,DIRECT ,ACTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,VOLTAIR9E ,DE ,CLEYRE 

,TAGS 3 NATURAL WEAL? ( ! E>?1 WEAL? ( ! E>?1 KNI<TS ( LABOR1 VIOL5T DIRECT ACTION1 WORK+-CLASS P>TY ACTION1 DIRECT ACTION1 POLITICAL ACTION1 JOHN BR[N1 POLITICAL ACTIONI/S1 DIRECT ACTIONI/S4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ROB1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ONE :O ?9KS HIMSELF CAPABLE ( DISC]N+ AN UNDEVIAT+ R\TE = HUMAN PROGRESS TO PURSUE1 IF IT IS TO BE PROGRESS AT ALL1 :O1 HAV+ SU* A R\TE ON HIS M9D'S MAP1 HAS 5DEAVOR$ TO PO9T IT \T TO O!RS2 TO MAKE !M SEE IT AS HE SEES IT2 :O 9 SO DO+ HAS *OS5 :AT APPE>$ TO HIM CLE> & SIMPLE EXPRESSIONS TO CONVEY HIS ?\<TS TO O!RS1 -- TO SU* A ONE IT APPE>S MATT] = REGRET & CONFUSION ( SPIRIT ?AT ! PHRASE 0,DIRECT ,ACTION0 HAS SUDD5LY ACQUIR$ 9 ! G5]AL M9D A CIRCUMSCRIB$ MEAN+1 NOT AT ALL IMPLI$ 9 ! WORDS !MSELVES1 & C]TA9LY NEV] ATTA*$ TO IT BY HIMSELF OR HIS CO-?9K]S4  

,H[EV]1 ?IS IS ONE ( ! COMMON JE/S :I* ,PROGRESS PLAYS ON ?OSE :O ?9K !MSELVES ABLE TO SET METES & B\NDS = IT4 ,OV] & OV] AGA91 NAMES1 PHRASES1 MOTTOES1 WAT*WORDS1 HAVE BE5 TURN$ 9SIDE \T1 & UPSIDE D[N1 & H9DSIDE BE=E1 & SIDEWAYS1 BY OCCURR5CES \T ( ! CONTROL ( ?OSE :O US$ ! EXPRESSIONS 9 !IR PROP] S5SE2 & /ILL1 ?OSE :O /URDILY HELD !IR GR\ND1 & 9SI/$ ON BE+ HE>D1 HAVE 9 ! 5D F\ND ?AT ! P]IOD ( MISUND]/&+ & PREJUDICE HAS BE5 BUT ! PRELUDE TO WID] 9QUIRY & UND]/&+4  

,I RA!R ?9K ?IS WILL BE ! CASE ) ! PRES5T MISCONCEPTION ( ! T]M ,DIRECT ,ACTION1 :I* ?R\< ! MISAPPREH5SION1 OR ELSE ! DELIB]ATE MISREPRES5TATION1 ( C]TA9 J\RNALI/S 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES1 AT ! TIME ! ,MC,NAM>AS PLEAD$ GUILTY1 SUDD5LY ACQUIR$ 9 ! POPUL> M9D ! 9T]PRETATION1 0,=CIBLE ,ATTACKS ON ,LIFE & ,PROP]TY40 ,?IS WAS EI!R V]Y IGNORANT OR V]Y DI%ONE/ ( ! J\RNALI/S2 BUT IT HAS HAD ! EFFECT ( MAK+ A GOOD MANY PEOPLE CURI\S TO KN[ ALL AB\T ,DIRECT ,ACTION4  

,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ?OSE :O >E SO LU/ILY & SO 9ORD9ATELY CONDEMN+ IT1 WILL F9D ON EXAM9ATION ?AT !Y !MSELVES HAVE ON MANY OCCASION PRACTIC$ DIRECT ACTION1 & WILL DO SO AGA94  

,EV]Y P]SON :O EV] ?\<T HE HAD A RI<T TO ASS]T1 & W5T BOLDLY & ASS]T$ IT1 HIMSELF1 OR JO9TLY ) O!RS ?AT %>$ HIS CONVICTIONS1 WAS A DIRECT ACTIONI/4 ,SOME ?IRTY YE>S AGO ,I RECALL ?AT ! ,SALVATION ,>MY WAS VIGOR\SLY PRACTIC+ DIRECT ACTION 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! FRE$OM ( ITS MEMB]S TO SPEAK1 ASSEMBLE1 & PRAY4 ,OV] & OV] !Y W]E >RE/$1 F9$1 & IMPRISON$2 BUT !Y KEPT RI<T ON S++1 PRAY+1 & M>*+1 TILL !Y F9ALLY COMPELL$ !IR P]SECUTORS TO LET !M ALONE4 ,! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S >E N[ CONDUCT+ ! SAME FI<T1 & HAVE1 9 A NUMB] ( CASES1 COMPELL$ ! (FICIALS TO LET !M ALONE BY ! SAME DIRECT TACTICS4  

,EV]Y P]SON :O EV] HAD A PLAN TO DO ANY?+1 & W5T & DID IT1 OR :O LAID HIS PLAN BE=E O!RS1 & WON !IR COOP]ATION TO DO IT ) HIM1 )\T GO+ TO EXT]NAL AU?ORITIES TO PLEASE DO ! ?+ = !M1 WAS A DIRECT ACTIONI/4 ,ALL COOP]ATIVE EXP]IM5TS >E ESS5TIALLY DIRECT ACTION4  

,EV]Y P]SON :O EV] 9 HIS LIFE HAD A DIFF]5CE ) ANYONE TO SETTLE1 & W5T /RAI<T TO ! O!R P]SONS 9VOLV$ TO SETTLE IT1 EI!R BY A PEACEABLE PLAN OR O!RWISE1 WAS A DIRECT ACTIONI/4 ,EXAMPLES ( SU* ACTION >E /RIKES & BOYCOTTS2 MANY P]SONS WILL RECALL ! ACTION ( ! H\SEWIVES ( ,NEW ,YORK :O BOYCOTT$ ! BUT*]S1 & L[]$ ! PRICE ( MEAT2 AT ! PRES5T MOM5T A BUTT] BOYCOTT SEEMS LOOM+ UP1 AS A DIRECT REPLY TO ! PRICE-MAK]S = BUTT]4  

,!SE ACTIONS >E G5]ALLY NOT DUE TO ANY ONE'S REASON+ OV]MU* ON ! RESPECTIVE M]ITS ( DIRECTNESS OR 9DIRECTNESS1 BUT >E ! SPONTANE\S RETORTS ( ?OSE :O FEEL OPPRESSES BY A SITUATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ALL PEOPLE >E1 MO/ ( ! TIME1 BELIEV]S 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( DIRECT ACTION1 & PRACTICES ( IT4 ,H[EV]1 MO/ PEOPLE >E ALSO 9DIRECT OR POLITICAL ACTIONI/S4 ,& !Y >E BO? !SE ?+S AT ! SAME TIME1 )\T MAK+ MU* ( AN ANALYSIS ( EI!R4 ,!RE >E ONLY A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( P]SONS :O ES*EW POLITICAL ACTION UND] ANY & ALL CIRCUM/ANCES2 BUT !RE IS NOBODY1 NOBODY AT ALL1 :O HAS EV] BE5 SO 0IMPOSSIBLE0 AS TO ES*EW DIRECT ACTION ALTOGE!R4  

,! MAJORITY ( ?9K+ PEOPLE >E REALLY OPPORTUNI/1 LEAN+1 SOME P]HAPS MORE TO DIRECTNESS1 SOME MORE TO 9DIRECTNESS AS A G5]AL ?+1 BUT READY TO USE EI!R MEANS :5 OPPORTUNITY CALLS = IT4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 !RE >E ?OSE :O HOLD ?AT BALLOT+ GOV]NORS 9TO P[] IS ESS5TIALLY A WRONG & FOOLI% ?+2 BUT :O NEV]!LESS UND] /RESS ( SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 MI<T CONSID] IT ! WISE/ ?+ TO DO1 TO VOTE SOME 9DIVIDUAL 9TO (FICE AT ?AT P>TICUL> TIME4 ,OR !RE >E ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT 9 G5]AL ! WISE/ WAY = PEOPLE TO GET :AT !Y WANT IS BY ! 9DIRECT ME?OD ( VOT+ 9TO P[] SOME ONE :O WILL MAKE :AT !Y WANT LEGAL2 YET :O ALL ! SAME WILL OCCASIONALLY UND] EXCEPTIONAL CONDITIONS ADVISE A /RIKE2 & A /RIKE1 AS ,I HAVE SAID1 IS DIRECT ACTION4 ,OR !Y MAY DO AS ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY AGITATORS 7:O >E MO/LY DECLAIM+ N[ AGA9/ DIRECT ACTION7 DID LA/ SUMM]1 :5 ! POLICE W]E HOLD+ UP !IR MEET+S4 ,!Y W5T 9 =CE TO ! MEET+-PLACES1 PREP>$ TO SPEAK :E!R-OR-NO1 & !Y MADE ! POLICE BACK D[N4 ,& :ILE ?AT WAS NOT LOGICAL ON !IR P>T1 ?US TO OPPOSE ! LEGAL EXECUTORS ( ! MAJORITY'S WILL1 IT WAS A F9E1 SUCCESSFUL PIECE ( DIRECT ACTION4  

,?OSE :O1 BY ! ESS5CE ( !IR BELIEF1 >E COMMITT$ TO ,DIRECT ,ACTION ONLY >E -- JU/ :O8 ,:Y1 ! NON-RESI/ANTS2 PRECISELY ?OSE :O DO NOT BELIEVE 9 VIOL5CE AT ALL6 ,N[ DO NOT MAKE ! MI/AKE ( 9F]R+ ?AT ,I SAY DIRECT ACTION MEANS NONRESI/ANCE2 NOT BY ANY MEANS4 ,DIRECT ACTION MAY BE ! EXTREME ( VIOL5CE1 OR IT MAY BE AS PEACEFUL AS ! WAT]S ( ! ,BROOK ( ,%ILOA ?AT GO S(TLY4 ,:AT ,I SAY IS1 ?AT ! REAL NON-RESI/ANTS CAN BELIEVE 9 DIRECT ACTION ONLY1 NEV] 9 POLITICAL ACTION4 ,= ! BASIS ( ALL POLITICAL ACTION IS CO]CION2 EV5 :5 ! ,/ATE DOES GOOD ?+S1 IT F9ALLY RE/S ON A CLUB1 A GUN1 OR A PRISON1 = ITS P[] TO C>RY !M ?R\<4  

,N[ EV]Y S*OOL *ILD 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS HAD ! DIRECT ACTION ( C]TA9 NON-RESI/ANTS BR\<T TO HIS NOTICE BY HIS S*OOL HI/ORY4 ,! CASE :I* EV]YONE 9/ANTLY RECALLS IS ?AT ( ! E>LY ,QUAK]S :O CAME TO ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,! ,PURITANS HAD ACCUS$ ! ,QUAK]S ( 0TR\BL+ ! WORLD BY PREA*+ PEACE TO IT40 ,!Y REFUS$ TO PAY *UR* TAXES2 !Y REFUS$ TO BE> >MS2 !Y REFUS$ TO SWE> ALLEGIANCE TO ANY GOV]NM5T4 7,9 SO DO+ !Y W]E DIRECT ACTIONI/S1 :AT WE MAY CALL NEGATIVE DIRECT ACTIONI/S47 ,SO ! ,PURITANS1 BE+ POLITICAL ACTIONI/S1 PASS$ LAWS TO KEEP !M \T1 TO DEPORT1 TO F9E1 TO IMPRISON1 TO MUTILATE1 & F9ALLY1 TO HANG !M4 ,& ! ,QUAK]S JU/ KEPT ON COM+ 7:I* WAS POSITIVE DIRECT ACTION72 & HI/ORY RECORDS ?AT AFT] ! HANG+ ( F\R ,QUAK]S1 & ! FLOGG+ ( ,M>G>ET ,BREW/] AT ! C>T'S TAIL ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,BO/ON1 0! ,PURITANS GAVE UP TRY+ TO SIL5CE ! NEW MISSION>IES02 ?AT 0,QUAK] P]SI/5CE & ,QUAK] NONRESI/ANCE HAD WON ! DAY40  

,ANO!R EXAMPLE ( DIRECT ACTION 9 E>LY COLONIAL HI/ORY1 BUT ?IS TIME BY NO MEANS ( ! PEACEABLE SORT1 WAS ! AFFAIR KN[N AS ,BACON'S ,REBELLION4 ,ALL \R HI/ORIANS C]TA9LY DEF5D ! ACTION ( ! REBELS 9 ?AT MATT]1 = !Y W]E RI<T4 ,& YET IT WAS A CASE ( VIOL5T DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ LAWFULLY CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY4 ,= ! B5EFIT ( ?OSE :O HAVE =GOTT5 ! DETAILS1 LET ME BRIEFLY REM9D !M ?AT ! ,VIRG9IA PLANT]S W]E 9 FE> ( A G5]AL ATTACK BY ! ,9DIANS2 ) REASON4 ,BE+ POLITICAL ACTIONI/S1 !Y ASK$1 OR ,BACON AS !IR LEAD] ASK$1 ?AT ! GOV]NOR GRANT HIM A COMMISSION TO RAISE VOLUNTE]S 9 !IR [N DEF5SE4 ,! GOV]NOR FE>$ ?AT SU* A COMPANY ( >M$ M5 W\LD BE A ?REAT TO HIM2 ALSO ) REASON4 ,HE REFUS$ ! COMMISSION4 ,:]EUPON ! PLANT]S RESORT$ TO DIRECT ACTION4 ,!Y RAIS$ VOLUNTE]S )\T ! COMMISSION1 & SUCCESSFULLY F\<T (F ! ,9DIANS4 ,BACON WAS PRON\NC$ A TRAITOR BY ! GOV]NOR2 BUT ! PEOPLE BE+ ) HIM1 ! GOV]NOR WAS AFRAID TO PROCE$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 IT CAME SO F> ?AT ! REBELS BURN$ ,JAME/[N2 & BUT = ! UNTIMELY DEA? ( ,BACON1 MU* MORE MI<T HAVE BE5 DONE4 ,( C\RSE ! REACTION WAS V]Y DREADFUL1 AS IT USUALLY IS :]E A REBELLION COLLAPSES OR IS CRU%$4 ,YET EV5 DUR+ ! BRIEF P]IOD ( SUCCESS1 IT HAD CORRECT$ A GOOD MANY ABUSES4 ,I AM QUITE SURE ?AT ! POLITICAL-ACTION-AT-ALL-CO/S ADVOCATES ( ?OSE TIMES1 AFT] ! REACTION CAME BACK 9TO P[]1 MU/ HAVE SAID3 0,SEE TO :AT EVILS DIRECT ACTION BR+S US6 ,BEHOLD1 ! PROGRESS ( ! COLONY HAS BE5 SET BACK TW5TY-FIVE YE>S20 =GETT+ ?AT IF ! COLONI/S HAD NOT RESORT$ TO DIRECT ACTION1 !IR SCALPS W\LD HAVE BE5 TAK5 BY ! ,9DIANS A YE> SOON]1 9/EAD ( A NUMB] ( !M BE+ HANG$ BY ! GOV]NOR A YE> LAT]4  

,9 ! P]IOD ( AGITATION & EXCITEM5T PREC$+ ! REVOLUTION1 !RE W]E ALL SORTS & K9DS ( DIRECT ACTION FROM ! MO/ PEACEABLE TO ! MO/ VIOL5T2 & ,I BELIEVE ?AT ALMO/ EV]YBODY :O /UDIES ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HI/ORY F9DS ! ACC\NT ( !SE P]=MANCES ! MO/ 9T]E/+ P>T ( ! /ORY1 ! P>T :I* D5TS 9TO ! MEMORY MO/ EASILY4  

,AMONG ! PEACEABLE MOVES MADE1 W]E ! NON-IMPORTATION AGREEM5TS1 ! LEAGUES = WE>+ HOMESPUN CLO?+ & ! 0COMMITTEES ( CORRESPOND5CE40 ,AS ! 9EVITABLE GR[? ( HO/ILITY PROGRESS$1 VIOL5T DIRECT ACTION DEVELOP$2 E4G41 9 ! MATT] ( DE/ROY+ ! REV5UE /AMPS1 OR ! ACTION CONC]N+ ! TEA-%IPS1 EI!R BY NOT P]MITT+ ! TEA TO BE L&$1 OR BY PUTT+ IT 9 DAMP /ORAGE1 OR BY ?R[+ IT 9TO ! H>BOR1 AS 9 ,BO/ON1 OR BY COMPELL+ A TEA-%IP [N] TO SET FIRE TO HIS [N %IP1 AS AT ,ANNAPOLIS4 ,!SE >E ALL ACTIONS :I* \R COMMONE/ TEXTBOOKS RECORD1 C]TA9LY NOT 9 A CONDEMNATORY WAY1 NOT EV5 9 AN APOLOGETIC WAY1 ?\< !Y >E ALL CASES ( DIRECT ACTION AGA9/ LEGALLY CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY & PROP]TY RI<TS4 ,IF ,I DRAW ATT5TION TO !M1 & O!RS ( LIKE NATURE1 IT IS TO PROVE TO UNREFLECT+ REPEAT]S ( WORDS ?AT DIRECT ACTION HAS ALWAYS BE5 US$1 & HAS ! HI/ORICAL SANCTION ( ! V]Y PEOPLE N[ REPROBAT+ IT4  

,GEORGE ,WA%+TON IS SAID TO HAVE BE5 ! LEAD] ( ! ,VIRG9IA PLANT]S' NON-IMPORTATION LEAGUE2 HE W\LD N[ BE 05JO9$10 PROBABLY BY A C\RT1 FROM =M+ ANY SU* LEAGUE2 & IF HE P]SI/$1 HE W\LD BE F9$ = CONTEMPT4  

,:5 ! GREAT QU>REL BETWE5 ! ,NOR? & ! ,S\? WAS WAX+ HOT & HOTT]1 IT WAS AGA9 DIRECT ACTION :I* PREC$$ & PRECIPITAT$ POLITICAL ACTION4 ,& ,I MAY REM>K H]E ?AT POLITICAL ACTION IS NEV] TAK51 NOR EV5 CONTEMPLAT$1 UNTIL SLUMB]+ M9DS HAVE FIR/ BE5 >\S$ BY DIRECT ACTS ( PROTE/ AGA9/ EXI/+ CONDITIONS4  

,! HI/ORY ( ! ANTI-SLAV]Y MOVEM5T & ! ,CIVIL ,W> IS ONE ( ! GREATE/ ( P>ADOXES1 AL?\< HI/ORY IS A *A9 ( P>ADOXES4 ,POLITICALLY SPEAK+1 IT WAS ! SLAVE-HOLD+ ,/ATES ?AT /OOD = GREAT] POLITICAL FRE$OM1 = ! AUTONOMY ( ! S+LE ,/ATE AGA9/ ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES2 POLITICALLY SPEAK+1 IT WAS ! NON-SLAVE-HOLD+ ,/ATES ?AT /OOD = A /RONG C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T1 :I*1 ,SECESSIONI/S SAID & SAID TRULY1 WAS B\ND PROGRESSIVELY TO DEVELOP 9TO MORE & MORE TYRANNICAL =MS4 ,:I* HAPP5$4 ,FROM ! CLOSE ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> ONE1 !RE HAS BE5 CONT9UAL 5CROA*M5T ( ! F$]AL P[] UPON :AT WAS =M]LY ! CONC]N ( ! ,/ATES 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,! WAGE-SLAV]S1 9 !IR /RUGGLES ( TODAY1 >E CONT9UALLY ?R[N 9TO CONFLICT ) ?AT C5TRALIZ$ P[] AGA9/ :I* ! SLAVE-HOLD] PROTE/$ 7) LIB]TY ON HIS LIPS BY TYRANNY 9 HIS HE>T74 ,E?ICALLY SPEAK+1 IT WAS ! NON-SLAVE-HOLD+ ,/ATES ?AT 9 A G5]AL WAY /OOD = GREAT] HUMAN LIB]TY1 :ILE ! ,SECESSIONI/S /OOD = RACE-SLAV]Y4 ,9 A G5]AL WAY ONLY2 ?AT IS1 ! MAJORITY ( NOR!RN]S1 NOT BE+ ACCU/OM$ TO ! ACTUAL PRES5CE ( NEGRO SLAV]Y AB\T !M1 ?\<T IT WAS PROBABLY A MI/AKE2 YET !Y W]E 9 NO GREAT F]M5T ( ANXIETY TO HAVE IT ABOLI%$4 ,! ,ABOLITIONI/S ONLY1 & !Y W]E RELATIVELY FEW1 W]E ! G5U9E E?ICALS1 TO :OM SLAV]Y ITSELF -- NOT SECESSION OR UNION -- WAS ! MA9 QUE/ION4 ,9 FACT1 SO P>AM\NT WAS IT ) !M1 ?AT A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( !M W]E !MSELVES = ! DISSOLUTION ( ! UNION1 ADVOCAT+ ?AT ! ,NOR? TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE 9 ! MATT] ( DISSOLV+1 9 ORD] ?AT ! NOR!RN PEOPLE MI<T %AKE (F ! BLAME ( HOLD+ NEGROES 9 *A9S4  

,( C\RSE1 !RE W]E ALL SORTS ( PEOPLE ) ALL SORTS ( TEMP]AM5TS AMONG ?OSE :O ADVOCAT$ ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y4 ,!RE W]E ,QUAK]S LIKE ,:ITTI] 79DE$ IT WAS ! PEACE-AT-ALL- CO/S ,QUAK]S :O HAD ADVOCAT$ ABOLITION EV5 9 E>LY COLONIAL DAYS72 !RE W]E MOD]ATE POLITICAL ACTIONI/S1 :O W]E = BUY+ (F ! SLAVES1 AS ! *EAPE/ WAY2 & !RE W]E EXTREMELY VIOL5T PEOPLE1 :O BELIEV$ & DID ALL SORTS ( VIOL5T ?+S4  

,AS TO :AT ! POLITICIANS DID1 IT IS ONE LONG RECORD ( 0HOE-NOT-TO-TO-IT10 A RECORD ( ?IRTY YE>S ( COMPROMIS+1 & DICK]+1 & TRY+ TO KEEP :AT WAS AS IT WAS1 & TO H& SOPS TO BO? SIDES :5 NEW CONDITIONS DEM&$ ?AT SOME?+ BE DONE1 OR BE PRET5D$ TO BE DONE4 ,BUT 0! />S 9 !IR C\RSES F\<T AGA9/ ,SIS]A20 ! SY/EM WAS BREAK+ D[N FROM )91 & ! DIRECT ACTIONI/S FROM )\T AS WELL W]E WID5+ ! CRACKS REMORSELESSLY4  

,AMONG ! V>I\S EXPRESSIONS ( DIRECT REBELLION WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 0UND]GR\ND RAILROAD40 ,MO/ ( ! PEOPLE :O BELONG$ TO IT BELIEV$ 9 BO? SORTS ( ACTION2 BUT H[EV] MU* !Y !ORETICALLY SUBSCRIB$ TO ! RI<T ( ! MAJORITY TO 5ACT & 5=CE LAWS1 !Y DIDN'T BELIEVE 9 IT ON ?AT PO9T4 ,MY GR&FA!R WAS A MEMB] ( ! 0UND]GR\ND20 MANY A FUGITIVE SLAVE HE HELP$ ON HIS WAY TO ,CANADA4 ,HE WAS A V]Y PATI5T1 LAW-ABID+ MAN 9 MO/ RESPECTS1 ?\< ,I HAVE (T5 ?\<T ?AT HE RESPECT$ IT BECAUSE HE DIDN'T HAVE MU* TO DO ) IT2 ALWAYS LEAD+ A PIONE] LIFE1 LAW WAS G5]ALLY F> FROM HIM1 & DIRECT ACTION IMP]ATIVE4 ,BE ?AT AS IT MAY1 & LAW-RESPECT+ AS HE WAS1 HE HAD NO RESPECT :ATEV] = SLAVE LAWS1 NO MATT] IF MADE BY T5 TIMES ( A MAJORITY2 & HE CONSCI5TI\SLY BROKE EV]Y ONE ?AT CAME 9 HIS WAY TO BE BROK54  

,!RE W]E TIMES :5 9 ! OP]ATION ( ! 0UND]GR\ND0 ?AT VIOL5CE WAS REQUIR$1 & WAS US$4 ,I RECOLLECT ONE OLD FRI5D RELAT+ TO ME H[ %E & H] MO!R KEPT WAT* ALL NI<T AT ! DOOR1 :ILE A SLAVE = :OM A POSSE WAS SE>*+ HID 9 ! CELL>2 & ?\< !Y W]E ( ,QUAK] DESC5T & SYMPA?IES1 !RE WAS A %OTGUN ON ! TABLE4 ,=TUNATELY IT DID NOT HAVE TO BE US$ ?AT NI<T4  

,:5 ! FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW WAS PASS$ ) ! HELP ( ! POLITICAL ACTIONI/S ( ! ,NOR? :O WANT$ TO (F] A NEW SOP TO ! SLAVE-HOLD]S1 ! DIRECT ACTIONI/S TOOK TO RESCU+ RECAPTUR$ FUGITIVES4 ,!RE WAS ! 0RESCUE ( ,%ADRA*10 & ! 0RESCUE ( ,J]RY10 ! LATT] RESCU]S BE+ L$ BY ! FAM\S ,G]RIT ,SMI?2 & A GOOD MANY MORE SUCCESSFUL & UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS4 ,/ILL ! POLITICALS KEPT ON PUTT]+ & TRY+ TO SMOO? ?+S OV]1 & ! ,ABOLITIONI/S W]E D5\NC$ & DECRI$ BY ! ULTRA-LAW-ABID+ PACIFICATORS1 PRETTY MU* AS ,WM4 ,D4 ,HAYWOOD & ,FRANK ,BOHN >E BE+ D5\NC$ BY !IR [N P>TY N[4  

,! O!R DAY ,I READ A COMMUNICATION 9 ! ,*ICAGO ,DAILY ,SOCIALI/ FROM ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,L\ISVILLE LOCAL ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY TO ! NATIONAL SECRET>Y1 REQUE/+ ?AT SOME SAFE & SANE SPEAK] BE SUB/ITUT$ = ,BOHN1 :O HAD BE5 ANN\NC$ TO SPEAK !RE4 ,9 EXPLA9+ :Y1 ,MR4 ,DOBBS MAKES ?IS QUOTATION FROM ,BOHN'S LECTURE3 0,HAD ! ,MC,NAM>AS BE5 SUCCESSFUL 9 DEF5D+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 !Y W\LD HAVE BE5 RI<T1 JU/ AS ,JOHN ,BR[N W\LD HAVE BE5 RI<T1 HAD HE BE5 SUCCESSFUL 9 FREE+ ! SLAVES4 ,IGNORANCE WAS ! ONLY CRIME ( ,JOHN ,BR[N1 & IGNORANCE WAS ! ONLY CRIME ( ! ,MC,NAM>AS40  

,UPON ?IS ,MR4 ,DOBBS COMM5TS AS FOLL[S3 0,WE DISPUTE EMPHATICALLY ! /ATEM5TS H]E MADE4 ,! ATTEMPT TO DRAW A P>ALLEL BETWE5 ! OP5 -- IF MI/AK5 -- REVOLT ( ,JOHN ,BR[N ON ! ONE H&1 & ! SECRET & MURD]\S ME?ODS ( ! ,MC,NAM>AS ON ! O!R1 IS NOT ONLY 9DICATIVE ( %ALL[ REASON+1 BUT HI<LY MIS*IEV\S 9 ! LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS :I* MAY BE DRAWN FROM SU* /ATEM5TS40  

,EVID5TLY ,MR4,DOBBS IS V]Y IGNORANT ( ! LIFE & WORK ( ,JOHN ,BR[N4 ,JOHN ,BR[N WAS A MAN ( VIOL5CE2 HE W\LD HAVE SCORN$ ANYBODY'S ATTEMPT TO MAKE HIM \T ANY?+ ELSE4 ,& ONCE A P]SON IS A BELIEV] 9 VIOL5CE1 IT IS ) HIM ONLY A QUE/ION ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY ( APPLY+ IT1 :I* CAN BE DET]M9$ ONLY BY A KN[L$GE ( CONDITIONS & MEANS AT HIS DISPOSAL4 ,JOHN ,BR[N DID NOT %R9K AT ALL FROM CONSPIRATORIAL ME?ODS4 ,?OSE :O HAVE READ ! AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( ,FR$]ICK ,D\GLAS & ! ,REM9ISC5CES ( ,LUCY ,COLMAN1 WILL RECALL ?AT ONE ( ! PLANS LAID BY ,JOHN ,BR[N WAS TO ORGANIZE A *A9 ( >M$ CAMPS 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ,WE/ ,VIRG9IA1 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 & ,T5NESSEE1 S5D SECRET EMISS>IES AMONG ! SLAVES 9CIT+ !M TO FLEE TO !SE CAMPS1 & !RE CONC]T SU* MEASURES AS TIMES & CONDITIONS MADE POSSIBLE = FUR!R >\S+ REVOLT AMONG ! NEGROES4 ,?AT ?IS PLAN FAIL$ WAS DUE TO ! WEAKNESS ( ! DESIRE = LIB]TY AMONG ! SLAVES !MSELVES1 MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE4  

,LAT] ON1 :5 ! POLITICIANS 9 !IR 9F9ITE DEVI\SNESS CONTRIV$ A FRE% PROPOSITION ( H[-NOT-TO-DO-IT1 KN[N AS ! ,KANSAS-,NEBRASKA ,ACT1 :I* LEFT ! QUE/ION ( SLAV]Y TO BE DET]M9$ BY ! SETTL]S1 ! DIRECT ACTIONI/S ON BO? SIDES S5T BOGUS SETTL]S 9TO ! T]RITORY1 :O PROCE$$ TO FI<T IT \T4 ,! PRO-SLAV]Y M51 :O GOT 9 FIR/1 MADE A CON/ITUTION RECOGNIZ+ SLAV]Y & A LAW PUNI%+ ) DEA? ANY ONE :O AID$ A SLAVE TO ESCAPE2 BUT ! ,FREE ,SOIL]S1 :O W]E A LITTLE LONG] 9 >RIV+ S9CE !Y CAME FROM MORE DI/ANT ,/ATES1 MADE A SECOND CON/ITUTION1 & REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! O!R P>TY'S LAWS AT ALL4 ,& ,JOHN ,BR[N WAS !RE1 MIX+ 9 ALL ! VIOL5CE1 CONSPIRATORIAL OR OP52 HE WAS 0A HORSE-?IEF & A MURD]]10 9 ! EYES ( DEC5T1 PEACEABLE1 POLITICAL ACTIONI/S4 ,& !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT HE /OLE HORSES1 S5D+ NO NOTICE 9 ADVANCE ( HIS 9T5TION TO /EAL !M1 & ?AT HE KILL$ PRO-SLAV]Y M54 ,HE /RUCK & GOT AWAY A GOOD MANY TIMES BE=E HIS F9AL ATTEMPT ON ,H>P]'S ,F]RY4 ,IF HE DID NOT USE DYNAMITE1 IT WAS BECAUSE DYNAMITE HAD NOT YET APPE>$ AS A PRACTICAL WEAPON4 ,HE MADE A GREAT MANY MORE 9T5TIONAL ATTACKS ON LIFE ?AN ! TWO BRO!RS ,SECRET>Y ,DOBBS CONDEMNS = !IR 0MURD]\S ME?ODS40 ,& YET HI/ORY HAS NOT FAIL$ TO UND]/& ,JOHN ,BR[N4 ,MANK9D KN[S ?AT ?\< HE WAS A VIOL5T MAN1 ) HUMAN BLOOD UPON HIS H&S1 :O WAS GUILTY ( HI< TREASON & HANG$ = IT1 YET HIS S\L WAS A GREAT1 /RONG1 UNSELFI% S\L1 UNABLE TO BE> ! FRI<TFUL CRIME :I* KEPT #d11 PEOPLE LIKE DUMB BEA/S1 & ?\<T ?AT MAK+ W> AGA9/ IT WAS A SACR$1 A ,GOD-CALL$ DUTY1 7= ,JOHN ,BR[N WAS A V]Y RELIGI\S MAN -- A ,PRESBYT]IAN74  

,IT IS BY & BECAUSE ( ! DIRECT ACTS ( ! =]UNN]S ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 :E!R !Y BE ( PEACEFUL OR W>LIKE NATURE1 ?AT ! ,HUMAN ,CONSCI5CE1 ! CONSCI5CE ( ! MASS1 BECOMES >\S$ TO ! NE$ = *ANGE4 ,IT W\LD BE V]Y /UPID TO SAY ?AT NO GOOD RESULTS >E EV] BR\<T AB\T BY POLITICAL ACTION2 SOMETIMES GOOD ?+S DO COME AB\T ?AT WAY4 ,BUT NEV] UNTIL 9DIVIDUAL REBELLION1 FOLL[$ BY MASS REBELLION1 HAS =C$ IT4 ,DIRECT ACTION IS ALWAYS ! CLAMOR]1 ! 9ITIATOR1 ?R\< :I* ! GREAT SUM ( 9DIFF]5TI/S BECOME AW>E ?AT OPPRESSION IS GETT+ 9TOL]ABLE4  

,WE HAVE N[ & OPPRESSION 9 ! L& -- & NOT ONLY 9 ?IS L&1 BUT ?R\<\T ALL ?OSE P>TS ( ! WORLD :I* 5JOY ! V]Y MIX$ BLESS+S ( ,CIVILIZATION4 ,& JU/ AS 9 ! QUE/ION ( *ATTEL SLAV]Y1 SO ?IS =M ( SLAV]Y HAS BE5 BEGETT+ BO? DIRECT ACTION & POLITICAL ACTION4 ,A C]TA9 P]C5T ( \R POPULATION 7PROBABLY A MU* SMALL] P]C5T ?AN POLITICIANS >E 9 ! HABIT ( ASSIGN+ AT MASS MEET+S7 IS PRODUC+ ! MAT]IAL WEAL? UPON :I* ALL ! RE/ ( US LIVE2 JU/ AS IT WAS #d11 *ATTEL ,BLACKS :O SUPPORT$ ALL ! CR[D ( P>ASITES ABOVE !M4 ,!SE >E ! L& WORK]S & ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4  

,?R\< ! UNPROPHESI$ & UNPROPHESIABLE OP]ATION ( 9/ITUTIONS :I* NO 9DIVIDUAL ( US CREAT$1 BUT F\ND 9 EXI/5CE :5 HE CAME H]E1 !SE WORK]S1 ! MO/ ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y P>T ( ! :OLE SOCIAL /RUCTURE1 )\T :OSE S]VICES NONE CAN EI!R EAT1 OR CLO!1 OR %ELT] HIMSELF1 >E JU/ ! ONES :O GET ! LEA/ TO EAT1 TO WE>1 & TO BE H\S$ )AL -- TO SAY NO?+ ( !IR %>E ( ! O!R SOCIAL B5EFITS :I* ! RE/ ( US >E SUPPOS$ TO FURNI%1 SU* AS $UCATION & >TI/IC GRATIFICATION4  

,!SE WORK]S HAVE1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 MUTUALLY JO9$ !IR =CES TO SEE :AT BETT]M5T ( !IR CONDITION !Y C\LD GET2 PRIM>ILY BY DIRECT ACTION1 SECOND>ILY BY POLITICAL ACTION4 ,WE HAVE HAD ! ,GRANGE1 ! ,F>M]'S ,ALLIANCE1 ,COOP]ATIVE ,ASSOCIATIONS1 ,COLONIZATION ,EXP]IM5TS1 ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR1 ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 & ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD4 ,ALL ( !M HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ = ! PURPOSE ( WR++ FROM ! MA/]S 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD A LITTLE BETT] PRICE1 A LITTLE BETT] CONDITIONS1 A LITTLE %ORT] H\RS2 OR ON ! O!R H& TO RESI/ A R$UCTION 9 PRICE1 WORSE CONDITIONS1 OR LONG] H\RS4 ,NONE ( !M HAS ATTEMPT$ A F9AL SOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL W>4 ,NONE ( !M1 EXCEPT ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S1 HAS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !RE IS A SOCIAL W>1 9EVITABLE SO LONG AS PRES5T LEGAL- SOCIAL CONDITIONS 5DURE4 ,!Y ACCEPT$ PROP]TY 9/ITUTIONS AS !Y F\ND !M4 ,!Y W]E MADE UP ( AV]AGE M51 ) AV]AGE DESIRES1 & !Y UND]TOOK TO DO :AT APPE>$ TO !M POSSIBLE & V]Y REASONABLE ?+S4 ,!Y W]E NOT COMMITT$ TO ANY P>TICUL> POLITICAL POLICY :5 !Y W]E ORGANIZ$1 BUT W]E ASSOCIAT$ = DIRECT ACTION ( !IR [N 9ITIATION1 EI!R POSITIVE OR DEF5SIVE4  

,UND\BT$LY !RE W]E & >E AMONG ALL !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 MEMB]S :O LOOK$ BEYOND IMM$IATE DEM&S2 :O DID SEE ?AT ! CONT9U\S DEVELOPM5T ( =CES N[ 9 OP]ATION WAS B\ND TO BR+ AB\T CONDITIONS TO :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT LIFE CONT9UE TO SUBMIT1 & AGA9/ :I*1 !RE=E1 IT WILL PROTE/1 & VIOL5TLY PROTE/2 ?AT IT WILL HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO DO SO2 ?AT IT MU/ DO SO OR TAMELY DIE2 & S9CE IT IS NOT ! NATURE ( LIFE TO SURR5D] )\T /RUGGLE1 IT WILL NOT TAMELY DIE4 ,TW5TY-TWO YE>S AGO ,I MET ,F>M]'S ,ALLIANCE PEOPLE :O SAID SO1 ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR :O SAID SO1 ,TRADE ,UNIONI/S :O SAID SO4 ,!Y WANT$ L>G] AIMS ?AN ?OSE TO :I* !IR ORGANIZATIONS W]E LOOK+2 BUT !Y HAD TO ACCEPT !IR FELL[ MEMB]S AS !Y W]E1 & TRY TO /IR !M TO WORK = SU* ?+S AS IT WAS POSSIBLE TO MAKE !M SEE4 ,& :AT !Y C\LD SEE WAS BETT] PRICES1 BETT] WAGES1 LESS DANG]\S OR TYRANNICAL CONDITIONS1 %ORT] H\RS4 ,AT ! /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T :5 !SE MOVEM5TS W]E 9ITIAT$1 ! L& WORK]S C\LD NOT SEE ?AT !IR /RUGGLE HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) ! /RUGGLE ( ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 ! MANUFACTUR+ OR TRANSPORT+ S]VICE2 NOR C\LD !SE LATT] SEE ?AT !IRS HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) ! MOVEM5T ( ! F>M]S4 ,= ?AT MATT] V]Y FEW ( !M SEE IT YET4 ,!Y HAVE YET TO LE>N ?AT !RE IS ONE COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?OSE :O HAVE APPROPRIAT$ ! E>?1 ! MONEY1 & ! MA*9ES4  

,UN=TUNATELY ! GREAT ORGANIZATIONS ( ! F>M]S FRITT]$ ITSELF AWAY 9 A /UPID *ASE AFT] POLITICAL P[]4 ,IT WAS QUITE SUCCESSFUL 9 GETT+ ! P[] 9 C]TA9 ,/ATES2 BUT ! C\RTS PRON\NC$ ITS LAWS UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 & !RE WAS ! BURIAL HOLE ( ALL ITS POLITICAL CONQUE/S4 ,ITS ORIG9AL PROGRAM WAS TO BUILD ITS [N ELEVATORS1 & /ORE ! PRODUCTS !RE91 HOLD+ !SE FROM ! M>KET TILL !Y C\LD ESCAPE ! SPECULATOR4 ,ALSO1 TO ORGANIZE LABOR EX*ANGES1 ISSU+ CR$IT NOTES UPON PRODUCTS DEPOSIT$ = EX*ANGE4 ,HAD IT ADH]$ TO ?IS PROGRAM ( DIRECT MUTUAL AID1 IT W\LD1 TO SOME EXT5T1 = A TIME AT LEA/1 HAVE AF=D$ AN ILLU/RATION ( H[ MANK9D MAY FREE ITSELF FROM ! P>ASITISM ( ! BANK]S & ! MIDDLEM54 ,( C\RSE1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 OV]?R[N 9 ! 5D1 UNLESS IT HAD SO REVOLUTIONIZ$ M5'S M9DS BY ! EXAMPLE AS TO =CE ! OV]?R[ ( ! LEGAL MONOPOLY ( L& & MONEY2 BUT AT LEA/ IT W\LD HAVE S]V$ A GREAT $UCATIONAL PURPOSE4 ,AS IT WAS1 IT 0W5T AFT] ! R$ H]R+0 & DIS9TEGRAT$ M]ELY FROM ITS FUTILITY4  

,! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR SUBSID$ 9TO COMP>ATIVE 9SIGNIFICANCE1 NOT BECAUSE ( FAILURE TO USE DIRECT ACTION1 NOR BECAUSE ( ITS TAMP]+ ) POLITICS1 :I* WAS SMALL1 BUT *IEFLY BECAUSE IT WAS A HET]OG5E\S MASS ( WORK]S :O C\LD NOT ASSOCIATE !IR EF=TS EFFECTIVELY4  

,! ,TRADE ,UNIONS GREW /RONG AS ! ,KNI<TS ( ,LABOR SUBSID$1 & HAVE CONT9U$ SL[LY BUT P]SI/5TLY TO 9CREASE 9 P[]4 ,IT IS TRUE ! 9CREASE HAS FLUCTUAT$2 ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 SET-BACKS2 ?AT GREAT S+LE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BE5 =M$ & AGA9 DISP]S$4 ,BUT ON ! :OLE TRADE UNIONS HAVE BE5 A GR[+ P[]4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 SO BECAUSE1 POOR AS !Y >E1 !Y HAVE BE5 A MEANS :]EBY A C]TA9 SECTION ( ! WORK]S HAVE BE5 ABLE TO BR+ !IR UNIT$ =CE TO BE> DIRECTLY UPON !IR MA/]S1 & SO GET = !MSELVES SOME PORTION ( :AT !Y WANT$ -- ( :AT !IR CONDITIONS DICTAT$ TO !M !Y MU/ TRY TO GET4 ,! /RIKE IS !IR NATURAL WEAPON1 ?AT :I* !Y !MSELVES HAVE =G$4 ,IT IS ! DIRECT BL[ ( ! /RIKE :I* N9E TIMES \T ( T5 ! BOSS IS AFRAID (4 7,( C\RSE !RE >E OCCASIONS :5 HE IS GLAD ( ONE1 BUT ?AT'S UNUSUAL47 ,& ! REASON HE DREADS A /RIKE IS NOT SO MU* BECAUSE HE ?9KS HE CANNOT W9 \T AGA9/ IT1 BUT SIMPLY & SOLELY BECAUSE HE DOES NOT WANT AN 9T]RUPTION ( HIS BUS9ESS4 ,! ORD9>Y BOSS ISN'T 9 MU* DREAD ( A 0CLASS- CONSCI\S VOTE20 !RE >E PL5TY ( %OPS :]E Y\ CAN TALK ,SOCIALISM OR ANY O!R POLITICAL PROGRAM ALL DAY LONG2 BUT IF Y\ BEG9 TO TALK ,UNIONISM Y\ MAY =?) EXPECT TO BE DIS*>G$ OR AT BE/ W>N$ TO %UT UP4 ,:Y8 ,NOT BECAUSE ! BOSS IS SO WISE AS TO KN[ ?AT POLITICAL ACTION IS A SWAMP 9 :I* ! WORK+MAN GETS MIR$1 OR BECAUSE HE UND]/&S ?AT POLITICAL ,SOCIALISM IS FA/ BECOM+ A MIDDLE-CLASS MOVEM5T2 NOT AT ALL4 ,HE ?9KS ,SOCIALISM IS A V]Y BAD ?+2 BUT IT'S A GOOD WAY (F6 ,BUT HE KN[S ?AT IF HIS %OP IS UNIONIZ$1 HE WILL HAVE TR\BLE RI<T AWAY4 ,HIS H&S WILL BE REBELLI\S1 HE WILL BE PUT TO EXP5SE TO IMPROVE HIS FACTORY CONDITIONS1 HE WILL HAVE TO KEEP WORK+M5 ?AT HE DOESN'T LIKE1 & 9 CASE ( /RIKE HE MAY EXPECT 9JURY TO HIS MA*9]Y OR HIS BUILD+S4  

,IT IS (T5 SAID1 & P>ROT-LIKE REPEAT$1 ?AT ! BOSSES >E 0CLASS-CONSCI\S10 ?AT !Y /ICK TOGE!R = !IR CLASS 9T]E/1 & >E WILL+ TO UND]GO ANY SORT ( P]SONAL LOSS RA!R ?AN BE FALSE TO ?OSE 9T]E/S4 ,IT ISN'T SO AT ALL4 ,! MAJORITY ( BUS9ESS PEOPLE >E JU/ LIKE ! MAJORITY ( WORK+M52 !Y C>E A :OLE LOT MORE AB\T !IR 9DIVIDUAL LOSS OR GA9 ?AN AB\T ! GA9 OR LOSS ( !IR CLASS4 ,& IT IS HIS 9DIVIDUAL LOSS ! BOSS SEES1 :5 ?REAT5$ BY A UNION4  

,N[ EV]YBODY KN[S ?AT A /RIKE ( ANY SIZE MEANS VIOL5CE4 ,NO MATT] :AT ANY ONE'S E?ICAL PREF]5CE = PEACE MAY BE1 HE KN[S IT WILL NOT BE PEACEFUL4 ,IF IT'S A TELEGRAPH /RIKE1 IT MEANS CUTT+ WIRES & POLES1 & GETT+ FAKE SCABS 9 TO SPOIL ! 9/RUM5TS4 ,IF IT IS A /EEL ROLL+ MILL /RIKE1 IT MEANS BEAT+ UP ! SCABS1 BREAK+ ! W9D[S1 SETT+ ! GAUGES WRONG1 & RU9+ ! EXP5SIVE ROLL]S TOGE!R ) TONS & TONS ( MAT]IAL4 ,I,F IT'S A M9]S' /RIKE1 IT MEANS DE/ROY+ TRACKS & BRIDGES1 & BL[+ UP MILLS4 ,IF IT IS A G>M5T WORK]S' /RIKE1 IT MEANS HAV+ AN UNACC\NTABLE FIRE1 GETT+ A VOLLEY ( /ONES ?R\< AN APP>5TLY 9ACCESSIBLE W9D[1 OR POSSIBLY A BRICKBAT ON ! MANUFACTUR]'S [N HEAD4 ,IF IT'S A /REET-C> /RIKE1 IT MEANS TRACKS TORN UP OR B>RICAD$ ) ! CONT5TS ( A%-C>TS & SLOP-C>TS1 ) OV]TURN$ WAGONS OR /OL5 F5CES1 IT MEANS SMA%$ OR 9C9]AT$ C>S & TURN$ SWIT*ES4 ,IF IT IS A SY/EM F$]ATION /RIKE1 IT MEANS 0DEAD0 5G9ES1 WILD 5G9ES1 D]AIL$ FREI<TS1 & /ALL$ TRA9S4 ,IF IT IS A BUILD+ TRADES /RIKE1 IT MEANS DYNAMIT$ /RUCTURES4 ,& ALWAYS1 EV]Y:]E1 ALL ! TIME1 FI<TS BETWE5 /RIKE-BREAK]S & SCABS AGA9/ /RIK]S & /RIKE-SYMPA?IZ]S1 BETWE5 ,PEOPLE & ,POLICE4  

,ON ! SIDE ( ! BOSSES1 IT MEANS SE>*-LI<TS1 ELECTRIC WIRES1 /OCKADES1 BULL-P5S1 DETECTIVES & PROVOCATIVE AG5TS1 VIOL5T KIDNAPP+ & DEPORTATION1 & EV]Y DEVICE !Y CAN CONCEIVE = DIRECT PROTECTION1 BESIDES ! ULTIMATE 9VOCATION ( POLICE1 MILITIA1 ,/ATE CON/ABUL>Y1 & F$]AL TROOPS4  

,EV]YBODY KN[S ?IS2 EV]YBODY SMILES :5 UNION (FICIALS PROTE/ !IR ORGANIZATIONS TO BE PEACEABLE & LAW-ABID+1 BECAUSE EV]YBODY KN[S !Y >E LY+4 ,!Y KN[ ?AT VIOL5CE IS US$1 BO? SECRETLY & OP5LY2 & !Y KN[ IT IS US$ BECAUSE ! /RIK]S CANNOT DO ANY O!R WAY1 )\T GIV+ UP ! FI<T AT ONCE4 ,NOR TO !Y MI/AKE ?OSE :O ?US RESORT TO VIOL5CE UND] /RESS = DE/RUCTIVE MISCREANTS :O DO :AT !Y DO \T ( 9NATE CUSS$NESS4 ,! PEOPLE 9 G5]AL UND]/& ?AT !Y DO !SE ?+S ?R\< ! H>% LOGIC ( A SITUATION :I* !Y DID NOT CREATE1 BUT :I* =CES !M TO !SE ATTACKS 9 ORD] TO MAKE GOOD 9 !IR /RUGGLE TO LIVE OR ELSE GO D[N ! BOTTOMLESS DESC5T 9TO POV]TY1 ?AT LETS ,DEA? F9D !M 9 ! POORH\SE HOSPITAL1 ! CITY /REET1 OR ! RIV]-SLIME4 ,?IS IS ! AWFUL ALT]NATIVE ?AT ! WORK]S >E FAC+2 & ?IS IS :AT MAKES ! MO/ K9DLY DISPOS$ HUMAN BE+S -- M5 :O W\LD GO \T ( !IR WAY TO HELP A W\ND$ DOG1 OR BR+ HOME A /RAY KITT5 & NURSE IT1 OR /EP ASIDE TO AVOID WALK+ ON A WORM -- RESORT TO VIOL5CE AGA9/ !IR FELL[ M54 ,!Y KN[1 = ! FACTS HAVE TAU<T !M1 ?AT ?IS IS ! ONLY WAY TO W91 IF !Y CAN W9 AT ALL4 ,& IT HAS ALWAYS APPE>$ TO ME ONE ( ! MO/ UTT]LY LUDICR\S1 ABSOLUTELY IRRELEVANT ?+S ?AT A P]SON CAN DO OR SAY1 :5 APPROA*$ = RELIEF OR ASSI/ANCE BY A /RIK] :O IS DEAL+ ) AN IMM$IATE SITUATION1 TO RESPOND ) 0,VOTE Y\RSELF 9TO P[]60 :5 ! NEXT ELECTION IS SIX MON?S1 A YE>1 OR TWO YE>S AWAY4  

,UN=TUNATELY ! PEOPLE :O KN[ BE/ H[ VIOL5CE IS US$ 9 UNION W>F>E CANNOT COME =W>D & SAY3 0,ON SU* A DAY1 AT SU* A PLACE1 SU* & SU* SPECIFIC ACTION WAS DONE1 & AS A RESULT SU* & SU* CONCESSION WAS MADE1 OR SU* & SU* BOSS CAPITULAT$40 ,TO DO SO W\LD IMP]IL !IR LIB]TY & !IR P[] TO GO ON FI<T+4 ,!RE=E ?OSE ?AT KN[ BE/ MU/ KEEP SIL5T & SNE] 9 !IR SLEEVES1 :ILE ?OSE ?AT KN[ LITTLE PRATE4 ,EV5TS1 NOT TONGUES1 MU/ MAKE !IR POSITION CLE>4  

,& !RE HAS BE5 A V]Y GREAT DEAL ( PRAT+ !SE LA/ FEW WEEKS4 ,SPEAK]S & WRIT]S1 HONE/LY CONV9C$ ,I BELIEVE ?AT POLITICAL ACTION & POLITICAL ACTION ONLY CAN W9 ! WORK]S' BATTLE1 HAVE BE5 D5\NC+ :AT !Y >E PLEAS$ TO CALL 0DIRECT ACTION0 7:AT !Y REALLY MEAN IS CONSPIRATORIAL VIOL5CE7 AS ! AU?OR ( MIS*IEF 9CALCULABLE4 ,ONE ,OSC> ,AM]+]1 AS AN EXAMPLE1 REC5TLY SAID AT A MEET+ 9 ,*ICAGO ?AT ! ,HAYM>KET BOMB ( '#h#f HAD SET BACK ! EI<T-H\R MOVEM5T TW5TY-FIVE YE>S1 >GU+ ?AT ! MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE SUCCE$$ BUT = ! BOMB4 ,IT'S A GREAT MI/AKE4 ,NO ONE CAN EXACTLY MEASURE 9 YE>S OR MON?S ! EFFECT ( A =W>D PU% OR A REACTION4 ,NO ONE CAN DEMON/RATE ?AT ! EI<T-H\R MOVEM5T C\LD HAVE BE5 WON TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! EI<T-H\R DAY WAS PUT ON ! /ATUTE BOOKS ( ,ILL9OIS 9 #ahga BY POLITICAL ACTION1 & HAS REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]4 ,?AT ! DIRECT ACTION ( ! WORK]S C\LD HAVE WON IT1 !N1 CANNOT BE PROV$2 BUT IT CAN BE %[N ?AT MANY MORE POT5T FACTORS ?AN ! ,HAYM>KET BOMB WORK$ AGA9/ IT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! REACTIVE 9FLU5CE ( ! BOMB WAS REALLY SO P[]FUL1 WE %\LD NATURALLY EXPECT LABOR & UNION CONDITIONS TO BE WORSE 9 ,*ICAGO ?AN 9 ! CITIES :]E NO SU* ?+ HAPP5$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 BAD AS !Y >E1 ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( LABOR >E BETT] 9 ,*ICAGO ?AN 9 MO/ O!R L>GE CITIES1 & ! P[] ( ! UNIONS IS MORE DEVELOP$ !RE ?AN 9 ANY O!R ,AM]ICAN CITY EXCEPT ,SAN ,FRANCISCO4 ,SO IF WE >E TO CONCLUDE ANY?+ = ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,HAYM>KET BOMB1 KEEP !SE FACTS 9 M9D4 ,P]SONALLY ,I DO NOT ?9K ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 AS SU*1 WAS SO V]Y GREAT4  

,IT WILL BE ! SAME ) ! PRES5T FUROR AB\T VIOL5CE4 ,NO?+ FUNDAM5TAL HAS BE5 ALT]$4 ,TWO M5 HAVE BE5 IMPRISON$ = :AT !Y DID 7TW5TY-F\R YE>S AGO !Y W]E HANG$ = :AT !Y DID NOT DO72 SOME FEW MORE MAY YET BE IMPRISON$4 ,BUT ! =CES ( LIFE WILL CONT9UE TO REVOLT AGA9/ !IR ECONOMIC *A9S4 ,!RE WILL BE NO CESSATION 9 ?AT REVOLT1 NO MATT] :AT TICKET M5 VOTE OR FAIL TO VOTE1 UNTIL ! *A9S >E BROK54  

,H[ WILL ! *A9S BE BROK58  

,POLITICAL ACTIONI/S TELL US IT WILL BE ONLY BY MEANS ( WORK+-CLASS P>TY ACTION AT ! POLLS2 BY VOT+ !MSELVES 9TO POSSESSION ( ! S\RCES ( LIFE & ! TOOLS2 BY VOT+ ?AT ?OSE :O N[ COMM& =E/S1 M9ES1 RAN*ES1 WAT]WAYS1 MILLS1 & FACTORIES1 & LIKEWISE COMM& ! MILIT>Y P[] TO DEF5D !M1 %ALL H& OV] !IR DOM9ION TO ! PEOPLE4  

,& MEAN:ILE8  

,MEAN:ILE1 BE PEACEABLE1 9DU/RI\S1 LAW-ABID+1 PATI5T1 & FRUGAL 7AS ,MAD]O TOLD ! ,MEXICAN PEONS TO BE1 AFT] HE SOLD !M TO ,WALL ,/REET76 ,EV5 IF SOME ( Y\ >E DIS5FRAN*IZ$1 DON'T RISE UP EV5 AGA9/ ?AT1 = IT MI<T 0SET BACK ! P>TY40  

,WELL1 ,I HAVE ALREADY /AT$ ?AT SOME GOOD IS OCCASIONALLY ACCOMPLI%$ BY POLITICAL ACTION -- NOT NECESS>ILY WORK+-CLASS P>TY ACTION EI!R4 ,BUT ,I AM ABUNDANTLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! OCCASIONAL GOOD ACCOMPLI%$ IS MORE ?AN C\NT]BALANC$ BY ! EVIL2 JU/ AS ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT ?\< !RE >E OCCASIONAL EVILS RESULT+ ?R\< DIRECT ACTION1 !Y >E MORE ?AN C\NT]BALANC$ BY ! GOOD4  

,NE>LY ALL ! LAWS :I* W]E ORIG9ALLY FRAM$ ) ! 9T5TION ( B5EFITT+ ! WORK]S1 HAVE EI!R TURN$ 9TO WEAPONS 9 !IR 5EMIES' H&S1 OR BECOME DEAD LETT]S UNLESS ! WORK]S ?R\< !IR ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DIRECTLY 5=C$ !IR OBS]VANCE4 ,SO ?AT 9 ! 5D1 IT IS DIRECT ACTION ?AT HAS TO BE RELI$ ON ANYWAY4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE ( GETT+ ! T>R$ 5D ( A LAW1 GLANCE AT ! ANTI-TRU/ LAW1 :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO B5EFIT ! PEOPLE 9 G5]AL & ! WORK+ CLASS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,AB\T TWO WEEKS S9CE1 SOME #be UNION LEAD]S W]E CIT$ TO ANSW] TO ! *>GE ( BE+ TRU/ =M]S1 AS ! ANSW] ( ! ,ILL9OIS ,C5TRAL TO ITS /RIK]S4  

,BUT ! EVIL ( P9N+ FAI? TO 9DIRECT ACTION IS F> GREAT] ?AN ANY SU* M9OR RESULTS4 ,! MA9 EVIL IS ?AT IT DE/ROYS 9ITIATIVE1 QU5*ES ! 9DIVIDUAL REBELLI\S SPIRIT1 TEA*ES PEOPLE TO RELY ON SOMEONE ELSE TO DO = !M :AT !Y %\LD DO = !MSELVES2 F9ALLY R5D]S ORGANIC ! ANOMAL\S IDEA ?AT BY MASS+ SUP95ESS TOGE!R UNTIL A MAJORITY IS ACQUIR$1 !N ?R\< ! PECULI> MAGIC ( ?AT MAJORITY1 ?IS SUP95ESS IS TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO 5]GY4 ,?AT IS1 PEOPLE :O HAVE LO/ ! HABIT ( /RIK+ = !MSELVES AS 9DIVIDUALS1 :O HAVE SUBMITT$ TO EV]Y 9JU/ICE :ILE WAIT+ = ! MAJORITY TO GR[1 >E GO+ TO BECOME METAMORPHOS$ 9TO HUMAN HI<-EXPLOSIVES BY A M]E PROCESS ( PACK+6  

,I QUITE AGREE ?AT ! S\RCES ( LIFE1 & ALL ! NATURAL WEAL? ( ! E>?1 & ! TOOLS NECESS>Y TO COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION1 MU/ BECOME FREELY ACCESSIBLE TO ALL4 ,IT IS A POSITIVE C]TA9TY TO ME ?AT UNIONISM MU/ WID5 & DEEP5 ITS PURPOSES1 OR IT WILL GO UND]2 & ,I FEEL SURE ?AT ! LOGIC ( ! SITUATION WILL GRADUALLY =CE !M TO SEE IT4 ,!Y MU/ LE>N ?AT ! WORK]S' PROBLEM CAN NEV] BE SOLV$ BY BEAT+ UP SCABS1 SO LONG AS !IR [N POLICY ( LIMIT+ !IR MEMB]%IP BY HI< 9ITIATION FEES & O!R RE/RICTIONS HELPS TO MAKE SCABS4 ,!Y MU/ LE>N ?AT ! C\RSE ( GR[? IS NOT SO MU* ALONG ! L9E ( HI<] WAGES1 BUT %ORT] H\RS1 :I* WILL 5ABLE !M TO 9CREASE MEMB]%IP1 TO TAKE 9 EV]YBODY :O IS WILL+ TO COME 9TO ! UNION4 ,!Y MU/ LE>N ?AT IF !Y WANT TO W9 BATTLES1 ALL ALLI$ WORK]S MU/ ACT TOGE!R1 ACT QUICKLY 7S]V+ NO NOTICE ON BOSSES71 & RETA9 !IR FRE$OM TO DO SO AT ALL TIMES4 ,& F9ALLY !Y MU/ LE>N ?AT EV5 !N 7:5 !Y HAVE A COMPLETE ORGANIZATION7 !Y CAN W9 NO?+ P]MAN5T UNLESS !Y /RIKE = EV]Y?+ -- NOT = A WAGE1 NOT = A M9OR IMPROVEM5T1 BUT = ! :OLE NATURAL WEAL? ( ! E>?4 ,& PROCE$ TO ! DIRECT EXPROPRIATION ( IT ALL6  

,!Y MU/ LE>N ?AT !IR P[] DOES NOT LIE 9 !IR VOT+ /R5G?1 ?AT !IR P[] LIES 9 !IR ABILITY TO /OP PRODUCTION4 ,IT IS A GREAT MI/AKE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! WAGE- E>N]S CON/ITUTE A MAJORITY ( ! VOT]S4 ,WAGE-E>N]S >E H]E TODAY & !RE TOMORR[1 & ?AT H9D]S A L>GE NUMB] FROM VOT+2 A GREAT P]C5TAGE ( !M 9 ?IS C\NTRY >E =EIGN]S )\T A VOT+ RI<T4 ,! MO/ PAT5T PRO( ?AT ,SOCIALI/ LEAD]S KN[ ?IS IS SO1 IS ?AT !Y >E COMPROMIS+ !IR PROPAG&A AT EV]Y PO9T TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ! BUS9ESS CLASS1 ! SMALL 9VE/OR4 ,!IR CAMPAIGN PAP]S PROCLAIM$ ?AT !IR 9T]VIEW]S HAD BE5 ASSUR$ BY ,WALL ,/REET BOND PUR*AS]S ?AT !Y W\LD BE JU/ AS READY TO BUY ,LOS ,ANGELES BONDS FROM A SOCIALI/ AS A CAPITALI/ ADM9I/RATOR2 ?AT ! PRES5T ,MILWAUKEE ADM9I/RATION HAS BE5 A BOON TO ! SMALL 9VE/OR2 !IR READ+ NOTICES ASSURE !IR READ]S 9 ?IS CITY ?AT WE NE$ NOT GO TO ! GREAT DEP>TM5T /ORES TO BUY -- BUY RA!R ( ,SO-&-SO ON ,MILWAUKEE ,AV5UE1 :O WILL SATISFY US QUITE AS WELL AS A 0BIG BUS9ESS0 9/ITUTION4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y >E MAK+ EV]Y DESP]ATE EF=T TO W9 ! SUPPORT & TO PROLONG ! LIFE ( ?AT MIDDLE-CLASS :I* SOCIALI/ ECONOMY SAYS MU/ BE GR\ND TO PIECES1 BECAUSE !Y KN[ !Y CANNOT GET A MAJORITY )\T !M4  

,! MO/ ?AT A WORK+-CLASS P>TY C\LD DO1 EV5 IF ITS POLITICIANS REMA9$ HONE/1 W\LD BE TO =M A /RONG FACTION 9 ! LEGISLATURES :I* MI<T1 BY COMB9+ ITS VOTE ) ONE SIDE OR ANO!R1 W9 C]TA9 POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC PALLIATIVES4  

,BUT :AT ! WORK+-CLASS CAN DO1 :5 ONCE !Y GR[ 9TO A SOLIDIFI$ ORGANIZATION1 IS TO %[ ! POSSESS+ CLASS1 ?R\< A SUDD5 CESSATION ( ALL WORK1 ?AT ! :OLE SOCIAL /RUCTURE RE/S ON !M2 ?AT ! POSSESSIONS ( ! O!RS >E ABSOLUTELY WOR?LESS TO !M )\T ! WORK]S' ACTIVITY2 ?AT SU* PROTE/S1 SU* /RIKES1 >E 9H]5T 9 ! SY/EM ( PROP]TY & WILL CONT9UALLY RECUR UNTIL ! :OLE ?+ IS ABOLI%$ -- & HAV+ %[N ?AT EFFECTIVELY1 PROCE$ TO EXPROPRIATE4  

0,BUT ! MILIT>Y P[]10 SAYS ! POLITICAL ACTIONI/2 0WE MU/ GET POLITICAL P[]1 OR ! MILIT>Y WILL BE US$ AGA9/ US60  

,AGA9/ A REAL ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 ! MILIT>Y CAN DO NO?+4 ,OH1 TRUE1 IF Y\ HAVE A ,SOCIALI/ ,BRI& 9 P[]1 HE MAY DECL>E ! WORK]S 0PUBLIC (FICIALS0 & TRY TO MAKE !M S]VE AGA9/ !MSELVES6 ,BUT AGA9/ ! SOLID WALL ( AN IMMOBILE WORK+- MASS1 EV5 A ,BRI& W\LD BE BROK54  

,MEAN:ILE1 UNTIL ?IS 9T]NATIONAL AWAK5+1 ! W> WILL GO ON AS IT HAD BE5 GO+1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! HY/]IA :I* WELL-MEAN+ PEOPLE :O DO NOT UND]/& LIFE & ITS NECESSITIES MAY MANIFE/2 9 SPITE ( ALL ! %IV]+ ?AT TIMID LEAD]S HAVE DONE2 9 SPITE ( ALL ! REACTION>Y REV5GES ?AT MAY BE TAK52 9 SPITE ( ALL ! CAPITAL ?AT POLITICIANS MAKE \T ( ! SITUATION4 ,IT WILL GO ON BECAUSE ,LIFE CRIES TO LIVE1 & ,PROP]TY D5IES ITS FRE$OM TO LIVE2 & ,LIFE WILL NOT SUBMIT4  

,& %\LD NOT SUBMIT4  

,IT WILL GO ON UNTIL ?AT DAY :5 A SELF-FRE$ ,HUMANITY IS ABLE TO *ANT ,SW9BURNE'S ,HYMN ( ,MAN0  

0,GLORY TO ,MAN 9 ! HI<E/1 
 ,= ,MAN IS ! MA/] ( ,?+S40  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #d1 #bag 3 ,DIRECT ,ACTION -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,DIRECT ,ACTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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