,DEFY+ ,P[] 
,DIFF]5T ,VIEWS ON ,H[ ,BE/ TO ,UND]/& ! ,EVOLUTION ( ! ,/ATE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T ,I 

,S9CE ITS PUBLICATION1 ,I HAVE COME ACROSS TWO REVIEWS ( ,WOR%IP+ ,P[] ?AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO RESPOND TO1 NOT TO BAT A DISCURSIVE BALL BACK & =?1 BUT TO 5GAGE ) ! FL[ ( CONV]SATIONS ?AT =M AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( \R 9T]ACTION ) ! WORLD >\ND US4 ,ONE IS ,WILLIAM ,GILLIS' 0,! ,TANGL$ ,PA?S ( ,/ATE ,=MATION & ,RESI/ANCE10 & ! O!R IS ,KRI/IAN ,WILLIAMS' 0,MY/IFY+3 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,VIEW ( ,E>LY ,/ATE ,=MATION40 

,MU* ( ,GILLIS' REVIEW FOCUSES ON A V]Y 9T]E/+ QUE/ION ?AT ,I WANT TO SAVE = LA/4 ,FIR/1 !RE >E A C\PLE MORE TE*NICAL MATT]S4 ,TO BEG9 )1 ,I W\LD DISAGREE ) ! *>ACT]IZATION ?AT 0,! FI<T BETWE5 AU?ORIT>IANISM & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM IS ULTIMATELY A FI<T OV] VALUES F> MORE ?AN IT IS A FI<T OV] P>TICUL> CONDITIONS OR TOOLS40 ,LAT]1 ?IS SAME AFFIRMATION RESURFACES 9 REG>D TO M>KETS1 :5 ,GILLIS PRAISES ! BOOK = ITS ACCURACY AB\T 0M>KETS NOT OBLIG+ 9EQUALITY1 HI]>*Y OR /ATES0 

,!RE IS A CON/ANT 9T]PLAY BETWE5 VALUES1 9/ITUTIONS1 & SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AG5CY & ! /RATEGIES ( SPECIFIC GR\PS PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 ?IS PROCESS1 BUT /RUCTURAL 9]TIA IS ALSO CAPABLE ( C>RY+ ! DAY4 ,:AT'S MORE1 !RE IS A CRUCIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 TOOLS & MA*9ES4 ,MA*9ES PRODUCE SOCIAL REALITIES1 :]EAS TOOLS M]ELY AMPLIFY AG5CY4 ,I'M NOT SURE :E!R ,GILLIS W\LD SAY !RE IS NO?+ DET]M9I/IC AB\T TE*NOLOGY 7UND]/OOD AS AN 5TIRE SOCIAL COMPLEX ( MA*9ES & PRACTICES71 BUT ,I W\LD NOT4 

,AS F> AS M>KETS >E CONC]N$1 ,GILLIS' SECOND *>ACT]IZATION IS ACCURATE4 ,M>KETS DO NOT DET]M9I/ICALLY CREATE HI]>*Y OR /ATES4 ,H[EV]1 M>KETS >E )\T A D\BT DANG]\S TO FRE$OM & 9T]E/+ TO /ATES4 

,AS F> AS ,I CAN TELL1 ?OSE SOCIETIES ?AT PRACTIC$ M>KET 9/ITUTIONS OV] LONG P]IODS ( TIME1 )\T DEVELOP+ /RONG HI]>*IES OR /ATES AS A RESULT1 KEPT A L>GE P>T ( SOCIAL LIFE \TSIDE ( ! M>KET & HAD PRACTICES ?AT 5ABL$ ! SELF-DEF5SE ( !IR ECONOMIC AUTONOMY4 ,! QUANTITATIVE LOGIC ( M>KETS IS POT5TIALLY DAMAG+ TO LIFE4 ,IT IS A VIRUS ?AT IF UNLEA%$ IS CAPABLE ( DE/ROY+ EV]Y?+ 7EV5 ! M>KET ITSELF1 IF WE >E TO FOLL[ ,BRAUDEL'S ASS]TION ?AT CAPITALISM SUP]S$$ & CONSUM$ M>KET DYNAMICS74 

,= M>KETS TO BE MADE 9NOCU\S1 A SOCIETY NE$S UNIMP$$1 NON-MONETIZ$ ACCESS TO !IR BASIC MEANS ( SURVIVAL4 ,L&1 AS WELL AS PEOPLE'S VITAL ACTIVITY1 MU/ BE 9ALI5ABLE1 :I* MEANS !Y CANNOT BE B\<T OR SOLD4 ,9 A SOCIETY :]E ! BASIS ( EXI/5CE IS A HEAL?Y COMMONS1 ,I BELIEVE ?AT PEOPLE CAN SAFELY EXP]IM5T ) A WIDE RANGE ( ME*ANISMS = DI/RIBUT+ ALL ! O!R GOODS & S]VICES ?AT R\ND \T \R LIVES4 ,BUT COLLECTIVE ME*ANISMS ( SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ ACCUMULATION1 5CLOSURE1 & QUANTIFICATION >E VITAL4 

,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT EXPRESSES ! VIEW ?AT M>KETS W]E ACTUALLY TR\BLESOME TO E>LY /ATES4 ,! WORK ( M]*ANTS WAS H>D] = RUL]S TO TRACK & TAX1 SO !Y DISC\RAG$ IT AT TIMES 9 FAVOR ( A MODEL ( ACCUMULATION BAS$ ON L&$ LABOR]S4 ,I DON'T DISPUTE ?AT ?IS WAS A *>ACT]I/IC ( ! L&-BAS$ /ATES ( S\!A/ ,ASIA ,SCOTT FOCUSES ON1 AT LEA/ 9 C]TA9 MOM5TS 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T4 

,BUT ! >*IPELAGOS ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN & ! ,JAVA & ,B&A SEAS GIVE US QUITE A DIFF]5T MODEL4 ,:ILE /ATES 9 ?OSE >EAS DID NOT CREATE COMM]CE & M>KETS1 !Y DID NOT HESITATE TO PURSUE !M1 TO R$ESIGN !M1 & !N TO H>NESS !M TO EXTRACT UNPREC$5T$ AM\NTS ( VALUE ?AT L$ TO AN EXPON5TIAL EXPANSION ( ! TE*NOLOGIES ( SOCIAL CONTROL & W>F>E ?AT CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY4 

,ON A MORE TRIVIAL LEVEL1 ,GILLIS CLAIMS ,I MADE A FACTUAL ]ROR 9 DAT+ ! APPE>ANCE ( AGRICULTURE & PLANT DOME/ICATION TO #a1#e 7ACTUALLY ,I GIVE A RANGE ( DATES71 RA!R ?AN #b#c1 YE>S AGO4 ,?IS COMES D[N TO A M9OR CONFUSION REG>D+ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 CULTIVATION & DOME/ICATION4 ,CULTIVATION1 :I* C]TA9LY HAPP5$ 9 ,PALE/9E #b#c1 YE>S AGO1 & PROBABLY 9 MANY O!R PLACES & EV5 E>LI]1 IS SIMPLY ! S[+ & H>VE/+ ( PLANT FOODS1 TYPICALLY WILD C]EALS4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! PREVAIL+ /]EOTYPES REG>D+ NON-CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES1 ANY HUNT]-GA!R] COMMUNITY IS CAPABLE ( DO+ ?IS1 BUT 9 MO/ CONDITIONS1 IT W\LD BE A WA/E ( !IR EF=T4 ,DOME/ICATION1 ON ! O!R H&1 REQUIRES F> MORE D$ICATION OV] A MU* LONG] P]IOD ( TIME1 AS IT IMPLIES ! PRODUCTION ( NEW SPECIES 9T5TIONALLY SELECT$ = HUMAN CONSUMPTION4 ,?IS IS ! PROCESS ?AT ONLY BEGAN AB\T #a#a1 YE>S AGO4 

,ANO!R OBS]VATION ,GILLIS MAKES REG>DS ! 0HO/ILITY0 ,I EV9CE T[>DS ACADEMICS4 ,IT'S A CONTRADICTION ,I AM UNABLE TO RESOLVE3 ADMIRATION = ?OSE :OSE /UDIES HAVE EXP&$ MY HORIZONS OR *ALL5G$ MY BELIEFS2 HATR$ = ! 9/ITUTIONS !Y WORK =2 SCORN = ?OSE :O MAKE !IR PAY*ECK F9E-TUN+ ?IS SY/EM4 ,BUT WE DON'T HAVE TO /OP AT ! CONTRADICTION ( ! RADICAL ACADEMIC4 ,:Y NOT 9CLUDE ! RADICAL WRIT]1 MAK+ A NAME = HIMSELF BY TALK+ AB\T REVOLUTION8 

,A C]TA9 PR(ESSOR1 ASK$ TO WRITE A BLURB = ! BOOK1 POLITELY ASK$ ME1 0,>E Y\ SURE Y\ WANT ME TO80 ,AT FIR/ ,I WAS SURPRIS$1 UNTIL ,I REALIZ$ ?AT 9 ! BOOK ,I HAD JU/ WRITT51 ! HATR$ & ! SCORN = ACADEMIA F> \TWEI<$ ! ADMIRATION4 

,I ?ANK ,GILLIS = HI<LI<T+ ?AT HO/ILITY & ALSO ! CONTRADICTIONS ?AT SURR\ND IT1 ESPECIALLY :5 ?OSE LEAD ONE TO TAKE A UTILIT>IAN VIEW ( KN[L$GE1 AS ,I DO1 AMBIGU\SLY1 BY SUGGE/+ ?AT ! PURSUIT ( KN[L$GE MU/ BE JU/IFI$4 ,GILLIS IS RI<T TO SPURN ! IDEA ?AT 0WE MU/ 9T]ROGATE EV]Y FLI<T ( 9VE/IGATION & DEM& TO KN[ ITS PRAGMATIC UTILITY = ! SOCIAL ORD]0 7!IR *>ACT]IZATION74 ,BUT ,I W\LD >GUE ?AT !IR 9T]PRETATION MISSES \T ON ! AMBIGUITY 9 MY /ATEM5T4 ,I WROTE1 0,LE>N+ IS ONLY WOR?:ILE IF IT HELPS US FI<T1 TO LIVE HEAL?Y1 TO LIVE FREE40 ,!Y RESPOND3 

,:AT A T]RIBLY IMPOV]I%$ NOTION ( 0LIV+ FREE06 ,SURELY 9QUIRY & CREATIVITY >E !MSELVES P>T & P>CEL ( FRE$OM1 NOT M]ELY S]VANTS OR TOOLS4 ,IS FRE$OM JU/ SOME PASSIVE /ATE ( BE+ WE'RE TRY+ TO RETREAT TO8 ,OR IS IT AN ACTIVE1 /RIV+1 REA*+ SORT ( ?+1 ?AT NECESS>ILY 9CLUDES LE>N+ = ITS [N SAKE1 EXPLOR+ = ITS [N SAKE1 DREAM+ = ITS [N SAKE8 

,ACTUALLY1 ,I HAV5'T PROVID$ ANY NOTION1 IMPOV]I%$ OR O!RWISE1 ( 0LIV+ FREE40 ,I LEAVE ?AT TO ! READ]4 ,& IF A READ] SU* AS ,GILLIS REQUIRES UNBRIDL$ CURIOSITY & 9DEP5D5T 9QUIRY TO LIVE FREE1 SO BE IT4 

,GILLIS' W>N+ AB\T A UTILIT>IAN VIEW ( LE>N+ /&S4 ,I %>E ?OSE CONC]NS4 ,BUT LET ME ADD A W>N+ AB\T SCI5CE 0UNLEA%$10 A NOTION ?AT RECEIVES PRAISE FROM ! DOM9ANT MORALI/S ( ! DAY4 ,MUSEUM BASEM5TS ACROSS ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE >E FILL$ ) BONES /OL5 FROM 9DIG5\S BURIAL GR\NDS ACROSS ! WORLD4 ,?IS WAS DONE BY TRA9$ SCI5TI/S AS P>T ( !IR UNBRIDL$ SE>* = KN[L$GE4 ,& PEACE-LOV+ ,ALB]T ,E9/E9 WAS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! 9V5TION ( ! NUCLE> BOMB4 ,TO ANYONE ) COMMON S5SE1 ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 PR$ICTABLE -- ! MILIT>Y ALWAYS GETS FIR/ DIBS4 ,BUT SOMETIMES1 HI<LY 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE CAN BE REALLY1 REALLY /UPID4 

,!N !RE'S ! REC5T REVELATION ?AT SOME ( ,*OMSKY'S L+UI/ICS WORKS HAD MILIT>Y APPLICATIONS1 & ?AT ! ,P5TAGON MADE USE ( ,M,I,T & O!R UNIV]SITIES BY GIV+ SCI5TI/S !RE ! FEEL+ ?AT !Y HAD ABSOLUTE FRE$OM 9 !IR WORK1 !Y W]E SIMPLY FUND+ FREE 9QUIRY ?AT W\LD B5EFIT 0HUMANITY40 

,OKAY3 UTILIT>IANISM IS A /RAI<T-JACKET = KN[L$GE4 ,BUT CURIOSITY IS NEV] NEUTRAL4 ,H[ DO WE CONT9UE TO PRACTICE FREE 9QUIRY 9 ! MIDDLE ( A BATTLEFIELD8 ,I DON'T TRU/ ?OSE :O CLAIM NOT TO BE ON ANY SIDE1 BECAUSE ,I CAN SEE :O SIGNS !IR PAY*ECK1 EV5 IF !Y DON'T NOTICE4 

,GILLIS' >GUM5T AB\T AU?ORIT>IANISM BEL[ ! /ATE ?RE%OLD IS ! ONE ?AT 9T]E/S ME ! MO/1 BUT ,I WANT TO SAVE IT = LA/1 TO 5D ON A GOOD NOTE4 

,FIR/1 ,I WANT TO QUICKLY RESPOND TO ! O!R REVIEW1 WRITT5 BY A DECID$LY GRUMPY ,KRI/IAN ,WILLIAMS4 ,WILLIAMS' DISAPPROVAL LIES ON TWO F\NDATIONS3 ?AT ,I (F] NO CLE> !SIS REG>D+ ! CAUSES ( /ATE =MATION2 & ?AT ,I GIVE TAUTOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS = /ATE =MATION4 

,FROM ! BEG9N+1 ,WILLIAMS USES ! SN>KY TONE ?AT IS MORE FA%IONABLE AMONG WRIT]S TRY+ TO BUILD !IR C>E] PR(ILE ?AN ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 ! SOLID>I/IC PROJECT ( TRY+ TO FO/] /RONG] COLLECTIVE /RUGGLES4 ,ONE ( ! MANY PROBLEMS ) SU* A TONE IS ?AT IT LOOKS MU* WORSE :5 Y\ GET Y\R FACTS WRONG1 AS ALL ( US WILL 9EVITABLY DO AT SOME PO9T1 & AS ,WILLIAMS DOES REPEAT$LY ?R\<\T HIS %ORT TEXT4 ,EMB>RASS+LY = ,WILLIAMS1 HE HAS MISS$ ! LA/ FIFTY-ODD YE>S ( AN>*I/ RESE>* 9TO /ATE =MATION1 :I* IS A PRETTY BAD OMISSION = SOMEONE WRIT+ A REVIEW ON ! SUBJECT4 

,IT SEEMS ?AT ,WILLIAMS DOESN'T RECOGNIZE ! VALIDITY ( NONACADEMIC =MATS4 ,HE COMPLA9S ?AT 0IT IS NOT UNTIL ! F9AL *APT] ?AT WE 5C\NT] ANY?+ AS DEF9ITE AS A !SIS /ATEM5T40 ,HE SAYS 0! APPROA* IS OPAQUE0 & LACKS 0ANY CLE> DIRECTION04 ,! !SIS HE ID5TIFIES1 QUOT$ FROM MY LA/ *APT]1 IS ?AT 0/ATE =MATION IS A MULTIL9EAL PROCESS & NOT A TELEOLOGICAL1 PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION40 

,WILLIAMS IS NOT ABOVE TELL+ A :ITE LIE TO MAKE HIS PO9T4 ,HE CLAIMS ,I HAVE NO !SIS UNTIL ! LA/ *APT]1 & :ILE ,I REJECT HIS ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL CRITICAL WRIT+ MU/ FOLL[ ! /YLE ( ! ACADEMIC PAP]1 ,I RECOGNIZE ?AT HIS UNIV]SITY $UCATION MI<T HAVE MADE HIM A BIT SMALL-M9D$4 ,BUT DON'T !Y TEA* KIDS NOT TO DELIB]ATELY MISREPRES5T A S\RCE8 

,H]E'S A QUOTE FROM ! 9TRODUCTION4 ,9 FACT1 IT'S ! LA/ P>AGRAPH ( ! 9TRODUCTION1 JU/ ! PLACE :]E !Y TEA* ?OSE :O PAID T5S ( ?\S&S ( DOLL>S TO C]TIFY !IR BRA9S TO LOOK = & F9D A !SIS /ATEM5T4 7,HEY ,GILLIS1 !RE'S ?AT HO/ILITY AGA94 ,:AT %\LD ,I DO AB\T IT87 

,IT IS N[ UND5IABLE ?AT !RE >E MULTIPLE PA?WAYS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( /ATES4 ,I WILL NOT (F] A S+LE CAUSE NOR A S+LE EVOLUTION>Y MODEL4 ,!RE >E SEV]AL MODELS WE C\LD CONSID]1 BUILD+ (F ! WORK ( A GREAT MANY SPECIALI/S4 ,H[EV]1 )9 EA* MODEL1 ,I F9D MORE P>TICUL>ITIES ?AN SIMIL>ITIES4 ,AS SU*1 ?R\<\T ! FOLL[+ *APT]S1 :I* >E DIVID$ !MATICALLY1 ,I HI<LI<T ! BASIC MODELS :5 !Y APPE>1 BUT PLACE ! WEI<T ( ! N>RATIVE ON ! P>TICUL>ITIES ( EA* CASE4 ,?IS MAY NOT BE ! BE/ =MAT = RAPID SUMM>IZ+1 BUT ITS ADVANTAGE IS 9 AVOID+ POT5TIALLY DOGMATIC SIMPLIFICATIONS4 

,HMMM4 ,?AT LOOKS PRETTY DAMN SIMIL> TO ! !SIS ?AT ,WILLIAMS CLAIMS ,I DON'T EXPRESS UNTIL ! LA/ *APT] ( ! BOOK4 ,IT ALSO LOOKS LIKE ,I EXPLA9 :AT MY APPROA* WILL BE1 & :AT DIRECTION ,I'LL BE GO+ 94 ,WILLIAMS MI<T HAVE BE5 COM=T$ BY A *RONOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION TO ! BOOK1 9/EAD ( MY 0W&]+0 !MATIC APPROA*1 BUT ,I EXPLA9$ ?AT TOO 9 ! 9TRODUCTION4 ,PUTT+ ALL ! EMPHASIS ON ! ORIG9AL /ATES PROPS UP ! 0,P&ORA'S ,BOX0 FALLACY ( /ATE SUP]IORITY1 & A PROGRESSIVE TELL+ ( HI/ORY T5DS T[>DS :ITE SUPREMACI/ MY?OLOGIZ+ BACK$ BY ! FALLACY ( A UNIL9EAL HI/ORY4 

,HI/ORY UNFOLDS 9 LOOPS & SPIRALS1 FULL ( BACKTRACK+ OR SUDD5 *ANGES 9 TRAJECTORY1 F> MORE (T5 ?AN 9 A PROGRESSIVE S]IES ( ,A-,B-,C444 ,IT ALSO UNFOLDS SIMULTANE\SLY ON ALL CONT95TS4 ,A TRULY *RONOLOGICAL TELL+ IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,MANY HI/ORIANS HAVE CREAT$ SU* A N>RATIVE BY IGNOR+ NON-,EUROPEAN POPULATIONS UNTIL ! ,WE/ 9VAD$ & CONQU]$ !M4 ,!SE HI/ORIANS' P]SPECTIVE FOLL[S ! HEGEMONIC C5T] & IGNORES ! M>G9S1 TO ! PO9T ( COMPLETELY DISMEMB]+ HI/ORY & MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE TO P]CEIVE RELATIONS ( 9FLU5CE & EVOLUTION4 ,I C\LD HAVE BE5 MORE EXPLICIT ON ?IS LA/ PO9T1 BUT ,I GUESS ,I WASN'T EXPECT+ SU* BAD FAI? READ+S1 & FROM AN AN>*I/ NO LESS4 

,:AT AB\T ! O!R %ORTCOM+ ,WILLIAMS PICKS UP ON8 ,HIS P]CEIV$ TAUTOLOGY IS AS FOLL[S3 

,GELD]LOOS SLIDES T[>D A K9D ( CULTURAL DET]M9ISM1 & DISA/R\SLY PU%ES ! NOTION TO ! PO9T ( \TRI<T TAUTOLOGY3 0,PLAC$ 9 ! SAME ADV]SE SITUATION1 A SOCIETY ) ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 COOP]ATIVE1 & RECIPROCAL VALUES WILL F9D AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOLUTION1 :ILE A SOCIETY ?AT VALUES HI]>*Y MAY LIKELY =M A /ATE40 ,ON ?AT SAME PAGE1 HE PUTS IT MORE /RONGLY1 ADDS 9 PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 & REV]SES ! CAUSE & EFFECT3 0ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION IS 9CONCEIVABLE )\T ! HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURES & SPIRITUAL VALUES ?AT /ATES & PROTO-/ATES CREATE4 

,BO? ( MY /ATEM5TS >E 9 L9E ) ,CLA/RES' GR\NDBREAK+ /UDIES 9 ! SIXTIES & SEV5TIES & RECONFIRM$ 9 DETAIL BY ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT'S CURR5T WORK4 ,WILLIAMS IS LOOK+ = A MAT]IALI/ EXPLANATION = ! ,/ATE1 BUT HE HAS >RIV$ HALF A C5TURY TOO LATE4 ,I RECOMM5D ,5GELS' ,! ,ORIG9 ( ! ,FAMILY1 ,PRIVATE ,PROP]TY & ! ,/ATE1 :I* WAS DISCR$IT$ AGES AGO4 ,! MAT]IALI/S (F]$ A ME*ANICAL EXPLANATION = /ATE =MATION1 :I* IS APPEAL+ TO ! SCI5TIFIC M9D4 ,BUT !IR HYPO!SIS IS SIMPLY NOT BORN \T BY ! HI/ORICAL RECORD4 ,IT GIVES US A !ORETICALLY USEFUL L5S = /UDY+ C]TA9 MOM5TS ( /ATE =MATION1 BUT IT FAILS TO TAKE 9TO FULL ACC\NT ! POLITICAL & SPIRITUAL PRODUCTION ( ?AT :I* IS CONSID]$ MAT]IAL & NATURAL4 

,WILLIAMS' BEMOANS MY FAILURE TO PROVIDE EXPLANATIONS = H[ A /ATE-=M+ CULTURE MI<T EM]GE4 ,SADLY1 HE MISS$ ?AT TOO4 ,EV]Y S+LE *APT] CONTA9S HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES ( H[ /ATE-=M+ CULTURES W]E /R5G!N$1 SOMETIMES AS A PRODUCT ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 SOMETIMES AS ! RESULT ( /RATEGIC DECISIONS BY W\LD-BE ELITES4 ,EV]Y4 ,S+LE4 ,*APT]4 

,P]HAPS ,WILLIAMS IS LOOK+ = A S+LE1 TIDY1 DET]M9I/IC CAUSE ?AT BR\<T /ATE-=M+ CULTURES \T ( A SMOO?1 EGALIT>IAN1 PRELAPS>IAN PA/4 ,MAYBE1 ! TEMP]ATURE & RA9FALL LEVELS AT :I* SU* A CULTURE =MS1 OR ! SPECIFIC COMPON5TS & FUEL S\RCE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN CULTURE MA*9E4 ,BUT /ATE =MATION IS NOT ?AT SIMPLE1 NOR WAS !RE EV] AN 9NOC5T HUMAN PA/ FREE ( P[] DYNAMICS4 

,= ?OSE :O LIKE IT SIMPLE1 ,I SUGGE/ ! FOLL[+ EX]CISE4 ,SP5D A DAY ) Y\R H\SEMATES1 TRY+ TO COME UP ) ALL ! WAYS ?AT Y\ C\LD MAKE ! /REET Y\ LIVE ON MORE PRE/IGI\S ?AN ! NEXT /REET OV]1 & ALSO WAYS ?AT IT MI<T BECOME MORE PRE/IGI\S BY *ANCE1 )\T Y\ LIFT+ A F+]4 ,N[ IMAG9E Y\ HAD YE>S1 G5]ATIONS1 TO DO ?IS4 ,IF Y\ ?9K1 AT ! 5D ( ! EX]CISE1 ?AT !RE W\LD BE A COMMON ?READ L9K+ ALL ( Y\R DEVI\S PLANS1 OR ONE EXT]NAL FACTOR ?AT W\LD DET]M9E !IR SUCCESS OR FAILURE1 !N Y\ >E 9F]IOR SPECIM5S ( HUMAN CREATIVITY4 ,SU* NEF>I\S CREATIVITY IS H>D TO CONTA9 )9 A TIDY !ORETICAL MODEL4 

,ANYONE CAN HAVE A BAD DAY & WRITE A /UPID >TICLE4 ,LORD KN[S ,I HAVE4 ,I JU/ HOPE ?AT'S ! CASE ) ,KRI/IAN1 & ?AT HIS FUTURE WRIT+ IS AS GOOD AS ,\R ,5EMIES 9 ,BLUE4 

,! MO/ 9T]E/+ QUE/ION1 ,I HAVE SAV$ = LA/1 BUT IT WILL HAVE TO WAIT UNTIL ! NEXT 9/ALLM5T3 ,WILLIAM ,GILLIS' QUE/ION AB\T HI]>*IES ?AT ?RIVE BEL[ ! /ATE ?RE%OLD4 ,9 ,P>T ,I,I3 H[ TO CONFRONT ! K9D ( AU?ORIT>IANISM ?AT C\LD EXI/ 9 NON-/ATE SOCIETIES1 PO/-/ATE SOCIETIES1 & EV5 \R [N C\NT]CULTURES444 

,P>T ,I,I 

,9 ,P>T ,I ( ?IS >TICLE1 ,I RESPOND$ TO ,WILLIAM ,GILLIS' REVIEW ( ,WOR%IP+ ,P[]3 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,VISION ( ,E>LY ,/ATE ,=MATION4 ,I WANT$ TO GIVE SPECIAL ATT5TION TO :AT ,I F\ND TO BE HIS MO/ 9T]E/+ CRITIQUE4 

,GILLIS TAKES ME TO TASK = FOCUS+ TOO MU* ON ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL DEF9ITION ( ! /ATE1 ANALYZ+ H[ SOCIETIES CROSS ! ?RE%OLD FROM HAV+ HI]>*IES ?AT DON'T CON/ITUTE A /ATE TO HAV+ /RONG] HI]>*IES ?AT DO4 

,?IS FOCUS ON A V]Y SPECIFIC SUBSECTION ( P[] /RUCTURES IS 9T]E/+ BUT IT LEADS TO A CONCLUSION A LITTLE F> AFIELD FROM AN>*ISM'S CONC]NS4 ,:AT'S ! MO/ CRITICAL ELEM5T TO />T+ MULTI-TI] CO]CIVE ADM9I/RATIONS8 ,! CREATION ( VALUES ?AT 5ABLE UNIV]SAL C5TRALIZATION4 ,?IS IS C]TA9LY TRUE AS F> AS IT GOES1 BUT ! MORE 9T]E/+ & AN>*I/ QUE/ION IS :AT LEADS TO DOM9ATION AT ALL1 9 ANY FLAVOR OR ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE8 

,IT'S A GOOD PO9T4 ,& ONE ?AT L$ ME TO IMAG9E ADD+ ANO!R *APT] TO ! BOOK1 ONE :I* ,I'LL \TL9E H]E3 

,DEFY+ ,P[]3 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,VISION ( ,ACTIVE ,/ATELESSNESS 

,I C\LD />T BY VOIC+ AN 5?USIA/IC1 0,:AT HE SAID10 REG>D+ ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT'S RESE>* 7,! ,WEAPONS ( ! ,WEAK1 ,! ,>T ( ,NOT ,BE+ ,GOV]N$4447 9TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( POPULATIONS 9 RESI/ANCE TO /ATE AU?ORITY 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 P>TICUL>LY AS REG>DS FOOD PRODUCTION1 K9%IP1 GEOGRAPHY1 & HET]ODOX RELIGION4 ,H[EV]1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO ADD TO SOME ( !SE >EAS1 DISCUSS A C\PLE O!RS1 & ALSO OP5 ! FIELD TO CONSID] HI]>*Y BEL[ ! /ATE ?RE%OLD BO? 9 \R MOVEM5TS TODAY & 9 A HYPO!TICAL PO/-/ATE FUTURE4 

,IT MI<T HELP TO />T BY SPECIFY+ :AT WE MEAN BY HI]>*Y4 ,AT AN ANALYTICAL LEVEL1 HI]>*Y IS NOT ANY SITUATION ( 9EQUALITY OR RANK+4 ,IT IS A RANK+ SY/EM CAPABLE ( REPRODUC+ ITSELF1 9 :I* :AT IS RANK$ IS ACCESS TO P[]4 ,CURI\SLY1 ! T]M'S ORIG9AL MEAN+ IS 0RULE BY A HI< PRIE/40 

,:AT IS ! OPPOSITE ( HI]>*Y8 ,LIB]AL CONCEPTS ( FRE$OM HAVE LITTLE TO (F]1 AS !Y >E BAS$ 9 A MY?ICAL SOCIAL CONTRACT1 ! GU>ANTEE ( RI<TS ?AT HAVE LITTLE TO DO ) QUALITY ( LIFE & ACCESS TO P[]1 & ! A*IEVEM5T ( AN ILL DEF9$ EQUALITY4 ,NO HUMAN GR\P 5JOYS ANY?+ APPROA*+ P]FECT EQUALITY1 :I* MAKES S5SE1 AS ! LATT] IS A MA!MATICAL CONCEPT ?AT MAPS POORLY ONTO SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,! T5SION BETWE5 SAM5ESS & DIFF]5CE DEF9ES HUMAN COMMUNITIES1 & ?OSE ?AT HAVE REJECT$ HI]>*Y DO SO NOT BY ELIM9AT+ DIFF]5CE BUT BY MAK+ IMPOSSIBLE ! UNIFICATION & C5TRALIZATION ( P[]1 SU* ?AT DIFF]5CE SIMPLY CANNOT FUEL A HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATION4 

,IF WE UND]/& ?AT P[] IS EV]Y:]E1 !N A SOCIAL PRACTICE ( NON-HI]>*ICAL P[] W\LD REQUIRE ! NON-ALI5ATION ( P[]4 ,P[] W\LD ALWAYS RESIDE )9 ! HUMAN ACTIVITIES ?AT CREATE IT1 RA!R ?AN BE+ CONTROLL$ & R$I/RIBUT$ BY SELF-REPRODUC+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! P[] ( ! G>D5] W\LD REMA9 9 H] H&S1 & IF %E EV] DID DECIDE TO =M P>T ( AN ASSOCIATION ( G>D5]S = ! COORD9ATION ( WORK & ! %>+ ( MAT]IALS1 %E MI<T BL5D H] P[] ) O!RS1 BUT W\LD NOT LOSE LEGITIMATE REC\RSE TO ?AT P[]1 AS 9 ! CASE ( A GUILD ?AT HOLDS A MONOPOLY OV] A C]TA9 K9D ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY & :I* IS GOV]N$ BY AN 9T]NAL GR\P ( LEAD]S ) PRIVILEG$ ACCESS TO ! PRODUCT4 

,ANO!R PROP]TY ( NON-HI]>*ICAL P[] IS ?AT IT IS NOT COMMUTATIVE4 ,ONE K9D ( P[] CANNOT BE SWAPP$ ) ANO!R K9D4 ,!RE IS NO FIX$ EX*ANGE RATE BETWE5 ! P[] ( ! G>D5] & ! P[] ( ! HEAL] OR ! /ORYTELL]4 ,!IR P[]S NEV] FL[ TOGE!R TO A C5TRAL PO9T ( LEGITIMATION & CONTROL4 ,?US1 NOT ONLY IS P[] DISP]S$ 9 SU* A SOCIETY1 IT C\LD NEV] BE C5TRALIZ$ BECAUSE ON A METAPHYSICAL LEVEL IT HAS NOT BE5 UNIFI$4 ,WE CAN SPEAK ( MANY P[]S 9 SU* A SOCIETY1 NOT ONE P[]4 ,>RIV+ AT SU* A PRACTICE REQUIRES US TO 5TIRELY BREAK ) POLITICS1 ! REIFICATION ( ! POLEIS1 :I* WAS ! PO9T ( LEGITIMATION & C5TRALIZATION = A PATRI>*AL1 CONTRACTUAL1 & PROPRIET>Y NOTION ( P[] 9 ! MILIT>I/IC SLAVE ECONOMIES ( ANCI5T ,GREEK CITY-/ATES4 

,AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! #a#e,M MOVEM5T 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #baa REVOLV$ L>GELY >\ND ! ATTEMPT TO BREAK UP UNIFI$ P[]4 ,?IS MANIFE/$ AS A T5SION BETWE5 DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 :I* QUICKLY EVOLV$ 9TO AN AU?ORIT>IAN & BUREAUCRATIC PROCESS1 & DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZ+ & DECISION-MAK+4 

,L9K$ TO ! NECESSITY ( DEC5TRALIZATION & DISUNITY IS ! NE$ = COMPLEX AS OPPOS$ TO SIMPLE /ATUS4 ,ANY SOCIETY 9 :I* PEOPLE CAN BE RANK$ 9 A L9E> FA%ION IS ONE ?AT IS PRONE TO HI]>*Y1 & ONE ?AT HAS PROBABLY UND]GONE A SEV]E CULTURAL PROCESS ( ]AS+ OR BELITTL+ MANY ( ! CRIT]IA BY :I* PEOPLE CAN BE EVALUAT$4 ,!RE IS NO TRULY EGALIT>IAN GR\P FREE ( /ATUS1 BUT IT IS A P>TICUL> GR\P ?AT ONLY RECOGNIZES ONE K9D ( /ATUS VALUE4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ?IS HAS (T5 9VOLV$ VALU+ CULTURALLY MASCUL9E TRAITS AT ! EXP5SE ( CULTURALLY FEM99E TRAITS4 

,BY VALU+ PEOPLE ACCORD+ TO AN UN5D+ LI/ ( ABILITIES & QUALITIES 7A GOOD S+]1 A GOOD COOK1 A GOOD HUNT]1 A GOOD ME*ANIC1 A GOOD M$IATOR1 A GOOD CONNECTOR1 A GOOD HEAL]1 A GOOD FI<T]1 A GOOD MIDWIFE1 A GOOD TRANSLATOR44471 WE CAN LIVE A FULL] LIFE ) MORE PA?S TO SELF-ACTUALIZATION1 & WE PREV5T ANY ONE K9D ( P[] FROM HAV+ UNDUE 9FLU5CE OV] ! O!RS4 ,WE C\LD =MALIZE MANY ( !SE ROLES1 OR NOT1 BUT IT REQUIRES CON/ANT EF=T TO PREV5T ! EM]G5CE ( A CALCIFI$ VALUE HI]>*Y ?AT W\LD HEAP DISPROPORTIONATE REW>DS ON SOME K9DS ( /ATUS & =GET AB\T O!RS4 ,& CON/ANT EF=T1 OV] MULTIPLE G5]ATIONS1 USUALLY MEANS RITUALIZATION & 9CLUSION )9 A SOCIETY'S MY?OS4 

,?IS BR+S US TO ! QUE/ION ( SPIRITUALITY4 ,EV]Y SOCIETY HAS A SPIRITUALITY4 ,WAYS ( FRAM+ KN[L$GE1 EXPLA9+ ONE'S RELATION%IP ) ! WORLD1 & TELL+ ORIG9 /ORIES ALWAYS SURPASS EMPIRICAL FACT & RELY ON CULTURALLY SUBJECTIVE CON/RUCTIONS4 ,FROM AN AN>*I/ /&PO9T1 ! MO/ DANG]\S SPIRITUALITY IS ! ONE ?AT IS REPRODUC$ BY A PR(ESSIONAL 9/ITUTION1 )\T POPUL> P>TICIPATION4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ DANG]\S SUBSET ( ?IS TYPE IS ! SPIRITUALITY ?AT CLAIMS TO BE UNQUE/IONABLE1 SU* AS MONO!ISM1 OR EV5 WORSE1 ?AT CLAIMS NOT EV5 TO BE A SPIRITUALITY1 SU* AS SCI5TIFIC RATIONALISM4 

,!RE=E1 ! K9DS ( SPIRITUALITY ) ! MO/ AN>*I/IC POSSIBILITY >E CONSCI\SLY METAPHORIC1 FLEXIBLE1 & RELIANT ON NONPR(ESSIONAL1 DIFFUSE P>TICIPATION 9 !IR CREATION & REG5]ATION4 ,BEYOND ! MODE1 ! CONT5T %\LD PROBABLY 9CLUDE AN EMPHASIS ON CYCLES ( R5EWAL1 REVOLT1 ECOC5TRISM1 FRE$OM1 COMMUNITY1 & RECIPROCITY4 ,BECAUSE SPIRITUALITY IS ULTIMATELY /ORYTELL+1 IT ALSO GIVES US A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY = REMEMB]+ \R HI/ORY ( /RUGGLE1 FREE FROM ! /ULTIFY+ EFFECTS ( 9/ITUTIONAL HI/ORY-KEEP]S4 ,! FOLKS AT ,O!RWORLDS ,REVIEW CLE>LY HAVE ?IS 9 M9D4 

,! SPIRITUALITY1 AS WELL AS ! WAYS ( %>+ REPRODUCTIVE TASKS & ! K9%IP PATT]NS1 %\LD BE NON-PATRI>*AL4 ,?IS IS VITAL4 ,PATRI>*Y SEEMS TO BE ! MO/ RESILI5T =M ( HI]>*Y 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 AS WELL AS A NECESS>Y PRECONDITION = /ATE =MATION4 ,MANY CULTURES SURVIV+ COLONIZATION HAVE TRADITIONAL1 NON-PATRI>*AL =MS ( G5D] ORGANIZATION1 & AS P>T ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS WE CAN DEVELOP 7& >E DEVELOP+7 SOCIAL =MS ) NO G5D] CATEGORIES :ATSOEV]4 

,! SKY IS ALSO ! LIMIT = DIFF]5T POSSIBLE FAMILY /RUCTURES4 ,H[EV]1 !RE HAVE BE5 5\< BAD EXP]I5CES ) ALT]NATIVE FAMILIES )9 \R RADICAL MOVEM5TS TO %[ H[ ! ,WE/]N NOTION ( FRE$OM AS 0NO ATTA*M5TS0 LEAVES ITS M>K & LEAVES1 (T51 ! MO/ EXPLOIT$ MEMB] ( ! FAIL$ EXP]IM5TAL FAMILY HOLD+ ! *ECK4 ,OR ! BABY1 AS ! CASE MAY BE4 ,?IS SUGGE/S ?AT IT MAY 9 FACT BE NECESS>Y TO HAVE CULTURALLY 9SCRIB$ EXPECTATIONS ( RESPONSIBILITY = C>E4 7,SOMETIMES1 JU/ SOMETIMES1 WE'RE NOT ACTUALLY SM>T] ?AN A MILLION YE>S ( HUMAN EXP]IM5TATION74 ,BUT BY NO MEANS DO SU* EXPECTATIONS NE$ TO FALL SOLELY ON ! BIOLOGICAL MO!R OR ON A HET]ONORMATIVE MO!R & FA!R FIGURE1 AS 9 ! NUCLE> FAMILY MODEL4 

,! EXP]I5CES ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES SUGGE/ ! ADVANTAGES ( MULTILAT]AL K9%IP MODELS4 ,! MULTILAT]AL P>T MEANS ?AT WE TRACE FAMILY 9 AS MANY DIRECTIONS AS POSSIBLE1 SO ?AT IDEALLY1 EV]YONE IS RELAT$ TO EV]YONE ELSE4 ,MO/ ,EUROPEAN LANGUAGES HAVE AN 9F9ITESIMAL K9%IP VOCABUL>Y ?AT %[S ! POV]TY ( NUCLE> FAMILIES4 ,! FACT ?AT WE HAVE ONLY ONE WORD = 0C\S910 ANY HORIZONTAL RELATION FUR!R REMOV$ ?AN SIBL+1 MAKES US SOME?+ ( A JOKE ON ! WORLD /AGE4 ,BUT WE CAN BUILD A NEW RI*NESS BY RECOGNIZ+ MORE =MS ( CONSANGU9ITY & ALSO NON-SANGU9E FAMILY RELATIONS 7REF]R+ TO :E!R OR NOT SOMEONE IS SAID TO BE RELAT$ 0BY BLOOD074 ,= ! LATT]1 ,*RI/IANITY GIVES US ! 0GOD-P>5T10 BUT SU* AN ADOPTIVE FAMILIAL RELATION%IP IS BY NO MEANS A ,*RI/IAN 9V5TION4 

,9 FACT1 DIFF]5T =MS ( ADOPTION %\LD HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ANY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN FAMILY MODEL4 ,ADOPTION--! EXPLICIT *OICE ( TAK+ ON ! LONG-T]M RESPONSIBILITIES ( ! FAMILY BOND--5%R9ES A K9%IP LOGIC BAS$ ON SOLID>ITY RA!R ?AN 9VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION4 ,ADOPTION ALL[S ! FAMILY TO BE A TOOL ( RESI/ANCE 9 SITUATIONS ( REPRESSION & MIGRATION1 TAK+ 9 ?OSE :O >E ORPHAN$ BY CONFLICT OR BY ! PRISON SY/EM1 AS WELL AS ?OSE :O HAVE TO FLEE /ATE EFFECTS 7LIKE 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION1 W>1 & POV]TY74 ,ADOPTION ALSO NEGATES ! ,WE/]N RATIONALI/ ASSUMPTION ?AT AN E?NICITY IS A G5ETIC COMMUNITY & !RE=E AN ESS5TIALI/ & SEP>ATE HUMAN GR\P4 ,! NORMALIZATION ( WIDESPREAD ADOPTION1 NOT JU/ ( *ILDR5 BUT ( ANYONE1 %[S ?AT AN E?NICITY IS ! AFFIRMATION ( A %>$ CULTURAL PRACTICE4 ,& ! HABIT ( MANY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES TO CLAIM BELONG+ TO MULTIPLE E?NIC GR\PS1 AS AN EXT5SION ( ! MULTILAT]AL K9%IP LOGIC1 BREAKS ! P[] ( E?NICITY TO S]VE AS A MOTOR = BORD]S & IDEAS ( RACIAL SUP]IORITY4 

,! BIGGE/ OB/ACLE TO RECON/RUCT+ FAMILY ?R\< ! PROLIF]ATION ( MORE HORIZONTAL1 ELECTIVE1 & MULTILAT]AL K9%IP BONDS IS ?AT CONSUM]ISM HAS MADE US =GET H[ TO MAKE A COMMITM5T4 ,PEOPLE FROM ,G5]ATION ,X CAN'T EV5 ASSEMBLE AN IMPOV]I%$ NUCLE> FAMILY1 :ILE ?OSE :O W]E RAIS$ ON ,FACEBOOK DON'T PROP]LY KN[ :AT A RELATION IS4 ,! FAMILY BOND1 ?AT HAD ALREADY DEGRAD$ TO ! SUP]FICIAL LEVEL ( A CONSUM] *OICE1 IS N[ CON/ANTLY ONE CLICK AWAY FROM BE+ UNFRI5D$4 ,SOCIAL NETWORK TE*NOLOGIES >E BY NATURE AN ADDICTION1 A DEP5D5CY-FO/]+ M$IUM1 & ADDICTION SUB/ITUTES ! FAMILY BOND4 

,?IS MASS-PRODUC$ DE/RUCTION ( MEAN+FUL1 SOLID RELATION%IPS 9 \R SOCIETY1 & ! CELEBRAT$ IMMATURITY ?AT ACCOMPANIES IT1 MAY BE ONE ( ! MO/ P]NICI\S =CES = PROTECT+ HI]>*IES & DOM9ATION )9 \R MOVEM5TS = LIB]ATION4 ,MU* ( ?IS HAS TO DO ) CONFLICT RESOLUTION4 ,DEP5D5CY ON POLICE & JUDGES1 AS WELL AS ! ALI5ATION & 9SOLID>ITY ?AT >ISE FROM ANTISOCIAL CRIME OR CONFLICTS BETWE5 NEI<BORS1 MAKE IT EASY = ! /ATE TO RULE US4 ,MONOPOLIZ+ & 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ CONFLICT RESOLUTION & H>M R$UCTION 7USUALLY ?R\< LAW CODES & ! LOGIC ( CRIME & PUNI%M5T7 WAS AN IMPORTANT TASK = E>LY /ATES4 

,MANY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES TRADITIONALLY HAD SPECIALI/S 9 CONFLICT RESOLUTION & M$IATION1 USUALLY OLD] PEOPLE :O C\LD CLAIM NEUTRALITY BY BE+ EQUALLY RELAT$ TO ALL PEOPLE 9VOLV$ 7IMAG9E ?AT A GR&P>5T HAS AN EQUAL FAMILIAL RELATION TO ALL !IR GR&*ILDR51 9 ! CASE ( A CONFLICT BETWE5 C\S9S74 ,& M$IATION IS BO? A CALL+1 DEP5D5T ON A C]TA9 S5SIBILITY1 & A SKILL ?AT REQUIRES A GREAT DEAL ( PRACTICE4 ,9 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES1 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5TS SEEMS TO BE ?AT ! M$IATORS HAVE NO SPECIALIZ$ 5=C]S4 ,!Y >E NOT ALL[$ TO [N ! CONFLICT ! WAY A JUDGE DOES1 NOR =CE !IR V]DICT ON ANYONE4 ,PEOPLE 9 ! CONFLICT *OOSE TO ACCEPT !IR 9T]V5TION 7SUGGE/+ ! NE$ = MANY DIFF]5T M$IATORS1 SO !RE IS AN ACTUAL *OICE71 & ! RESOLUTIONS !Y PROPOSE HAVE TO W9 COMMUNITY SUPPORT4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 PEOPLE NEV] SURR5D] !IR AUTONOMY OR !IR [N JUDGM5T1 NOT ?OSE DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! CONFLICT OR H>MFUL SITUATION1 & NOT ?OSE >\ND !M4 ,CURI\SLY1 ! CONFLICT RESOLUTION & ACC\NTABILITY /RATEGIES ?AT MO/ AN>*I/S HAVE OPT$ = NEV] DISASSEMBLE ! LOGIC ( ! PRISON SY/EM4 ,RA!R ?AN D5Y+ ! AU?ORIT>IAN LOGIC ?AT SOMEONE HAS AN ABSOLUTE CLAIM TO ! TRU?1 !Y SIMPLY *ANGE :O IS ALL[$ TO EX]CISE ?AT P[]4 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! P[] GETS ABUS$4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ?IS K9D ( CONFLICT M$IATION IS ! LACK ( A WRITT5 LAW CODE4 ,PEOPLE'S ACTUAL NE$S TAKE PREC$5CE4 ,! NE$S ( ! P]SON H>M$1 ! NE$S ( ! P]SON :O H>M$1 ! NE$S ( DISPUT+ P>TIES UNABLE TO SOLVE A CONFLICT ON !IR [N1 ! NE$S ( ! RE/ ( ! COMMUNITY :O ALL[$ H>M TO TAKE PLACE1 :O >E BE+ AFFECT$ BY ! CONFLICT4 ,A LAW CODE REPLACES RESPECT = PEOPLE'S NE$S ) OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY1 & IT ALL[S A SMALL GR\P--?OSE :O HAVE ! MO/ P[] 9 ! PROCESS1 ( WRIT+ IT--TO %APE !IR SOCIETY'S MORALS4 ,)\T A WRITT5 CODE1 EV]YONE CAN BE CON/ANTLY 9VOLV$ 9 %AP+ & *ALL5G+ ! COMMON E?OS4 ,IF IT'S AN UN5D+ DEBATE1 EV]YONE IS EMP[]$ TO P>TICIPATE4 ,! MOM5T ! DEBATE 5DS1 PEOPLE TRICK !MSELVES 9TO ?9K+ !Y'VE DISCOV]$ F9AL SOLUTIONS & HAVE NO MORE NE$ = P]SONAL OR COLLECTIVE GR[?1 & !Y HAVE CREAT$ ! SPECT] ( OB$I5CE4 

,!N !RE'S ! QUE/ION ( PUNI%M5T & RESPONSE4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT PUNI%M5T IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN PRACTICE ?AT 9/ITUTIONALIZES COMMUNITY P[] TO DO H>M & SEEKS TO JU/IFY1 A PRIORI1 DO+ H>M TO ?OSE :O DO NOT HAVE COMMUNITY SUPPORT4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! COMMUNITY HAS NO E?ICAL >GUM5TS AGA9/ DO+ H>M1 NO MORAL SUP]IORITY OV] ?OSE IT PUNI%ES1 & !RE=E IT LOCKS ITSELF 9TO A DYNAMIC ( 0MI<T MAKES RI<T10 A JUDICIAL >MS RACE4 ,:AT'S MORE1 PUNI%M5T DEHUMANIZES ! P]SON :O IS PUNI%$1 & 9 ! CASE ?AT !Y HAVE ACTUALLY H>M$ ANYONE & NOT JU/ BROK5 SOME WRITT5 LAW1 PUNI%M5T PREV5TS !M FROM ! GR[? & HEAL+ !Y NE$ TO GO ?R\< NOT TO H>M O!R PEOPLE4 ,IT'S BE5 PRETTY WELL DEMON/RAT$ BY N[ ?AT PRISON SY/EMS & O!R PUNI%M5T REGIMES REPRODUCE ! H>MS !Y SUPPOS$LY >E MEANT TO /OP4 ,?IS MAKES P]FECT S5SE = A /ATE1 BECAUSE /ATES ?RIVE (F ( 9T]P]SONAL VIOL5CE4 ,BUT H[ DOES IT MAKE S5SE = AN>*I/S1 FEM9I/S1 & O!R RADICALS8 ,I ?9K PEOPLE :O PO/URE AS WANT+ TO GO REALLY H>D AGA9/ ?OSE :O CAUSE H>M )9 \R CIRCLES %\LD BE UNMASK$ AS M]ELY REPRODUC+ ! H>M ?AT !Y GET P[] FROM OPPOS+4 ,WE %\LD 9/EAD BE VALU+ ! LONG1 ?ANKLESS1 & DIFFICULT PROCESS ( ACCOMPANY+ ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 H>M$ & ?OSE :O HAVE CAUS$ H>M AS !Y GO ?R\< !IR HEAL+ PROCESS4 ,!SE PROCESSES >E V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,! =M] REQUIRES LOV+ SUPPORT & REGA9+ P[] OV] ONE'S LIFE1 & ! LATT] REQUIRES /RONG CRITICISM & AN EMPHASIS ON LE>N+ EMPA?Y4 ,BUT BO? >E NECESS>Y = RE/OR+ A HEAL?Y COMMUNITY4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ?\<1 ,I W\LD MAKE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 PUNI%M5T & V5GEANCE4 ,V5GEANCE1 SU* AN UGLY WORD 9 /ATI/ SOCIETY1 IS RETRIBUTION ?AT IS NOT SANCTION$ BY ! BROAD] COMMUNITY OR SOCIETY4 ,IT'S NOT PUNI%M5T1 BECAUSE IT DOESN'T MAKE HI<] CLAIMS TO OBJECTIVE JU/ICE4 ,AT MO/1 IT SEEKS TO SATISFY A FULLY 9DIVIDUALIZ$ JU/ICE4 ,I ?9K ,BA% ,BACK6 %[$ H[ V5GEANCE CAN BE A VITAL =M ( HEAL+1 9 CASE ,FRANTZ ,FANON HADN'T ALREADY MADE ?AT CLE>4 ,V5GEANCE IS AN IMPORTANT WAY ( 5SUR+ ?AT WE NEV] SURR5D] \R FRE$OM ( ACTION TO ! COMMUNITY1 & IT ALSO MAKES SURE ?AT ?OSE :O H>M ! LEA/ P[]FUL--?OSE :O >E EXCLUD$ BY MAJORITY MORALITY--OR ?OSE ) A TAL5T = W9N+ OV] M$IATORS & PUBLIC OP9ION1 CAN /ILL FACE CONSEQU5CES = !IR ACTIONS4 ,SOME SOCIETIES COMB9E M$IATION & ACC\NTABILITY ME*ANISMS ) SEMI- OR FULLY NORMALIZ$ PRACTICES ( V5GEANCE4 ,A COMB9ATION ( COMPASSION1 COLLECTIVE HEAL+1 & DIRECT ACTION IS PROBABLY A GOOD IDEA3 :5 ! V5GEANCE TRADITION BECOMES MORE P[]FUL ?AN ANY ME*ANISM = M$IATION1 !N Y\ HAVE SY/EMATIC FEUD+1 :I* CAN GET PRETTY GN>LY & ISN'T T]RIBLY CONDUCIVE TO P]SONAL OR COLLECTIVE GR[?4 ,SO IT'S NOT A TE*NIQUE )\T ITS DANG]S4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ DANG]\S P[] ( ACC\NTABILITY ME*ANISMS IS ! P[] TO O/RACIZE4 ,O/RACISM--FULLY EXCLUD+ SOMEONE FROM !IR SOCIAL GR\P--IS BASICALLY SOCIAL MURD]4 ,& IT SEEMS ?AT /ATELESS SOCIETIES >\ND ! WORLD TRADITIONALLY RECOGNIZ$ ?IS4 ,!Y RES]V$ O/RACISM AS AN ABSOLUTE LA/ RESORT1 ONLY = ! MO/ EXTREME & 9CORRIGIBLE CASES4 ,9 A COMMUNAL SOCIETY1 O/RACISM IS RI<TLY SE5 AS BE+ JU/ AS BAD AS KILL+ SOMEONE4 

,BUT 9 \R 9T]NET SOCIETY1 O/RACISM IS A FIR/ RESORT4 ,IT'S COMMON PRACTICE4 ,IF SOMEONE RUBS Y\ ! WRONG WAY1 Y\ TROLL !M1 Y\ DRAG !M1 Y\ GET !M EXCLUD$1 & !N Y\ BLOCK !M4 ,?IS PRACTICE HAS EXT5D$ TO SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,ANYONE :O TREATS O/RACISM LI<TLY IS FI<T+ AGA9/ ANY POSSIBILITY ( LIB]ATION 9 \R LIFETIMES4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 PRACTICES ( CRITIQUE & RIDICULE--ESPECIALLY AGA9/ ?OSE ) MORE P[] & /ATUS-->E V]Y COMMON 9 TRADITIONAL ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES4 ,?OSE CAN HAVE A PLACE 9 \R [N MOVEM5TS1 BUT ONLY IF \R BONDS ( SOLID>ITY >E /RONG]4 ,! IDEAL CONCLUSION TO RIDICULE IS ?AT ! OBJECT ( ! CRITIQUE BLU%ES1 !Y %UT UP = A :ILE1 MAYBE !Y /ORM (F & P\T1 BUT EV5TUALLY !Y COME BACK TO AGA9 %>E !IR GIFTS ) US1 & WE WELCOME !M BACK W>MLY4 ,! PURPOSE IS TO GIVE ?OSE 9 ! PEANUT GALL]Y ! P[] TO 9T]V5E1 NOT TO P]MAN5TLY SIL5CE ANYONE OR TO BREAK ! SOCIAL BOND4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS MEANS ?AT PRACTICES ( CRITIQUE & RIDICULE NE$ TO BE ACCOMPANI$ BY 9T5SE PRACTICES ( C>+4 

,RIDICULE )\T C>+ IS DANG]\S BECAUSE IT CAN LEAD TO /IGMATIZATION1 ! HORIZONTAL CREATION ( A VALUE HI]>*Y 9 :I* SOME MEMB]S ( ! GR\P >E P]MAN5TLY SCORN$ OR BELITTL$4 ,SU* A PRACTICE CAN S]VE AS A MOTOR = ! PRODUCTION ( EV] WORSE K9DS ( HI]>*Y4 

,9 FACT1 SO MU* COMES D[N TO QUE/IONS ( EMOTIONAL MATURITY OR MANIPULATION1 ?AT IT SEEMS VITAL TO 5C\RAGE A CULTURE ( P]SONAL & COLLECTIVE GR[?1 & ! BE/ POSSIBLE PRACTICES ( $UCATION & *ILD-RE>+1 9 :I* *ILDR5 >E GIV5 BO? AUTONOMY & 5C\RAGEM5T TO LE>N1 ALONG ) EV]Y POSSIBILITY TO SELF-ACTUALIZE4 ,I W\LD ALSO /RONGLY FAVOR COMBATIVE OV] IDYLLIC *ILD-RE>+ /RATEGIES4 ,*ILDR5 %\LDN'T GR[ UP 9 A P]FECT1 PEACEFUL WORLD4 ,!Y %\LD LE>N ! ABSOLUTE NECESSITY ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,!RE WILL BE NO UTOPIA4 ,HUMANS WILL ALWAYS HAVE ! CAPACITY TO TREAT ONE ANO!R POORLY1 & *ILDR5 NE$ TO LE>N H[ TO PROTECT !MSELVES & ASS]T !IR LIMITS AS A P>T ( GR[+ UP4 

,!RE'S ALSO ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! Y\?4 ,RA!R ?AN ! BOY SC\T MODEL ( H>NESS+ *ILDR5 9TO A PATRIOTIC CORPS ?AT M9DLESSLY SUPPORTS ! COMMUNITY PROJECT1 OV]-/RUCTUR+ *ILDHOOD SO ?AT ! Y\NG HAVE AN EASY TIME ( F9D+ 0!IR PLACE10 *ILDR5 %\LD BE LEFT 9 AN ANTAGONI/IC POSITION ) RESPECT TO !IR COMMUNITY4 ,?IS MEANS TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ?AT !Y NE$ !IR [N SPACE1 A SPACE P>TIALLY \TSIDE ! COMMUNITY4 ,IF !Y HAVE AUTONOMY1 >E GIV5 RESPECT1 & >E TAU<T ! BASICS ( SELF-DEF5SE 7:I* ALSO MEANS P>5TS DEF5D+ !MSELVES AGA9/ !IR *ILDR5 :5 !Y 5T] ! LITTLE DICTATOR PHASE71 !Y WILL NOT FAIL TO SEE ! =MS ( COMPLAC5CY & HYPOCRISY CREEP+ 9TO !IR SOCIETY1 & FI<T AGA9/ !M4 

,I'LL 5D TALK+ BY AB\T ALI5ATION1 L&1 & RELATION%IPS4 ,A SOCIETY ?AT DOESN'T WANT TO GO D[N ! ROAD ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN APOCALYPSE %\LD NEV] TREAT ! L& OR O!R ASPECTS ( NATURE AS ?+S ?AT CAN JU/ BE B\<T & SOLD4 ,RELATION%IPS ( DOM9ATION ) NATURE PREFIGURE RELATION%IPS ( DOM9ATION 9 HUMAN SOCIETY1 & !Y ALSO PROVIDE ! POSSIBILITY = REGIMES ( EXPLOITATION & ACCUMULATION ?AT P]MIT A NASC5T ELITE TO CON/RUCT ! WEAPONS & FUND ! W> AGA9/ ALL ! RE/ ( US4 ,& ! MORE DEGRAD$ \R NATURAL 5VIRONM5T IS1 ! H>D] IT IS TO TURN TO IT AS A REFUGE :5 WE ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE /ATE P[]1 A GU]RILLA BASE :5 WE ATTEMPT TO DE/ROY /ATE P[]1 & A %R9E :5 WE REALIZE ! NE$ TO DEVELOP AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 ECOC5TRIC SPIRITUALITY4 

,IF WE UND]/& ?AT WE >E A P>T ( NATURE1 !N IT IS EASI] TO SEE H[ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS >E JU/ AN EXT5SION ( NATURAL RELATION%IPS4 ,BECAUSE IT'S VITAL TO F9D A BALANCE BETWE5 SOCIAL MOBILITY & ! SANCTITY ( RELATION%IPS4 ,IT'S EASI] TO DEAL ) /RESS & CONFLICT IF WE'RE ABLE TO MOVE >\ND & F9D \R PLACE--OR F9D ! PATT]NS ( NOMADISM ?AT SUIT US--RA!R ?AN BE+ /UCK )9 A SOCIETY4 ,H[EV]1 MOBILITY %\LD NOT MEAN ALI5ATION & ROOTLESSNESS1 AS IT DOES UND] CAPITALISM4 ,WE LIVE ?R\< \R RELATION%IPS4 ,!Y %\LD BE 9ALI5ABLE4 

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