,*APT] #e 
,DIRECT ,ACTION1 ,AN>*ISM1 ,DIRECT ,DEMOCRACY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] #e3 ,D,I,R,E,C,T ,A,C,T,I,O,N1 ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M1 ,D,I,R,E,C,T ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y 

  

,S9CE ?IS IS A BOOK AB\T DIRECT ACTION1 IT MI<T BE BE/ TO BEG9 BY EXPLA9+ :AT ?AT IS4 

,I7 ,:,A,T ,I,S ,D,I,R,E,C,T ,A,C,T,I,O,N8 

  

,OV] ! YE>S1 HUNDR$S ( AN>*I/S HAVE TRI$ TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION1 9 PAMPHLETS & BROADSIDES & SPEE*ES4 ,H]E'S A SAMPL+3  
  

,DIRECT ACTION IMPLIES ONE'S ACT+ = ONE'S SELF1 9 A FA%ION 9 :I* ONE MAY WEI< DIRECTLY ! PROBLEM ) :I* Y\ >E CONFRONT$1 & )\T NE$+ ! M$IATION ( POLITICIANS OR BUREAUCRATS4 ,IF Y\ SEE SOME BULLDOZ]S AB\T TO WRECK Y\R H\SE1 Y\ 5GAGE 9 DIRECT ACTION TO DIRECTLY 9T]V5E TO TRY TO /OP !M4 ,DIRECT ACTION PLACES MORAL CONSCI5CE UP AGA9/ ! (FICIAL LAW444 ,IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S READ9ESS TO FI<T1 TO TAKE CONTROL ( HIS LIFE1 & TO TRY1 DIRECTLY1 TO ACT ON ! WORLD ?AT SURR\NDS US1 TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = ONE'S ACTIONS4 

--,SANS ,TIT]S ,BULLET91 0,:AT IS ,DIRECT ,ACTION80  
  
  

,TO TAKE A HOMELY EXAMPLE4 ,IF ! BUT*] WEI<S ONE'S MEAT ) HIS ?UMB ON ! SCALE1 ONE MAY COMPLA9 AB\T IT & TELL HIM HE IS A B&IT :O ROBS ! POOR1 & IF HE P]SI/S & ONE DOES NO?+ ELSE1 ?IS IS M]E TALK2 ONE MAY CALL ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,WEI<TS & ,MEASURES1 & ?IS IS 9DIRECT ACTION2 OR ONE MAY1 TALK FAIL+1 9SI/ ON WEI<+ ONE'S [N MEAT1 BR+ ALONG A SCALE TO *ECK ! BUT*]'S WEI<T1 TAKE ONE'S BUS9ESS SOME:]E ELSE1 HELP OP5 A COOP]ATIVE /ORE1 ETC41 & !SE >E DIRECT ACTIONS4 

--,DAVID ,WIECK1 0,HABITS ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION0  
  
  

,DIRECT ,ACTION AIMS TO A*IEVE \R GOALS ?R\< \R [N ACTIVITY RA!R ?AN ?R\< ! ACTIONS ( O!RS4 ,IT IS AB\T PEOPLE TAK+ P[] = !MSELVES4 ,9 ?IS1 IT IS DI/+UI%$ FROM MO/ O!R =MS ( POLITICAL ACTION SU* AS VOT+1 LOBBY+1 ATTEMPT+ TO EX]T POLITICAL PRESSURE ?\< 9DU/RIAL ACTION OR ?R\< ! M$IA4 ,ALL ( !SE ACTIVITIES444 CONC$E \R P[] TO EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS :I* WORK TO PREV5T US FROM ACT+ \RSELVES TO *ANGE ! /ATUS QUO4 ,DIRECT ,ACTION REPUDIATES SU* ACCEPTANCE ( ! EXI/+ ORD] & SUGGE/S ?AT WE HAVE BO? ! RI<T & ! P[] TO *ANGE ! WORLD4 ,IT DEMON/RATES ?IS BY DO+ IT4 ,EXAMPLES ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION 9CLUDE BLOCKADES1 PICKETS1 SABOTAGE1 SQUATT+1 TREE SPIK+1 LOCK\TS1 OCCUPATIONS1 ROLL+ /RIKES1 SL[ D[NS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 ! COMMUNITY IT 9VOLVES1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 E/ABLI%+ \R [N ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS FOOD CO-OPS & COMMUNITY ACCESS RADIO & ,T,V 444 ,DIRECT ,ACTION IS NOT ONLY A ME?OD ( PROTE/ BUT ALSO A WAY ( 0BUILD+ ! FUTURE N[40 ,ANY SITUATION :]E PEOPLE ORGANIZE TO EXT5D CONTROL OV] !IR [N CIRCUM/ANCES )\T REC\RSE TO CAPITAL OR /ATE CON/ITUTES ,DIRECT ,ACTION444 ,:]E IT SUCCE$S1 ,DIRECT ,ACTION %[S ?AT PEOPLE CAN CONTROL !IR [N LIVES--9 EFFECT1 ?AT AN ,AN>*I/ SOCIETY IS POSSIBLE4 

--,ROB ,SP>R[1 0,AN>*I/ ,POLITICS & ,DIRECT ,ACTION0  
  
  

,EV]Y P]SON :O EV] ?\<T HE HAD A RI<T TO ASS]T SOME?+1 & W5T BOLDLY & ASS]T$ IT1 HIMSELF1 OR JO9TLY ) O!RS ?AT %>$ HIS CONVICTIONS1 WAS A DIRECT ACTIONI/444 ,EV]Y P]SON :O EV] HAD A PLAN TO DO ANY?+1 & W5T & DID IT1 OR :O LAID HIS PLAN BE=E O!RS1 & WON !IR COOP]ATION TO DO IT ) HIM1 )\T GO+ TO EXT]NAL AU?ORITIES TO PLEASE DO ! ?+ = !M1 WAS A DIRECT ACTIONI/444 ,EV]Y P]SON :O EV] 9 HIS LIFE HAD A DIFF]5CE ) ANYONE TO SETTLE1 & W5T /RAI<T TO ! O!R P]SONS 9VOLV$ TO SETTLE IT1 EI!R BY A PEACEABLE PLAN OR O!RWISE1 WAS A DIRECT ACTIONI/4 

--,VOLTAIR9E ,DE ,CLEYRE1 0,DIRECT ,ACTION0  
  
  

,MAN HAS AS MU* LIB]TY AS HE IS WILL+ TO TAKE4 ,AN>*ISM !RE=E /&S = DIRECT ACTION1 ! OP5 DEFIANCE (1 & RESI/ANCE TO1 ALL LAWS & RE/RICTIONS1 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & MORAL4 ,BUT DEFIANCE & RESI/ANCE >E ILLEGAL4 ,!RE9 LIES ! SALVATION ( MAN4 ,EV]Y?+ ILLEGAL NECESSITATES 9TEGRITY1 SELF-RELIANCE1 & C\RAGE4 ,9 %ORT1 IT CALLS = FREE1 9DEP5D5T SPIRITS1 = M5 :O >E M51 & :O HAVE A BONE 9 !IR BACK :I* Y\ CANNOT PASS Y\R H& ?R\<4 

--,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 0,AN>*ISM3 ,:AT ,IT ,REALLY ,/&S ,=0  
  

,IT %\LD BE EASY 5\< TO SEE :Y AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS BE5 DRAWN TO ! IDEA ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,AN>*I/S REJECT /ATES & ALL ?OSE SY/EMATIC =MS ( 9EQUALITY /ATES MAKE POSSIBLE4 ,!Y DO NOT SEEK TO PRESSURE ! GOV]NM5T TO 9/ITUTE RE=MS4 ,NEI!R DO !Y SEEK TO SEIZE /ATE P[] = !MSELVES4 ,RA!R1 !Y WI% TO DE/ROY ?AT P[]1 US+ MEANS ?AT >E--SO F> AS POSSIBLE--CONSI/5T ) !IR 5DS1 ?AT EMBODY !M4 ,!Y WI% TO 0BUILD A NEW SOCIETY 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40 ,DIRECT ACTION IS P]FECTLY CONSI/5T ) ?IS1 BECAUSE 9 ITS ESS5CE DIRECT ACTION IS ! 9SI/5CE1 :5 FAC$ ) /RUCTURES ( UNJU/ AU?ORITY1 ON ACT+ AS IF ONE IS ALREADY FREE4 ,ONE DOES NOT SOLICIT ! /ATE4 ,ONE DOES NOT EV5 NECESS>ILY MAKE A GR& GE/URE ( DEFIANCE4 ,9S(> AS ONE IS CAPABLE1 ONE PROCE$S AS IF ! /ATE DOES NOT EXI/4 

,?IS IS ! DIFF]5CE1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BETWE5 DIRECT ACTION & CIVIL DISOB$I5CE 7?\< 9 PRACTICE !RE (T5 IS A GOOD DEAL ( OV]LAP BETWE5 ! TWO74 ,:5 ONE BURNS A DRAFT C>D1 ONE IS )DRAW+ ONE'S CONS5T OR COOP]ATION FROM A /RUCTURE ( AU?ORITY ONE DEEMS ILLEGITIMATE1 BUT DO+ SO IS /ILL A =M ( PROTE/1 A PUBLIC ACT ADDRESS$ AT LEA/LY P>TLY TO ! AU?ORITIES !MSELVES4 ,TYPICALLY1 ONE PRACTIC+ CIVIL DISOB$I5CE IS ALSO WILL+ TO ACCEPT ! LEGAL CONSEQU5CES ( HIS ACTIONS4 ,DIRECT ACTION TAKES MATT]S A /EP FUR!R4 ,! DIRECT ACTIONI/ DOES NOT JU/ REFUSE TO PAY TAXES TO SUPPORT A MILIT>IZ$ S*OOL SY/EM1 %E COMB9ES ) O!RS TO TRY TO CREATE A NEW S*OOL SY/EM ?AT OP]ATES ON DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES4 ,%E PROCE$S AS %E W\LD IF ! /ATE DID NOT EXI/ & LEAVES IT TO ! /ATE'S REPRES5TATIVES TO DECIDE :E!R TO TRY TO S5D >M$ M5 TO /OP H]4 

,N[1 ! READ] MI<T OBJECT3 SURELY DIRECT ACTION DOES1 USUALLY1 9VOLVE DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATE4 ,EV5 :5 IT DOES NOT />T ) SU* A CONFRONTATION1 EV]YONE IS QUITE AW>E IT WILL PROBABLY LEAD TO ONE EV5TUALLY4 ,?AT W\LD C]TA9LY SEEM TO IMPLY RECOGNITION ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,TRUE 5\<--BUT EV5 H]E MATT]S >E MORE SUBTLE4 ,:5 CONFRONTATIONS OCCUR1 IT IS TYPICALLY BECAUSE ?OSE CONDUCT+ A DIRECT ACTION 9SI/ ON ACT+ AS IF ! /ATE'S REPRES5TATIVES HAVE NO MORE RI<T TO IMPOSE !IR VIEW ( ! RI<TS OR WRONGS ( ! SITUATION ?AN ANYBODY ELSE4 ,IF A MAN IS DRIV+ A TRUCK FULL ( TOXIC WA/E TO DUMP 9 A LOCAL RIV]1 ! DIRECT ACTIONI/ DOES NOT CONSID] :E!R ! CORPORATION HE REPRES5TS IS LEGALLY P]MITT$ TO DO SO2 HE TREATS HIM AS HE W\LD ANYONE ELSE TRY+ TO DUMP A VAT ( POISON 9 A LOCAL WAT] S\RCE4 7,BY ?IS UND]/&+1 ! FACT ?AT SAID DIRECT ACTIONI/ R>ELY SIMPLY ATTEMPTS TO PHYSICALLY OV]P[] ! CULPRIT IS A REM>KABLE TE/IMONY TO MO/ ACTIVI/S' D$ICATION TO NONVIOL5CE47 ,NORMALLY1 ! CONCLUSION IS ?AT IT IS LEGITIMATE = ANY MAN OR WOMAN ( CONSCI5CE 9 ! VIC9ITY TO B& TOGE!R TO TRY TO DISSUADE ! W\LD-BE DUMP]1 & IF NECESS>Y1 /OP HIM--SAY1 BY LY+ D[N 9 FRONT ( ! TRUCK1 OR BY PUNCTUR+ ITS TIRES4 ,IF !Y DO SO1 & TW5TY >M$ M5 9 BLUE CO/UMES !N APPE> & TELL !M TO CLE> ! /REETS1 !Y DO NOT1 9 TURN1 TREAT ?IS DEM& AS A LEGAL ORD]1 BUT RA!R1 AS MORALLY EQUIVAL5T TO ANY O!R DEM& ?AT A GR\P ( M5 /&+ ON ! /REET MI<T MAKE4 ,!RE=E1 IF POLICE DEM& ?AT ?OSE BLOCK+ ! TRUCK CLE> ! /REET BECAUSE AN AMBULANCE IS TRY+ TO GET ?R\<1 !Y WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY COMPLY2 IF POLICE MAKE SU* DEM&S SIMPLY BY D9T ( !IR LEGAL AU?ORITY AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CITY1 BLOCKAD]S WILL IGNORE !M2 IF !Y ?REAT5 TO ATTACK1 BLOCKAD]S WILL CONSID] :E!R !Y >E WILL+ TO TAKE ! RISKS 9VOLV$ 9 MAK+ A /&4.<#i.> ,! KEY PO9T ?\< IS ?AT ONE IS /ILL ACT+ AS IF1 AT LEA/ AS A MORAL 5TITY1 ! /ATE DOES NOT EXI/4.<#a.> ,AT ANY RATE IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO HAVE A SECRET DIRECT ACTION4 ,IT IS BY DEF9ITION IMPOSSIBLE TO CONDUCT A SECRET ACT ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE4 

,:AT ,I HAVE BE5 DEVELOP+ H]E IS :AT MI<T BE CALL$ ! CLASSICAL DEF9ITION ( DIRECT ACTION--ONE DEVELOP$ & ELABORAT$ OV] AT LEA/ A C5TURY & A HALF ( AN>*I/ REFLECTION4 ,(T51 N[ADAYS1 ! T]M IS US$ 9 A MU* LOOS] S5SE4 0,DIRECT ACTION0 BECOMES ANY =M ( POLITICAL RESI/ANCE ?AT IS OV]T1 MILITANT1 & CONFRONTATIONAL1 BUT ?AT FALLS %ORT ( \TRI<T MILIT>Y 9SURRECTION 7E4G4 ,C>T] #a#i#g#c74 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 IF ONE IS DO+ MORE ?AN M>*+ >\ND ) SIGNS1 BUT NOT YET READY TO TAKE TO ! HILLS ) ,A,K-#d#gS1 !N ONE IS A DIRECT ACTIONI/4 ,! ,BO/ON ,TEA ,P>TY1 DUR+ :I* A TEAM ( COLONIAL REVOLUTION>IES DRESS$ AS ,9DIANS DUMP$ LOADS ( HEAVILY TAX$ ,BRITI% TEA 9 ! ,BO/ON H>BOR1 IS (T5 9VOK$ AS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( A DIRECT ACTION ( ?IS SORT4.<#a#a.> ,SU* ACTIONS T5D TO BE MILITANT & SYMBOLIC AT ! SAME TIME4 ,US$ ?IS WAY1 ! T]M 0DIRECT ACTION0 CAN COV] AN 5ORM\S RANGE3 IT CAN MEAN ANY?+ FROM 9SI/+ ON ONE'S RI<T TO SIT AT A SEGREGAT$ LUN* C\NT] TO SETT+ FIRE TO ONE1 FROM PLAC+ ONESELF 9 ! WAY ( BULLDOZ]S 9 AN OLD-GR[? =E/ TO SPIK+ TREES SO ?AT LOGG]S :O DISREG>D W>N+S NOT TO CUT 9 C]TA9 >EAS RISK KILL+ !MSELVES4 

,ACTIVI/S TOO WILL (T5 TALK AS IF ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 DIRECT ACTION & CIVIL DISOB$I5CE IS SIMPLY ONE ( MILITANCY4 ,= SOME1 IT TURNS ON WILL+NESS TO ACCEPT >RE/4 ,?OSE C>RY+ \T A 0,C,D0 MAY WILL+LY SURR5D] !MSELVES TO ! POLICE2 EV5 IF !Y DON'T1 :5 !Y BLOCKADE ! 5TRANCE TO A CORPORATE HEADQU>T]S OR LIE D[N 9 FRONT ( A PRESID5TIAL MOTORCADE1 !Y ACT 9 ! FULL EXPECTATION !Y WILL W9D UP 9 JAIL1 & :5 POLICE 9T5T ON >RE/+ !M APPE>1 !Y WILL NOT FLEE & WILL RESI/ ONLY PASSIVELY1 OR NOT AT ALL4 ,DIRECT ACTIONI/S1 9 CONTRA/1 :E!R !Y >E BREAK+ W9D[S 9 ! NI<T OR SOLD]+ ! DOORS %UT 9 WORK]-OCCUPI$ FACTORIES1 >E TRY+ !IR BE/ TO GET AWAY ) IT4 ,OR1 ALT]NATELY1 ! DI/9CTION MI<T TURN ON H[ CLOSELY ONE'S TACTICS COME TO CONV5TIONAL DEF9ITIONS ( 0VIOL5CE40 ,:5 ,5GLI% SUFFRAGETTES REFUS$ TO PAY TAXES !Y >E USUALLY DESCRIB$ AS PRACTIC+ CIVIL DISOB$I5CE2 :5 !Y BEGAN SY/EMATICALLY BREAK+ /ORE W9D[S1 !Y >E USUALLY SAID TO HAVE TURN$ TO DIRECT ACTION4 ,( C\RSE1 BY CLASSICAL AN>*I/ DEF9ITIONS1 SMA%+ W9D[S TO PRESSURE ! GOV]NM5T TO 5ACT A VOT+ RE=M IS NOT DIRECT ACTION 9 ANY S5SE AT ALL--IT IS ?OR\<LY 9DIRECT--BUT ! USAGE DEMON/RATES H[ MU* ! T]M HAS BECOME SYNONYM\S ) A C]TA9 DEGREE ( MILITANCY4 

,ALL ?IS MAKES IT EASY TO SEE :Y ! QUE/ION ( 0DIRECT ACTION0 HAS BE5 SO (T5 AT ! C5T] ( POLITICAL DEBATE4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 = EXAMPLE1 !RE W]E 5DLESS >GUM5TS AB\T ! ROLE ( DIRECT ACTION 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,TODAY1 IT IS EASY TO =GET ?AT1 :5 LABOR UNIONS FIR/ APPE>$1 !Y W]E SE5 AS EXTREMELY RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!Y REPRES5T$1 9 FACT1 A K9D ( CLAIM TO REVOLUTION>Y DUAL P[]4 ,TO GO ON /RIKE1 TO DE/ROY MA*9]Y1 OCCUPY FACTORIES1 E/ABLI% PICKET L9ES SO AS TO PHYSICALLY PREV5T SCABS FROM 5T]+ A WORKPLACE3 ALL ?IS WAS A MATT] ( WORK]S SEIZ+ = !MSELVES ! RI<T TO EMPLOY CO]CIVE =CE1 9 DIRECT DEFIANCE ( ! /ATE'S CLAIMS ( HOLD+ A MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE4 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ONE ( ! E>LIE/ N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/ PHILOSOPH]S1 & CLOSELY ATTA*$ TO ! ,FR5* LABOR MOVEM5T ( HIS DAY1 ACTUALLY OPPOS$ /RIKES BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ ! MOVEM5T %\LD LIMIT ITSELF ONLY TO EXPLICITLY NONVIOL5T =MS ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,V]Y QUICKLY1 ?\<1 /ATES ?AT C\LD NOT COMPLETELY REPRESS UNIONS SET \T TO CO-OPT !M4 ,C]TA9 =MS ( 9DU/RIAL ACTION 7SU* AS PICKET L9ES7 W]E LEGALIZ$1 BUT /RICTLY REGULAT$2 O!RS 7SU* AS WORKPLACE SABOTAGE7 /RICTLY =BIDD54 ,AS ONE MI<T IMAG9E1 ALL ?IS SP>K$ LIVELY DEBATE )9 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,GEORGES ,SOREL CAPTURES SOME?+ ( ! FLAVOR ( !SE DEBATES 9 HIS ESSAY 0,REFLECTIONS ON ,VIOL5CE10 PUBLI%$ 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#i#h4 ,9 IT1 HE >GUES ?AT EV5 :5 A /RIKE OR LABOR ACTION REALLY DOES *ALL5GE ! /ATE'S MONOPOLY ON VIOL5CE1 EV5 IF ONE IS DEAL+ ) AN ILLEGAL1 WILDCAT /RIKE1 /RIKES >E NOT REALLY REVOLUTION>Y BECAUSE ORD9>ILY1 A /RIKE AIMS TO W9 CONCESSIONS ON WAGES1 H\RS1 OR CONDITIONS ?AT ! /ATE WILL !N GU>ANTEE &1 ULTIMATELY1 5=CE4 ,ONE IS1 !RE=E1 NOT *ALL5G+ /ATE VIOL5CE BUT TRY+ TO 5LI/ IT = ONE'S [N SIDE4 ,SOREL >GU$ ?AT FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ONLY G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y /RIKE W\LD BE A G5]AL /RIKE ?AT AIM$ TO OV]?R[ ! SY/EM ( /ATE VIOL5CE AS A :OLE4 ,LABOR ACTIONS !RE=E W]E LEGITIMATE ONLY 9S(> AS !Y W]E ATTEMPTS TO MOVE 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 DRESS REHE>SALS1 P]HAPS1 OR =MS ( AGITPROP4 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 TOO1 PHILOSOPHICAL DIFF]5CES (T5 5D$ UP BE+ F\<T \T L>GELY ?R\< >GUM5TS AB\T TACTICS4 ,! E>LY P>T ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY SAW A PR(\ND SPLIT BETWE5 MA9/REAM UNIONS LIKE ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR1 :I* EV5TUALLY CAME TO =M ! BACKBONE ( ! ,A,F,L-,C,I,O1 & REVOLUTION>Y UNIONS LIKE ! ,I,W,W 7! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 OR ,WOBBLIES74 ,! LATT]'S ULTIMATE AIM WAS 0! ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM10 & !Y REFUS$ TO WORK ?R\< ! /ATE1 :I* !Y SAW AS AN ILLEGITIMATE 9/ITUTION4 ,!Y W]E 9 ESS5CE1 IF NOT (FICIALLY1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/4 ,:]E MA9/REAM UNIONS EMPHASIZ$ HI<] WAGES & JOB SECURITY1 ! ,WOBBLIES W]E--LIKE ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ UNIONS--MORE 9T]E/$ 9 R$UC+ H\RS4 ,/ILL1 ! MA9 ?+ !Y 5D$ UP OP5LY >GU+ AB\T WAS ! ,WOBBLY 5DORSEM5T ( 0DIRECT ACTION10 :I* 9 ?IS CONTEXT BASICALLY CAME TO MEAN WORKPLACE SABOTAGE4 

,IT'S IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE H]E ?AT ! PRACTICE ( WORKPLACE SABOTAGE WAS NEV] CONSID]$ P>TICUL>LY SC&AL\S--AT LEA/ AMONG WORK]S4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( CORPORATE PROP]TY1 WORKPLACE OCCUPATIONS1 9T5TIONALLY %ODDY WORK1 SL[D[NS--ALL ( !SE HAVE LONG =M$ P>T ( ! REP]TOIRE1 ! /&>D TOOL-KIT1 ONE MI<T SAY1 ( ORGANIZ$ LABOR = C5TURIES4 ,!Y REMA9 SO TO ?IS DAY4 ,I MYSELF GREW UP 9 A BUILD+ 9 ,MANHATTAN ) FAULTY PLUMB+ BECAUSE ( WORKPLACE SABOTAGE TRAC+ BACK TO SOME LABOR DISPUTE FROM ! LATE #a#i#eS4 ,AM]ICAN /RIK]S /ILL REGUL>LY PUNCTURE TIRES & EV5 SET COMPANY EQUIPM5T ON FIRE4 ,H[EV]1 NONE ( ?IS IS (FICIAL UNION POLICY4 ,UNION (FICIALS 9V>IABLY CONDEMN SU* ACTIONS1 OR ELSE D5Y !Y OCCUR4 ,P>T ( ! REASON IS BECAUSE !Y >E ALL[$ TO /RIKE4 ,UNIONS >E1 P>ADOXICALLY1 ! ONLY ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,U,S LEGALLY P]MITT$ TO 5GAGE 9 DIRECT ACTION2 BUT !Y CAN DO SO ONLY IF !Y DO NOT CALL IT ?AT2 & ONLY AT ! CO/ ( ACCEPT+ 5DLESS & 9TRICATE REGULATIONS OV] H[ & :5 !Y CAN /RIKE1 :AT K9DS ( PICKETS !Y CAN SET UP & :]E1 :E!R !Y >E ALL[$ TO 5GAGE 9 O!R TACTICS SU* AS SECOND>Y BOYCOTTS OR EV5 PUBLICITY CAMPAIGNS1 & SO ON4 ,ANY?+ ?AT GOES BEYOND !SE RE/RICTIONS T5DS TO BE DEF9$ AS 0DIRECT ACTION0 & (FICIALLY DISALL[$4 ,?IS IS ! REASON1 AS WE WILL SEE1 ?AT UNION LEAD]S 9V>IABLY DO EV]Y?+ 9 !IR P[] TO 5SURE ?AT RANK-&-FILE WORK]S DO NOT P>TICIPATE 9 DIRECT ACTIONS LIKE ?OSE 9 ,SEATTLE & ,QUEBEC ,CITY4 ,IF UNION MEMB]S--9 !IR CAPACITY AS UNION MEMB]S--HAD HELP$ PULL D[N ! WALL 9 ,QUEBEC1 = EXAMPLE1 !Y W\LD NOT JU/ HAVE BE5 5GAG+ 9 ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES1 !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 JEOP>DIZ+ ! V]Y BASIS ( !IR LEAD]%IP'S SPECIAL RELATION ) ! /ATE4 

,?OSE CONT9U+ TO WORK )9 ! SYNDICALI/ TRADITION WILL1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 OBJECT TO ?IS SORT ( ID5TIFICATION ( DIRECT ACTION ) M]E MILITANCY4 ,!Y T5D TO PREF] DEF9ITIONS LIKE ?OSE ) :I* ,I BEGAN ! *APT]4 ,A FEW HAVE GONE SO F> AS TO >GUE ?AT L>GE-SCALE ACTIONS LIKE ,SEATTLE OR ,QUEBEC W]E NOT REALLY DIRECT ACTIONS AT ALL1 = JU/ ?IS REASON4 ,%ORTLY AFT] ! %UTD[N ( ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION 9 ,SEATTLE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#i#i1 = EXAMPLE1 A ,NORWEGIAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ NAM$ ,H>ALD ,BEY]-,>5S5 WROTE AN >TICLE 9T5D+ TO %[ ?AT ,SEATTLE WASN'T REALLY DIRECT ACTION BECAUSE IT DID NOT 9VOLVE PEOPLE ACT+ DIRECTLY TO TRANS=M !IR [N IMM$IATE SITUATION4 

,CAMPAIGN+ = WAGE-WORK]S TO JO9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD1 ,EUG5E ,V4 ,DEBS /AT$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#e3 0,! CAPITALI/S [N ! TOOLS !Y DO NOT USE1 & ! WORK]S USE ! TOOLS !Y DO NOT [N40 ,TO ?IS ONE C\LD ADD3 ,AT TIMES DIRECT ACTION MAY MEAN PUTT+ ! TOOLS WE DO NOT [N \T ( ACTION1 AT TIMES IT MAY MEAN BR++ !M 9TO PLAY = \R [N1 SELF-DEF9$ NE$S & 5DS4 ,9 ! F9AL 9/ANCE1 IT CAN ONLY MEAN ACT+ AS IF ALL ! TOOLS W]E 9 FACT \R [N 7,BEY]-,>5S5 #b3#a#a74 

,ONCE AGA91 DIRECT ACTION MEANS 9SI/+ ON ACT+ AS IF ONE IS ALREADY FREE4 ,?IS IS :Y1 HE GOES ON TO >GUE1 IT LIES AT ! HE>T ( ! 0AN>*I/1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT03 IT IS ! MEANS BY :I* ! WORK+ CLASSES CAN EMANCIPATE !MSELVES BY !IR [N EF=TS1 RA!R ?AN ! GUIDANCE ( ANY SORT ( REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D OR ELITE4 

,FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE WE CAN DEF9E DIRECT ACTION AS BE+ AN ACTION C>RI$ \T ON ! BEHALF ( NOBODY ELSE BUT \RSELVES1 :]E ! MEANS >E IMM$IATELY ALSO ! 5DS1 OR IF NOT1 AS 9 A WAGE /RIKE1 NOT M$IAT$ BY ANY UNION BUREAUCRACY1 :]E ! MEANS 7DECREAS+ ! BOSSES' PR(ITS BY \R NON-WORK1 & ?US ALSO DIM9I%+ ! BOSSES' P[]7 /& 9 AN IMM$IATE RELATION%IP TO SELF-DEF9$ 5DS 79CREAS+ \R WAGES & EXT5D+ \R [N P[]74 ,A DIRECT ACTION SUCCESSFULLY C>RI$ \T BR+S AB\T A DIRECT RE>RANGEM5T ( EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( LIFE ?R\< ! COMB9$ EF=TS ( ?OSE DIRECTLY AFFECT$ 7IBID474 

,:AT HAPP5$ AT ,SEATTLE8 ,A GR\P ( ACTIVI/S TRI$--&1 = A :ILE1 SUCCE$$--9 %UTT+ D[N A MEET+ ( TRADE BUREAUCRATS SO AS TO DISRUPT NEGOTIATIONS ON A NEW ,W,T,O R\ND1 & TO MAKE A PUBLIC ISSUE \T ( ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS1 ,BEY]-,>5S5 IS WILL+ TO ALL[1 DOES 9 C]TA9 WAYS RESEMBLE DIRECT ACTION4 ,C]TA9LY1 ?OSE :O CREAT$ ! 0,DIRECT ,ACTION ,NETWORK0 TO COORD9ATE ! PROCE$+S BELIEV$ ?AT'S :AT !Y W]E DO+4 ,IF ONE SIMPLY APPLIES ! CRIT]ION ( MILITANCY1 ONE MI<T BE TEMPT$ TO AGREE1 BECAUSE ! EV5T DID 9VOLVE A PROLONG$ 7IF NONVIOL5T7 CONFRONTATION ) ! POLICE4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 ,BEY]-,>5S5 9SI/S1 IT WAS NOT REALLY DIRECT ACTION1 BECAUSE IT WAS NOT REALLY 0DIRECT40 ,HE PROVIDES AN EXAMPLE4 ,IMAG9E A T[N ?AT SUFF]S FROM A LACK ( WAT]4 ,:AT'S MORE1 SOME REAL E/ATE MAGNATE [NS ALL ! SURR\ND+ L& & HAS ! MAYOR 9 HIS POCKET1 SO T[NSFOLK CANNOT SIMPLY BUILD NEW WELLS4 ,IF ONE W]E TO ASSEMBLE A GR\P ( T[NSFOLK TO DIG A NEW WELL ANYWAY1 9 DEFIANCE ( ! LAW1 !N ?AT W\LD BE DIRECT ACTION4 ,BUT IF ONE W]E TO HAVE !M BLOCKADE ! MAYOR'S H\SE UNTIL HE *ANG$ HIS POLICY1 ?AT W\LD C]TA9LY NOT BE4 ,IT MI<T BE F> MORE MILITANT ?AN WRIT+ PETITIONS OR LETT]S OR LOBBY+1 BUT IT'S JU/ ANO!R V]SION ( ! SAME ?+3 AN APPEAL TO ! P[]S-?AT-BE TO *ANGE !IR BEHAVIOR4 ,IT /ILL RECOGNIZES ! AU?ORITY A REAL DIRECT ACTIONI/ W\LD REJECT4 ,BEY]-,>5S5 CONCLUDES ?AT ! EF=T TO %UT D[N ! ,W,T,O MEET+S 9 ,SEATTLE WAS NOT AN EXAMPLE ( DIRECT ACTION BECAUSE1 ULTIMATELY1 IT WAS SIMPLY AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE A M$IA SPECTACLE ?AT W\LD !N 09FLU5CE ! P[]S-?AT-BE BY WAY ( SOME IMAG9$ 'PUBLIC OP9ION'0 7#b3#a#b74 ,! ,W,T,O MEET+S !MSELVES W]E1 AFT] ALL1 BASICALLY C]EMONIAL4 ,MO/ REAL DECISIONS >E MADE ELSE:]E4 ,!RE=E1 ! REAL PURPOSE ( ! PROTE/S WAS TO PROVIDE A K9D ( C\NT]-C]EMONY AIM$ AT W9N+ PUBLIC ATT5TION1 S9CE ITS O/5SIBLE AIMS 7TO %UT D[N ! ,W,T,O AS AN 9/ITUTION7 C\LD NOT POSSIBLY BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! MEANS EMPLOY$4 ,IT WAS ESS5TIALLY AN ACT ( PROPAG&A1 ( GU]RILLA !AT]1 MEANT TO 9FLU5CE GOV]NM5T POLICY4 

,BEY]-,>5S5 5DS ! PIECE BY ADMITT+ ?AT ANY DIRECT ACTION IS TO A C]TA9 DEGREE AN ACT ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$10 S9CE !Y >E MEANT TO TEA* ?R\< EXAMPLE4 ,! COMMUNITY ?AT DEFIES ! LAW BY BUILD+ ITS [N WELL IS NOT SIMPLY ACT+ = !MSELVES2 !Y >E ALSO SETT+ AN EXAMPLE ( SELF-ORGANIZATION TO O!R COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT ?IS IS A SECOND>Y EFFECT ( AN O!RWISE DIRECT ACTION1 & ANYWAY1 !Y'RE NOT TRY+ TO 9FLU5CE ! GOV]NM5T4 

,N[1 ,I'M NOT CIT+ ?IS >GUM5T AT SU* L5G? BECAUSE ,I F9D IT P>TICUL>LY P]SUASIVE4 ,IT REPRES5TS ! OP9IONS ( ONE1 OLD]1 RA!R CURMUDGEONLY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ & ,I BELIEVE ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S W\LD C]TA9LY DISAGREE ) ITS CONCLUSIONS4 ,AFT] ALL1 AS ,SOREL PO9T$ \T1 ONE C\LD APPLY ?IS SAME LOGIC TO ! V]Y LABOR ACTIONS ,BEY]-,>5S5 APPROVES (3 S9CE ULTIMATELY /RIK]S >E SEEK+ B9D+ >BITRATION BY GOV]NM5T M$IATORS & EV5 IF !Y >E NOT1 ANY AGREEM5TS !Y MAKE ) !IR EMPLOY]S WILL 5D UP BE+ 5=C$ BY ! /ATE4 ,IF ONE TAKES ,BEY]-,>5S5'S L9E ( >GUM5T TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 NO ACTION ?AT OCCURS UND] A FRAMEWORK ( LEGALITY1 OR 9 :I* PUBLIC OP9ION IS A FACTOR1 C\LD POSSIBLY BE CONSID]$ DIRECT4 ,AFT] ALL1 IF ONE PLACES ONE'S BODY 9 ! PA? ( ! BULLDOZ] AB\T TO DE/ROY ONE'S HOME1 OR A COMMUNITY G>D51 MU* ?\< ONE MI<T LIKE TO ?9K :AT ONE IS DO+ IS SIMPLY APPEAL+ TO ! MORAL CONSCI5CE ( ! DRIV]1 ONE CANNOT REALI/ICALLY D5Y ?AT ! DRIV] IS ALSO LIKELY TO BE ?9K+ AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( BE+ BR\<T UP ON *>GES ( NEGLIG5T HOMICIDE1 OR ( BE+ WRITT5 UP 9 ! PAP]S ! NEXT DAY AS A HE>TLESS KILL]4 ,BEY]-,>5S5 HIMSELF IS NOT 5TIRELY UNAW>E ( ?IS DILEMMA--AT LEA/ 9 ! CASE ( /RIKES4 ,HE 5DS HIS ESSAY BY SUGGE/+ ?AT C]TA9 /RIKES >E ACTUALLY BETT] EXAMPLES ( DIRECT ACTION ?AN O!RS4 ,HIS FAVORITE EXAMPLE IS A /RIKE BY TRANSIT WORK]S 9 ,MELB\RNE DUR+ ! #a#i#hS 9 :I*1 RA!R ?AN WALK+ (F !IR JOBS1 BUS DRIV]S & TRA9 CONDUCTORS /AY$ ON1 BUT /OPP$ COLLECT+ F>ES--EFFECTIVELY MAK+ MASS TRANSPORTATION FREE UNTIL ! ACTION WAS OV]4 ,IMAG9E1 HE SUGGE/S1 :AT W\LD HAPP5 IF1 = JU/ ONE DAY1 WORK]S 9 EV]Y BRAN* ( 9DU/RY & S]VICE TRADE DID ! SAME4 ,?IS ALONE C\LD BE A MAJOR /EP 9 %[+ H[ A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY C\LD BE TRANS=M$ 9TO AN ECONOMY ( FRE$OM4 

,?IS IS A P[]FUL IMAGE1 BUT IT BE>S A REM>KABLE RESEMBLANCE TO ACTS ?AT ,BEY]-,>5S5 W\LD NO D\BT CONDEMN AS PURE !AT]4 ,TAKE = EXAMPLE A PUBLICITY /UNT ORGANIZ$ BY MEMB]S ( ! SQUATT] COMMUNITY ( ,*RI/IANA1 LOCAT$ ON ! SITE ( A =M] >MY BASE \TSIDE ,COP5HAG53 

,9 #a#i#g#d1 ! COMMUNITY 5GAG$ 9 V>I\S =MS ( /REET !AT] TO GA9 A MORE FAVORABLE PUBLIC IMAGE4 0,! FIR/ ,*RI/MAS = ! POOR & LONELY WAS >RANG$ & ,SOLVOGN5 ORGANIZ$ AN >MY ( ,FA!R ,*RI/MASES :O G5]\SLY H&$ \T PRES5TS TO BO? Y\NG & OLD FROM ! CITY'S DEP>TM5T /ORES4 ,NATURALLY1 !Y W]E >RE/$1 BUT AS A CONSEQU5CE1 PICTURES ( ! ,POLICE BEAT+ UP ,FA!R ,*RI/MASES HIT ! FRONT PAGES ( ! PAP]S WORLDWIDE4.<#a#b.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y MADE ALMO/ EXACTLY ! SAME PO9T AS ! ,MELB\RNE /RIK]S1 BUT ) H>DLY ANY REAL DIRECT ACTION AT ALL4 ,SO !N ! QUE/ION BECOMES3 :]E TO DRAW ! L9E8 ,H[ DIRECT DOES IT HAVE TO BE8 ,IF PROVID+ FREE GOODS & S]VICES TO F\R OR FIVE R&OM KIDS ON ! /REET IS NOT 5\< TO MAKE IT REAL1 :Y %\LD T5 ?\S& COMMUT]S1 = ONE DAY1 BE ANY DIFF]5T8 

,! REASON ,I CIT$ ?IS >GUM5T AT L5G? IS ?AT IT PROVIDES A W9D[ ON A C]TA9 MORAL UNIV]SE4 ,MO/ ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S ,I KN[ F9D >GUM5TS AB\T :E!R ,SEATTLE WAS REALLY A DIRECT ACTION A BIT SILLY--AT BE/ !Y MI<T MAKE A MILDLY DIV]T+ TOPIC = DISCUSSION OV] BE]1 BUT TO TAKE SU* QUE/IONS TOO S]I\SLY SEEMS ACADEMIC1 EV5 SECT>IAN4 ,/ILL1 ! UND]LY+ ISSUES >E CRITICAL4 ,AS WE'LL SEE1 MO/ ( ! OBJECTIONS RAIS$ TO ! IDEA ( BORD] ACTIONS 9 ! WEEKS BE=E ,QUEBEC ,CITY W]E BAS$ ON A FEEL+ SU* ACTIONS W\LD BE M]ELY SYMBOLIC1 NOT G5U9E DIRECT ACTION4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ESS5CE ( ,BEY]-,>5S5'S CRITIQUE--?AT ACTIONS LIKE ,SEATTLE >E L>GELY SYMBOLIC1 & ?AT ! PO9T IS TO WORK )9 REAL COMMUNITIES 9 WAYS ?AT ALL[ PEOPLE TO TAKE P[] OV] !IR [N LIVES--IS SOME?+ ANYONE 9VOLV$ 9 ! MOVEM5T W\LD AGREE )4 ,EV5 BE=E ,NAOMI ,KLE9 7#b7 WROTE H] FAM\S >TICLE 9 ! ,NATION W>N+ ACTIVI/S AB\T ! DANG]S ( 0SUMMIT HOPP+10 ( 0FOLL[+ TRADE BUREAUCRATS AS IF !Y W]E ! ,GRATEFUL ,DEAD10 ALL ?IS WAS ALREADY A MAJOR ITEM ( DEBATE4 ,?OSE :O DEF5D$ ACTIONS LIKE ,SEATTLE NOT ONLY 9SI/$ ?AT IT WAS A DIRECT 9T]V5TION1 S9CE PEOPLE PUT !IR BODIES ON ! L9E SO AS TO BLOCK DELEGATES FROM 5T]+ ! BUILD+1 BUT ?AT !Y DID SO 9 JU/ ! WAY ?AT ,BEY]-,>5S5 UND]L9ES AS KEY3 BY MOBILIZ+ A COMMUNITY ( PEOPLE 9 A =M ( SELF-ORGANIZATION :I* PROVIDES A LIV+ ALT]NATIVE TO ! EXI/+ /RUCTURE ( AU?ORITY4 

,?IS WAS 9DE$ MEANT AS $UCATIONAL4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !Y SET \T TO EXPOSE ! UNDEMOCRATIC NATURE ( ! ,W,T,O & SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS ?AT1 !Y FELT1 TOGE!R =M$ ! BACKBONE ( AN UNACC\NTABLE WORLD NEOLIB]AL GOV]NM5T ?AT S\<T ! P[] TO SUPPRESS EXI/+ DEMOCRATIC RI<TS 9 ! NAME ( CORPORATE P[]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !Y W]E DET]M9$ TO ORGANIZE ! :OLE ACTION ACCORD+ TO DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES & ?US PROVIDE A LIV+ EXAMPLE ( H[ G5U9E EGALIT>IAN DECISION MAK+ MI<T WORK4 ,:5 DEAL+ ) GLOBAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ?IS IS AB\T AS DIRECT AS AN ACTION CAN POSSIBLY GET4 

,! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,NETWORK1 :I* =MS MU* ( ! IMM$IATE FOCUS ( ?IS BOOK1 EM]G$ DIRECTLY FROM ?IS PROJECT4 ,IT WAS MEANT 9 P>T AS A WAY ( ORGANIZ+ ACTIONS AGA9/ NEOLIB]AL 9/ITUTIONS2 9 P>T1 AS A MODEL ( CONS5SUS-BAS$1 DEC5TRALIZ$ DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,= ALL ITS FLAWS 7& WE WILL BE LE>N+ A GOOD DEAL AB\T ?OSE71 IT PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 DO+ SO4 

,TO SUM UP1 !N3 DIRECT ACTION REPRES5TS A C]TA9 IDEAL--9 ITS PURE/ =M1 PROBABLY UNATTA9ABLE4 ,IT IS A =M ( ACTION 9 :I* MEANS & 5DS BECOME1 EFFECTIVELY1 9DI/+UI%ABLE2 A WAY ( ACTIVELY 5GAG+ ) ! WORLD TO BR+ AB\T *ANGE1 9 :I* ! =M ( ! ACTION--OR AT LEA/1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ACTION--IS ITSELF A MODEL = ! *ANGE ONE WI%ES TO BR+ AB\T4 ,AT ITS MO/ BASIC1 IT REFLECTS A V]Y SIMPLE AN>*I/ 9SI<T3 ?AT ONE CANNOT CREATE A FREE SOCIETY ?R\< MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E1 A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY BY GIV+ ORD]S1 OR A HAPPY ONE ?R\< JOYLESS SELF-SACRIFICE4 ,AT ITS MO/ ELABORATE1 ! /RUCTURE ( ONE'S [N ACT BECOMES A K9D ( MICRO-UTOPIA1 A CONCRETE MODEL = ONE'S VISION ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7& O!RS7 OBS]V$1 ! FACT ?AT ! AU?ORITIES DEF9E SU* ACTS AS CRIMES IS NOT A PROBLEM 9 ?IS REG>D--9S(> AS IT S]VES TO CON/ANTLY REM9D ACTORS TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = !IR ACTIONS1 & BEHAVE ) C\RAGE & 9TEGRITY1 IT CAN BE A GREAT ADVANTAGE4 ,! PROBLEMS1 RA!R1 COME :5 ONE MOVES BEYOND CONFRONTATION TO O!R =MS ( 5GAGEM5T ) A WORLD ORGANIZ$ ALONG DIFF]5T L9ES4 

,A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY BAS$ ON DIRECT ACTION CAN ONLY SUCCE$ IF ! PR9CIPLES ( DIRECT ACTION BECOME 9/ITUTIONALIZ$4 ,TEMPOR>Y BUBBLES ( AUTONOMY MU/ GRADUALLY TURN 9TO P]MAN5T1 FREE COMMUNITIES4 ,H[EV]1 9 ORD] TO DO SO1 ?OSE COMMUNITIES CANNOT EXI/ 9 TOTAL ISOLATION2 NEI!R CAN !Y HAVE A PURELY CONFRONTATIONAL RELATION ) EV]YONE >\ND !M4 ,!Y HAVE TO HAVE SOME WAY TO 5GAGE ) L>G] ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 OR POLITICAL SY/EMS ?AT SURR\ND !M4 ,?IS IS ! TRICKIE/ QUE/ION BECAUSE IT HAS PROV$ EXTREMELY DIFFICULT = ?OSE ORGANIZ$ ON RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC L9ES TO SO 9TEGRATE !MSELVES 9 ANY MEAN+FUL WAY 9 L>G] /RUCTURES )\T HAV+ TO MAKE 5DLESS COMPROMISES 9 !IR F\ND+ PR9CIPLES4 ,= DIRECT ACTION-BAS$ GR\PS1 EV5 WORK+ 9 ALLIANCE ) RADICAL ,N,G,OS OR LABOR UNIONS HAS (T5 CREAT$ :AT SEEM LIKE 9SUP]ABLE PROBLEMS4 ,ON A MORE IMM$IATE LEVEL1 ! /RATEGY DEP5DS ON ! DISSEM9ATION ( ! MODEL3 MO/ AN>*I/S1 = EXAMPLE1 DO NOT SEE !MSELVES AS A VANGU>D :OSE HI/ORICAL ROLE IS TO 0ORGANIZE0 O!R COMMUNITIES1 BUT RA!R AS ONE COMMUNITY SETT+ AN EXAMPLE O!RS CAN IMITATE4 ,! APPROA*--IT'S (T5 REF]R$ TO AS 0CONTAM9ATIONISM0--IS PREMIS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! EXP]I5CE ( FRE$OM IS 9FECTI\S1 ?AT ANYONE :O TAKES P>T 9 A DIRECT ACTION IS LIKELY TO BE P]MAN5TLY TRANS=M$ BY ! EXP]I5CE1 & WANT MORE4 ,?IS IS QUITE (T5 ! CASE1 BUT IT BEGS ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO MAKE O!RS AW>E ( ! IDEA 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,:AT P>TICIPANTS EXP]I5CE AS PR(\ND & TRANS=MATIVE (T5 LOOKS1 FROM ! \TSIDE1 AS PECULI> AT BE/--AT WOR/ CULT-LIKE OR 9SANE4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 RAISES ! ISSUE ( ! M$IA4 ,BUT 9 ADDRESS+ SU* /RATEGIC QUE/IONS1 ,I AM REALLY MOV+ FROM SPEAK+ JU/ ( DIRECT ACTION TO ! MORE G5]AL QUE/ION ( AN>*ISM4 

,I,I7 ,:,A,T ,I,S ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M8 

  

,ONE REASON ,I />T$ ! *APT] AS ,I DID WAS BECAUSE ,I ALSO WANT$ TO CONVEY SOME?+ ( ! FLAVOR ( AN>*I/ DEBATE1 :I* HAS ALWAYS T5D$ TO DIFF] FROM ! MORE FAMILI>1 ,M>XI/ /YLE 9 FOCUS+ MORE ON !SE K9D ( CONCRETE QUE/IONS ( PRACTICE4 ,MANY HAVE COMPLA9$ ?AT AN>*ISM LACKS HI< !ORY4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O >E CONSID]$ ITS F\ND+ FIGURES--,GODW91 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK9--(T5 SEEM MORE PAMPHLETE]S & MORALI/S ?AN TRUE PHILOSOPH]S1 & ! BE/-KN[N AN>*I/S ( MORE REC5T TIMES HAVE BE5 MORE LIKELY TO PRODUCE WITTY SLOGANS1 WILD POETIC RANTS1 OR SCI5CE FICTION NOVELS ?AN SOPHI/ICAT$ POLITICAL ECONOMY OR DIALECTICAL ANALYSIS4.<#a#c.> ,!RE >E ?\S&S ( ,M>XI/ ACADEMICS BUT V]Y FEW ,AN>*I/ ONES4 ,?IS IS NOT BECAUSE AN>*ISM IS ANTI-9TELLECTUAL SO MU* AS BECAUSE IT DOES NOT SEE ITSELF AS FUNDAM5TALLY A PROJECT ( ANALYSIS4 ,IT IS MORE A MORAL PROJECT4 

,AS ,I'VE WRITT5 ELSE:]E 7,GRAEB] #b#b1 #b#d71 ,M>XISM HAS T5D$ TO BE A !ORETICAL OR ANALYTICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY2 AN>*ISM1 AN E?ICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM--SELF-ORGANIZATION1 VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 MUTUAL AID1 ! OPPOSITION TO ALL =MS ( CO]CIVE AU?ORITY-->E ESS5TIALLY MORAL & ORGANIZATIONAL4 

,ADMITT$LY1 ?IS FLIES 9 ! FACE ( ! POPUL> IMAGE ( AN>*I/S AS BOMB?R[+ CRAZIES OPPOS$ TO ALL =MS ( ORGANIZATION--BUT1 IF ONE EXAM9ES H[ ?IS REPUTATION CAME AB\T1 IT T5DS TO RE9=CE MY PO9T4 ,! P]IOD ( R\<LY #ahge TO #aibe M>K$ ! PEAK ( A C]TA9 PHASE ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZ+3 !RE W]E HUNDR$S ( AN>*I/ UNIONS1 CONF$]ATIONS1 REVOLUTION>Y LEAGUES1 & SO ON4 ,!RE WAS A SPURT1 T[>DS ! BEG9N+1 ( CALLS = ! ASSASS9ATION ( HEADS ( /ATE 7,&]SON #b#f71 IT WAS QUITE BRIEF & AN>*I/ SPOKESM5 & ORGANIZ$ GR\PS QUICKLY )DREW SUPPORT FROM ?IS /RATEGY AS C\NT]PRODUCTIVE4 ,NONE!LESS1 FOLL[+ DECADES SAW A CONT9UAL /REAM ( DRAMATIC ASSASS9ATIONS BY PEOPLE CALL+ !MSELVES AN>*I/S4 ,I AM NOT AW>E ( ANY ACTUAL ASSASS9 DUR+ ?IS P>TICUL> P]IOD :O ACTUALLY WAS A PRODUCT ( ?OSE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 MU* LESS W]E !IR ACTIONS PLANN$ OR SPONSOR$ BY !M2 RA!R !Y ALMO/ 9V>IABLY TURN$ \T TO BE ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS ) NO MORE ONGO+ TIES TO AN>*I/ LIFE ?AN ! ,UNABOMB]1 & USUALLY AB\T A R\<LY EQUIVAL5T HOLD ON SANITY4 ,IT WAS RA!R AS IF ! EXI/5CE ( AN>*ISM GAVE LONE GUNM5 SOME?+ TO CALL !MSELVES4.<#a#d.> ,BUT ! SITUATION CREAT$ 5DLESS MORAL DILEMMAS = AN>*I/ WRIT]S & LECTUR]S LIKE ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 OR ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN4 ,BY :AT RI<T C\LD AN AN>*I/ D5\NCE AN 9DIVIDUAL :O KILLS A TYRANT1 NO MATT] H[ DISA/R\S ! RESULTS = ! L>G] MOVEM5T8 ,! :OLE ISSUE WAS ! SUBJECT ( 5DLESS 9T5SE MORAL DEBATE3 NOT ONLY AB\T :E!R SU* ACTS W]E 7OR C\LD EV] BE7 LEGITIMATE1 BUT AB\T :E!R IT WAS LEGITIMATE = AN>*I/S :O DID NOT FEEL SU* ACTS W]E WISE OR EV5 LEGITIMATE TO PUBLICLY CONDEMN !M4 ,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 !SE K9DS ( PRACTICAL1 MORAL QUE/IONS ?AT HAVE T5D$ TO /IR AN>*I/ PASSIONS3 ,:AT IS DIRECT ACTION8 ,:AT K9D ( TACTICS >E BEYOND ! PALE & :AT SORT ( SOLID>ITY DO WE [E TO ?OSE :O EMPLOY !M8 ,OR3 :AT IS ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC WAY TO CONDUCT A MEET+8 ,AT :AT PO9T DOES ORGANIZATION /OP BE+ EMP[]+ & BECOME /IFL+ & BUREAUCRATIC8 ,= ANALYZES ( ! NATURE ( ! COMMODITY =M OR ! ME*ANICS ( ALI5ATION1 MO/ HAVE BE5 CONT5T TO DRAW ON ! WRITT5 WORK ( ,M>XI/ 9TELLECTUALS 7:I* >E USUALLY1 !MSELVES1 DRAWN FROM IDEAS ?AT ORIG9ALLY P]COLAT$ ?R\< A BROAD] WORK]'S MOVEM5T 9 :I* AN>*I/S W]E V]Y MU* 9VOLV$74 ,:I* ALSO MEANS ?AT1 = ALL ! BITT] & (T5 VIOL5T DISAGREEM5TS AN>*I/S HAVE HAD ) ,M>XI/S AB\T H[ TO GO AB\T MAK+ A REVOLUTION1 !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 A K9D ( COMPLEM5T>ITY H]E1 AT LEA/ 9 POT5TIA4.<#a#e.> 

,?IS IS :Y ,I ?9K IT'S DECEPTIVE TO WRITE ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ! SAME WAY ONE W\LD WRITE ! HI/ORY ( AN 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION LIKE ,M>XISM4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT ONE CANNOT TELL ! /ORY ?IS WAY IF ONE WANTS TO4 ,MO/ BOOKS ON AN>*ISM DO4 ,!Y />T ) C]TA9 F\ND+ 9TELLECTUAL FIGURES 7,GODW91 ,/IRN]1 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN971 EXPLA9 ! RADICAL IDEAS !Y DEVELOP$1 TELL ! /ORY ( ! L>G] MOVEM5TS ?AT EV5TUALLY CAME TO BE 9SPIR$ BY ?OSE IDEAS1 & !N DOCUM5T ! POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 W>S1 REVOLUTIONS1 & PROJECTS ( SOCIAL RE=M :I* 5SU$4 ,BUT IF ONE LOOKS AT :AT ?OSE SUPPOS$ F\ND+ FIGURES ACTUALLY SAID1 ONE F9DS MO/ ( !M DID NOT REALLY SEE !MSELVES AS CREAT+ SOME GREAT NEW !ORY4 ,!Y W]E MORE LIKELY TO SEE !MSELVES AS GIV+ A NAME & VOICE TO A C]TA9 K9D ( 9SURG5T COMMON S5SE1 ONE !Y ASSUM$ TO BE AS OLD AS HI/ORY4 ,:ILE AN>*ISM1 AS A MOVEM5T1 T5D$ TO BE V]Y /RONGLY ROOT$ 9 MASS ORGANIZ+ ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 AN>*I/S 79CLUD+ ?OSE :O W]E !MSELVES 9DU/RIAL WORK]S7 ALSO T5D$ TO DRAW 9SPIRATION FROM EXI/+ MODES ( PRACTICE1 NOTABLY ON ! P>T ( PEASANTS1 SKILL$ >TISANS1 OR EV51 TO SOME DEGREE1 \TLAWS1 HOBOS1 VAGABONDS1 & O!RS :O LIV$ BY !IR WITS--9 O!R WORDS1 ?OSE :O W]E TO SOME DEGREE 9 CONTROL ( !IR [N LIVES & CONDITIONS ( WORK1 :O MI<T BE CONSID]$1 AT LEA/ TO SOME DEGREE1 AUTONOM\S ELEM5TS4 ,ONE MI<T SAY1 9 ,M>XI/ T]MS1 ?AT !Y W]E PEOPLE ) SOME EXP]I5CE ( NON-ALI5AT$ PRODUCTION4 ,SU* PEOPLE HAD EXP]I5CE ( LIFE \TSIDE ( /ATE OR CAPITALI/ BUREAUCRACIES1 SAL>IES & WAGE LABOR2 !Y W]E AW>E SU* RELATIONS W]E NOT 9EVITABLE2 QUITE (T51 !Y VIEW$ !M AS 9TR9SICALLY IMMORAL4 ,!Y W]E (T5 !MSELVES MORE DRAWN TO AN>*ISM AS AN EXPLICIT POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 & AT LEA/ 9 SOME TIMES & PLACES 7,SPANI% PEASANTS1 ,SWISS WAT*MAK]S7 =M$ ITS MASS BASE--:AT'S MORE1 ?OSE ELEM5TS ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ?AT T5D$ TO F9D ! MO/ AFF9ITY ) AN>*ISM W]E ?OSE :O W]E ! LEA/ REMOV$ FROM O!R MODES ( LIFE4 ,M>X HIMSELF T5D$ TO DISMISS ! AN>*I/ BASE AS A P>TICUL>LY 9AUSPICI\S COMB9ATION ( 0PETTY B\RGEOISIE0 & 0LUMP5 PROLET>IAT10 & CONSID]$ ! NOTION ?AT !Y C\LD 9 ANY WAY /& \TSIDE CAPITALISM RIDICUL\S4 ,CAPITALISM1 = ,M>X1 WAS A TOTALIZ+ SY/EM4 ,IT %AP$ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ALL ?OSE :O LIV$ UND] IT 9 ! MO/ 9TIMATE FA%ION4 ,! K9D ( CRITIQUES ( CAPITALISM ONE SAW 9 AU?ORS LIKE ,PR\DHON OR ,BAKUN91 ,M>X >GU$1 W]E SIMPLY ! VOICE ( A PETIT B\RGEOIS MORALITY1 ! SMALL-SCALE M]*ANTS & PRODUC]S RAIL+ AGA9/ ! BIGG] ONES4 ,!Y HAD NO?+ TO TEA* REVOLUTION>IES4 ,ONLY ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 :O HAD ABSOLUTELY NO /AKE 9 ! EXI/+ SY/EM1 C\LD BE A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS4 

,SOME W\LD NO D\BT OBJECT ?AT ?IS VIEW ( ,M>X'S ?\<T IS A BIT CRUDE & UNNUANC$ & PROBABLY !Y'D BE RI<T4 ,BUT IT REPRES5TS ! VIEW ?AT SOON BECAME CANONICAL AMONG ?OSE :O CLAIM$ TO SPEAK 9 ! NAME ( ,M>XISM4 ,MY PURPOSE H]E IS NOT TO >GUE ! M]ITS ( ! CASE BUT TO EMPHASIZE ! DEGREE TO :I* WE HAVE BE5 VIEW+ ! 5TIRE AN>*I/ PROJECT1 ESS5TIALLY1 ?R\< ! EYES ( ITS RIVALS4 ,EV5 MORE1 ?AT AN>*ISM T5DS TO 9VOLVE A DIFF]5T RELATION ( !ORY & PRACTICE ?AN :AT CAME TO BE CALL$ ',M>XISM'4 ,! LATT] IS--= ALL ! MAT]IALI/ PRET5SIONS--PR(\NDLY IDEALI/4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM IS PRES5T$ TO US AS A HI/ORY ( GREAT ?9K]S--!RE >E ,L59I/S1 ,MAOI/S1 ,TROTSKYITES1 ,GRAMSCIANS1 ,AL?USS]IANS--EV5 BRUTAL DICTATORS LIKE ,/AL9 OR ,5V] ,HOXHA HAD TO PRET5D TO BE GREAT PHILOSOPH]S1 BECAUSE ! IDEA WAS ALWAYS ?AT ONE />TS ) ONE MAN'S PR(\ND !ORETICAL 9SI<T & ! POLITICAL T5D5CY FOLL[S FROM ?AT4 ,AN>*I/ T5D5CIES1 9 CONTRA/1 NEV] TRACE BACK TO A S+LE !ORI/'S 9SI<TS--WE DON'T HAVE ,PR\DHONIANS & ,KROPOTK9ITES--BUT ,ASSOCIATIONALI/S1 ,9DIVIDUALI/S1 ,SYNDICALI/S1 & ,PLAT=MI/S4 ,9 JU/ AB\T EV]Y CASE1 DIVISIONS >E BAS$ ON A DIFF]5CE ( ORGANIZATIONAL PHILOSOPHY & REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 

,H[1 !N1 DO WE ?9K AB\T A POLITICAL MOVEM5T 9 :I* ! PRACTICE COMES FIR/ & !ORY IS ESS5TIALLY1 SECOND>Y8 

,IT /RIKES ME ?AT IT MI<T BE HELPFUL1 RA!R ?AN />T+ FROM ! WORD 0AN>*ISM10 TO />T FROM ! WORD 0AN>*I/40 ,:AT SORTS ( PEOPLE1 OR IDEAS OR 9/ITUTIONS1 CAN ?IS WORD REF] TO8 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ONE F9DS ?REE DIFF]5T WAYS ! T]M CAN BE EMPLOY$4 ,FIR/1 ONE CAN REF] TO PEOPLE :O 5DORSE AN EXPLICIT DOCTR9E KN[N AS 0AN>*ISM0 7OR SOMETIMES 0AN>*Y07--OR P]HAPS MORE PRECISELY1 A C]TA9 VISION ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES4 ,?IS IS MORE LESS ! CONV5TIONAL DEF9ITION4 ,AN>*I/S BECOME ! BE>]S ( AN 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION3 ONE :OSE HI/ORY CAN 9DE$ BE TRAC$ BACK TO F\ND+ FIGURES 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?AT SPREAD QUITE RAPIDLY BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY TO ! PO9T :]E AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE WAS BE+ AVIDLY READ 9 PLACES LIKE ,*9A & ,9DIA WELL BE=E ,M>XISM OR O!R /RA9S ( ,WE/]N REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T HAD MADE MU* ( AN IMPRESSION 7E4G41 ,DIRLIK #a#i#i#a71 BUT OV] ! C\RSE ( ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY WAS L>GELY DISPLAC$ BY IT4.<#a#f.> ,ANY NUMB] ( PROM95T FIGURES ( ! TIME1 FROM ,PICASSO TO ,MAO1 BEGAN !IR POLITICAL LIVES AS AN>*I/S & 5D$ UP ,COMMUNI/S4 ,BUT ONE CAN ALSO SPEAK MORE BROADLY4 ,IT'S C]TA9LY NOT UNHE>D ( TO HE> HI/ORIANS REF] TO1 SAY1 PEASANT REBELS 9 E>LY ,*9A1 OR RELIGI\S RADICALS 9 M$IEVAL ,EUROPE AS 0AN>*I/S0--MEAN+ ?AT !Y REJECT$ ! AU?ORITY ( GOV]NM5TS1 & BELIEV$ PEOPLE W\LD BE BETT] (F 9 A WORLD )\T HI]>*IES4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 !RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 AN>*I/S1 & !RE IS NO GREAT 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION ?AT HASN'T SE5 ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4 7,?IS IS ( C\RSE :Y ! IDEAS ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/S C\LD MAKE S5SE TO PEOPLE 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD TO BEG9 )47 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS A ?IRD S5SE4 ,:5 AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ LIKE ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D REF]S TO ! ,NU] AS LIV+ 9 AN 0ORD]$ AN>*Y0 7#a#i#d71 OR ,JOANNA ,OV]+ USES ! WORD TO DESCRIBE ! ,AMAZONIAN ,PI>OA 7#a#i#h#f1 #a#i#h#h71 !Y >E NOT REF]R+ TO EI!R DOCTR9ES OR1 EV51 QUITE1 TO ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN REBELLI\SNESS4 ,!Y >E REF]R+ PRIM>ILY TO 9/ITUTIONS1 HABITS1 & PRACTICES4 ,?AT IS1 !RE >E C]TA9 SOCIETIES *>ACT]IZ$ BY EGALIT>IAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION--:E!R SY/EMS ( EX*ANGE1 =MS ( DECISION-MAK+1 OR SIMPLY ! ACCU/OM$ WAYS ( GO+ AB\T EV]YDAY LIFE--& ?IS T5DS TO 9CULCATE1 & BE SUPPORT$ BY1 A BROADLY EGALIT>IAN E?OS4 ,AN>*ISM1 9 ?IS S5SE1 IS A WAY ( LIV+1 OR AT LEA/1 A SET ( PRACTICES4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ONE CAN SEE 0AN>*ISM0 EI!R AS A VISION1 AS AN ATTITUDE1 OR AS A SET ( PRACTICES4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! LA/ TWO IS ADMITT$LY SOME:AT FUZZY4 ,?OSE :O GO AB\T !IR DAILY LIVES ON AN EGALIT>IAN BASIS T5D TO DO SO BECAUSE !Y FEEL ?AT IS :AT PEOPLE \<T TO DO2 ?OSE :O F9D ALL =MS ( HI]>*Y OBJECTIONABLE WILL1 ORD9>ILY1 DO !IR BE/ TO F9D WAYS TO LIVE )\T IT4 ,/ILL1 9 ! FIR/ CASE1 AN EGALIT>IAN E?OS MAY WELL REMA9 L>GELY 9*OATE4 ,9 !ORY1 AT LEA/1 ONE LIV+ 9 AN AN>*I/IC SOCIETY MI<T BE 5TIRELY UNAW>E ?AT !RE IS ANY O!R WAY TO LIVE2 ANYWAY1 SU* A P]SON WILL PROBABLY ONLY DEVELOP EXPLICIT ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDES ONCE %E 5C\NT]S SOMEONE ) V]Y DIFF]5T ASSUMPTIONS--SAY1 = EXAMPLE1 A =EIGN CONQU]OR4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ?OSE 9DIGNANT AB\T BE+ PU%$ >\ND BY SOCIAL SUP]IORS WILL (T5 EXAM9E !IR [N WAYS ( DEAL+ ) FRI5DS & NEI<BORS AS EVID5CE ?AT HI]>*Y IS NOT A NATURAL & 9EVITABLE FEATURE ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,!Y MI<T V]Y WELL />T VALU+ ! EQUALITY ( ?OSE RELATIONS1 OR EV5 TRY TO DEAL ) SU* PEOPLE 9 MORE SELF-CONSCI\SLY EGALIT>IAN FA%ION ?AN !Y HAD BE=E4 ,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,SPANI% PEASANTS & ,SWISS WAT*MAK]S :O F\ND ! IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON OR ,BAKUN9 SO AM5ABLE--& :O ,M>X D5\NC$ AS PETIT B\RGEOIS--W]E CLE>LY DO+ EXACTLY ?AT4 

,:AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO >GUE IS ?AT 0AN>*ISM0 IS BE/ ?\<T (1 NOT AS ANY ONE ( !SE ?+S--NOT AS A VISION1 BUT NEI!R QUITE AS AN ATTITUDE OR SET ( PRACTICES4 ,IT IS1 RA!R1 BE/ ?\<T ( AS ?AT V]Y MOVEM5T BACK & =? BETWE5 !SE ?REE4 ,AFT] ALL1 ! EXP]I5CE ( =EIGN CONQUE/ OR SUBORD9ATION WILL NOT NECESS>ILY CAUSE ONCE EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES TO REJECT ! V]Y IDEA ( HI]>*Y1 OR TO BECOME MORE ASSIDU\SLY EGALIT>IAN 9 !IR WAY ( DEAL+ ) EA* O!R3 ! EFFECT MI<T WELL BE EXACTLY ! OPPOSITE4 ,IT'S :5 ! ?REE RE9=CE EA* O!R--:5 A REVULSION AGA9/ OPPRESSION CAUSES PEOPLE TO TRY TO LIVE !IR LIVES 9 A MORE SELF-CONSCI\SLY EGALIT>IAN FA%ION1 :5 !Y DRAW ON ?OSE EXP]I5CES TO PRODUCE VISIONS ( A MORE JU/ SOCIETY1 :5 ?OSE VISIONS1 9 TURN1 CAUSE !M TO SEE EXI/+ SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS AS EV5 MORE ILLEGITIMATE & OBNOXI\S--?AT ONE CAN BEG9 TO TALK AB\T AN>*ISM4 ,H5CE AN>*ISM IS 9 NO S5SE A DOCTR9E4 ,IT'S A MOVEM5T1 A RELATION%IP1 A PROCESS ( PURIFICATION1 9SPIRATION1 & EXP]IM5T4 ,?IS IS ITS V]Y SUB/ANCE4 ,ALL ?AT REALLY *ANG$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IS ?AT SOME PEOPLE BEGAN TO GIVE ?IS PROCESS A NAME4 

,LOOK+ AT IT ?IS WAY DOES MAKE IT MU* EASI] TO UND]/& SOME ?+S ?AT W\LD O!RWISE BE EXTREMELY PUZZL+4 ,= EXAMPLE3 :Y :AT PASSES AS AN>*I/ !ORY (T5 BE>S SO LITTLE RELATION TO :AT ! MAJORITY ( AN>*I/S SAY & DO8 ,IF ONE W]E TO TRY TO UND]/& ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM SIMPLY BY READ+ !ORETICAL OR IDEOLOGICAL /ATEM5TS 9 ! BE/ KN[N & WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ P]IODICALS1 ONE W\LD 5D UP ) ! IMPRESSION ?AT MO/ AN>*I/S W]E EI!R ,PRIMITIVI/S OPPOS$ TO ALL =MS ( TE*NOLOGY1 EV5 AGRICULTURE1 OR EXTREME ANTI-ORGANIZATIONALI/S1 SUSPICI\S ( ANY GR\P ( MORE ?AN SIX OR SEV5 PEOPLE--& ?AT MO/ ( ! REMA9D] HAD DECL>$ !IR ALLEGIANCE TO A DOCUM5T CALL$ 0,! ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,AN>*I/S0 WRITT5 BY ,RUSSIAN EMIGRES 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#b#d4 ,ONE MI<T ALSO COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! POPUL> IMPRESSION ( AN>*I/S AS WILD-EY$1 IMPRACTICAL NIHILI/S D$ICAT$ TO REBELLION = ITS [N SAKE WAS PROBABLY NOT ?AT F> FROM ! TRU?2 OR1 AT LEA/1 ?AT AN>*I/S SEEM$ TO BE DIVID$ BETWE5 NIHILI/S & F]V5T SECT>IANS :OSE MA9 =M ( POLITICAL PRACTICE IS MUTUAL D5UNCIATION4 ,EXAM9+ AN>*I/ DISCUSSION PAGES ON ! ,9T]NET W\LD DO LITTLE TO DISABUSE !M ( ?IS IMPRESSION4.<#a#g.> ,:5 ,I FIR/ BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 AN>*I/ POLITICS1 !RE=E1 ,I WAS SURPRIS$ TO DISCOV] ?AT NOT ONLY DID ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ACTIVI/S :O CONSID]$ !MSELVES AN>*I/S NOT ID5TIFY ) ANY ( !SE POSITIONS1 MANY W]E NOT EV5 AW>E ( !M4 ,O!RS1 :O DO READ ! MAGAZ9ES1 READ !M MA9LY = 5T]TA9M5T VALUE4 ,ELSE:]E1 ,I'VE REF]R$ TO !SE NON-SECT>IANS AS 0SMALL-A0 AN>*I/S1 TO DI/+UI% !M FROM ?OSE :O ID5TIFY ) ANY ONE P>TICUL> /RA93 ,GRE5 ,AN>*I/S1 ,9DIVIDUALI/S1 ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S1 PO/-,LEFTI/S1 ,PLAT=MI/S1 & SO ON4 ,:ILE /ATI/ICS >E UNAVAILABLE1 ,*UCK ,MUNSON1 :O OCCASIONALLY SURVEYS ?OSE :O FREQU5T .<.<HTTP3_/_/9FO%OP4COM.>.<9FO%OP4COM.>--PROBABLY ! MO/ POPUL> AN>*I/ WEB SITE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA--9=MS ME ?AT AB\T #i.0 ( ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S W\LD SEEM TO FIT 9TO ! SMALL-A CATEGORY1 S9CE ONLY AB\T #a.0 >E WILL+ ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ANY P>TICUL> SUBSET4 

,:AT'S MORE1 EV5 MANY ( ?OSE :O DO ID5TIFY !MSELVES ) ONE P>TICUL> /RA9 ACT 9 WAYS ?AT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& IF WE W]E DEAL+ ) A POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 9 ANY?+ LIKE ! TRADITIONAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,LET ME TAKE ONE EXAMPLE--,PRIMITIVISM--P]HAPS ! MO/ OBVI\SLY \TRE4 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 ,PRIMITIVI/ IDEAS FIR/ BEGAN TO TAKE =M 9 CIRCLES SURR\ND+ A J\RNAL CALL$ ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE1 9 ,DETROIT1 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS4 ,! >GUM5T BEGAN AS A SYN!SIS ( A C]TA9 /RA9 ( ,M>XISM ) IDEAS FIR/ >TICULAT$ BY SOCIALI/ H]ETICS SU* AS ,JACQUES ,ELLUL & ,JACQUES ,CAMATTE1 :O CAME TO SEE ! NATURE ( TE*NOLOGY ITSELF AS LY+ AT ! CORE ( MO/ ( :AT ,M>X SAW AS ALI5AT+ & OPPRESSIVE AB\T CAPITAL1 & ?US REJECT$ ! IDEA ?AT ! PROLET>IAT1 AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! GLOBAL 0MEGAMA*9E10 C\LD POSSIBLY BE ! AG5TS ( A REVOLUTION 7,MILLET #b#d74 ,AS P>T ( A BROAD] CRITIQUE DEVELOP+ >\ND ?AT TIME ( ! PRODUCTIVI/ BIAS 9 TRADITIONAL LEFTI/ ?\<T1 IT'S H>D TO SEE ?IS AS ANY?+ BUT P]FECTLY NORMAL DEBATE4 ,BY ! #a#i#iS1 H[EV]1 ! MO/ AGGRESSIVE /RA9 ( ,PRIMITIVI/ ?\<T BEGAN TO COALESCE >\ND ! FIGURE ( ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN1 ONE TIME ULTRA-LEFTI/1 :O BEGAN EXPRESS+ UTT] HO/ILITY NOT ONLY TO 0! ,LEFT0 BUT TO 0CIVILIZATION0 ITSELF4 ,Z]ZAN BASICALLY TOOK ! MO/ RADICAL POSITION ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO TAKE1 >GU+ ?AT EV]Y?+ FROM PLANT DOME/ICATION TO MUSIC1 WRIT+1 MA?1 >T1 & ULTIMATELY1 EV5 SPEE*--BASICALLY ALL =MS ( SYMBOLIC REPRES5TATION1 ANY?+ O!R ?AN ABSOLUTE1 DIRECT1 UNM$IAT$ EXP]I5CE--W]E REALLY =MS ( ALI5ATION ?AT C\LD ONLY BE OV]COME ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( CIVILIZATION 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 & A RETURN TO ! /ONE AGE4 ,N[1 ! 9FLU5CE ( ,Z]ZAN ON AN>*ISM HAS BE5 CONSID]ABLY OV]/AT$ 9 ! M$IA1 BUT1 !RE >E A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( ,GRE5 ,AN>*I/S :O TAKE HIS IDEAS V]Y S]I\SLY1 & !SE ,GRE5 ,AN>*I/S PRODUCE ANY NUMB] ( Z9ES & J\RNALS ?AT AGGRESSIVELY T\T !SE IDEAS1 5GAG+ 9 CON/ANT VITRIOLIC DEBATES ) ANYONE WILL+ TO CA/ D\BT ON ANY ASPECT ( ! ULTRA-,PRIMITIVI/ POSITION4.<#a#h.> 

,! IDEA ( A RETURN TO ! PALEOLI?IC--! REJECTION ( PLANT DOME/ICATION1 LET ALONE LANGUAGE--IS OBVI\SLY ABSURD4 ,IT W\LD REQUIRE R$UC+ ! E>?'S POPULATION BY AT LEA/ #i#i4#i.04 ,NOR >E ,PRIMITIVI/S 5TIRELY UNAW>E ( ?IS3 ! ,FIF? ,E/ATE PEOPLE HAD A LONG DEBATE AB\T ! PROBLEM BACK 9 ! #a#i#gS1 ! $ITORS COM+ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 S9CE !Y DIDN'T REALLY WI% TO SEE A GLOBAL CATA/ROPHE SU* AS A NUCLE> W>1 ! BE/ ONE C\LD HOPE = WAS A GRADUAL PROCESS ( NEGATIVE POPULATION GR[?4 ,MO/ CURR5T ,PRIMITIVI/S SEEM TO ALT]NATE BETWE5 OP5LY ESP\S+ 9DU/RIAL & DEMOGRAPHIC COLLAPSE--,I HAVE HE>D SOME >GUE ?AT HUMANK9D IS A VIRUS :I* NE$S TO BE L>GELY ]ADICAT$--TO1 9 DEFIANCE ( ALL LOGIC & COMMON S5SE1 D5Y+ ?AT MASSIVE POPULATION DECL9E W\LD EV5 BE NECESS>Y 7,Z]ZAN (T5 DOES ?IS BE=E NON-AN>*I/ AUDI5CES74 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !SE SAME AU?ORS WILL REGUL>LY D5\NCE ANYONE :O ADVOCATES ! CLASSIC AN>*I/ /RATEGY ( 0BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD40 ,!Y RIDICULE ANY TALK ( ! SL[1 PA9FUL CREATION ( NEW 9/ITUTIONS AS \TMOD$ 0,LEFTISM10 >GU+ ?AT ONLY ! COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ( ALL EXI/+ /RUCTURES & 9/ITUTIONS1 FOLL[$ BY A RETURN TO \R 9/9CTUAL 0WILDNESS10 C\LD POSSIBLY BR+ AB\T REAL LIB]ATION4 

,MY PURPOSE H]E IS NOT TO CRITIQUE ! ,PRIMITIVI/ POSITION3 ?IS IS OBVI\SLY PO9TLESS4 ,IT CLE>LY MAKES NO S5SE TO ATTACK ANY /RATEGY O!R ?AN WAIT+ = CATA/ROPHE1 & !N D5Y ONE IS ADVOCAT+ CATA/ROPHE4 ,MY REAL PO9T IS3 IF ?IS W]E A CLASSIC IDEOLOGICAL POSITION1 ONE %\LD EXPECT ! EFFECTS TO BE UTT]LY DE-POLITICIZ+4 ,IF ONE W]E REALLY LOOK+ =W>D TO 9DU/RIAL COLLAPSE OR SOME SIMIL> APOCALYPSE1 ! MO/ OBVI\S C\RSE ( ACTION W\LD BE ?AT FOLL[$ BY RI<T-W+ SURVIVALI/S 9 ! #a#i#hS3 TAKE TO ! WOODS1 DIG A BUNK]1 & BEG9 /OCKPIL+ CANN$ FOOD & AUTOMATIC WEAPONS4 ,OR1 ALT]NATELY1 P]HAPS1 F9D A DI/ANT ISL& & TRY TO BEG9 REVIV+ /ONE-AGE TE*NOLOGIES4 ,TO MY KN[L$GE NO PROPON5T ( ,GRE5 ,AN>*ISM HAS EV] DONE ANY?+ ( EI!R SORT4 ,9/EAD1 !Y T5D TO ACT V]Y MU* LIKE ANY O!R AN>*I/4 ,PRIMITIVI/S MAY BE MORE LIKELY TO BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 ECOLOGICAL OR ANIMAL RI<TS CAMPAIGNS ?AN 91 SAY1 UNION-ORGANIZ+1 BUT 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 = 9/ANCE1 ,I KN[ >D5T ,GRE5 ,AN>*I/S :O'VE WORK$ ) ! ,9DEP5D5T ,M$IA ,C5T]1 9 ,D,A,N1 9 VIDEO COLLECTIVES1 ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS *APT]S1 COMMUNITY G>D5S1 PRISON]-SUPPORT NETWORKS1 FEM9I/ GR\PS1 BICYCLE CAMPAIGNS1 SQUATS1 COOP]ATIVE BOOK/ORES1 ANTI-W> CAMPAIGNS1 CAMPAIGNS = ! RI<TS ( IMMIGRANTS1 H\S+ RI<TS1 COPWAT* PROGRAMS1 & PRETTY MU* EV]Y O!R MAJOR MANIFE/ATION ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZ+4 ,(T51 9 FACT1 ,PRIMITIVI/S TURN \T TO BE AMONG ! MO/ RELIABLE & D$ICAT$ ACTIVI/S >\ND4 

,CONFRONT$ ) ?IS SORT ( CONTRADICTION1 IT'S H>D TO AVOID ASK+ ! SAME QUE/ION ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D ASK$ AB\T ,Z&E WIT*CRAFT3 0H[ CAN O!RWISE REASONABLE PEOPLE CLAIM TO BELIEVE ?IS SORT ( ?+80 ,IF ONE PO9TS \T SOME ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS TO ACTUAL ADVOCATES ( ,PRIMITIVISM--= 9/ANCE1 ASK+ !M TO REFLECT ON :AT W\LD ACTUALLY HAPP5 IF ! POPULATION (1 SAY1 ,BANGLADE% W]E TO ONE DAY DECIDE TO /OP PRACTIC+ AGRICULTURE--! USUAL REPLY WILL BE 0BUT IT'S NOT A PROGRAM6 ,IT'S A CRITIQUE40 ,ALT]NATELY1 !Y MI<T *ALL5GE ! V]Y LOGICAL PRAGMATIC T]MS ( ! >GUM5T1 & 9SI/S !SE >E POETIC1 9TUITIVE UND]/&+S AB\T ! /ATE ( A WORLD ?AT IS FUNDAM5TALLY DISLOCAT$ & WRONG4 ,SIMIL>LY1 EV5 ! MO/ AVID FANS ( ,Z]ZAN WILL USUALLY ADMIT1 IF PRESS$1 ?AT !Y >5'T REALLY 9 FAVOR ( ! ABOLITION ( LANGUAGE1 BUT 9/EAD EMPHASIZE ! DEGREE TO :I* LANGUAGE CAN BE DECEPTIVE1 IDEOLOGICAL1 OR MASK & OCCLUDE MORE DIRECT =MS ( EXP]I5CE4 

,ALL ?IS1 ,I ?9K1 DOES MU* TO EXPLA9 ! APPEAL1 & ! REASON ,PRIMITIVISM T5DS T[>DS SU* ABSOLUTES4 ,IT IS REALLY AN ATTEMPT TO TAKE ABSOLUTELY S]I\SLY ?OSE FEEL+S ( UTT] ALI5ATION ?AT DRIVE SO MANY MIDDLE-CLASS1 :ITE TE5AG]S TO AN>*ISM 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 & TO AT LEA/ TRY TO IMAG9E A WORLD 9 :I* EV]Y ASPECT ( ?AT ALI5ATION W\LD BE TOTALLY EXT+UI%$4 ,! RESULT CAN ONLY BE A K9D ( MY?4 ,PRIMITIVI/S WILL (T5 ADMIT ?IS TOO1 CLAIM+ ?AT WIDESPREAD MY?S ( APOCALYPSE1 & ( ! G>D5 ( ,$51 >E 9TUITIVE UND]/&+S ( REAL TRU?S3 ?AT WE ONCE DID LIVE 9 A K9D ( P>ADISE1 ?AT WE LO/ IT1 & ?AT ?R\< A CATA/ROPHIC COLLAPSE ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY1 WE WILL GET IT BACK AGA94 ,! MY? ( APOCALYPSE COMES TO SUB/ITUTE = ! FAI? 9 REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS1 9 A WAY1 ! SAME ?+1 EXCEPT MORE ABSOLUTE3 ! TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ REJECTION ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATION BECOMES A REJECTION ( REPRES5TATION 9 ANY =M1 EV5 >T OR LANGUAGE4 ,= MO/ ,PRIMITIVI/S1 ?IS IS :AT WE >E MA9LY DEAL+ )3 A COMPREH5SIVE CRITIQUE ( ALI5AT+ 9/ITUTIONS1 & A K9D ( IMPOSSIBLE DREAMVISION ( TOTAL LIB]ATION ?AT CAN1 IF NO?+ ELSE1 PROVIDE 9SPIRATION & CONT9UALLY REM9D ONE :Y ONE IS 9 REBELLION TO BEG9 )4 ,= MANY1 ! FACT ?AT ?IS MAKES NO S5SE :ATSOEV] TO \TSID]S IS PROBABLY A MAJOR ELEM5T 9 ITS APPEAL4 

,LET ME TAKE AN APP>5TLY V]Y DIFF]5T EXAMPLE4 ,ONE ( ! MA9 =MS = ! DISSEM9ATION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 REC5T YE>S 9 ,AM]ICA HAVE BE5 FEM9I/ SCI5CE FICTION NOVELS3 FROM ,URSULA ,LE,GU9'S ,! ,DISPOSSESS$ 7#a#i#g#d7 TO ,/>HAWK'S ,! ,FIF? ,SACR$ ,?+ 7#a#i#i#c74 ,!Y OP]ATE 9 A SIMIL> WAY4 ,!Y >E CRY/ALLIZATIONS ( C]TA9 T5D5CIES ( ?\<T1 EXTRAPOLATIONS FROM C]TA9 =MS ( PRACTICE1 EXP]IM5TS 9 UTOPIAN IMAG9+4 ,! MA9 DIFF]5CE IS ?AT S9CE ! VISIONS DEVELOP$ 9 NOVELS >E NOT CLAIM+ TO BE ANY?+ BUT FICTION1 ?OSE :O 5JOY READ+ 7OR WRIT+7 !M DO NOT T5D TO CLAIM ALT]NATIVE VISIONS >E WRONG4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,GRE5 ,AN>*ISM1 ! VITRIOLIC QUALITY ( SO MU* ( ! WRIT+ SEEMS TO RESULT FROM ! CONFLU5CE ( TWO FACTORS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! URG5CY ( ! ECOLOGICAL CAUSE1 ! S5SE ?AT ! PLANET IS BE+ DE/ROY$ & WE >E ALL DOOM$ ANYWAY IF SOME?+ ISN'T DONE V]Y QUICKLY1 & A C]TA9 HABIT ( EXTREMELY CONT5TI\S >GUM5T 9H]IT$ FROM ! SECT>IAN ,M>XI/ ORIG9S ( SO MANY ( ! ORIG9AL P>TICIPANTS4.<#a#i.> 

,9 ?IS1 !Y >E UNUSUAL4 ,AS ,I M5TION$1 AN>*I/S HAVE LONG T5D$ TO %UN HI< !ORY4 ,AS ,DAVID ,WIECK PUT IT BACK 9 #aiga 7LONG BE=E ANYONE HAD ?\<T ( ! T]M 'PO/MOD]NISM'73 

,AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 ANTI-IDEOLOGICAL3 AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS 9SI/$ ON ! PRIORITY ( LIFE & ACTION TO !ORY & SY/EM4 ,SUBJECTION TO A !ORY IMPLIES1 9 PRACTICE1 SUBJECTION TO AN AU?ORITY 7A P>TY7 :I* 9T]PRETS ! !ORY AU?ORITATIVELY1 & ?IS SUBJECTION W\LD FATALLY UND]M9E ! 9T5TION ( CREAT+ A SOCIETY )\T C5TRAL POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,?US NO AN>*I/ WRIT+S >E AU?ORITATIVE OR DEF9ITIVE 9 ! S5SE ?AT ,M>X'S WRIT+S HAVE BE5 REG>D$ BY HIS FOLL[]S 7#a#i#g#a3 IX74 

,9 FACT1 MO/ ( :AT S]VES ! SAME ROLE AS !ORY 9 AN>*ISM MAKES SOME GE/URE TO SUBV]T ANY POSSIBILITY ( ITS BE+ US$ AS AN AU?ORITATIVE TEXT4 ,PRIMITIVISM P]HAPS MO/ CLOSELY RESEMBLES A TRADITIONAL SECT>IAN IDEOLOGY 9 TRY+ TO VANQUI% ALL OPPOS+ POSITIONS1 BUT ITS CONT5T IS PALPABLY FANTA/IC & = ! MO/ P>T C\LD NOT POSSIBLY BE REFLECT$ 9 PRACTICE4 ,SOME VISIONS TAKE ! =M ( NOVELS4 ,O!RS READ LIKE COM$Y R\T9ES4 ,ONE ( ! MORE POPUL> AN>*I/ AU?ORS ( ! #a#i#iS--! 9V5TOR1 = 9/ANCE1 ( ! CONCEPT ( ! 0,TEMPOR>Y ,AUTONOM\S ,ZONE0--WRITES UND] ! P]SONA ( ,HAKIM ,BEY1 AN 9SANE ,ISMAILI POET ) AN ]OTIC OBSESSION ) Y\NG BOYS1 HIS WRIT+S TAK+ ! =M ( COMMUNIQUES FROM A NON-EXI/5T ,MOORI% ,OR?ODOX ,*UR*4 

,BEY'S MY/ICAL PRET5SIONS TYPIFY ANO!R T5D5CY3 TO ID5TIFY ! SPACE ?AT MI<T O!RWISE BE FILL$ BY !ORY1 ! TRANSC5D5TAL POSITION1 AS IT W]E1 ) ! SACR$1 BUT !N TO MAKE ! SACR$ RIDICUL\S4 ,I'LL BE TALK+ AB\T ?IS HABIT LAT] ON :5 ,I DISCUSS ! ROLE ( GIANT PUPPETS--:AT MI<T BE CALL$ ! MA9 SACR$ OBJECTS ( ! MOVEM5T 7BUT ALSO SELF-CONSCI\SLY FOOLI% ONES74 ,H]E1 SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ! RELATION ( AN>*ISM TO SPIRITUALITY HAS ALWAYS BE5 COMPLEX & AMBIVAL5T4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES1 ,EUROPEAN AN>*ISM ALWAYS T5D$ TO BE /RONGE/ 9 C\NTRIES--,RUSSIA1 ,SPA91 ,ITALY--) A P[]FUL *UR*1 & T5D$ TO TAKE ON A RADICALLY A!I/ TONE1 ID5TIFY+ ! V]Y NOTION ( ,GOD ) ! PR9CIPLE ( HI]>*Y & UNQUE/ION+ AU?ORITY4 7,SO ,BAKUN9'S FAM\S PHRASE 0IF ,GOD REALLY EXI/$1 IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO ABOLI% HIM40 ,!RE W]E EXCEPTIONS--,*RI/IAN AN>*I/S LIKE ,TOL/OY--BUT !Y W]E USUALLY NOT CLOSELY RELAT$ TO SOCIAL MOVEM5TS47 ,SOME HAVE >GU$ ?AT ,SPANI% AN>*ISM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ITS RURAL MANIFE/ATIONS1 ITSELF TOOK ON SOME ( ! QUALITIES ( A PROPHETIC1 MILL5>IAN RELIGION 7,BR5AN #a#i#d#c2 CF4 ,BORK5AU #a#i#c#g7--BUT1 IF SO1 IT WAS ONE :OSE MA9 RITUALS 9VOLV$ ACTS LIKE BURN+ *UR*ES1 OR REMOV+ ! MUMMIFI$ BODIES ( NUNS FROM *UR* CRYPTS TO REVEAL ! CORRUPTION LURK+ BEL[ 7,L9COLN #a#i#i#a74 ,9 CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*ISM ?IS HO/ILITY HAS L>GELY FAD$ AWAY3 9 P>T BECAUSE 9 MANY C\NTRIES1 ! *UR* HAS LO/ SO MU* ( ITS P[]2 9 P>T BECAUSE SO MANY AN>*I/ ALLIES 79DIG5\S PEOPLES1 = EXAMPLE1 OR 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,QUAK]S1 RADICAL PRIE/S & M9I/]S7 >E LIKELY TO HAVE COME TO !IR POLITICS ?R\< RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS2 9 P>T1 TOO1 BECAUSE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/IC =MS ( SPIRITUALITY SU* AS FEM9I/ PAGANISM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ =MS ( SPIRITUALITY >E--9 ADDITION TO BE+ 9H]5TLY PLURALI/IC & OP5-5D$ 7H5CE ! POLY!ISM7--ALMO/ ALWAYS AT LEA/ A TRIFLE SELF-EFFAC+ & CAPABLE ( DI/ANCE FROM !MSELVES4.<#b.> ,MANY PAGANS HAVE A /RIK+ ABILITY TO SEE !IR VIEWS AS PR(\NDLY TRUE1 & SIMULTANE\SLY1 AS A K9D ( :IMSICAL COM$Y4 ,(T5 !Y SEEM TO BE 5GAG+ AT ! SAME TIME 9 A RITUAL & ! P>ODY ( A RITUAL2 ! PO9T :]E LAU<T] & SELF-MOCK]Y >E LIKELIE/ TO COME 9TO ! PICTURE IS PRECISELY ! PO9T :]E ONE APPROA*ES ! MO/ NUM9\S1 UNKN[ABLE1 OR PR(\ND4 ,! SAME :IMSICAL1 PLAYFUL QUALITY IS REFLECT$ 9 A GOOD DEAL ( PAGAN FEM9I/ LIT]ATURE1 AS 9 O!R BRAN*ES ( AN>*I/ !ORY1 & APPE>S TO REFLECT A S5SIBILITY ?AT1 AT ITS BE/1 SEES 0!ORY0 AS1 IF ANY?+1 A =M ( CREATIVE WRIT+1 BO? PR(\NDLY TRUE BECAUSE IT HI<LI<TS C]TA9 O!RWISE 9VISIBLE ASPECTS ( REALITY1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME PR(\NDLY FOOLI%1 9 ?AT IT DOES SO BY BE+ WILL+LY BL9D TO O!R ASPECTS4.<#b#a.> ,ALSO1 ONE 9 :I* IMAG9ATION1 ! ABILITY TO CREATE NEW !ORIES1 VISIONS1 OR ANY?+ ELSE1 IS ITSELF ! ULTIMATE1 UNKN[ABLE1 SACR$ ?+4 

,ALL ?IS IS P]HAPS A BIT OV]/AT$3 ! READ] %\LD PROBABLY NOT TAKE MY [N !ORETICAL EFFUSIONS TOO MU* MORE S]I\SLY ?AN ?OSE AB\T :I* ,I'M WRIT+4 ,! MA9 PO9T1 ?\<1 IS ?AT--UNLIKE SOME ( ! 0CLASSICAL0 WORKS ( ,PR\DHON1 ,KROPOTK91 ,ROCK]1 ,MALATE/A1 ,DE ,SANTILLAN1 & O!RS1 WRITT5 9 ! %AD[ ( ,M>XISM--CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ 0!ORY10 SU* AS IT IS1 IS MO/ EXPLICITLY NOT 9T5D$ TO PROVIDE A COMPREH5SIVE UND]/&+ ?AT WILL 9/RUCT O!RS 9 ! PROP] CONDUCT ( REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NOT AN IDEOLOGY1 A !ORY ( HI/ORY4 ,IT T5DS1 RA!R1 T[>DS A K9D ( 9SPIRATIONAL1 CREATIVE PLAY4 ,IT IS MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE AN EXTRAPOLATION FROM & IMAG9ATIVE PROJECTION ( C]TA9 =MS ( PRACTICE3 ! EXP]I5CE ( WORK+ 9 A SMALL AFF9ITY GR\P BECOMES ! MODEL = ,PRIMITIVI/ IDEALIZATIONS ( ! HUNT]_/GA!R] B&1 ASSUM$ TO BE ! ONLY SOCIAL UNIT = MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY2 ! EXP]I5CE ( REAL EXP]IM5TS 9 WORK] CONTROL BECOMES ! BASIS = AN IMAG9>Y PLANET 9 A SCI5CE FICTION /ORY2 ! EXP]I5CE ( SI/]HOOD BECOMES ! MODEL = A MATRI>*AL ,GODDESS RELIGION2 ! EXP]I5CE ( A WILD MOM5T ( COLLECTIVE POETIC 9SPIRATION OR EV5 A P>TICUL>LY GOOD P>TY BECOMES ! BASIS ( A !ORY ( ! ,TEMPOR>Y ,AUTONOM\S ,ZONE4 ,EV5 :5 CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S TURN TO ,M>XISM1 !IR OV]:ELM+ FAVORITE !ORI/S >E ! ,SITUATIONI/S ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 7#a#i#f#g7 & ,GUY ,DEBORD 7#a#i#f#g7 ! ,M>XI/ !ORI/S CLOSE/ TO ! AVANT-G>DE TRADITION ( TRY+ TO UNIFY !ORY1 >T1 & LIFE4 

,IF AN>*ISM IS NOT AN ATTEMPT TO PUT A C]TA9 SORT ( !ORETICAL VISION 9TO PRACTICE1 BUT IS 9/EAD A CON/ANT MUTUAL EX*ANGE BETWE5 9SPIRATIONAL VISIONS1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDES1 & EGALIT>IAN PRACTICES1 IT'S EASY TO SEE H[ E?NOGRAPHY C\LD BECOME SU* AN APPROPRIATE TOOL = ITS ANALYSIS4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT E?NOGRAPHY IS SUPPOS$ TO DO3 TEASE \T ! IMPLICIT LOGIC 9 A WAY ( LIFE1 ALONG ) ITS RELAT$ MY?S & RITUALS1 TO GRASP ! S5SE ( A SET ( PRACTICES4 ,( C\RSE1 ANO!R WAY ( DO+ SO W\LD BE SIMPLY TO FOLL[ AN>*I/ DEBATES1 AS ,I DID AT ! BEG9N+1 S9CE !SE HAVE T5D$ TO C5T] ON E?ICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/IONS4 ,N[ADAYS1 !SE DEBATES C5T] MO/ ( ALL ON H[ TO COMBAT RACISM & SEXISM 9 ! MOVEM5T1 AB\T =MS ( DECISION-MAK+1 & QUE/IONS ( VIOL5CE & NONVIOL5CE4 ,S9CE ! LA/ IS MO/ IMM$IATELY RELEVANT TO ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION ( AN>*ISM & DIRECT ACTION1 LET ME PROCE$ TO A BRIEF CONSID]ATION ( ! RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO1 BE=E MOV+ TO A CAPSULE HI/ORY ( ! ROLE ( DIRECT ACTION & DIRECT DEMOCRACY 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY--/>T+ ) ! #a#i#fS1 & 5D+ 9 ! #a#i#iS1 AT ! PO9T :]E ! TWO BEGAN TO DEF9ITIVELY M]GE4 

,I,I,I7 ,V,I,O,L,5,C,E ,& ,N,O,N,V,I,O,L,5,C,E 

  

,! QUE/ION ( VIOL5CE1 NONVIOL5CE1 & PROP]TY DE/RUCTION HAS HAUNT$ AN>*ISM FROM AT LEA/ ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,!RE >E OBVI\S REASONS :Y IT %\LD BE A PROBLEM4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !RE >E ANY NUMB] ( REASONS :Y AN>*I/S MI<T BE SUSPICI\S ( VIOL5CE4 ,= ONE ?+1 AN>*I/S />T FROM ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ONE'S MODE ( RESI/ANCE %\LD EMBODY ! WORLD ONE WI%ES TO CREATE4 ,ALMO/ NO ONE WI%ES TO CREATE A MORE VIOL5T WORLD4 ,AN>*I/S TRY TO ORGANIZE ON NON-HI]>*ICAL L9ES1 & >GUE ?AT ?IS IS NOT ONLY MORE JU/1 BUT MORE EFFICI5T4 ,VIOL5CE--P>TICUL>LY AGGRESSIVE VIOL5CE--IS ONE ( ! FEW =MS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY ?AT DOES SEEM TO BE MORE EFFICI5T IF ORGANIZ$ ON A TOP-D[N1 COMM& BASIS4 ,?IS1 & ! CONCOMITANT NE$ = SECRECY1 5SURE ?AT ! MORE ONE PREP>ES = W>1 OR SOME?+ LIKE IT1 ! MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO ORGANIZE DEMOCRATICALLY4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 AN>*I/S WI% TO SEE A SOCIAL REVOLUTION & IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E H[ ?AT C\LD HAPP5 )\T ANY VIOL5T CONFLICT :ATSOEV]4 

,MOREOV]1 !Y ALSO 9SI/ ON ! MORAL SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & T5D TO BE V]Y UNCOM=TABLE ) CODES ( CONDUCT4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 IT %\LD BE = EA* :O RESI/S TO DECIDE :AT IS A LEGITIMATE ACT ( RESI/ANCE TO AN 9TR9SICALLY ILLEGITIMATE P[]4 ,N[1 IT'S IMPORTANT NOT TO OV]/ATE ?+S H]E3 9 PRACTICE1 TACIT AGREEM5TS DO ALWAYS EXI/4 ,C,L,A,C'S PR9CIPLE ( 0DIV]SITY ( TACTICS10 AB\T :I* WE HE>D SO MU* 9 E>LI] *APT]S1 MI<T HAVE S\ND$ LIKE 0ANY?+ GOES0 TO PACIFI/S LIKE ,SAL,A,M,I1 BUT IT WAS PREMIS$ ON A %>$ UND]/&+ ?AT NO ONE WAS AB\T TO %[ UP ) FIRE>MS OR EXPLOSIVES4 ,?AT W\LD HAVE BE5 SIMPLY UN?9KABLE4 ,IF MY EXP]I5CE IS ANY?+ TO GO BY1 IF ANYONE HAD EV5 SUGGE/$ DO+ SO1 !Y W\LD IMM$IATELY HAVE BE5 ASSUM$ TO BE A POLICE 9FILTRATOR = ?AT V]Y REASON4 ,NONE!LESS1 SU* TACIT UND]/&+S EXI/ ONLY AMONG ACTIVI/S4 ,IF \TSID]S JO9 91 ONE CAN NEV] BE QUITE SURE :AT !Y >E GO+ TO DO4 ,9 ,QUEBEC1 = 9/ANCE1 !RE WAS A SC>E-/ORY GO+ >\ND ! ,BLACK ,BLOC AT ONE PO9T DUR+ ! ACTIONS ?AT 0,FR5* GANGBANG]S0 W]E GO+ TO %[ UP AT ! WALL ) FIRE>MS 7AN ACT :I* !Y ASSUM$ W\LD BE AUTOMATICALLY BLAM$ ON !M74 ,9 ,SEATTLE1 ! ,BLACK ,BLOC'S C>EFULLY T>GET$ DE/RUCTION ( CORPORATE T>GETS WAS1 9 A FEW CASES1 FOLL[$ BY EPISODES ( OPPORTUNI/IC LOOT+ BY LOCAL ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN TE5AG]S4 ,9 ?AT CASE1 IT'S UNLIKELY ANY 9 ! ,BLOC OBJECT$4 ,TO SEE OPPRESS$ COMMUNITIES RISE UP & JO9 Y\ IS1 9 A WAY1 ! :OLE PO9T4 ,&1 AS 9 ,/4 ,JEAN ,BAPTI/E1 ?AT OPPRESS$ COMMUNITY'S /&>DS = ACCEPTABLE TACTICS MI<T WELL BE DIFF]5T ?AN Y\R [N4 ,H[EV]1 MO/ L>GE MOBILIZATIONS 79CLUD+ ,QUEBEC ,CITY7 ALSO SEE AT LEA/ A FEW M9OR EPISODES ( :AT ,I CALL 0! DRUNK5 FRAT BOY PROBLEM0--OPPORTUNI/IC VIOL5CE1 MA9LY = ! FUN ( IT1 ON ! P>T ( Y\NG PEOPLE :OSE POLITICS >E LIKELY TO HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) ! ACTIVI/S'1 OR EV5 BE EXPLICITLY RI<T W+4 ,9 ,EUROPE1 ?IS CAN ACTUALLY BE 5C\RAG$ BY POLICE1 PROVID+ AN EXCUSE = REPRESSIVE MEASURES4 ,! MO/ EXTREME EXAMPLE ( ?IS CAME 9 ,G5OA1 :5 POLICE APP>5TLY LET IT BE KN[N !Y W\LD TURN A BL9D EYE TO ?IS SORT ( ?+1 & FASCI/S & SOCC] HOOLIGANS FROM ALL OV] ,EUROPE DESC5D$ ON ! PLACE4 

,/ILL1 ,G5OA WAS EXTREME & ?IS IS USUALLY A FAIRLY M9OR PROBLEM4 ,! WOR/ MORAL DILEMMA = AN>*I/S T5DS TO COME :5 ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS1 CLAIM+ AN>*I/ 9SPIRATION1 DO SOME?+ G5U9ELY VIOL5T4 ,AGA91 ! AN>*I/S :O ASSASS9AT$ HEADS ( /ATE >\ND ! TURN ( ! LA/ C5TURY >E PROBABLY ! MO/ DRAMATIC EXAMPLE4 ,! FASC9AT+ ?+ AB\T SU* CASES IS ?AT ! MAJORITY ( SU* ASSASS9ATIONS W]E CONDUCT$ BY ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT PEOPLE ACTIVE 9 ACTUAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,MANY HAD ONLY ! VAGUE/ IDEA :AT AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES W]E4 ,H[EV]1 IF ONE TAKES ! PR9CIPLE ( MORAL AUTONOMY S]I\SLY1 IT'S DIFFICULT TO TREAT SU* ACTS AS COMPLETELY ILLEGITIMATE4 ,FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 9S(> AS IT IS LEGITIMATE TO 5GAGE 9 ANY ACT ( 9T]P]SONAL VIOL5CE1 HEADS ( /ATE1 MAJOR CAPITALI/S1 OR HI< (FICIALS >E CLE>LY ! MO/ LEGITIMATE T>GETS4 ,TO 9/EAD ADOPT A MORE CONV5TIONAL GU]RILLA W> /RATEGY1 =M A SMALL >MY & ATTACK POLICE /ATIONS OR >MY PO/S--?US TRY+ TO KILL A BUN* ( ORD9>Y PEOPLE :O >E 9 NO S5SE DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE = ! POLICIES ONE OBJECT$ TO--W\LD CLE>LY BE F> MORE PROBLEMATIC4 7,ACTUALLY1 IT'S H>D TO D5Y ?AT1 BY ANY MORAL /&>DS1 ASSASS9ATION IS F> SUP]IOR TO W>47 ,ON ! O!R H&1 S9CE HEADS ( /ATE T5D TO F9D ?IS K9D ( LOGIC HI<LY OBJECTIONABLE1 ! RESULTS >E 9V>IABLY DISA/R\S4 ,AN>*I/ WRIT]S LIKE ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 OR ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 MA9LY CONC]N$ ) DISSEM9AT+ AN>*I/ IDEAS BE=E A BROAD] PUBLIC1 (T5 /RUGGL$ PA9FULLY ) :AT TO DO OR SAY AB\T SU* PEOPLE4 ,IS IT LEGITIMATE TO CONDEMN !M8 ,:AT SORT ( SOLID>ITY DOES ONE [E !M8 ,DOES ONE NOT AT LEA/ HAVE ! RESPONSIBILITY TO EXPLA9 TO ! WORLD !IR PO9T ( VIEW8 ,DEBATES OV] BROK5 W9D[S & PROP]TY DE/RUCTION1 OR ! POSSIBILITY ( MOLOTOVS 9 ,QUEBEC ,CITY1 >E SIMPLY MORE REC5T V]SIONS ( ! SAME ?+4 

,ACTIVI/S :O HAVE BE5 ON ! SC5E EV5 ONLY AS LONG AS TWO OR ?REE YE>S T5D TO COMPLA9 AB\T ! NE$ TO CON/ANTLY RE9V5T ! :EEL 9 SU* MATT]S4 ,EV]Y TIME !RE'S A MAJOR ACTION1 EV]YONE HAS TO GO ?R\< EXACTLY ! SAME DEBATES4 ,SOME WILL >GUE ?AT CONFRONTATIONAL TACTICS OR PROP]TY DE/RUCTION WILL ONLY MAKE ACTIVI/S LOOK BAD 9 ! EYES ( ! PUBLIC4 ,O!RS WILL >GUE ?AT ! CORPORATE M$IA W\LDN'T MAKE US LOOK GOOD :ATEV] WE DO4 ,SOME WILL >GUE ?AT IF Y\ SMA% A ,/>BUCKS W9D[1 ?AT WILL BE ! ONLY /ORY ON ! NEWS1 EFFECTIVELY FREEZ+ \T ANY CONSID]ATION ( ISSUES2 O!RS WILL REPLY ?AT IF !RE'S NO PROP]TY DE/RUCTION1 !RE WON'T BE ANY /ORY AT ALL4 ,SOME WILL CLAIM CONFRONTATIONAL TACTICS DEPRIVE ACTIVI/S ( ! MORAL HI< GR\ND2 O!RS WILL ACCUSE ?OSE PEOPLE ( BE+ ELITI/1 & 9SI/ ?AT ! VIOL5CE ( ! SY/EM IS SO OV]:ELM+ ?AT TO REFUSE TO CONFRONT IT EFFECTIVELY IS ITSELF ACQUIESC5CE TO VIOL5CE4 ,SOME WILL >GUE ?AT MILITANT TACTICS 5DANG] NONVIOL5T PROTE/]S2 O!RS WILL 9SI/ ?AT UNLESS ONE CREATES SOME SORT ( PEACE POLICE TO PHYSICALLY ?REAT5 ANYONE :O SPRAYPA9TS OR BREAKS A W9D[1 SOME WILL PROBABLY DO SO1 & IF SO1 COORD9AT+ ) ! MILITANTS RA!R ?AN ISOLAT+ !M IS MU* SAF] = ALL CONC]N$4 ,9 ! 5D1 ONE ALMO/ 9V>IABLY 5DS UP ) ! SAME RESOLUTION3 ?AT AS LONG AS NO ONE IS ACTUALLY ATTACK+ ANO!R HUMAN BE+1 ! IMPORTANT ?+ IS TO MA9TA9 SOLID>ITY4 ,! LA/ ?+ Y\ WANT IS TO 5D UP 9 A SITUATION LIKE ,SEATTLE1 :]E Y\ ACTUALLY HAD PACIFI/S PHYSICALLY ASSAULT+ AN>*I/S TRY+ TO BREAK W9D[S1 OR TURN+ !M 9 TO ! POLICE4 ,MANY REM>K ?AT ! CONCLUSION IS SO 9EVITABLE ?AT ONE WI%ES IT WAS POSSIBLE TO SIMPLY FA/-=W>D ! DEBATE1 BUT1 AS MANY WILL RESIGN$LY REM>K1 IT SEEMS EA* TIME A MAJOR ACTION ROLLS ALONG1 ?OSE NEWLY BR\<T 9TO ! MOVEM5T HAVE TO WORK ALL !SE ?+S \T = !MSELVES4 

,ONE RESULT ?\< IS A K9D ( CON/ANT P>ADOX )9 AN>*ISM4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT ONE CANNOT F9D PACIFI/ AN>*I/S4 ,QUITE A NUMB] ( PACIFI/S DO SEE !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S4 ,?OSE CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S :O >E NOT PACIFI/S1 H[EV]1 T5D TO AVOID ANY ASSOCIATION ) PACIFISM1 & 9 FACT >E LIKELY TO REACT TO M5TION ( ! WORD ) VIGOR\S CONDEMNATION--DESPITE ! FACT ?AT1 9 ! L>G] P]SPECTIVE1 !IR IDEAS & PRACTICES EM]G$ MU* MORE FROM ?AT TRADITION ?AN FROM ANY O!R4 ,ONE W\LD BE H>D-PRESS$ TO F9D AN AN>*I/ :OSE 9/9CT W\LD NOT BE TO PLACE HIMSELF MORE ON ! SIDE ( ,MALCOLM ,X ?AN ) ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+ OR ,G&HI2 H[EV]1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT 9 T]MS ( OV]ALL APPROA*1 ,G&HI'S 0BECOME ! *ANGE Y\ WANT TO SEE0 SEEMS A ?\S& TIMES MORE 9 KEEP+ ) ! AN>*I/ SPIRIT ?AN ,MALCOLM ,X'S 0BY ALL MEANS NECESS>Y0--& ,G&HI HIMSELF RECOGNIZ$ A /RONG PHILOSOPHICAL AFF9ITY ( HIS [N IDEAS & AN>*ISM1 :I* ,MALCOLM ,X C]TA9LY DID NOT4 0,BY ALL MEANS NECESS>Y10 9 FACT1 SEEMS AN AWFUL LOT LIKE ! V]Y 5DS-JU/IFIES-!-MEANS LOGIC :I* AN>*ISM HAS CONSI/5TLY REJECT$4 ,YET PRACTICAL ANNOYANCES ) PACIFI/S1 COMB9$ ) ! 9EVITABLE 9/9CT TO ID5TIFY ) ! MO/ RADICAL OPTION1 T5DS TO 5SURE ?AT ALMO/ 9V>IABLY1 ! AN>*I/ WILL NONE!LESS ID5TIFY ) ,MALCOLM ,X4 

,MO/ AN>*I/S N[ADAYS1 = EXAMPLE1 >E FOND ( CIT+ >GUM5TS LIKE ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN ACTIVI/ ,W>D ,*UR*ILL'S ,PACIFISM AS ,PA?OLOGY 7#a#i#i#h71 ?AT PACIFISM ITSELF IS MA9LY A WAY = :ITE LIB]ALS TO FEEL GOOD AB\T !MSELVES1 ?AT G5U9ELY OPPRESS$ GR\PS DO NOT HAVE SU* LUXURIES1 & ?AT APP>5T EXCEPTIONS--! VICTORIES ( ,G&HI OR ,K+--W]E REALLY ONLY MADE POSSIBLE BY !IR OPPON5T'S FE> ( MORE VIOL5T ALT]NATIVES4 7,! FACT ?AT AU?ORS LIKE ,*UR*ILL ALSO T5D TO REJECT AN>*I/ CRITIQUES ( HI]>*Y 9 FAVOR ( MILIT>Y-/YLE LEAD]%IP T5DS TO GO UNREM>K$1 OR WRITT5 (F AS 9ESS5TIAL47.<#b#b.> ,! FACT ?AT ,*UR*ILL IS ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN1 H[EV]1 IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,9 FACT1 V]Y FEW ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S W\LD !MSELVES GO F> BEYOND BREAK+ A W9D[2 ALMO/ ALL SCRUPUL\SLY AVOID H>M+ O!RS 9 ANY WAY4 ,AS ,I OCCASIONALLY PO9T \T TO J\RNALI/S1 IT'S H>D NOT TO F9D CON/ANT REF]5CES TO ,BLACK ,BLOC AN>*I/S AS 0VIOL5T0 AMUS+ :5 ONE HAS SP5T ANY TIME ) !M1 & OBS]VES !M1 = 9/ANCE1 C>EFULLY AVOID+ /EPP+ ON WORMS OR DEBAT+ AB\T :E!R IT'S REALLY JU/IFIABLE TO KILL A MOSQUITO4 ,! REAL PO9T ( FRACTURE COMES1 PRECISELY1 :5 IT COMES TO ISSUES ( SOLID>ITY4 ,TO TAKE A CONSI/5TLY NONVIOL5T POSITION1 ONE W\LD HAVE TO1 = EXAMPLE1 TELL ! ,ZAPATI/AS 9 ,*IAPAS ?AT !Y %\LDN'T REALLY HAVE CONDUCT$ AN >M$ 9SURRECTION--H[EV] BRIEF--OR ! ,BLACK ,PAN!RS ?AT A BUN* ( MIDDLE-CLASS :ITE AN>*I/S HAD MORE AU?ORITY TO TELL !M :AT SORT ( TACTICS TO EMPLOY ?AN !Y DID4 ,?IS DI*OTOMY--BETWE5 COMMUNITY-BUILD+ 79 :I* AN>*I/S HAVE EV]Y?+ 9 COMMON ) PACIFI/S7 & SOLID>ITY ) OPPRESS$ GR\PS--IS A CON/ANT DILEMMA ?AT WILL COME UP ?R\<\T ?IS BOOK4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO OBS]VE ?AT HI/ORICALLY1 AN>*ISM HAS ?RIV$ AS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MO/ ( ALL 9 TIMES ( PEACE1 & 9 L>GELY DEMILIT>IZ$ SOCIETIES4 ,AS ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM HAS NOT$ 7#a#i#g#c3#f#a71 DUR+ ! LATT] YE>S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 MO/ ,M>XI/ P>TIES W]E RAPIDLY BECOM+ RE=MI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 IT WAS AN>*ISM ?AT /OOD AT ! C5T] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT4.<#b#c.> ,?+S ONLY REALLY *ANG$ ) ,WORLD ,W> ,I &1 ( C\RSE1 AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,! CONV5TIONAL HI/ORIOGRAPHY ASSUMES IT WAS ! CREATION ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ?AT L$ TO ! DECL9E ( AN>*ISM & CATAPULT$ ,COMMUNISM EV]Y:]E TO ! =E4 ,/ILL1 IT SEEMS TO ME ONE C\LD LOOK AT ?IS ANO!R WAY4 ,9 ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY MO/ PEOPLE HONE/LY BELIEV$ ?AT W> BETWE5 9DU/RIALIZ$ P[]S WAS BECOM+ OBSOLETE4 ,BY #a#i1 EV5 ! USE ( PASSPORTS WAS CONSID]$ AN ANTIQUAT$ B>B>ISM4 ,:ILE COLONIAL ADV5TURES W]E ALWAYS A CON/ANT1 A W> BETWE51 SAY1 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE SEEM$ AB\T AS UN?9KABLE AS IT W\LD TODAY4 ,! 0%ORT TW5TIE? C5TURY0 7:I* APPE>S TO HAVE BEGUN 9 #aiad & 5D$ SOMETIME >\ND #aihi OR #a#i#i#a7 WAS1 BY CONTRA/1 PROBABLY ! MO/ VIOL5T 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,IT WAS A C5TURY 9 :I* MAJOR P[]S W]E CONT9UALLY PREOCCUPI$ ) EI!R WAG+ WORLD W>S OR PREP>+ = !M4 ,H>DLY SURPRIS+1 !N1 ?AT AN>*ISM MI<T COME TO SEEM UNREALI/IC4 ,! CREATION & MA9T5ANCE ( HUGE ME*ANIZ$ KILL+ MA*9ES DOES SEEM TO BE ! ONE ?+ ?AT AN>*I/S CAN NEV]1 BY DEF9ITION1 BE V]Y GOOD AT4 ,NEI!R IS IT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,M>XI/ P>TIES 7ALREADY ORGANIZ$ ON A COMM& /RUCTURE1 & = :OM ! ORGANIZATION ( HUGE ME*ANIZ$ KILL+ MA*9ES (T5 PROV$ AB\T ! ONLY ?+ !Y W]E P>TICUL>LY GOOD AT7 BEGAN TO SEEM EM95TLY PRACTICAL & REALI/IC 9 COMP>ISON4 ,IT MAKES P]FECT S5SE1 !N1 ?AT ! MOM5T ! ,COLD ,W> 5D$ & VIOL5T CONFLICT BETWE5 9DU/RIALIZ$ P[]S AGA9 CAME TO SEEM UN?9KABLE1 AN>*ISM POPP$ RI<T BACK TO :]E IT HAD BE5 AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY3 AN 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T AT ! V]Y C5T] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT4 ,! SURPRIS+ ?+ WAS ?AT IT HAPP5$ ALMO/ 9/ANTLY4 

,:AT'S MORE1 ONE C\LD MAKE A CASE ?AT ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( MORE MILITANT AN>*I/ TACTICS T5D TO DEP5D ON ! EFFECTIVE DEMILIT>IZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,CONSID] H]E ! BATTLES OV] SQUATS 9 ,G]MANY OR ,ITALY1 OR EV5 ! BATTLES SURR\ND+ ! EXPANSION ( ,N>ITA AIRPORT 9 ,JAPAN1 9 :I* AN>*I/S OR !IR LOCAL EQUIVAL5TS W]E ABLE TO FI<T PIT*$ BATTLES ) POLICE1 DEF5D T]RITORY ) CLUBS & /ONES AGA9/ TE> GAS & WAT] CANNONS1 & AS (T5 AS NOT1 W]E ACTUALLY ALL[$ TO W94 ,IT'S H>D TO ?9K ( ANY?+ REMOTELY LIKE ?IS HAPP5+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 ! POLICE SIMPLY WILL NOT ALL[ !MSELVES TO LOSE4 ,IF !Y DECIDE TO MOVE 9 ON A SQUAT 9 =CE1 ?AT SQUAT WILL BE LO/2 ! ONLY REASON TO DEF5D IT IS TO MAKE ! POLICE'S JOB SO DIFFICULT ?AT !Y WILL HESITATE BE=E ATTACK+ O!R SQUATS 9 ! FUTURE4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ BECAUSE ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY IS F> MORE HEAVILY POLIC$2 IT'S ALSO BECAUSE ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 & ,JAPAN--ALL1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 =M] ,AXIS P[]S--HAVE BE5 SO EFFECTIVELY DEMILIT>IZ$4 ,/&UP BATTLES ) ! POLICE >E ONLY POSSIBLE 9 SOCIETIES 9 :I* EV]YONE1 9CLUD+ ! PUBLIC1 IS AW>E ?AT ALMO/ NO ONE [NS FIRE>MS1 & !RE=E1 POLICE TACTICS APPROPRIATE TO A SOCIETY :]E MO/ CRIM9ALS CAN BE ASSUM$ TO BE HEAVILY >M$--= EXAMPLE ,S,W,A,T TEAMS--SEEM WILDLY 9APPROPRIATE4 ,& C]TA9LY1 9 ?OSE P>TS ( ,EUROPE :]E FIRE>MS & MILIT>Y KNO:[ IS MU* MORE BROADLY AVAILABLE 7ONE ?9KS ( ,RUSSIA1 ,ALBANIA1 ! =M] ,YUGOSLAVIA1 OR = ?AT MATT] ,IRAQ7 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM & AN>*I/ TACTICS DO NOT F9D NE>LY AS F]TILE GR\ND4 

,CURI\SLY1 ! REAL 9SPIRATION = ! K9D ( TACTICS EMPLOY$ 9 ! CURR5T WAVE ( GLOBALIZATION PROTE/S COMES FROM MOVEM5TS 9 P>TS ( ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? :I* HAD NOT1 UNTIL REC5TLY1 REALLY BE5 ABLE TO 5GAGE 9 NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION AT ALL4 ,PEOPLE'S ,GLOBAL ,ACTION1 :I* PUT \T ! CALL = ,SEATTLE1 WAS F\ND$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,>MY ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION 7,E,Z,L,N7 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 CAN BE/ BE SE5 AS AN ATTEMPT BY PEOPLE :O HAVE HI/ORICALLY BE5 D5I$ ! RI<T TO NONVIOL5T1 CIVIL RESI/ANCE TO SEIZE IT2 ESS5TIALLY1 TO CALL ! BLUFF ( NEOLIB]ALISM & ITS PRET5SES TO DEMOCRATIZATION & YIELD+ P[] TO 0CIVIL SOCIETY40 ,IT IS1 AS ITS COMM&]S SAY1 AN >MY ?AT ASPIRES NOT TO BE AN >MY ANY MORE4 ,S9CE !IR 9ITIAL1 ?REE-WEEK 9SURRECTION 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#i#d1 IT HAS ALSO BECOME AB\T ! LEA/ VIOL5T 0>MY0 IMAG9ABLE 7IT'S SOME?+ ( AN OP5 SECRET ?AT1 = ! LA/ FIVE YE>S AT LEA/1 !Y HAVE NOT EV5 BE5 C>RY+ REAL GUNS74 ,! ,E,Z,L,N IS ! SORT ( >MY ?AT ORGANIZES 09VASIONS0 ( ,MEXICAN MILIT>Y BASES 9 :I* HUNDR$S ( REBELS SWEEP 9 5TIRELY UN>M$ TO SCREAM AT & TRY TO %AME ! RESID5T SOLDI]S4 ,! O!R TWO KEY F\ND+ MEMB]S ( ,P,G,A W]E ! ,K,R,R,S1 A ,G&HIAN PEASANT MOVEM5T 9 ,9DIA1 & ! ,M,/1 OR ,L&LESS ,PEASANTS ,MOVEM5T1 9 ,BRAZIL4 ,! LATT] HAVE GA9$ AN 5ORM\S MORAL AU?ORITY 9 ,BRAZIL BY NONVIOL5T MASS ACTIONS AIM$ AT REOCCUPY+ UNUS$ L&S 5TIRELY NONVIOL5TLY4 ,AS ) ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 IT'S PRETTY CLE> ?AT1 IF ! SAME PEOPLE HAD TRI$ ! SAME ?+ TW5TY YE>S AGO1 !Y W\LD SIMPLY HAVE BE5 M[$ D[N4 ,! MO/ RADICAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA TODAY1 9 FACT1 T5D TO BE AB\T AS NONVIOL5T AS !Y ?9K !Y CAN GET AWAY )3 MO/ WILL1 LIKE ! MILITANTS 9 ,QUEBEC ,CITY1 LIMIT !MSELVES TO ?R[+ ROCKS1 & !N NORMALLY AGA9/ FULLY >MOR$ RIOT POLICE1 BUT W\LD NEV] DREAM ( US+ FIRE>MS4 ,! SITUATION IS COMPLICAT$ BECAUSE 9 MANY P>TS ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA !RE IS1 & HAS LONG BE51 A MU* RI*] TRADITION ( NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION ?AN 9 EI!R ,EUROPE OR ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 BUT ! GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T'S IMM$IATE 9SPIRATION SEEMS TO COME PRIM>ILY FROM GR\PS ?AT1 TW5TY OR ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 =C$ TO RESORT TO GU]RILLA W>F>E1 BUT :O1 HAV+ WAT*$ SO MANY E>LI] GU]RILLA MOVEM5TS DE/ROY !MSELVES1 OR DEG5]ATE 9TO NIHILI/ GANG/]S1 HAVE *OS5 9/EAD TO TAKE A RADICALLY DIFF]5T APPROA*4 ,9 MOV+ AWAY FROM MILIT>Y TACTICS !Y (T5 ALSO 5D$ UP--(T5 RA!R DESPITE !MSELVES--MOV+ T[>DS MU* MORE AN>*I/IC =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 

,I,V7 ,A,N ,E,X,T,R,E,M,E,L,Y ,B,R,I,E,F ,H,I,/,O,R,Y ,( ,! ,R,E,L,A,T,I,O,N ,B,E,T,W,E,5 ,D,I,R,E,C,T ,A,C,T,I,O,N ,& ,D,I,R,E,C,T ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y ,9 ,! ,U,S ,S,9,C,E #aif 

  

,BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! MA9 LOCUS ( DIRECT ACTION 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA WAS AS ,I M5TION$ ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! P]IOD S9CE ! W> HAS SE5 A GRADUAL M]G+ ( ! TRADITIONS ( DIRECT ACTION & ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 ) ! TWO ONLY REALLY COM+ TOGE!R 9 ! LATE #a#i#gS & E>LY #a#i#hS1 READY TO BE REVIV$ BY ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,! /ORY IS V]Y COMPLICAT$ BUT A C>ICATURE V]SION MI<T RUN SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 

,! #a#i#fS ,NEW ,LEFT KICK$ (F ) A CALL = 0P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY0 9 ! FAM\S ,PORT ,HURON ,/ATEM5T ( #a#i#f#b1 A F\ND+ DOCUM5T ( ,/UD5TS = A ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY 7,S,D,S74 ,ITS PR9CIPLE AU?OR1 ,TOM ,HAYD51 WAS 9SPIR$ ULTIMATELY BY ,JOHN ,DEWEY & ,C4 ,WRI<T ,MILLS & ! DOCUM5T WAS NOTABLE = CALL+ = A BROAD DEMOCRATIZATION ( ALL ASPECTS ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 TO CREATE A SITUATION :]E PEOPLE >E MAK+ = !MSELVES ! 0DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT !IR LIVES40.<#b#d.> ,ONE MI<T SEE ?IS AS A V]Y AN>*I/IC VISION1 BUT ,S,D,S1 AS ITS 9CEPTION1 HAD A V]Y DIFF]5T ORI5TATION4 ,ACTUALLY1 !IR ORIG9AL POLITICAL PROGRAM WAS TO RADICALIZE ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7!Y ONLY AB&ON$ IT :5 PLAC$ 9 AN IMPOSSIBLE POSITION BY ! ,DEMOCRATS' CONT9UAL PURSUIT ( ! ,VIETNAM ,W>74 ,EV5 MORE CRUCIALLY1 ?OSE :O FRAM$ ! /ATEM5T SEEM$ TO HAVE ONLY ! SKET*IE/ IDEAS ( :AT 0P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY0 MI<T MEAN 9 PRACTICE4 ,?IS IS MO/ EVID5T 9 ! CONTRADICTORY *>ACT] ( ,S,D,S'S [N /RUCTURE4 ,AS ,FRANCESCA ,POLLETTA 7#b#b7 HAS PO9T$ \T1 ,S,D,S WAS ON PAP] A QUITE =MAL1 TOP-D[N ORGANIZATION1 ) A C5TRAL /E]+ COMMITTEE & MEET+S RUN ACCORD+ TO ,ROB]T'S ,RULES ( ,ORD]4 ,9 PRACTICE1 IT WAS MADE UP ( L>GELY AUTONOM\S CELLS ?AT OP]AT$ BY A K9D ( CRUDE1 DE FACTO CONS5SUS PROCESS4 ,! EMPHASIS ON CONS5SUS1 9 TURN1 APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( ,S,N,C,C1 ! ,/UD5T ,NONVIOL5T ,COORD9AT+ ,COMMITTEE1 ! /UD5T W+ ( ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T4 ,S,N,C,C HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 CREAT$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ,ANITA ,BAK] & A NUMB] ( O!R ACTIVI/S :O HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,S\!RN ,*RI/IAN ,LEAD]%IP ,CONF]5CE 7,S,C,L,C71 :O W]E HOP+ TO CREATE AN ALT]NATIVE TO ,S,C,L,C'S TOP-D[N /RUCTURE & *>ISMATIC LEAD]%IP 7EMBODI$1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! FIGURE ( ,DR4 ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+1 ,JR474 ,FAM\S = ORGANIZ+ LUN*-TABLE SIT-9S1 FRE$OM RIDES1 & O!R DIRECT ACTIONS1 ,S,N,C,C WAS ORGANIZ$ ON A ?OR\<LY DEC5TRALIZ$ BASIS1 ) IDEAS = NEW PROJECTS EXPECT$ TO EM]GE FROM 9DIVIDUAL *APT]S1 ALL ( :I* OP]AT$ BY A K9D ( R\<-&-READY CONS5SUS4 

,?IS EMPHASIS ON CONS5SUS IS A BIT SURPRIS+1 S9CE AT ! TIME !RE WAS V]Y LITTLE MODEL = IT4 ,9 BO? ,S,N,C,C & ,S,D,S1 IT APPE>S TO HAVE EM]G$ FROM A FEEL+ ?AT1 S9CE NO ONE %\LD BE EXPECT$ TO DO ANY?+ AGA9/ !IR WILL1 DECISIONS %\LD REALLY BE UNANIM\S4 ,H[EV]1 !RE DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ANY?+ LIKE :AT'S N[ CALL$ 0CONS5SUS PROCESS0 9 ! =MAL S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,! PROBLEM WAS !RE WAS NO OBVI\S MODEL4 ,! ONLY COMMUNITIES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ) A LIV+ TRADITION ( CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ 7! ,QUAK]S1 & V>I\S ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN GR\PS7 W]E EI!R UNKN[N1 UNAVAILABLE1 OR UN9T]E/$ 9 PROSELYTIZ+4 ,QUAK]S AT ! TIME T5D$ TO SEE CONS5SUS ESS5TIALLY AS A RELIGI\S PRACTICE2 !Y W]E1 ACCORD+ TO ,POLLETTA 7#b#b3#a#i#e71 ACTUALLY FAIRLY RESI/ANT TO ! IDEA ( TEA*+ IT TO ANYONE ELSE4 

,! ,NEW ,LEFT WAS1 AS WE ALL KN[1 ESS5TIALLY A CAMPUS MOVEM5T4 ,PAUL ,MATTICK ,JR4 7#a#i#g7 HAS >GU$ ?AT ! WAVE ( #a#i#fS ACTIVISM SEEMS TO HAVE EM]G$ FROM A K9D ( SOCIAL BOTTL5ECK4 ,! WELF>E /ATE IDEAL ( ! TIME HAD BE5 TO DEFUZE CLASS T5SIONS BY (F]+ A SPECT] ( P]PETUAL SOCIAL MOBILITY 79 MU* ! SAME WAY ! FRONTI] HAD ONCE DONE74 ,AFT] ! W>1 !RE WAS A V]Y CONSCI\S EF=T ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T TO PUMP RES\RCES 9TO ! HI<] $UCATION SY/EM1 :I* BEGAN TO EXP& EXPON5TIALLY1 ALONG ) ! NUMB] ( WORK+-CLASS *ILDR5 ATT5D+ UNIV]SITY4 ,! PROBLEM1 ( C\RSE1 IS ?AT SU* GR[? CURVES 9V>IABLY HIT !IR LIMITS1 &1 AS ANY ,?IRD ,WORLD GOV]NM5T ?AT HAS ATTEMPT$ ?IS /RATEGY HAS LE>N$1 :5 !Y DO1 ! RESULTS >E TYPICALLY EXPLOSIVE4 ,BY ! #a#i#fS1 ?IS WAS />T+ TO HAPP54 ,MILLIONS ( /UD5TS W]E LEFT )\T ANY REALI/IC PROSPECT ( F9D+ JOBS ?AT BORE ANY RELATION TO !IR REAL EXPECTATIONS OR CAPACITIES--A NORMAL PROSPECT 9 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 ACTUALLY1 BUT SUDD5LY HUGELY EXAC]BAT$4 ,!SE W]E ! /UD5TS :O FIR/ BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ,S,D,S2 PEOPLE :O1 AS ,MATTICK EMPHASIZES1 LIKE !IR EQUIVAL5TS 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\?1 ALWAYS SAW !MSELVES AS A K9D ( BREAKAWAY FRAGM5T ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE ELITE4 ,?IS WAS1 HE SUGGE/S1 CRUCIAL TO UND]/&+ ! LIMITS ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT--?AT ACTIVI/S 9V>IABLY SAW !MSELVES AS 0ORGANIZ]S10 SOCIAL WORK]S3.<#b#e.> 

,:AT UNIT$ ALL FACTIONS ( ! LEFT WAS ! CONCEPTION ( !IR RELATION%IP TO ACTUAL OR FANTASIZ$ COMMUNITIES AS ORGANIZ]S--AFT] ! EXAMPLE ( TRADE UNIONI/S & SOCIAL WORK]S--RA!R ?AN AS 0FELL[ /UD5TS0 OR WORK]S ) A P>TICUL> UND]/&+ ( A SITUATION %>$ ) O!RS1 & IDEAS ( :AT TO DO AB\T IT4 ,DESPITE ! DISAGREEM5T OV] ! PRIM>Y T>GET = ORGANIZ+--UNEMPLOY$1 BLUE-COLL> WORK]S1 :ITE-COLL> WORK]S1 DROP\T Y\?--9 EA* CASE ! 0COMMUNITY0 WAS SE5 AS A POT5TIAL 0CON/ITU5CY0 7OR1 9 ,P,L'S .<,PROGRESSIVE ,LABOR ,P>TY.> LANGUAGE1 0BASE074 ,! RADICALS SAW !MSELVES AS PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES1 A =CE SO TO SPEAK \TSIDE ( SOCIETY1 ORGANIZ+ ?OSE 9SIDE ON !IR [N BEHALF4 ,?US ! ACTIVI/ PLAY$ ! P>T RES]V$ 9 LIB]AL !ORY = ! /ATE1 A PO9T NOT TO BE NEGLECT$ 9 ! ATTEMPT TO UND]/& ! DRIFT ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT FROM AN ORI5TATION ( LIB]AL GOV]NM5TAL RE=M TO ,L59I/-,/AL9I/ CONCEPTS ( SOCIALISM 7,MATTICK #a#i#g3 #b#b74 

,! CONTRADICTIONS ( ?IS SITUATION EV5TUALLY BECAME APP>5T AS ! DECADE WORE ON4 ,! CRISIS WAS SP>K$ FIR/ 9 GR\PS LIKE ,S,N,C,C1 :5 DEM&S = CIVIL RI<TS BEGAN TO GIVE WAY TO CALLS = ,BLACK ,P[]4 ,! RADICALS 9 ,S,N,C,C1 :O W]E EV5TUALLY TO F\ND ! ,BLACK ,PAN!RS1 CALL$ ON :ITE ACTIVI/S TO /OP DO+ ALLIANCE WORK & RETURN TO !IR [N COMMUNITIES1 P>TICUL>LY1 9 ORD] TO ORGANIZE :ITE COMMUNITIES AGA9/ RACISM4 ,S,D,S ACTIVI/S ALWAYS GREET$ SU* CALLS ) GREAT AMBIVAL5CE 7,B>B] #b#a7--9 P>T BECAUSE !Y W]E NEV] QUITE CLE> ON :AT !IR [N COMMUNITIES W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE4 ,ONE C\LD SAY SOME?+ ALONG !SE L9ES HAD BE5 ATTEMPT$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS ) ! ,ECONOMIC ,RESE>* ,>EAS ,PROJECT 7,],A,P71 9T5D$ AS ! :ITE EQUIVAL5T TO GRASSROOTS CIVIL RI<TS ORGANIZ+1 ?AT BR\<T ,S,D,S ACTIVI/S 9TO POOR :ITE COMMUNITIES1 & TRI$ TO MOBILIZE COMMUNITIES >\ND MATT]S ( COMMON CONC]N4 ,SOME ( !SE PROJECTS SCOR$ VICTORIES 9 GA9+ LOCAL RE=MS1 BUT ORGANIZ]S NEV] FELT MU* P>T ( ! COMMUNITIES 9 :I* !Y WORK$1 FELT ISOLAT$ FROM O!R ACTIVI/S1 & FEW SAW ! RESULTS AS WOR? ! SACRIFICE4 ,! PROJECT FELL AP>T 9 #a#i#f#e4 ,9/EAD1 AS ,MATTICK SO KE5LY OBS]V$1 MANY BEGAN TO REALIZE ?AT IF !RE WAS A WAY TO OV]COME ! ALI5ATION ( DEAD-5D JOBS1 TO F9D WORK ?AT ACTUALLY LIV$ UP TO !IR IMAG9ATIVE CAPACITIES1 IT WAS 9 ACTIVISM ITSELF4 ,O!R ACTIVI/S1 9 EFFECT1 W]E !IR COMMUNITIES4 

,! CRISIS 9ITIAT$ BY ,BLACK ,P[] ULTIMATELY L$ 9 TWO V]Y DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS4 ,AGA91 AT ! CO/ ( GROSS SIMPLIFICATION3 ONCE !IR ALLIES 9 ! CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T HAD AB&ON$ !M1 :ITE ACTIVI/S W]E EFFECTIVELY LEFT ) TWO OPTIONS4 ,!Y C\LD EI!R TRY TO BUILD C\NT]CULTURAL 9/ITUTIONS ( !IR [N1 OR !Y C\LD FOCUS ON ALLY+ ) COMMUNITIES OR REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS 9 /RUGGLE OV]SEAS3 I4E41 ! ,VIET ,CONG OR O!R ,?IRD ,WORLD REVOLUTION>IES1 :O W\LD TAKE PRETTY MU* :ATEV] ALLIES !Y C\LD GET4 ,AS ,S,D,S BEGAN TO SPL9T] 9TO SQUABBL+ ,MAOI/ FACTIONS1 GR\PS LIKE ! ,DIGG]S & ,YIPPIES 7F\ND$ 9 #a#i#f#h7 TOOK ! FIR/ OPTION4 ,MANY W]E EXPLICITLY AN>*I/1 & C]TA9LY1 ! LATE #a#i#fS TURN T[>DS ! CREATION ( AUTONOM\S COLLECTIVES & 9/ITUTIONBUILD+ WAS SQU>ELY )9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 :ILE ! EMPHASIS ON FREE LOVE1 PSY*$ELIC DRUGS1 & ! CREATION ( ALT]NATIVE =MS ( PLEASURE WAS SQU>ELY 9 ! BOHEMIAN TRADITION ) :I* ,EURO-,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 AT LEA/ SOME:AT ALIGN$4 ,! ,YIPPIE SLOGAN1 0REVOLUTION = ! HELL ( IT0 C\LD BE SE5 AS EM]G+ DIRECTLY FROM ! REALIZATION ?AT ACTIVISM ITSELF C\LD BECOME ! PRIME MEANS ( OV]COM+ ALI5ATION4 ,! O!R OPTION WAS TO SEE ONESELF AS PRIM>ILY ALLY+ ) REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNITIES OV]SEAS3 H5CE ! OBSESSION ) GLORIFY+ REVOLUTION>Y H]OES 9 ,CUBA1 ,VIETNAM1 ,*9A1 & ELSE:]E 7M5 :O1 AS ,SITUATIONI/ & ,AUTONOMI/ CRITICS PO9T$ \T1 W]E ESS5TIALLY ICONS ( ! SORT ( NEW RADICAL ADM9I/RATION ELITES ) :I* ! ,S,D,S HAD ALWAYS TACITLY ID5TIFI$71 & ! FEEL+ ONE NE$ /RIKE BACK AGA9/ ! EMPIRE FROM )9 ! BELLY ( ! BEA/4 

,EA* /RATEGY 9VOLV$ A RETURN TO DIRECT ACTION1 BUT1 SIMULTANE\SLY1 A JETTISON+ ( ! :OLE PROJECT ( CREAT+ EGALIT>IAN DECISION-MAK+ /RUCTURES4 ,HIPPIES & ,YIPPIES MI<T BE CONSID]$ A BIT AMBIVAL5T 9 ?IS REG>D1 AS SMALL COMMUNES & MANY ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ 9 ! PROCESS G5]ALLY DID OP]ATE ON DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLES4 ,/ILL1 ! ,YIPPIES1 ) !IR WILD1 ACID-9SPIR$ PRANKS & M$IA /UNTS1 T5D$ TO TURN 9TO A PLAT=M = *>ISMATIC IMPRES>IOS LIKE ,ABBIE ,H(FMAN & ,J]RY ,RUB91 9 A /YLE ?AT PROV$ NOTORI\SLY ALI5AT+ TO SOME MEMB]S ( ! :ITE WORK+ CLASSES4 ,! ,WEA!RM51 9 TURN1 ATTEMPT$ A S]IES ( BOMB+S DIRECT$ AT MILIT>Y & CORPORATE T>GETS1 MEANT TO 9SPIRE SPONTANE\S EMULATION & DRIVE SOCIETY T[>DS A REVOLUTION>Y CONFRONTATION--?\< ) ! SIGNIFICANT LIMITATION ?AT !Y DID NOT WANT TO KILL ANYONE4 ,!Y 5D$ UP MA9LY BL[+ UP EMPTY BUILD+S4 ,9T]E/+LY1 BO? HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT ON LAT] M$IA POLICY1 S9CE MA9/REAM J\RNALI/S BEGAN TO FEEL COMPLICIT1 COM+ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT 9CREAS+LY WILD & DE/RUCTIVE ACTS W]E 9 FACT 9SPIR$ BY A NE$ TO CON/ANTLY ESCALATE 9 ORD] TO MAKE HEADL9ES4 ,I HAVE HE>D P]SI/5T RUMORS FROM #a#i#fS VET]ANS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ! ,WEA!RM5'S BOMB+ CAMPAIGN WAS F> MORE EXT5SIVE & DEVA/AT+ ?AN HAS EV] BE5 RECORD$1 BUT ?AT !RE WAS A CONSCI\S DECISION BY ! NATIONAL M$IA TO /OP REPORT+ ON IT4 ,I HAVE NO IDEA IF ?IS IS TRUE4 ,/ILL1 ONE ?+ ?AT IS CLE> IS ?AT1 S9CE ?IS P]IOD1 ! ,AM]ICAN M$IA HAS BECOME1 MORE ?AN ?AT ( ANY O!R 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY ,I'M AW>E (1 EXTREMELY RELUCTANT TO REPORT ON ACTIVI/ /UNTS ( ANY SORT--OR EV5 DEMON/RATIONS4 

,?IS PO9T WILL BECOME IMPORTANT LAT] ON4 ,= N[1 ?\<1 ! KEY PO9T IS ?AT NONE ( !SE GR\PS COMB9$ !IR 9T]E/ 9 DIRECT ACTION ) AN EMPHASIS ON DEC5TRALIZ$ DECISION-MAK+2 TO ! CONTR>Y1 :E!R BECAUSE ! FOCUS TURN$ ON ! ONE H& TO *>ISMATIC FIGURES :O W]E AT LEA/ POT5TIAL M$IA />S1 OR TO ! K9D ( CELL-LIKE1 MILIT>Y /RUCTURE ABLE TO C>RY \T GU]RILLA-/YLE ATTACKS1 ! IMPULSE WAS 9 ! O!R DIRECTION4 ,MOREOV]1 BO? /RATEGIES FL>$ UP = A FEW YE>S & V]Y RAPIDLY FAD$ AWAY 7?\< ! ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ >\ND ?IS TIME (T5 LA/$ CONSID]ABLY LONG]74 

,IT HAS BECOME A CONV5TIONAL HABIT 9 LIB]AL S*OL>%IP TO CONTRA/ ! S]I\S ACTIVISM ( ! E>LY #a#i#fS ,NEW ,LEFT ) ! SUPPOS$ *ILDI% EXTREMISM ( ! LATE #a#i#fS & E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,I DON'T WANT TO LEAVE ! READ] ) ! IMPRESSION ,I AGREE ) ?IS4 ,! /&>D LIB]AL COMPLA9T IS ?AT ! #a#i#fS C\NT]CULTURE--9 EFFECT1 ! FIR/ MASS-BAS$1 9DU/RIAL BOHEMIANISM--DE/ROY$ ITSELF 9 ULTRA-RADICALISM4 ,MOREOV]1 9 DO+ SO1 ! >GUM5T GOES1 IT LEFT AN OP5+ = RI<T-W+ ACTIVI/S TO ADOPT MANY ( ! SAME GRASSROOTS ORGANIZ+ TE*NIQUES DEVELOP$ BY ,S,D,S TO REA* \T TO ! V]Y :ITE WORK+-CLASS CON/ITU5CIES ,S,D,S HAD SU* A DIFFICULT TIME ORGANIZ+1 TO MOBILIZE !M AGA9/ ?AT V]Y C\NT]CULTURE4 ,!RE'S C]TA9LY AN IRONY H]E4 ,BUT IT SEEMS TO ME IT IS BETT] TO SEE BO? P]IODS AS ATTEMPTS TO WORK ?R\< C]TA9 FUNDAM5TAL DILEMMAS ?AT >E /ILL ) US TODAY4 ,I MYSELF SUSPECT ! REAL CULPRIT 9 ! RISE & EV5TUAL HEGEMONY ( ! ,NEW ,RI<T IS NOT ! EXCESSES ( ,MAOI/S & ,YIPPIES1 BUT1 RA!R1 ! FACT ?AT ,AM]ICA /OPP$ US+ HI<] $UCATION AS A MEANS ( CLASS MOBILITY4 ,AS MO/ ( ,MATTICK'S FRU/RAT$ ADM9I/RATIVE CLASSES W]E REABSORB$ 9TO A NEW1 MORE FLEXIBLE CAPITALISM1 ! :ITE WORK+ CLASS WAS 9CREAS+LY LOCK$ \T ( ANY ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( CULTURAL PRODUCTION--O!R ?AN1 P]HAPS1 !IR *UR*4 ,! RESULT WAS A P]HAPS PR$ICTABLE RES5TM5T AGA9/ ! SUPPOS$ C\NT]CULTURAL EXCESSES ( ! 0LIB]AL ELITE40.<#b#f.> 

,BE ?IS AS IT MAY1 ! SECOND P]IOD WAS F> MORE COMPLEX & CREATIVE ?AN CRITICS >E USUALLY WILL+ TO LET ON4 ,MANY ( ! IDEAS ?AT CAME \T ( IT W]E EXTRAORD9>ILY PRESCI5T4 ,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ,HUEY ,NEWTON'S NOTION ( 09T]COMMUNALITY10 :I* BECAME ! (FICIAL ,BLACK ,PAN!R POSITION 9 #a#i#g#a1 & :I* HELD ?AT ! NATION-/ATE WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( BREAK+ D[N AS ! MA9 /AGE ( POLITICAL /RUGGLE & ?AT ANY EFFECTIVE REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS W\LD HAVE TO BEG9 BY AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 LOCAL SELF-ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITIES IRRESPECTIVE ( NATIONAL B\ND>IES4 ,! REAL PROBLEM WAS H[ !Y W]E SELF-ORGANIZ$3 ! ,BLACK ,PAN!RS1 AS TYPIFI$ BY FIGURES LIKE ,NEWTON HIMSELF1 EV5TUALLY CAME TO EMBODY AN ]A 9 :I* MA*O1 *AUV9I/ LEAD]%IP /YLES !MSELVES CAME TO SEEM SYNONYM\S ) MILITANCY4 

,IT'S PROBABLY SIGNIFICANT ?AT 9 ,S,N,C,C1 ! FIR/ MOVE T[>DS REJECT+ DEC5TRALIZ$ DECISION-MAK+ WAS 9ITIAT$ BY ! EM]G+ ,BLACK ,P[] FACTION4 ,POLETTA'S 7#b#b7 C>EFUL ANALYSIS ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL HI/ORY ( ! MOVEM5T %[S QUITE CLE>LY ?AT CONS5SUS & DEC5TRALIZATION W]E NOT *ALL5G$ BECAUSE !Y W]E ACTUALLY 9EFFICI5T4 ,RA!R1 !Y W]E US$ AS W$GE ISSUES4 ,BY OBSESS+ AB\T DEMOCRATIC PROCESS1 :ITE ACTIVI/S 9 ,S,N,C,C & !IR ALLIES C\LD BE ID5TIFI$ ) 5DLESS TALK & FUSS+ AB\T2 ! MORE MILITANT1 ,BLACK ,P[] FACTION C\LD PRES5T ITSELF AS ! IDEAL MODEL ( ! RU?LESS EFFICI5CY APPROPRIATE TO A TRULY MILITANT ORGANIZATION4 ,IT'S PROBABLY ALSO SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,/OKELY ,C>MI*AEL1 :O BECAME ! MA9 SPOKESMAN = ! ,BLACK ,P[] POSITION1 WAS FOND ( SAY+ ?+S LIKE 0! ONLY POSITION = WOM5 9 ,S,N,C,C IS PRONE40 

,! FACT ?AT1 EV5 BY ! MID #a#i#fS1 SU* ?+S C\LD BE SAID 9 AN ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS ORIG9ALLY F\ND$ BY A WOMAN AS A REVOLT AGA9/ *>ISMATIC MALE AU?ORITY IS ITSELF A/\ND+4 ,BUT IT MI<T GIVE A S5SE ( ! SEXUAL POLITICS ALWAYS LY+ NOT F> BEL[ ! SURFACE ( ! OLD ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,MILITANT NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS >E ( C\RSE NOTORI\S = PROVID+ PLAT=MS = ! VIGOR\S REASS]TION ( C]TA9 TYPES ( MASCUL9E AU?ORITY4 ,BUT S5TIM5TS SIMIL> TO ,C>MI*AEL'S CAN BE F\ND COM+ FROM ! M\?S ( :ITE ACTIVI/S ( ?AT TIME AS WELL4 ,! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T1 9 FACT1 BEGAN L>GELY FROM )9 ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 AS A REACTION TO PRECISELY ?IS SORT ( MA*O LEAD]%IP /YLE--OR SIMPLY AMONG ?OSE TIR$ ( DISCOV]+ ?AT1 EV5 DUR+ UNIV]SITY OCCUPATIONS1 !Y W]E /ILL EXPECT$ TO PREP>E S&WI*ES & PROVIDE FREE SEXUAL S]VICES :ILE MALE ACTIVI/S POS$ = ! CAM]AS4 ,! REVIVAL ( 9T]E/ 9 CREAT+ PRACTICAL =MS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 9 TURN--9 FACT1 ! REAL ORIG9 ( ! CURR5T MOVEM5T--?US TRACE BACK LESS TO !SE MALE #a#i#fS RADICALS ?AN TO ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T ?AT >OSE L>GELY 9 REACTION TO !M 7= EXAMPLE1 ,FREEMAN #a#i#g#a1 ,EVANS #a#i#g#i74 

,:5 ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T BEGAN1 IT WAS ORGANIZATIONALLY V]Y SIMPLE4 ,ITS BASIC UNITS W]E SMALL CONSCI\SNESS-RAIS+ CIRCLES2 ! APPROA* WAS 9=MAL1 9TIMATE1 & ANTI-IDEOLOGICAL4 ,MO/ ( ! FIR/ GR\PS EM]G$ DIRECTLY FROM ,NEW ,LEFT CIRCLES4 ,9S(> AS !Y PLAC$ !MSELVES 9 RELATION TO A PREVI\S RADICAL TRADITION1 IT WAS USUALLY AN>*ISM4 ,:ILE ! 9=MAL ORGANIZATION PROV$ EXTREMELY WELL SUIT$ = CONSCI\SNESS-RAIS+1 AS GR\PS TURN$ TO PLANN+ ACTIONS1 & P>TICUL>LY AS !Y GREW L>G]1 PROBLEMS T5D$ TO DEVELOP4 ,ALMO/ 9V>IABLY1 SU* GR\PS CAME TO BE DOM9AT$ BY AN 09N] CIRCLE0 ( WOM5 :O W]E1 OR HAD BECOME1 CLOSE FRI5DS4 ,! NATURE ( ! 9N] CIRCLE W\LD V>Y1 BUT SOMEH[ ONE W\LD ALWAYS EM]GE4 ,AS A RESULT1 9 SOME GR\PS LESBIANS W\LD 5D UP FEEL+ EXCLUD$1 9 O!RS ! SAME ?+ W\LD HAPP5 TO /RAI<T WOM54 ,O!R GR\PS W\LD GR[ RAPIDLY 9 SIZE & !N SEE MO/ ( ! NEWCOM]S QUICKLY DROP \T AGA9 AS !RE WAS NO WAY TO 9TEGRATE !M4 ,5DLESS DEBATES 5SU$4 ,ONE RESULT WAS AN ESSAY CALL$ 0,! ,TYRANNY ( ,/RUCTURELESSNESS10 WRITT5 BY ,M>Y ,JO ,FREEMAN 9 #aig & FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#g#b--A TEXT /ILL AVIDLY READ BY ORGANIZ]S ( ALL SORTS 9 ! PRES5T DAY4 ,FREEMAN'S >GUM5T IS FAIRLY SIMPLE4 ,NO MATT] H[ S9C]E ONE'S D$ICATION TO EGALIT>IAN PR9CIPLES1 ! FACT IS ?AT 9 ANY ACTIVI/ GR\P1 DIFF]5T MEMB]S WILL HAVE DIFF]5T SKILLS1 ABILITIES1 EXP]I5CE1 P]SONAL QUALITIES1 & LEVELS ( D$ICATION4 ,AS A RESULT1 SOME SORT ( ELITE OR LEAD]%IP /RUCTURE WILL 9EVITABLY DEVELOP4 ,9 A LOT ( WAYS1 HAV+ AN UNACKN[L$G$ LEAD]%IP /RUCTURE1 %E >GU$1 CAN BE A LOT MORE DAMAG+ ?AN HAV+ A =MAL ONE3 AT LEA/ ) A =MAL /RUCTURE IT'S POSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% PRECISELY :AT'S EXPECT$ ( ?OSE :O >E DO+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 COORD9ATIVE TASKS & HOLD !M ACC\NTABLE4 

,ONE REASON = ! ESSAY'S ONGO+ POPUL>ITY IS ?AT IT CAN BE US$ TO SUPPORT SU* A WIDE V>IETY ( POSITIONS4 ,LIB]ALS & SOCIALI/S REGUL>LY CITE 0,! ,TYRANNY ( ,/RUCTURELESSNESS0 AS A JU/IFICATION = :Y ANY SORT ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION IS B\ND TO FAIL1 AS A *>T] = A RETURN TO OLD]1 TOP-D[N /YLES ( ORGANIZATION1 REPLETE ) EXECUTIVE (FICES1 /E]+ COMMITTEES1 & ! LIKE4 ,EGALIT>IANS OBJECT ?AT EV5 TO ! EXT5T ?IS IS TRUE1 IT IS F> WORSE TO HAVE A LEAD]%IP ?AT FEELS FULLY 5TITL$ TO ITS P[] ?AN ONE ?AT HAS TO TAKE ACCUSATIONS ( HYPOCRISY S]I\SLY4 ,AN>*I/S1 !RE=E1 HAVE USUALLY READ ,FREEMAN'S >GUM5T AS A CALL TO =MALIZE GR\P PROCESS TO 5SURE GREAT] EQUALITY1 &1 9 FACT1 MO/ ( H] CONCRETE SUGGE/IONS--CL>IFY+ :AT TASKS >E ASSIGN$ TO :AT 9DIVIDUALS1 F9D+ A WAY = ! GR\P TO REVIEW ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS' P]=MANCE1 DI/RIBUT+ RESPONSIBILITIES AS WIDELY AS POSSIBLE 7P]HAPS BY ROTATION71 5SUR+ ALL HAVE EQUAL ACCESS TO 9=MATION & RES\RCES--W]E CLE>LY MEANT TO PRECISELY ?AT 5D4 

,)9 ! L>G] FEM9I/ MOVEM5T ITSELF1 MO/ ( !SE >GUM5TS EV5TUALLY BECAME MOOT1 BECAUSE ! AN>*I/ MOM5T WAS BRIEF4 ,ESPECIALLY AFT] ,ROE V4 ,WADE MADE IT SEEM /RATEGICALLY WISE TO RELY ON GOV]NM5T P[]1 ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T WAS TO TAKE (F 9 A DECISIVELY LIB]AL DIRECTION1 & TO RELY 9CREAS+LY ON ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT W]E ANY?+ BUT EGALIT>IAN4 ,BUT1 = ?OSE /ILL WORK+ 9 EGALIT>IAN COLLECTIVES1 OR TRY+ TO CREATE !M1 FEM9ISM HAD EFFECTIVELY FRAM$ ! T]MS ( DEBATE4 ,IF Y\ WANT TO KEEP DECISION MAK+ TO ! SMALLE/ GR\PS POSSIBLE1 H[ DO ?OSE GR\PS COORD9ATE8 ,)9 ?OSE GR\PS1 H[ TO PREV5T A CLIQUE ( FRI5DS FROM TAK+ OV]8 ,H[ TO PREV5T C]TA9 CATEGORIES ( P>TICIPANTS 7/RAI<T WOM51 GAY WOM51 OLD] WOM51 /UD5TS--9 MIX$ GR\PS IT SOON BECAME1 SIMPLY1 WOM57 FROM BE+ M>G9ALIZ$8 ,:AT'S MORE1 EV5 IF MA9/REAM FEM9I/S HAD AB&ON$ ! POLITICS ( DIRECT ACTION1 !RE W]E PL5TY ( RADICAL FEM9I/S1 NOT TO M5TION AN>*AFEM9I/S1 >\ND TO TRY TO KEEP SU* GR\PS HONE/4 

,! ORIG9S ( ! CURR5T DIRECT-ACTION MOVEM5T GO BACK PRECISELY TO ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE ?OSE DILEMMAS4 ,! PIECES REALLY />T$ COM+ TOGE!R 9 ! ANT9UCLE> MOVEM5T ( ! LATE #a#i#gS1 FIR/ ) ! F\ND+ ( ! ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE & ! OCCUPATION ( ! ,%OREHAM NUCLE> P[] PLANT 9 ,MASSA*USETTS 9 #a#i#g#g1 !N FOLL[$ BY ! ,ABALONE ,ALLIANCE & /RUGGLES OV] ! ,DIABLO ,CANYON PLANT 9 ,CALI=NIA A FEW YE>S LAT]4 ,! MA9 9SPIRATION = ANT9UCLE> ACTIVI/S--AT LEA/ ON QUE/IONS ( ORGANIZATION--W]E IDEAS PROP\ND$ BY A GR\P CALL$ ! ,MOVEM5T = A ,NEW ,SOCIETY 7,M,N,S71 BAS$ 9 ,PHILADELPHIA4 ,M,N,S WAS SPE>HEAD$ BY A GAY RI<TS ACTIVI/ NAM$ ,GEORGE ,LAKEY1 :O--LIKE SEV]AL O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P--WAS ALSO AN AN>*I/ ,QUAK]4 ,LAKEY & HIS FRI5DS PROPOS$ A VISION ( NONVIOL5T REVOLUTION4 ,RA!R ?AN A CATACLYSMIC SEIZURE ( P[]1 !Y PROPOS$ ! CONT9UAL CREATION & ELABORATION ( NEW 9/ITUTIONS1 BAS$ ON NEW1 NON-ALI5AT+ MODES ( 9T]ACTION--9/ITUTIONS ?AT C\LD BE CONSID]$ 0PREFIGURATIVE0 9S(> AS !Y PROVID$ A =ETA/E ( :AT A TRULY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY MI<T BE LIKE4 ,SU* PREFIGURATIVE 9/ITUTIONS C\LD GRADUALLY REPLACE ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] 7,LAKEY #a#i#g#c74 ,! VISION 9 ITSELF WAS H>DLY NEW4 ,IT WAS A NONVIOL5T V]SION ( ! /&>D AN>*I/ IDEA ( BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY )9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD4 ,:AT WAS NEW WAS ?AT M5 LIKE ,LAKEY1 HAV+ BE5 BR\<T UP ,QUAK]S1 & ACQUIR$ A GREAT DEAL ( EXP]I5CE ) ,QUAK] DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES1 HAD A PRACTICAL VISION ( H[ SOME ( !SE ALT]NATIVES MI<T ACTUALLY WORK4 ,MANY ( :AT HAVE N[ BECOME /&>D FEATURES ( =MAL CONS5SUS PROCESS--! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! FACILITATOR %\LD NEV] ACT AS AN 9T]E/$ P>TY 9 ! DEBATE1 ! IDEA ( ! 0BLOCK0--W]E FIR/ DISSEM9AT$ BY ,M,N,S TRA9+S 9 ,PHILADELPHIA & ,BO/ON4 

,! ANT9UCLE> MOVEM5T WAS ALSO ! FIR/ TO MAKE ITS BASIC ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT ! AFF9ITY GR\P--A K9D ( M9IMAL UNIT ( ORGANIZATION FIR/ DEVELOP$ BY AN>*I/S 9 E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,SPA9 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA--& SPOKESC\NCILS4 ,AS ,/>HAWK PO9T$ \T 9 ,*APT] #a1 ALL ?IS WAS V]Y MU* A LE>N+ PROCESS1 A K9D ( BL9D EXP]IM5T1 & ?+S W]E (T5 EXTREMELY ROCKY4 ,AT FIR/1 ORGANIZ]S W]E SU* CONS5SUS PURI/S ?AT !Y 9SI/$ ?AT ANY ONE 9DIVIDUAL HAD ! RI<T TO BLOCK PROPOSALS EV5 ON A NATIONWIDE LEVEL1 :I* PROV$ 5TIRELY UNWORKABLE4 ,/ILL1 DIRECT ACTION PROV$ SPECTACUL>LY SUCCESSFUL 9 PUTT+ ! ISSUE ( NUCLE> P[] ON ! MAP4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! MOVEM5T FELL VICTIM TO ITS [N SUCCESS4 ,?\< IT R>ELY WON A BATTLE--?AT IS1 = A BLOCKADE TO PREV5T ! CON/RUCTION ( ANY P>TICUL> NEW PLANT--IT V]Y QUICKLY WON ! W>4 ,U,S GOV]NM5T PLANS TO BUILD A HUNDR$ NEW G5]ATORS W]E SCOT*$ AFT] A C\PLE YE>S & NO NEW PLANS TO BUILD NUCLE> PLANTS HAVE BE5 ANN\NC$ S9CE4 ,ATTEMPTS TO MOVE FROM NUCLE> PLANTS TO NUCLE> MISSILES &1 FROM !RE1 TO A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 PROV$ MORE ( A *ALL5GE1 & ! MOVEM5T ITSELF WAS NEV] ABLE TO JUMP FROM ! NUCLE> ISSUE TO BECOME ! BASIS ( A BROAD] REVOLUTION>Y CAMPAIGN4 ,AFT] ! E>LY #a#i#hS1 IT L>GELY DISAPPE>$4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY NO?+ WAS GO+ ON 9 ! LATE #a#i#hS & #a#i#iS4 ,RADICAL ,A,I,D,S ACTIVI/S WORK+ ) ,A,C,T ,U,P1 & RADICAL 5VIRONM5TALI/S ) GR\PS LIKE ,E>? ,FIR/61 KEPT !SE TE*NIQUES ALIVE & DEVELOP$ !M4 ,9 ! #a#i#iS1 !RE WAS AN EF=T TO CREATE A ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ F$]ATION >\ND A NEWSPAP] CALL$ ,LOVE @& ,RAGE ?AT1 AT ITS PEAK1 9VOLV$ HUNDR$S ( ACTIVI/S 9 DIFF]5T CITIES4 ,/ILL1 IT'S PROBABLY ACCURATE TO SEE ?IS P]IOD LESS AS AN ]A ( GR& MOBILIZATIONS ?AN AS ONE ( MOLECUL> DISSEM9ATION4 ,A TYPICAL EXAMPLE IS ! /ORY ( ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS1 A GR\P ORIG9ALLY F\ND$ BY A FEW FRI5DS FROM ,BO/ON :O HAD BE5 P>T ( AN AFF9ITY GR\P PROVID+ FOOD DUR+ ! ACTIONS AT ,%OREHAM4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS VET]ANS ( ! AFF9ITY GR\P SET UP %OP 9 A SQUATT$ H\SE 9 ,BO/ON & BEGAN DUMP/]-DIV+ FRE% PRODUCE CA/ (F BY SUP]M>KETS & RE/AURANTS1 & PREP>+ FREE VEGET>IAN MEALS TO DI/RIBUTE 9 PUBLIC PLACES4 ,AFT] A FEW YE>S1 ONE ( ! F\ND+ MEMB]S MOV$ TO ,SAN ,FRANCISCO & SET UP A SIMIL> OP]ATION !RE4 ,WORD SPREAD 79 P>T BECAUSE ( SOME DRAMATIC1 TELEVIS$ >RE/S7 &1 BY ! MID-#a#i#iS AUTONOM\S *APT]S ( ,F,N,B W]E APPE>+ ALL OV] ,AM]ICA1 & ,CANADA AS WELL4 ,BY ! TURN ( ! MILL5NIUM1 !RE W]E LIT]ALLY HUNDR$S4 ,BUT ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS IS NOT AN ORGANIZATION4 ,!RE IS NO OV]>*+ /RUCTURE1 NO MEMB]%IP OR ANNUAL MEET+S4 ,IT'S JU/ AN IDEA--?AT FOOD %\LD GO TO ?OSE ?AT NE$ IT1 & 9 A WAY ?AT ?OSE F$ CAN !MSELVES BECOME P>T ( ! PROCESS IF !Y WANT TO--PLUS SOME BASIC H[-TO 9=MATION 7N[ EASILY AVAILABLE ON ! ,9T]NET71 & A %>$ COMMITM5T TO EGALIT>IAN DECISION-MAK+ & A DO-IT-Y\RSELF 7,D,I,Y7 SPIRIT4 ,GRADUALLY1 COOP]ATIVES1 AN>*I/ 9FO%OPS1 CL9IC DEF5SE GR\PS1 ,AN>*I/ ,BLACK ,CROSS PRISON] COLLECTIVES1 PIRATE RADIO COLLECTIVES1 SQUATS1 & *APT]S ( ,ANTI-,RACI/ ,ACTION BEGAN SPR++ UP ON A SIMIL> MOLECUL> BASIS ACROSS ! CONT95T4 ,ALL BECAME WORK%OPS = ! CREATION ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT1 ESPECIALLY S9CE SO MU* ( IT DEVELOP$ NOT ON CAMPUSES1 BUT )9 C\NT]CULTURAL MILIEUS LIKE ! PUNK SC5E1 IT REMA9$ WELL BEL[ ! RAD> ( NOT ONLY ! CORPORATE M$IA1 BUT EV5 ( /&>D PROGRESSIVE J\RNALS LIKE ,MO!R ,JONES OR ! ,NATION4 ,?IS1 9 TURN1 EXPLA9S H[1 :5 SU* GR\PS SUDD5LY BEGAN TO COALESCE & COORD9ATE 9 ,SEATTLE1 IT SEEM$1 = ! RE/ ( ! C\NTRY1 AS IF A MOVEM5T HAD SUDD5LY APPE>$ FROM NO:]E4 

,BY ! TIME WE GET TO ,SEATTLE1 ?\<1 IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO EV5 PRET5D SU* MATT]S CAN BE DISCUSS$ )9 A NATIONAL FRAMEWORK4 ,:AT ! PRESS 9SI/S ON CALL+ ! 0ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T0 WAS1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 A SELF-CONSCI\SLY GLOBAL MOVEM5T4 ,! ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,W,T,O ,M9I/]IAL 9 ,SEATTLE W]E FIR/ PROPOS$ BY ,P,G,A1 A PLANET>Y NETWORK ?AT CAME 9TO BE+ BY ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELS 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,! EMPHASIS ON ! ,W,T,O REFLECT$ ! CONC]NS ( F>M]'S GR\PS 9 ,9DIA & ! TACTICS EMPLOY$ C\LD EQUALLY WELL BE SE5 AS AN AMALGAM ( IDEAS DRAWN MA9LY FROM ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? ?AN AS AN 9DIG5\S ,AM]ICAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT WAS ! ,9T]NET1 ABOVE ALL1 ?AT MADE ?IS POSSIBLE4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ! ,9T]NET HAS ALL[$ = A QUALITATIVE LEAP 9 ! RANGE & SPE$ ( MOLECUL> DISSEM9ATION3 !RE >E N[ ,FOOD ,NOT ,BOMBS *APT]S1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ,C>ACAS & ,B&UNG4 ,! YE> OR TWO DIRECTLY AFT] ,SEATTLE ALSO SAW ! EM]G5CE ( ! NETWORK ( ,9DEP5D5T ,M$IA ,C5T]S1 RADICAL WEB J\RNALISM ?AT HAS COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( 9=MATION FL[ AB\T ACTIONS & EV5TS4 ,ACTIVI/S :O US$ TO /RUGGLE = MON?S & YE>S TO PUT ON ACTIONS ?AT W]E !N 5TIRELY IGNOR$ BY ! M$IA N[ KN[ ?AT ANY?+ !Y DO WILL BE PICK$ UP & REPORT$ 9/ANTLY 9 PHOTOS1 /ORIES1 & VIDEOS1 ACROSS ! PLANET--IF ONLY 9 A =M ACCESS$ L>GELY BY O!R ACTIVI/S4 ,! GREAT PROBLEM HAS BE5 H[ TO TRANSLATE ! FL[ ( 9=MATION 9TO /RUCTURES ( COLLECTIVE DECISION MAK+--S9CE DECISION MAK+ IS ! ONE ?+ ?AT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO DO ON ! ,9T]NET4 ,OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 ! QUE/ION IS3 :5 & ON :AT LEVEL >E /RUCTURES ( COLLECTIVE DECISION MAK+ REQUIR$8 ,! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,NETWORK1 & ! ,CONT95TAL ,D,A,N /RUCTURE ?AT BEGAN TO BE SET UP 9 ! MON?S FOLL[+ ,SEATTLE1 WAS A FIR/ EF=T TO ADDRESS ?IS PROBLEM4 ,ULTIMATELY IT F\ND]$4 ,9 DO+ SO1 H[EV]1 IT ALSO PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 DISSEM9AT+ C]TA9 MODELS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 & MAK+ !IR PRACTICE PRETTY MU* 9EXTRICABLE FROM ! IDEA ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,IT'S ! CONJUNCTION BETWE5 !SE TWO PH5OM5ON1 N[ PRETTY MU* IRREV]SIBLY E/ABLI%$ 9 ! MO/ RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,AM]ICA &1 9CREAS+LY1 ELSE:]E1 ?AT'S ! REAL SUBJECT ( ?IS BOOK4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/