE/ION$4 

#b - ,! ,SOLUTION WILL BE VIA POLITICAL UNITY1 FRE$OM & A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 

,! 9DICTM5T US+ ! CONT5T ( MY SPEE*ES TRIES TO PROVE ?AT ,I 9T5D$ TO DIVIDE ! C\NTRY4 ,! TEA*+S ( HI/ORY1 LESSONS FROM O!R NATIONS1 & :AT WE HAVE LE>N$ FROM \R [N PA/ EXP]I5CES1 %[ ?AT ! MO/ PRACTICAL WAY TO ! SOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% CONFLICT IS TO LIVE SIDE BY SIDE UND] ! PR9CIPLES ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 

,HI/ORY %[S ?AT 9 ! PA/1 PEOPLE CONSID]$ ! C\NTRY TO BE A COMMON /ATE %>$ BY BO? ! ,KURDS & ! ,TURKS4 ,!Y F\<T TOGE!R = ! F\ND+ ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,EV5 DUR+ PREVI\S REBELLIONS ! CONFLICT WAS NOT A DEM& = SEP>ATION FROM ,TURKEY1 BUT WAS RELAT$ TO ! DIVISION ( ! CLASSES4 ,! WEAL?Y1 DOM9ANT CLASS AGGRAVAT$ ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM4 ,LAT]1 ! OLIG>*Y MADE IT UNRESOLVABLE & TODAY1 ! PA9S ( DEMOCRACY 9 ,TURKEY >E DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ?AT AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM4 ,! CON/ITUTION PROCLAIMS ,TURKEY TO BE A DEMOCRATIC /ATE4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T DECL9$ TO 5=CE ! ,CON/ITUTION1 M]ELY BY ADD+ A FEW AM5DM5TS1 DEMOCRACY C\LD BE MADE TO WORK4 ,9/EAD ! GOV]NM5T IGNOR$ ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,PROCLAMATIONS & PREF]R$ TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM ?R\< OPPRESSION1 ?US EXAC]BAT+ ! PROBLEM4 ,C]TA9 PRIVILEG$ GR\PS EM]G$ & ! GOV]NM5T REW>D$ !M ) B5EFITS & AVOID$ DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,?IS AGA9 BR\<T ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM TO AN UNRESOLVABLE /AGE4 ,9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 SIMIL> PROBLEMS HAVE BE5 RESOLV$ ?R\< ! GR[? ( DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! F\NDATIONS ( ! ,TURKI% /ATE PROVID$ = ! 9CLUSION ( C]TA9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS & PR9CIPLES 9 ! ,CON/ITUTION TO GUIDE IT T[>D DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,!SE W]E EI!R NOT IMPLEM5T$ OR W]E NOT IMPROV$ UPON4 ,AT TIMES1 PR9CIPLES W]E MISUS$ TO ! EXT5T ?AT EV5 ! MILIT>Y DEM&$ ?IS MISUSE BE /OPP$4 ,DEMOCRACY 9 TODAY'S ,TURKEY HAS NOT REA*$ ! PO9T ( ACCEPTANCE1 BUT IT HAS MADE SOME PROGRESS4 ,!RE >E COMPREH5SIVE >TICLES 9 ! ,TURKI% ,CON/ITUTION RELAT+ TO FUNDAM5TAL HUMAN RI<TS & FRE$OMS4 ,ALL SEGM5TS ( SOCIETY DESIRE IMPROVEM5T 9 ! IMPLEM5TATION ( !SE >TICLES1 YET !SE >TICLES >E NOT IMPLEM5T$4 ,DELAY+ ! IMPLEM5TATION ( !SE >TICLES IS MAK+ !IR ULTIMATE APPLICATION MORE DIFFICULT4 ,! ,REPUBLIC IS UND]GO+ MANY *ANGES1 BO? SOCIALLY & CON/ITUTIONALLY & 9 P>T1 !SE *ANGES >E A RESULT ( \R /RUGGLE4 

,\T ( !SE *ANGES HAS COME A DESIRE BY ! ,REPUBLIC = A SOLUTION TO ITS SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM1 H[EV]1 EI!R A SEP>ATE ,KURDI/AN OR A F$]ATION BETWE5 ! ,KURDS & ,TURKS W\LD AGGRAVATE ! PROBLEM4 ,HI/ORICAL & GEOGRAPHIC *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,TURKI% & ,KURDI% CULTURES >E 9T]TW9$4 ,! ,/ATE CAN EASILY RESOLVE ! DIFF]5CES4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,9DIA & ,SWITZ]L& >E GOOD EXAMPLES ( ?IS & HAVE EV5 MORE COMPLEX1 E?NIC ISSUES4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS IS NOT SOME?+ ,TURKEY HAS ?\<T AB\T4 ,PRES5T CONDITIONS >E SUITABLE = AN IDEAL SOLUTION TO ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM4 ,TO MAKE !SE *ANGES = RESOLUTION1 C\RAGE\S /EPS MU/ BE TAK5 BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ORD] TO ATTA9 ?IS1 ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,AM5DM5TS >E NOT EV5 NE$$4 ,BUT )\T GOOD 9T5TIONS ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T !IR ATTEMPT WILL FAIL4 ,REMNANTS ( PA/ REBELLIONS HAVE BR\<T FE> BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ,KURDI% ISSUES1 GOV]NM5T P>ANOIA ( ,KURDI% 9T5TIONS1 & RE/RICTION ( HUMAN RI<TS PROVID$ BY ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,ELIM9ATION ( !SE FE>S WILL HELP T[>DS A SOLUTION & W\LD NOT REQUIRE MU* CON/ITUTIONAL *ANGE4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 IT WILL PROVIDE BASIC RI<TS = ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 

,! REPUBLIC'S HI/ORIC F\NDATION & ! ,CON/ITUTION'S SELF EXPLANATION IS MORE SUITABLE 9 RESOLV+ ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM ?AN :AT IS ?\<T AB\T IT4 ,! BIGGE/ OB/RUCTION TO ! SOLUTION IS ! GOV]NM5T'S FE> ( ,KURDI% 9T5TIONS4 ,?IS SUPPORTS ITS POLICY ( REGRESSION & CAUSES IT TO RULE 9 A *AUV9I/IC WAY D5Y+ ,KURDI% ID5TITY4 ,IT POISONS ! POSSIBILITY ( IMPROV+ DEMOCRACY 9 ,TURKEY4 ,BY CURTAIL+ ! GOV]NM5T'S FE>S1 ! RESOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM WILL BE MU* EASI] & FA/]4 ,HI/ORY WILL %[ ?AT ! RESOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM IS MORE CULTURAL & L+UI/IC !N POLITICAL4 

,TO BE ABLE TO TAKE FULL ADVANTAGES ( EXI/+ DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES IS A MATT] ( $UCATION4 ,BY IMPROV+ LOCAL ADM9I/RATION & BY 5C\RAG+ P>TICIPATION ( ! PEOPLE 9 POLITICS WILL HELP F9D SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! LEGISLATION ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION IS /ILL ON ! AG5DA ( ! GOV]NM5T1 & IS ! MO/ SUITABLE TOOL TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM4 ,BY MODIFY+ C]TA9 EXI/+ LAWS IT WILL BE EASI] TO F9D SOLUTIONS4 ,:AT WE MEAN IS1 ! PROBLEM IS RELAT$ TO FULL IMPLEM5TATION ( DEMOCRACY 9 ,TURKEY4 ,IT IS AS SIMPLE AS ?AT4 

,! LOCAL PEOPLE FEEL A HEAVY PRESSURE FROM ! EXI/+ FEUDALI/IC SY/EM4 ,TO ELIM9ATE ?IS FEUDALI/IC SY/EM1 TRUE DEMOCRACY IS NE$$4 ,! E?NIC TRIBAL SY/EM1 RELIGI\S SECTS & WEAL?Y VILLAGE [N]S >E OB/ACLES TO DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,FEUDALISM :I* BY NATURE IS NOT DEMOCRATIC1 GETS ITS SUPPORT FROM ! /ATE & CONTRIBUTES TO ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM BY TOL]AT+ A TOTALLY NON-DEMOCRATIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,FEUDALISM D5IES 9DIVIDUALISM & A FREE SOCIETY4 ,! PEOPLE FROM !SE CLASSES CLAIM TO ESP\SE DEMOCRACY BUT !Y >E ACTUALLY ! ONES RESPONSIBLE = ! ABS5CE ( DEMOCRACY4 ,! LATE/ ,P,K,K REBELLION CRU%$ A L>GE P>T ( AU?ORITY 5JOY$ BY ?IS CLASS4 ,= ?IS REASON ALONE1 ! ,P,K,K MOVEM5T %\LD BE CONSID]$ A DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION4 ,!RE HAS BE5 IMPROVEM5T 9 ! >EA ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OMS4 ,! LOCAL PEOPLE UND] ! NAME ( ,H,A,D,E,P 7,PRO-,KURDI% LEGAL P>TY71 DUR+ ! LATE/ MAYORAL ELECTIONS EXPRESS$ !MSELVES BY ELECT+ !IR [N MAYORAL C&IDATES 9 V>I\S T[NS4 ,ON BEHALF ( DEMOCRACY1 ! ,KURDS PROV$ !IR EXI/5CE4 ,!Y PROV$ ?AT !Y CAN CONTRIBUT$ TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( DEMOCRATIZATION 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,EV5 ?IS %ORT EXPLANATION CAN PROVE ?AT ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION CAN BE RESOLV$ )9 ! PRACTICALITY ( DEMOCRACY4 

,WE SAY1 CREAT+ SEP>ATE ORGANIZATIONS TO RESOLVE ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM IS NOT NE$$4 ,WE SAY ! PROBLEM IS NOT POLITICAL4 ,SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM IS DEMOCRATIC UNITY ( ! /ATE & 9TEGRATION ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 ,S9CE #aii ! ,/ATE HAS RECOGNIZ$ ! LOCAL PEOPLES CULTURAL ID5TITY4 ,!Y CREAT$ SPECIAL DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS CALL$ ,G,A,P4 ,!SE TWO ?+S SIGNIFY ?AT ! ,/ATE NO LONG] USES ME?ODS ( 9TIMIDATION4 ,IT APPROA*ES ! LOCAL PEOPLE ) MORE RESPECT4 ,! ,G,A,P PROJECT CONTRIBUTES A GREAT DEAL TO LOCAL PEOPLES' ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,?IS PROVES ?AT ! ,/ATE IS ABLE TO TAKE FUR!R /EPS & A POSITIVE FEEL+ CAN DEVELOP T[>D ! /ATE4 ,A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION TO ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM CAN GA9 MOM5TUM1 & BE SE5 AS ! ONLY TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM4 

,! BOTTOM L9E IS ! IDEA 9 ?IS !SIS3 WE CAN CONSID] ! /ATE AS A BIG PIECE ( L& BESIDE ! OCEAN1 & ! ,KURDI% REBELLIONS >E LIKE WAVES :I* FREQU5TLY /RIKE ! %ORE ( ?IS L&4 ,! HE>T ( ! MATT] IS ! EXI/5CE ( A T5SE ATMOSPH]E BETWE5 ! /ATE & ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 ,IT IS LIKE ! WAVES P\ND+ ON ! %ORES ( ?IS L&4 ,! BE/ SOLUTION TO ?IS PROBLEM IS A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,IF ?IS NEW DEMOCRATIC ME?OD IS IMPLEM5T$ & ! /ATE IS REALIZ$ ! WAVE ( REBELLI\S DE/RUCTION WILL TURN 9TO CON/RUCTION 9 V>I\S GOV]NM5T 5TITIES4 ,IT WILL BE CONV]T$ TO S]VE ! PUBLIC4 

,H]E LIES ! UNIMAG9ABLE CREATIVITY ( DEMOCRACY4 ,NEI!R PA/ UNCONSCI\SNESS MADE A POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO ! PROBLEM NOR DID A DE/RUCTIVE APPROA* ELIM9ATE ! PROBLEM4 ,!Y ONLY CONTRIBUT$ TO HI/ORY4 ,TODAY1 ! GOV]NM5T'S AG5DA IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY & IMPROVEM5T ( DEMOCRACY4 ,A SU/A9+ DEMOCRACY ABLE TO REMOVE OB/RUCTIONS 9 ITS PA? WILL RESOLVE ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION 9 ?IS HI/ORIC /AGE ( ! ,KURDI% /RUGGLE4 

#c - ,! ,KURDI% PEOPLE'S LANGUAGE & CULTURAL RI<TS >E AT ! CORE ( ! ISSUE3 

,9 ! FIR/ & SECOND !SIS ( M9E ,I SAID ?AT ! ,KURDI% 9T5TION IS NOT TO CREATE A /ATE & A C\NTRY ( ITS [N1 BUT 9/EAD TO LIVE FREELY 9 ! C\NTRY & 9 DEMOCRATIC UNITY ) ! ,TURKI% /ATE4 ,?AT IS :Y HI/ORIC1 POLITICAL1 & CON/ITUTIONAL GR\NDS >E RIPE = RESOLV+ ?IS PROBLEM4 ,AS LONG AS WE APPROA* ! MATT] ) GOOD 9T5TIONS1 BO? SIDES CAN ATTEMPT TO AGREE UND] A M9IMUM ( DEMOCRATIC CONDITIONS ?AT !IR GOOD 9T5TIONS >E TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM4 ,ONCE !Y MAKE ?AT CLE> !Y WILL SEE ?AT ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM IS NOT ?AT COMPLICAT$ TO RESOLVE4 

,9 ! MEANTIME ! BIGGE/ OB/ACLES >E ! B>RI]S :I* EXI/ TO SPEAK+ ! ,KURDI% LANGUAGE & RECOGNITION ( ,KURDI% CULTURAL RI<TS4 ,!SE TWO ELEM5TS HAVE NOT BE5 CL>IFI$ & ?IS HAS MADE ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM MORE COMPLEX4 ,! GOV]NM5T CONSID]$ ! POLITICAL & CULTURAL DIM5SIONS TO BE 9T]TW9$ & ?IS BELIEF WAS ! BASIS ( ! PROBLEM4 ,IT IS UN=TUNATE ?AT AN APPROA* TO ! RESOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM ?AT 9CLUD$ SEP>ATION ( ! POLITICAL & ! CULTURAL WAS NOT ATTEMPT$4 ,A DOGMATIC & IDEOLOGICAL APPROA* TO ! PROBLEM BY ,TURKEY1 MADE IT MORE COMPLEX4 ,:5 WE TAKE A LOOK AT ,SWITZ]L&'S EXAMPLE1 WE CAN SEE ?AT F\R LANGUAGES >E US$ AS (FICIAL LANGUAGES4 ,LET'S LOOK AT BIG C\NTRIES LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,9DIA1 & ,RUSSIA :I* HAD SIMIL> LANGUAGE ISSUES AS ! ,KURDI% ISSUE4 ,!IR DIV]SE LANGUAGES >E FREELY US$ & DIV]SE CULTURES >E RESPECT$4 ,!SE C\NTRIES DO NOT LOSE P[]4 ,CONTR>YWISE1 !Y GET MORE P[]FUL4 ,9 ,TURKEY1 BY PROHIBIT+ & OB/RUCT+ !SE RI<TS ! PEOPLE >E =C$ TO REBEL & DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM ! /ATE4 ,! 5VIRONM5T DOES NOT EV5 PROVIDE HEAL?Y CONDITIONS = ASSIMILATION4 ,9/EAD ( CUR+ A DISEASE1 !Y WANT TO ACTIVATE ! DISEASE4 ,9 ! ,CON/ITUTION !RE >E NO >TICLES ?AT PROHIBIT !SE RI<TS4 ,! ,SUPREME ,JUDGE ( ! ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,C\RT1 HIMSELF1 SAID !RE >E OB/ACLES TO LANGUAGE1 CULTURE & FREE SPEE*4 ,HE SAID ?OSE OB/ACLES %\LD BE ELIM9AT$4 

,! /ATE NOTIC$ ?IS MATT]1 & AS ( #aii !Y P]MITT$ C]TA9 POSITIVE /EPS TO BE TAK51 SU* AS BROADCA/+ 9 ,KURDI%1 LIFT+ RE/RICTIONS ON ! LANGUAGE1 & P]MITT+ ! F\NDATION ( ,KURDI% 9/ITUTES4 ,! FUNCTION ( ! FOLKLORE ASSOCIATIONS IS P>T ( !SE POSITIVE /EPS4 ,IF !SE K9DS ( ORGANIZATIONS >E EV5 SLI<TLY 5C\RAG$ BY ! /ATE1 ) !IR $UCATIONAL FUNCTIONS1 !Y WILL CONTRIBUTE A GREAT DEAL TO ! SOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 DEFICI5CIES IS ! EXT5T ( ILLIT]ACY4 ,!RE IS NO PROHIBITION 9 ! ,CON/ITUTION AB\T READ+ & WRIT+4 ,IT IS ONLY A MATT] ( RES\RCES & $UCATION & !SE PROBLEMS CAN EASILY BE OV]COME4 ,SETT+ UP PRES*OOLS1 9/ITUTES & P]MITT+ ! LE>N+ ( ,KURDI% HI/ORY & ! ,KURDI% LANGUAGE AT ! ,UNIV]SITIES WILL CONTRIBUTE A GREAT DEAL 9 RESOLV+ ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM4 ,!SE PRIVILEGES ALREADY EXI/ 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 ! AGE ( TE*NOLOGY IT IS NOT EASY TO =BID !M4 ,! SAME ?+ IS VALID = RADIO & ,T,V4 ,FRE$OM 9 !SE >EAS IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5T TO A SOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM4 ,FIR/1 WE MU/ $UCATE ! NON-,KURDI% PUBLIC AB\T ! PROBLEM4 ,PRES*OOLS %\LD 9VE/IGATE HI/ORY1 LANGUAGE & CULTURE ?R\< ! $UCATION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,P]MITT+ ! PUBLICATION ( BOOKS & NEWSPAP]S1 & AIR+ ( RADIO & ,T,V WILL HELP RESOLVE ! CONFLICT4 ,P]MITT+ ?IS WILL NOT 5C\RAGE SEP>ATISM2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT WILL DISC\RAGE SEP>ATISM4 ,! /ATE WILL BE /RONG] & 9DIVIDUALS WILL DEVELOP A LOYALTY TO IT BECAUSE !Y WILL FEEL A P>T ( IT4 ,! WORLD HAS MANY EXAMPLES ( ?IS K9D ( DIV]SITY4 ,:5 ,KURDI% IS P]MITT$1 ,KURDS WILL BE MORE WILL+ TO LE>N & USE ! (FICIAL ,TURKI% LANGUAGE4 ,C\NTRIES LIKE ! ,U4,S4 & 9 ,ASIA :]E ,5GLI% IS ! (FICIAL LANGUAGE1 & 9 ,AFRICA1 :]E BO? ,5GLI% & ,FR5* >E (FICIAL1 O!R LANGUAGES >E FREELY US$ AMONG BO? ABORIG9E & IMMIGRANT4 ,!IR PEOPLES SPEAK TWO1 SOMETIMES ?REE LANGUAGES :ILE REMA9+ LOYAL TO !IR C\NTRY4 

,:5 ,TURKEY 9/ITUTES A NEW POLICY P]MITT+ ,KURDI% RI<TS1 %E WILL NOT NE$ TO BE AFRAID ( ,KURDS 9 NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES ANYMORE BECAUSE %E WILL HAVE ALREADY PROVID$ ITS [N PEOPLE ) !IR RI<TS4 ,CONTR>YWISE1 ?IS /EP WILL CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ! REGION & WILL GA9 ! SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLES ( NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES4 ,A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION TO ! ,KURDI% ISSUE WILL HAVE A GREAT IMPACT ON ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,! NEGATIVE POLICIES TO DATE HAVE HAD A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON UNITY & PROGRESS4 ,RESOLV+ ! PROBLEM BY !SE ME?ODS WILL BR+ PEACE1 DEMOCRACY1 UNITY & PROGRESS TO ,TURKEY4 ,IT WILL BE PRO( ?AT WE WILL NOT HAVE TO EXP]I5CE ONCE AGA9 ! PA/ SORR[S & DISAPPE>ANCES4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 IF OB/ACLES TO CULTURAL1 L+UI/IC1 & HUMAN RI<TS >E LIFT$1 COMPLEXITIES WILL DISSIPATE4 ,TURKI% FE>S ( DIVISION ( ! C\NTRY WILL BE ELIM9AT$ & PA/ MI/AKES G5]AT$ BY ?OSE FE>S WILL DISAPPE>4 

,SOLUTION WILL BR+ WEAL?1 UNITY & PEACE4 

#d - ,A MILIT>Y APPROA* TO ! PROBLEM IS NO LONG] RELEVANT & %\LD BE AB&ON$4 

,HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE PROVES ?AT A VIOL5T APPROA* TO A PROBLEM 9FLAMES ! PROBLEM4 ,9 ! BEG9N+1 VIOL5CE MAY HELP TO PUT ! PROBLEM ON ! TABLE4 ,MORE VIOL5CE1 H[EV]1 BR+S MORE DE/RUCTION & SORR[ & 9 ! 5D A PEACEFUL SOLUTION CANNOT BE AVOID$4 ,KOSOVO IS ! LATE/ EXAMPLE4 ,E>LI] ,*E*YNA1 ,PALE/9E & ,EL ,SALVADOR W]E GOOD EXAMPLES4 ,( C\RSE1 A PEACEFUL APPROA* IS PREF]R$4 

,! ,P,K,K'S REBELLION US+ ITS [N ME?ODS1 & LEAD+ ! MOVEM5T AS A MILIT>Y =CE WAS LEGITIMATE4 ,9 #a#i#i1 IT C\LD HAVE *ANG$ ITS APPROA* FROM MILIT>Y TO NONVIOL5T & IT MI<T HAVE SUCCE$$4 ,IF ! #aiic UNILAT]AL CEASE-FIRE1 :I* WAS DECL>$ BY ! ,P,K,K1 HAD BE5 ACCEPT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 A TURN+ PO9T4 ,AFT] #a#i#i#c1 ) ! ,GOV]NM5T'S REJECTION ( ! CEASE-FIRE1 VIOL5CE 9CREAS$ ON BO? SIDES & MORE DE/RUCTION RESULT$4 ,AT TIMES ! VIOL5CE MOV$ BEYOND ! PR9CIPLES ( W>4 

,9 ! 9DICTM5T IT IS /AT$ ?AT ,I WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! DEA? ( #cc UN>M$ SOLDI]S & SOME CIVILIANS4 ,!Y NEGLECT$ TO M5TION1 H[EV]1 :O WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! DE/RUCTION ( OV] #c # VILLAGES & ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE FROM ! ,KURDI% REGIONS4 ,IF !SE DISAPPE>ANCES & ! DE/RUCTION ( !SE VILLAGES HAD BE5 AS CLE>LY DESCRIB$ AS ! REPORT ( ! ,SUSURLUK 9CID5T1 !N ! JUDGE W\LD HAVE BE5 OBJECTIVE 9 HIS ASSESSM5T ( ! W>LIKE 5C\NT]S BETWE5 ! ,P,K,K & ! /ATE4 ,! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS A MID-SIZE W> BETWE5 ! ,P,K,K & ! /ATE4 ,IT CANNOT BE JU/IFI$ BY A DESCRIPTION ( DAY-BY-DAY ACTIONS4 ,IF ,P,K,K MEMB]S ACT$ \TSIDE ! PR9CIPLES ( W>1 !Y W]E PUNI%$4 ,WE ALWAYS ADH]$ TO ?IS POLICY4,SIMIL> CONFLICTS 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD CAN BE DIRTI]4 ,9 ! PA/ C\PLE ( YE>S1 EV5 9 SMALL T[NS1 HUNDR$S ( ,KURDI% PEOPLE DISAPPE>$ OR W]E EXECUT$ BY ! /ATE4 ,!SE ATROCITIES MU/ CEASE4 ,BO? SIDES MU/ ATTEMPT TO /OP !SE \TRAGE\S ACTS :I* DO NOT MEET EV5 ! M9IMUM /&>DS ( ! PR9CIPLES ( W>4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ IS ?IS3 ,WE CAN USE ! LA/ REBELLION AS AN HI/ORIC TURN+ PO9T4 ,BO? ,TURKS & ,KURDS AS WELL AS 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS >E DEM&+ A HALT TO ?IS CONFLICT4 ,LET !SE PROBLEMS F9D A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION )9 ! B\ND>IES ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,CONFRONTATION IS NOT RESPECT$ ANYMORE NOR IS IT NE$4 ,! MO/ REC5T ,KURDI% REBELLION IS NOT LIKE ! O!RS4 ,IT IS ! REASON = ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( ,TURKEY & AT ! SAME TIME A RESULT ( ?AT DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,! ,P,K,K HAS PROV5 ?AT4 ,! LATE/ ELECTIONS %[ ?AT ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE HAVE SUCCESSFULLY PASS$ ! TE/ ( DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ = VIOL5CE ANYMORE4 ,A NEW ]A HAS OP5$ ! WAY = DEMOCRACY4 

,! MO/ PRACTICAL WAY TO /OP ! VIOL5CE IS = ! GOV]NM5T TO ACCEPT ! REC5T ,P,K,K CALL = CEASE-FIRE4 ,BY ACCEPT+ ! CEASE-FIRE1 TRU/ IS CREAT$1 !N COMES ! SIL5C+ ( >MS4 ,9 ORD] TO REA* ?IS GOAL IT IS IMP]ATIVE ?AT ! /ATE TAKES IMM$IATE ACTION4 ,IF ! /ATE & ! PUBLIC >E MORE =GIV+ & MORE DEMOCRATIC1 AS ,I M5TION$ 9 ! PREVI\S /ATEM5T1 & IF ! OB/ACLES TO ! USE ( ! ,KURDI% LANGUAGE & CULTURE .<>E REMOV$.>1 A HI/ORIC TURN+ PO9T CAN BE REA*$4 ,9TEGRATION ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE ) ! /ATE WILL OCCUR4 ,NEGATIVE P]CEPTIONS & DI/RU/ ( ! /ATE *ANG$ TO POSITIVE P]CEPTIONS & TRU/4 ,! BASIS = REBELLION & CONFRONTATION WILL BE F9I%$4 ,IF FUNDAM5TAL MEMB]%IP 9 ,TURKEY1 CON/ITUTIONAL CITIZ5%IP1 >E UNIT$ ) 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 !Y WILL RESULT 9 ! RESOLUTION ( ! MAJORITY ( ! PROBLEMS4 ,:AT IS LEFT IS ECONOMIC4 ,! ,G,A,P PROJECT IS GOOD BEG9N+4 ,TURKEY'S GOAL ( REA*+ AN HI/ORIC DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC WILL BE A*IEV$4 ,UND] ?IS =MULA !RE WILL BE NO REASON = REBELLION4 ,!N1 EV]Y CORN] ( ! C\NTRY WILL EXP]I5CE UNITY1 NOT SEP>ATION1 & TOGE!RNESS 9/EAD ( REBELLION4 ,TURKEY WILL BE /RONG] & NO P[] WILL BE ABLE TO DE/ROY ?AT UNITY4 

#e- ,ALL ILLEGAL ORGANIZATIONS & PRIM>ILY ! ,P,K,K HAVE TO ADJU/ !MSELVES TO NORMAL POLITICAL & LEGAL WAYS )9 ! FRAME WORK ( PEACE 

,:5 A HALT IS PUT TO >M$ CONFLICT1 ALL ! ILLEGAL ORGANIZATIONS SO F> WILL HAVE TO RE9V5T !MSELVES 9 A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,ESPECIALLY UND] A G5]AL AMNE/Y1 :5 LEGAL & POLITICAL MEANS ( EXPRESSION >E RESPECT$1 DEMOCRATIZATION WILL TAKE A /RONG] HOLD4 ,9 ! N9ETIES1 !RE WAS PROGRESS ( FRE$OM ( ASSEMBLY4 ,! G5]AL POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E DUE TO MA9TA9+ /RA9$ RELATIONS BR\<T AB\T ! LA/ ELECTION RESULTS :I* >E 9DICATIVE ( ! LACK ( A SY/EM TO (F] A MEAN+FUL ALT]NATIVE ?R\< SOCIETY'S LONG-S\<T-AFT] YE>N+ = DEMOCRATIC NORMALIZATION4 ,?OSE :O 9SI/ ON UNPRODUCTIVE WAYS >E BE+ AB&ON$4 ,?IS IS TRUE = LEFT1 C5T]1 & RI<T W+ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,POLITICAL EF=TS ?AT HAVE NO DEMOCRATIC BASIS >E ?+S ( ! PA/4 ,?IS IS MORE SO = ! LEFT4 ,ALONG ) R5EWAL & LEGALIZATION1 TO PUT =? REALI/IC DEMOCRATIC SOLUTIONS TO ! SOCIETY'S *ALL5GES1 & TO ?IS 5D1 TO =GE EXT5SIVE ALLIANCES >E ESS5TIAL = PROGRESS & PROSP]ITY4 ,SOCIETY'S *ALL5GES CANNOT BE MET ) ! CLASSICAL ORGANIZATIONS & P]SONNEL4 ,IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD ?AT IF ORGANIZATIONS & P]SONNEL DO NOT R5EW !MSELVES1 ! TIME = DEMOCRATIC R5EWAL & DEVELOP+ REAL SOLUTIONS WILL HAVE COME TO AN 5D4 ,)\T ?IS R5EWAL1 WE WILL NEI!R HAVE RESPECT = \R PA/ H]ITAGE NOR /EP 9TO ! FUTURE ) CL>ITY4 

,! ,P,K,K ALSO FALLS 9TO ?IS FRAMEWORK ( R5EWAL4 ,! DIVISION BETWE5 ! LEFT & ! RI<T 9 ! SEV5TIES1 FASCISM1 SOCIALISM1 & PROGRAMS ?AT ADDRESS$ NATIONAL ISSUES1 & TYPE ( ORGANIZATIONS & !IR OP]ATIONS %\LD HAVE ALL BE5 PUT 9 ! OP5 9 ! N9ETIES & ! NECESS>Y CORRECTIONS IMPLEM5T$4 ,?R\< A G5]AL DEMOCRATIZATION ?R\<\T ,TURKEY1 9/EAD ( >M$ CONFLICT1 LEGAL *ANNELS )9 ! POLITICAL FRAMEWORK %\LD HAVE S\<T PROGRAMS TO ADDRESS SOCIETY'S NE$S ESPECIALLY L+UI/IC & CULTURAL FRE$OMS4 ,!SE EF=TS W\LD HAVE BE5 HI/ORICAL = ! ,P,K,K & W\LD HAVE PREV5T$ ! P]PETUAL VIOL5CE ?AT BR\<T SO MANY YE>S ( PA9 TO SOCIETY4 ,( C\RSE1 ! /ATE'S 9EFFECTIV5ESS 9 WORK+ T[>DS A SOLUTION ALONG ) ?OSE :O PU%$ = CONFRONTATION1 PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ! IMPASSE4 ,ESPECIALLY BETWE5 #aiic & #aiif ! LOSSES W]E GREAT DUE TO ! 9CREASE 9 CONFRONTATIONS & VIOL5CE4 

,AS LATE AS IT MI<T BE1 ! ,P,K,K WILL HAVE TO SEEK PEACE 9 ITS [N CAPACITY REJECT+1 ! 9SI/5CE ON VIOL5CE & IT WILL BE MORE EFFECTIVE 9 ?IS 5DEAVOR AS ! /ATE RESPONDS POSITIVELY TO ! ABOVE-M5TION$ APPROA*ES4 ,IF PRACTICAL OPPORTUNITIES1 ESPECIALLY ) ! /ATE'S TACIT APPROVAL1 COME AB\T1 A NEW 0,PEACE ,CONF]5CE & ,CONGRESS0 WILL HAVE TO PREP>E = SU* AN EV5TUALLITY4 ,!RE W\LD BE 9CREAS$ EF=TS = SU* A SOLUTION 9 ! REGION AS WELL AS 9 ! WORLD4 ,?OSE :O REJECT A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION & PEACE1 WILL F9D !MSELVES 9 ISOLATION DAY BY DAY4 

,H5CE1 ! /ATE MU/ ACT 9 A WAY ?AT BEFITS ITS GREATNESS4 ,ESPECIALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T ?AT REPRES5TS ! /ATE MU/ SEE ?IS AS A HI/ORICAL MOM5T & AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO BOLDLY SOLVE ONE ( ITS [N *ALL5GES ?AT FACE ! NATION4 ,REC5T HI/ORY %[S US ?AT ?OSE :O DID NOT ACT LIKE ?IS HAVE FAIL$ & ! SUCCESSION ( GOV]NM5TS IS AN 9DICATION ( ?AT4 ,A SOLUTION IS AS MU* A KEY TO MANY O!R G5]AL PROBLEMS AS IT IS TO ATT5D TO SOCIETY'S NE$ = PEACE1 COM=T1 & BASIC NECESITIES4 ,HI/ORY WILL NOT JUDG5 WELL ?OSE :O DON'T ACT RESPONSIBLY AT ?IS JUNCTURE4 

,! ,P,K,K WILL EMBRACE DEMOCRATIC UNITY & PROGRAMS )9 ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN PR9CIPLES BY LE>N+ ! MEAN+FUL LESSONS FROM ITS PA/ EXP]I5CES & DISC>D+ USELESS ME?ODS4 ,IT WILL DEMON/RATE ITS CREATIV5ESS ) SU* IMPLEM5TATIONS4 ,O!RWISE1 IT TOO WILL BE EV5TUALLY M>G9ALIZ$4 ,9/EAD ( REPEAT+ ! ME?ODS ( ! PA9FUL & UNPRODUCTIVE YE>S1 WE MU/ GO =W>D ON ! PA? TO PEACE ) MUTUAL & HUMBLE /EPS1 ) RESPECT = EA* O!R & KEEP+ 9 M9D ! DELICATE BALANCES4 ,TO REALIZE PEACE )9 ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN SY/EM WILL BE NOT ONLY MORE DIFFICULT ?AN W> IT WILL BE MORE EXALT+ & REW>D+4 ,AGA9/ ALL ODDS1 ?OSE1 :O ATTEMPT TO ACT = ! SAKE ( FRE$OM1 WILL1 ) TIME1 REALIZE ! SANCTITY ( !IR DUTY ON ! PA? ( PEACE4 

,M,Y ,P,],S,O,N,A,L ,/,A,T,U,S 

,!RE HAVE BE5 MANY REF]5CES TO MY P]SONAL /ATUS 9 ! 9DICTM5T4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT = ME1 UND] A SEP>ATE HEAD+1 TO EXPRESS MY /ATUS ) REG>D TO W> & REBELLION & ) REG>D TO ! HI/ORY ( ! ,P,K,K4 

,MY FAMILY WAS POOR & HAD LO/ ITS TRIBAL TRADITIONS1 BUT IT CONT9U$ ) /RONG FEUDAL VALUES4 ,I /UDI$ 9 ! ,REPUBLIC'S ELEM5T>Y S*OOL LOCAT$ 9 A DIFF]5T VILLAGE :ILE COMMUT+ B>EFOOT4 ,! VILLAGES SURR\ND+ US W]E HALF ,TURKI%1 HALF ,KURDI%4 ,MY FAMILY FROM MY MO!R'S SIDE C\LD BE CONSID]$ ,TURKMAN & WAS FROM A NEI<BOR+ VILLAGE4 ,TURKI% & ,KURDI% W]E SPOK5 TOGE!R4 ,RELATIONS BETWE5 \R VILLAGES W]E V]Y FRI5DLY1 AS !RE WAS NO NATIONAL ANIMOSITY AT ALL4 ,AS LONG AS !RE WAS NO PROVOCATION1 

ANIMOSITY W\LD NEV] DEVELOP & AN EXEMPL>Y BRO!RLY COEXI/5CE PREVAIL$4 ,!IR SYMPA?Y T[>DS ME CONT9UES1 EXCE$+ ?AT ( ,KURDI% VILLAGES4 ,MY OPPOSITION WAS TO FAMILY FEUDAL TIES4 ,IT CAN BE SAID1 ?AT MY FIR/ REBELLION WAS AGA9/ A FAMILY & VILLAGE /RUCTURE :I* W]E F> FROM RESPOND+ TO ! EXPECTATIONS ( A *ILD4 ,I BELIEVE ?IS HAS BE5 T\*$ UPON 9 A NOVEL AS A 0FIR/ REBELLION0 BY AN AU?OR FROM ,TURKEY4 ,AT AN E>LY AGE1 AFT] A SIZABLE DISAGREEM5T ) ! FAMILY & ) MANY TE>S & CONT9U\S SOBB+1 ,I LEFT ! VILLAGE4 ,9 ?IS1 ! %>E ( REACTION TO FAMILY MEMB]S :O WANT TO LIVE \TSIDE ( A LIFE ( TOIL IS GREAT4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 ! VILLAG]S :O KNEW ME AS ! ONE :O W\LD NOT 0HURT A FLY04 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 !Y SAW A SNAKE1 !Y W\LD CALL ME 0! SNAKE HUNT]04 ,I WAS ALSO A HUNT] ( BIRDS4 ,ROAM+ 9 ! HILLS WAS A PASSION4 ,I F\<T H>D = :EAT BREAD4 ,MY CONFLICTS ) MY MO!R W]E /RONG4 ,MY MO!R WAS AN 9DEP5D5T1 HEAD/RONG WOMAN4 ,MY REBELLI\S SIDE MAY HAVE COME FROM H]4 ,MY FA!R WAS HELPLESS1 MY MO!R WAS 9 CONTROL4 ,I GREW UP )\T MU* LOVE & DISCIPL9E FROM ! FAMILY4 ,TO BR+ MYSELF UP 9DEP5D5TLY BECAME AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ME4 

,UP UNTIL ! LA/ YE> ( UNIV]SITY1 ,I NEV] FELL BEL[ TOP T5 9 MY CLASS4 ,UNTIL HI< S*OOL1 !RE W]E RELIGI\S 9FLU5CES4 ,?IS WAS A CONS]VATIVE1 DEF5SIVE REACTION TO A MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,9 ! SEV5TIES1 ,I DEVELOP$ AN 9T]E/ 9 LEFTI/ IDEOLOGY & BECAME AW>E ( MY ,KURDI%NESS4 ,AS A P]SON1 ,I HAD HI< E?ICAL /&>DS1 S9CE ,I DID NOT HAVE A SOCIAL CONNECTION & LIFE ) SOCIETY :I* ,I CONSID]$ TO BE B\RGEOIS4 ,9 TIME1 ,I D$ICAT$ MYSELF COMPLETELY TO IDEOLOGICAL WORK4 ,I ACT$ 9 UNISON ) ! ,TURKI% LEFT = A %ORT :ILE4 ,H[EV]1 BECAUSE ( LACK ( !IR ATT5TION TO ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE1 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#g#c1 ,I PLAY$ A V]Y IMPORTANT ROLE 9 E/ABLI%+ ! F\NDATION ( ! ,P,K,K MOVEM5T BY LEAD+ A SMALL GR\P 9 ! NAME ( /UDY+ ! ,KURDI% REALITY4 

,?IS WAS A RESE>* & PROPAG&A EF=T4 ,IT SEEM$ TO ME ?AT ! GR\P NE$$ TO GR[ 9DEP5D5TLY ) IDEOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL KN[L$GE4 ,WE 5GAG$ 9 9T5SE IDEOLOGICAL OPPOSITION TO BACKW>D & SEP>ATI/ ,KURDI% NATIONALISM AS WELL AS *AUV9I/IC LEFTI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,TURKEY4 ,!RE W]E ,TURKI% FRI5DS JO9+ US TOO4 ,!RE W]E ?OSE JO9+ ! EF=T AT LEAD]%IP LEVEL LIKE ,HAKI ,KAD] & ,KEMAL ,PIR4 ,TO US1 ?IS REPRES5T$ ,TURKI%-,KURDI% UNITY AT ?AT TIME4 ,KEMAL ,PIR1 :OM WE CONSID]$ ! M>TYR ( ! GREAT DEA?-FA/1 ALWAYS SAID 0 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! FRE$OM ( \R PEOPLE CAN BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! FRE$OM ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE02 ?IS TO US HAS REMA9$ A SLOGAN4 ,!RE IS MU* ?AT CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ?IS UNITY ( ! GR\P AS WELL AS ! ,P,K,K4 ,9 #a#i#g#e1 ,I WAS ! HEAD ( ,A,D,Y,O,D 7,ANK>A ,DEMOCRATIC ,HI<] ,$UCATION ,GR\P74 ,BE=E ?IS1 ON #c ,M>* #a#i#g#b1 AS A RESULT ( A BOYCOTT WE 9ITIAT$ AT ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CE ,DEP>TM5T PROTE/+ ! DEA? ( ,MAHIR ,CAYAN & HIS T5 FRI5DS :O W]E KILL$ AT ,KIZILD]E1 ,I S]V$ A SEV5 MON? S5T5CE AT ,MAMAK PRISON4 

,9 #a#i#g#g1 WE PREP>$ ! MANIFE/O & 9 #a#i#g#h1 ) ! HELP ( ,MEHMET ,HAYRI ,DURMUS1 ! ,P,K,K PROGRAM WAS PUT 9TO WRIT+4 ,9 #a#i#g#h1 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,FIS 9 ,DIY>BAKIR1 WE DECID$ TO E/ABLI% A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ ( ,JULY #a#i#g#i1 ) ,ETMEM ,AKCAN1 WE JO9$ ! ,PALE/9IANS ?R\< ,SYRIA & ,LEBANON4 ,S9CE #a#i#h#b1 WE ATTEMPT$ TO E/ABLI% A BASE 9 ,NOR!RN ,IRAQ :ILE ORGANIZ+ A MILIT>Y & IDEOLOGICAL $UCATION ) TWO HUNDR$ FRI5DS :O JO9$ US4 

,9 ACTUALITY1 ,I BELIEVE IF IT W]5'T = !SE EF=TS1 !RE C\LD HAVE BE5 MANY MORE TRAGIC1 M]CILESS1 & HORRIBLE EV5TS4 ,! 9DICTM5T1 IF IT W]E TO HAVE ANALYZ$ ! SOCIETAL & 9DIVIDUAL REASONS = !SE EV5TS1 W\LD NOT HAVE HAD MU* TR\BLE E/ABLI%+ REASONS4 ,PICTURE IS NOT 5\< UNLESS WE CAN ) ALL ITS ASPECTS1 PLACE ! LIV+ ?+ ON DISPLAY1 WE CANNOT MAKE A HEAL?Y DET]M9ATION4 ,CONSID]+ ALL ACTIVITIES AS T]RORISM OR T]RORI/ ONLY DEEP5S ! CONFLICT4 ,9 REALITY1 MANY ( ! ACTIONS ?AT W]E TAK5 W]E ALSO ! SADDE/ EV5TS ( MY LIFE4 ,I HAVE MADE CRITICISMS ( SU* 9CID5T :I* AM\NT TO VOLUMES ( BOOKS4 ,EV5 ! FAMILY FEUDS )9 ,KURDI% SOCIETY ?AT CONT9UE :5 !Y'RE ANALYZ$1 IT BECOMES OBVI\S H[ ! SOCIETY IS /RUCTUR$ & H[ ITS /RUCTURE 9FLU5CES 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IF ,I W]E TO COMP>E MY ROLE ) ! ROLE ( TRIBAL CONFLICT1 AS WELL AS UPRIS+S 9 SIMIL> SITUATIONS1 ,I SEE MY ROLE BE+ MU* 9 CONTROL & LEA/ DE/RUCTIVE4 ,A KE5 OBS]V] ( ! ,P,K,K W\LD IMM$IATELY NOTICE ?AT 9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 ,I HAVE ALMO/ WAG$ AN 9T]NAL W> )9 ! ,P,K,K4 ,9 ADDITION1 IF Y\ LOOK AT ,BOSNIA1 ,KOSOVO1 & O/5SIBLY MORE CIVILIZ$ ,5GLI%-,I,R,A CONFLICT1 ! MASSACRES OCCURR+ 9 ,AFRICA1 ! EV5TS ?AT TOOK PLACE UND] \R RESPONSIBILITY %\LD BE SE5 AS A GREAT SUCCESS4 ,AS ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! AU?ORITY ( ! ORGANIZATION HAS 9CREAS$1 !SE TYPES ( EV5TS ?AT EXCE$ LEGALLY DEF5SIBLE LEVELS HAVE BE5 M9IMIZ$ TO A L[ LEVEL4 ,I NE$ TO EXPRESS MY UND]/&+ ( ! USE ( =CE BECAUSE ,I AM CON/ANTLY BE+ BR&$ *IEF T]RORI/ & ,I AM BE+ CONDEMN$ = HAV+ TAK5 ACTION4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ACTIONS TAK5 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,K,K >E MY RESPONSIBILITY4 ,BUT IT IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO ANALYZE MY PHILOSOPHY ( ! USE ( =CE4 ,! MO/ DIFFICULT EF=T 9 MY LIFE HAS BE5 CONTA9+1 M9IMIZ+ ! DE/RUCTIVE 9DIVIDUAL & /RUCTURES UND] ! GUISE ( MILITANCY & G5]ALLY UND] ! GUISE ( REBELLION4 ,I W\LD DESCRIBE ?IS ) ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE4 ,!Y HAVE PROMOT$ ! GYPSY TO GOV]NOR%IP & ! FIR/ ?+ HE HAS DONE WAS TO HANG HIS [N FA!R4 ,:AT HAS TAK5 PLACE IS SOME:AT SIMIL>4 ,I HAVE BR&$ SOME ( ! EV5TS AS M9DLESS1 IRRESPONSIBLE GANG ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS EASY TO UND]/&1 BUT DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% CONTROL OV] P]SONALITIES1 :OSE *>ACT] IS SU* ?AT !Y HAVE GR[N UP 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ( TRIBAL CONFLICT1 !Y >E DEVOID ( A POLITICAL UPBR++ AS WELL AS MILIT>Y RULES & !Y CAN KILL EA* O!R = A *ICK54 ,9 MY OP9ION1 ! LEVEL AT :I* WE W]E ABLE TO CONTROL IT HAS BE5 A SUCCESS4 

,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ! LEVEL ( ! USE ( =CE ?AT ,I W\LD TOL]ATE WAS NOT ALL[$ TO EXCE$ LEGAL SELF DEF5SE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT MANY SUICIDE ATTACKS ?AT ,I CONSID]$ TO BE H]OIC1 BUT ,I DID NOT ORD] ANY ONE ( !M4 ,9 SOME CASES1 ,I DID NOT EV5 KN[ ( !M4 ,MY EF=TS TO CONTA9 & M9IMIZE !SE TYPES ( DEVELOPM5TS HAVE BE5 CON/ANT4 ,?IS1 TO ME1 IS NECESS>Y BECAUSE ( E?ICAL REASONS & MY UND]/&+ ( MILIT>Y RULES4 ,IF IT DID NOT GO LIKE ?IS1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 LO/4 ,MY AIM 9 SELF-DEF5SE CAN BE L9K$ TO MY FRE$OM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 FRE$OM OR DEA?4 ,GIVE US \R FRE$OM OR KILL US IS ! =MULA4 ,MY GO+ ABROAD & E/ABLI%+ BASES 9 ! M\NTA9S WAS BAS$ ON MY CONNECTION TO ?IS UND]/&+4 ,\TSIDE ( ?IS1 USE ( =CE IS 9 REALITY SUICIDE4 ,IF )9 A /ATE1 EV5 A LIMIT$ AM\NT ( FRE$OM IS AVAILABLE1 US+ =CE1 EV5 ANY K9D ( ACTION ?AT EXCE$S CIVIL COEXI/5CE W\LD BE ILLEGITIMATE4 

,AT ! BEG9N+1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! N9ETIES1 CULTURAL1 9DIVIDUAL1 & L+UI/IC D5IALS L$ TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! USE ( =CE4 ,LAT]1 EV5 ! LIMITS$ POSSIBILITY ( FRE$OM BECAME MEAN+LESS TO ME4 ,DEMOCRATIC & CIVILIZ$ WAYS ( POLITICS BECAME MORE EFFECTIVE4 ,FIR/1 9 #a#i#i#c1 ,I EXPRESS$ MORE FREQU5TLY4 ,IT BECAME MORE CLE> ?AT 9 ! EV5T ( A PEACEFUL RESOLUTION ( ! CONFLICT ) ! ,/ATE1 IT FELT 9CREAS+LY LIKELY ?AT WE =EGO ! USE ( =CE4 ,?IS WAS NOT BECAUSE ( ! LACK ( *OICES1 BUT RA!R ?AN US+ MEAN+LESS =CE1 ! BELIEF 9 ! FACT ?AT A*IEV+ DEMOCRATIC POLITICS WAS GETT+ REAL4 

,9 ?IS REG>D1 ,I F9D ?AT MY PR9CIPLE %ORTCOM+ WAS DUR+ ! CEASE FIRE EPISODE1 9 NOT SEE+ & EVALUAT+ ! PREP>ATIONS ! /ATE W5T ?R\< & !RE=E MISS+ AN HI/ORIC OPPORTUNITY4 ,A SUBSEQU5T USE ( =CE RESULT$ 9 MU* LOSS & MU* PA94 ,9 ADDITION1 IT CAN BE SAID ?AT IT L$ TO BO? SIDES EXCE$+ ! CONTROL LIMITS & CAUS+ MU* GREAT] DE/RUCTION ) BO? SIDES LOOK+ LIKE GANGS4 ,I REALIZ$ ?IS & AS A RESULT MADE AN 9T5SE EF=T4 ,AFT] #aiif HAV+ RECEIV$ C]TA9 9DIRECT MESSAGES FROM ! ,/ATE1 ,I ATTEMPT$ TO CONTROL ?IS BY WAY ( CEASE-FIRES4 ,I ATTEMPT$ TO PREP>E ! GR\NDWORK = DEMOCRATIC POLITICS4 ,I MU/ PO9T \T1 EV5 ?\< IT WAS NOT AT ! DESIR$ LEVEL1 ,I WAS ABLE TO BR+ AB\T *ANGES 9 A CONTROLL$ MANN] TO ALL[ A DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION4 

,AT A P]SONAL LEVEL1 IT MU/ ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL EF=TS ,I EXP5D$ WAS TO BR+ ! ,P,K,K'S #g'S PROGRAM & PROPAG&A /YLE 9TO ! #i'S BY *ANG+ IT4 ,I EMPHASIZE ?AT DEMOCRATIZATION 9 ,TURKEY 9 A REAL S5SE W\LD PROPEL ! HEAVILY FEUDAL ,KURDI% SOCIETY 9TO ! MA9/REAM DEMOCRATIC UNITY4 ,?IS IS WELL KN[N BY ! APPROPRIATE DEP>TM5TS ( ! /ATE4 ,AS = ! ,KURDS1 ! FACT ?AT ! BE/ K9DS ( FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE CAN ALL BE A*IEV$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC W\LD NOT BE AN OV]-/ATEM5T4 ,9 ! 9DICTM5T ! T]MS 0FRE$OM & 9DEP5D5CE0 >E VIEW$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( A DIFF]5T /ATE :I* ,I DO NOT SEE AS SU*4 ,9 .<MY.> LA/ EVALUATIONS ,I HAVE ALLUD$ TO A FREE SOCIETY )9 A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC ( ,TURKEY MODEL$ AFT] ! AGREEM5TS ( ! #a#i#bS1 TO BE A MORE FREE & 9DEP5D5T ONE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 A SEP>ATE ,KURDI% /ATE W\LD ACTUALLY BE A MORE DEP5D5T & A S]VILE ONE4 ,I AM ON ! RECORD = PROPOS+ SU* IDEAS ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS4 ,I HAVE MANY TIMES EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ?OSE :O >E FREE & 9DEP5D5T WILL UNITE & =M A /RONG] UNION4 ,:5 S]VITUDE IS =C$ UPON A UNIT1 IT WILL ALWAYS WEAK5 ! UNION AS IT IS DEMON/RAT$ BY MANY EXAMPLES ( UPRIS+S .<9 ! HI/ORY ( ! /ATE4.> ,! MA9 AIM IS1 AS WAS ! 9T5TION :5 ! ,REPUBLIC WAS F\ND$1 TO KEEP 9 M9D ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! PA/ & COME UP ) A CONTEMPOR>Y DEMOCRATIC SOLUTION4 ,MY REC5T ANALYSIS ( ! SITUATION W]E ALL T[>DS A SOLUTION BY CONSID]+ O!R EXP]IM5TS 9 ! WORLD & ,TURKEY'S HI/ORY OV]ALL4 ,MY DEF5SE1 9 ESS5CE1 RE/S ON ! PREMISE ?AT IT WILL SET ! /AGE = A HI/ORICAL SOLUTION .<= \R PROBLEM.>4 

,AFT] !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 ,I VOIC$ MY SUGGE/IONS ( 5D+ ! >M$ /RUGGLE & IF NE$ BE1 ADJU/+ ! ,P,K,K ALONG ! REQUIREM5TS ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,ALONGSIDE ! NE$ TO MAKE PREP>ATIONS = A RESPONSE BY ! /ATE BODY EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY TO \R EF=TS1 ,I EXPRESS$ ! NECESSITY NOT TO ELIM9ATE ! POSSIBILITY ( ?IS SPILL+ OV] 9TO EV5 ! CREATION ( A 0,PEACE ,CONGRESS84 ,AT ?IS /AGE1 ,I SEE AS MY FIR/ & =EMO/ DUTY TO SECURE A COMPREH5SIVE PEACE1 ONE DICTAT$ BY HI/ORICAL REALITIES1 & CURR5T WORLD DEVELOPM5TS4 ,IT IS TIME = AN 5D TO ! TWO HUNDR$ YE> OLD HEAVY CONFLICT BO? )9 ! /ATE BODY & ) ! ,KURDI% 9SURRECTIONS4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT POLITIC TO ANSW] ?IS VIOL5T P]IOD MU/ BE SOCIETAL CONS5SUS & RE=MATION1 & ?IS ,I BELIEVE1 CAN BE/ BE REA*$ UND] A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO EMPHASIZE ! NE$ & MY WI% = ! #b#a/ C5TURY TO BE A C5TURY ( PEACE4 

,!RE >E C]TA9 IMPORTANT MATT]S M5TION$ 9 ! 9DICTM5T REG>D+ ! APPROA* TO ! ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY :I* ,I FEEL ! NE$ TO /RESS4 ,ALONG ) MY CRITICISMS ( REAL SOCIALISM :I* COMM&$ ! WORLD ( ! SEV5TIES1 ,I HAVE CRITICIZ$ M>XISM = FALL+ %ORT FROM ! ATTA9+ ( A SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY & AS ,I GRADUALLY SAW ITS GR[+ 9FLU5CE4 ,C\PL$ ) A DOGMATIC \TLOOK1 M>XISM LESS5$ ! *ANCES ( CREATIVE APPROA*ES TO ! *ALL5GES :I* FAC$ US4 ,I TI$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,SOVIETS TO ?IS %ORTCOM+4 ,9 FACT1 ,I =ESAW IT & ,I CONSID]$ IT NOT AS ! FALL ( SOCIALISM BUT AS A RESULT ( ! FAILURE ( DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,I HAVE ALSO TI$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,TURKI% LEFT TO ?IS TRADITION4 ,I HAVE DEVELOP$ ASSESSM5TS SIMIL> 9 NATURE 9 WRIT+ AS WELL4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ,I HAVE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION ! /RUGGLE TO OV]COME ITS 9FLU5CE 9 ! BODY ( ! ,P,K,K4 ,I HAVE ALWAYS FELT ! NE$ & ! NECESSITY TO OV]COME ! *ALL5GES :I* HI/ORICAL & CURR5T DEVELOPM5TS HAVE 9EVITABLY POS$ AGA9/ ! CLASSIC APPROA*ES TO ! .<,M>XI/.> ,PROGRAM4 ,I RETA9 ! BELIEF1 H[EV]1 ?AT SOCIALISM CAN AGA9 RESPOND TO \R F\NDAM5TAL SOCIETAL & MOD]N PROBLEMS BY DEMON/RAT+ ITS DEMOCRATIC UND]/&+ & PRACTICE4 ,?IS DOES 5TAIL1 ?\<1 A RE=M />T+ FROM ITS V]Y BASE4 ,UNTIL ! DE/RUCTION .<CAUS$ BY.> REAL SOCIALISM IS OV]COME1 NOT A COMPLETE COLLAPSE LIKE 9 ,RUSSIA1 NOR A SUP]FICIAL CRITIQUE CAN LEAD TO DEMOCRATIC SOSCIALISM4 ,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT CAPITALISM TOO HAS AG$1 ITS ABILITY TO RE=M ITSELF ALONG DEMOCRATIC /&>DS IS ! KEY TO ITS PROGRESS & DURABILITY4 ,! LACK ( !SE ME*ANISMS = DEVELOPM5T 9 SOCIALISM IS A KEY FACTOR 9 ITS DISSOLUTION AS WELL AS ITS 9ABILITY TO FIX A /RONG />T+ PO9T4 ,WE CAN SEE ?IS MO/ CONCRETELY 9 ,TURKEY4 ,SOCIETAL PROBLEMS HAVE WORS5$ BECAUSE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM C\LD NEV] DEVELOP 9 ,TURKEY1 DESPITE ! GREAT SOCIETAL NE$4 ,IT IS CLE> ! APPROA* ( ! ,RI<T HAS AGGRAVAT$ ,TURKEY1S PROBLEMS4 ,9 ! FUTURE1 AS ,TURKEY ADDRESSES ITS FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS1 9CLUD+ A DEMOCRATIC APPROA* TO ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM1 9 A SUCCESSFUL MANN]1 ! ,LEFT WILL REGA9 ITS FEEL+ ( BE+ USEFUL & 9 FACT ESS5TIAL = DEMOCRACY TO PREVAIL4 ,I /RONGLY BELIEVE ?IS1 & A FREE UNION .<( PEOPLES.> REQUIRES ?IS4 

,I W\LD N[ LIKE TO ADDRESS MY APPROA* TO HOMEL& & PATRIOTISM4 ,IT C>RIES SOME IMPORTANCE ?AT ! #a#b#e4 >TICLE 9DICTM5T AGA9/ ME 9CLUDES TREASON & ! 9T5TION TO =M A SEP>ATE /ATE4 ,I F9D ! SLOGAN 0,A FREE HOMEL& OR DEA?0 MEAN+FUL4,:AT IS UNIQUE H]E IS ?AT ! CONCEPT ( A %>$ HOMEL& & /ATE & AN UND]/&+ ( A FREE CITIZ5 & SOCIETY PRES5T DUR+ ! 9ITIAL NATIONAL LIB]ATION & ! =MATION ( ! .<,TURKI%.> REPUBLIC NEV] DEVELOP$4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 A GREAT WEAKNESS ( ! ,KURDS IS ?AT EI!R !IR FEEL+S ( PATRIOTISM T[>DS ! L& ?AT !Y W]E BORN 9 IS WEAK OR ELSE !Y FAIL TO SEE & FEEL TO BELONG+ TO ,TURKEY1 :I* !Y >E A P>T (4 ,?IS CREATES ROOM = MIS9T]PRETATIONS4 ,! CONCEPT ( A SEP>ATE ,KURDI/AN >ISES FROM !SE CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IF ! REALITY IS NOT PUT =W>D1 IT CAN BE RISKY4 ,! UND]/&+ ?AT ,I HAVE GA9$ AS A RESULT ( MY EXP]I5CE 9 ?IS /RUGGLE DICTATES ?AT ! CONCEPT ( ONE %>$ HOMEL& & NATION CAN BE BE/ A*IEV$ BY ! MULTIE?NIC MODELS DEMON/RAT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES OR ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E EI!R ONE NATION IS GIV5 (FICIAL /ATUS OR MORE ?AN ONE LANGUAGE IS CONSID]$ (FICIAL4 ,?IS CONCEPT MU/ BE GRASP$ 9 ,TURKEY = A DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% PROBLEM4 ,?AT :I* ,TURKEY HAS LACK$ UNTIL N[ IS ! ASPECT ( DEMOCRACY4 ,! CONCEPT ( A MOD]N CITIZ5 9CLUDES FRE$OM = ALL 9DIVIDUALS1 LANGUAGES1 & CULTURES1 & :5 !RE IS FRE$OM1 WE CAN SPEAK ( AN 9DEP5D5T HOMEL&4 ,!SE TWO CONCEPTS 9 ,TURKEY >E ?\<T ( AS CONTRADICTORY1 AS ?\< ! ONE CONCEPT WILL WEAK5 ! O!R4 ,?IS IS A FUNDAM5TAL ]ROR4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEMOCRATIC PROBLEMS :I* NE$S TO BE RECKON$ )4 ,I BELIEVE ,I HAVE REA*$ A COMPREH5SIVE SOLUTION TO ?IS .<PROBLEM.>4 

,A SIMIL> NOTION APPLIES TO ! CONCEPT ( AN 9DEP5D5T /ATE4 ,BE=E ASK+ H[ MU* A /ATE BELONG$ TO US1 WE BEGAN BY BLAM+ A C]TA9 P]SON OR A GR\P & ?US WE FELL 9TO DOGMATISM4 ,?IS AFFECT$ \R POLITICAL ?\<TS & MOVEM5T4 ,:5 ,I CONTEMPLAT$ ?IS ISSUE MORE SCI5TIFICALLY1 ,I CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT 9/EAD ( REJECT+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE1 WE %\LD HAVE REJECT$ IT 9 SO F> AS IT WAS REPRES5TATIVE ( AN OLIG>*IC SY/EM1 & BY SEEK+ TO DE/ROY SU* A SY/EM NOT = ! SAKE ( 9DEP5D5CE BUT = DEMOCRATIZATION1 & FUR!RMORE1 NOT AS A NECESSITY = A*IEV+ A SEP>ATE /ATE BUT AS A NECESSITY ( A*IEV+ A FREE UNION ( PEOPLES & AS A DEMOCRATIC DUTY4 ,I CAN CONFID5TLY SAY ?AT MY CONCLUSIONS ON ! CONCEPT ( HOMEL& & UND]/&+ ( /ATE1 :I* IS PRES5T 9 A WEAK & DE/RUCTIVE =M 9 ! ,TURKI% ,LEFT1 & ! CONCRETE REALITIES ( ?IS MATT] CAN1 IF REALIZ$1 BE> IMPORTANT RESULTS4 ,IF !SE WRONG & SUP]FICIAL \TLOOKS >E NOT *ALL5G$ & OV]COME1 9 P>TICUL> BY ! .<,TURKI%.> ,LEFT & BY ,KURDI% NATIONALI/S1 PROBLEMS WILL BE AGGRAVAT$ & !Y WILL F9D IT H>D] TO DEVELOP ALT]NATIVES4 ,!IR GR[+ M>G9ALIZATION PO9TS T[>DS ?IS4 ,! ,RI<T WAS ABLE TO RISE TO P[] & MA9TA9 IT BY ADOPT+ AN ULTRA NATIONALISM MORE AS AN OPPORTUNISM & = ! 9T]E/ ( EXP$I5CY1 & POLITICAL GA9S4 ,!RE IS A DANG] 9 !IR \TLOOK ( A FREE CITIZ5 & AN 9DEP5D5T /ATE AS !Y LAPSE F> FROM ! CONCEPT ( 9TEGRATION & 9/EAD FLAME ! FIRES ( SEP>ATISM4 ,! PROBLEM 9 ,TURKEY ( A POSITIVE APPROA* TO AN 9TEGRATIONAL HOMEL&1 NATION1 & /ATE IS AS MU* A PROBLEM ( POLITICAL CULTURE AS IT IS ONE ( IDEOLOGY4 ,9 MY DEF5SE1 ,I HAVE ESS5TIALLY DEMON/RAT$ MY %>E ( UND]/&+ ( A PROP] 9TEGRATIONAL1 DEMOCRATIC \TLOOK & A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY CAPABLE ( GRASP+ V>I\S POLITICAL \TLOOKS4 ,I /RONGLY BELIEVE MY IDEAS CAN CON/ITUTE A FRAMEWORK = ! NEXT /AGE ( DEVELOPM5TS4 ,DEVELOP+ RELATIONS ) =EIGN P[]S CAPABLE ( TRANSC5D+ ?IS FRAMEWORK HAS NOT BE5 POSSIBLE = ME UND] MY CONDITIONS4 ,! IGNOBLE CONSPIRACY PUT \T = ME BY ?OSE :O ,I TREAT$ AS FRI5DS IS ! GREATE/ DEMON/RATION ( ?IS FACT4 ,IF ,I WAS A PUPPET1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT !Y W]E /RONG 5\< TO HIDE ME FROM ,TURKEY1 ) H] MANY FOES4 ,JU/ ! OPPOSITE1 !Y KNEW ?AT 9 ! LONG T]M1 !Y C\LD NOT USE ME AGA9/ ,TURKEY1 & )\T ANY REG>D TO 9T]NATIONAL LAWS OR HUMAN /&>DS1 & 9 ORD] TO ADD FUEL TO ! CONFLICT RAG+ 9 ,TURKEY1 !Y PLAY$ V>I\S GAMES ( NOT ACCEPT+ ME & H&+ ME OV] TO ,TURKEY4 ,ALL MY EF=TS \TSIDE ( ,TURKEY HAVE BE5 UND] ! UMBRELLA ( ! SLOGAN1 0,FREE CITIZ5 & DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC48 ,IT IS UNCONTE/ABLE ?AT ,I HAVE PUT MY :OLE BE+ =W>D T[>DS ?IS OBJECTIVE1 & ?AT ,I HAVE CRY/ALLIZ$ MY P]SONALITY ALONG ! CONCEPTS ( A FREE CITIZ5 & A DEMOCRATIC UNION4 ,& EV]Y PASS+ DAY1 HI/ORY SUB/ANTIATES ?IS & WILL PROVE IT4 ,:5 ,I EXAM9E MY [N P]SON UND] ! IMPRESSIONS ?AT IMPORTANT POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS & ACTIVISM HAS LEFT1 ,I SEE ?AT IT CAN ALSO BE 9T]PRET$ AS A CONTRIBUTION T[>DS SOCIETAL KN[L$GE1 WILL1 & ACTIVISM4 ,! REALITY IS ONE ( A SICK PEOPLE SE>*+ = A REM$Y UND] ! PROBLEMS :I* HAVE ACCUMULAT$ OV] HUNDR$S ( YE>S -- !Y CAN NEI!R LIVE UND] ! WEI<T ( ! PROBLEMS NOR CAN !Y ASSIMILATE :AT IS BE+ =C$ UPON !M4 ,IT IS ! /ORY ( A PEOPLE YE>N+ TO REA* ! MOD]N AGE4 ,9 ?IS REVOLUTION1 ,I HAVE FELT ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( PA92 ALL ?OSE FAULTS ( HI/ORY1 9/EAD ( IT BE+ [N$ UP BY O!RS1 HAVE FALL5 SOLELY ON MY %\LD]S4 ,?IS GREAT 9JU/ICE ?AT ,I HAVE BE5 9FLICT$ ) IS CLE>4 ,I FEEL IT IS MY RI<T TO ASK SU* QUE/IONS AS3 ,:O IS RESPONSIBLE = HI/ORY1S MANY REBELLIONS8 ,:O IS IT ?AT AGGRAVATES PROBLEMS8 ,:]E DOES HID+ & SUPPRESS+ A PROBLEM ACT AS A SOLUTION8 ,:O IS RESPONSIBLE = ?IS SOCIETAL REALITY1 LIKE NO O!R1 :I* D5IES ! RI<T ( .<A PEOPLE.> TO SPEAK !IR LANGUAGE8 ,:O HAS GIV5 MU* TO ! /ATE & = ! FRAT]NITY ( PEOPLES & 9 ! 5D COMES FACE TO FACE ) D5IAL & .<REJECTION.>8 

,! TOTALITY ( :AT ,I HAVE WANT$ TO DO IS TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS TO SOME ( !SE PROBLEMS4 ,! REBELLION ?AT WE >E CURR5TLY EXP]I5C+ IS P>T ( ! SOLUTION4 ,LIKE AN 9FECTION1 IF SOCIETAL PROBLEMS >E NOT DEALT ) ON TIME1 !Y CAN FE/]4 ,?IS PROBLEM HAS FE/]$1 & LIKE AN 9FECT$ W\ND1 IT HAS BUR/ & CAUS$ PA9 9 ALL O!R P>TS ( ! BODY4 ,TAK+ ?IS P>ALLEL FUR!R1 EV5 NORMALLY HEAL?Y P>TS ( ! BODY HAVE GOTT5 AFFECT$ FROM ?IS 9FECTION EV5 ?\< IT MAY NOT BE FAIR1 BECAUSE IT IS A PROBLEM ( A BODY :OSE SY/EMS >E 9T]CONNECT$4 ,! ]UPTION ( ?IS REBELLION IS ONLY HALF ( ! SOLUTION4 ,:AT NE$S TO BE DONE AFT] ?IS IS TO M$ICATE ! W\ND & HEAL IT4 ,I CALL ?IS SOCIETAL PEACE4 ,I UND]/& ! DEP? ( ?IS CONCEPT1 & FEEL RESPONSIBLE T[>DS ITS FULFILLM5T4 ,I BELIEVE ,I HAVE RESOLV$ 9 MY P]SONALITY & ITS DEP? ! *>ACT]I/ICS NECESSITAT$ = ATTA9+ PEACE4 ,I CONTEMPLATE ! !ORETICAL & POLITICAL DIM5SIONS & OBJECTIVES ( SU* A P]SONALITY 9 GREAT 9T5SITY4 ,! ?+ :I* ,I W\LD LIKE TO %>E MO/ ( ALL ) ! /ATE & ) ALL LEVELS ( ! SOCIETY IS MY /UDY ( PEACE4 ,I HAVE NO D\BTS ?AT :AT ,I CAN %>E AB\T ?IS SUBJECT WILL BE RELEVANT AT A HI/ORICAL & SOCIETAL LEVEL4 ,! FUNDAM5TALS ( FRE$OM DICTATE ?AT WE MU/ ONCE AGA9 DEVELOP \R TIES TO ! /ATE & SOCIETY1 & MAKE WAY = A RECONCILIATION :I* HAS GA9$ A HI/ORICAL F\NDATION4 ,?IS CAN BE A*IEV$ >\ND ! FRAMEWORK ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,IF ,I AM GIV5 ! OPPORTUNITY1 ,I WILL DIRECT ALL MY EF=TS T[>DS ATTA9+1 & REPRES5T+ ! DEMOCRATIC UNION ( FREE CITIZ5S & PEOPLES ) ! REPUBLIC1 9 PEACE & FRAT]NITY4 

,C,O,N,C,L,U,S,I,O,N 

,DEMOCRATIC ,UNION IS ! NEXT HI/ORIC /EP ( ! ,REPUBLIC 

,EV5 ?\< ! ,PROSECUTOR MAY1 ON ! BASIS ( ! PROGRAM & MY EXT5SIVE EXPLANATIONS1 REA* ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! AIM WAS TO SET UP A SEP>ATE /ATE & ?AT MY WORDS 0,EV]Y?+ = ,9DEP5D5CE & ,LIB]TY0 MEANS JU/ ?AT1 ,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ 9 ?IS DEF5SE TO EXPLA9 ?AT1 AS ONE ( ?OSE MO/ RESPONSIBLE = ?IS HI/ORIC EXP]I5CE1 MY AIM WAS TO A*IEVE DEMOCRATIC UNION4 ,:ILE ,I DO NOT HAVE ! DOCUM5TS ( ! SPEE*ES ,I MADE1 ,I 9DICAT$1 ?R\< ! UNILAT]AL CEASE-FIRES ,I CALL$ & ?R\< 9DIRECT DIALOGUES1 ?AT 9DEP5D5CE & LIB]TY = ! 9DIVIDUAL & = ! PEOPLE C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ )9 ! CONTEXT ( ,TURKEY'S 9TEGRITY & ! DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,LOOK+ AT IT 9 A SCI5TIFIC WAY1 ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE'S QUE/ = A /ATE ( ITS [N CANNOT BE A REALI/IC PROPOSITION1 GIV5 ?AT ?IS PEOPLE IS SURR\ND$ ON ALL SIDES BY NEI<BORS :O W\LD F9D IT UNACCEPTABLE1 ON A L>GELY M\NTA9\S T]RA91 DIVID$ ECONOMICALLY1 SOCIALLY1 CULTURALLY & POLITICALLY1 WEI<$ D[N BY FEUDAL VALUES1 LACK+ EV5 AN ALPHABET1 ) MO/ ( ITS MEMB]S WORK+ 9 ! METROPOLISES4 ,MOREOV]1 BO? ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( ! PA/ TWO C5TURIES & ! REC5T ,P,K,K UPRIS+ HAVE %[N ?AT1 GIV5 ! EXI/+ BALANCE ( MILIT>Y =CES1 MOVES T[>DS SEP>ATION W\LD EXAC]BATE ! PROBLEM4 ,?IS ME?OD W\LD CAUSE DIFFICULTIES = BO? SIDES1 !Y W\LD SUFF] GREAT PA9 & LOSSES4 ,BUT NEI!R W\LD SEP>ATION COME AB\T1 NOR W\LD ! PROBLEM BE RESOLV$4 ,! DISEASE W\LD BECOME MORE SEV]E4 ,! DISEASE CANNOT BE CUR$ BY ANNIHILAT+ ! PATI5T1 & ! P>T CANNOT BE CUR$ BY SEP>AT+ IT (F FROM ! :OLE1 ?AT IS ! /ATE1 ( :I* IT IS A MA9 ELEM5T4 ,! CORRECT ME?OD IS TO OV]COME ,! ROTT5 P>TS1 ! LAWS :I* CANNOT BE DEMOCRATIZ$1 :I* EV5 ! HI<E/ AU?ORITIES ( ! /ATE ADMIT TO BE+ OB/ACLES TO LIB]TY1 ! \TDAT$ 9/ITUTIONS1 ! APPROA*ES BAS$ ON FE> & D5IAL2 ! FEUDAL SOCIAL /RUCTURES 7TRIBES1 %EIKHS1 L&LORDS7 9 ! REGION & ! FE> ( ! /ATE - ALL !SE MU/ BE OV]COME2 ?AT IS ! CORRECT ME?OD4 ,9TEGRATION MU/ BE A*IEV$ ) ! REPUBLIC1 AS TRUE CON/ITUTIONAL CITIZ5S 9 A DEMOCRATIC UNION1 ON ! BASIS ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS & A FREE SOCIETY4 

,BO? ! EXP]I5CE ( \R REC5T UPRIS+ & MANY EXP]I5CES ?R\<\T ! WORLD %[ ?AT ! SOLUTION MU/ BE S\<T )9 SU* A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM & ?AT 9SI/5CE ON SUPPRESSION & ON RESI/ANCE LEAD TO NO?+ BUT EXAC]BAT+ ! IMPASSE4 ,! REC5T PROBLEMS 9 ,KOSOVO %[ ! NECESSITY = CONCILIATION4 ,AS ,I HAVE TRI$ TO EXPLA9 9 MY DEF5SE1 \R ORGANIZ$ & ACTIVE MOVEM5T PUT =W>D ! IDEA ( A SEP>ATE POLITICAL /RUCTURE MORE FREQU5TLY 9 ITS PROGRAM & DECL>ATIONS AT ! BEG9N+2 BUT EXP]I5CE %[$ US & WE TRI$ TO /RESS 9 ! #a#i#iS ! IMPORTANCE ( FREE UNION1 ?AT ! PRACTICAL WAY TO FRE$OM AS A PEOPLES WAS ?R\< ! 9TEGRITY ( ! ,TURKI% C\NTRY & /ATE1 ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM C\LD RESOLVE ?IS PROBLEM4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! /ATE CONFID5TLY KN[S ?AT ?IS WAS \R DECISION4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS NOT WORDS1 NOT EV5 ! PROGRAM & PR9CIPLES1 :AT MATT]S IS ! REALITY ( LIFE & ! /RUGGLE :I* %\LD BE 5%R9$ 9 ! PR9CIPLES & ! PROGRAM4 ,LIFE & ! /RUGGLE HAVE L$ US TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT 0IF Y\ DO NOT WI% TO LIVE AS A SLAVE1 AS ONE :OSE EXI/5CE IS D5I$1 Y\ HAVE TO LE>N TO LIVE )9 A FREE UNION04 ,?IS CANNOT BE D\BT$4 ,MOREOV]1 MANY SIMIL> PROBLEMS 9 ! WORLD >OSE FIR/ ) A SEP>ATI/ AIM1 BUT PROV$ ?AT LIV+ TOGE!R IS MORE CORRECT & MEANS P[]FUL UNITY & WEAL?4 ,! T5D5CY T[>DS UNITY IS PROV+ ITSELF /RONG] ?AN ?AT T[>DS SEP>ATION & UNIONS ACROSS ! WORLD >E DEVELOP+ ECONOMICALLY1 CULTURALLY & POLITICALLY4 ,9 %ORT1 ! WORLD-WIDE T5D5CY ALSO =CES US T[>DS FREE1 DEMOCRATIC UNION4 ,WE LIVE 9 A P]IOD :5 EV5 HI/ORIC 5EMIES 9 ! DIRECTION ( SU* CONCILIATION4 

,!RE=E1 ! FAILURE TO SEE ! PROBLEMS )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! SOCIAL REALITY \R PEOPLES' :O HAVE L>GELY MADE !IR HI/ORY TOGE!R1 HAVE OPPOS$ TOGE!R COMMON DANG]S & 5EMIES 9 CRITICAL MATT]S ( LIFE & DEA?1 & HAVE LIV$ V]Y MU* SIDE BY SIDE2 ! FAILURE TO REFLECT ?IS REALITY 9 ! CON/ITUTION )9 ! PROCESS ( DEMOCRATIZATION2 & EV5 :]E IT IS SO REFLECT$1 ! FAILURE TO ELIM9ATE C]TA9 B>RI]S 9 FRONT ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY - NOT ONLY DO !SE FAILURES EXAC]BATE SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 BUT !Y SOMETIMES LEAD TO ! H>DE/1 MO/ RU?LESS ACTS & TO !IR CONSEQU5CES4 ,Y\ CANNOT TALK AB\T A JO9T F\ND] MEMB] & !N HAVE A LANGUAGE BAN :I* NOBODY 9 ! WORLD HAS4 ,?IS 9 ITSELF IS 5\< /RIK+LY TO EXPLA9 ! PA9FUL TRU?4 

,9 ?AT CASE A FAILURE TO SEE ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( \R PEOPLE ?AT HAVE LIV$ MO/ ( !IR HI/ORIES TOGE!R & AT ! MO/ CRUCIAL P]IODS ( LIFE OR DEA? HAVE RESI/$ JO9T DANG]S & 5EMIES TOGE!R1 & TO BE UNABLE 9 P>TICUL> TO F9D A CON/ITUTIONAL EXPRESSION )9 DEVELOP+ DEMOCRATIZATION & ! FAILURE TO LIFT C]TA9 OB/ACLES TO FRE$OMS & EQUALITY1 NOT ONLY WORS5S SOCIAL PROBLEMS BUT CAN ALSO LEAD TO ! MO/ RU?LESS ACTIONS & CONSEQU5CES4 ,Y\ SAY 0 JO9T F\ND] MEMB]01 & !N BR+ 9 AN UNPREC$5T$ LANGUAGE BAN4 ,?IS IS SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 9 A /RIK+ WAY \R PA9FUL REALITY4 

,! MO/ SIGNIFICANT CONCLUSION REA*$ IS ?AT AT LA/ ! P]IOD ( HI/ORICAL REBELLIONS HAS 5D$ OR HAS TO 5D4 ,H[EV]1 = ?IS TO OCCUR ! HI/ORICAL DEMOCRATIC SECUL>IZATION MOVEM5T ( ! ,TURKI% ,REPUBLIC HAS TO SUCCE$4 ,9 A DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLICAN SY/EM !RE IS NO PLACE = VIOL5CE4 ,REVOLT OR REVOLUTION CANNOT BE ! WAY TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS4 ,A PEACEFUL CON/ITUTIONAL EVOLUTION>Y PA? IS VALID4 ,! 5D ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ORDA9S ?IS4 ,A S+LE :OLE 9 !SE L&S RESPECT+ ! WILL = A FREE LIFE IS ! PA? TO A SACR$ PEACE & GREAT DEVELOPM5T = ! 5TIRE SOCIETY4 

,)9 ?IS FRAMEWORK1 IT IS UP TO \R PEOPLE 9 ! ,EA/1 TO ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE1 TO MANAGE ! 9T5SIVE NE$ = A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY & TO DO ?IS 9 UNISON ) ! ,/ATE 9 A R5EW$ DEMOCRATIC UNITY TO OV]COME ROTT5 FEUDAL VALUES4 ,IT IS ! TASK ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE & BODIES1 TO BECOME 5LI<T5$ ) ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC'S CRIT]IA ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY TO GA9 A WILL & 9 ?IS WAY TO BECOME ! REAL F\ND+ ELEM5T & BECOME CON/ITUTIONAL CITIZ5S & A SOCIETY4 ,AS ! HI/ORY ( REBELLIONS 5DS ! COM+ P]IOD IS ONE ( GREAT DEMOCRATIZATION & ( COMB9+ ?IS ) ! PR9CIPLES & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! REPUBLIC & ) DEMOCRATIC CRIT]IA4 ,?IS AS A PA? ( RE=M :I* WILL PROGRESS SL[LY BUT ITS CONSEQU5CES WILL BE DEVELOP+ & /5G!N+4 ,\R HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE & REALITY DEMON/RATE TO US ?AT !RE IS NO O!R WAY & ?AT EV5 IF !RE IS1 IT IS A DEAD5D DEEP5$ BY PA9 & LOSS4 ,IT IS A MATT] N[ ( DET]M9+ ! DEMOCRATIC CRIT]IA = %>+ FRAT]NAL LIFE FREELY1 TOGE!R1 ON A RECIPROCAL SOCIAL HI/ORICAL BASIS1 NOT TO E/ABLI% :O IS RI<T1 :O IS WRONG1 :O LO/ MORE1 CAUS$ MORE H>MS OR :O IS /RONG & :O IS WEAK4 ,WE MU/ F\ND \R DEMOCRACY TOGE!R & DEVELOP IT4 ,IT IS ESS5TIAL TO BE AW>E ( ! LABOR ( ALL ! M>TYRS 9 ! F\ND+ & PROTECTION ( ! REPUBLIC1 ( \R M>TYRS1 TO COMMEMORATE ! F\ND] ) GRATITUDE & RESPECT & TO PR\DLY SALUTE ! FLAG4 ,BUT AS ! PRES5T G5]ATION WE MU/ FULFILL \R CONTEMPOR>Y DUTIES4 

,?IS IS 9 FACT :AT WE WANT$ TO DO 4 ,WE WANT$ TO OV]COME ! S]I\S BACKW>DNESS1 IGNORANCE & SLAV]Y 9 ! ,EA/ ) PROGRESS1 5LI<T5M5T & FRE$OM4 ,?IS IS A REPUBLICAN DUTY4 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ?IS WAS ! ESS5CE4 ,H[EV]1 LOOK AT ! P>ADOX ?AT WE >E ON TRIAL *>G$ ) ! GREATE/ CRIME AGA9/ ! REPUBLIC4 ,)9 A SEEM+LY LEGAL FRAMEWORK4 ,?IS IS UN=TUNATE4 ,IT IS NOT AN EXPRESSION ( \R ESS5CE4 ,HI/ORY WILL DEMON/RATE ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T DID NOT T>GET ! F\ND] ( ! REPUBLIC BUT WAS A MOVEM5T AIM+ TO CUR+ A DECAY+1 SICK 5TITY & TO 5SURE ITS TWO LEGS OR ! P>T ?AT NE$$ TO BE HEAL?IE/ WAS RE/OR$ TO HEAL? & /R5G?4 ,ATATURK ALSO F\ND$ ! REPUBLIC UND] A DEA? S5T5CE1 & AGA9/ ! ,SULTANATE :I* APPO9T$ HIM4 ,:AT HE DEMOLI%$ WAS NOT ! ESS5CE ( ! /ATE BUT ! ,SULTANATE & ,CALIPHATE =MS :I* C\LD NOT ADOPT TO ! NE$S ( ! AGE4 ,IT %\LD NOT BE MISUND]/OOD1 WE >E NOT CLAIM+ GREATNESS = \RSELVES4 ,H[ FROM ! BEG9N+ ,I HAVE ASS]T$ ?AT IT IS NOT ! ESS5CE ( ! REPUBLIC :I* WE OPPOSE1 BUT ! OLIG>*IC1 UNDEMOCRATIC1 FEUDAL VALUES & /RUCTURES 9 ,TURKI% SOCIETY4 ,! GOAL HAS BE5 A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 

,:AT %\LD BE REALIZ$ UND] ITS CON/ITUTION IS A FREE CITIZ5 & SOCIETY4 ,! REPUBLIC CAN ONLY GA9 GREAT /R5G? FROM ?IS4 ,?IS WAS :AT WE UND]/OOD BY ! TASK ( MOD]NITY4 ,NOT TO TAKE ACTION W\LD HAVE BE5 DISRESPECTFUL TO ! REPUBLIC4 

,AL?\< ITS IDEOLOGY1 PROGRAM & ACTIONS MAY APPE> OPPOSITE1 IF1 AS A RESULT ( A GREAT /RUGGLE ?R\< BELIEF1 DET]M9ATION & PRACTICE WE HAVE REA*$ ?IS /AGE1 WE MU/ RESPECT ?IS4 ,IF NECESS>Y PEOPLE CAN REA* ! TRU? BY LE>N+ LESSONS FROM GREAT MI/AKES & ]RORS4 ,HI/ORY & SOCIETY MA9LY PROGRESS 9 ?IS WAY4 ,IT IS ONLY ,GOD :O CAN MOVE =W>D ON A /RAI<T PA? )\T MAK+ MI/AKES4 ,EV5 PROPHETS HAVE ADMITT$ ?AT !Y >E NOT IMMUNE TO MAK+ MI/AKES & ]RORS4 ,MANY MI/AKES HAVE BE5 MADE BY US1 BY MYSELF4 ,!Y HAVE CAUS$ GREAT PA94 ,9 MY DEF5SE ,I HAVE EXPLA9$ ?IS 9 ESS5CE4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO A FACT ?AT WE HAVE PROV$ ?AT WE POSSESS ! WILL TO TURN FROM ?IS4 ,P]HAPS ?IS WILL NOT AQUIT US ACCORD+ TO LAW BUT WE >E C]TA9 ?AT HI/ORY & SOCIETY WILL ACQUIT US4 ,IF WE HAD GR[N UP 9 A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY W\LD SU* A REVOLT HAVE OCCURR$8 ,ANY?+ CAN BE EXPECT$ FROM PEOPLE :O PROHIBIT !MSELVES1 :O ATTEMPT TO CONCEAL ! WORDS ?AT COME \T ( !IR M\?S 9 A GUILTY PANIC OV] !IR MO!R TONGUE4 ,?IS %\LD BE WELL UND]/OOD4 

,DOESN'T ?IS SITUATION1 UNIQUE 9 CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION1 (F] AN EXCUSE8 ,I WANT TO EXPLA9 ?IS 9SI/5TLY3 ,IF ,I AM FRI<T5$ ( RECOGNIZ+ EV5 MYSELF H[ CAN ,I RECOGNIZE ! REPUBLIC & ITS :OLE LEGAL ORD]1 H[ WILL ,I BECOME CONTEMPOR>Y8 ,?IS IS ! PEOPLE'S REALITY ,I HAVE EXP]I5C$4 ,IF EV5 AS AN ALT]NATIVE A L>GE MAJORITY HAVE NOT BECOME ,TURKICIZ$ ?IS CANNOT BE ! FAULT ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ANY CASE IT HAS BECAME APP>5T ?AT SU* A ME?OD IS NOT CONTEMPOR>Y & CANNOT WORK ?R\< CO]CION4 ,9 ! EV5T ! MI/AKES & ]RORS HAVE BE5 RECIPROCAT$1 GR[N L>G] & 9 ! LATE/ REBELLION GIV5 !IR M]CILESS V]DICT4 ,IF WE HAVE NOT LO/ \R WILLP[] & IF WE ACCEPT EA* O!R ) REAL CONTEMPOR>Y CRIT]IA ON ! BASIS ( LE>N+ LESSONS1 IT IS \R FUNDAM5TAL TASK ONCE AGA9 TO OP5 ! WAY TO FRE$OM & EQUALITY )9 A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM ON ! BASIS ( \R MO!RL& & REPUBLIC1 NO LONG] EV] RESORT+ TO VIOL5CE4 ,WE %\LD HAVE A SACR$ UNITY F\ND$ ON AN UN%AKABLE CONSCI\SNESS & WILL AS A RESPONSE TO ! LOSS1 PA9 & SUFF]+ ( ALL SIDES1 FIR/ & =EMO/ ! M>TYRS4 ,?IS %\LD NOT BE SE5 AS AN ILLUSION4 ,LET US OP5 ! PAGES ( HI/ORY1 WE WILL SEE ?AT ALL MEAN+FUL UNITIES HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 ?IS WAY4 

,I SEE ?IS TRIAL1 = ALL !SE REASONS1 AS AN HI/ORIC1 SOCIAL TRIAL4 ,I SEE IT AS ! BR++ TO TRIAL ( ! LATE/ EXPLOSION ( A S]I\S PROBLEM1 ! ,EA/]N ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION ?AT WORS5$ AS ! ,REPUBLIC DID NOT FULFILL ITS TASKS AT ! TIME4 ,! E/EEM$ JUDGES WILL UND\BT$LY MAKE !IR CONSID]ATIONS & GIVE !IR V]DICT ACCORD+ TO LAW4 ,H[EV]1 ) A QUE/ION :I* HAS SU* A HI/ORICAL & SOCIAL BACKGR\ND UND]/&+ %\LD BE %[N TO ! FACT ?AT ,I DID NOT FEEL ! NE$ TO MAKE MU* ( A LEGAL DEF5SE4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I EXPECT FROM ! PROSECUTORS4 ,IF NECESS>Y1 MY LAWY]S WILL & %\LD MAKE A DEF5SE CONC5TRAT+ ON ! LEGAL ASPECTS4 ,:AT ,I AM 5DEAVOR+ TO A*IEVE ) ALL MY MI<T IS A RESOLUTION ( ! QUE/ION )\T !RE EV] AGA9 BE+ A RESORT TO VIOL5CE4 ,I HAVE CONSCI\SLY CONC5TRAT$ MY DEF5SE CASE 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 BECAUSE IT IS A NECESSITY ( MY LOYALTY & RESPECT = ! SOCIETY & ITS L(TY EXPRESSION1 ! /ATE4 ,I NEV] EV5 TALK AB\T TREASON4 ,AT MO/ AB\T ! FULFILLM5T ( ! NE$S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,PACT )9 CONTEMPOR>Y CRIT]IA4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT MY DEF5SE IS = ! NECESSITY TO IMPLEM5T :ATEV] ! F\ND+ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,PACT EXPRESS$1 9 P>TICUL>1 = ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE &1 IF IT P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! CREATION ( ! REPUBLIC AS A F\ND+ PEOPLE1 ?AT ?IS %\LD BE RE/OR$4 ,I SAY ?AT = ! ,KURDI%-,TURCOMAN COMMUNITIES LIV+ \TSIDE ! ,NATIONAL ,PACT 7BORD]S7 IT IS ! MORAL & POLITICAL DUTY ( ! ,TURKI% ,REPUBLIC TO ASSI/ !M TO LIVE 9 ! /ATE 9 :I* !Y >E SITUAT$ 9 POSSESSION ( !IR DEMOCRATIC ID5TITIES )\T SUFF]+ G5OCIDE4 ,?IS IS NOT 9T]F]+ 9 ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ANO!R /ATE4 ,IT IS AN HI/ORICAL & HUMANIT>IAN APPROA*4 ,9 MY DEF5SE IT IS ! 9TEGRITY ( ! C\NTRY & EXI/5CE ( ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! /ATE :I* ,I BELIEVE ,I HAVE S]V$ TO CL>IFY4 ,! ESS5CE ( ?IS IS ! IMPLEM5TATION ( DEMOCRACY4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT ,I BELIEVE ,I HAVE C>RI$ \T AN HI/ORICAL S]VICE4 ,:AT ! ,KURDS ALL OV] ,TURKEY & :]EV] !Y >E CONC5TRAT$ %\LD DO IS EXP5D GREAT EF=TS = DEMOCRATIZATION4 ,?IS MAY BR+ RESULTS4 ,ECONOMIC & SOCIAL - CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T WILL LEAD TO A /R5G!N+1 5RI*$ UNITY )9 DEMOCRATIC POLITICS & ! REPUBLIC4 ,I HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO EXPLA9 MY GREAT BELIEF 9 ! REALI/IC NATURE ( ?IS APPROA* & H[ IT WILL LEAD TO SUCCESS4 ,I HAVE ALSO EXPLA9$ H[ ! VIOL5T APPROA* NO LONG] HAS VALIDITY & :AT A S]I\S IRRESPONSIBILITY IT W\LD BE TO REPEAT IT & H[ ,I HAVE MADE GREAT EF=TS TO PREV5T ?IS HAPP5+1 ?AT ,I NE$ TO DO MORE1 ?AT EV5 MY SOLE JU/IFICATION = LIV+ IS TO SEIZE ! PEACE PHASE4 ,I AM DET]M9$ TO DO ?IS4 ,I HAVE /AT$ ?AT ! PEACE OPTION IS MORE DIFFICULT ?AN ?AT ( W> BUT IT IS MEAN+FUL & ,I BELIEVE IT WILL SUCCE$4 ,IT WILL BE MY SOLE AIM FROM N[ ON TO MAKE GREAT EF=TS 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,I AM TOTALLY AW>E ?AT IT IS MY DUTY TO TAKE ?IS TO \R :OLE PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ \R ORGANIZ$ =CES4 ,EV]Y W> HAS A PEACE & ,I BELIEVE & AM DET]M9$ ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MEANS A FREE PEACE & ?AT ! RESOLUTION WILL DEVELOP 9 ?IS FRAMEWORK4 

,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ! NE$ = ! ,P,K,K1 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! REVOLT1 TO PASS BEYOND ?IS P]IOD & ORI5T ITSELF T[>DS PREP>ATIONS = *ANGE RESPOND+ TO ! NE$S ( ! LEGAL & POLITICAL PROCESS & RECON/RUCTION & A NEW PROGRAM )9 ! CRIT]IA ( A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,I HAVE /AT$ ?AT ORGANIZATIONS1 AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUALS1 WILL ONLY SURVIVE & A*IEVE SUCCESS AS LONG AS !Y RESPOND TO ! HI/ORICAL REQUIREM5TS1 O!RWISE !Y WILL REGRESS & BECOME M>G9ALIZ$4 ,I HAVE ALSO /RESS$ ! NE$ = ! ,P,K,K TO *ANGE ACCORD+ TO ! PEACE 5VIRONM5T & IF NECESS>Y1 & ! /ATE IS OP5 TO IT1 = A 0PEACE CONGRESS04 

,IT IS APP>5T ?AT MY DEF5SE IS DESIGN$ TO BE A CONTRIBUTION TO A POSSIBLE SOLUTION RA!R ?AN A RESPONSE TO ! ALLEGATIONS ONE BY ONE4 ,9 ADDITION TO ANALYZ+ ! PA/ ,I HAVE S\<T TO F9D AN ANSW] TO %>$ LIFE 9 ! LI<T ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & EXP]I5CES & ALSO )9 HI/ORY & \R PRES5T REALITY4 ,I HAVE ALSO /RESS$ 9 P>TICUL> ?AT ! MANN] ( ! DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTION WILL NOT ONLY PROTECT ! 9TEGRITY ( ! C\NTRY & ! P[] ( ! REPUBLIC BUT ALSO /R5G!N IT4 ,I HAVE ALSO PO9T$ \T ?AT TOGE!RNESS E/ABLI%$ ?R\< FREE WILL & CONSCI\SNESS IS ! S\NDE/ ( UNITIES1 & ?AT ! REPUBLIC & DEMOCRATIC UNITY >E ! S\NDE/ GU>ANTEES AGA9/ ALL K9DS ( DISCRIM9ATION4 

,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT :5 ?IS1 ! MO/ DIFFICULT PROBLEM 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! REPUBLIC1 IS RESOLV$1 ,TURKEY WILL1 ) ! /R5G? IT RECEIVES FROM 9T]NAL PEACE1 BE 9 A POSITION TO BECOME A LEAD+ P[] 9 ! REGION4 ,LEAD]%IP 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ WILL IMPLY 9FLU5CE FROM ,C5TRAL ,ASIA TO ! ,BALKANS & ! ,CAUCASUS4 ,! RESOLV+ P[] ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM WILL LEAD TO (F]S ( JU/ 9T]V5TIONS & SUPPORT1 & REQUE/S = !M 9 !SE REGIONS :I* HAVE MANY CONTRADICTIONS & PROBLEMS4 ,PEACE WILL !N BE ! DOM9ANT =CE4 ,A DEVELOP$ ECONOMY & CULTURAL PROGRESS WILL ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO GREAT WEAL?4 ,TURKEY IS 5T]+ ! NEXT MILL5NIUM ) ?IS P]SPECTIVE4 ,! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION HAS BE5 A H9DRANCE4 ,ITS SOLUTION MEANS A CONSID]ABLE /R5G!N+ FOLL[$ BY ! A*IEVEM5T ( HI/ORIC SUCCESS4 ,IF WE >E TO DISCUSS =EIGN MANIPULATION ! FUNDAM5TAL AIM IS TO PU% BACK ! CURR5T PROCESS & ?AT !Y BELIEVE !Y CAN SUCCE$ 9 ?IS BY US+ ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION4 ,SU* MANIPULATION HAS OCCURR$ AT ALSO CRITICAL P]IODS 9 HI/ORY4 ,:5 !RE HAS BE5 NO SOLUTION IT HAS BE5 SUCCESSFUL1 TOO4 ,9 ?AT CASE \R TASK IS TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEM \RSELVES & TURN IT 9TO \R [N P[]FUL WEAPON AGA9/ ! MANIPULATORS & S*EM]S4 ,9 MY DEF5SE ,I HAVE E/ABLI%$ ?AT ?IS IS BO? V]Y POSSIBLE & \R ONLY HOPE4 ,\R P]SONAL EXP]I5CE IS ! BE/ PRO( ( ?IS4 ,9 ?AT CASE :5 WE SAY ?AT ?IS FRAT]NAL SOLUTION ?AT WE WILL REALIZE = ! FIR/ TIME ) FREE WILL IS TO BE A NEW HI/ORICAL PROCESS WE >E RI<T4 ,?IS TRIAL %\LD BE ! MO/ IMPORTANT PEACE TRIAL 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO LEAVE BEH9D ALL ! PA91 FE> & BACKW>DNESS BR\<T ON BY REBELLIONS ?R\< PEACE REALIZ$ BY A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM4 ,IT IS MY MO/ FUNDAM5TAL DEMOCRATIC IDEAL TO MAKE MY TRIAL ! OPPORTUNITY = AN HONORABLE PEACE4 ,MY DEF5SE IS FUNDAM5TALLY CONNECT$ TO ?IS AIM ( M9E1 & ?IS IS ! MO/ CORRECT PA?4 ,WE CANNOT PAY \R DEBT TO ! C\NTRY & ALL \R PEOPLE ) A MORE PRECI\S ?+ ?AN ?IS4 ,! 0PEACE AT HOME1 PEACE 9 ! WORLD0 PR9CIPLE ( ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL ,ATATURK1 :O SAW BE=E EV]YONE ELSE ) HIS PR(\ND AW>5ESS ?AT )\T A JU/ & HONORABLE PEACE LIFE W\LD HAVE NO MEAN+ 9 ! C\NTRY OR 9 ! WORLD1 IS \R EV5 MORE /RIK+ EXPRESSION ( LIFE4 

,WE BELIEVE ?AT ! REPUBLIC HE F\ND$ WILL ONLY BR+ PEACE ON A DEMOCRATIC BASIS & ?AT ?IS WILL BE ( ! GREATE/ S]VICE TO ! WORLD & REGIONAL PEACE4 ,E/EEM$ JUDGES1 9 RESPOND+ TO ! MATT]S 9 ! *IEF PROSECUTOR'S 9DICTM5T 9 ?IS WAY ,I HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO ANSW] NOT ONLY ON MY BEHALF BUT ALSO1 S9CE ,I AM HELD RESPONSIBLE1 ON BEHALF ( ! ,P,K,K & ! PROBLEMS ( ! SECTION ( ! PEOPLE ?AT REBELL$ 9 ITS NAME4 

,H[EV] DOCUM5T$ ! ACCUSATIONS MAY BE ,I HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! PROBLEM & REASONS P]TA9+ TO ! NECESSITY TO MAKE EF=TS = A SOLUTION4 ,RECIPROCAL MI/AKES & ]RORS HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 ! REVOLT4 ,I HAVE /AT$ ! LACK ( NE$ & M]CILESSNESS ( MANY ACTIONS4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO EXPRESS ! FACT ?AT ,I EXP]I5CE ! PA9 TO MY M>R[ & AM ONE ( ?OSE :O MO/ ?IR/S = PEACE4 ,!RE IS RU?LESSNESS 9 ALL REBELLIONS1 & ALSO 9 !IR SUPPRESSION4 ,BUT \R GREATE/ CONSOLATION IS TO TAKE ?IS FROM BE+ A CON/ANTLY A*+ ILLNESS ( \R REPUBLIC & TURN+ IT 9TO A HEAL?Y P>T & 9TO A =CE = PEACE4 ,I BELIEVE \R PEOPLE NE$ ?IS AS MU* AS BREAD OR WAT]4 ,= ?IS REASON ,I SAY ?AT ?IS TRIAL %\LD BE ! MILE/ONE ( SACR$ PEACE4 ,!RE IS NO WAY TO PAY ! DEBT TO ! REPUBLIC EXCEPT ?R\< DEMOCRATIC UNITY4 ,IT %\LD BE DEF9ITELY KN[N ?AT WE WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO PAY ?IS DEBT AS FREE CITIZ5S4 ,A REPUBLIC ( 5SLAVEM5T & D5IAL IS NOT POSSIBLE4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT ,I HAVE NO D\BT ?AT \R EF=TS & /RUGGLE HAVE BE5 LOYAL TO ! ESS5CE ( ! REPUBLIC1 & HAVE BE5 A NECESSITY TO A*IEV+ ?AT4 ,I BELIEVE 9 ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! ESS5CE ( ! REPUBLIC4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT ,I WI% TO EXPRESS MY BELIEF ?AT \R PEOPLE1 :I* HAS BE5 UNABLE TO BECOME A PEOPLE ( ! REPUBLIC ON ACC\NT ( H>% FEUDAL CONDITIONS1 WILL AT LA/ BE HAPPY 9 PEACE UND] ! SLOGAN 0 ,H[ HAPPY TO BE ! PEOPLE ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC0 & 9 REA*+ ! REALITY ( A FREE PEOPLE ?AT WILL REJECT SECESSION1 & ?AT IT HAS SEIZ$ ?IS HI/ORIC PROCESS )9 ,TURKEY'S T]RITORIAL 9TEGRITY & /ATE PRES5CE ALONG ) ALL ! PEOPLE & WILL SUCCE$ 9 ?IS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #aiii 3 ,DECL>ATION ON ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bb 3 ,DECL>ATION ON ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,DECL>ATION ON ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOLUTION ( ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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