,DEMOCRACY VS ,DESIRE3 ,BEYOND ! ,POLITICS ( ,MEASURE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,MC,LAV]TY-,ROB9SON 

,TEXT 3 

,MY CONT5TION 9 ?IS >TICLE IS ?AT AN>*Y & DEMOCRACY >E 9COMPATIBLE1 BECAUSE AN>*Y IS BAS$ ON AN ACTIVE POLITICS ( DESIRE :]EAS DEMOCRACY IS NECESS>ILY REACTIVE & ?US PLAYS 9TO ! REPRESSIVE LOGICS ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY & ESPECIALLY1 ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM4 ,I CONCEIVE ( A POLITICS ( DESIRE AS OP]AT+ ?R\< ! LIB]ATION ( ACTIVE DESIRES -- DESIRES ?AT ACTIVELY CONNECT ) ! WORLD -- OV] & AGA9/ REACTIVE DESIRES -- DESIRES ?AT >E FUEL$ BY A PRIM>Y DESIRE TO REPRESS DESIRE ITSELF4 ,CONV5TIONAL POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES DEP5D DEEPLY ON REACTIVE S*EMATA1 & ! PO9T ( AN>*Y IS NOT SIMPLY TO OPPOSE ! MACRO-SOCIAL =MS ?AT RESULT FROM SU* S*EMATA1 BUT ALSO TO OPPOSE ! MICRO-SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL_/PSY*OLOGICAL =MATIONS ON :I* SU* =MS >E BUILT4 

,DEMOCRACY & ! POLITICS ( DESIRE MAY SEEM COMPLEM5T>Y1 BUT 9 FACT !Y RUN CONTR>Y TO EA* O!R4 ,! REASON = ?IS IS ?AT1 :ILE ! POLITICS ( DESIRE 9VOLVES AN IMM$IACY ( EXPRESSION & AN OPPOSITION TO DISCURSIVE EXCLUSIONS ?AT OP]ATE REPRESSIVELY1 DEMOCRACY IMPLIES ! EXCLUSION OR REPRESSION ( M9ORITIES AS P>T ( ITS BASIC LOGIC4 ,?AT M9ORITIES BE PREV5T$ FROM EXPRESS+ !MSELVES ) WILDNESS & IMM$IACY -- ?AT !Y REMA9 ALWAYS ! 0LOYAL OPPOSITION0 )9 ! CONF9ES ( A SY/EM 9 :I* ! MAJORITY GETS ITS WAY -- IS A NECESS>Y P>T ( ! IDEA ( DEMOCRACY4 ,= ?IS REASON1 DEMOCRACY GOES AGA9/ ! EMANCIPATION ( DESIRE1 OP]AT+ SIMPLY AS A P>TICUL>LY P[]FUL IDEOLOGY ( RECUP]ATION ) ESPECIALLY EFFECTIVE1 & !RE=E 9SIDI\S1 WAYS ( EXCUS+ SOCIAL REPRESSION4 

,DEMOCRACY HAS COME TO MEAN AT LEA/ ?REE DIFF]5T ?+S 9 CONTEMPOR>Y POLITICAL DISC\RSE4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT MEANS 0RULE BY ! PEOPLE0 -- ! LIT]AL MEAN+4 ,SECONDLY1 IT MEANS MORE SPECIFICALLY1 RULE BY ! MAJORITY -- C\NT]POS$ TO M9ORITY RULE 7& ALSO1 9VISIBLY1 TO ! REFUSAL ( RULE1 TO AN>*Y1 :I* IS ALSO A REFUSAL ( M9ORITIES TO BE RUL$ BY MAJORITIES1 AS WELL AS A REFUSAL TO RULE OV] !M74 ,?IRDLY1 IT IS US$ TO REF] TO A COMPLEX ( 9/ITUTIONS TYPICAL ( SOCIETIES EMBRAC+ ASPECTS ( LIB]ALISM4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 ?IS ?IRD S5SE ?AT DEMOCRACY CAN BE TAK5 TO IMPLY M9ORITY RI<TS1 & ONLY ( ! K9D & 9 ! CONTEXT IMPLI$ BY ! 0RULE ( LAW0 & ! P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,9 ALL ( !SE S5SES1 DEMOCRACY IS A SPECIFIC 9/ANCE ( /ATE P[] -- & NOT1 AS IMPLI$ BY SOME AN>*I/S1 A CRITIQUE ( /ATE P[] OR A =M ( AN>*Y4 ,UNCONDITIONAL RULE BY A MAJORITY CANNOT BE COMPATIBLE ) AN>*Y BECAUSE IT IMPLIES REPRESSION ON V>I\S LEVELS4 

,SOCIAL EXCLUSION 

,AN 9SURG5T UND]/&+ ( 9CLUSION & EXCLUSION IS DI/9CT FROM ! CONV5TIONAL MEAN+S ( !SE T]MS1 AL?\< RELAT$ TO !M 9 A COMPLEX WAY4 ,! IDEA ( SOCIAL EXCLUSION HAS BECOME FA%IONABLE LATELY1 MA9LY BECAUSE ( A D\BLE DISCURSIVE TRICK US$ BY ! NEO-LIB]AL P[]-ELITES4 ,FIR/LY1 ! ISSUE ( POV]TY IS %IFT$ \T ( ! POLITICAL MA9/REAM BY REPLAC+ IT ) EXCLUSION4 ,& SECONDLY1 ?IS NEW 0PROBLEM0 IS BLAM$ ON ! VICTIMS ( CAPITALI/_/9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 TREAT+ ! EXCLUD$ !MSELVES AS ! PROBLEM4 ,?IS OCCURS1 IRONICALLY 5\<1 AT JU/ ! PO9T :]E NEW =MS ( BIOP[] >E BE+ IMPOS$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO R5D] EXCLUSION H>%] & MORE P]VASIVE ?AN EV]4 ,DATACIDE 7WWW4DATACIDE4ORG7 ANALYZE :AT !Y CALL 0NEW AGE0 POLIC+ SU* AS 0PREV5TIVE0 SURVEILLANCE ( 0SUSPECT$0 OR 0POT5TIAL0 LAWBREAK]S & CRIM9ALIZATION ( LEGAL ACTS ?R\< ADM9I/RATIVE ORD]S AS '! REAL SUBSUMPTION ( EV]Y S+UL>ITY 9 ! DOMA9 ( ! ,/ATE4 

,FROM N[ ON IF Y\R ATTRIBUTES DON'T QUITE EXT5D TO CRIME1 A JUDGE'S WORD SUFFICES TO 5SURE ?AT CRIME WILL REA* \T & EMBRACE Y\R ATTRIBUTES444 ,AS ! DI/9CTION FADES BETWE5 ADM9I/]+ SICKNESS & MANAGEM5T ( CRIME1 ! ROLE ( BO? 9 CAPITAL'S IMPOSITION ( 7WAG$ & UNWAG$7 WORK BECOMES LESS MY/]I\S ?AN EV]4 ,9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S CRIM9AL SANCTIONS HAVE BE5 US$ TO CUT (F L9ES ( FLI<T FROM ! LABOR M>KET1 ) ! 0FRAUD0 M5ACE AS PRETEXT = ATTACKS ON DOLE & SICKNESS B5EFIT AUTONOMY4 ,MEAN:ILE !RAPEUTIC MODELS PREVAIL 9 ! B5EFIT _/ WORK-IMPOSITION SY/EM444 ,CAPITALI/ WORK MU/ NOT ONLY PRODUCE COMMODITIES & REPRODUCE PHYSICAL LABOR-P[]1 IT MU/ ALSO NURTURE =MS ( SUBJECTIVITY LIKELY TO 5SURE ITS [N SURVIVAL4.<#a.> 

,?US1 AN EXP&+ POLITICS ( EXCLUSION OP]ATES ON MULTIPLE LEVELS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 !RE IS AN EXT5SION ( ! NOTION ( 0EMPLOYABILITY0 TO RECON/RUCT ! SUBJECTIVITY ( WORK]S & TO ELIM9ATE ! 0REFUSAL ( WORK0 )9 ! WORKPLACE ?R\< A GRAD$ EXCLUSION ( POT5TIALLY DISRUPTIVE WORK]S FROM ! FACTORIES & (FICES4 ,SECONDLY1 !RE IS A P]VASIVE ATTACK ON 0DOLE AUTONOMY0 & O!R =MS ( /ATE-LEGITIMAT$ PROVISION = NON-WORK]S4 ,?IRDLY1 & MO/ CRUCIALLY1 !RE IS AN 9CREAS+ T5D5CY T[>DS TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES ( CONTROL ( SPACE SO AS TO PRECLUDE RE-USE ( SPACES BY ?OSE :O >E EXCLUD$ 9 ! FIR/ TWO WAYS1 ?R\< /RATEGIES 9CLUD+ ?R\< ! SELECTIVE CRIM9ALIZATION ( P>TICUL> ACTIONS BY 9DIVIDUALS S+L$ \T BY ! /ATE1 TE*NOLOGICAL CONTROL ?R\< MEANS SU* AS BIOMETRIC ,I,D1 ,R,F,I,DS & ,C,C,T,V1 & N>R[ DEF9ITIONS ( LEGITIMATE USE ASSOCIAT$ 9 P>TICUL> ) 0GAT$0 9/ITUTIONS ( ALL K9DS1 FROM CLOS$ RESID5TIAL2 COMPLEXES TO %OPP+ MALLS4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! CAPITALI/ SUBSUMPTION ( SOCIAL SPACES IS EXT5D$ BEYOND IT'S =M] B\NDS1 & ! ?REAT IT POSES TO FRE$OM IS 9CREAS$4 

,AGA9/ ?IS REGIME ( 9T5SIFY+ CONTROL1 ,CRISSO & ,ODOTEO RI<TLY C\NT]POSE ! 0NEW B>B>IANS0 -- ?OSE :O >E SO RADICALLY EXT]IOR TO CURR5T SOCIAL =MS ?AT !Y DO NOT EV5 SPEAK ! LANGUAGE ( !SE =MS1 :O CAN 5GAGE ) !SE =MS ONLY AS A ?REAT5+ =CE EM]G+  AS  IF FROM \TSIDE4 

,! ,EMPIRE IS NOT 9CLUSIVE2 IT IS EXCLUSIVE444 ,! B>B>IAN IS ! ONE :O DOES NOT SPEAK ! LANGUAGE ( ! CITY-/ATE & ALSO ! ONE :O BREAKS LOOSE ) FURY444 ,TODAY ! B>B>IANS NO LONG] CAMP AT ! GATES ( ! ,CITY4 ,!Y ALREADY F9D !MSELVES 9SIDE IT1 BECAUSE !Y W]E BORN 9 IT4 ,!RE >E NO LONG] COLD L&S ( ! ,NOR? OR B>R5 /EPPES ( ! ,EA/ FROM :I* TO />T ! 9VASION4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! B>B>IANS >ISE FROM ! RANKS ( ! IMP]IAL SUBJECTS !MSELVES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! B>B>IANS >E EV]Y:]E4 ,= E>S ACCU/OM$ TO ! LANGUAGE ( ! POLIS1 IT IS EASY TO RECOGNIZE !M1 BECAUSE :5 !Y EXPRESS !MSELVES1 !Y /AMM]4 ,BUT !RE IS NO NE$ TO LET ONESELF BE FOOL$ BY ! 9COMPREH5SIBLE S\ND ( !IR VOICES2 !RE IS NO NE$ TO CONFUSE ! ONE )\T A LANGUAGE ) ! ONE :O SPEAKS A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE444 ,IF !IR LANGUAGE SEEMS OBSCURE1 IRRITAT+1 /UTT]+1 IT IS BECAUSE IT DOES NOT 5DLESSLY CONJUGATE ! IMP]IAL ,V]B TO ! 9F9ITIVE4 ,!SE B>B>IANS >E ALL ! ONES :O DELIB]ATELY REFUSE TO FOLL[ ! 9/ITUTIONAL IT9]>Y4 ,!Y HAVE O!R PA?S TO TRAVEL1 O!R WORLDS TO DISCOV]1 O!R EXI/5CES TO LIVE444 ,AGA9/ ! S5ILE DISORD] ( POLITICS1 ! B>B>IANS AFFIRM ?AT FRE$OM IS ! MO/ URG5T & T]RIFY+ NE$ ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,& UNBRIDL$ FRE$OM MAKES USE ( ALL ! WORLD'S PRODUCTS1 ( ALT ! OBJECTS1 US+ !M AS PLAY?+S4.<#b.> 

,! 0NEW B>B>IANS0 >E LIKELY TO BE A GR[+ GR\P1 PRECISELY BECAUSE1 AS ! SY/EM CLOSES ITS GRIP ON ?OSE IT CONTROLS1 MORE & MORE PEOPLE SLIP ?R\< ITS GRASP & 9TO ! SPACES ( ! EXCLUD$4 ,! /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL & = FRE$OM C>RI$ \T BY ! EXCLUD$ RUNS C\NT] TO ! EV]-9T5SIFY+ M5ACE ( /ATE & CORPORATE CONTROL ( SPACES4 ,?US1 ! RESI/ANCES ( ! PRES5T P]IOD EM]GE1 NOT AT ! CORE ( ! PRODUCTIVE SY/EM1 BUT RA!R1 AT ! MO/ P]IPH]AL PO9TS -- :]E ! LOGIC ( SUBSUMPTION COLLIDES MO/ VIOL5TLY ) ! 0NEW B>B>IANS0 9 ALL !IR =MS4 

,DEMOCRACY & CRACKD[N CULTURE 

,:]E DOES DEMOCRACY FIT 9TO ALL ( ?IS8 ,IT IS FIR/ ( ALL IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT1 AT LEA/ 9 ! CORE C\NTRIES ?AT DOM9ATE ! WORLD SY/EM1 ! MAJORITY (T5 SUPPORT :OLEHE>T$LY ! CRACKD[N CULTURE ?AT IS ! SPECTACUL> _/ M$IATIZ$ EXPRESSION ( ! 9T5SIFI$ SUBSUMPTION ( SOCIAL SPACES4 ,!RE IS CONSI/5T HI< SUPPORT = 0T\<0 ANTI-0CRIME0 MEASURES 9 OP9ION POLLS ?R\<\T ! WE/1 L>GE AUDI5CES = M$IA ?AT PROMOTE ?IS CULTURE1 & A PRESSURE ON POLITICIANS TO CON=M TO ! CRACKD[N MODEL ?AT IS AS (T5 BOTTOM-UP AS TOP-D[N4 ,ON A DEEP] LEVEL1 DEMOCRACY CAN BE SE5 AS OP]AT+ TO 9CORPORATE ! SUBJECTS 9TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ,EMPIRE4 ,S]GIO ,BOLOGNA ALREADY 9 ! #a#i#gS SAW 9 DEMOCRATIC SELF-MANAGEM5T A PRES]VATION /RATEGY = CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 REF]R+ TO 

'.<A.> ,/ATE-=M 9 :I* IT IS ! MASSES !MSELVES :O ACT AS JUDGE & JURY1 JUDG+ :O IS DEVIANT & :O IS NOT1 :O IS PRODUCTIVE & :O IS NOT1 :O IS SOCIALLY DANG]\S & :O IS NOT4 ,N[ IT IS TO BE ! FACTORY MASS MEET+S ?AT EXPEL ! EXTREMI/2 ! MASS T5ANTS' MEET+ ?AT DECIDES TO EXPEL ! Y\NG HOOLIGAN2 & ! COLLEGE ASSEMBLY TO EXPEL ! 0UNDESIRABLE0 /UD5T ) HIS PI/OL & IRON B>444 ,ONCE Y\ HAVE ! COLLECTIVE ACT+ AS JUDGE & JURY1 !N ! 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( ! LAW 7WIGS & ROBES ETC7 HAVE ONLY A RATIFY+ FUNCTION3 !Y TAKE DELIV]Y ( ! HO/AGE1 ! TUMOR ?AT HAS BE5 DRIV5 \T ( ! O!RWISE HEAL?Y BODY4 ,! ,/ATE-=M APPE>S AS A K9D ( IMMUNIZ+ PROCESS ( CIVIL SOCIETY444 ,H5CE=? IT IS CIVIL SOCIETY1 ! COLLECTIVITY1 ?AT FIXES ! NORM & =MULATES ! S5T5CE2 :ILE ! APP>ATUS IS LEFT ) ! TE*NICAL TASK ( PUNI%M5T4'.<#c.> 

,?IS /RATEGY HAS GONE FUR!R & FUR!R 9 ASSOCIAT+ ! SUPPRESSION ( POLITICAL REVOLT & SOCIAL NONCON=MITY ) AN AG5DA ( SUPPORT = ! NORMAL_/DEC5T 9SID]S AGA9/ ?OSE LABEL$ AS DEVIANT4 

,BY ALL[+ ! WORK+ CLASS 7DEF9$ REACTIVELY & REPRESSIVELY BY ITS ROLE 9 CAPITALISM7 TO REGULATE ITS [N 0COMMUNITIES0 7DEF9$ EV5 MORE REPRESSIVELY 9 T]MS ( FIX$ /&>DS ( BEHAVIOR & CULTURAL ID5TITY71 CAPITALISM C\LD SAVE ITSELF ! POLIC+ CO/S ( HOLD+ ! WORK]S D[N1 & TURN ! L[E/ ( ! 9CLUD$ 9TO ! GU>DIANS ( ! V]Y ORD] ?AT EXPLOITS & SUBORD9ATES !M4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! MAJORIT>IAN TYRANNY ( CRACKD[N CULTURE IS ITSELF AN EXPRESSION ( ! WAY 9 :I* CAPITALISM USES DEMOCRACY TO PRES]VE ITSELF4 ,IT IS NOT EXT]IOR TO DEMOCRACY BUT A P>T ( H[ DEMOCRACY FUNCTIONS 9 A CONTEXT :]E ! MAJORITY HAVE ID5TITIES & ATTA*M5TS =M$ 7REACTIVELY7 BY ! SOCIAL SY/EM4 

,! CRACKD[N CULTURE IS DEMOCRATIC 9 ! FIR/ ( ! S5SES LI/$ ABOVE -- IT IS AT ITS CORE AB\T ! =MATION & POLIC+ ( ! B\ND>IES ( ! 0PEOPLE40 ,! PEOPLE -- ! 0DEC5T0 OR 0LAW-ABID+0 OR 0H>D-WORK+0 ORD9>Y FOLK OR 0CITIZ5S0 9VOK$ TO JU/IFY CRACKD[NS & REPRESSION -- >E ! AG5T ( REPRESSION1 :ILE ! EXCLUD$1 ! NEW B>B>IANS1 DEF9$ AS CRIM9AL1 9DEC5T1 & 0ANTI-SOCIAL10 >E ! OBJECT4 ,IT IS ?US 0RULE BY ! PEOPLE0 AT ITS MO/ BRUTAL -- A VIOL5T TYRANNY BY ?OSE :O DEF9E !MSELVES AS ! AU!NTIC PEOPLE1 OV] ?OSE :O >E EXCLUD$ FROM IT4 ,IT IS ALSO1 ( C\RSE1 A SELF-POLIC+ ( CAPITALISM & 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY -- BUT ?IS IS UNSURPRIS+1 S9CE ! 0PEOPLE01 AFT] ALL1 >E NOT DEF9$ EXT]NALLY TO ?IS SOCIETY BUT RA!R >E CON/RUCT$ BY IT4 ,:]E ! MAJORITY >E SUBORD9AT$ 9TO ! EXI/+ SOCIAL SY/EM1 IT IS UNSURPRIS+ ?AT !Y 9T]NALIZE & CON=M TO ITS NORMS1 & EV5 ?AT !Y FEEL A S5SE ( ID5TITY ) ITS B\ND>IES & ITS LIMITS4 ,!Y HAVE (T5 ALSO =M$ REPRESSIVE PSY*OLOGICAL /RUCTURES 9 ORD] TO COPE ) !IR POSITION 9 AN UNFREE SOCIETY ?AT CONTROLS & REPRESSES !M1 & !SE /RUCTURES OP]ATE SO AS TO 9T5SIFY REACTIONS AGA9/ ?OSE P]CEIV$ AS TOO FREE & AS ?REAT5+ TO ! EQUILIBRIUM ( SELF-ID5TITY ?AT SAFEGU>DS SOCIAL 9CLUSION4 ,REACTIVE PSY*OLOGY1 :I* EXPRESSES ITSELF 9 ! E?ICS ( SELF-DEAD5+ 0%\LDS10 TRANSMUTES ! 9T]NAL REPRESSION ( DESIRE 7ITSELF NECESS>Y = ONE TO SUBORD9ATE ONESELF TO ! MAJORITY7 9TO A HO/ILITY AGA9/ ! EXPRESSION ( ACTIVE DESIRES BY O!RS1 ?US DRAW+ SOCIAL REPRESSION AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( PSY*OLOGICAL REPRESSION4 ,:]E ! MAJORITY HAVE SU* *>ACT]-/RUCTURES1 DEMOCRACY CAN BE NO?+ MORE ?AN A DICTATOR%IP BY BIGOTS4 ,:]E !Y DO NOT1 DEMOCRACY IS UN/ABLE1 UND]M9$ 9 ITS CALCULATIVE F9ALITY BY DESIRES ?AT OV]FL[ IT4 

,YET /ILL1 ONE F9DS AMONG MANY AN>*I/S AN UNCRITICAL CELEBRATION ( ! MASSES1 OR AT LEA/ ! WORK]S4 ,IS IT A CO9CID5CE ?AT ! SAME SELF-/YL$ AN>*I/S :O ID5TIFY AN>*ISM ) DEMOCRACY >E ALSO (T5 9SUFFICI5TLY RIGOR\S 9 OPPOS+ ! NEW =M ( CAPITALI/ CONTROL EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! CRACKD[N CULTURE8 ,9 ,BRITA91 ! ,9DEP5D5T ,WORK+-,CLASS ,ASSOCIATION 7,I,W,C,A7 EPITOMIZES ! NEW GOV]NM5TALITY ( CAPITALISM ?R\< ! SELF-POLIC+ ( ! MASSES4 ,! ,I,W,C,A CAMPAIGNS = SELF-GOV]NM5T ( WORK+-CLASS >EAS BY ! LOCALS -- DEF9$ AS ! DEC5T1 LAW-ABID+ CON=MI/S -- ?R\< VIOL5CE & EXCLUSION DIRECT$ AT V>I\S FOLK DEVILS & GR\PS P]CEIV$ AS DISRUPTIVE4 ,?IS GR\P IS SUPPORT$ BY MANY :O CLAIM TO BE AN>*I/S1 DESPITE BE+ AN ELECTORAL =MATION ) A REPRESSIVE & REACTIVE IDEOLOGICAL AG5DA4 ,?IS CASE IS NOT UNIQUE4 ,EV]Y:]E1 0CLASS /RUGGLE0 AN>*I/S RALLY BEH9D ! CALLS TO OPPOSE 0ANTI-SOCIAL0 ACTIVITIES1 EV5 TO ! PO9T ( CRITICALLY SUPPORT+ CRACKD[NS 7ALWAYS1 ( C\RSE1 ) ! USUAL SUPPLEM5TS1 D5\NC+ ! EXI/+ /ATE EV5 :ILE =M+ ! WORK+-CLASS ITSELF 9TO A P>ALLEL /ATE ) ITS [N REPRESSIVE =CE & ITS [N CON=MITY-IMPOS+ CLOSURES74 ,ONE ?US F9DS !SE W\LD-BE AN>*I/S CA/ AS ! LA/ DEF5D]S ( ! /ATE4 ,= ! /ATE1 9 ITS LA/ 9/ANCE1 IS NOT ! MACRO-SOCIAL AGGREGATE2 IT IS ! LOGIC ( CONTROL & POLIC+ ( LIFE FROM ABOVE1 :I* IS EPITOMIZ$ LOCALLY 9 POLIC+ AG5CIES 7:E!R ?OSE ( ! (FICIAL /ATE POLICE OR ( VIGILANTES1 SNOOPS1 & BUSYBODIES71 & PSY*OLOGICALLY 9 REPRESSIVELY =MULAT$ E?ICS 7:E!R ?OSE ( A LIB]AL OR >I/OCRATIC ELITE1 OR ?OSE ( A SELF-RI<TE\S 0DEC5T PEOPLE0 FIXAT$ ON ITS [N DEC5CY74 ,)\T A REJECTION ( ! FIX$ ID5TITIES & CATEGORIES ?AT OP]ATE AS COPS 9 \R HEADS1 !RE CAN BE NO DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE -- ONLY ITS TRANSMUTATION1 FRAGM5TATION1 & ULTIMATE REVIVAL IH NEW1 & MAYBE /RONG]1 =MS4 

,! 0PEOPLE0 :O RULE MU/ AFT] ALL BE A DET]M9ATE 5TITY1 & 9 ORD] TO BE CONCEIV$ AS SU*1 ! 0PEOPLE0 MU/ BE GIV5 FIXITY AS :AT ,MAX ,/IRN] T]MS A SPOOK -- AN IDEOLOGICAL CON/RUCTION TO :I* ACTUAL PEOPLE SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES1 & ( :I* ONE IS A P>T ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ONE CON=MS4 

,! ,PEOPLE IS A HI<] ESS5CE ?AN AN 9DIVIDUAL1 &1 LIKE ,MAN OR ! ,SPIRIT ( ,MAN1 A SPIRIT HAUNT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL -- ! ,SPIRIT ( ! ,PEOPLE4 ,= ?IS REASON !Y REV]$ ?IS SPIRIT1 & ONLY SO F> AS HE S]V$ ?IS OR ELSE A SPIRIT RELAT$ TO IT 7E4 G4 ! ,SPIRIT ( ! ,FAMILY7 C\LD ! 9DIVIDUAL APPE> SIGNIFICANT2 ONLY = ! SAKE ( ! HI<] ESS5CE1 ! ,PEOPLE1 WAS CONSID]ATION ALL[$ TO ! 0MEMB] ( ! PEOPLE4.<#d.> 

0,RULE BY ! PEOPLE0 ?US TURNS \T NOT TO BE SELF-DET]M9ATION BY ACTUAL PEOPLE AT ALL1 BUT RA!R1 TO BE ! TYRANNICAL IMPOSITION ( A NORMATIVE CONCEPTION ( AN ESS5CE ( PEOPLEHOOD BY ?OSE :OSE [N ID5TITY IS CON/RUCT$ >\ND ?IS CATEGORY4 ,:AT IS EXCLUD$ IS ! 0UN-PEOPLE0 TO MISQUOTE ,/IRN] -- ! FL[S ( DESIRE & ACTIVITY :I* EXCE$ & OV]FL[ ! FIX$ CATEGORY1 :I* >E UNSPEAKABLE 9 T]MS ( ITS REPRES5TATIONS4 ,DEMOCRACY IS ?US AT ITS CORE UNDEMOCRATIC1 = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ADH]5TS ( A SPOOK OV] ?OSE :O DO NOT SUPPORT IT CANNOT BE JU/IFI$ BY REF]5CE ALSO TO ! LATT]1 BUT ONLY :5 ! SPOOK IS E/ABLI%$ AS A DOM9ANT SYMBOLIC ELEM5T ?R\< A LOGIC ( =C$ *OICE -- ALL >E FREE TO BE P>T ( ! PEOPLE OR NOT1 ON CONDITION ?AT !Y MAKE ! RI<T *OICE1 OR ELSE BE EXCLUD$4 ,! ADH]5TS ( AN>*Y1 ! OPPON5TS ( DESPOTIC GE/URES ( ?IS K9D1 MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ON ! SIDE ( ! EXCLUD$1 9DE$1 AMONG ! EXCLUD$1 & ?US1 AGA9/ ! IMPOSITION ( CON=MITY1 & RADICALLY EXT]IOR TO ! IMAG9$ 0COMMUNITY0 !IR FIX$ CATEGORIES CON/RUCT4 

,! NON-D5UM]ABLE B>B>IANS 

,YET ! PROBLEMS ) DEMOCRACY DO NOT 5D ) ! PROBLEM ( ! 0PEOPLE40 ,DEMOCRACY AS RULE BY ! MAJORITY IS ALSO A RULE OV] ALL BY NUMB]S4 ,MAJORITY RULE PRESUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE ( A CATEGORY )9 :I* A MAJORITY IS E/ABLI%$1 & IS ?US DEP5D5T ON ! PRIOR CON/RUCTION ( ! 0PEOPLE0 :I* RULES TO 9CLUDE SOME & EXCLUDE O!RS4 ,JU/ AS CRUCIALLY1 H[EV]1 MAJORITY RULE IMPLIES A WILL+NESS ( ALL TO SUBORD9ATE !MSELVES TO ! \TCOME ( A SPECIFIC PROC$URE4 ,?IS CAN ONLY BE A REACTIVE WILL+NESS1 S9CE O!RWISE1 !RE IS NO WAY TO GU>ANTEE ?AT A SPECIFIC \TCOME WILL NOT BE 9TOL]ABLE AT ! LEVEL ( DESIRE OR NE$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! DECISIVE FACTOR IS NUMB]4 ,?US1 MAJORITY RULE IS A SUBORD9ATION ( ALL TO ! LOGIC ( MA!MATICS -- ! RULE ( ,K+ ,ABACUS4 

,AS SO (T5 ) QUANTIFICATION1 MAJORIT>IANISM IMPLIES AN EQUIVAL5CE ( ALL :I* IS ! BASIS = COMP>ISON4 ,IT !RE=E PRECLUDES & =ECLOSES A RECOGNITION ( DIFF]5CE1 EXCEPT AS A SECOND>Y ELEM5T ( DIFF]5CE AMONG ! FUNDAM5TALLY SIMIL>4 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN WRITES ( NUMB] ?AT 

.<I.>TS ESS5TIAL ATTITUDE T[>D ! :OLE COLORFUL MOVEM5T ( LIFE IS SUMM$ UP BY1 0,PUT ?IS & ?AT EQUAL TO ?AT & ?IS60 ,AB/RACTION & EQUIVAL5CE ( ID5TITY >E 9SEP>ABLE2 ! SUPPRESSION ( ! WORLD'S RI*NESS :I* IS P>AM\NT 9 ID5TITY BR\<T ,ADORNO TO ! 0PRIMAL WORLD ( IDEOLOGY40 ,! UNTRU? ( ID5TITY IS SIMPLY ?AT ! CONCEPT DOES NOT EXHAU/ ! ?+ CONCEIV$444 ,BOAS CONCLUD$ ?AT 0C\NT+ DOES NOT BECOME NECESS>Y UNTIL OBJECTS >E CONSID]$ 9 SU* G5]ALIZ$ =M ?AT !IR 9DIVIDUALITIES >E 5TIRELY LO/ SI<T (4 ,9 ! GR[? ( CIVILIZATION WE HAVE LE>N$ TO USE 9CREAS+LY AB/RACT SIGNS TO PO9T AT 9CREAS+LY AB/RACT REF]5TS4.<#e.> 

,IT IS !SE AB/RACT REF]5TS ?AT >E EMP[]$ ?R\< NUM]ICAL PROC$URES ( E/ABLI%+ MAJORITIES1 NOT ! ACTUAL PEOPLE :O >E R$UCTIVELY =C$ 9TO ! CATEGORIES :I* !SE REF]5TS CON/RUCT4 

,?IS IMPOS$ EQUIVAL5CE IS R$UCTIVE & DE/RUCTIVE1 = :AT IT LEAVES UNSAID IS ! POSSIBILITY ( AN EXCESS IRR$UCIBLE TO EQUIVAL5CE1 TO ! CLAIM ?AT #a"7#a4 ,9T]PRET$ /RICTLY 7& )\T ITS CONT+5T CONFLATION ) LIB]AL NOTIONS ( RI<TS71 DEMOCRACY IMPLIES TOTAL RI<TSLESSNESS ( EA* & EV]Y P]SON1 ! 9CLUD$ AS MU* AS ! EXCLUD$4 ,BECAUSE ANY CAN 5D UP 9 ! M9ORITY1 ANY MAY BE OV]RUL$4 ,?US1 NO NE$ OR DESIRE IS RECOGNIZ$ AS HAV+ A CLAIM ON ITS [N BASIS4 ,NO WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ! L\DE/ CALLS ON BEHALF ( DESIRE COME FROM M9ORITIES ( V>I\S K9DS4 ,NO WOND]1 TOO1 ?AT 5TR5*$ M9ORITIES (T5 COME TO OPPOSE !IR [N SUBSUMPTION )9 L>G] GR\P+S1 SO ?AT P]MAN5T M9ORITIES SU* AS ! ,TAMILS & ! ,BASQUES BECOME A CON/ANT SOCIAL-CONTROL PROBLEM = ! P[]FUL4 ,DEMOCRACY IS NOT AN 9CLUSION ( ALL ?OSE :O VOTE2 IT IS A MEANS ( SIL5C+ ?OSE :O >E LEFT 9 ! M9ORITY4 ,IT IS ONLY AT ! LEVEL ( ! SPOOK -- ! MY?ICAL 9SCRIPTION ( A 0PEOPLE0 ( :I* ALL >E A P>T1 :ATEV] !IR [N FATE -- ?AT ! \TVOT$ M9ORITY REMA9S P>T ( ! SAME TOTALITY AS ! MAJORITY4 

,A POLITICS ( DESIRE1 H[EV]1 IS NECESS>ILY M9ORI-T>IAN 79 ! ,DELEUZIAN S5SE ( 0AGA9/ ! MAJORITY07 9 A MORE FUNDAM5TAL WAY4 ,ACTIVE DESIRE IS NOT CAPABLE ( ACCEPT+ ! A PRIORI 9SI/5CE ?AT IT CON=M TO ! RESULT ( A MAJORITY DECISION4 ,ONLY IF ! ?REAT ( DISORD] -- ! POSSIBILITY ( NO DECISION RESULT+ -- \TWEI<$ EV]Y SPECIFIC DESIRE W\LD IT BE CONCEIVABLE = SOMEONE TO ACCEPT ?IS 9SI/5CE4 ,?US1 DESIRE IS M9ORIT>IAN NOT SIMPLY 9 ?AT IT CAN (T5 5D UP 9 ! M9ORITY :5 A VOTE IS TAK52 IT IS M9ORIT>IAN 9 ?AT IT IS NON-D5UM]ABLE1 IT CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO SOME?+ TO BE C\NT$ & WEI<$ ON A SCALE ) O!R DESIRES OR ) O!R 5TITIES ( :ATEV] K9D4 ,TO REJECT ! ASPIRATION TO BE ! MAJORITY -- NOT ONLY 9 ! NUM]ICAL S5SE BUT 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL S5SE1 TO REJECT ! ASPIRATION = ONE'S [N DESIRES & CONT+5CIES TO BE CLASSIFI$ AS DEC5T & NORMAL TO ! EXCLUSION ( O!RS -- IS A LOGICAL EXT5SION ( ACTIVE DESIRE4 ,ACTIVE DESIRE1 WILDNESS1 IS UNCONDITIONAL & IRR$UCIBLE4 ,IT CANNOT1 !RE=E1 F9D EXPRESSION 9 A SY/EM :I* R$UCES IT TO ITS REPRES5TATION1 AS ONE AMONG MANY ELEM5TS TO BE C\NT$4 

,CONCLUSION3 ,BEYOND ,DEMOCRACY 

,IF1 !N1 DEMOCRACY IS TO BE REJECT$ AS A CONCOMITANT ( AN AN>*I/ ANTI-POLITICS1 :AT IS TO BE C\NT]POS$ TO IT8 ,! ANSW] IS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ?AT ! FL[S ( DESIRE !MSELVES MU/ DEF9E ! CONT\RS ( SOCIO-POLITICAL ACTION1 & NOT ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,ON ONE LEVEL1 H[EV]1 MORE NE$S TO BE SAID4 ,= A REJECTION ( 0DEMOCRACY0 -- ( ! R$UCTION ( DESIRES TO ONE AMONG MANY1 TO AN EQUIVAL5TIAL & REPRES5TATIONAL /ATUS -- DOES NOT IMPLY A TYRANNICAL /&PO9T4 ,ONE CAN BE A MA/] )\T HAV+ SLAVES2 ! GOAL !N W\LD BE TO BE A MA/] AMONG MA/]S4 ,! PO9T IS ?US PRECISELY TO REFUSE ! BLACKMAIL ?AT SAYS ?AT ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO DEMOCRACY IS DESPOTISM -- REPEAT$ AS 9SI/5TLY BY ! /ATE-SOCIALI/ ADH]5TS ( ! LATT] AS BY ! LIB]AL & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC APOLOGI/S = ! =M]4 ,?IS B9>Y MU/ BE SE5 AS ONE ( ! 0FALSE *OICES0 ( ! SOCIETY ( ! SPECTACLE -- A *OICE BETWE5 TWO SIMIL> 5TITIES 7SU* AS ,PEPSI & ,COKE7 ?AT ULTIMATELY S]VES TO HEAD (F A P]CEPTION ( ! DIVID+-L9ES :I* RUN1 NOT BETWE5 ! RIVALS1 BUT BETWE5 ! SY/EM 9 ITS 5TIRETY 7) BO? ITS B9>IS$ POLES7 & ?AT :I* OPPOSES IT4 ,9 ! B9>Y ( DEMOCRACY V]SUS DICTATOR%IP1 :AT IS =ECLOS$ IS ! POSSIBILITY ( AN>*Y -- A REFUSAL ( RULE BY EI!R M9ORITIES OR MAJORITIES2 A REFUSAL ( RULE AS SU*4 

,!RE >E MANY WAYS TO ATTEMPT TO CON/RUCT NON-OPPRESSIVE RELATIONS ) O!RS -- BO? HUMAN & NONHUMAN -- )\T ! R$UCTION TO SIMIL>ITY IMPLICIT 9 DEMOCRACY & O!R /ATI/ =MS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! SELF IS 9 A CONDITION ( OV]FL[ ) ! WORLD1 AS A SITUAT$ BE+-9-BECOM+ ?AT IS NOT R$UCEABLE TO FIX$ CATEGORIES4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 AS MANY ECOLOGI/S RECOGNIZE1 ! SELF ALREADY HAS AN 9T]IOR CONNECTION TO ! GOAL ( =M+ SU/A9ABLE RELATIONS ) ! WORLD1 )\T ANY NE$ TO 9TRODUCE SELF-SACRIFIC+ ELEM5TS TO JU/IFY SU* A CONC]N4 ,SECONDLY1 DIFF]5CE DOESN'T NE$ TO DISAPPE> TO 5ABLE DIALOGICAL 9T]ACTION4 ,9DE$1 SOCIAL RELATIONS >E 5RI*$ :]E DIFF]5CE CAN BECOME A S\RCE ( NEW EXP]I5CES & ( RELATIONS 9 :I* DIFF]5CES BECOME /R5G?S4 ,! WAY 9 :I* SOME HUNT]-GA!R]S TAKE ON ANIMAL ATTRIBUTES ?R\< %AMANISM W\LD BE AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS2 ! WAY 9 :I* DIFF]5T ABILITIES CAN BE COMB9$ TO COMPLETE A TASK IS ANO!R4 ,?IRDLY1 P[] = ! SELF DOES NOT NECESS>ILY IMPLY DISEMP[]M5T ( O!RS4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE (1 =MULATE1 & ACTIVELY LIVE1 TYPES ( P[] :I* EMP[] ACROSS 9T]SUBJECTIVE B\ND>IES4 ,NIETZS*E CITES POETS AS HIS EXAMPLE ( H[ A SELF-ACTIVE EGOISM 9 ! ,/IRN]IAN S5SE CAN BE SOME?+ :I* IS ALSO 5RI*+ = O!RS2 ,DELEUZE PREF]S ! EXAMPLE ( A PRODUCTIVE RELATION%IP OR FRI5D%IP1 9 :I* EA* P>TN]'S 5JOYM5T 9T5SIFIES ! 5JOYM5T ( ! O!R4 ,F\R?LY1 DESIRES CAN (T5 F9D NON-REPRESSIVE EXPRESSION 9 WAYS ?AT >E NOT DE/RUCTIVE ( O!R ACTIVE DESIRES1 ?R\< =M+ ASSEMBLAGES 9 :I* DESIRES >E >TICULAT$ >\ND ONE ANO!R & >E *ANNEL$ 9 PRODUCTIVE WAYS ?AT 5ME% ) ! DESIRES ( O!RS4 ,F\RI]'S CONCEPT ( 0H>MONY0 IS ONE EXAMPLE ( ?IS K9D ( APPROA*1 :I* REPLACES REPRESSION ) RE>TICULATION4 ,!SE >E JU/ A FEW ( ! POSSIBLE WAYS 9 :I* DESIRES CAN OP]ATE CON/RUCTIVELY \TSIDE A FRAMEWORK ( REPRESSION4 

,! PO9T AB\T DEMOCRACY1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO ! CLAIMS ( ITS MORE VOCAL ADVOCATES1 IT DOES NOT 5ABLE OR 5C\RAGE ! CON/RUCTION ( SPACES :]E !SE K9DS ( NON-OPPRESSIVE RELATIONS CAN COME 9TO BE+4 ,RA!R1 IT 5SURES A CLOSURE >\ND ! 0PEOPLE10 ! MAJORITY1 & ! PROC$URES ( C\NT+4 ,IT T5DS TO =ECLOSE DIALOGUE & 9T]*ANGE 9 ADVANCE BY ALL[+ ! MAJORITY A SELF-SATISFI$ DESPOTIC POSITION1 & DEM&+ ( ! EXCLUD$ A SELF-SUBORD9AT+ REACTIVE CON=MITY4 

,! POSSIBILITY ( A NON-REPRESSIVE & SU/A9ABLE SOCIAL WORLD IS ?US SOME?+ ?AT LIES BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS SOME?+ TOO RADICAL = ! NUM]ICAL & SYMBOLIC R$UCTIONS NECESS>Y TO DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE1 :I* RECOGNIZES 9/EAD ?AT ! =CES ( LIFE CANNOT BE R$UC$ TO FIGURES 9 AN EQUATION4 ,IT IS ONLY BEYOND ! R$UCTIVE LOGICS ( SAM5ESS ?AT EMANCIPATION BECOMES CONCEIVABLE1 & IT IS ?US BEYOND SU* FRAMEWORKS ?AT AN>*I/S MU/ LOOK4 

  

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