,DIRECT ,ACTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMILE ,P\GET 

,TEXT 3 

0,DIRECT ,ACTION 444 IMPLIES ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS SUBSCRIBES TO NOTIONS ( FRE$OM & AUTONOMY 9/EAD ( G5UFLECT+ BE=E ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4 ,N[1 IT IS ?ANKS TO ?IS AU?ORITY PR9CIPLE1 ! PIVOT ( ! MOD]N WORLD -- DEMOCRACY BE+ ITS LATE/ 9C>NATION -- ?AT ! HUMAN BE+1 TI$ D[N BY A ?\S& ROPES1 MORAL AS WELL AS MAT]IAL1 IS B]EFT ( ANY OPPORTUNITY TO DISPLAY WILL & 9ITIATIVE40 

,:AT WE MEAN BY ,DIRECT ,ACTION 

,DIRECT ,ACTION IS ! SYMBOL ( REVOLUTION>Y UNIONISM 9 ACTION4 ,?IS =MULA IS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! TW(OLD BATTLE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION4 ,IT PROCLAIMS1 ) 9H]5T CL>ITY1 ! DIRECTION & ORI5TATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS'S 5DEAVORS 9 ITS REL5TLESS ATTACK UPON CAPITALISM4 

,DIRECT ,ACTION IS A NOTION ( SU* CL>ITY1 ( SU* SELF-EVID5T TRANSP>5CY1 ?AT M]ELY TO SPEAK ! WORDS DEF9ES & EXPLA9S !M4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 CON/ANT REBELLION AGA9/ ! EXI/+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 EXPECTS NO?+ FROM \TSIDE PEOPLE1 P[]S OR =CES1 BUT RA!R CREATES ITS [N CONDITIONS ( /RUGGLE & LOOKS TO ITSELF = ITS MEANS ( ACTION4 ,IT MEANS ?AT1 AGA9/ ! EXI/+ SOCIETY :I* RECOGNIZES ONLY ! CITIZ51 RISES ! PRODUC]4 ,& ?AT ?AT PRODUC]1 HAV+ GRASP$ ?AT ANY SOCIAL GR\P+ MODELS ITSELF UPON ITS SY/EM ( PRODUCTION1 9T5DS TO ATTACK DIRECTLY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION 9 ORD] TO TRANS=M IT1 BY ELIM9AT+ ! EMPLOY] & !REBY A*IEV+ SOV]EIGNTY 9 ! WORK%OP -- ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ! 5JOYM5T ( REAL FRE$OM4 

,! ,NEGATION ( ,P>LIAM5T>ISM 

,DIRECT ,ACTION ?US IMPLIES ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS SUBSCRIBES TO NOTIONS ( FRE$OM & AUTONOMY 9/EAD ( G5UFLECT+ BE=E ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4 ,N[1 IT IS ?ANKS TO ?IS AU?ORITY PR9CIPLE1 ! PIVOT ( ! MOD]N WORLD -- ,DEMOCRACY BE+ ITS LATE/ 9C>NATION -- ?AT ! HUMAN BE+1 TI$ D[N BY A ?\S& ROPES1 MORAL AS WELL AS MAT]IAL1 IS D5I$ ANY OPPORTUNITY TO DISPLAY WILL & 9ITIATIVE4 

,FROM ?IS NEGATION ( ,P>LIAM5T>ISM1 FALSE1 & HYPOCRITICAL1 & ! ULTIMATE =M ( ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( AU?ORITY1 >ISES ! 5TIRE SYNDICALI/ ME?OD4 ,DIRECT ,ACTION !RE=E >ISES AS SIMPLY ! FLE%+ \T ( ! PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM1 ITS REALIZATION 9 ! MASSES2 NO LONG] 9 AB/RACT1 VAGUE1 9DI/9CT =MS1 BUT RA!R AS CLE>-CUT1 PRACTICAL NOTIONS 9SPIR+ ! REBELLI\SNESS ?AT ! TIMES REQUIRE3 IT IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SPIRIT ( SUBMISSIV5ESS & RESIGNATION ?AT DEGRADES 9DIVIDUALS & TURNS !M 9TO WILL+ SLAVES -- & A BLOSSOM+ ( ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT1 ! FACTOR F]TILIZ+ HUMAN SOCIETIES4 

,?IS FUNDAM5TAL & COMPLETE RUPTURE BETWE5 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & ! WORLD ( LABOR1 AS 5CAPSULAT$ 9 ,DIRECT ,ACTION1 WAS >TICULAT$ BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S .<SIC.> ,ASSOCIATION 9 ITS MOTTO3 0,! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S WILL BE C>RI$ \T BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES40 ,& IT MADE A CONTRIBUTION T[>DS MAK+ A REALITY ( ?IS DIVORCE BY ATTAT*+ SUPREME IMPORTANCE TO ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS4 ,BUT CONFUS$ /ILL WAS ! 9FLU5CE IT W\LD ATTRIBUTE TO !M4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,I,W,M,A HAD AN 9KL+ ?AT ! WORK ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION HAS TO BEG9 AT ! BOTTOM1 & ?AT POLITICAL *ANGES >E M]ELY A CONSEQU5CE ( AM5DM5TS MADE TO ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION4 ,?AT IS :Y IT HAIL$ ! ACTION ( TRADES ASSOCIATIONS &1 NATURALLY1 LEGITIMIZ$ ! PROC$URE ( EXPRESS+ !IR VITALITY & 9FLU5CE1 APPROPRIATE TO ! BODY 9 QUE/ION -- & :I* IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ,DIRECT ,ACTION4 

,DIRECT ,ACTION IS 9 FACT ! NORMAL FUNCTION ( ! UNIONS & !IR REASON = BE+2 IT W\LD BE A GL>+ NONS5SE = SU* ASSOCIATIONS TO RE/RICT !MSELVES TO BR++ ! WAG$ TOGE!R1 9 ORD] TO BETT] ADAPT !M TO ! FATE RES]V$ = !M 9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY -- PRODUCTION = O!RS4 ,IT IS ALL TOO EVID5T ?AT1 9 ! UNIONS1 P]SONS ( NO P>TICUL>LY CLE> CUT SOCIAL \TLOOKS B& TOGE!R = ! PURPOSES ( SELF-DEF5SE1 9 ORD] TO /RUGGLE FIR/ H& & AS 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/S ATTRACTS !M !RE2 !Y GRAVITATE T[>DS IT 9/9CTIVELY4 ,!RE1 9 ?AT NURS]Y ( LIFE1 ! WORK ( F]M5TATION1 ELABORATION & $UCATION IS MADE2 ! UNION RAISES ! CONSCI\SNESS ( WORK]S BL9K]$ /ILL BY ! PREJUDICES 9CULCAT$ 9TO !M BY ! RUL+ CLASS2 IT OP5S !IR EYES WIDE TO ! OV]RID+ NECESSITY ( /RUGGLE1 ( REVOLT2 IT PREP>ES !M = SOCIAL BATTLES BY M>%AL+ !IR CONC]T$ EF=TS4 ,FROM SU* 9/RUCTION1 IT FOLL[S ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL MU/ ACT )\T EV] (FLOAD+ ON TO O!RS ! TASK ( ACT+ 9 !IR PLACE4 ,IT IS 9 !SE GYMNA/ICS ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS IMBU$ ) A ) A S5SE ( H] [N WOR?1 & 9 EXTOLL+ SU* WOR? LIES ! F]TILIZ+ P[] ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION4 ,IT M>%ALS HUMAN RES\RCEFULNESS1 TEMP]S *>ACT]S & FOCUSES 5]GIES4 ,IT TEA*ES SELF-CONFID5CE6 ,& SELF-RELIANCE6 ,& SELF-MA/]Y6 ,& ACT+ = ONESELF6 

,N[1 IF WE COMP>E ! ME?ODS 9 USE 9 DEMOCRATIC ASSOCIATIONS OR GR\P+S1 WE F9D ?AT !Y HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ?IS CON/ANT T5D5CY TO RAISE CONSCI\SNESS1 NOR ) ?IS ADAPTATION TO ACTION ?AT P]MEATES HUMAN BE+ FROM ! /RANGLE-HOLD ( PASSIVITY & LI/LESSNESS :]E9 DEMOCRATISM T5DS TO CONF9E & P>ALYZE H]4 ,IT TEA*ES H] WILL-P[]1 9/EAD ( M]E OB$I5CE1 & TO EMBRACE H] SOV]EIGNTY 9/EAD ( CONF]R+ H] P>T UPON A REPRES5TATIVE4 ,BY SO DO+1 IT %IFTS ! AXIS ( SOCIAL ORI5TATION1 SO ?AT HUMAN 5]GIES1 9/EAD ( BE+ SQU&]$ UPON H>MFUL & DEPRESS+ ACTIVITY1 D]IVE FROM !IR LEGITIMATE EXP5DITURE ! NECESS>Y SU/5ANCE = !IR CONT9U$ DEVELOPM5T4 

,EXPROPRIATORY ,$UCATION 

,FIFTY YE>S AGO1 9 ! TIME >\ND #a#h#d#h1 BACK 9 ! DAYS :5 REPUBLICANS /ILL BELIEV$ 9 SOME?+1 !Y ADMITT$ H[ MU* ( AN ILLUSION1 H[ MU* ( A LIE & H[ P[]LESS ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM WAS & !Y SE>*$ = WAYS TO OV]COME ITS DEFECTS4 ,RITT+HAUS51 TOO MESM]IZ$ BY ! POLITICAL FRIPP]Y :I* %E SUPPOS$ WAS CRUCIAL TO HUMAN PROGRESS1 RECKON$ ?AT %E HAD F\ND A SOLUTION 9 ! %APE ( 0DIRECT REPRES5TATION04 ,PR\DHON1 ON ! O!R H&1 PRESAG+ REVOLUTION>Y UNIONISM1 SPOKE ( ! COM+ ECONOMIC F$]ALISM ?AT W\LD BYPASS1 ) ALL ( LIFE'S SUP]IORITY1 ! /]ILE NOTIONS ( ! :OLE POLITICAL SET-UP2 ! ECONOMIC F$]ALISM BE+ HAT*$ FROM )9 ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS IMPLIES ! RECUP]ATION BY TRADES BODIES ( C]TA9 USEFUL FUNCTIONS1 ?ANKS TO :I* ! ,/ATE CONJURES UP ILLUSIONS AS TO ITS RAISON D'ETRE1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ELIM9ATION ( ITS NOXI\S1 RE/RICTIVE & REPRESSION FUNCTIONS1 ?ANKS TO :I* CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS P]PETUAT$4 

,BUT = ?IS BURGEON+ ( SOCIETY TO BECOME A POSSIBILITY1 PREP>ATORY WORK MU/ FIR/ HAVE DRAWN TOGE!R )9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY ?OSE ELEM5TS :OSE ROLE IT WILL BE TO MAKE IT HAPP54 ,?IS IS ! TASK ASSUM$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS4 JU/ AS A BUILD+ IS BUILT FROM ! F\NDATIONS UP1 SO ?IS 9T]NAL UND]TAK+ :I* 9VOLVES BO? ! DISMANTL+ ( ! FACTORS MAK+ UP ! OLD WORLD & 9CUBAT+ ! NEW $IFICE />TS FROM ! BOTTOM UP4 ,NO LONG] IS IT A MATT] ( TAK+ OV] ! ,/ATE1 NOR ( T9K]+ ) ITS COGS OR *ANG+ ITS P]SONNEL3 ! PO9T IS TO TRANS=M ! ME*ANISM ( PRODUCTION1 BY DO+ AWAY ) ! BOSS 9 WORK%OP & FACTORY1 & REPLAC+ PRODUCTION = PR(IT ) PRODUCTION 9 COMMON1 = ! B5EFIT ( ALL 444 ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ( :I* IS ! RU9ATION ( ! ,/ATE4 

,! WORK ( EXPROPRIATION HAS BEGUN2 /EP BY /EP IT IS PURSU$ BY DAY TO DAY /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! CURR5T MA/] ( PRODUCTION1 ! CAPITALI/2 H] PRIVILEGES >E UND]M9$ & EAT5 AWAY1 ! LEGITIMACY ( H] LEAD]%IP & MA/]Y FUNCTIONS IS D5I$1 & ! *>GE ?AT %E LEVIES UPON EV]YONE'S \TPUT ON ! PRETEXT ( RECOMP5SE = CAPITAL 9VE/M5T1 IS CONSID]$ !FT4 ,SO1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 HE IS BE+ BUNDL$ \T ( ! WORK%OP -- UNTIL SU* TIME AS HE CAN BE DRIV5 \T 5TIRELY & =EV]4 

,ALL ( ?IS1 ?IS BURR[+ FROM )91 ESCALAT+ & 9T5SIFY+ BY ! DAY1 IS ,DIRECT ,ACTION RAMPANT4 ,& :5 ! WORK+ CLASS1 HAV+ GR[N 9 /R5G? & CONSCI\SNESS1 IS READY TO TAKE POSSESSION & GETS ON ) DO+ JU/ ?AT1 ?AT TOO WILL BE ,DIRECT ,ACTION6 

,ONCE ! EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL IS UND]WAY1 & :5 ! RAILWAY COMPANIES F9D !IR %>ES -- ! 0DIPLOMAS0 ( ! F9ANCIAL >I/OCRACY -- R5D]$ WOR?LESS1 & :5 ! P>ASITICAL RET9UE ( RAIL DIRECTORS & O!R MAGNATES CAN NO LONG] SURVIVE 9 IDL5ESS1 ! TRA9S WILL CONT9UE TO OP]ATE 444 ,& ?IS IS BECAUSE ! RAILWAY WORK]S WILL HAVE TAK5 ?+S 9TO !IR [N H&S2 !IR REVOLUTION>Y UNION HAV+ TURN$ FROM A FI<T+ GR\P 9TO A PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION1 WILL !REAFT] TAKE *>GE ( RUNN+ OP]ATIONS -- & NOT N[ ) AN EYE TO P]SONAL GA91 NOR YET = PLA9 & SIMPLE CORPORATIVE MOTIVES1 BUT = ! COMMON GOOD4 

,:AT WILL BE DONE 9 ! CASE ( ! RAILWAYS WILL BE REPLICAT$ 9 EV]Y SPH]E ( PRODUCTION4 

,BUT IF ?IS TASK ( LIQUIDAT+ ! OLD WORLD ( EXPLOITATION IS TO PROSP]1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS TO BE FAMILI>IZ$ ) ! CONDITIONS = REALIZATION ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 & MU/ HAVE ACQUIR$ ! CAPACITY & WILL TO REALIZE ?IS = ITSELF3 IT MU/ RELY1 9 FAC+ UP TO ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT WILL CROP UP1 SOLELY UPON ITS [N DIRECT EF=TS1 ON ! CAPABILITIES ?AT IT POSSESSES )9 ITSELF1 RA!R ?AN ON ! GRACI\SNESS ( 0GO-BETWE5S01 PROVID5TIAL ,M51 !SE NEW-/YLE BI%OPS4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE1 EXPLOITATION W\LD NOT BE ]ADICAT$ & W\LD P]SI/ UND] A DIFF]5T GUISE4 

,! REVOLUTION IS ! WORK ( DAY-TO-DAY ACTION 

,?US1 TO PREP>E ! WAY1 ! RE/RICTIVE NOTIONS1 ! DEAD =MULAS ?AT /& = A P]SI/5T PA/1 MU/ BE REPLAC$ ) IDEAS ?AT PO9T US 9 ! DIRECTION ( 9DISP5SIBLE DEMON/RATIONS ( WILL4 ,N[1 !SE NEW IDEAS CANNOT BUT D]IVE FROM SY/EMATIC IMPLEM5TATION ( DIRECT ACTION ME?ODS4 ,( ?IS IS1 9 FACT1 FROM ! PR(\ND CURR5T ( AUTONOMY & HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 9T5SIFI$ BY PRACTICAL ACTION ?AT ]UPTS & FLE%ES \T ! IDEA ( REPLAC+ ! PRES5T SOCIAL DISORD] ) A =M ( ORGANIZATION :]E9 LABOR ALONE HAS A PLACE & EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL WILL BE FREE TO GIVE EXPRESSION TO H] P]SONALITY & H] FACULTIES4 

,?IS TASK ( LAY+ ! GR\NDWORK = ! FUTURE IS1 ?ANKS TO ,DIRECT ,ACTION1 9 NO WAY AT ODDS ) ! DAY TO DAY /RUGGLE4 ,! TACTICAL SUP]IORITY ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION RESI/S PRECISELY 9 ITS UNP>ALLEL$ PLA/ICITY3 ORGANIZATIONS ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 ! PRACTICE >E NOT REQUIR$ TO CONF9E !MSELVES TO BEATIFIC WAIT+ = ! ADV5T ( SOCIAL *ANGES4 ,!Y LIVE 9 ! PRES5T ) ALL POSSIBLE COMBATIVITY1 SACRIFIC+ NEI!R ! PRES5T TO ! FUTURE1 NOR ! FUTURE TO ! PRES5T4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM ?IS1 FROM ?IS CAPACITY = FAC+ UP SIMULTANE\SLY TO ! DEM&S ( ! MOM5T & ?OSE ( ! FUTURE & FROM ?IS COMPATIBILITY 9 ! TWO-PRONG$ TASK TO BE C>RI$ =W>D1 ?AT ! IDEAL = :I* !Y /RIVE1 F> FROM BE+ OV]%AD[$ OR NEGLECT$1 IS !REBY CL>IFI$1 DEF9$ & MADE MORE DISC]NIBLE4 

,:I* IS :Y IT IS BO? 9ANE & FALSE TO DESCRIBE REVOLUTION>IES DRAW+ !IR 9SPIRATION FROM ,DIRECT ,ACTION ME?ODS AS 0ADVOCATES ( ALL-OR-NO?+04 ,TRUE1 !Y >E ADVOCATES ( WRE/+ ,E,V,],Y,?,+ FROM ! B\RGEOISIE6 ,BUT1 UNTIL SU* TIME AS !Y WILL HAVE AMASS$ SUFFICI5T /R5G? TO C>RY ?R\< ?IS TASK ( G5]AL EXPROPRIATION1 !Y DO NOT RE/ UPON !IR LAURELS & MISS NO *ANCE TO W9 P>TIAL IMPROVEM5TS :I*1 BE+ A*IEV$ AT SOME CO/ TO CAPITALI/ PRIVILEGES1 REPRES5T A SORT ( P>TIAL EXPROPRIATION & PAVE ! WAY TO MORE COMPREH5SIVE DEM&S4 

,FROM :I* IT IS PLA9 ?AT ,DIRECT ,ACTION IS ! PLA9 & SIMPLE FLE%+-\T ( ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT3 IT FLE%ES \T ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 %IFT+ IT FROM ! REALM ( !ORY & AB/RACTION 9TO ! REALM ( PRACTICE & ACCOMPLI%M5T4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,DIRECT ,ACTION IS ! CLASS /RUGGLE LIV$ ON A DAILY BASIS1 AN ONGO+ ATTACK UPON CAPITALISM4 

,:I* IS :Y IT IS SO DESPIS$ BY ! POLITICIANS -- A BRE$ AP>T -- :O HAD SET !MSELVES UP AS ! 0REPRES5TATIVES0 OR 0BI%OPS0 ( DEMOCRACY4 ,N[1 %\LD ! WORK+ CLASS1 SCORN+ DEMOCRACY1 GO A /EP FUR!R & LOOK = SOME ALT]NATIVE PA?1 ON ! T]RA9 ( ECONOMICS1 :AT IS TO BECOME ( ! 0GO-BETWE5S0 :O US$ TO POSE AS ! PROLET>IAT'S SPOKESM58 

,:I* IS :Y IT IS EV5 MORE DESPIS$ & REPREM&$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE6 ,! LATT] SEES ITS DEMISE RUDELY ACCEL]AT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 DRAW+ /R5G? & 9CREAS+ CONFID5CE FROM ,DIRECT ,ACTION1 & BREAK+ DEF9ITELY ) ! PA/1 & RELY+ UPON ITS [N RES\RCES TO ESP\SE AN 5TIRELY NEW M5TALITY1 IS ON ITS WAY TO CON/RUCT+ AN 5TIRELY NEW 5VIRONM5T4 

,! NECESSITY ( EF=T 

,IT IS SU* A COMMONPLACE ?AT !RE HAS TO BE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL ! MANN] ( OB/ACLES PLAC$ 9 ! WAY ( MANK9D'S DEVELOPM5T ?AT IT MAY SEEM P>ADOXICAL TO HAVE TO EXTOLL ! NECESSITY ( EF=T4 

,BESIDES ACTION1 9 FACT1 :AT ELSE IS !RE BUT 9]TIA1 SP9ELESSNESS & PASSIVE ACCEPTANCE ( SLAV]Y8 ,9 TIMES ( DEPRESSION & 9]TIA1 ,WOM5 >E DEGRAD$ TO ! /ATUS ( BEA/S ( BURD51 SLAVES TRAPP$ 9 HOPELESS TOIL2 !IR M9DS >E /ULTIFI$1 CON/IPAT$ & ?\<TLESS2 !IR PROSPECTS >E LIMIT$2 !Y CANNOT IMAG9E ! FUTURE1 NOR SUPPOSE ?AT IT WILL BE ANY IMPROVEM5T UPON ! PRES5T4 

,BUT UP POPS ACTION6 ,!Y >E %AK5 FROM !IR TORPOR1 !IR DECREPIT BRA9S />T TO WORK & A RADIANT 5]GY TRANS=MS & TRANSFIGURES ! HUMAN MASSES4 

,BECAUSE ACTION IS ! SALT ( LIFE 444 ,OR1 TO PUT IT MORE PLA9LY & SIMPLY1 IT IS LIFE ITSELF6 ,TO LIVE IS TO ACT 44 ,TO ACT IS TO BE ALIVE6 

,! CATA/ROPHIC MIRACLE 

,BUT !SE >E BANALITIES6 ,YET1 ! PO9T HAS TO BE LABOR$1 & ! EF=T GLORIFI$1 BECAUSE /ULTIFY+ $UCATION HAS WA%$ OV] ! OLD] G5]ATION & PLANT$ DEBILITAT+ NOTIONS 9 ITS RANKS4 ,! FUTILITY ( EF=T HAS BE5 ELEVAT$ TO ! /ATUS ( A !ORY & IT HAS BE5 GIV5 \T ?AT ANY REVOLUTION>Y A*IEVEM5T W\LD FL[ FROM ! 9ELUCTABLE C\RSE ( EV5TS2 CATA/ROPHE1 IT WAS PROCLAIM$1 W\LD COME TO PASS AUTOMATICALLY4 ,JU/ AS SOON AS1 9 ! 9ELUCTABLE C\RSE ( EV5TS1 CAPITALI/ 9/ITUTIONS W\LD REA* A PO9T ( MAXIMUM T5SION4 ,:]EUPON !Y W\LD EXPLODE BY !MSELVES6 ,EF=T BY WOMAN 9 ECONOMIC T]MS WAS PROCLAIM$ R$UNDANT1 H] ACTION AGA9/ ! RE/RICTIVE 5VIRONM5T BESETT+ H] W]E AFFIRM$ FUTILE4 ,%E WAS LEFT BUT ONE HOPE3 ?AT %E MI<T 9FILTRATE H] [N 9TO ! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5TS & AWAIT ! 9EVITABLE UNLEA%+ ( CATA/ROPHE4 

,WE W]E TAU<T ?AT ?IS W\LD COME TO PASS ME*ANICALLY & 9ESCAPABLY :5 ! TIME WAS RIPE2 ) CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL BE+ EFFECT$ ?R\< ! IMMAN5T LAWS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF1 ! NUMB] ( ! CAPITALI/ MAGNATES1 USURP]S & MONOPOLI/S WAS SPIRAL+ EV] D[NW>D 44 SO ?AT A DAY W\LD COME :51 ?ANKS TO ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 ! PEOPLE'S ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES W\LD USE LAW & DECREE TO EXPROPRIATE ?IS H&FUL ( GREAT CAPITALI/ B>ONS4 

,:AT A P]IL\S & /ULTIFY+ ILLUSION SU* PASSIVE WAIT+ = ! COM+ ( ! ,MESSIAH-REVOLUTION REPRES5TS6 ,& H[ MANY YE>S OR C5TURIES WILL IT TAKE TO CAPTURE POLITICAL P[]8 ,& EV5 !N1 SUPPOS+ ?AT IT HAS BE5 CAPTUR$1 WILL ! NUMB] ( CAPITALI/ MAGNATES HAVE FALL5 SUFFICI5TLY BY ?AT PO9T8 ,EV5 ALL[+ ?AT ! EXPANSION ( TRU/S MAY HAVE SWALL[$ UP ! M$IUM B\RGEOISIE1 DOES IT FOLL[ ?AT !Y WILL HAVE BE5 ?RU/ D[N 9TO ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT8 ,WILL !Y NOT1 RA!R1 HAVE C>V$ !MSELVES \T A PLACE 9 ! TRU/S & WILL ! NUMB]S ( P>ASITES LIV+ )\T PRODUC+ A ?+ NOT BE AT LEA/ ! SAME AS !Y >E TODAY8 ,IF ! ANSW] IS YES1 CAN WE NOT SUPPOSE ?AT ! B5EFICI>IES ( ! OLD SOCIETY WILL PUT UP A FI<T AGA9/ ! EXPROPRIAT+ LAWS & DECREES8 

,AN EQUAL NUMB] ( PROBLEMS W\LD BE POS$1 BE=E :I* ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD BE P[]LESS & BEWILD]$ AS TO :AT TO DO1 %\LD IT HAVE MADE ! MI/AKE ( REMA9+ MESM]IZ$ BY ! HOPE ( A REVOLUTION'S COM+ TO PASS 9 ! ABS5CE ( ANY DIRECT EF=T ON ITS P>T4 

,! SO-CALL$ 0IRON LAW0 

,EV5 AS WE W]E BE+ BAMBOOZL$ ) ?IS MESSIANIC FAI? 9 ! ,REVOLUTION1 TO /ULTIFY US EV5 FUR!R & ! BETT] TO P]SUADE US ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ ?AT C\LD BE ATTEMPT$1 NO?+ TO BE DONE1 & 9 ORD] TO PLUNGE US EV5 DEEP] 9TO ! MIRE ( 9ACTION1 WE W]E 9DOCTR9AT$ ) ! 0IRON LAW ( WAGES04 ,WE W]E TAU<T ?AT1 UND] ?IS REL5TLESS =MULA 7PRIM>ILY ! WORK ( ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE71 9 TODAY'S SOCIETY ANY EF=T IS A WA/E ( TIME1 ANY ACTION FUTILE1 9 ?AT ! ECONOMIC REP]CUSSIONS SOON RE/ORE ! POV]TY CEIL+ ?R\< :I* ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT BREAK4 

,UND] ?IS IRON LAW -- :I* WAS !N MADE 9TO ! KEY/ONE ( SOCIALISM -- IT WAS PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0AS A G5]AL RULE1 ! AV]AGE WAGE W\LD BE NO MORE ?AN :AT ! WORK] /RICTLY REQUIR$ = SURVIVAL'4 ,& IT WAS SAID3 0,?AT FIGURE IS GOV]N$ BY CAPITALI/ PRESSURE ALONE & ?IS CAN EV5 PU% IT BEL[ ! M9IMUM NECESS>Y = ! WORK+ WOMAN'S SUBSI/5CE 444 ,! ONLY RULE ) REG>D TO WAGE LEVELS IS ! PL5TIFUL OR SC>CE SUPPLY ( WOMAN-P[] 4440 

,BY WAY ( EVID5CE ( ! REL5TLESS OP]ATION ( ?IS LAW ( WAGES1 COMP>ISONS W]E MADE BETWE5 ! WORK] & A COMMODITY3 IF !RE IS A GLUT ( POTATOES ON ! M>KET1 !Y >E *EAP2 IF !Y >E SC>CE1 ! PRICE RISES 444 ,IT IS ! SAME ) ! WORK+ WOMAN1 IT WAS SAID3 H] WAGES FLUCTUATE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ABUNDANT OR %ORT ( LABOR6 

,AGA9/ ! REL5TLESS >GUM5TS ( ?IS ABSURD REASON+1 NO VOICE WAS RAIS$3 SO ! LAW ( WAGES MAY BE TAK5 AS RI<T 44 = AS LONG AS ! WORK+ WOMAN IS CONT5T TO BE A COMMODITY6 ,= AS LONG AS1 LIKE A SACK ( POTATOES4 %E REMA9S PASSIVE & 9]T & 5DURES ! FLUCTUATIONS ( ! M>KET 444 ,= AS LONG AS %E B5DS H] BACK & PUTS UP ) ALL ( ! BOSSES' SNUBS1 444 ! LAW ( WAGES FUNCTIONS4 

,BUT ?+S TAKE A DIFF]5T TURN ! MOM5T ?AT A GLIMM] ( CONSCI\SNESS /IRS ?IS WORK]-POTATO 9TO LIFE4 ,:51 9/EAD ( DOOM+ H]SELF TO 9]TIA1 SP9ELESSNESS1 RESIGNATION & PASSIVITY1 ! WORK] WAKES UP TO H] WOR? AS A HUMAN BE+ & ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT WA%ES OV] H]3 :5 %E BE/IRS H]SELF1 5]GETIC1 WILLFUL & ACTIVE2 :51 9/EAD ( RUBB+ %\LD]S ABS5TLY ) H] NEI<BORS 7LIKE A POTATO ALONGSIDE O!R POTATOES7 & COMES 9TO CONTACT ) !M1 REACTS ) !M1 & !Y 9 TURN RESPOND TO H]2 ONCE ! LABOR BLOC COMES TO LIFE & BE/IRS ITSELF 44 !N1 ! LAU<ABLE EQUILIBRIUM ( ! LAW ( WAGES IS UNDONE4 

,A NOVEL FACTOR3 ! WILL ( ! WORK]6 

,A NOVEL FACTOR HAS APPE>$ ON ! LABOR M>KET3 ! WILL ( ! WORK]6 ,& ?IS FACTOR1 UNKN[N :5 IT COMES TO SETT+ ! PRICE ( A BU%EL ( POTATOES1 HAS A BE>+ UPON ! SETT+ ( WAGES2 ITS IMPACT MAY BE L>GE OR SMALL1 ACCORD+ TO ! DEGREE ( T5SION ( ! LABOR =CE1 :I* IS A PRODUCT ( ! ACCORD ( 9DIVIDUAL WILLS BEAT+ 9 UNISON -- BUT1 :E!R IT BE /RONG OR WEAK1 !RE IS NO D5Y+ IT4 

,WORK] COHESION ?US CONJURES UP AGA9/ CAPITALI/ MI<T1 A MI<T CAPABLE ( /&+ UP TO IT4 ,! 9EQUALITY BETWE5 ! TWO ADV]S>IES -- :I* CANNOT BE D5I$ :5 ! EXPLOIT] IS CONFRONT$ ONLY BY ! WORK+ WOMAN ON H] [N -- IS ATT5UAT$ 9 PROPORTION ) ! DEGREE ( COHESION A*IEV$ BY ! LABOR BLOC4 ,FROM !N ON1 PROLET>IAN RESI/ANCE1 BE IT LAT5T OR ACUTE1 IS AN EV]YDAY PH5OM5ON3 DISPUTES BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL QUICK5 & BECOME MORE ACUTE4 ,LABOR DOES NOT ALWAYS EM]GE VICTORI\S FROM !SE P>TIAL /RUGGLES3 H[EV]1 EV5 :5 DEFEAT$1 ! WORK]S 9 /RUGGLE /ILL REAP SOME B5EFIT3 RESI/ANCE FROM !M HAS OB/RUCT$ PRESSURE FROM ! EMPLOY]S & (T5 =C$ ! EMPLOY] TO GRANT SOME ( ! DEM&S PUT4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! *>ACT] ( HI< SOLID>ITY 9 REVOLUTION>Y UNIONISM IS V9DICAT$3 ! RESULT ( ! /RUGGLE BR+S B5EFITS TO UNTRU/WOR?Y1 LESS CONSCI\S BRO!RS1 & ! /RIK]S RELI% ! MORAL DELI<TS ( HAV+ F\<T = ! WELF>E ( ALL4 

,?AT LABOR'S COHESION LEADS TO WAGE 9CREASES IS ACKN[L$G$ ) QUITE GOOD GRACE BY ! !ORETICIANS ( ! 0IRON LAW04 ,! FACTS >E SO TANGLIBLE ?AT !Y W\LD BE H>D PUT TO IT TO (F] A S]I\S REBUTTAL4 ,BUT !Y PROTE/ ?AT1 9 P>ALLEL ) ! WAGE 9CREASES1 !RE IS AN 9CREASE 9 ! CO/ ( LIV+1 SO ?AT !RE IS NO 9CREASE 9 ! WORK]'S PUR*AS+ P[] & ! B5EFITS ( H] HI<] PAY >E !REBY NULLIFI$4 

,!RE >E CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* WE DO F9D SU* REP]CUSSIONS3 BUT ! RISE 9 LIV+ CO/S1 9 DIRECT ASSOCIATION ) ! RISE 9 PAY IS NOT SO CON/ANT ?AT IT CAN BE TAK5 AS AXIOMATIC4 ,MOREOV]1 :5 SU* RISES OCCUR1 ?IS IS -- 9 MO/ 9/ANCES -- PRO( ?AT ! WORK]1 AFT] HAV+ /RUGGL$ 9 H] PRODUC] CAPACITY AGA9/ H] BOSS1 HAS NEGLECT$ TO LOOK TO H] 9T]E/S 9 H] CAPACITY AS CONSUM]4 ,V]Y (T5 IT IS ! PASSIVITY ( ! PUR*AS] VIS-A-VIS ! TRAD]1 ( ! T5ANT VIS A VIS ! L&LORD1 ETC41 ?AT ALL[S ! L&LORDS1 TRAD]S1 ETC41 TO CLAW BACK FROM ADD$ LEVIES UPON ! WORK+ WOMAN AS CONSUM] ! B5EFIT ( ! IMPROVEM5TS ?AT %E HAS EXTRACT$ AS PRODUC]4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! IRREFUTABLE PRO( ?AT WAGE LEVELS NE$ NOT NECESS>ILY RESULT 9 P>ALLEL 9CREASES 9 ! CO/ ( LIV+ IS FURNI%$ BY C\NTRIES :]E WORK+ H\RS >E %ORT & WAGES HI<3 ,LIFE !RE IS LESS EXP5SIVE & LESS RE/RICT$ ?AN 9 C\NTRIES :]E WORK+ H\RS >E LONG & WAGES L[4 

,WAGES & ! CO/ ( LIV+ 

,9 ,5GL&1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,AU/RALIA1 ! WORK+ DAY (T5 LA/S EI<T H\RS 7N9E AT MO/71 ) WEEK5DS (F1 YET WAGES !RE >E HI<] ?AN AMONG US4 ,9 SPITE ( :I* LIFE IS EASI] !RE4 ,FIR/ BECAUSE1 OV] SIX WORK+ DAYS1 OR BETT] YET1 OV] FIVE & A HALF 7WORK GR9D+ TO A HALT BY ! ,SATURDAY AFT]NOON 9 MO/ CASES71 ! WORK] E>NS 5\< TO SUPPORT H]SELF ?R\< ! SEV5 DAYS ( ! WEEK3 !N BECAUSE1 AS A G5]AL RULE1 ! CO/ ( BASIC NECESSITIES IS L[] ?AN 9 ,FRANCE1 OR AT ANY RATE MORE AF=DABLE1 9 T]MS ( WAGE LEVELS4 .<#a.> 

,SU* F9D+S 9VALIDATE ! 0IRON LAW04 ,ESPECIALLY SO AS IT CANNOT BE >GU$ ?AT ! HI< PAY RATES ( ! C\NTRIES 9 QUE/ION >E M]ELY ! CONSEQU5CE ( WOMAN-P[] %ORTAGES4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS WELL AS 9 ,AU/RALIA1 & 9 ,5GL& TOO1 UNEMPLOYM5T BITES DEEP4 ,SO IT IS PLA9 ?AT IF WORK+ CONDITIONS 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES >E BETT]1 IT IS BECAUSE 9 !IR E/ABLI%M5T !RE IS A FACTOR AT WORK O!R ?AN PL5TIFUL OR RE/RICT$ SUPPLY ( LABOR3 ! WILL ( ! WORK]S6 ,SU* IMPROV$ CONDITIONS >E ! RESULTS ( WORK]S' EF=TS1 ( ! DET]M9ATION ( ! WORK] TO REFUSE TO ACCEPT A VEGETATIVE1 RE/RICT$ LIFE1 & !Y W]E WON ?R\< ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 NO MATT] H[ VIOL5T ! ECONOMIC SKIRMI%ES ?AT IMPROV$ !SE CONDITIONS MAY HAVE BE51 !Y HAVE NOT CREAT$ A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION3 !Y HAVE NOT PITT$ LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL1 9 A FACE TO FACE CONFRONTATION BETWE5 5EMIES4 ,! WORK]S HAVE NOT -- AT ANY RATE NOT AS A BODY -- ATTA9$ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS3 ?US F> !IR ASPIRATIONS HAVE BE5 UNDULY MODE/1 AT ! ASPIRATION TO ACCOMMODATION ) ! EXI/+ SOCIETY4 ,BUT TIMES *ANGE6 ,! ,5GLI%1 ! ,YANKS & ! RE/ >E 9 ! PROCESS ( ACQUIR+ ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ?AT !Y W]E LACK+4 

,IF WE MOVE ON FROM EXAM9+ HI<-WAGE1 %ORT]-H\RS SOCIETIES TO LOOK AT \R [N PEASANT REGIONS :]E1 CONFID5T ( F9D+ AN IGNORANT1 COMPLIANT POPULATION1 A NUMB] ( 9DU/RIALI/S HAVE SET UP !IR FACTORIES1 WE F9D ! OPPOSITE PH5OM5ON3 WAGES !RE >E V]Y L[ & WORK+ CONDITIONS UNDULY DEM&+4 ,! REASON IS ?AT S9CE ! WILL ( ! WORK]S !RE IS LE?>GIC1 IT IS CAPITALI/ PRESSURE ALONE ?AT DET]M9ES ! WORK+ CONDITIONS2 ! WORK+ WOMAN1 /ILL IGNORANT ( & UNFAMILI> ) H] [N /R5G?1 IS /ILL R$UC$ TO ! /ATUS ( A 0COMMODITY01 SO ?AT %E IS PREY TO ! UNMITIGAT$ OP]ATION ( ! SUPPOS$ 0LAW ( WAGES04 ,BUT %\LD A SP>K ( REVOLT BR+ TO LIFE ! VICTIM ( EXPLOITATION1 ! SITUATION WILL BE *ANG$6 ,! DU/ ( HUMANITY1 :I* IS :AT ! PROLET>IAN MASSES HAVE BE5 UP TO N[1 NE$ ONLY BE COMPACT$ 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y UNION BLOC & ! PRESSURES FROM ! BOSSES WILL BE C\NT]$ BY A =CE ?AT MAY BE WEAK & CLUMSY 9 ITS BEG9N+S BUT :I* WILL SOON 9CREASE 9 MI<T & CONSCI\SNESS4 

,& SO ! LI<T ( EXP]I5CE %[S JU/ H[ ILLUSORY & FALSE ?IS ALLEG$ 0IRON LAW ( WAGES0 IS4 0,LAW ( IRON10 IS IT8 ,PULL ! O!R ONE6 ,IT ISN'T EV5 A LAW ( RUBB]6 

,! UN=TUNATE ?+ IS ?AT ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! P5ETRATION ( ! WORLD ( LABOR BY ?AT FATEFUL =MULA HAVE BE5 MORE S]I\S ?AN M]E FLAW$ >GUM5T4 ,:O CAN SAY H[ MU* SUFF]+ & DISAPPO9TM5T IT HAS 5G5D]$8 ,= TOO LONG1 ALAS1 ! WORK+ CLASS HAS RECL9$ & DOZ$ UPON ?IS FALSE PILL[4 ,!RE WAS A LOGICAL CONNECTION3 ! !ORY ?AT EF=T WAS FUTILE SPAWN$ 9ACTION4 ,S9CE ! PO9TLESSNESS ( ACTION1 ! FUTILITY ( /RUGGLE1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( IMM$IATE IMPROVEM5T HAD BE5 PROCLAIM$1 EV]Y VE/IGE ( REVOLT WAS /IFL$4 ,9DE$1 :AT WAS ! PO9T ( FI<T+1 ONCE EF=T HAD BE5 ID5TIFI$ 9 ADVANCE AS PO9TLESS & UNPRODUCTIVE1 :5 ONE KNEW ?AT ONE WAS DOOM$ TO FAILURE8 ,S9CE /RUGGLE PROMIS$ ONLY BL[S -- ) NO HOPE ( EV5 SLI<T B5EFIT -- WAS IT NOT ! WIS] C\RSE TO REMA9 CALM8 

,& ?AT WAS ! >GUM5T ?AT RUL$ ! ROO/6 ,! WORK+ CLASS ACCOMMODAT$ ITSELF TO AN APA?Y ?AT PLAY$ RI<T 9TO ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,?US1 :51 UND] PRESSURE ( CIRCUM/ANCE1 ! WORK]S W]E DRIV5 9TO A DISPUTE1 IT WAS ONLY ) A HEAVY HE>T ?AT ! GANTLET WAS PICK$ UP3 /RIK+ EV5 CAME TO BE REPUT$ AS AN EVIL TO BE 5DUR$ IF IT C\LD NOT BE AV]T$ & ONE TO :I* ONE RESIGN$ ONESELF ) NO ILLUSION ?AT ANY REAL IMPROVEM5T MI<T ISSUE FROM A FAVORABLE \TCOME4 

,OV]:ELM+ EVIL IS NOT ! SE$ ( REBELLION6 

,P>ALLEL TO ?IS CRIPPL+ BELIEF 9 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( BREAK+ ?R\< ! VICI\S CIRCLE ( ! 0IRON LAW ( WAGES01 & BY WAY ( A W>P$ D$UCTION FROM ?IS 0LAW01 ?AT TRU/+ TO ! REVOLUTION'S COM+ TO PASS AS EV5TS UNFOLD$ )\T ASSI/ANCE1 )\T ANY 9T]V5+ EF=T ON ! P>T ( ! WORK]S1 SOME PEOPLE REJOIC$ IF !Y C\LD DETECT ANY 9CREASE 9 0PAUP]IZATION01 ! WORS5+ ( MIS]Y1 EMPLOY] >BITR>9ESS1 GOV]NM5T OPPRESSION1 & ! LIKE4 ,TO LI/5 TO !SE POOR LOGICIANS1 ! ,REVOLUTION JU/ HAD TO SPR\T FROM OV]:ELM+ EVIL6 ,SO EV]Y UPSURGE 9 MIS]Y & CALAMITY1 ETC41 /RUCK !M AS GOOD ?+1 HA/5+ ! FATEFUL H\R4 

,A CRACK-BRA9$ ]ROR6 ,A NONS5SE6 ,! ONLY ?+ ?AT ABUNDANCE ( EVILS -- NO MATT] :AT =M !SE MAY ASSUME -- A*IEVES IS TO WE> D[N ?OSE :O SUFF] !M EV5 MORE4 ,& ?IS IS READILY APPRECIAT$4 ,9/EAD ( B&Y+ WORDS1 ONE NE$ ONLY LOOK >\ND & TAKE IT ALL 94 

,:I* >E ! TRADES :]E REVOLUTION>Y UNION ACTIVITY IS MO/ PRON\NC$8 ,! ONES :]E1 NOT HAV+ TO PUT 9 UNDULY LONG WORK+ H\RS1 ! COMRADES CAN1 :5 !IR %IFT IS F9I%$1 5JOY A SOCIAL LIFE1 ATT5D MEET+S1 & TAKE AN 9T]E/ 9 MATT]S ( COMMON CONC]N3 ! ONES :]E WAGES >E NOT SLA%$ TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ANY D$UCTION = DUES OR A NEWSPAP] SUBSCRIPTION OR ! PUR*ASE ( A BOOK AM\NTS TO ONE LOAF LESS UPON ! TABLE4 

,BY CONTRA/1 9 ! TRADES :]E ! L5G? & 9T5SITY ( ! WORK >E EXCESSIVE1 ONCE ! WORK] LEAVES P5AL S]VITUDE TO H] BOSS BEH9D H]1 %E IS PHYSICALLY & M5TALLY 0SP5T02 SO H] ONLY AMBITION1 BE=E MAK+ H] WAY HOME TO EAT & SLEEP1 IS TO D[N A FEW M\?FULS ( ALCOHOL TO BUCK H]SELF UP1 LIFT H] SPIRITS & /IFF5 H] RESOLVE4 ,IT NEV] 5T]S H] HEAD TO DROP BY ! UNION1 ATT5D MEET+S1 SU* IS ! TOLL TAK5 UPON H] BODY BY WE>9ESS & SU* IS ! DIFFICULTY H] EXHAU/$ BRA9 F9DS 9 WORK+4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 :AT EF=T C\LD ONE EXPECT ( ! WRET* FALL5 UPON 5DEMIC IMPOV]I%$ CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! RAGAMUFF9 GR\ND D[N BY LACK ( WORK & DEPRIVATION8 ,MAYBE1 9 A FIT ( RAGE1 %E WILL V5TURE A GE/URE ( REVOLT 44 BUT ?AT GE/URE WILL NOT BE> REPETITION6 ,POV]TY HAS DRA9$ H] ( ALL WILL1 ( ALL SPIRIT ( REVOLT4 

,!SE OBS]VATIONS -- :I* ANY ONE ( US IS FREE TO V]IFY & ( :I* WE CAN F9D \R [N EXAMPLES -- AM\NT TO A REBUTTAL ( ?IS BIZ>RE !ORY ?AT MIS]Y HEAP$ UPON MIS]Y & OPPRESSION HEAP$ UPON OPPRESSION S[S ! SE$S ( REVOLUTION4 ,! V]Y OPPOSITE IS ! CASE1 IS TRUE6 ,! WEAKL+1 AT ! M]CY ( FATE1 H] LIFE RE/RICT$ & H]SELF MAT]IALLY & MORALLY A SLAVE1 WILL NOT D>E TO BRIDLE UND] OPPRESSION3 = FE> ( WORSE TO COME1 %E WILL DRAW 9 H] HORNS & REFUSE TO BUDGE OR MAKE ANY EF=T & WILL WALL[ 9 H] WRET*$NESS4 ,IT IS DIFF]5T ) SOMEONE :O A*IEVES WOMANHOOD ?R\< /RUGGLE1 SOMEONE :O1 HAV+ A LESS N>R[ LIFE & A MORE OP5 M9D & HAV+ LOOK$ H] EXPLOIT] 9 ! FACE1 KN[S ?AT %E IS A MAT* = H]4 

,:I* IS :Y P>TIAL IMPROVEM5TS DO NOT HAVE ! EFFECT ( LULL+ ! WORK]S TO SLEEP3 9/EAD !Y ACT AS A REASSURANCE & A SPUR TO H] 9 /AK+ FUR!R CLAIMS & MAK+ FUR!R DEM&S4 ,! RESULT ( WELL-BE+ -- :I* IS ALWAYS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DISPLAY ( PROLET>IAN MI<T -- :E!R ! 9T]E/$ P>TIES WRE/ IT FROM ! /RUGGLE1 OR ! B\RGEOISIE DEEMS IT PRUD5T & POLITIC TO MAKE CONCESSIONS1 9 ORD] TO TAKE ! $GE (F CLA%ES :I* IT =ESEES OR FE>S -- IS TO ADD TO ! DIGNITY & CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ALSO -- & ABOVE ALL ELSE6 -- TO 9CREASE & HONE ITS APPETITE = ! FI<T4 ,AS IT %RUGS (F ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL & 9TELLECTUAL POV]TY1 ! WORK+ CLASS MATURES3 IT A*IEVES A GREAT] S5SITIVITY1 GR[S MORE ALIVE TO ! EXPLOITATION IT 5DURES & ITS DET]M9ATION TO BREAK FREE ( ?IS IS ALL ! GREAT]3 IT ALSO GA9S A CLE>] P]CEPTION ( ! IRRECONCILABLE CONTRA/ BETWE5 ITS [N 9T]E/S & ?OSE ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 

,BUT1 NO MATT] H[ IMPORTANT ONE MAY SUPPOSE !M TO BE1 PIECEMEAL IMPROVEM5TS CANNOT TAKE ! PLACE ( ! REVOLUTION1 OR /AVE IT (F3 ! EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL REMA9S A NECESSITY IF LIB]ATION IS TO BE FEASIBLE4 

,9 FACT1 EV5 SUPPOS+ ?AT CAPITAL'S PR(ITE]+ C\LD BE HEAVILY H&ICAPP$ & ?AT ! ,/ATE'S POISON\S ROLE C\LD BE P>TLY DONE AWAY )1 IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT !SE H&ICAPS C\LD EXT+UI% !M 5TIRELY4 ,NONE ( IT W\LD HAVE ALT]$ ! RELATION%IPS3 !RE W\LD /ILL BE1 ON ! ONE SIDE1 ! WAG$ & ! GOV]N$1 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! BOSSES & ! LEAD]S4 

,OBVI\SLY P>TIAL GA9S 7NO MATT] H[ IMPORTANT WE MAY SUPPOSE !SE TO BE & EV5 IF !Y %\LD L>GELY :ITTLE AWAY AT PRIVILEGES7 DO NOT HAVE ! EFFECT ( ALT]+ ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS -- ! RELATIONS OBTA9+ BETWE5 BOSS & WORK]1 BETWE5 LEAD] & L$4 ,!RE=E ! WORK]'S SUBORD9ATION TO ,CAPITAL & ! ,/ATE 5DURES4 ,FROM :I* IT FOLL[S ?AT ! SOCIAL QUE/ION LOOMS AS L>GE AS EV]1 & ! 0B>RICADE0 DIVID+ ! PRODUC]S FROM ! P>ASITES LIV+ (F !M HAS NOT BE5 %IFT$1 MU* LESS FLATT5$4 

,NO MATT] H[ MU* ! H\RS ( WORK MAY BE R$UC$1 NO MATT] H[ HI< WAGE RATES MAY CLIMB1 NO MATT] H[ 0COM=TABLE0 ! FACTORY MAY BECOME FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( HYGI5E1 ETC4 AS LONG AS ! RELATION%IPS ( WAGE-PAY] TO WAG$1 GOV]NOR TO GOV]N$ P]SI/1 !RE WILL BE TWO CLASSES1 ! ONE /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! O!R4 ,& ! CONTE/ WILL GR[ 9 DEGREE & SCALE AS ! EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$ CLASS1 ITS /R5G? & CONSCI\SNESS EXP&+1 ACQUIRES A TRU] APPRECIATION ( ITS SOCIAL WOR?2 AS A RESULT1 AS IT IMPROVES ITSELF & $UCATES ITSELF & BETT]S ITSELF1 IT WILL BR+ EV] MORE VIGOR TO ITS UND]M9+ ( ! PRIVILEGES ( ! OPPOS+1 P>ASITE CLASS4 

,& ?IS WILL C>RY ON UNTIL ALL HELL BREAKS LOOSE6 ,UNTIL ! DAY :5 ! WORK+ CLASS1 AFT] HAV+ /EEL$ ITSELF = ! F9AL BREAK1 AFT] HAV+ H>D5$ ITSELF ?R\< CONT9UAL & EV] MORE FREQU5T SKIRMI%ES AGA9/ ITS CLASS FOE1 WILL BE P[]FUL 5\< TO M\NT ! CRUCIAL ASSAULT 444 ,& ?AT WILL BE ,DIRECT ,ACTION TAK5 TO ITS ULTIMATE3 ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE6 

,?US1 TO SUM UP1 C>EFUL SCRUT9Y ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A ALL[S US TO SET \R FACES AGA9/ ! FATALI/IC !ORY ?AT PROCLAIMS ! FUTILITY ( EF=T1 & AGA9/ ! T5D5CY TO SUPPOSE ?AT BETT] TIMES CAN SPR+ FROM BAD ONES RUN RIOT4 ,9/EAD1 A CLE>-SI<T$ APPRECIATION ( !SE PH5OM5A ?R[S UP ! NOTION ( A PROCESS ( UNFOLD+ ACTION3 WE F9D ?AT ! REV]SES SUFF]$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! PIECEMEAL GA9S WRE/$ FROM IT1 FAN ! FLAMES ( REVOLT3 & WE F9D1 TOO1 ?AT JU/ AS LIFE SPR+S FROM LIFE1 SO ACTION 9SPIRES ACTION4 

,=CE & ,VIOL5CE 

,DIRECT ,ACTION1 ! MANIFE/ATION ( ! WORK]S' /R5G? & DET]M9ATION1 %[S ITSELF 9 ACCORDANCE ) CIRCUM/ANCE & SETT+1 ?R\< ACTS ?AT MAY WELL BE V]Y ANODYNE1 JU/ AS !Y MI<T AS EASILY BE V]Y VIOL5T4 ,IT IS SIMPLY A MATT] ( :AT IS REQUIR$4 

,?US1 !RE IS NO SPECIFIC =M ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION4 ,SOME PEOPLE1 ) A V]Y SUP]FICIAL GRASP ( ?+S1 EXPLA9 IT AWAY 9 T]MS ( AN ORGY ( W9D[ BREAK+4 ,MAK+ DO ) SU* A DEF9ITION -- :I* BR+S JOY TO ! HE>TS ( ! GLAZI]S -- W\LD BE TO TAKE A REALLY N>R[ VIEW ( ?IS EX]CISE ( PROLET>IAN MI<T3 IT W\LD BE TO R$UCE ,DIRECT ,ACTION TO A MORE OR LESS IMPULSIVE ACT1 & ?AT W\LD BE TO IGNORE :AT IT IS 9 IT ?AT CON/ITUTES ITS GREATE/ VALUE & TO =GET ?AT IT IS ! SYMBOLIC 5ACTM5T ( WORK]S' REVOLT4 

,DIRECT ,ACTION1 IS WORK]S' MI<T APPLI$ TO CREATIVE PURPOSES3 IT IS ! =CE ?AT ACTS AS MIDWIFE TO A NEW LAW -- 5%R9+ SOCIAL 5TITLEM5T6 

,=CE LIES AT ! BACK ( EV]Y MOVEM5T & EV]Y ACTION &1 ( NECESSITY1 IT IS ! CULM9ATION ( !SE4 ,LIFE IS ! EX]CISE ( =CE &1 BEYOND =CE1 !RE IS ONLY OBLIVION4 ,NO?+ IS MADE MANIFE/1 NO?+ IS MAT]IALIZ$ 9 ITS ABS5CE4 

,! BETT] TO PULL ! WOOL OV] \R EYES & KEEP US UND] !IR YOKE1 \R CLASS 5EMIES HAVE DRUMM$ IT 9TO US ?AT IMMAN5T JU/ICE NE$ NOT RESORT TO =CE4 ,NONS5SICAL EXPLOIT]S ( ! PEOPLE6 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( =CE1 JU/ICE IS NO?+ BUT TOMFOOL]Y & LIES4 ,! GRIEV\S M>TYRDOM ( ! PEOPLE D[N ?R\< ! C5TURIES BE>S WITNESS TO ?IS3 ?\< !IRS W]E JU/ CAUSES1 =CE1 9 ! S]VICE ( ! RELIGI\S AU?ORITIES & SECUL> MA/]S CRU%$ & TRAMPL$ ! PEOPLES3 ALL 9 ! NAME ( SOME SUPPOS$ JU/ICE ?AT WAS NO?+ BUT A MON/R\S 9JU/ICE4 ,& ?AT M>TYRDOM GOES ON6 

,M9ORITY V]SUS MAJORITY 

,! LABOR+ MASSES >E ALWAYS EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$ BY A P>ASITICAL M9ORITY :I*1 HAD IT ONLY ITS [N RES\RCES TO RELY UPON1 C\LD NOT PRES]VE ITS RULE = A S+LE DAY1 = ONE S+LE H\R6 ,?IS M9ORITY DRAWS ITS P[] FROM ! BOV9E ACQUIESC5CE ( ITS VICTIMS3 IT IS ! LATT] -- ! S\RCE ( ALL /R5G? -- :O1 9 SACRIFIC+ !MSELVES = ! CLASS ?AT LIVES (F !IR BACKS1 CREATE & P]PETUATE ,CAPITAL & UPHOLD ! ,/ATE4 

,N[1 IF ?IS M9ORITY IS TO BE UNSEAT$1 IT CANNOT BE 5\< 7TODAY ANY MORE ?AN 9 ! PA/7 TO DISSECT ! SOCIAL FALSEHOODS ?AT S]VE AS ITS PR9CIPLES1 EXPOSE ITS 9IQUITY OR DETAIL ITS CRIMES4 ,AGA9/ BRUTE =CE1 AN IDEA1 R$UC$ TO ITS P[]S ( P]SUASION ALONE1 IS BEAT5 BE=E IT />TS4 ,! FACT IS ?AT1 NO MATT] H[ BEAUTIFUL IT MAY BE1 AN IDEA IS ONLY A SOAP-BUBBLE UNLESS SU/A9$ BY =CE1 UNLESS R5D]$ F]TILE BY IT4 

,SO :AT WILL IT TAKE TO /OP ! UNWITT+ SACRIFICE ( MAJORITIES TO A S5SUAL1 RASCALLY M9ORITY8 

,! E/ABLI%M5T ( A =CE CAPABLE ( C\NT]-BALANC+ :AT ! PROP]TI$ & RUL+ CLASS EXTRACTS FROM ! PEOPLE'S DELUSION & IGNORANCE4 ,IT US UP TO CONSCI\S WORK]S TO MAKE JU/ SU* A =CE A REALITY3 ! PROBLEM CONSI/S1 = ?OSE DESIR\S ( %RUGG+ (F ! YOKE FA%ION$ = !M BY ! MAJORITIES1 ( REACT+ AGA9/ SO MU* PASSIVITY & SEEK+ ONE ANO!R \T1 COM+ TO SOME ACCOMMODATION1 & REA*+ AGREEM5T4 

,?IS VITAL TASK ( REVOLUTION>Y COALESC5CE & COHESION IS C>RI$ \T 9SIDE ! REVOLUTION>Y UNION ORGANIZATION3 !RE1 A GR[+ M9ORITY IS =M$ & GR[S1 ITS AIM TO ACQUIRE SUFFICI5T /R5G?1 FIR/1 TO C\NT]-BALANCE & !N TO ANNIHILATE ! =CES ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION4 

,?IS POT5TIAL = PROPAG&A & ACTION /RIVES FIR/ TO BR+ 5LI<T5M5T TO ! UN=TUNATES :O1 BY ACT+ AS ! DEF5D]S ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 P]PETUATE ! DEPRESS+ SAGA ( SLAVES >M$ BY !IR MA/]S TO FI<T AGA9/ ! REBELS PROMIS+ LIB]ATION4 ,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO FOCUS TOO MU* EF=T ON ?IS PREP>ATORY TASK4 ,9 FACT1 WE MU/ GET ! FULL MEASURE ( ! DAMP5+ POT5TIAL REPRES5T$ BY MILIT>ISM4 ,! PEOPLE 9 >MS >E ALWAYS PITT$ AGA9/ !IR [N1 BETT] >M$1 (FSPR+4 ,N[ !RE IS HI/ORICAL PRO( APL5TY TO %[ ?AT ALL POPUL> UPRIS+S ?AT HAVE NOT 5JOY$ EI!R NEUTRALITY OR SUPPORT FROM ! PEOPLE 9 GREATCOATS -- TO WIT1 ! >MY -- HAVE F\ND]$4 ,SO \R CONT9UAL OBJECT MU/ BE TO P>ALYZE ! UNWITT+ /R5G? AF=D$ TO RUL]S BY A SEGM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,?AT DONE1 !RE /ILL REMA9S ! MATT] ( BREAK+ ! P[] ( ! P>ASITICAL M9ORITY PROP] -- & IT W\LD BE A GRAVE ]ROR TO REG>D IT AS NEGLIGIBLE4 

,?IS1 9 BROAD \TL9E1 IS ! TASK ?AT FALLS TO ! CONSCI\S WORK]S4 

,9ELUCTABLE VIOL5CE 

,AS = ANTICIPAT+ ! CIRCUM/ANCES & TIM+ ( ! DECISIVE CLA% BETWE5 ! =CES ( ! PA/ & ! =CES ( ! FUTURE1 ?AT BELONGS TO ! REALM ( HYPO!SIS4 ,:AT WE MAY BE SURE (1 IS ?AT IT WILL HAVE BE5 PREFAC$ & PREP>$ BY MORE OR LESS SUDD5 SNIP+1 CLA%ES & CONTACTS4 ,& ANO!R ?+ ( :I* WE MAY SURE IS ?AT ! =CES ( ! PA/ WILL NOT RESIGN !MSELVES TO ABDICATION1 OR B[+ ! KNEE4 ,N[1 IT IS PRECISELY ?IS BL9D RESI/ANCE TO PROGRESS :I* HAS1 9 ! PA/1 ALL TOO (T5 M>K$ ! A*IEVEM5T ( SOCIAL PROGRESS ) BRUTALITY & VIOL5CE4 ,& IT CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY3 ! RESPONSIBILITY = SU* VIOL5CE DOES NOT LIE ) ! ,WOM5 LOOK+ TO ! FUTURE4 ,= ! PEOPLE TO DECIDE ON CATEGORICAL REVOLT1 !Y MU/ BE DRIV5 TO IT BY NECESSITY3 !Y RESOLVE UPON IT ONLY AFT] A L5G?Y S]IES ( EXP]I5CES HAVE DEMON/RAT$ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( FOLL[+ ! PEACEABLE R\TE & -- EV5 9 ?OSE CIRCUM/ANCES -- !IR VIOL5CE IS M]ELY A B5IGN & HUMANE RETORT TO ! EXCESSIVE & B>B>IC VIOL5CE FROM !IR MA/]S4 

,W]E ! PEOPLE VIOL5T BY 9/9CT1 !Y W\LD NOT 5DURE ! LIFE ( MIS]Y1 PRIVATION & H>D SLOG -- /UDD$ ) RASCALITY & CRIME -- :I* IS ! EXI/5CE FOI/$ UPON !M BY ! P>ASITICAL1 EXPLOITATIVE M9ORITY1 = ANO!R TW5TY F\R H\RS4 ,H]E WE NE$ HAVE NO REC\RSE TO PHILOSOPHICAL EXPLANATION TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ,WOM5 >E BORN 0NEI!R GOOD NOR BAD01 & BECOME ONE OR ! O!R ACCORD+ TO !IR 5VIRONM5T & CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! MATT] CAN BE RESOLV$ BY EV]YDAY OBS]VATION3 IT IS BEYOND D\BT ?AT ! PEOPLE1 S5TIM5TAL & S(T-HE>T$1 DISPLAY NO?+ ( ! 5DEMIC VIOL5CE ?AT *>ACT]IZES ! RUL+ CLASSES1 & :I* IS ! MORT> HOLD+ !IR RULE TOGE!R -- LEGALITY BE+ ONLY ! ?9 :ITEWA% ( HYPOCRISY DESIGN$ TO SCRE5 ?IS DEEP-SEAT$ VIOL5CE4 

,! PEOPLE1 HELD D[N BY ! $UCATION 9CULCAT$ 9TO !M1 SATURAT$ ) PREJUDICES1 >E OBLIG$ TO MAKE CONSID]ABLE EF=T TO RAISE !MSELVES TO CONSCI\SNESS4 ,N[1 EV5 :5 !Y PULL IT (F1 F> FROM LETT+ !MSELVES BE SWEPT ALONG BY A JU/IFI$ WRA?1 !Y ABIDE BY ! PR9CIPLE ( LEA/ RESI/ANCE3 !Y SEEK \T & /ICK TO ! PA? ?AT LOOKS TO !M ! %ORTE/ & LEA/ FRAU<T ) DIFFICULTIES4 ,!Y >E LIKE WAT]S FOLL[+ ! SLOPE TO ! SEA1 PEACEABLE H]E & ?UND]+ !RE1 ACCORD+ TO :E!R !Y MEET ) FEW OB/ACLES OR MANY4 ,TO BE SURE1 !Y >E B\ND = ! REVOLUTION1 REG>DLESS ( ! IMP$IM5TS PLAC$ 9 !IR WAY BY ! PRIVILEG$3 BUT !Y PROCE$ BY ! FITS & />TS & HESITATIONS :I* >E ! PRODUCTS ( !IR PEACEABLE DISPOSITION & !IR WI% TO FI<T %Y ( EXTREME SOLUTIONS4 ,SO1 :5 ! PEOPLE'S =CE1 SMA%+ ?R\< ! OB/ACLES RAIS$ AGA9/ IT1 SWEEPS OV] ! OLD SOCIETIES LIKE A REVOLUTION>Y HURRICANE1 ?IS IS BECAUSE IT HAS BE5 LEFT NO O!R \TLET4 ,9DE$1 !RE IS NO D5Y+ ?AT HAD ?IS =CE BE5 ABLE TO EX]CISE ITSELF )\T 5CUMBRANCE1 FOLL[+ ! L9E ( LEA/ RESI/ANCE1 IT MI<T NOT HAVE MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 VIOL5T ACTIONS BUT DISPLAY$ A PEACEABLE1 MAJE/IC1 CALM ASPECT ( ITSELF4 ,ISN'T ! RIV] ?AT ROLLS TO ! SEA ) ,OLYMPIAN BUT IRRESI/IBLE SLUGGI%NESS NOT MADE UP ( ! V]Y SAME LIQUID MOLECULES ?AT1 TUMBL+ TORR5TIALLY ?R\< /EEP-SID$ VALLEYS1 B>G$ ASIDE ! OB/ACLES PLAC$ 9 !IR PA?8 ,! SAME GOES = ! P[] ( ! PEOPLE4 

,ILLUSORY PALLIATIVES 

,BUT1 GIV5 ?AT ! PEOPLE DO NOT RESORT TO =CE JU/ = ! PLEASURE ( IT1 IT W\LD BE DANG]\S TO HOPE TO PREEMPT SU* REC\RSE ?R\< ! USE ( PALLIATIVES ALONG P>LIAM5T>Y & DEMOCRATIC L9ES4 ,?US !RE IS NO VOT+ SY/EM -- NOT REF]5DUM1 NOR ANY O!R PROC$URE ?AT W\LD SEEK TO DIV9E ! KEY TO ! PEOPLE'S WI%ES -- ?ANKS TO :I* ONE MI<T ATTEMPT TO =E/ALL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,CL++ TO ILLUSIONS ( ?IS SORT W\LD BE TANTAM\NT TO LAPS+ BACK 9TO ! UNHAPPY EXP]I5CES ( ! PA/1 :5 ! MIRACUL\S VIRTUES ATTRIBUT$ TO UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE W]E ! FOCUS ( WIDESPREAD HOPES4 ,TRUE1 IT IS MORE CONV5I5T TO BELIEVE 9 ! OMNIPOT5CE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 OR EV5 ( ! REF]5DUM1 ?AN TO SEE ?+S AS !Y REALLY >E3 IT SP>ES ONE ! NE$ TO ACT -- BUT1 ON ! D[NSIDE1 IT BR+S ECONOMIC LIB]ATION NO NE>]4 

,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 WE MU/ ALWAYS BE BR\<T BACK TO ?IS 9ELUCTABLE CONCLUSION3 REC\RSE TO =CE6 

,H[EV]1 ! FACT ?AT SOME VOT+ ME?OD1 SOME REF]5DUM PROC$URE1 ETC41 IS UNLIKELY TO S\ND ! EXT5T & 9T5SITY ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 %\LD NOT BE 9T]PRET$ AS F9D+ AGA9/ !IR RELATIVE WOR?S4 ,REF]5DUM1 SAY1 MAY HAVE ITS USES4 ,9 C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES1 REC\RSE TO IT MAY WELL BE ! BE/ POLICY4 ,9 9/ANCES POS$ ) PRECISION & CL>ITY1 IT IS CONV5I5T TO GAUGE ! T5OR ( WORK]S' ?9K+ BY ?IS ME?OD4 ,MOREOV]1 REVOLUTION>Y UNION ORGANIZATIONS CAN USE IT1 AS ! NE$ >ISES 7& ?IS GOES = ?OSE ( !M :I*1 NOT BE+ AS YET COMPLETELY FREE ( ! HOLD ( CAPITALISM1 LOOK TO ,/ATE 9T]V5TION1 AS WELL AS = ?OSE :I* >E PLA9LY REVOLUTION>Y74 ,& ?IS HAS LONG BE5 ! CASE6 ,NEI!R ! ONE NOR ! O!R WAIT$ UNTIL ANY ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO 5%R9E IT AS A SY/EM & = ! ATTEMPT TO BE MADE TO PASS IT (F AS A BYPRODUCT ( DIRECT ACTION4 

,IT IS !RE=E ABSURD TO >GUE ?AT ! REF]5DUM RUNS C\NT] TO ! REVOLUTION>Y ME?OD -- JU/ AS IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO >GUE ?AT IT IS ITS 9EVITABLE COMPLEM5T4 ,IT IS A ME*ANISM = QUANTITATIVE MEASUREM5T & QUITE UNSUIT$ TO QUALITATIVE ASSESSM5T4 ,:I* IS :Y IT W\LD BE ILL-ADVIS$ TO DEP5D UPON ITS BE+ A LEV] CAPABLE ( %IFT+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY (F ITS F\NDATIONS4 ,EV5 IF IT W]E TO BECOME MORE COMMONPLACE1 ITS PRACTICE IS NOT GO+ TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! 9ITIATIVES REQUIR$ & 9DISP5SIBLE VIGOR :5 AN IDEA'S TIME HAS COME4 

,IT IS 9FANTILE TO TALK AB\T REF]5DUM :5 :AT IS AT /AKE IS REVOLUTION>Y ACTION SU* AS ! /ORM+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE 444 ,HAD ! ,G>DES FRANAISES NOT DEFECT$ TO ! PEOPLE ON #ad ,JULY #a#g#h#i1 HAD A CONSCI\S M9ORITY NOT SET AB\T ATTACK+ ! =TRESS 44 HAD AN ATTEMPT BE5 MADE FIR/ TO DET]M9E BY REF]5DUM ! FATE ( ?AT ODI\S PRISON1 ! LIKELIHOOD IS ?AT IT W\LD /ILL BE DOM9AT+ ! 5TRANCE TO ! FAUB\RG ,ANTO9E 444 

,\R HYPO!SIS ) REG>D TO ! SEIZURE ( ! ,BA/ILLE IS APPLICABLE TO ALL REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS3 LET !M BE PUT TO ! TE/ ( A HYPO!TICAL REF]5DUM & SIMIL> CONCLUSIONS WILL BE REA*$4 

,NO6 ,!RE IS NO SUFFRAGE-BAS$ OR REF]5DUM-BAS$ PANACEA LIKELY TO TAKE ! PLACE ( REC\RSE TO REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,BUT WE MU/ BE PLA9LY SPECIFIC ON ?IS PO9T3 SU* REC\RSE TO =CE DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT ! MASSES >E SLEEP+4 ,QUITE ! OPPOSITE6 ,& IT IS ALL ! MORE EFFECTIVE1 ! MORE !SE MASSES >E 5D[$ ) A MORE 5LI<T5$ CONSCI\SNESS4 

,= ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION ?AT CAPITALI/ SOCIETY C>RIES )9 ITSELF TO UNFOLD AT LA/ & RESULT 9 A*IEVEM5TS1 & = BACKW>D LUR*ES & SAVAGE BACKLA% TO BE IMPOSSIBLE1 ?OSE BEAV]+ AWAY AT ! GREAT UND]TAK+ MU/ KN[ :AT !Y WANT & H[ !Y WANT IT4 ,!Y HAVE TO BE CONSCI\S 5TITIES & NOT IMPULSE-DRIV56 ,N[1 LET !RE BE NO MI/AKE AB\T ?IS1 NUM]ICAL /R5G? IS ONLY TRULY EFFICACI\S FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y VIEWPO9T IF IT IS F]TILIZ$ BY ! 9ITIATIVE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BY !IR SPONTANEITY4 ,BY ITSELF1 IT IS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ACCUMULATION ( 9DET]M9ATE ,WOM5 ?AT MI<T BE COMP>$ TO A PILE ( 9]T MATT] PREY TO ! IMPULSES REA*+ IT FROM )\T4 

,?US IT TURNS \T ?AT ,DIRECT ,ACTION1 :IL/ PROCLAIM+ ?AT ! USE ( =CE CANNOT BE AVOID$1 LAYS ! GR\NDWORK = ! RU9ATION ( ! RULE ( =CE & VIOL5CE1 9 ORD] TO SUPPLANT IT ) A SOCIETY BAS$ ON CONSCI\SNESS & FREE AGREEM5T4 ,?IS BECAUSE IT IS ! POPUL>IZATION1 9 ! OLD SOCIETY ( AU?ORIT>IANISM & EXPLOITATION1 ( ! CREATIVE NOTIONS ?AT SET ! HUMAN BE+ FREE3 DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 CULTIVATION ( ! WILL & GALVANIZATION = ACTION4 

,& SO WE >E BR\<T TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ,DIRECT ,ACTION1 QUITE AP>T FROM ITS VALUE AS A BOON TO SOCIETY1 C>RIES )9 ITSELF A VALUE AS A MORAL FECUNDATION1 9 ?AT IT REF9ES & ELEVATES ?OSE :OM IT IMPREGNATES1 RELEAS+ !M FROM ! /RAITJACKET ( PASSIVITY & 9CIT+ !M TO RADIATE /R5G? & BEAUTY4 

.<#a.> ,ON ! SAY SO ( SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]S1 MANY PEOPLE UNQUE/ION+LY SWALL[ & REPEAT ! /ORY ?AT 0LIFE IS EXP5SIVE0 9 ! A=EM5TION$ C\NTRIES4 ,! TRU? ( ! MATT] IS ?AT LUXURY ITEMS >E V]Y EXP5SIVE !RE3 0SOCIETY0 LIV+ IS V]Y BURD5SOME !RE3 ON ! O!R H&1 BASIC NECESSITIES >E AF=DABLE4 ,MOREOV]1 DON'T WE KN[ ?AT1 FROM1 SAY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WE GET :EAT1 FRUIT1 CANN$ GOODS & MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCTS1 ETC41 :I* 79 SPITE ( ! ADDITIONAL CO/S IMPOS$ BY TRANSPORT CO/S & 9 SPITE ( CU/OMS LEVIES TOO7 CAN COMPETE ) SIMIL> ITEMS ON \R M>KET H]E8 ,IT MU/ !RE=E BE SELF-EVID5T ?AT 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?OSE GOODS >E NOT ON SALE AT HI<] PRICES 444 ,WE C\LD CITE MANY O!R CONCLUSIVE PRO(S4 ,BUT ! CONF9ES ( A PAMPHLET MAKE ?AT IMPRACTICABLE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #b1 #bb 3 ,DIRECT ,ACTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,DIRECT ,ACTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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