,DEMON/RAT+ ,RESI/ANCE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,TALK+ ,TACTICS3 ,! ,MASS ,ACTION ,MODEL V]SUS ! ,AUTONOM\S ,ACTION ,MODEL 

,9 ! PA/ SIX YE>S1 ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAS GONE ?R\< ALL ! /AGES ( A TURBUL5T LOVE AFFAIR ) MASS ACTIONS1 9CLUD+ MESSY BREAKUPS & ATTEMPT$ RECONCILIATIONS4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 SOME AN>*I/S HAVE TAK5 UP ) O!R APPROA*ES TO DEMON/RATION ACTIVISM--9CLUD+1 MO/ NOTABLY1 AN EMPHASIS ON MORE AUTONOM\S1 DEC5TRALIZ$ ACTIONS4 ,9 ?IS REVIEW ( ! PA/ YE>'S DEMON/RATIONS1 WE'LL DISCUSS ! /R5G?S & WEAKNESSES ( BO? APPROA*ES1 & ANALYZE H[ !SE HAVE PLAY$ \T 9 ! /REETS4 

,9 CONSID]+ H[ TO EVALUATE BO? MASS & AUTONOM\S ACTIONS1 WE %\LD BEG9 BY E/ABLI%+ :AT IT IS FAIR TO EXPECT ( !M4 ,MO/ AN>*I/S ?\<TLESSLY DESCRIBE !M AS DIRECT ACTION1 BUT1 TE*NICALLY SPEAK+1 DEMON/RATIONS--EV5 CONFRONTATIONAL1 MILITANT ONES1 9 :I* POLICE >E =C$ \T ( NEI<BORHOODS1 CORPORATE PROP]TY IS SET AFIRE1 & BUREAUCRATIC SUMMITS >E %UT D[N-->E NOT DIRECT ACTION4 ,MAK+ LOVE1 GR[+ OR /EAL+ FOOD1 PROVID+ FREE *ILD C>E--!SE >E CONCRETE ACTIONS ?AT DIRECTLY ACCOMPLI% !IR GOALS4 ,MILITANT DEMON/RATION TACTICS1 ON ! O!R H&1 MAY QUALIFY AS DIRECT ACTION TO ! EXT5T TO :I* !Y CIRCUMV5T LIB]AL OR POLICE CONTROL TO MAKE A PO9T OR CREATE AN ATMOSPH]E \TSIDE ! DICTATES ( ! P[]S ?AT BE1 BUT MO/ AN>*I/S :O P>TICIPATE 9 !M W\LD >GUE ?AT !IR PRIM>Y PURPOSE IS TO BR+ CLOS] ! ABOLITION ( ! HI]>*IES & 9/ITUTIONS AGA9/ :I* !Y >E /AG$1 & VIEW$ 9 ?IS LI<T !Y >E G5]ALLY MORE SYMBOLIC ?AN DIRECT4 .<#a.> 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT !Y >E NEV] WOR?:ILE4 ,EV5 IF A DEMON/RATION DOESN'T S]VE TO SOLVE IMM$IATELY ! PROBLEM IT IS /AG$ TO ADDRESS1 IT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS PROCESS BY SPREAD+ AW>5ESS1 RAIS+ MORALE1 EX]T+ PRESSURE ON ?OSE OPPOS$1 & PROVID+ USEFUL EXP]I5CE = P>TICIPANTS4 ,NOT EV5 A :OLE CITY ( SMA%$ W9D[S C\LD SUFFICE TO /OP ANY ONE MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATION FROM WRECK+ ! ECOSY/EM & EXPLOIT+ WORK]S2 BUT IF A BROK5 W9D[ S]VES TO FOCUS ATT5TION ON AN ISSUE & 9SPIRE O!RS TO MOBILIZE !MSELVES1 IT AT LEA/ QUALIFIES AS HI<LY EFFECTIVE 9DIRECT ACTION4 

,! PROTE/S AGA9/ ! MEET+ ( ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION 9 ,SEATTLE 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiii REMA9 ! MO/ POPUL> EXAMPLE ( EFFECTIVE MASS ACTION 9 \R TIME4 ,?\< C\NTLESS PUNDITS HAVE TYP$ !MSELVES BLUE 9 ! FACE ON ! SUBJECT1 IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE NOT YET F9I%$ REF9+ ! LESSONS ( ,SEATTLE REG>D+ ! ADVANTAGES ( ! MASS ACTION MODEL & ! ELEM5TS ?AT MU/ BE 9 PLACE = IT TO WORK4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT NO MASS ACTION S9CE ,SEATTLE HAS BE5 AS SUCCESSFUL %\LD MAKE IT EASI] = US TO EVALUATE :AT MADE IT A SUCCESS1 N[ ?AT WE HAVE PL5TY ( EXP]I5CE ) ACTIONS ?AT LACK$ ?OSE QUALITIES4 

,:AT WORK$ 9 ,SEATTLE & ! MASS DEMON/RATIONS ?AT FOLL[$ IT8 ,:5 !Y W]E EFFECTIVE1 :AT EXACTLY DID !Y ACCOMPLI%1 & H[8 

,FIR/1 IT'S IMPORTANT TO UND]/& ?AT1 UNLIKE EV]Y MASS ACTION ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 ! PROTE/S 9 ,SEATTLE B5EFIT$ FROM ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE4 ,! P[]S ?AT BE HAD NO IDEA :AT !Y W]E 9 =1 ! POLICE W]E CORRESPOND+LY UNPREP>$1 &1 JU/ AS SIGNIFICANTLY1 ! CORPORATE M$IA DIDN'T KN[ BETT] ?AN TO BROADCA/ ! NEWS ( ! VICTORY F> & WIDE4 ,:5 SUBSEQU5T PROTE/S FAIL$ TO SUCCE$ 9 ACTUALLY HALT+ SUMMIT MEET+S1 DECIMAT+ %OPP+ DI/RICTS1 OR RECEIV+ 9T]NATIONAL NEWS COV]AGE1 ?IS %\LD NOT HAVE COME AS A %OCK3 ! =CES ( REPRESSION W]E ?OR\<LY PREP>$ = !M1 & CAPITALI/ M$IA MOGULS HAD LE>N$ IT WAS NOT 9 !IR BE/ 9T]E/ TO ADV]TISE ANTI-CAPITALI/ RESI/ANCE AS EFFECTIVE & EXCIT+4 

,ALL ! SAME1 EV5 )\T ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE1 SUBSEQU5T MASS ACTIONS W]E EFFECTIVE 9 SOME WAYS4 ,!Y BR\<T ATT5TION TO AN>*I/ IDEAS & RESI/ANCE1 5ABL$ RADICALS TO GA9 EXP]I5CE 9 MILITANT TACTICS ?AT W]E IMPOSSIBLE 9 O!R CONTEXTS1 & CONT9U$ TO BUILD MOM5TUM & CONNECTIONS 9 9SURG5T COMMUNITIES4 

,! *IEF /R5G?S ( MASS ACTIONS >E DUE TO ! OPPORTUNITIES ACCORD$ BY ! CONC5TRATION ( MANY RADICALS & ACTIVI/S 9 ONE SPACE4 ,:5 A BROAD RANGE ( GR\PS :O REGUL>LY EMPLOY DIFF]5T TACTICS TO ADDRESS DIFF]5T ISSUES COME TOGE!R1 ALL CAN B5EFIT FROM ! WAYS !IR DIFF]5T APPROA*ES COMPLEM5T ONE ANO!R2 NOT ONLY ?IS1 BUT :AT !Y ACCOMPLI% CAN EASILY BE RECOGNIZ$ AS A P>T ( A BROAD-RANG+ PROGRAM1 RA!R ?AN A S+LE-ISSUE CAMPAIGN4 ,= RADICALS :O >E US$ TO FEEL+ LIKE A P[]LESS M9ORITY LO/ 9 A SEA ( APA?Y1 ! PRES5CE ( MANY O!RS ( LIKE M9DS CAN BE 9T5SELY EMP[]+4 ,9 L>GE GR\PS1 PEOPLE CAN 9SPIRE ONE ANO!R TO F9D ! C\RAGE & S5SE ( 5TITLEM5T NECESS>Y TO ACT 9 WAYS !Y O!RWISE W\LD NOT1 & !RE IS NO %ORTAGE ( POT5TIAL COMRADES ) :OM TO COLLABORATE4 ,:5 GREAT NUMB]S >E PRES5T1 RADICALS CAN PLOT L>GE-SCALE /RATEGIES & A*IEVE AMBITI\S GOALS1 & ! A*IEVEM5T ( !SE GOALS S]VES TO ATTRACT FUTURE P>TICIPANTS4 ,SO MANY BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ONE SPACE CAN CREATE A TEMPOR>Y REAL-LIFE EXAMPLE ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 SOME?+ PRACTICALLY UNIMAG9ABLE = ?OSE :O GREW UP 9 ! /]ILE1 COLONIZ$1 HOPELESS 5VIRONM5TS ( MOD]N DAY CAPITALISM4 

,! O!R REALLY ADVANTAGE\S ASPECT ( MASS ACTIONS IS ?AT !Y >E ACCESSIBLE & P>TICIPATORY4 ,BECAUSE !Y CAN 9CORPORATE A WIDE RANGE ( TACTICS1 !Y (F] SPACE = P>TICIPANTS ( A WIDE RANGE ( CAPABILITIES & COM=T LEVELS2 & AS !Y >E ANN\NC$ OP5LY & TAKE PLACE 9 PUBLIC SETT+S1 PEOPLE CAN JO9 9 )\T NE$ ( SPECIAL SOCIAL CONNECTIONS4 ,?US1 !Y S]VE TO CREATE NEW CONNECTIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE & COMMUNITIES1 & TO PROVIDE PO9TS ( 5TRY = ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS 9TO A MASS MOVEM5T4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 BECAUSE SO MANY PEOPLE1 BO? 9T5TIONAL P>TICIPANTS & *ANCE WITNESSES1 EXP]I5CE !M FIR/H&1 NEWS AB\T MASS ACTIONS SPREADS EASILY ?R\< WORD ( M\? & O!R NON-CORPORATE *ANNELS4 ,?IS MAKES IT DIFFICULT = ! CORPORATE M$IA TO IGNORE !M 5TIRELY )\T RISK+ A LOSS ( POPUL> CR$IBILITY4 

,! LIMITATIONS ( ! MASS ACTION MODEL ALSO BECAME CLE>] & CLE>] AS ! YE>S PASS$ AFT] ,SEATTLE4 ,ORGANIZ+ EV5TS ON SU* A L>GE SCALE1 NOT TO M5TION TRAVEL+ TO !M FROM A GREAT DI/ANCE1 DEM&S A LOT ( 5]GY & RES\RCES1 :I* MU/ BE DRAWN FROM ! SAME POOL ( 5]GY & RES\RCES UPON :I* ONGO+ & LOCALLY-BAS$ PROJECTS DEP5D4 ,IF A DEMON/RATION RESULTS 9 MASS >RE/S1 AS ! LESS MILITANT CIVIL-DISOB$I5CE-ORI5T$ MASS ACTION MODELS >E WONT TO1 ?IS CAN CONSUME TIME1 MONEY1 & ATT5TION ?AT MI<T BE MORE PR(ITABLY APPLI$ TO SOME CON/RUCTIVE 5D2 ! SAME GOES = ! FELONY *>GES & >DU\S C\RT CASES ?AT CAN RESULT FROM 9DIVIDUAL >RE/S AT MORE MILITANT ACTIONS4 ,! CONNECTIONS MADE AT MASS ACTIONS >E MORE (T5 BETWE5 SPATIALLY DI/ANT1 CULTURALLY HOMOG5\S COMMUNITIES ?AN BETWE5 LOCAL1 CULTURALLY DISSIMIL> ONES ?AT C\LD B5EFIT FROM CONT9U+ TO WORK TOGE!R \TSIDE ! MASS ACTION =MAT4 ,IT HAS BE5 *>G$ ?AT1 ?\< !Y DEM& A LOT ( ORGANIZ+ FROM ?OSE 9 ! HO/ CITY1 MASS ACTIONS (T5 DRA9 MORE FROM LOCAL COMMUNITIES ?AN !Y GIVE TO !M4 ,MORE 9SIDI\SLY1 BECAUSE ! MASS ACTION MODEL FOCUSES ON EXCEPTIONAL EV5TS ?AT L>GELY TAKE PLACE 9 WELL-KN[N CITIES1 IT CAN FO/] ! UNHEAL?Y IMPRESSION ?AT HI/ORY IS DET]M9$ AT SPECIAL OCCASIONS 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C RA!R ?AN 9 ! DECISIONS PEOPLE EV]Y:]E MAKE 9 !IR DAILY LIVES4 

,BECAUSE EA* MASS ACTION DEM&S SO MU* FROM SO MANY1 ORGANIZ]S :O SEEK TO PUT ON MAJOR DEMON/RATIONS MU/ COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R = ! PRIVILEGE ( GETT+ TO /AGE ONE ( ! FEW ?AT CAN HAPP5 9 ANY GIV5 P]IOD2 UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 IT IS EASY = AU?ORIT>IANS TO SEIZE ! REIGNS1 OR SABOTAGE ! LABORS ( MANY ) A FEW BAD DECISIONS4 ,BECAUSE TRAVEL+ GREAT DI/ANCES TO EV5TS & RISK+ >RE/ IS NOT FEASIBLE = PEOPLE ( MANY WALKS ( LIFE1 ! MASS ACTION MODEL HAS BE5 CRITICIZ$ AS ! DOMA9 ( PRIVILEG$ ACTIVI/S2 ?IS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY UND]CUT ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IT CAN A*IEVE WOR?:ILE GOALS1 BUT IT DOES 9DICATE C]TA9 LIMITS TO ITS EFFECTIV5ESS AS \TREA* & AS A P>TICIPATORY =M ( RESI/ANCE4 

,F9ALLY1 & MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY 9 ! PO/-#i_/#a#a ]A1 ! MASS ACTION MODEL 5ABLES AU?ORITIES TO PREP>E EXT5SIVELY1 MAK+ EV]Y DEMON/RATION 9TO A SPECTACLE ( !IR 9TIMIDAT+ MI<T4 ,?IS GIVES ! MISLEAD+ IMPRESSION ?AT PEOPLE >E P[]LESS 9 ! GRIP ( AN ALL-P[]FUL GOV]NM5T1 :5 9 FACT ! /ATE MU/ DRAW TROOPS FROM F> & WIDE TO /AGE !SE %[S ( =CE4 ,IT IS ESPECIALLY CONV5I5T = 9TELLIG5CE-GA!R+ DEP>TM5TS TO HAVE SO MANY RADICALS CONC5TRAT$ 9 ONE PLACE1 WORK+ ON ONE PROJECT4 ,WORK+ PUBLICLY1 9 GREAT NUMB]S & UND] CON/ANT SURVEILLANCE1 IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT = RADICALS TO DISSEM9ATE NEW TACTICAL IDEAS )\T 9FILTRATORS & POLICE APPREH5D+ !M4 

,KN[+ !SE LIMITATIONS ALL TOO WELL1 BUT NOT WI%+ TO RETIRE 9TO 9ACTIVITY1 SOME ACTIVI/S >GUE 9 FAVOR ( MORE DEC5TRALIZ$1 AUTONOM\S ACTIONS4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 AN AUTONOM\S ACTION IS AN ACTION ON A SMALL 5\< SCALE ?AT IT CAN BE ORGANIZ$ )\T COORD9ATION FROM A C5TRAL BODY1 BEL[ ! RAD> ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,A CLASSIC MOD]N DAY EXAMPLE ( AUTONOM\S ACTION IS AN ATTACK ON AN >MY RECRUIT+ /ATION1 9 :I* ITS W9D[S >E BROK5 & SLOGANS >E SPRAY PA9T$ ACROSS ITS WALLS4 ,?R\<\T ?IS DISCUSSION1 WE WILL BE ADDRESS+ ?REE BASIC K9DS ( AUTONOM\S ACTION3 ACTIONS C>RI$ \T BY 9DIVIDUALS OR 9DIVIDUAL AFF9ITY GR\PS ?AT TAKE PLACE 5TIRELY AP>T FROM MASS ACTIONS2 ACTIONS C>RI$ \T BY 9DIVIDUALS OR AFF9ITY GR\PS ?AT CO9CIDE ) MASS ACTIONS2 & L>G] MOBILIZATIONS1 SU* AS IMPROMPTU /REET M>*ES1 ?AT >E ORGANIZ$ & 9ITIAT$ AUTONOM\SLY BY SMALL GR\PS4 

,! AUTONOM\S ACTION MODEL HAS MANY ADVANTAGES ?AT MASS ACTIONS LACK3 SU* ACTIONS ALMO/ ALWAYS B5EFIT FROM ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE1 !Y REQUIRE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS 9FRA/RUCTURE & PREP>ATION1 & ?OSE :O ORGANIZE !M CAN *OOSE ! TIME & T]RA9 ( 5GAGEM5T1 RA!R ?AN SIMPLY REACT+ TO ! DECISIONS ( ! AU?ORITIES4 ,AUTONOM\S ACTIONS >E P]FECT = ?OSE ) LIMIT$ RES\RCES :O DO NOT DESIRE TO ACT 9 A HI< PR(ILE MANN]4 ,!Y >E PRACTICAL & EFFICI5T = /RIK+ SMALL BL[S & MA9TA9+ PRESSURE ON A BROAD RANGE ( FRONTS1 & PROVIDE AN EXCELL5T LE>N+ OPPORTUNITY = SMALL GR\PS :O WI% TO BUILD UP EXP]I5CE TOGE!R4 

,9 *OOS+ TO FOCUS ON ?IS MODEL1 H[EV]1 ACTIVI/S %\LD ALSO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! WAYS 9 :I* ITS ADVANTAGES >E ALSO LIMITATIONS4 ,IT IS EASY TO MA9TA9 SECRECY 9 PREP>+ = AN AUTONOM\S ACTION1 BUT IT IS (T5 CORRESPOND+LY DIFFICULT TO SPREAD WORD ( IT AFT]W>DS--LET ALONE C>RY IT \T 9 A MANN] ?AT (F]S ?OSE \TSIDE ! IMM$IATE CIRCLE ( ORGANIZ]S ! *ANCE TO JO9 94 ,:ILE ! AUTONOM\S ACTION MODEL IS USEFUL = ?OSE ALREADY 9VOLV$ 9 ! DIRECT ACTION MOVEM5T1 IT IS R>ELY USEFUL = HELP+ O!RS GET 9VOLV$ OR DEVELOP MORE EXP]I5CE4 ,)\T P>TICIPATORY1 ACCESSIBLE =MS ( RESI/ANCE1 A MOVEM5T CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO GR[4 

,! ESS5TIAL IDEA ( AUTONOM\S ACTION--?AT 9DIVIDUALS CAN ORGANIZE !IR [N ACTIVITY1 )\T NE$ ( DIRECTION OR SUP]/RUCTURE--IS ALSO ! ESS5CE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! PROBLEM H]E IS ?AT ! ESS5TIAL *ALL5GE ( SPREAD+ ! AUTONOM\S ACTION MODEL IS ALSO ! ESS5TIAL *ALL5GE ( ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION3 MO/ PEOPLE >E NOT US$ TO ACT+ ON !IR [N--)\T DIRECTION1 ORGANIZATION1 & ! 5]GY & S5SE ( URG5CY ?AT SPECIAL EV5TS & L>GE NUMB]S ( COMRADES PROVIDE1 MANY F9D IT DIFFICULT TO CROSS OV] FROM HESITATION 9TO ACTION4 ,EV5 = ?OSE :O HOPE TO ACT AUTONOM\SLY1 MASS ACTIONS PROVIDE MOM5TUM1 MORALE1 CR[D COV]1 LEGAL SUPPORT1 NUMB]S1 M$IA ATT5TION1 & MANY O!R IMPORTANT ELEM5TS4 ,\TSIDE ! MASS ACTION MODEL1 WE HAVE TO FIGURE \T H[ TO DO )\T !SE1 OR PROVIDE = !M SOME O!R WAY4 

,FOCUS+ ON AUTONOM\S ACTIONS IS A /RATEGIC RETREAT = RADICALS IF IT MEANS DROPP+ \T ( ! PUBLIC EYE4 ,M]ELY MAT]IAL BL[S1 SU* AS F9ANCIAL LOSSES TO CORPORATIONS1 WILL NOT SUFFICE TO TOPPLE ! P[]S ?AT BE1 AT LEA/ AT ?IS JUNCTURE 9 ! /RUGGLE2 ! HURRICANES ?AT /RUCK ! S\!A/]N ,U,S,A 9 ! SUMM] ( #bd DID LIT]ALLY T5S ( ?\S&S ( TIMES ! F9ANCIAL DAMAGE ( ALL ! DIRECT ACTIONS C>RI$ \T ?AT YE> COMB9$1 )\T POS+ ANY ?REAT TO ! /ABILITY ( ! CAPITALI/ ORD]4 ,:AT IS TRULY DANG]\S AB\T ANTICAPITALI/ RESI/ANCE IS NOT ! ACTUAL EFFECTS ( ANY GIV5 ACTION1 BUT ! DANG] ?AT IT MI<T BECOME CONTAGI\S & SPREAD .<#b.>2 & = ?IS TO BE POSSIBLE1 PEOPLE HAVE TO HE> AB\T RESI/ANCE1 & KN[ H[ TO JO9 94 ,TOO (T51 AUTONOM\S ACTIONS ?AT >E PREP>$ & C>RI$ \T 9 SECRET DEP5D 5TIRELY ON ! M$IA TO PUBLICIZE !M4 ,) ! CORPORATE M$IA DET]M9$ TO LIMIT COV]AGE ( DIRECT ACTION & 9DEP5D5T M$IA /RUGGL+ TO REA* ANY AUDI5CE BEYOND A FEW SUBCULTURAL <ETTOS1 ?IS CAN BE A S]I\S FLAW4 

,EV5 :5 !Y DO ATTRACT ATT5TION1 AUTONOM\S ACTIONS DO NOT NECESS>ILY MOBILIZE O!RS4 ,9 ! WOR/ CASE1 A DIRECT ACTION MOVEM5T ORI5T$ >\ND ! AUTONOM\S ACTIONS ( A DYNAMIC FEW CAN DEG5]ATE 9TO A SORT ( SPECTATOR SPORT4 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MANY REASONS MO/ AN>*I/S REJECT T]RORISM & O!R APPROA*ES ?AT DEP5D ON ! ACTIONS ( A VANGU>D3 = AN ACTION MODEL TO /& A *ANCE ( BE+ USEFUL 9 ! PROJECT ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 IT MU/ BE POSSIBLE = O!RS TO ADOPT & APPLY IT !MSELVES--9DE$1 IT MU/ PROMOTE & 5C\RAGE ?IS1 IT MU/ S$UCE PEOPLE 9TO US+ IT :O MI<T O!RWISE REMA9 9ACTIVE4 

,F9ALLY1 :ILE MASS ACTIONS BY !IR V]Y NATURE 9VOLVE & B5EFIT FROM L>GE-SCALE COORD9ATION1 IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO COORD9ATE EFFECTIVE DEC5TRALIZ$ ACTIONS4 ,CLE>LY1 AS ! PA/ FEW YE>S HAVE %[N1 IT'S NOT SUFFICI5T = SOME LONE MANIAC TO ISSUE A 0CALL = AUTONOM\S ACTIONS0 = !M TO TAKE PLACE EV]Y:]E--OR1 & ?IS MI<T BE EV5 WORSE NEWS1 IF !Y HAVE BE5 TAK+ PLACE EV]Y:]E1 IT DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE MADE ANY DISC]NIBLE DIFF]5CE4 ,WE NE$ A MODEL = AUTONOM\S ACTIONS ?AT ACTUALLY 5ABLES !M TO TAKE PLACE1 & TO BE EFFECTIVE :5 !Y DO4 ,9 ! DISCUSSION ?AT FOLL[S1 WE'LL ANALYZE ! LESSONS ( ! PA/ YE>'S ATTEMPTS TO DEVELOP SU* A MODEL4 

,9 CONSID]+ !SE ISSUES1 IT'S IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT NEI!R MASS ACTIONS NOR AUTONOM\S ACTIONS REPRES5T ! ONLY POSSIBLE =M ( RADICAL ACTIVITY--!Y DON'T1 & %\LDN'T1 REPRES5T EV5 ! PRIM>Y ONE4 ,IF A TOTAL MORATORIUM ON BO? C\LD 5ABLE AN ACCORD+LY GREAT] FOCUS ON O!R ACTIVITIES SU* AS ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMMUNITY 9FRA/RUCTURE & ALLIANCES1 IT MI<T BE = ! BE/ = ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T2 SOME HAVE >GU$ 9 FAVOR ( JU/ ?AT4 ,IF WE CONT9UE TO 9VE/ 5]GY 9 DEMON/RATIONS ( ANY K9D1 IT %\LD BE BECAUSE !Y CAN1 AS P>T ( A BROAD] /RATEGY1 5ABLE US TO MAKE GA9S ON O!R FRONTS AS WELL2 ?IS AU?OR1 = ONE1 FEELS /RONGLY ?AT ?IS CAN BE ! CASE4 

,BACKGR\ND3 ,DIRECT ,ACTION AT ,DEMON/RATIONS FROM ! #a#i#i'S TO #bd 

,WAT]%$ EV5TS LIKE ! A=EM5TION$ PROTE/S 9 ,SEATTLE DON'T JU/ COME \T ( NO:]E4 ,?R\<\T ! APP>5TLY QUIET #a#i#i'S1 DIRECT ACTION GR\PS LIKE ,E>? ,FIR/6 & ,ANTI-,RACI/ ,ACTION W]E ACT+ ON A SMALL] SCALE1 BUILD+ UP EXP]I5CE & MOM5TUM1 :ILE PREVI\SLY APA!TIC MILIEUS LIKE ! PUNK ROCK SC5E & COLLEGE ACTIVISM W]E POLITICIZ$ BY LIFE/YLE POLITICS & ! ANTI-SWEAT%OP CAMPAIGN1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,ONCE ,BRITA9'S SUCCESSES ) ! ,RECLAIM ! ,/REETS MODEL DEMON/RAT$ ?AT MASS ANTI-CAPITALI/ ACTION WAS /ILL POSSIBLE 9 ! PO/-MOD]N ]A1 IT WAS ONLY A FEW MON?S BE=E ACTIVI/S TRI$ TO DO SOME?+ SIMIL> 9 ! ,U,S,A AT ! MEET+ ( ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION4 

,! RESULTS SURPRIS$ EV]YBODY4 ,SUDD5LY1 EV]YONE HAD A WORK+ EXAMPLE ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ RESI/ANCE AS A REF]5CE PO9T4 ,AN>*I/S1 AMONG O!R RADICALS1 CAME \T ( ! WOODWORK1 & EV]YONE WAS IT*+ TO HAVE A GO AT REPEAT+ ?AT SUCCESS4 ,BECAUSE ! ,SEATTLE PROTE/S HAD NOT BE5 A M]E FLUKE BUT RA!R ! CULM9ATION ( A LONG P]IOD ( GR[? & DEVELOPM5T1 !RE WAS A ROOT /RUCTURE 9 PLACE TO SU/A9 FUR!R SU* ACTIONS--! MO/ NOTABLE BE+ ! PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,WORLD ,BANK & ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C4 ! FOLL[+ ,APRIL1 AGA9/ ! ,DEMOCRATIC & ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TIONS ?AT SUMM]1 & AGA9/ ! ,FREE ,TRADE ,>EA ( ! ,AM]ICAS SUMMIT 9 ,QUEBEC 9 ,APRIL #b#a4 ,& BECAUSE EA* DEMON/RATION ATTRACT$ NEW ATT5TION & ADDITIONAL P>TICIPANTS TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 ! ROOT /RUCTURE QUICKLY DEEP5$ & SPREAD4 ,! MOVEM5T1 FOCUS+ MU* ( ITS 5]GY ON !SE CONV]G5CES & MASS ACTIONS1 RODE A WAVE ?AT SOMETIMES MADE IT APPE> TO BE AN UN/OPPABLE HI/ORICAL =CE4 

,BY SUMM] ( #b#a1 :5 GREAT NUMB]S ( PEOPLE P>TICIPAT$ 9 /REETFI<T+ AT ! ,G#h SUMMIT 9 ,ITALY & PLANN+ WAS UND]WAY = MORE PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,I,M,F 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 SOME FELT ?AT ! MOVEM5T HAD REA*$ ! CRE/ ( ?AT WAVE4 ,MANY W]E EXHAU/$ FROM ! DEM&S ( CON/ANT ORGANIZ+1 LONG-DI/ANCE TRAVEL+1 & C\RT CASES2 AT LEA/ AS MANY FELT ?AT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS ON ! V]GE ( A BREAK?R\< ?AT W\LD *ANGE ! NATURE ( RESI/ANCE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,WE'LL NEV] KN[ :E!R OR NOT ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( MASS MOBILIZATIONS HAD ALREADY REA*$ ITS PEAK1 = BE=E ! PLANN$ PROTE/S 9 ,D,C C\LD TAKE PLACE1 HIJACK]S FLEW AIRPLANES 9TO ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,C5T] & ! ,P5TAGON1 & ! 5TIRE CONTEXT *ANG$4 ,! AN>*I/ RESPONSE TO ! NEW SITUATION WAS1 = ! MO/ P>T1 EMB>RASS+3 RA!R ?AN SEIZ+ ! OPPORTUNITY TO EMPHASIZE ?AT N[ EV5 ,U4,S4 CITIZ5S W]E DY+ AS A RESULT ( !IR RUL]S' =EIGN POLICIES1 MANY HESITAT$ TO SPEAK \T 9 FE> ?AT !Y W\LD BE ATTACK$ OR SE5 AS 9S5SITIVE1 & ?US C$$ ALL ! GA9S MADE BY AN>*I/S OV] ! PREC$+ YE>S4 ,FE>S RAN RAMPANT ?AT NEW ANTI-T]ROR LEGISLATION & 5=CEM5T W\LD BE US$ TO IMPRISON & SUPPRESS ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 A CONC]N ?AT HAS S9CE BE5 %[N TO BE UNF\ND$ .<#c.>4 ,N[ ?AT MO/ ACTIVI/S DID NOT BELIEVE ?AT POSITIVE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE C\LD BE >\ND ! CORN]1 ALL ! 9T]NAL CONFLICTS & BURN\T ?AT HAD BE5 BUILD+ UP OV] ! PREC$+ YE>S ( CON/ANT ACTION CAME TO ! =E1 & OV] ! FOLL[+ MON?S AN>*I/ COMMUNITIES SAW ! WOR/ 9FI<T+ 9 REC5T HI/ORY4 

,9 RETROSPECT1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT MA9/REAM M$IA ATT5TION WAS RESPONSIBLE = A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ! HI< MORALE & S5SE ( 5TITLEM5T ?AT 5ABL$ AN>*I/S TO ACT SO EFFECTIVELY 9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 ! ,SEATTLE DEMON/RATIONS & ! #i_/#a#a ATTACKS4 ,FEW IF ANY 9 ! AN>*I/ MILIEU HAVE ADDRESS$ ?IS IRONY4 ,9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY1 EV]YONE IS RAIS$ TO DESIRE1 H[EV] SECRETLY1 TO BE FAM\S--TO BE ON TELEVISION -- BECAUSE :AT IS ON TELEVISION IS 0REAL10 IS IMPORTANT4 ,AL?\< AT ! TIME MANY AN>*I/S 9SI/$ !Y DIDN'T C>E :E!R OR NOT !Y RECEIV$ COV]AGE 9 ! CORPORATE M$IA1 IT C\LD BE SAID ?AT ! SIMPLE KN[L$GE ?AT !Y W]E 0FAM\S0 AS A MOVEM5T IF NOT AS 9DIVIDUALS SU/A9$ !IR SPIRITS & S5SE ( URG5CY4 ,:5 ?IS ATT5TION WAS )DRAWN1 MORALE PLUMMET$ IMM$IATELY4 ,! CORPORATE M$IA IS UNLIKELY TO RETURN ! SPOTLI<T TO AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE1 & ! MOTIVATION ( AN>*I/S %\LD NOT BE DEP5D5T UPON O!R'S REPRES5TATIONS ( !M 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,AN>*I/S N[ MU/ F9D WAYS TO MA9TA9 MOM5TUM & 5]GY EV5 ?R\< A TOTAL M$IA BLACK\T4 

,AS ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T /RUGGL$ TO REGA9 ITS FOOT+ ?R\<\T ! YE> FOLL[+ ! #i_/#a#a ATTACKS1 SOME T5TATIVE ATTEMPTS W]E MADE TO APPLY ! MASS ACTION MODEL AGA91 NOTABLY AT ! PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,WORLD ,ECONOMIC ,=UM 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY & !N AT ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,/RIKE0 PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,I,M,F 9 ,D,C A YE> AFT] ! T]RORI/ ATTACKS4 ,!SE W]E ADMIRABLE EF=TS1 & IF NO?+ ELSE !Y S]V$ TO GIVE ?OSE S]I\SLY COMMITT$ TO DEMON/RATION ACTIVISM A WAY TO /AY 9VOLV$1 BUT !Y %[$ ?AT = ! MO/ P>T ! L>GE NUMB]S & HI< MORALE PREVI\SLY ASSOCIAT$ ) L>GE MOBILIZATIONS W]E NO LONG] AVAILABLE4 ,OLD] ACTIVI/S W]E DEMORALIZ$1 Y\NG] ONES W]E UNSURE H[ TO PROCE$1 & PEOPLE ON ! FR+ES ( ACTIVISM & RADICAL POLITICS W]E TOO DI/RACT$ BY ! SPECTATOR SPORT ( ! SO-CALL$ ,W> ON ,T]ROR TO REFOCUS ON ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION ON O!R FRONTS4 

,:5 ! ,T]ROR ,W> %IFT$ 9TO A NEW GE>1 DEMON/RATIONS BECAME POPUL> AGA91 BUT AN>*I/S W]E NO LONG] 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! ORGANIZ+4 ,LIB]AL & AU?ORIT>IAN GR\PS ATTEMPT$ TO APPROPRIATE ALL ! MY/IQUE RADICALS HAD REC5TLY GIV5 MASS ACTION1 :ILE ONLY TAK+ ON ! SUP]FICIAL ASPECTS ( ! ORGANIZ+ MODELS ?AT HAD MADE PROTE/S BE=E #i_/#a#a EXCIT+1 P>TICIPATORY1 & ?US DANG]\S TO ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]4 ,! FIR/ TWO MAJOR DEMON/RATIONS TO PROTE/ ! IMP5D+ W> 9 ,IRAQ1 9 ,D,C ON ,JANU>Y #b & !N WORLDWIDE ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 W]E DOM9AT$ BY LIB]AL S+LE-ISSUE POLITICS & MODELS4 ,! PROTE/S 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ON ,FEBRU>Y #ae BECAME A LITTLE MORE RAUC\S :5 ! POLICE ATTEMPT$ TO BLOCK ! M>* & RANK-&-FILE PROTE/]S F\<T BACK1 BUT = ! MO/ P>T CONSCI\SLY RADICAL MILITANT TACTICS SEEM$ A ?+ ( ! PA/ AT MASS ACTIONS .<#d.>4 ,?IS WAS ALL ! MORE DISAPPO9T+ 9 ?AT ! ,FEBRU>Y #ae PROTE/S W]E P]HAPS ! MO/ HEAVILY ATT5D$ PROTE/S 9 HI/ORY2 BECAUSE MILITANT ACTIVI/S HAD SURR5D]$ ! MASS ACTION CONTEXT1 MILLIONS ( PEOPLE M>*+ 9 ! /REETS NEI!R HELP$ TO SWAY ! OP9IONS ( ! MA/]S ( W> NOR TO OB/RUCT !IR PREP>ATIONS = IT--NOR1 = ?AT MATT]1 TO BUILD A MOVEM5T CAPABLE ( DIS>M+ !M4 

,?+S *ANG$ :5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ATTACK$ ,IRAQ ON ,M>* #b1 #b#c4 ,ON ?IS DAY1 & OV] ! MON?S ?AT FOLL[$ IT1 C\NTLESS CITIES W]E /RUCK BY DEMON/RATIONS ?AT W5T BEYOND ! LIMITS LIB]AL ORGANIZ]S TRY TO IMPOSE4 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO WAS 5TIRELY P>ALYZ$2 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 RADICAL COMMUNITIES APPE>$ 9 MORE SURPRIS+ LOCATIONS SU* AS ,SA9T ,L\IS1 ,MISS\RI1 CONCEIV+ & C>RY+ \T !IR [N DISRUPTIVE ACTIONS AS ! MILITANT CORE ( ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T4 ,A NEW G5]ATION ( ACTIVI/S1 MANY ( :OM HAD NOT P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! PO/-,SEATTLE PHASE ( DEMON/RATION ACTIVISM1 GA9$ EXP]I5CE DUR+ ?IS TIME4 

,AS ?AT PHASE ( ! W> 9 ,IRAQ DI$ D[N1 ACTIVI/S ALSO SL[$ ! PACE ( !IR ACTIVITY1 TAK+ TIME TO RECOV] FROM SU* A DEM&+ P]IOD ( ORGANIZ+4 ,AN>*I/S NATIONWIDE BEGAN TO FOCUS !IR ATT5TION ON ! ,FREE ,TRADE ,>EA ( ! ,AM]ICAS M9I/]IAL ?AT WAS TO TAKE PLACE 9 ,MIAMI ! FOLL[+ ,NOVEMB]4 ,MANY BELIEV$ ?AT1 ?ANKS TO ! NEW MOM5TUM G5]AT$ 9 ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T1 ?IS C\LD BE ! FIR/ REALLY EFFECTIVE1 EXCIT+ DEMON/RATION AGA9/ CAPITALI/ GLOBALIZATION S9CE ,SEPTEMB] #a#a2 SOME HOP$ ?IS W\LD BE ! TRIUMPHANT RETURN ( ,SEATTLE-/YLE PROTE/ ACTIVISM4 ,CONSULTAS W]E HELD >\ND ! C\NTRY AT :I* PLANS W]E HA%$ \T1 PO/]S W]E DESIGN$ & DI/RIBUT$1 GR\PS DISSEM9AT$ CALLS = V>I\S =MS ( ACTION4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ,MIAMI WAS A POORLY *OS5 PLAY+ FIELD = ?IS GRUDGE MAT*4 ,IT WAS ! MO/ MILIT>IZ$ POLICE /ATE ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAD EV] SE53 !RE W]E SO MANY POLICE1 EQUIPP$ ) SO MU* DE/RUCTIVE WEAPONRY1 ?AT ANY K9D ( MILITANT CONFRONTATION W\LD HAVE BE5 DOOM$ TO FAILURE4 ,! PROTE/] TURN\T WAS B\ND TO BE LIMIT$3 ! MAJORITY ( POT5TIAL P>TICIPANTS W]E /ILL DI/RACT$ BY ! ,IRAQ W>1 NOT ?9K+ AB\T CORPORATE GLOBALIZATION1 & ,MIAMI WAS A GREAT DI/ANCE FROM MO/ ACTIVE COMMUNITIES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE WASN'T A WIDE RANGE ( DIV]SITY AMONG ! PROTE/]S1 :I* CAN O!RWISE TEMP] POLICE REPRESSION3 ?IS MADE IT EASY = ! POLICE TO PIGEONHOLE PROTE/]S AS EI!R LAW-ABID+ UNION MEMB]S OR UNRULY AN>*I/S1 SO AS TO IGNORE ! =M] & ATTACK ! LATT]4 

,!SE FACTORS ALONE MI<T NOT HAVE SPELL$ DOOM = ! PROTE/S1 BUT !RE W]E ALSO SEV]AL /RATEGIC ]RORS 9 ! ORGANIZ+4 ,! PLAN ORGANIZ]S PUT =?1 TO ATTACK ! F5CE SURR\ND+ ! MEET+S1 WAS EXACTLY :AT ! AU?ORITIES EXPECT$ .<#e.>--& :ILE ! LATT] W]E ?OR\<LY PREP>$ = ?IS SC5>IO1 FEW ACTIVI/S >RIV$ M5TALLY OR PHYSICALLY EQUIPP$ TO UND]TAKE ?IS4 ,EV5 WORSE1 C]TA9 ORGANIZ]S CUT AN UNBELIEVABLY FOOLI% DEAL ) ! LABOR UNIONS--:I*1 IT MU/ BE NOT$1 W]E CLOSELY COLLABORAT+ ) ! POLICE--TO ! EFFECT ?AT NO DIRECT ACTION W\LD TAKE PLACE DUR+ ! P]MITT$ UNION M>* ON ! AFT]NOON ( ! PRIM>Y DAY ( DEMON/RATIONS4 ,?ANKS TO ?IS AGREEM5T1 ! POLICE W]E FREE SIMPLY TO MA9TA9 ORD] DUR+ ! UNION M>*1 ) LITTLE FE> ( HAV+ TO DIVIDE !IR ATT5TION2 !N1 AS SOON AS ! M>* WAS OV]1 !Y /EAMROLL$ ACROSS ! 5TIRE CITY1 BEAT+1 GASS+1 %OOT+1 & >RE/+ EV]YONE :O REMA9$1 CONFID5T ?AT EV]YONE !Y ATTACK$ WAS ACT+ \TSIDE ! LAW & !RE=E A SAFE T>GET4 ,! ONLY WAY AN>*I/S C\LD HAVE TURN$ ! TABLES W\LD HAVE BE5 BY ACT+ UNEXPECT$LY & 5 MASSE \TSIDE ! OCCUPI$ DI/RICT ( ,MIAMI1 BUT ! 9ITIATIVE NECESS>Y = ?AT K9D ( AUTONOM\S1 COV]T ORGANIZ+ WAS PA9FULLY LACK+4 ,! CONSULTA MODEL1 :ILE IT 9DICAT$ AN ADMIRABLE COMMITM5T TO DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZ+1 FAIL$ TO PROVIDE 9TELLIG5T /RATEGIC DECISIONS1 ADEQUATE SECURITY = PLANN+1 OR COMMITM5TS ON :I* P>TICIPAT+ GR\PS ACTUALLY FOLL[$ ?R\<4 ,!SE MAY ALL HAVE BE5 9CID5TAL FAILURES1 BUT EA* ONE CO/ DE>LY4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY NO?+ ( VALUE WAS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ,MIAMI4 ,PEOPLE /ILL CAME TOGE!R & ACT$ C\RAGE\SLY1 ) ALL ! B5EFITS ?AT 5TAILS1 & ! POLICE /ATE WAS REVEAL$ = :AT IT WAS1 AT LEA/ TO EYEWITNESSES & ?R\< ! FEW V5UES ?AT RAN COV]AGE ( ! EV5TS4 ,BUT COM+ AWAY FROM A PROTE/ ) A M>TYR'S TALE ( POLICE VIOL5CE & ABUSE1 OR1 AT BE/1 A /ORY ( H]OIC N>R[ ESCAPES1 IS A POOR SECOND TO ACTUALLY FEEL+ LIKE ONE HAS /RUCK BL[S & MADE GA9S4 

,9 ! WAKE ( :AT MANY FELT TO BE A DEBACLE1 SOME AN>*I/S BEGAN TO EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ACT+ \TSIDE MASS MODELS 9 SMALL]1 MORE AUTONOM\S GR\PS ) ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE4 ,SOME HAD BE5 PROMOT+ ?IS IDEA = A LONG TIME2 IT HAD EV5 BE5 TE/$ TO SOME EXT5T 9 MASS ACTIONS1 SU* AS AT ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/RIKE 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#b1 :5 ! ORGANIZ]S DI/RIBUT$ A LI/ ( T>GETS & 9T]SECTIONS & ANN\NC$ ?AT ACTIONS W\LD TAKE PLACE ?R\<\T ! CITY4 ,O!RS1 NOTABLY 5VIRONM5TAL & ANIMAL LIB]ATION ACTIVI/S1 HAD BE5 ACT+ 9 CL&E/9E CELLS = DECADES4 ,SO IT HAPP5$ ?AT1 AS ! ELECTION YE> APPROA*$1 ! W> 9 ,IRAQ WORE ON1 & POLITICAL MATT]S CAME BACK TO ! =E ( PUBLIC ATT5TION1 AN>*I/S W]E PREOCCUPI$ ) ! QUE/ION ( :E!R MASS ACTIONS C\LD EV] BE EFFECTIVE AGA91 & :AT =MS ( DEC5TRALIZ$ ACTION MI<T BE ABLE TO REPLACE !M4 

,DIRECT ,ACTION 9 ! ,ELECTION ,YE> 

,! YE> #bd WAS U%]$ 9 BY A MIDNI<T M>* 9 D[NT[N ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 COMMEMORAT+ ! T5 YE> ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+ 9 ,*IAPAS1 ,MEXICO4 ,MORE ?AN ONE HUNDR$ MASK$ AN>*I/S BE>+ BANN]S1 TOR*ES1 & P]CUSSION 9/RUM5TS TOOK OV] A MAJOR ?OR\<F>E = A FULL H\R1 LEAV+ SPRAY PA9T & /5CIL DESIGNS 9 !IR WAKE4 ,?IS M>* APPE>$ AS IF \T ( NO:]E 9 A CR[D$ BUS9ESS DI/RICT1 ON A NI<T :5 ! POLICE DEP>TM5T WAS SO OV]EXT5D$ ?AT IT TOOK OV] A HALF H\R = EV5 ONE PATROL C> TO %[ UP4 ,!RE W]E NO >RE/S4 ,CLE>LY1 SOME AN>*I/S HAD LE>N$ ! LESSONS ( ,MIAMI1 )\T )DRAW+ FROM PUBLIC ACTIONS ALTOGE!R4 

,ALL ! SAME1 ! FIR/ MON?S ( #bd W]E QUIET ONES = DIRECT ACTION4 ,M>* #b?1 ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! DECL>ATION ( W> ON ,IRAQ1 SAW L>GELY PEACEFUL MASS DEMON/RATIONS ALONG ! L9ES ( ?OSE BE=E ! W>1 LACK+ ! URG5CY & MILITANCY ( ! ACTIONS C>RI$ \T DUR+ IT4 ,9 ,APRIL1 !RE WAS ANO!R PROTE/ 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C AGA9/ ! ,I,M,F & ,WORLD ,BANK2 ! EXT5T TO :I* IT WAS A RITUALIZ$1 PLACID AFFAIR REVEAL$ JU/ H[ F> AN>*I/ ATT5TION HAD DRIFT$ FROM ! =M]LY PRIORITIZ$ T]RA9 ( MASS ACTIONS OPPOS+ CORPORATE GLOBALIZATION4 ,IT WAS FOLL[$ IMM$IATELY BY ! ,M>* = ,WOM5'S ,LIVES1 A RALLY 9 SUPPORT ( ABORTION RI<TS ?AT DREW OV] A MILLION PEOPLE4 ,AL?\< !RE W]E HUNDR$S ( AN>*I/S PRES5T1 IF NOT MORE1 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT MILITANT ACTION ( ANY K9D MI<T TAKE PLACE WAS NEV] BROA*$4 ,PEOPLE ( MILITANT P]SPECTIVES W]E /ILL COM+ TOGE!R :5 LIB]AL ORGANIZ]S SOLICIT$ !IR P>TICIPATION1 BUT )\T A S5SE ?AT IT WAS FEASIBLE TO ORGANIZE EV5TS ON !IR [N T]MS4 

,?IS IMPRESSION WAS SEAL$ BY ! ,G#h SUMMIT 9 ,GEORGIA ?AT ,JUNE4 ,! PROTE/S AT ! ,G#h SUMMIT 9 ,G5OA1 ,ITALY 9 ! SUMM] ( #ba HAD BE5 ! HI< WAT] M>K ( ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T3 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PROTE/]S HAD CONV]G$ ON ! CITY1 5GAG+ 9 TACTICS ( ALL K9DS ?AT HAD LEFT 5TIRE F9ANCIAL DI/RICTS 9 WRECKAGE4 ,EAG] TO AVOID ANO!R SU* CATA/ROPHE1 ! P[]S ?AT BE PICK$ A SECLUD$ ISL& (F ! COA/ ( ,GEORGIA TO HO/ ! ,G#h MEET+ 9 ,JUNE ( #b#d1 & SET ASIDE T5S ( MILLIONS ( DOLL>S = SECURITY4 ,NOT ONLY ! ISL& ITSELF BUT MU* ( ! COA/L9E >\ND IT WAS ?OR\<LY MILIT>IZ$2 AS HAS BECOME CU/OM>Y1 ! M$IA RAN A S]IES ( >TICLES DEMONIZ+ PR$ICT$ AN>*I/ PROTE/]S :ILE EMPHASIZ+ ! 9V9CIBILITY ( ! POLICE & MILIT>Y =CES ?AT W\LD BE WAIT+ = !M4 

,DEMORALIZ$ BY ! ,MIAMI EXP]I5CE1 MO/ ADVOCATES ( DIRECT ACTION ASSUM$ FROM ! \TSET ?AT NO?+ W\LD BE POSSIBLE 9 ,GEORGIA4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 IT WAS WISE TO LET ! ,G#h SUMMIT PASS RA!R ?AN SQU&]+ ! LA/ OPTIMISM ( ! MOVEM5T ON A DOOM$ V5TURE1 ?\< AT ! TIME ?IS RESIGNATION SEEM$ TO BE A TR\BL+ SYMPTOM ( G5]AL CYNICISM4 ,MANY BRU%$ (F MASS ACTIONS AS OBSOLETE2 9 ! 5D1 !RE WAS ONLY ONE PROTE/] = EV]Y SIXTY-SEV5 SECURITY (FIC]S AT ! ,G#h SUMMIT4 ,MU* ( ! 5]GY ( ?OSE FEW :O DID TAKE ! TR\BLE TO GO TO ,GEORGIA WAS 9VE/$ 9 ! 0,FIX ,%IT ,UP0 CAMPAIGN1 9 :I* AN>*I/S PROVID$ VOLUNTE] LABOR SUPPORT+ DISADVANTAG$ FAMILIES 9 ! >EAS ( POLICE OCCUPATION4 ,! NAME ( ?IS V5TURE1 :I* C\LD NEI!R SUCCESSFULLY SOLICIT M$IA COV]AGE NOR APPEAL TO LIB]AL SYMPA?IES NOR 9SPIRE ! PUNK ROCK]S :OSE SLOGAN IT REF]5C$1 SPEAKS VOLUMES AS TO ITS LONG-T]M EFFECTIV5ESS AS AN 9SURRECTION>Y /RATEGY4 ,:5 NO ACTUAL BL[S CAN BE /RUCK AGA9/ ! SY/EM ?AT CREATES & 5=CES POV]TY1 AN>*I/S %\LD AT LEA/ DO :AT !Y CAN TO ALLEVIATE ITS EFFECTS--BUT MANY AN>*I/S >E ALREADY DO+ ?IS :]E !Y LIVE1 & TRAVEL+ LONG DI/ANCES TO DO SO HAS ALL ! DISADVANTAGES ( TRAVEL+ TO C>RY \T MORE MILITANT ACTIONS )\T MO/ ( ! ADVANTAGES4 ,9 EV]Y ASPECT1 ! ,G#h SUMMIT WAS ! NADIR ( ! G5]AL SLUMP ?R\< :I* MASS ACTION ACTIVISM PASS$ FOLL[+ #i_/#a#a1 NOT)/&+ ! R5AISSANCE DUR+ ! ,IRAQ W>4 

,SOME HAD CALL$ = WIDESPREAD AUTONOM\S ACTIONS >\ND ! C\NTRY TO CO9CIDE ) ! ,G#h SUMMIT4 ,A LITTLE-KN[N EXAMPLE ( ONE SU* CALL WAS ! 0,9SURRECTION ,NI<T0 PROPOSAL1 :I* WAS CIRCULAT$ VIA EMAIL LI/S]VS4 ,9 9C5DI>Y LANGUAGE1 IT CALL$ = PEOPLE EV]Y:]E TO C>RY \T MILITANT1 CONFRONTATIONAL DIRECT ACTIONS ! ,SATURDAY NI<T PREC$+ ! WEEK ( ! ,G#h SUMMIT4 ,! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS APPROA* OV] GO+ TO ,GEORGIA TO GET TE>-GASS$ & >RE/$ 9 ! MIDDLE ( NO:]E W]E OBVI\S3 IT ALL[$ RADICALS TO PLAN !IR ACTIONS 9 FAMILI>1 UNGU>D$ T]RA9 & ) ! B5EFIT ( SURPRISE4 ,ON ! NI<T SO DESIGNAT$1 H[EV]1 NO?+ HAPP5$--OR IF ANY?+ DID1 NEWS ( IT WAS NEV] CIRCULAT$4 ,IF ALL IT TOOK TO GET PEOPLE TO RISE UP & /RIKE BL[S AGA9/ ! APP>ATUS ( CONTROL WAS TO ISSUE A CALL TO ACTION1 ?IS REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 OV] A LONG TIME AGO2 & EV5 IF SU* CALLS W]E TO WORK1 IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! SY/EM CAN SURVIVE A BURN+ DUMP/] H]E & !RE--! PROBLEM IS H[ TO CONC5TRATE SU* BL[S1 & /RIKE !M 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !Y GIVE RISE TO WID] UPRIS+S4 ,FROM ?IS EXAMPLE1 ONE CAN SURMISE ?AT BO? CALLS = AUTONOM\S ACTION & AUTONOM\S ACTIONS !MSELVES MU/ PROCE$ FROM AN ALREADY ?RIV+ CULTURE ( RESI/ANCE IF !Y >E TO (F] ANY RESULTS .<#f.>--& NEI!R1 ALONE1 >E SUFFICI5T TO GIVE RISE TO SU* A CULTURE4 ,IF ! ,G#h SUMMIT 9 ,GEORGIA WAS ! NADIR = MASS ACTION1 ! 0,9SURRECTION ,NI<T0 PROTOTYPE REPRES5TS ! WEAKE/ V]SION ( ! AUTONOM\S ACTION MODEL4 

,A FEW DAYS AFT] ! PROPOS$ NI<T ( 9SURRECTION1 ON ! F9AL DAY ( ! ,G#h SUMMIT1 ACTIVI/S 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A %UT D[N AN 5TIRE CORPORATE BUS9ESS DI/RICT ) /EEL CABLES1 SMOKE BOMBS1 & BANN]S DECRY+ ! ,G#h & CORPORATE P[] 9 G5]AL1 CAUS+ A MASSIVE TRAFFIC JAM 9 ! C5T] ( ! /ATE4 ,LOCAL NEWSPAP]S & TELEVISION GAVE ?IS MORE COV]AGE ?AN !Y GAVE ! PROTE/S 9 ,GEORGIA AGA9/ ! ,G#h SUMMIT1 & LOCAL RESID5TS EXP]I5C$ IT F> MORE IMM$IATELY4 ,?IS TOOK PLACE ONLY TWO DAYS BE=E A PUBLIC \TREA* EV5T1 ! 0,REALLY ,REALLY ,FREE ,M>KET10 9 ! /ATE CAPITAL1 AT :I* PEOPLE GA!R$ TO %>E RES\RCES & 5T]TA9M5T FREELY4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! DIRECT ACTION ?AT PREC$$ IT1 ! POLICE & M$IA BO? PAID A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ?IS EV5T3 ! NI<TLY NEWS %[$ HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE HAPPILY DANC+1 EAT+1 & EX*ANG+ GIFTS1 :ILE POLICE HELICOPT]S CIRCL$ OV]HEAD & A HUNDR$ RIOT POLICE WAIT$ NE>BY4 ,?US1 ?IS COMB9ATION ( TACTICS RESULT$ 9 FREE PUBLICITY = ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( COV]T ACTION1 ! MUNIFIC5CE ( COMMUNITY ACTIVISM1 & ! HEAVY-H&$NESS ( ! /ATE4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! 0,9SURRECTION ,NI<T0 PROTOTYPE1 ?IS CAN BE SE5 AS AN EFFECTIVE 9TEGRATION ( AUTONOM\S ACTION 9TO A WID] /RATEGY = BUILD+ RADICAL COMMUNITIES & GA9+ WIDESPREAD ATT5TION4 

,ANO!R EXAMPLE ( EFFECTIVE AUTONOM\S ACTION OCCURR$ A MON? LAT] 9 ,MA9E1 FOLL[+ AN ,E>? ,FIR/6 GA!R+1 :5 APPROXIMATELY #ae PEOPLE CONV]G$ ON ! ,GOV]NOR'S ,MANSION TO PROTE/ A PROPOS$ LIQUID NATURAL GAS PIPEL9E4 ,FIR/1 A FEW ACTIVI/S ]ECT$ A ?IRTY-FOOT TRIPOD ) A PROTE/] LOCK$ ATOP IT1 BLOCK+ ! DRIVEWAY4 ,ONCE ?IS WAS ACCOMPLI%$ & ALL BUT ! POLICE LIAISON & ! WOMAN ON ! TRIPOD HAD ESCAP$ UNSE51 A SMALL MASK$ GR\P >RIV$ & TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! DI/RACTION OCCASION$ BY ! TRIPOD TO DUMP HUNDR$S ( P\NDS ( F\L LOB/] GUTS ACROSS ! LAWN4 ,!Y DISAPPE>$ AS O!R PROTE/]S %[$ UP ) FOOD1 GAMES1 & O!R FE/IVE =MS ( 5T]TA9M5T1 FUR!R CONFUS+ ! SL[LY RESPOND+ AU?ORITIES4 ,TWO COMMUNIQUES W]E DELIV]$3 ONE A S]I\S ONE = ! MA9/REAM M$IA1 ! O!R A HIL>I\S /ATEM5T ON BEHALF ( ! 0LOB/] LIB]ATION FRONT0 = ACTIVI/S & O!RS ) A S5SE ( HUMOR4 ,! EV5T HELP$ KEEP OPPOSITION TO ! PIPEL9E VISIBLE1 GAVE ?OSE OPPOS+ IT MORE B>GA9+ P[]1 & DEMON/RAT$ AN ALT]NATE MODEL = AUTONOM\S ACTIONS4 

,! ,MA9E ACTION WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 SECRECY BY A SMALL CIRCLE ( PEOPLE :O NONE!LESS MANAG$ TO OP5 IT UP TO GREAT NUMB]S ( P>TICIPANTS2 9 ?IS REG>D1 IT POSSESS$ MANY ( ! ADVANTAGES ( BO? ! MASS & AUTONOM\S ACTION MODELS4 ,AS ! T>GET WAS ?REE H\RS' DRIVE DI/ANT FROM ! GA!R+ AT :I* P>TICIPANTS W]E RECRUIT$1 & ITS ID5TITY WAS NEV] OP5LY REVEAL$1 ! ACTION RETA9$ ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE4 ,AT ! GA!R+1 TWO PREP>ATORY MEET+S W]E HELD AT :I* ORGANIZ]S DESCRIB$ ! G5]AL NATURE ( ! T>GET & AFF9ITY GR\PS =M$ TO FOCUS ON DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( ! ACTION4 ,! MORN+ ( ! ACTION1 A C>AVAN LEFT ! GA!R+2 ! BULK ( ! P>TICIPANTS DID NOT KN[ :]E !Y W]E GO+ UNTIL !Y W]E L$ ONTO ! SITE4 ,?IS NEGAT$ ! RISK ( 9=M]S BE+ PRES5T4 

,?IS K9D ( ORGANIZ+ DEM&S A C>EFUL BALANCE ( SECURITY & COMMUNICATION1 = ?OSE 9VIT$ MU/ LE>N 5\< AB\T ! ACTION TO BE EXCIT$ AB\T P>TICIPAT+ & EQUIPP$ TO DO SO EFFECTIVELY4 ,?IS MODEL REQUIRES A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO PLACE A HI< LEVEL ( TRU/ 9 A FEW 9DIVIDUALS2 ?US1 IT (T5 WORKS BE/ 9 TI<T-KNIT OR CULTURALLY HOMOG5E\S COMMUNITIES4 ,:ILE IT IS NOT AS ACCESSIBLE TO BROAD RANGES ( PEOPLE AS ! MASS ACTION MODEL1 IT IS MORE P>TICIPATORY ?AN O!R =MS ( AUTONOM\S ACTION1 (F]+ 9TRODUCTORY ROLES = LESS EXP]I5C$ ACTIVI/S4 

,! EV5TS 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A & ,MA9E W]E ONLY TWO ( SEV]AL LOCAL ACTIONS 9 MID-#b#d2 BUT = RADICAL ACTIVI/S & WELL-BEHAV$ CITIZ5S ALIKE1 ! C5TRAL POLITICAL EV5TS ( ! SUMM] W]E ! ,DEMOCRATIC & ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TIONS4 ,AT !SE1 ! POSSIBILITIES & LIMITATIONS ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T'S PREOCCUPATION ) AUTONOM\S ACTIONS W]E TE/$4 

,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION TOOK PLACE 9 ,BO/ON AT ! 5D ( ,JULY4 ,IT WAS NOT HEAVILY ATT5D$ BY RADICALS2 MANY W]E SAV+ !IR TIME & 5]GY = ! ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION4 ,REG>DLESS ( !ORETICAL MATT]S SU* AS :E!R ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS %\LD FOCUS ON CONTE/+ ! MO/ P[]FUL POLITICAL P>TY OR ALL POLITICAL P>TIES1 ACTIVI/S LAY+ PLANS = MASS ACTIONS MU/ TAKE 9TO ACC\NT PRACTICAL QUE/IONS SU* AS H[ MANY PEOPLE WILL ACTUALLY %[ UP4 ,P]HAPS IF ?\S&S ( AN>*I/S HAD CONV]G$ ON ,BO/ON TO %[ !IR OPPOSITION TO ! FALSE ALT]NATIVE REPRES5T$ BY ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 IT W\LD HAVE MADE AN IMPORTANT PO9T1 BUT ?IS WAS NOT TO BE4 ,AS MANY LE>N$ 9 ,MIAMI1 AN>*I/S MU/ ALWAYS DEVISE /RATEGIES ?AT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! NUMB] ( P>TICIPANTS AN EV5T WILL DRAW & H[ MU* MILITANCY CAN REALI/ICALLY BE EXPECT$ ( !M4 

,TO GET P]SPECTIVE ON ! PROTE/S AT ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION1 WE CAN COMP>E & CONTRA/ !M ) ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/RIKE PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND 9 ,D,C ,SEPTEMB] #b#b1 ) :I* !Y %>$ MANY FEATURES4 ,BO? PROTE/S W]E LESS ATT5D$ ?AN ORGANIZ]S HOP$2 BO? 9CLUD$ CALLS = AUTONOM\S ACTION1 AS WELL AS ORGANIZ+ = MORE C5TRALIZ$1 ACCESSIBLE EV5TS2 BO? TOOK PLACE 9 CITIES ?AT >E KN[N = HAV+ POLICE ?AT %[ RE/RA9T DUR+ PROTE/S4 ,AT EA* EV5T1 ! MA9 DAY ( ACTION FEATUR$ A CRITICAL MASS BICYCLE P>ADE1 A M>*1 & DEC5TRALIZ$ ACTIONS >\ND ! P]IPH]Y4 ,BO? PROTE/S W]E ORGANIZ$ BY EXPLICITLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN GR\PS ?AT MADE M$IA COV]AGE AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( !IR /RATEGY4 

,! ORGANIZ]S ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/RIKE HAD EMPHASIZ$ ! CONFRONTATIONAL *>ACT] ( !IR ACTION1 DECL>+ EXPLICITLY ?AT ! CITY W\LD BE %UT D[N2 ! UNAPOLOGETICALLY MILITANT TONE ( !IR RHETORIC WAS ONE ( ! MO/ SALI5T FEATURES ( ?AT MOBILIZATION4 ,AL?\< IT TURN$ \T ?AT NOT 5\< MILITANTS1 & NOT MILITANT 5\< ONES AT ?AT1 TURN$ \T TO FOLL[ ?R\< ON ?IS ?REAT1 ! M$IA & POLICE ACCOMPLI%$ IT !MSELVES BY SPREAD+ HY/]IA 9 ADVANCE & CLOGG+ UP ! CITY 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO DEF5D IT4 ,AFT] MO/ ( ! ACTIONS PLANN$ HAD BE5 ACCOMPLI%$1 ! POLICE1 /ILL UNN]V$ & ALWAYS MO/ LIKELY TO GO AFT] DEF5SELESS SITT+ T>GETS1 MASS->RE/$ EV]YONE PRES5T AT A NON-CONFRONTATIONAL ACTION 9 ,P]%+ ,P>K4 ,?IS MASS >RE/1 ?\< SOME:AT 9CONV5I5T AT ! TIME1 PROV$ TO BE ! MO/ IMPORTANT LEGACY ( ! ACTION3 IT 5SUR$ 9T]NATIONAL M$IA COV]AGE = ! PROTE/1 MADE ! POLICE LOOK ABSURD1 & 5SN>$ ! CITY 9 LAWSUITS ?AT KEPT ! DEMON/RATION 9 ! NEWS = YE>S AFT]W>DS & =C$ ! POLICE TO BE MORE HESITANT TO MAKE >RE/S DUR+ FUTURE PROTE/S4 

,BY CONTRA/1 9 ,BO/ON1 ! ORGANIZ]S--! 0,BL7,A7CK ,TEA ,SOCIETY0--W]E C>EFUL TO DI/ANCE !MSELVES FROM VIOL5CE1 /RIV+ TO (FSET ! M$IA CAMPAIGN ( EXTREME MIS9=MATION AB\T AN>*I/S ?AT HAD BECOME TYPICAL BY ?AT TIME .<#g.>4 ,PRESUMABLY1 !Y HOP$ ?AT BY DO+ SO !Y C\LD ATTRACT MORE P>TICIPANTS2 UN=TUNATELY1 AS ! PREVAIL+ S5TIM5T 9 LIB]AL CIRCLES WAS ?AT GETT+ 0ANYBODY BUT ,BU%0 ELECT$ PRESID5T WAS ! FIR/ PRIORITY1 P>TICIPATION 9 PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS B\ND TO BE LIMIT$ TO RADICALS4 ,! ,BO/ON ORGANIZ]S W]E ALSO KEPT ON $GE BY A CAMPAIGN ( POLICE & ,F,B,I 9TIMIDATION1 BUT ?IS NEV] PANN$ \T 9TO ! RAIDS & >RE/S !Y FE>$4 ,! FACT ?AT !RE W]E SO FEW >RE/S 9 ,BO/ON 9DICATES ?AT1 H[EV] 9TIMIDAT+ ! POLICE MADE C]TA9 TO BE BE=E & DUR+ ! EV5T1 !Y !MSELVES HOP$ TO AVOID ILLEGAL RAIDS & MASS >RE/S ?AT W\LD DRAW MORE ATT5TION TO ! PROTE/S4 ,HAD ! ORGANIZ]S FIGUR$ ?IS \T 9 ADVANCE1 !Y C\LD HAVE /RATEGIZ$ ACCORD+LY4 

,FOLL[+ ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/RIKE MODEL1 ! ORGANIZ]S 9 ,BO/ON DI/RIBUT$ A LI/ ( T>GETS ?R\<\T ! CITY SUITABLE = AUTONOM\S ACTION4 ,H[EV]1 9 PREP>+ ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/RIKE1 ! ORGANIZ]S HAD ALSO COV]TLY COORD9AT$ MANY ACTIONS1 SO AS TO BE SURE ?AT SOME?+ W\LD HAPP5--CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE W]E FREEWAYS %UT D[N BY BURN+ TIRES1 BANK W9D[S SMA%$1 LOCKS GLU$1 & A MAJOR AV5UE B>RICAD$ BY A GIANT 9FLATABLE1 ?\< MANY ( !SE ACTIONS W5T UNNOTIC$ BY ! M$IA OR O!R ACTIVI/S BECAUSE !Y TOOK PLACE OV] SU* A BROAD >EA4 ,9 ,BO/ON1 ! ORGANIZ]S DON'T SEEM TO HAVE BE5 AS PROACTIVE1 & NEI!R1 APP>5TLY1 W]E MANY ( ! O!R ACTIVI/S :O CAME TO ! PROTE/--! MO/ MILITANT ACTION ( ! EV5T SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AN 9CID5T 9 :I* A DOZ5 PEOPLE TURN$ OV] %ELVES 9 A ,GAP CLO?+ /ORE1 LEAV+ SPRAY PA9T 9 !IR WAKE4 

,JU/ AS ! 0,9SURRECTION ,NI<T0 MODEL FAIL$ TO YIELD RESULTS1 SIMPLY DI/RIBUT+ A LI/ ( T>GETS IS H>DLY SUFFICI5T TO 5ABLE MILITANT ACTION TO OCCUR4 ,IF !Y HOPE TO SEE MILITANT AUTONOM\S ACTIONS C>RI$ \T TO ! EXT5T ?AT MASS ACTIONS HAVE BE5 9 ! PA/1 ORGANIZ]S MU/ PROVIDE SOME ( ! PR]EQUISITES ?AT 5ABLE PEOPLE TO APPLY MILITANT TACTICS 9 ! LATT] CONTEXT4 ,!SE 9CLUDE CR[D COV]1 COMMUNICATIONS & SC\T+1 M$IA ATT5TION1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! REASSURANCE ?AT SOMEBODY SOME:]E HAS ACTUALLY 9VE/$ 5]GY 9 MAK+ SURE SOME?+ WILL HAPP54 ,! ,BL7,A7CK ,TEA ,SOCIETY ATTRACT$ ! NECESS>Y M$IA ATT5TION2 !Y PROVID$ A TEXT MESSAG+ COMMUNICATIONS SY/EM1 ?\< IT PROV$ VULN]ABLE TO POLICE SURVEILLANCE1 RESULT+ 9 A FEW >RE/S AFT] A BOT*$ ATTEMPT TO ASSEMBLE FOLL[+ ! 0,REALLY ,REALLY ,DEMOCRATIC ,BAZA>02 !Y SEEM$ TO HAVE DONE LITTLE ELSE TO FACILITATE AUTONOM\S ACTIONS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO DISP>AGE !IR ORGANIZ+ EF=TS--9 ADDITION TO M$IA & \TREA* WORK1 !Y ALSO ORGANIZ$ A CONV]G5CE C5T]1 PREP>$ LEGAL 9FRA/RUCTURE1 & /AG$ A V>IANT ON ! ,REALLY ,REALLY ,FREE ,M>KET MODEL ?AT ATTRACT$ ?\S&S ( P>TICIPANTS4 ,BUT IF AUTONOM\S ACTION IS TO RIVAL MASS ACTION AS A MODEL = MILITANT ACTIVITY1 AN>*I/S HAVE TO LE>N ?AT ! 0CLAP Y\R H&S IF Y\ BELIEVE 9 ,T9K]BELLE0 APPROA*1 9 :I* ORGANIZ]S CALL = DEC5TRALIZ$ ACTIONS & !N CROSS !IR F+]S & HOPE AN >MY ( MANIACS WILL %[ UP TO PLAN & EXECUTE !M1 DOES NOT PRODUCE RESULTS4 

,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION WAS NOT AN OPPORTUNE SETT+ = A DOOMSDAY %[D[N ) ! =CES ( LAW & ORD]1 & IT'S IMPORTANT ?AT A MOVEM5T LIMIT$ 9 NUMB]S & EXP]I5CE NOT OV]EXT5D ITSELF4 ,P]HAPS AN>*I/S %\LD HAVE CONC5TRAT$ ALL !IR 5]GY ON ACCESSIBLE1 NON-CONFRONTATIONAL APPROA*ES 9 ,BO/ON2 IT C]TA9LY DOESN'T PAY TO MAKE EMPTY ?REATS TOO MANY TIMES4 ,IF EFFECTIVE MILITANT ACTION ( ANY K9D WAS TO HAPP5 !RE1 GIV5 ! MASSIVE POLICE PRES5CE & SMALL NUMB]S ( PROTE/]S1 IT W\LD HAVE HAD TO HAVE BE5 DEC5TRALIZ$ & AUTONOM\S3 TW5TY SU* ACTIONS AS HAPP5$ AT ! ,GAP1 = EXAMPLE1 C\LD HAVE CAU<T ! POLICE BY SURPRISE1 G5]AT$ M$IA ATT5TION1 & RAIS$ MORALE 9 ANTICIPATION ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION4 ,FAIL+ ?AT1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE S5SIBLE TO FOCUS ON MORE \TREA* & COMMUNITY-BUILD+1 9 :I* ! ,BO/ON PROTE/S W]E ALREADY SUP]IOR TO ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/RIKE4 ,9 TRY+ TO HAVE IT BO? WAYS BY CALL+ = MILITANT ACTION :ILE NEI!R PREP>+ IT NOR TRICK+ ! POLICE 9TO MAK+ IT UNNECESS>Y1 ! ORGANIZ]S PLAY$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! AU?ORITIES1 :O HOP$ TO %[ ?AT !Y C\LD EASILY ?W>T AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS AT DISRUPTION4 ,?IS HAD NEGATIVE CONSEQU5CES = ,BO/ON LOCALS AS WELL AS ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,:ILE ! LONG-T]M EFFECTS ( ! 0,PEOPLE'S ,/RIKE0 W]E ?AT LOCAL POLICE BECAME MORE HESITANT 9 DEAL+ ) CR[DS1 ! MILLIONS ( DOLL>S ( FUND+ ?AT ! ,BO/ON POLICE RECEIV$ TO PREP>E = ! CONV5TION PAID = AN >S5AL ( SEMI-LE?AL WEAPONS--ONE ( :I* WAS US$ TO KILL A WOMAN DUR+ A PO/-GAME SPORTS RIOT A FEW MON?S LAT]4 

,A MON? AFT] ! PROTE/S 9 ,BO/ON1 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION WAS HELD 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY4 ,UNLIKE EV]Y O!R DEMON/RATION S9CE ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ1 ?IS WAS A HI/ORIC OPPORTUNITY = AN>*I/S TO APPLY ! MASS ACTION MODEL EFFECTIVELY4 ,ALL ! NECESS>Y PIECES W]E 9 PLACE3 ! LOCAL POPULACE WAS FURI\S ) ! ,REPUBLICANS = 9VAD+ !IR CITY1 & 5?USIA/ICALLY SUPPORTIVE ( ! PROTE/]S2 RADICALS W]E COM+ BY ! ?\S&S FROM ALL >\ND ! C\NTRY1 HOP+ ?IS W\LD BE ! EV5T ( A LIFETIME2 & !RE WAS TO BE A WIDE RANGE ( PEOPLE 9VOLV$ 9 ! PROTE/S & A GREAT DEAL ( M$IA ATT5TION FOCUS$ ON !M1 BO? ( :I* W\LD HELP DET] ! POLICE FROM A VIOL5T CRACKD[N SU* AS ! ONE 9 ,MIAMI ! PREC$+ YE>4 ,! ATT5TION ( ! :OLE WORLD WAS CONC5TRAT$ ON ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 & :ILE MANY LIB]ALS FE>$ ?AT A S]I\S CONFRONTATION !RE W\LD UND]M9E ! *ANCES ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY'S PRESID5TIAL HOPEFUL1 C\NTLESS O!RS LONG$ = ONE4 

,IF ALL ?AT WASN'T 5\<1 !RE WAS A /RUGGLE GO+ ON BETWE5 ! LIB]AL ORGANIZ]S & ! CITY POLICE DEP>TM5T AS TO :E!R ! GIANT P]MITT$ M>* W\LD BE ALL[$ TO GO TO ,C5TRAL ,P>K4 ,?IS WAS ! SAME SITUATION ?AT HAD PRECIPITAT$ ! /REET CONFRONTATIONS DUR+ ! ANTI-W> PROTE/S 9 ,NEW ,YORK A YE> & A HALF E>LI]2 IF ! CITY WAS UNABLE TO REA* AN AGREEM5T ) ! ORGANIZ]S 9 TIME1 EV]YONE KNEW ?AT ! M>* C\LD TURN VIOL5T4 ,! LEAD]S ( ! LIB]AL ORGANIZ+ COALITION BACK$ D[N ON !IR DEM&S ON ONE OCCASION1 ONLY TO BE =C$ BY !IR GRASSROOTS MEMB]%IP TO RE9/ATE !M4 ,?IS CONFLICT PROVID$ A P]FECT OPPORTUNITY = AN>*I/ ORGANIZ+4 ,A NATIONWIDE CALL = A BLACK BLOC ON ! DAY ( ! MA9 P]MITT$ M>* W\LD HAVE TAK5 P]FECT ADVANTAGE ( ?IS CONFLICT1 GIV+ ?OSE FRU/RAT$ ) ! CITY GOV]NM5T & ITS LIB]AL ACCOMPLICES A RALLY+ PO9T4 ,HAD ! FIR/ MAJOR DAY ( PROTE/S 5D$ 9 /REETFI<T+1 IT W\LD HAVE *ANG$ ! 5TIRE *>ACT] ( ! PROTE/S & P]HAPS ( OPPOSITION TO ! ,BU% REGIME 9 G5]AL4 ,! V]Y LA/ ?+ ! POLICE DEP>TM5T ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY WANT$ WAS TO HAVE TO USE TE> GAS 9 ! CR[D$ /REETS ( ! MO/ POPULAT$ CITY 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA2 ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 A PUBLIC RELATIONS DEBACLE = BO? ! CITY GOV]NM5T & ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY1 & IT W\LD HAVE %[N ?AT AN>*I/S C\LD POSE A REAL ?REAT TO ! IMPOS$ DOME/IC PEACE ?AT 5ABLES W>S OV]SEAS4 ,EV5 IF ?IS HAD RESULT$ 9 MASSIVE NUMB]S ( >RE/S1 IT C\LD HAVE BE5 WOR? IT--HUNDR$S1 IF NOT MORE1 ( ! AN>*I/S :O W5T TO ,NEW ,YORK 5D$ UP GETT+ >RE/$1 ANYWAY4 

,ALAS1 AN>*I/S W]E SO CAU<T UP 9 SOLV+ /RATEGIC PROBLEMS FROM PA/ ACTIONS ?AT !Y FAIL$ TO APPREH5D !SE POSSIBILITIES4 ,:ILE A HEAVI] FOCUS ON AUTONOM\S ACTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! ONLY HOPE ( 5ABL+ EFFECTIVE MILITANT TACTICS AT ! DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,MIAMI & ,BO/ON1 ,NEW ,YORK WAS A P]FECT SETT+ = A L>GE-SCALE1 C5TRALLY ORGANIZ$ /RATEGY1 & AN>*I/S PASS$ ?IS *ANCE UP 9 FAVOR ( A FOCUS ON DEC5TRALIZ$1 AUTONOM\S ACTIONS4 ,P]HAPS OLD] ACTIVI/S W]E /ILL %ELL-%OCK$ FROM ! PROTE/S AT ! ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION 9 #b1 AT :I* A POORLY PLANN$ MASS ACTION HAD 5D$ 9 A LOT ( PO9TLESS1 DEMORALIZ+ >RE/S2 P]HAPS IT WAS JU/ TOO DIFFICULT TO COORD9ATE ACTIONS C5TRALLY BETWE5 GR\PS FROM >\ND ! WORLD 9 SU* AN 5ORM\S & COMPLICAT$ CITY2 P]HAPS IT REALLY WAS ! LEGACY ( ,MIAMI FRI<T5+ AN>*I/S \T ( US+ !IR HEADS4 ,REG>DLESS1 AS ! COMMUNIQUE DELIV]$ WEEKS BE=E ! DEMON/RATIONS BY ! ,N,Y,C ,AN>*I/ ,GRAPEV9E ADMITT$1 !RE WAS NO 0,BIG ,PLAN0 = MILITANT ACTION 9 ,NEW ,YORK4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 :AT AN>*I/S FAIL TO COORD9ATE !MSELVES WILL BE COORD9AT$ BY AU?ORIT>IANS1 & SO1 :ILE AN>*I/ LABOR WAS C5TRAL TO ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ?AT 5ABL$ !M1 ! *>ACT] ( MO/ ( ! ACTIONS PLANN$ = ,NEW ,YORK WAS NON-CONFRONTATIONAL1 EV5 LIB]AL4 ,AT ! LA/ M9UTE1 ! ORGANIZ]S ( ! MA9 M>* F9ALLY ACCEPT$ ! CONDITIONS ( ! CITY1 AGREE+ TO M>* 9 CIRCLES RA!R ?AN FOLL[ ?R\< ON ! DESIRES ( ! RANK-&-FILE :O WANT$ TO GO TO ,C5TRAL ,P>K ) OR )\T A P]MIT2 LIKEWISE1 ?\< AN>*I/S & MILITANTS SWELL$ ! NUMB]S ( MANY O!R ACTIONS1 !SE W]E L>GELY OR*E/RAT$ TO AVOID ACTUALLY *ALL5G+ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,REPUBLICANS OR ! OCCUPATION ( ! CITY4 

,TO BE FAIR1 SOME AN>*I/S1 NOTABLY 9CLUD+ MANY :O HAD TRAVEL$ FROM ,SAN ,FRANCISCO & O!R P>TS ( ! ,WE/ ,COA/1 ORGANIZ$ A DAY ( DIRECT ACTION LATE 9 ! PROTE/S1 BUT !Y FOCUS$ ONLY ON 5ABL+ SYMBOLIC TACTICS ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE4 ,WORSE1 !Y MADE EXACTLY ! SAME MI/AKE ?AT HAD BE5 MADE 9 ,MIAMI & AT ! ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION F\R YE>S E>LI]3 !Y >RANG$ = !IR ACTION NOT TO CO9CIDE ) ANY O!RS & TO TAKE PLACE AFT] MO/ ( ! LESS RADICAL PROTE/]S HAD LEFT ! CITY1 SO ! POLICE HAD FREE H&S TO FOCUS ON REPRESS+ EV]YONE ON ! /REETS ?AT NI<T4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 OV] ONE ?\S& >RE/S1 )\T ANY CONCRETE OBJECTIVE BE+ ACCOMPLI%$ BESIDES ! NEWS COV]AGE !SE ATTRACT$ & ! H>ASSM5T ( SOME ,REPUBLICAN DELEGATES4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT LESSONS ?AT CAN BE DRAWN FROM ! A=EM5TION$ ACTION IS ! IMPORTANCE ( DIFF]5T K9DS ( ACTIONS TAK+ PLACE SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,9 ,SEATTLE1 ,QUEBEC1 & ,G5OA1 LEGAL M>*ES1 CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 & CONFRONTATIONAL MILITANT ACTION ALL TOOK PLACE AT ONCE1 & ! DIVISION ( ! CITY 9TO ZONES ACCORD+ TO LEVEL ( RISK MADE IT POSSIBLE = PROTE/]S TO PICK ! =M ( 5GAGEM5T ) :I* !Y W]E MO/ COM=TABLE4 ,9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TIONS ( BO? #b & #b#d1 AS WELL AS ! ,F,T,A,A PROTE/S 9 ,MIAMI1 ORGANIZ]S DID EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE1 S5SELESSLY 5DANG]+ ?OSE COMMITT$ TO MILITANT ACTION & UND]CUTT+ ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! PROTE/S AS A :OLE4 ,! CO/S ( ?IS C\LD HAVE BE5 (FSET HAD MILITANTS ORGANIZ$ A MAJOR MASS ACTION !MSELVES1 BUT NONE D>$ DO SO4 

,9 ! ABS5CE ( A UNIFI$ APPROA*1 ! HUNDR$S ( DIFF]5T ACTIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,NEW ,YORK NEV] QUITE ADD$ UP TO ! 9SURRECTION !Y C\LD HAVE4 ,AS A DEMON/RATION ( ! POSSIBILITIES ( LOCALIZ$ AUTONOM\S ACTION1 ,NEW ,YORK WAS UNP>ALLEL$1 BUT IT WAS ALSO A MISS$ OPPORTUNITY 9 AN ]A ?AT PROVIDES FEW GOOD *ANCES TO APPLY ! MASS ACTION MODEL4 

,TWO GR\PS DID ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE ACTIONS ON ! DAY ( ! MA9 M>*2 IRONICALLY1 ONE APPLI$ ! MASS ACTION MODEL AS IF C>RY+ \T AN AUTONOM\S ACTION1 :ILE ! O!R DID EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE4 ,! =M] ( !SE GR\PS WAS A MILITANT CONT+5T1 APP>5TLY ORGANIZ$ BY WORD ( M\?1 ?AT TOOK P>T 9 ! MA9 P]MITT$ M>*2 ?IS MI<T BE ! FIR/ CASE ON RECORD ( A BLACK BLOC GO+ UND]COV] BY MIX+ ) CIVILIAN PROTE/]S & LEAV+ !IR FACES UNCOV]$ UNTIL ! MOM5T BE=E ! ACTION4 ,:5 ?IS GR\P APPROA*$ ! PO9T AT :I* ! M>* TURN$ >\ND TO M>* AWAY FROM ,C5TRAL ,P>K1 RI<T 9 FRONT ( ! BUILD+ HO/+ ! CONV5TION C5T]1 AN 5ORM\S GRE5 DRAGON PUPPET WAS SET AFIRE1 & /REETFI<T+ BROKE \T2 H[EV]1 !RE W]E NOT 5\< NUMB]S OR PREP>ATION TO MA9TA9 ?IS4 ,)9 AN H\R1 ! POLICE HAD REE/ABLI%$ CONTROL & ! M>* PROCE$$ AS BE=E2 ONLY A FEW IMPRESSIVE PHOTOGRAPHS ( ! FIRE REMA9$1 ONE ( :I* RAN 9 ONE ESPECIALLY POORLY 9=M$ TABLOID ) A CAPTION DESCRIB+ IT AS ! WORK ( 0! AN>*I/ GR\P ',BLACK ,BOX'40 .<#g.> 

,! O!R NOTABLE MILITANT EF=T ?AT DAY WAS A CALL = AN>*I/S TO 9T]CEPT ,REPUBLICAN DELEGATES ON !IR WAY TO !IR EV5+'S 5T]TA9M5T AT SEV]AL ,BROADWAY %[S4 ,H[EV]1 BECAUSE ?IS CALL WAS PROMOT$ 9 SU* V5UES AS ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 !SE ACTIONS LACK$ ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ASPECT ( ! AUTONOM\S ACTION MODEL4 ,MANY AN>*I/S %[$ UP1 BUT AS !RE WAS NO /RATEGY = MASS ACTION & FEW P>TICIPANTS BR\<T 9DIVIDUAL PLANS ( !IR [N1 !RE W]E MANY >RE/S & LITTLE MORE WAS ACCOMPLI%$ ?AN A FEW DELEGATES BE+ %\T$ AT4 

,:ATEV] /RATEGIC MISCALCULATIONS AN>*I/S MAY HAVE MADE1 IT WAS /ILL ?RILL+ TO BE 9 ,NEW ,YORK ) SO MANY O!RS DET]M9$ TO *ANGE ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,! ,CRITICAL ,MASS BICYCLE P>ADE1 :I* TOOK PLACE BE=E MO/ ( ! O!R EV5TS1 (F]$ A MOV+ ILLU/RATION ( JU/ H[ MANY PEOPLE & H[ MU* 5]GY W]E GA!R$ TOGE!R ?AT WEEK2 TO /& AT A CORN] & WAT* GR\PS ( ?IRTY & =TY SURGE CON/ANTLY PA/ = A FULL HALF H\R WAS SIMPLY BREA?TAK+4 ,MO/ :O W5T TO ,NEW ,YORK LEFT ) NEW 5]GY & 9SPIRATION1 :I* HELP$ TO CATALYZE FUR!R ACTION AS ! ELECTIONS DREW NE>4 

,! ELECTION PROVID$ A MAT*LESS OPPORTUNITY = NATIONWIDE AUTONOM\S ACTIONS4 ,UNLIKE ANY SUMMIT OR LOCAL ISSUE1 IT HAPP5$ EV]Y:]E AT ONCE1 FOCUS+ PUBLIC ATT5TION ON A WIDE RANGE ( ISSUES ?AT C\LD BE ADDRESS$ ON A V>IETY ( FRONTS4 ,AMONG O!RS1 A NATIONWIDE CAMPAIGN ON ! !ME 0,DON'T 7,JU/7 ,VOTE1 ,GET ,ACTIVE0 URG$ PEOPLE TO TAKE ACTION ON ELECTION DAY TO DEMON/RATE ALL ! POSSIBILITIES = POLITICAL 5GAGEM5T BEYOND ! VOT+ BOO? .<#h.>4 

,! DIV]SITY & SCOPE ( ! ACTIONS AN>*I/S C>RI$ \T >\ND ! ELECTION MAKE IT WOR? REC\NT+ SOME ( !M H]E4 ,9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 FIFTE5 POLL+ /ATIONS W]E DECORAT$ ! NI<T BE=E ELECTION DAY ) A /5CIL DESIGN FIFTE5 FEET LONG & F\R FEET HI< READ+ 0,\R DREAMS WILL NEV] FIT 9 !IR BALLOT BOXES40 ,9 ,BALTIMORE1 ! FOLL[+ AFT]NOON1 A ,RECLAIM ! ,/REETS ACTION ON ! SAME !ME ATTRACT$ SIXTY PEOPLE4 

,9 ,PORTL&1 ,OREGON1 ONE ?\S& PEOPLE /RUGGL$ ) POLICE TO M>* ?R\< ! /REETS4 ,A 0,DON'T ,JU/ ,VOTE1 ,TAKE ,ACTION0 M>* ( TWO HUNDR$ PEOPLE 9 ,TUCSON1 ,>IZONA WAS ATTACK$ BY POLICE EMPLOY+ PEPP] BULLETS4 ,A SPONTANE\S M>* ( ALMO/ TWO HUNDR$ PEOPLE 9 D[NT[N ,PHILADELPHIA BLOCK$ A MAJOR BRIDGE TO ,NEW ,J]SEY2 EV]YONE ESCAP$ >RE/ EXCEPT A REPORT] FROM A LOCAL TELEVISION NEWS /ATION :O WAS 9EXPLICABLY ATTACK$ BY POLICE :ILE M>*]S *ANT$ 0,WE DON'T NE$ NO WAT]1 LET ! MO!RFUCK] BURN60 ,9 ,NEW ,ORLEANS1 A RADICAL ,DAY ( ! ,DEAD M>* FEATUR+ A M>*+ B&1 SEV5TY-FIVE SKELETONS1 & AN ALT] SCREAM$ & MOAN$ ITS WAY ?R\< ! ,FR5* ,QU>T] TO ! RIV]FRONT1 AT :I* ! ALT] WAS FILL$ ) REMEMBRANCES ( DECEAS$ LOV$ ONES & !N SET AFIRE AS A NAK$ ATT5DANT SWAM IT \T TO SEA2 ON ! RETURN R\TE1 P>TICIPANTS DRAGG$ NEWSPAP] BOXES & G>BAGE CANS 9TO ! /REETS & SMA%$ ! W9D[ ( A /RET*-,S,U,V DEEM$ TOO REVOLT+ TO IGNORE4 

,DUR+ ,*ICAGO'S 0,DON'T ,JU/ ,VOTE ,WEEK ( ,RESI/ANCE10 :I* 9CLUD$ SEV]AL DEMON/RATIONS & O!R EV5TS1 POLICE TRI$ & FAIL$ TO PREV5T OV] ONE ?\S& PEOPLE FROM TAK+ ! /REETS 9 A MASSIVE UNP]MITT$ M>*4 ,AT ANO!R 9CID5T 9 ,*ICAGO1 A ROCK WAS ?R[N ?R\< ! W9D[ ( A ,G,O,P (FICE 9 :I* ,REPUBLICANS W]E GA!R$ TO WAT* ELECTION RESULTS1 S5D+ GLASS FLY+ ALL OV] ! ROOM4 ,L>GE ROCKS W]E ALSO ?R[N ?R\< ! W9D[S ( ! ,REPUBLICAN HEADQU>T]S 9 D[NT[N ,BUFFALO1 ,NEW ,YORK & A NE>BY >MY RECRUIT+ C5T]1 & ! LOCAL NEWS /ATION RECEIV$ A LETT] CLAIM+ RESPONSIBILITY4 

,9 ,R$ ,HOOK1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #be ,B>D COLLEGE /UD5TS %UT D[N AN 9T]SECTION 9 ! C5T] ( T[N = ALMO/ AN H\R UNTIL POLICE =CIBLY DISP]S$ !M4 ,9 NOR!RN ,LOS ,ANGELES C\NTY1 A GR\P C>RI$ \T :AT !Y SUGGE/$ MI<T BE ! FIR/ BANN] DROP 9 !IR >EA1 ) A BANN] ON ! 0,DON'T 7,JU/7 ,VOTE0 !ME READ+ 0,WORK]S3 ,:I* ,MILLIONAIRE ,WILL ,Y\ ,VOTE ,=80 ,9 ,V]MILION1 ,S\? ,DAKOTA1 A T[N ( ONLY #a1 RESID5TS1 FIFTY PEOPLE MA9TA9$ A PRES5CE \TSIDE A VOT+ BOO?1 /RET*+ A VOLLEYBALL NET TO BE> A V>IETY ( SIGNS1 %>+ FOOD1 & 9VIT+ ALL ) GRUDGES ( !IR [N AGA9/ ! SY/EM TO JO9 !M4 ,! SAME T[N WAS TO HO/ ANO!R SU* DEMON/RATION TWO & A HALF MON?S LAT] ON ! DAY ( ! ,9AUGURATION1 ATTRACT+ M$IA COV]AGE FROM AS F> AWAY AS ,SAN ,DIEGO1 ,C,A4 

,! DAY AFT] ! ELECTION1 A M>* 9 D[NT[N ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C ON ! !ME 0,NO ,MATT]1 ,:O ,WON1 ,! ,SY/EM ,IS ,ROTT50 ATTRACT$ ONE HUNDR$ PEOPLE4 ,EQUIPP$ ) A P[]FUL S\ND SY/EM1 IT SNAK$ ?R\< ! /REETS1 DISRUPTIVE & R[DY1 EVAD+ POLICE REPRESSION4 ,9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO1 FIVE ?\S& PEOPLE M>*$ AGA9/ ,BU%2 AFT]W>DS1 A BREAKAWAY GR\P BUILT A BONFIRE \T ( ,U,S FLAGS & AN EFFIGY ( ,BU%1 !N M>*$ ?R\< ! CITY PULL+ URBAN DEBRIS & NEWSPAP] BOXES 9TO ! /REET & SMA%+ ! W9D[S ( TWO BANKS4 ,9 ,SAN ,DIEGO1 FLI]S PO/$ ! PREC$+ NI<T ON ,U,C,S,D CAMPUS READ+ 0,:]E'S ! ,RIOT80 ATTRACT$ ONE HUNDR$ PEOPLE TO AN IMPROMPTU =UM AS TO :AT =MS RESI/ANCE C\LD TAKE NEXT4 ,:5 ! QUE/ION 0,:O'S WILL+ TO GET >RE/$ TODAY80 WAS BROA*$1 MANY RAIS$ !IR H&S4 

,TWO DAYS LAT]1 9 P]HAPS ! MO/ MILITANT P>TICIPATORY ACTION ( ! WEEK1 A SURPRISE M>* ( OV] ONE HUNDR$ PEOPLE BE>+ TOR*ES1 DRUMS1 AN>*I/ BANN]S1 & A TWO-HEAD$ EFFIGY ( ,BU% & ,K]RY TOOK OV] D[NT[N ,RALEI<1 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 DECORAT+ ! /REETS ) GRAFFITI & DE/ROY+ BANK MA*9ES UNTIL IT REA*$ ! /ATE HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY4 ,! W9D[S ( ! BUILD+ W]E SMA%$1 ITS WALLS W]E COV]$ 9 SPRAY PA9T1 FIREWORKS W]E SET (F 9SIDE1 & ! EFFIGY WAS SET AFIRE 9 ! FRONT Y>D4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY1 OV] FIFTY-EI<T MAJOR M$IA \TLETS RAN A /ORY COV]+ ! EV5T1 9 :I* ! /ATE ,G,O,P *IEF ( /AFF WAS QUOT$ AS SAY+ ?AT CAMPAIGN (FICES & P>TY HEADQU>T]S W]E BE+ V&ALIZ$ ?R\<\T ! NATION4 0,!Y HAVE A RI<T TO DISAGREE10 HE PLEAD$1 0BUT TO DO IT AGREEABLY40 

,! FOLL[+ NI<T1 YET ANO!R SPONTANE\S M>* OCCURR$ 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 LEAV+ SPRAY PA9T 9 ITS WAKE & MEET+ ) 5?USIASM FROM LOCALS4 ,FROM ONE SIDE ( ! C\NTRY TO ! O!R1 BY DAY & BY NI<T1 MILITANTS W]E C>RY+ \T ACTIONS ?AT DEMON/RAT$ ! S]I\SNESS ( !IR DISCONT5T & 9VIT$ O!RS TO EXPRESS !IR [N4 ,?IS WAS ! AUTONOM\S ACTION MODEL1 :I* HAD EVOLV$ OV] ! PREC$+ YE>1 F9ALLY BE+ US$ TO EFFECT 9 CIRCUM/ANCES = :I* IT WAS APPROPRIATE4 

,IRONICALLY1 AS ! ,9AUGURATION APPROA*$ 9 ,JANU>Y ( #b#e1 IT WAS ACTIVI/S FROM ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY ?AT 9SI/$ PROTE/S BE ORGANIZ$ ON ! MASS ACTION MODEL & CALL$ = A MASSIVE ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN M>*1 :ILE O!RS CALL$ = AUTONOM\S ACTIONS4 ,?IS TIME1 BO? W]E RI<T1 & IT WAS ONLY TACTICAL ]RORS1 NOT ]RORS 9 /RATEGY1 ?AT PREV5T$ ! PROTE/S FROM %UTT+ D[N ! SPECTACLE4 ,PRESID5TIAL 9AUGURATIONS PROVIDE A R>E OPPORTUNITY = C5TRALLY-ORGANIZ$ AN>*I/ MASS ACTIONS3 !Y CAN ATTRACT L>GE NUMB]S ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS1 !Y (F] AN OBVI\S T>GET1 & ! RISK ( >RE/S & POLICE BRUTALITY >E =E/ALL$ BY ! PRES5CE ( DIV]SE CR[DS & M$IA & ! DESIRE ( ! AU?ORITIES TO MA9TA9 ! ILLUSION ?AT EV]YONE IS PLEAS$ ) ! RUL] BE+ SWORN 94 ,AT ?IS P>TICUL> 9AUGURATION1 ! ONGO+ LEGACY ( ! MASS >RE/S ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,/RIKE A FULL TWO & A HALF YE>S E>LI] ALSO S]V$ TO TIE ! H&S ( ! POLICE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 BE+ ! NATION'S CAPITAL1 PROVIDES AN EXCELL5T FIELD = AUTONOM\S ACTIONS1 :I* C\LD ONLY S]VE TO HEI<T5 T5SIONS1 DI/RACT & CONFUSE ! POLICE1 & EMPHASIZE POPUL> DISCONT5T4 

,! MASSIVE AN>*I/ M>* WAS WISELY PLANN$ TO CO9CIDE ) ! O!R PROTE/S ( ! DAY1 SO AS TO B5EFIT FROM ! CR[D COV] !Y PROVID$ & ! DIVID$ ATT5TION ( ! POLICE4 ,HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! M>*1 EV5 ?\<1 AS A RESULT ( SOME /RANGE MISUND]/&+ OR 9T]NAL CONFLICT1 IT LEFT ! CONV]G5CE PO9T E>LY1 BE=E MANY W\LD-BE P>TICIPANTS HAD EV5 >RIV$4 ,AT ! PREVI\S 9AUGURATION1 A BLACK BLOC HAD SUCCESSFULLY BROK5 ?R\< ONE ( ! *ECKPO9TS SURR\ND+ ! P>ADE R\TE1 & ! ORGANIZ]S PLANN$ TO REPEAT ?IS FEAT & GO ON TO BLOCK ! R\TE4 ,?IS WAS ! MAJOR TACTICAL ]ROR ?AT PREV5T$ ! M>* FROM BE+ REALLY EFFECTIVE3 A BASIC RULE ( ?UMB 9 PLANN+ = AN ACTION IS NOT TO C\NT ON BE+ ABLE TO REPEAT ! PA/4 ,HAD ! ORGANIZ]S PREP>$ A BACK-UP PLAN1 SU* AS A WAY TO MA9TA9 ! COH]5CE ( ! BLOC IF IT C\LD NOT P5ETRATE POLICE L9ES & A SECOND>Y T>GET \TSIDE ! IMM$IATE ZONE ( POLICE CONTROL1 IT W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 SU* A MIS=TUNE ?AT ! POLICE BLOCK$ ! PA? ( ! M>* BE=E IT >RIV$ AT A *ECKPO9T4 ,AS IT WAS1 HAV+ NO BACKUP PLAN1 ! M>* BOGG$ D[N AT ?IS PO9T1 & BROKE UP2 A SMALL] COMPANY ( AN>*I/S REGR\P$ & SUCCE$$ 9 REA*+ & *>G+ A *ECKPO9T1 BUT LACK$ ! NUMB]S & EQUIPM5T TO BREAK ?R\<4 

,O!R PROBLEMS AFFLICT+ ! M>* 9CLUD$ AN APP>5T LOSS ( CONTACT ) ! SC\T+ TEAM & POOR 9T]NAL COMMUNICATION DYNAMICS ?AT L$ MANY TO ACCUSE ONE P>TICIPAT+ GR\P ( HIJACK+ ! M>*4 ,ASIDE FROM !SE1 ! FACT ?AT ! M>* DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 ITS PR(ESS$ OBJECTIVE CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! HESITANCE ) :I* MO/ P>TICIPANTS APPROA*$ IT1 AS IT WAS ! FIR/ MILITANT MASS ACTION ( ITS SIZE S9CE ,MIAMI4 ,!RE W]E 5\< PEOPLE !RE TO BREAK ?R\< ! POLICE L9ES1 HAD MORE ( !M BE5 READY TO PUT !IR ALL 9TO IT2 NEXT TIME1 ASSUR$ BY ?AT EXP]I5CE ?AT MASS ACTIONS >E 9DE$ /ILL POSSIBLE 9 ! PO/-#i_/#a#a WORLD1 P]HAPS ACTIVI/S WILL >RIVE BETT] EQUIPP$ & MORE PSY*OLOGICALLY PREP>$4 ,SPEAK+ ( EQUIPM5T1 IT'S WOR? PO9T+ \T ?AT ! BLACK BLOC ?AT BROKE ?R\< ! *ECKPO9T 9 #b US$ AN APPROPRIAT$ 9DU/RIAL :EELB>R[ TO SPE>HEAD !IR *>GE1 :ILE ! M>* AT ! #bd 9AUGURATION HAD ONLY A BANN] RE9=C$ ) ,P,V,C PIPE4 ,P,V,C PIPE IS NOTORI\SLY FRAGILE1 & HAS FAIL$ MILITANT M>*ES SEV]AL TIMES N[2 ! BEG9N+ CONV]G5CE PO9T WAS SO FREE FROM POLICE CONTROL ?AT P>TICIPANTS C\LD HAVE BR\<T 9 MASSIVE WOOD5 %IELDS & O!R =TIFICATIONS1 :I* W\LD HAVE S]V$ MU* BETT] 9 ! 5SU+ MELEE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! M>* PASS$ SEV]AL CON/RUCTION SITES ?AT LESS HESITANT MILITANTS W\LD HAVE RAID$ = MAT]IALS4 

,JU/ :5 IT SEEM$ ! DAY'S EV5TS W]E OV]1 ! CR[D LEAV+ A PACK$ %[ BY PUNK B& ,ANTI-,FLAG FILL$ ! /REET 9 A SURPRISE M>* ( HUNDR$S4 ,BE>+ TOR*ES1 DRUMS1 AN>*I/ BANN]S1 SPRAY-PA9T CANS1 & %OPP+ C>TS FULL ( USEFUL MAT]IALS1 ! ?RONG M>*$ ?R\< ,ADAMS ,MORGAN1 AN E?NIC NEI<BORHOOD SUFF]+ RAPID G5TRIFICATION4 ,! RESULTS SURPRIS$ EV]YONE1 PRESUMABLY 9CLUD+ ?OSE :O 9ITIAT$ ! M>*4 ,A VA/ BANN] READ+ 0,FROM ,D,C TO ,IRAQ3 ,) ,OCCUPATION ,COMES ,RESI/ANCE0 WAS DROPP$ FROM ! TOP ( A ,/>BUCKS C(FEE%OP1 ALONG ) A GREAT QUANTITY ( FIREWORKS4 ,DEMON/RATORS SMA%$ ! W9D[S ( SEV]AL CORPORATE \TLETS1 9CLUD+ ,CITIBANK1 ,RIGGS ,BANK1 ,MC,DONALD'S1 & ,K,F,C1 AS WELL AS ?OSE ( A POLICE SUB/ATION & ! W9D%IELD ( A POLICE C> FOLL[+ ! DEMON/RATION2 POLICE REPORTS E/IMAT$ ! DAMAGE TO CORPORATE & POLICE PROP]TY AT @s#a#e14 ,AN>*I/ GRAFFITI COV]$ WALLS1 & MANY PULL$ NEWSPAP] BOXES & DUMP/]S 9TO ! /REETS4 ,LOCALS :O WITNESS$ ! M>* W]E SUPPORTIVE & 5C\RAG+ TO AN ALMO/ SURPRIS+ DEGREE1 HONK+ C> HORNS & *E]+2 A WORK] AT A LOCAL ,E?IOPIAN RE/AURANT RAIS$ HIS FI/ & %\T$ 0,D[N ) ,BU%6 ,WE HAVE TO %UT ?IS CITY D[N60 

,MASSIVE NUMB]S ( BEFUDDL$ RIOT POLICE >RIV$ BE=E ! M>* C\LD REA* A HOTEL HO/+ AN ,9AUGURAL ,BALL TO :I* ,BU% HAD JU/ PAID A VISIT4 ,MO/ P>TICIPANTS DISP]S$ SAFELY2 APPROXIMATELY SEV5TY W]E TRAPP$ 9 AN ALLEY & >RE/$1 BUT ALMO/ ALL ( !M W]E RELEAS$ )\T *>GES AFT] PAY+ @s#e4 ,EV5 FACTOR+ 9 ! SUBSEQU5T BACKLA% FROM ?OSE :O ALWAYS OPPOSE CONFRONTATIONAL TACTICS1 AS MILITANT ACTIONS GO1 ?IS WAS A RAG+ SUCCESS4 ,IT RECEIV$ SUPPORT FROM UNUSUAL QU>T]S1 TOO1 9CLUD+ MEMB]S ( ,ANTI-,FLAG1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ,IRAQ ,VET]ANS ,AGA9/ ! ,W> :O HAD SPOK5 AT ! %[1 & P>5TS ( M9ORS >RE/$ 9 ! ALLEY4 

,SO ?IS IS :]E WE LEAVE \R H]OES1 ESCAP+ FROM D[NT[N ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! NI<T1 HELICOPT] SPOTLI<TS FLA%+ OV]HEAD & SIR5S WAIL+ NE>BY4 ,IS ?IS ONLY A MOM5T>Y ANOMALY 9 A WORLD ( CONSOLIDAT$ /ATE CONTROL1 OR A PRECURSOR ( ?+S TO COME8 ,WILL !Y MANAGE TO F9D COMMON CAUSE ) DISSID5TS ( O!R DEMOGRAPHICS1 SO A REAL1 BROAD-BAS$ 9SURRECTION WILL BE POSSIBLE8 ,H[ CAN !Y HONE !IR TACTICS & /RATEGIES TO FIT ! CURR5T POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONTEXT8 

,CONCLUSION3 ,:5 TO ,ACT 5 ,MASSE1 ,H[ TO ,ACT ,9DEP5D5TLY 

,FROM ! EV5TS ( ! PA/ FEW YE>S1 WE CAN D]IVE SOME BASIC LESSONS AB\T BO? MASS & AUTONOM\S ACTIONS4 ,WE HAD BETT] DO SO--IF WE DON'T1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T MAY HAVE TO GO ?R\< ?IS LE>N+ PROCESS ALL OV] AGA94 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 LET'S ADDRESS ONCE & = ALL ! QUE/ION ( :E!R MASS ACTIONS >E /ILL EFFECTIVE 9 ! PO/-#i_/#a#a ]A4 ,! ANSW]1 9 ! OP9ION ( EV]YONE 9VOLV$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS ANALYSIS1 IS A RES\ND+ YES4 ,! EXAMPLES ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION & ! REC5T ,PRESID5TIAL ,9AUGURATION BO? 9DICATE ?AT IT IS /ILL POSSIBLE TO ACT 5 MASSE1 ACCORD+ TO WIDELY DISSEM9AT$1 PUBLICLY COORD9AT$ PLANS2 WE HAVE ONLY TO BE MORE JUDICI\S 9 *OOS+ :5 & H[ TO DO SO4 

,)\T AT LEA/ OCCASIONAL MASS ACTIONS1 AN>*I/ COMMUNITIES RISK LOS+ ! ABILITY TO COMB9E =CES1 NOT TO M5TION ! VISIBILITY & 9FLU5CE ?AT >E CRITICAL TO !IR PROLIF]ATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN>*I/S MU/ PICK ! MASS ACTIONS 9 :I* !Y 9VE/ !MSELVES C>EFULLY2 EV]Y TIME AN>*I/S CALL = A MASS ACTION1 IT %\LD BE A RES\ND+ SUCCESS1 SO PEOPLE WILL FEEL SAFE 9VE/+ !MSELVES 9 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! NEXT ONE4 

,:AT ELEM5TS MAKE = A P]FECT MASS ACTION8 ,FIR/1 & MO/ OBVI\SLY1 A MASS ACTION MU/ BE MASSIVELY ATT5D$4 ,! MODEL %\LD !RE=E ONLY BE EMPLOY$ :5 GREAT NUMB]S ( PEOPLE CAN REALI/ICALLY BE EXPECT$ TO %[4 ,ORGANIZ]S %\LD PROMOTE F> 9 ADVANCE1 & SEEK TO COLLABORATE TO ?IS 5D ) AS WIDE A RANGE ( O!R GR\PS AS POSSIBLE2 JU/ AS IMPORTANTLY1 !Y %\LD BE SKILL$ 9 READ+ ! ZEITGEI/1 SO !Y CAN PICK ! RI<T OCCASIONS TO CALL = MASS ACTIONS4 

,SECOND1 A MASS ACTION MU/ BE ATT5D$ BY A WIDE RANGE ( PEOPLE1 & RECEIVE A LOT ( M$IA ATT5TION4 ,:5 DIV]SE CR[DS >E PRES5T & TELEVISION CAM]AS >E RUNN+1 POLICE ALMO/ ALWAYS HESITATE TO USE EXTREME =CE2 :5 !Y *OOSE TO DO SO UND] ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT CO/S !M A LOT1 & CAN EV5 5D UP BE+ A TACTICAL VICTORY = PROTE/]S4 ,ORGANIZ]S MU/ NURTURE !IR ABILITY TO PR$ICT ! FACTORS ?AT DET]M9E POLICE /RATEGY3 ,WILL ! POLICE WANT TO %[ !IR CONTROL ( ! SITUATION BY MAK+ A LOT ( >RE/S1 OR WILL IT BE MORE IMPORTANT TO !M TO AVOID ?IS & 9/EAD FOCUS ON BLUFF+ & 9TIMIDATION8 ,:AT WILL POLICE BE EXPECT+1 & H[ WILL !Y RESPOND TO ! UNEXPECT$8 ,H[ QUICKLY CAN !Y APPREH5D NEW 9=MATION1 & H[ CONC5TRAT$ WILL !IR ATT5TION BE8 

,?IRD1 A MASS ACTION %\LD HAVE AN OBJECTIVE ?AT IS IMM$IATELY COMPREH5SIBLE & ATTRACTIVE1 & (F] A /RATEGY ?AT PEOPLE CAN EASILY ADOPT = !MSELVES4 ,! DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! ,FREE ,TRADE ,>EA ( ! ,AM]ICAS SUMMIT 9 ,QUEBEC ,CITY SPREAD FROM A FEW HUNDR$ MILITANTS TO ! POPULATION ( ! 5TIRE CITY BECAUSE ! TACTICS EMPLOY$--MASK+ UP1 ?R[+ BACK TE> GAS CANI/]S1 BLOCK+ ROADS--W]E EASY TO APPREH5D & APPLY1 & BECAUSE LOCALS W]E ALREADY ANGRY AB\T ! POLICE OCCUPY+ !IR CITY4 ,?IS QUE/ION DET]M9ES :E!R A MILITANT 5GAGEM5T 5DS UP AS A VANGU>DI/ GR\P SLOGG+ IT \T 9 A PRIVATE W> ) ! GOV]NM5T OR A G5]ALIZ$ POPUL> 9SURRECTION4 

,F\R?1 MILITANTS 9 A MASS ACTION %\LD MAKE SURE !IR PLANS >E 9TELLIG5TLY COORD9AT$ ) ?OSE ( O!RS4 ,AS DESCRIB$ ABOVE 9 ! ANALYSIS ( ! PROTE/S AT ! LA/ TWO ,REPUBLICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TIONS1 IT IS ALMO/ ALWAYS BETT] = DISSIMIL> ACTIONS TO TAKE PLACE SIMULTANE\SLY RA!R ?AN CONSECUTIVELY4 ,9 A BE/ CASE SC5>IO1 ACTIONS EMPLOY+ DIFF]5T TACTICS CAN BE >RANG$ TO COMPLEM5T ONE ANO!R4 ,HEAL?Y RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ACTIVI/S P>TIAL TO DIFF]5T TACTICS FACILITATE ?IS2 !SE REQUIRE A LOT ( NURTUR+ BETWE5 ACTIONS1 & A LOT ( PATI5CE :5 CONFLICTS >ISE4 

,F9ALLY1 ORGANIZ]S MU/ TAKE MATT]S SU* AS MORALE1 MOM5TUM1 & CR[D DYNAMICS S]I\SLY4 ,UND] SOME CIRCUM/ANCES1 ALL IT TAKES TO TURN A PASSIVE MASS 9TO A MILITANT =CE IS = A FEW MANIACS TO /EP =W>D & %[ :AT IS POSSIBLE2 9 O!R CASES1 AN 5TIRE MILITANT BLOC CAN BE 9TIMIDAT$ 9TO 9ACTIVITY BY POLICE BLUFF+4 ,9 LE>N+ :AT FACTORS 5ABLE PEOPLE TO TAKE ACTION1 ORGANIZ]S CAN =MULATE /RATEGIES BAS$ ON REALI/IC EXPECTATIONS4 

,9 PLANN+ A MASS ACTION1 ORGANIZ]S %\LD LOOK BACK 9 REC5T HI/ORY = SIMIL> PREC$5TS FROM :I* !Y CAN DET]M9E :AT TO EXPECT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ATTEMPT+ TO REPEAT ! PA/--ESPECIALLY :5 ONE'S 5EMIES HAVE LE>N$ FROM IT--IS ALMO/ ALWAYS A DOOM$ V5TURE4 ,ORGANIZ]S %\LD CONSID]1 9/EAD1 ! OPPORTUNITIES ?AT HAVE BE5 MISS$ BE=E1 & TRY TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !SE4 ,:5 EMPLOY+ A /RATEGY = ! FIR/ TIME1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE PREP>$ = ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IT WILL SUCCE$ AS WELL AS ! POSSIBILITY ?AT IT WILL FAIL4 ,NEW /RATEGIES G5]ALLY WORK1 & FAIL ONLY BECAUSE PEOPLE LACK ! ASSURANCE TO FOLL[ !M ?R\< COMPLETELY2 OLD /RATEGIES1 ON ! O!R H&1 USUALLY FAIL BECAUSE OPPON5TS >E ALL TOO READY = !M1 H[EV] READY PEOPLE >E TO APPLY !M4 ,EMPLOY+ AN OLD /RATEGY 9 AN 5TIRELY NEW CONTEXT CAN BE TREM5D\SLY EFFECTIVE2 ?IS IS SOME?+ AT :I* ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 BE+ 9T]NATIONALLY ACTIVE & 9T]CONNECT$1 %\LD EXCEL4 ,ALSO1 BO? ORGANIZ]S ( MASSIVE EV5TS & 9DIVIDUAL P>TICIPANTS 9 !M %\LD =MULATE BACKUP PLANS = DIFF]5T SC5>IOS1 SO !Y CAN TURN ANY DEVELOPM5T TO !IR ADVANTAGE4 

,! COMMUNITIES 9 :I* MILITANT ACTIVI/S DEVELOP MU/ %>E BASIC SKILLS SU* AS H[ TO READ A VOLATILE SITUATION1 H[ TO WORK 9 AFF9ITY GR\PS1 & H[ & :5 TO DISP]SE4 ,ACTIVI/S ( ALL DEMOGRAPHICS & BACKGR\NDS MU/ BE 5C\RAG$ TO FEEL 5TITL$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 PLANN+ & C>RY+ \T MILITANT ACTIONS4 ,9 ADDITION1 :5 CONDITIONS >E NOT OPPORTUNE = CONFRONTATION1 RADICALS MU/ NOT PRESSURE !MSELVES TO DO ANY?+ RA%1 BUT RA!R SAVE !MSELVES = BETT] OPPORTUNITIES4 

,DUR+ ! LULLS BETWE5 MASS ACTIONS1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 AUTONOM\S ACTIONS CAN S]VE TO KEEP ACTIVI/S' SKILLS %>P & TO CONT9UE ! /RUGGLE ON O!R FRONTS4 ,AS !Y DID DUR+ ! #a#i#i'S1 SMALL-SCALE LOCAL ACTIONS CAN GIVE ACTIVI/S ! PRACTICE !Y NE$ TO BE COM=TABLE ACT+ 9 MORE *ALL5G+ MASS ACTION SC5>IOS2 !Y ALSO CONNECT ACTIVI/S TO ONE O!R1 BUILD+ EXP]I5C$1 DANG]\S GR\PS L9K$ TO BROAD] COMMUNITIES4 ,TO ?IS PURPOSE1 ! BE/ =MS ( AUTONOM\S ACTION >E ! ONES ?AT1 RA!R ?AN /RIK+ ! MO/ GRIEV\S MAT]IAL BL[S1 BR+ 9 NEW P>TICIPANTS & BUILD SOLID>ITY BETWE5 DIFF]5T CIRCLES SO ?AT MILITANT ACTIVITY MAY TAKE PLACE MORE WIDELY4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT *ALL5GES ( ! COM+ YE>S1 DUR+ :I* WE CAN BE SURE POLICE REPRESSION ( ALL =MS ( RESI/ANCE WILL CONT9UE & P]HAPS 9CREASE1 WILL BE TO DEVELOP WAYS TO ACT SOCIALLY & PUBLICLY YET ) ! ELEM5T ( SURPRISE4 ,)\T ?IS CAPABILITY1 P>TICIPATORY MILITANT ACTION WILL BECOME IMPOSSIBLE EXCEPT ONCE OR TWICE A YE> AT MASS ACTIONS1 & IT WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE TO SPREAD MILITANT TACTICS 9 \R LOCAL COMMUNITIES4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 WE HAVE TO CULTIVATE SITES ( SOCIAL 9T]ACTION & *ANNELS ( COMMUNICATION ?AT >E ACCESSIBLE TO ALL BUT ! AU?ORITIES3 !SE CAN 9CLUDE LOCAL COMMUNITIES BOND$ BY POTLUCKS & O!R FACE-TO-FACE CONTACT1 CULTURAL MILIEUS SU* AS POLITICIZ$ MUSIC SC5ES1 & CONNECTIONS BETWE5 COMMITT$ ACTIVI/S & =M]LY APOLITICAL SOCIAL CIRCLES4 ,9 !SE1 WE CAN GET TO KN[ & TRU/ ONE ANO!R1 & /AGE ASSAULTS ON ! CAPITALI/ NI<TM>E FROM UNEXPECT$ DIRECTIONS4 

,! PREC$+ ANALYSIS (F]S ?REE SUCCESSFUL PROTOTYPES = AUTONOM\S YET P>TICIPATORY ACTION4 ,! FIR/ IS ! MODEL EMPLOY$ BY ! ACTIVI/S :O C>RI$ \T ! ,G#h SOLID>ITY ACTION BE=E ! ,REALLY ,REALLY ,FREE ,M>KET 9 ,RALEI<1 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 9 :I* A SMALL1 CL&E/9E GR\P ACTS TO AUGM5T ! EF=TS ( AN OP51 ACCESSIBLE GR\P2 ?IS IS P]FECT = C>RY+ \T COMPLICAT$1 HI<-RISK PLANS1 BUT (F]S LITTLE OPPORTUNITY = NEW PEOPLE TO BE BR\<T 9 & GA9 EXP]I5CE4 ,! SECOND IS ! MODEL EMPLOY$ BY ! ACTIVI/S :O CONCEIV$ ! PROTE/ AT ! ,GOV]NOR'S ,MANSION 9 ,MA9E1 9 :I* A CORE GR\P TAKES ADVANTAGE ( A SOCIAL SETT+ TO 9VITE A L>G] NUMB] ( PEOPLE TO HELP PLAN & P>TICIPATE 9 AN ACTION )\T REVEAL+ ! MO/ S5SITIVE DETAILS ( ! T>GET2 ?IS IS A LESS SECURE1 MORE P>TICIPATORY MODEL1 (F]+ ROLES = ?OSE NOT YET SURE 5\< ( !MSELVES TO ORGANIZE !IR [N MAJOR ACTIONS1 BUT /ILL LIMIT+ P>TICIPATION TO AN 9-GR\P4 ,! ?IRD IS ! MODEL EMPLOY$ BY ! ACTIVI/S :O 9/IGAT$ ! M>* 9 ,ADAMS ,MORGAN AFT] ! ,PRESID5TIAL ,9AUGURATION 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 9 :I* A P>TICIPATORY ACTION IS 9ITIAT$ BY A SMALL GR\P )9 A L>G] MASS2 ?IS (F]S ! GREATE/ NUMB] ! OPPORTUNITY TO WITNESS OR P>TICIPATE 9 AN ACTION1 EV5 AN EXTREMELY CONFRONTATIONAL ONE1 BUT IT ALSO CAN 5DANG] P>TICIPANTS1 ESPECIALLY AS COLLECTIVE PLANN+ IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,HOPEFULLY1 OV] ! YE>S TO COME1 MANY MORE ACTIVI/S WILL MAKE USE ( & EXP& ON !SE PROTOTYPES1 REF9+ & COMB9+ !M 9 ! PROCESS4 

,IT MAY BE SOME TIME BE=E ! NEXT P]IOD ( 9T5SE /RUGGLE4 ,:ILE IT SOMETIMES SEEM$ DUR+ ! MON?S IMM$IATELY PREC$+ & FOLL[+ ! ELECTION ?AT ! C\NTRY WAS SLIPP+ T[>DS CIVIL W>1 ! ATMOSPH]E N[ IS SOME:AT MORE SUBDU$1 AS LIB]ALS LICK !IR W\NDS & RADICALS ADJU/ TO ! PO/W>1 PO/-ELECTION CONTEXT4 ,?IS IS NOT NECESS>ILY A BAD ?+2 ! AN>*I/ COMMUNITY IS NOT YET READY = AN ALL-\T W> TO ! DEA? ) ! RUL]S ( ! WORLD4 ,LET'S MAKE USE ( ?IS 9T]VAL TO PUT D[N FIRM] F\NDATIONS & DEVELOP NEW SKILLS4 ,:5 ! NEXT OPPORTUNITIES >RIVE TO TAKE ON ! P[]S ?AT BE1 LET'S BE READY1 \R COMMUNITIES /RONG & CLOSELY L9K$1 \R C\RAGE & CONFID5CE 9 EA* O!R TRI$ & TRUE4 

,E,V,],Y ,5,G,A,G,E,M,5,T ,A ,V,I,C,T,O,R,Y6 

,W]E A READ+ LI/ TO ACCOMPANY ?IS ANALYSIS1 IT W\LD 9CLUDE 0,HOT ,T[N1 ,SUMM] 9 ! ,CITY3 ,AN>*I/ ,ANALYSIS ( ! #bd ,R,N,C ,PROTE/S0 BY ,ALEX&] ,TROC*I1 ,CRIME?,9C4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,NEWS ,AG5T ,PROVOCATEUR1 & 0,F,R,O,M ,D,C ,T,O ,I,R,A,Q3 ,) ,O,C,C,U,P,A,T,I,O,N ,C,O,M,E,S ,R,E,S,I,/,A,N,C,E--,:AT HAPP5$ 9 ,ADAMS ,MORGAN ON ,JANU>Y #b2 A REPORT1 ANALYSIS1 & RESPONSE TO CRITICISM10 BY ! ,CIRCLE ,A ,BRIGADE1 BO? ( :I* CAN BE LOCAT$ ON ! 9T]NET BY MEANS ( GOOGLE4COM4 

.<#a.> ,SETT+ \T TO %UT D[N A CAPITALI/ SUMMIT & SUCCE$+ 9 DO+ SO MAY QUALIFY AS DIRECT ACTION 9 ! MO/ IMM$IATE S5SE1 BUT AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T ?AT SUCCE$$ 9 %UTT+ D[N SUMMIT AFT] SUMMIT )\T BR++ ANY CLOS] ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS W\LD BE A FAILURE1 NOT A SUCCESS4 ,H5CE1 SU* FEATS ULTIMATELY HAVE !IR GREATE/ VALUE AS DEMON/RATIONS ( :AT IS POSSIBLE4 

.<#b.> ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ BUT PURELY SYMBOLIC ACTIONS >E SUFFICI5T TO BUILD A MOVEM5T ?AT CAN POSE A ?REAT TO CAPITALISM6 ,TO 9SPIRE O!RS & ATTRACT FUTURE P>TICIPANTS1 MILITANT ACTIONS MU/ ACTUALLY /RIKE BL[S & ACCOMPLI% IMM$IATE GOALS4 

.<#c.> ,?IS WAS PROBABLY MORE ( AN IRRATIONAL EMOTIONAL REACTION ?AN A MISCALCULATION4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT WAS A JUDGM5T CALL1 IT 9DICATES ?AT ACTIVI/S OV]E/IMAT$ EI!R ! ABILITY ( ! GOV]NM5T TO ID5TIFY & REPRESS !M OR ! ?REAT ! GOV]NM5T P]CEIV$ !M TO POSE4 

.<#d.> ,ANO!R NOTABLE EXCEPTION TO ?IS G5]ALIZATION OCCURR$ DUR+ AN O!RWISE PLACID LIB]AL M>* 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C :5 A SMALL GR\P ( AN>*I/S BROKE AWAY1 M>*$ TO ! ,WORLD ,BANK1 *>G$ 9TO ! BUILD+1 & TRA%$ IT FROM ! 9SIDE4 

.<#e.> ,PROTE/]S HAD APPLI$ ?IS TACTIC AT ! PREVI\S ,F,T,A,A M9I/]IAL 9 ,QUEBEC ,CITY1 & MET ) SOME SUCCESS1 AS IT WAS FAIRLY NEW AT ! TIME4 ,BY ! TIME ( ! M9I/]IAL 9 ,MIAMI1 H[EV]1 F5CES HAD BE5 ATTACK$ FROM ,G5OA TO ,CANCUN1 & IT WAS EXACTLY :AT ! AU?ORITIES W]E EXPECT+4 ,AS A G5]AL RULE ( ?UMB1 IT'S A BAD IDEA TO TRY AN APPROA* ?AT WORK$ OR ALMO/ WORK$ 9 A SIMIL> PREVI\S CONFRONTATION1 ASSUM+ Y\R OPPON5TS >E 9 AS MU* ( A POSITION TO LE>N FROM ! PA/ AS Y\ >E4 

.<#f.> ,ONE P]SON OR GR\P CALL+ = O!RS TO ACT IS LITTLE BETT] ?AN A VANGU>D1 & CAN BE EXPECT$ TO MEET ) AS MU* SUCCESS AS ! V>I\S COMMUNI/ SPL9T] GR\PS CURR5TLY DO4 ,CALLS = DEC5TRALIZ$ ACTIONS WORK BE/ :5 ACTIVI/S :O >E ALREADY ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES CALL UPON O!RS 9 !IR NETWORKS TO JO9 91 (F]+ ! OPPORTUNITY TO BE P>T ( AN EF=T ?AT ALREADY HAS P>TICIPATION & MOM5TUM 9 ITS FAVOR4 

.<#g.> ,9 ANO!R HIL>I\S & IRONIC DEVELOPM5T1 IT TURN$ \T ?AT !RE WAS A !AT] GR\P 9 ,NEW ,YORK = ! PROTE/S UND] ! MONIK] ,GRE5E ,DRAGON ,SOCIETY4 ,SCRAMBL+ TO GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y W]E 9 CONTROL ( ! SITUATION1 ! ,F,B,I ANN\NC$ ?AT IT HAD 9FILTRAT$ ! 0,GRE5 ,DRAGON ,GR\P0 OV] A YE> E>LI] & W]E ABREA/ ( ALL ITS NEF>I\S PLANS2 ?IS C\LD ONLY BE TO ! MIS=TUNE ( BO? ! A=EM5TION$ LIB]AL GR\P & ! ,F,B,I1 H[EV]1 AS ! ,GRE5E ,DRAGON ,SOCIETY DOESN'T APPE> TO HAVE BE5 ANY:]E NE> ! PUPPET ?AT W5T UP 9 FLAMES1 NOR TO HAVE HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) ITS CON/RUCTION4 ,A MORE LIKELY /ORY WAS CIRCULAT$ BY ,/>HAWK ( ! PAGAN CLU/]1 :O WAS 5GAG$ 9 A SPIRAL DANCE A BLOCK AWAY :5 ! DRAGON CAU<T FIRE2 %E SPECULATES ?AT IT WAS ! 5]GY RELEAS$ FROM !IR RITUAL ?AT TRIGG]$ ! CONFLAGRATION4 

.<#g.> ,9 ANO!R HIL>I\S & IRONIC DEVELOPM5T1 IT TURN$ \T ?AT !RE WAS A !AT] GR\P 9 ,NEW ,YORK = ! PROTE/S UND] ! MONIK] ,GRE5E ,DRAGON ,SOCIETY4 ,SCRAMBL+ TO GIVE ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y W]E 9 CONTROL ( ! SITUATION1 ! ,F,B,I ANN\NC$ ?AT IT HAD 9FILTRAT$ ! 0,GRE5 ,DRAGON ,GR\P0 OV] A YE> E>LI] & W]E ABREA/ ( ALL ITS NEF>I\S PLANS2 ?IS C\LD ONLY BE TO ! MIS=TUNE ( BO? ! A=EM5TION$ LIB]AL GR\P & ! ,F,B,I1 H[EV]1 AS ! ,GRE5E ,DRAGON ,SOCIETY DOESN'T APPE> TO HAVE BE5 ANY:]E NE> ! PUPPET ?AT W5T UP 9 FLAMES1 NOR TO HAVE HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) ITS CON/RUCTION4 ,A MORE LIKELY /ORY WAS CIRCULAT$ BY ,/>HAWK ( ! PAGAN CLU/]1 :O WAS 5GAG$ 9 A SPIRAL DANCE A BLOCK AWAY :5 ! DRAGON CAU<T FIRE2 %E SPECULATES ?AT IT WAS ! 5]GY RELEAS$ FROM !IR RITUAL ?AT TRIGG]$ ! CONFLAGRATION4 

.<#h.> ,SOME FEW AN>*I/S1 MO/LY ( ! P]SUASION GIV5 TO HYP]-RADICAL RHETORIC & LITTLE ACTION TO BACK IT UP1 W]E CRITICAL ( ?IS CAMPAIGN ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT WAS TOO S(T ON VOT+4 ,9DE$1 9S(> AS PEOPLE CONFLATE IT ) ACTUAL POLITICAL P>TICIPATION1 VOT+ IS EXTREMELY P]NICI\S--AS EV]Y TEXT CIRCULAT$ BY ! 0,DON'T 7,JU/7 ,VOTE0 CAMPAIGN EMPHASIZ$4 ,?AT BE+ ! CASE1 !SE CRITICS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 RAIS+ A NEW & D>+ QUE/ION3 5TIRELY AP>T FROM ! DANG]\S SUP]/ITIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) IT1 CAN VOT+ ITSELF1 TAK5 9 A VACUUM1 BE H>MFUL8 ,Y\R HUMBLE $ITOR1 ANXI\SLY CONC]N$ AB\T SU* SAFETY ISSUES1 HAS DONE QUITE A BIT ( RESE>* ON ?IS SUBJECT & HAS F9ALLY TURN$ UP SOME EVID5CE ?AT ?IS MAY BE ! CASE1 IF ONLY 9 EXTREME SITUATIONS4 ,A DISSID5T ACC\NT ( ! UNTIMELY DEA? ( ,$G> ,ALL5 ,PE1 ADVANC$ MO/ REC5TLY 9 ! AMUS+ MISCELLANY ,:Y ,AM]ICANS ,ZIGZAG ,:5 ,!Y ,EAT1 SUGGE/S ?AT ! R5[N$ AU?OR WAS KILL$ BY BE+ VOT$ TO DEA?4 ,9 ?OSE DAYS1 POLITICAL GANGS W\LD RIG ELECTIONS BY %AN<AI+ VULN]ABLE G5TLEM5 & LIQUOR+ OR DOP+ !M UP TO MAKE !M AGREEABLE4 ,ON ELECTION DAY1 !SE UN=TUNATES W\LD BE FROG-M>*$ >\ND TO ALL ! POLL+ /ATIONS AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE2 ONCE ONE CIRCUIT WAS COMPLET$1 !IR H&L]S W\LD *ANGE !IR CLO!S1 TRIM !IR MU/A*ES1 & RUN !M >\ND AGA94 ,! FA/] ! PACE !Y KEPT1 ! MORE VOTES !Y W]E WOR?1 SO IT MU/ HAVE BE5 A GRUEL+ PROCESS4 7,N[ADAYS1 POLITICAL GANGS BYPASS SU* CLUMSY ME?ODS & ACCOMPLI% ! SAME ?+ ) ADV]TIS+ & VOT+ MA*9E FRAUD47 ,PE WAS KN[N = HIS /YLI% DRESS+1 BUT :5 HE WAS F\ND--DRUNK1 DELIRI\S1 & 9 ! PROCESS ( DY+ ( EXHAU/ION1 AT A ,BALTIMORE B> ?AT D\BL$ AS A POLL+ /ATION--HE WAS WE>+ A V]Y *EAP SUIT ?AT DIDN'T SEEM TO BELONG TO HIM4 ,IT WAS AN ELECTION DAY4 ,SO !RE Y\ HAVE IT3 VOT+1 HORROR ( CAPITALI/ HORRORS1 KILL$ ! GREATE/ HORROR WRIT] ( ALL TIME--& MI<T KILL Y\1 TOO1 IF Y\ PUT TOO MU* /OCK 9 IT4 

7,S\RCE3 ,RETRIEV$ ON #g? ,NOVEMB] #bb FROM CRIME?9C4COM47 

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