,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #ab 
,FROM ,SIMON ,RAD[ITZKY TO ,BORIS ,WLADIMIROVI* 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,I,I4 ,FROM ,SIMON ,RAD[ITZKY TO ,BORIS ,WLADIMIROVI* 

  

,DUE TO CIRCUM/ANCES BEYOND !IR CONTROL1 ,DURRUTI & ,ASCASO'S 0,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN EXCURSION0 W\LD 5D 9 ! C\NTRY :]E IT %\LD HAVE BEGUN4 ,&1 EV5 WORSE1 POLICE FROM ?REE C\NTRIES W]E *AS+ ! ,]RANTES = 0CRIMES0 ( A *>ACT] ?AT HAD DIVID$ ! ,>G5T9E AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#b#e4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 SOME AN>*I/S ADVOCAT$ EXPROPRIATION & ATTACKS ON 9DIVIDUALS1 :ILE O!RS VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ SU* TACTICS & BELIEV$ ?AT !Y W]E DE/RUCTIVE TO ! MOVEM5T4 ,! T5D5CY T[>D VIOL5CE WAS A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,>G5T9E /ATE'S VICI\S OPPRESSION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,9DE$1 GOV]NM5T H>ASSM5T & ! HI< NUMB] ( AN>*I/S AMONG ! WAVES ( IMMIGRANTS & EXILES >RIV+ 9 ! C\NTRY MEANT ?AT !RE W\LD BE AN ABUNDANCE ( COMBATIVE AN>*I/S 9 ,>G5T9A4 

,>G5T9A'S MILITANT LABOR F$]ATION1 ! ,=,A 7,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,REGIONAL ,>G5T9A71 WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION MU/ BE PLAC$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! LONG HI/ORY ( ATTEMPTS TO BUILD A UNIFI$ ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ! C\NTRY1 :OSE FIR/ PREC$5T WAS ! APPE>ANCE ( A SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION ( ,WORK]S 7OR ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL7 9 #a#h#g#b4 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL & SIMIL> EF=TS LAT] 5D$ 9 FAILURE 9 ,>G5T9A DUE TO ! 9T]M9ABLE CONFLICTS BETWE5 SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS1 M>XI/S1 0SYNDICALI/S10 & AN>*I/S1 MU* LIKE TO ?OSE ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S PR$OM9AT$ 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! >TISANAL TRADES4 ,!IR PREVAL5CE WAS EVID5T AT ! ,=,A'S SO-CALL$ ,FIF? ,CONGRESS 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#e1 :]E P>TICIPANTS DECID$ BY A L>GE M>G9 TO EMBRACE 0AN>*I/ COMMUNISM0 AS ! F$]ATION'S IDEOLOGICAL ID5TITY4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS HAD ORGANIZ$ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#h#i#f1 :I* BELONG$ TO ! RE=MI/ & P>LIAM5T>IAN ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,A WORK]S' ORGANIZATION WILL NOT EXI/ )\T CLASS CONFLICT & ! CLASS CONFLICT WILL NOT EXI/ )\T ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS BEGAN TO APPE> 9 ,>G5T9A 9 ! #a#h#hS BECAUSE ! C\NTRY HAD EVOLV$1 ECONOMICALLY & 9DU/RIALLY1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ! BASES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 HAD TAK5 %APE4 ,?IS /RUGGLE WAS GO+ TO UNFOLD 9 ITS PURE/ =M !RE4 

0,!RE WAS A TREM5D\S FE> ( ! WORK]S10 WROTE ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 0& EV]Y EF=T WAS MADE TO WEAK5 ! MOVEM5T TRIGG]$ BY ! ,BU5OS ,AIRES BAK]S' /RIKE 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b4 ,DUR+ ?IS /RIKE1 ,JUDGE ,NAV>RO ORD]$ POLICE TO RAID ! ,=,A--! HEADQU>T]S ( EI<TE5 UNIONS 9 ! CAPITAL--& !Y CAUS$ TREM5D\S DAMAGE TO FURNITURE & BOOKS4444 ,! RESULT ( ! ATTACK WAS ! OPPOSITE ( :AT ! JUDGE HAD HOP$3 WORK]S BECAME 9FURIAT$ & PROTE/$ 5]GETICALLY4 ,SOCIALI/ ORATORS JO9$ ! AN>*I/S TO CONDEMN ! \TRAGE & !Y HELD A JO9T RALLY ON ,AUGU/ #ag ?AT #b1 WORK]S ATT5D$40 .<#a#f.> ,PROLET>IAN RADICALISM GREW & SUBSEQU5T /RIKES W]E SETTL$ VIOL5TLY2 ) POLICE BRUTALITY ON ! ONE H& & WORK] SABOTAGE & BOYCOTTS ON ! O!R4 

,! GOV]NM5T DID NOT WANT A ,MAY ,DAY CELEBRATION TO OCCUR ?AT YE>1 BUT ! ,=,A CALL$ A RALLY 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES = ,MAY #a1 #aid ANYWAY4 ,P>TICIPANTS DEP>T$ FROM ! ,LOREA ,PLAZA & CONGREGAT$ >\ND ! ,MAZZ9I /ATUE ON ,JULIO ,AV5UE4 ,MORE ?AN #a1 PEOPLE CAME TO ! EV5T1 ACCORD+ TO E/IMATES PUBLI%$ 9 ! B\RGEOIS PRESS4 ,?IS WAS AN 5ORM\S NUMB]1 CONSID]+ ?AT ! ,>G5T9E CAPITAL HAD ONLY ONE MILLION RESID5TS AT ! TIME4 ,! POLICE SUDD5LY BEGAN TO FIRE AT ! DEMON/RATORS &1 :5 >M$ WORK]S RESPOND$1 AN 9T5SE %OOT\T BEGAN4 ,A SAILOR NAM$ ,JUAN ,OCAMPO WAS %OT & KILL$4 ,APPROXIMATELY ?REE HUNDR$ PROTE/]S SURR\ND$ HIS BODY & SEV]AL M5 HOI/$ IT ONTO !IR %\LD]S4 ,! 5RAG$ WORK]S M>*$ TO ! (FICE ( ! AN>*I/ WEEKLY ,LA ,PROTE/A ON ,CORDOBA ,/REET4 ,POLICE TRI$ TO /OP !M SEV]AL TIMES BUT REALIZ$ ?AT !SE >M$ M5 W]E PREP>$ TO FI<T BACK & ?US CONT5T$ !MSELVES ) FOLL[+ FROM AF>4 ,MILITANTS LAT] TOOK ,OCAMPO'S BODY FROM ! (FICE ( ! AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] TO ! ,=,A BUILD+ ON ,*ILI ,/REET1 :]E !Y LEFT IT 9 ! C>E ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE ( ,BU5OS ,AIRES4 ,! WORK]S 9SIDE ! BUILD+ SAW POLICE MOBILIZ+ \TSIDE 9 A BATTLE DEPLOYM5T4 ,! MILITANTS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ANO!R CONFRONTATION W\LD BE FUTILE & LEFT WILL+LY4 ,! GU>DIANS ( LAW & ORD] TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS TO SEIZE ,OCAMPO'S BODY & BURY IT SECRETLY4 ,9 ADDITION TO KILL+ ! SAILOR1 ! GUNFIRE W\ND$ MORE ?AN ?IRTY WORK]S4 ,!SE EV5TS >E KN[N AS ! ,MAZZ9I MASSACRE4 

,?IS BLOODY CRACKD[N DIDN'T SUBDUE ! WORK+ CLASS2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WORK] MILITANCY 9CREAS$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ,JUNE #a#i#e1 ! ,LONG%OREMAN OR ,PORT ,WORK]S' ,UNION CALL$ A ,S\? ,AM]ICAN CONGRESS TO =M A ,F$]ATION ( ,M>ITIME & ,L& ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S ?AT W\LD UNIFY ALL ! TRANSPORT UNIONS 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,! CIRCUL> LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS ( ! 9ITIATIVE SAID3  
  

,?IS ,COMMITTEE RESOLVES TO HOLD 444 ! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ,M>ITIME & ,L& ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S4 ,! ,M>ITIME ,TRANSPORT ASSOCIATIONS 9 ! FOLL[+ ,REPUBLICS WILL TAKE P>T3 ,>G5T9A1 ,BRAZIL1 ,URUGUAY1 ,*ILI1 ,P]U1 ,P>AGUAY1 ,ECUADOR1 ,V5EZUELA1 & ,MEXICO4 ,WE WILL CREATE A ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ALLIANCE & DISCUSS ! BE/ WAY TO C\NT]ACT ! ADVANCES ( 9SATIABLE CAPITALISM & ALSO BEG9 DIALOGUE ) ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,TRANSPORT ,WORK]S BAS$ 9 ,HAMBURG .<,G]MANY.>4  
  

,?IS 9ITIATIVE WAS V]Y SIGNIFICANT1 BO? SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY4 ,= ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 IT MEANT /R5G!N+ 9T]NATIONAL TIES AMONG WORK]S 9 A CONT95T =M$ BY A MOSAIC ( /ATES CREAT$ ACCORD+ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,SPA9 FIR/ DOM9AT$ ! >EA & !N CAME ! NEOCOLONIAL P[]S ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,= ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ! RISE ( 9DEP5D5T PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS WAS A ?REAT TO ! P>TN]%IP BETWE5 ! LOCAL B\RGEOISIE & IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,!Y W]E P>TICUL>LY WORRI$ AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( UNITY AMONG ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN WORK]S' MOVEM5TS & ANY ATTEMPT TO R$EF9E ! 9TEGRATION ( ! DIV]SE ,SPANI% SPEAK+ C\NTRIES 9 LIB]ATORY T]MS4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! /ATE P]SI/5TLY & BRUTALLY ATTACK$ ! WORK]S' REBELLIONS1 !IR UNIONS1 & !IR F$]ATION 7! ,=,A74 

,! ,MAY ,DAY RALLIES AFT] ! ONE N>RAT$ ABOVE W]E EQUALLY 9T5SE4 ,! REASON LAY 9 ! T]RIBLE CONDITIONS TO :I* ! WORK+ CLASS WAS SUBJECT$4 ,! WORK]S' RESPOND$ BY DECL>+ !IR COMMITM5T TO AN>*I/ COMMUNISM AT ! ,=,A'S ,FIF? ,CONGRESS 9 #aie &1 AFT]W>DS1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T BECAME 9CREAS+LY AGGRESSIVE4 ,9 #aif ALONE1 !RE W]E ?IRTY-N9E /RIKES 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 9 :I* A TOTAL ( #a#c#g1 WORK]S P>TICIPAT$1 & AN AV]AGE ( SIX HUNDR$ LABOR]S W]E ON /RIKE AT ANY GIV5 TIME4 ,?IS P]VASIVE SOCIAL ANTAGONISM PUT ! RUL]S ON $GE4 ,9DE$1 ! 9CREAS+ PRESSURE FROM ! WORK]S & ! SPREAD ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A WAS ESPECIALLY IRRITAT+ = ,BU5OS ,AIRES ,POLICE ,*IEF ,COLONEL ,FALCON4 ,HE SWORE ?AT HE W\LD CRU% ! LIB]T>IANS &1 9 HIS EF=T TO DO SO1 CONT9U\SLY VIOLAT$ 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TIES1 ABOLI%$ ! FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION1 9/ITUT$ RE/RICTIVE LAWS1 & WANTONLY APPLI$ M>TIAL LAW4 ,A W> WAS BREW+ BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! ,>G5T9E /ATE4 

,! GOV]NM5T APPLI$ ! SO-CALL$ 0,/ATE ( ,SIEGE0 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 #a#i#b1 :I* SWEPT AWAY ! MO/ V5]AT$ CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS1 & IT WAS IMPOS$ !REAFT] = LONG P]IODS ( TIME BY ALMO/ ALL ELECT$ OR DE FACTO GOV]NM5TS4 ,IT WAS ! EXCEPTION RA!R ?AN ! RULE TO LIVE UND] CON/ITUTIONAL LAW4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ?AT SAME YE> ! GOV]NM5T ALSO PASS$ ONE ( ! MO/ HAT$ LAWS 9 ,>G5T9E HI/ORY3 ! ,LEY DE ,RESID5CIA 7NUMB] #d1#a#d#d71 :I* REMA9$ 9 =CE = MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY4 ,?IS LAW 5ABL$ ! GOV]NM5T TO DEPORT ALL =EIGN]S ?AT IT DEEM$ UNDESIRABLE4 ,IT WAS A DIRECT ATTACK ON ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* IS OBVI\S :5 ONE CONSID]S ! V]Y HI< NUMB] ( IMMIGRANT WORK]S--ESPECIALLY ,ITALIANS & ,SPANI>DS--?AT BEGAN TO >RIVE 9 ,>G5T9A 9 #ahge & CONT9U$ TO DO SO UNTIL #a#i#a#d4 ,! LAW WAS AN EXCELL5T WEAPON = ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* IT US$ TO FREE ITSELF ( =W>D ?9K+ M5 :O /RUGGL$ = DEMOCRACY & LIB]TY4 

,! ,=,A REACT$ TO ! REGIME'S >ROGANCE BY CALL+ ON ! WORK]S TO REBEL & FI<T CLASS EXPLOITATION4 ,! YE> #aii W\LD BE DECISIVE 9 ?IS BITT] W> BETWE5 ! HI<-B\RGEOISIE 7A SATELLITE & ACCOMPLICE ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/S7 & ,>G5T9ES CONDEMN$ TO ! WOR/ WORK+ CONDITIONS1 :I* !Y %>$ ) ! MASSES ( IMMIGRANTS BR\<T 9TO ! C\NTRY AS *EAP LABOR4 

,! HI<-B\RGEOISIE & ,>G5T9E /ATESM5 W]E PREP>+ TO COMMEMORATE ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! C\NTRY'S FIR/ GOV]NM5T ON ,MAY #b#e1 #a#i#a4 ,ONE HUNDR$ YE>S E>LI] ! >EA KN[N AS ! ,UNIT$ ,PROV9CES ( ! ,RIV] ,PLATE SEP>AT$ FROM ,SPA9 & BECAME ,>G5T9A1 ,BOLIVIA1 ,P>AGUAY1 & ,URUGUAY4 ,H[EV]1 HEIRS ( !SE N9ETE5? C5TURY NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES SAW ! WORK+ CLASS'S GR[+ MILITANCY ) DISDA9 & BELIEV$ ?AT CLASS CONFLICT WAS SOME?+ 0ALI5 TO ! L&S ( ! ,RIV] ,PLATE40 ,! DOM9ANT CLASS SIMPLY C\LD NOT UND]/& ?AT ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T & 9CORPORATION 9TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD M>KET AS A SEMI-COLONY REQUIR$ ! EM]G5CE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T W\LD EM]GE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE & ITS GOV]NM5T REPRES5TATIVES RESPOND$ ) \TRAGE2 TRY+ TO SIL5CE EV]Y VOICE ( PROTE/ & HUMAN DIGNITY ) ! POLICE1 %UTT+ D[N UNIONS1 BANN+ ! WORK]S' NEWSPAP]S1 BREAK+ 9TO & DE/ROY+ PROLET>IAN C5T]S & LIBR>IES1 & IMPRISON+ & DEPORT+ ACTIVI/S :O ROSE UP 9 DEF5SE ( ! RI<TS ( MAN4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! WORK]S DID NOT RETREAT & BEGAN #aii BY CALL+ G5]AL /RIKES1 RALLIES1 & GA!R+S4 ,!RE WAS DEEP \TRAGE AT ! EXECUTION ( ,FRANCISCO ,F]R] 9 ,SPA91 :OSE DEA? WAS AMONG ! ISSUES PROMPT+ ! ANG] & PROTE/S4 

0,LIKE ALMO/ ALWAYS1 TWO DEMON/RATIONS OCCURR$ ON ,MAY #a ?AT YE>3 ONE ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,SOCIALI/S & ONE CALL$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,! AN>*I/S GA!R$ 9 ,LOREA ,PLAZA 7TODAY ,CONGRESO71 :]EAS ! ,SOCIALI/S ASSEMBL$ 9 ,CON/ITUTION ,PLAZA4 ,>\ND #c1 PEOPLE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! =M]4 ,AFT] !Y BEGAN M>*+1 ! POLICE *>G$ & FIR$ AT ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO /OP ?IS UNANTICIPAT$ ATTACK & A MASSACRE TOOK PLACE4 ,PRESID5T ,FIGU]OA ,ALCORTA'S GOV]NM5T DRAP$ ITSELF 9 GLORY4 ,!RE W]E EI<T DEA?S & #ae 9JUR$ AMONG ! DEMON/RATORS4 ,A 9CLUD+ A Y\NG ,RUSSIAN NAM$ ,SIMON ,RAD[ITZKY WAS AMONG ! AGGRIEV$ WORK]S40 .<#a#f#a.> 

,9 RESPONSE TO ?IS BRUTALITY1 ! ,SOCIALI/S 9 ! ,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES & ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,=,A CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE & DECL>$ ?AT !IR MEMB]S W\LD NOT RESUME WORK+ 0UNTIL ! IMPRISON$ COMRADES >E FRE$ & ! UNIONS REOP5$40 ,! /RIKE LA/$ = A WEEK1 & IT WAS BO? SPIRIT$ & UNANIM\S1 DESPITE GOV]NM5T VIOL5CE DUR+ ?OSE SEV5 DAYS4 ,AU?ORITIES ULTIMATELY HAD TO C$E2 !Y RELEAS$ EI<T HUNDR$ PRISON]S1 REPEAL$ ! MUNICIPAL CODE ( P5ALTIES1 & P]MITT$ UNIONS TO BE REOP5$4 ,BUT ,COLONEL ,FALCON1 ! 9/IGATOR & R+LEAD] ( ! OPPRESSION1 WAS /ILL AT ! HEAD ( ! POLICE4 ,?IS WAS A MOCK]Y & A PROVOCATION TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! ,MAY ,DAY ASSAULT DEEPLY %OOK ,SIMON ,RAD[ITZKY1 :O WAS ONLY EI<TE5 YE>S OLD & A REC5T >RIVAL 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,WORK+ COMPLETELY ALONE1 HE DECID$ TO FREE ! PEOPLE ( ! BLOOD?IR/Y ANIMAL ?AT TORM5T$ !M3 HE KILL$ ,COLONEL ,FALCON ) A BOMB ON ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #a#i#i4 ,ONE MON? HAD PASS$ S9CE ,ALFONSO ,X,I,I,I HAD EXECUT$ ,FRANCISCO ,F]R]4 ,AS EXPECT$1 A VIOL5T CRACKD[N FOLL[$ ! MURD]4 ,AL?\< ! GOV]NM5T BANN$ ,LA ,PROTE/A1 ITS $ITORS /ILL MANAG$ TO RELEASE A CL&E/9E BULLET9 APPLAUD+ ! Y\NG ,RUSSIAN4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! ,=,A ALSO US$ AN ILLEGAL PUBLICATION 7 ,NUE/RA ,DEF5SA7 TO PRAISE ,SIMON ,RAD[ITZKY'S ACT ( V5GEANCE4 

,IT WAS 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS CLIMATE ( VIOL5CE ?AT ! PATRIOTIC & B\RGEOIS COMMEMORATION ( ! C5T5>Y ( ,>G5T9E 9DEP5D5CE WAS BE+ PLANN$4 ,! ,=,A WANT$ TO TRANS=M ! EV5T 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y & 9T]NATIONALI/ CELEBRATION & CALL$ A ,S\? ,AM]ICAN WORK]S' CONGRESS = ,APRIL #c ( ?AT YE>4 ,ALL ! LABOR ASSOCIATIONS SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,=,A'S IDEAS SAID ?AT !Y W\LD ATT5D4 

,FROM !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES1 ! ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN B\RGEOISIE DECRI$ ! GA!R+ & PU%$ ,>G5T9A TO F9ALLY GET ! UNRULY AN>*I/S 9 L9E4 ,! HEAVY REPRESSION BEGAN ON ,MAY #a#c3 ! GOV]NM5T DECL>$ A /ATE ( EM]G5CY & IMPOS$ POLICE T]ROR EV]Y:]E4 ,! FIR/ TO BE >RE/$ W]E ! $ITORS ( ! ,LA ,PROTE/A1 ,LA ,BATALLA1 & ! MEMB]S ( ! ,F$]AL ,C\NCILS ( ! ,=,A & ,C,O,R,A 7,CONF$]ACION ,OBR]A ,REGIONAL ,>G5T9A1 :I* EM]G$ FROM A #aii SPLIT 9 ! ,=,A & WAS 0SYNDICALI/0 & 0ECONOMICI/0 9 ORI5TATION74 ,AU?ORITIES !N DETA9$ MANY PROM95T MILITANTS1 9CLUD+ A L>GE NUMB] ( =EIGN]S4 ,GANGS ( ?UGS ORGANIZ$ DEMON/RATIONS & TOOK TO ! /REETS1 ALL ) ! SUPPORT ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! GOV]NM5T1 & ! POLICE4 ,!Y RANSACK$ & BURN$ D[N C5T]S ( PROLET>IAN AGITATION1 9CLUD+ ! (FICES ( ,LA ,PROTE/A & ! ,SOCIALI/ PAP] ,LA ,VANGU>DIA4 

,! GOV]NM5T PACK$ ,U%UAIA ) PRISON]S4 ,?IS 9FAM\S P5IT5TI>Y 9 S\!RN ,>G5T9A WAS COMMONLY KN[N AS ! 0CEMET]Y ( LIV+ M540 ,MANY =EIGN]S W]E ALSO DEPORT$4 ,& YET1 DESPITE ALL ?IS1 ! ,BU5OS ,AIRES WORK]S /ILL HAD ! C\RAGE TO DECL>E A G5]AL /RIKE TO PROTE/ ! C5T5>Y & ! B\RGEOIS-POLICE T]ROR4 

,AFT] ! EV5TS 9 #a#i#a1 ! ,=,A SP5T ?REE YE>S UND]GR\ND4 ,IT BEGAN TO RE-ORGANIZE ITS UNIONS AFT] AU?ORITIES RELAX$ SOME LEGAL RE/RICTIONS 9 #a#i#a#c4 ,OLD] MILITANTS W]E %OCK$ TO SEE A NEW1 Y\NG] G5]ATION 9 !IR RANKS ?AT HAD JO9$ ! /RUGGLE DUR+ ! DIFFICULT1 UND]GR\ND P]IOD4 

,AL?\< !RE W]E /ILL CLASS CONFLICTS AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 !Y W]E LESS BLOODY ?AN BE=E4 ,ONE REASON = ?IS MAY BE ! SPLIT ?AT OCCURR$ AT ! ,=,A'S N9? CONGRESS 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#e4 ,ONE FACTION1 :I* CALL$ ITSELF ! 0,=,A ( ! ,N9? ,CONGRESS10 ADOPT$ A SYNDICALI/ L9E1 :ILE ! O!R--! 0,=,A ( ! ,FIF? ,CONGRESS0--HELD FA/ TO ORGANIZATION'S AN>*I/ /ANCE4 ,A BITT] DISPUTE ]UPT$ BETWE5 ! TWO GR\PS & 5]GIES ?AT !Y %\LD US$ TO FI<T ! B\RGEOISIE W]E WA/$ 9 9TRA-MOVEM5T BATTLES4 

,9 E>LY #a#i#a#g1 ! B\RGEOISIE LAUN*$ ANO!R (F5SIVE AGA9/ ! WORK]S4 ,POLICE KILL$ TW5TY-SIX PROLET>IANS ?AT YE> ALONE4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A NEW RISE 9 WORK]S' MILITANCY 9 RESPONSE TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! AGITATION ?AT ]UPT$ 9 #aiai & #a#i#b3 ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS 9 ,TUR91 ! WORK]S' C\NCILS 9 ,BAV>IA1 ! REVOLUTION 9 ,HUNGRY1 & ! MULTIPLE =MS ( SUBV]SION ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,ALL !SE EV5TS HAD A P[]FUL IMPACT 9 ,>G5T9A & CREAT$ A HI<LY POLITICIZ$ Y\?1 :O JO9$ ! ,=,A 7( ! 0,FIF? ,CONGRESS10 :I* WE WILL CALL ! ,=,A H]EAFT]7 & O!R RADICAL GR\PS4 ,!N SOME?+ EXTRAORD9>Y TOOK PLACE3 ! SPONTANE\S EM]G5CE ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 :I* WAS ULTIMATELY UNABLE TO LEAD TO A REVOLUTION 7BECAUSE IT WAS SPONTANE\S74 ,ALL !SE PASSIONS RESULT$ 9 ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#i4 ,A SITUATION EM]G$ ?AT SEEM$ REVOLUTION>Y BUT1 9 REALITY1 NE$$ MORE SOLID F\NDATIONS TO BE SO4 ,! AN>*I/S C\LD NOT WORK MIRACLES OR SIMPLY SEIZE ! /ATE LIKE ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y SPONTANEITY GAVE EV]Y?+ IT C\LD & !N COLLAPS$ AFT] ! FIR/ ONSLAU<T4 ,! LESSON ( ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 WAS ! PRESS+ NE$ TO ORGANIZE ! REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< ! PROLET>IAT WAS GO+ TO PAY DE>LY = ITS LACK ( PREP>ATION1 ITS IMPULSES FILL$ ! RUL+ CLASSES ) T]ROR4 ,?AT IS :Y ! B\RGEOISIE UNLEA%$ ! TREM5D\S WAVE ( P]SECUTION AFT] ! #aiai 9SURRECTION>Y /RIKE4 ,AU?ORITIES DRAGG$ #e#e1 9TO POLICE /ATIONS ACROSS ! C\NTRY & TURN$ ! ,M>T9 ,G>CIA ,ISL& 9TO A PRISON4 ,AMAZ+LY1 ! ,=,A & ITS UNIONS1 ! WORK]S' GR\PS & !IR NEWSPAP]S1 CONT9U$ TO SURVIVE & PUBLI% 7AL?\< UND]GR\ND74 ,9 FACT1 A NEW WORK]S' DAILY CALL$ ! ,TRIBUNA ,PROLET>IA BEGAN TO APPE>4 

,DUR+ ?IS REBIR? ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* WE LOCATE 9 #a#i#b1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD A /RONG IMPACT 9 ,>G5T9A1 AS IT HAD 9 C\NTRIES >\ND ! WORLD4 ,! QUE/ION ( :E!R OR NOT TO SUPPORT ! ,SOVIET ,UNION BECAME A S\RCE ( CONFLICT )9 ! ,=,A3 5?USIASM = ,RUSSIA & ITS 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 SWEPT UP SOME ,=,A MILITANTS1 MU* AS IT HAD CAPTIVAT$ ACTIVI/S AT ! ,C,N,T'S ,CONGRESS 9 #a#i#a#i4 0,?IS DISS5SION10 WRITES ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 0WEAK5$ ! ,=,A PRECISELY :5 IT WAS ON ! V]GE ( ABSORB+ ! C\NTRY'S 5TIRE LABOR MOVEM5T 9TO ITS HE>T40 

,! ,=,A ( ! ,N9? ,CONGRESS SUPPORT$ ! 0AN>*O-,BOL%EVIK0 CURR5T )9 ! ,=,A 7( ! ,FIF? ,CONGRESS7 & EV5 F9ANC$ !IR PRO-,BOL%EVIK NEWSPAP]S4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! ,BOL%EVIK SUPPORT]S 9 ! ,=,A & ! ,=,A ( ! ,N9? ,CONGRESS FUZ$ TO CREATE A NEW WORK]S' ORGANIZATION 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#b3 ! ,UNION ,S9DICAL ,>G5T9A4 ,LAM5TABLE ACTS ( PROLET>IAN AB&ONM5T OCCURR$ BETWE5 #aib & #a#i#b#b4 ,DUR+ !SE DIFFICULT YE>S1 ,MOSC['S AG5TS CAME TO ,BU5OS ,AIRES TO DIVIDE ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 P>TIALLY A*IEV+ :AT ! ,MAUR9-,N9 GR\P HAD ATTEMPT$ UNSUCCESSFULLY 9 ,SPA94 

0,! AGITATION 9 ,PATAGONIA10 WROTE ,SANTILLAN 0BEGAN TO BE A PUBLIC CONC]N >\ND ?IS TIME .<,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a.>4 ,AT FIR/ IT WAS A SIMPLE REBELLION ) MODE/ DEM&S1 BUT POLICE P]SECUTION & L&[N] HATR$ TRANS=M$ IT 9TO A HI/ORIC EV5T4 ,IT 5VELOP$ ?\S&S ( RAN* WORK]S & LA/$ ALMO/ A YE>1 UNTIL ! ,NATIONAL ,>MY SAVAGELY ANNIHILAT$ IT4 ,DEAD & 9JUR$ WORK]S NUMB]$ 9 ! ?\S&S4 ,! H]O ( ?OSE BRILLIANT DAYS WAS ! ,LIEUT5ANT ,COLONEL ,V>ELA1 '! PACIFI]4'0 

,DIVISIONS 9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T BORE RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS & O!R SAD EV5TS DUR+ ! P]IOD4 ,=,A ACTIVI/S TRI$ TO 5D ! 9T]NAL DEBATES & D$ICATE !MSELVES TO REBUILD+ ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 BUT ! DAMAGE HAD ALREADY BE5 DONE4 ,&1 AS EXPECT$1 9 ! MID/ ( !SE 9TRAMOVEM5T CONFLICTS1 A UNIT$ FRONT EM]G$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,H[ W]E ! MILITANT AN>*I/S GO+ TO RESPOND8 ,! MO/ IMM$IATE REPLY CAME FROM A ,G]MAN WORK] NAM$ ,KURT ,WILK5S :O WAS ACTIVE 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES'S AN>*I/ GR\PS4 ,) A BOMB & SOME BULLETS1 HE KILL$ ! 0PACIFI]0 ( ,PATAGONIA ON ,JANU>Y #b#c1 #a#i#b#c4 

,M5 LIKE ,SIMON ,RAD[ITZKY & ,KURT ,WILK5S NATURALLY MADE A P[]FUL IMPRESSION UPON ! Y\?1 :O HAD BE5 $UCAT$ AS MILITANTS 9 ! HEAT ( DEFEATS1 MASSACRES1 & ?AT UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,&1 S9CE ONE DROP ( WAT] RESEMBLES ANO!R1 ! SAME ?+ ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,SPA9 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS HAPP5$ 9 ,>G5T9A3 ! ORGANIZATION ( REVOLUTION>Y DEF5SE AGA9/ GOV]NM5T T]ROR4 ,EXPROPRIATION W\LD BE ONE ( ! /RATEGIES ( A MOVEM5T ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE & /ATE HAD CORN]$ & HOP$ TO CRU%4 

,! FIR/ AN>*I/ TO USE EXPROPRIATION AS A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY 9 ,>G5T9A WAS A ,RUSSIAN4 ,HE NAME WAS ,G]MAN ,BORIS ,WLADIMIROVI* & HE WAS A DOCTOR1 BIOLOGI/1 WRIT]1 & PA9T]4 .<#a#f#b.> ,AT AGE TW5TY HE WAS ACTIVE 9 ,L59'S P>TY BUT SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS--LAT] CALL$ ,BOL%EVIKS--AFT] !IR CONGRESS 9 #a#i#f4 ,BORIS !N BEGAN TO TURN T[>D AN>*ISM UNTIL HE F9ALLY DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO ! MOVEM5T FULLY4 ,HE TRAVEL$ ?R\< ,G]MANY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,FRANCE1 & ULTIMATELY SETTL$ 9 ,>G5T9A ON HIS FRI5DS' ADVICE 7AFT] CONTRACT+ A RESPIRATORY ILLNESS71 :]E HE SPOKE & WROTE = ! CAUSE4 ,LIKE ,BAKUN91 ,BORIS WAS A D$ICAT$ AN>*I/ BUT NEV] /OPP$ BE+ & FEEL+ ,RUSSIAN4 ,9DE$1 HIS ACTS AFT] ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK0 REFLECT HIS ,RUSSIAN ROOTS4 

,BE=E ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK10 A FASCI/ ORGANIZATION BEGAN OP]AT+ ?AT WAS FIR/ KN[N AS ! 0,CIVIL ,GU>D0 & LAT] ! 0,PATRIOTIC ,LEAGUE40 ,IT WAS MADE UP BY SONS ( ! ,>G5T9E B\RGEOISIE & L$ BY ,MANUEL ,C>LES1 A DOCTOR :O WAS 9FLU5TIAL 9 GOV]NM5TAL CIRCLES4 ,C>LES PUT ! ,LEAGUE AT ! POLICE'S S]VICE & ITS MEMB]S ACTIVELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! CRACKD[N ON ! WORK]S BO? DUR+ & AFT] ! 0,TRAGIC ,WEEK40 ,! ,PATRIOTIC ,LEAGUE'S MOTTO WAS3 0,BE A PATRIOT1 KILL A ,JEW40 ,9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,JEWS W]E ,RUSSIAN1 BUT = ,C>LES & HIS SUPPORT]S ,JEWS & ,RUSSIANS W]E ! SAME ?+1 ESPECIALLY :5 IT WAS A QUE/ION ( FI<T+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,!SE RI<T-W+]S CALL$ = A 0SLAU<T] ( ,RUSSIANS60 9 !IR MUDDL$1 NATIONALI/ TRACTS4 ,C\LD ?IS ANTI-,RUSSIAN & ANTI-,SEMITIC PROPAG&A TAKE ROOT AMONG ,>G5T9ES8 ,UN=TUNATELY HI/ORY (F]S MANY EXAMPLES ( COLLECTIVE PSY*OSIS444 

,BORIS ,WLADIMIROVI* WAS ,RUSSIAN1 POSSIBLY ,JEWI%1 & KNEW FROM EXP]I5CE H[ DANG]\S !SE CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ 0,RUSSIANS0 & 0,JEWS0 CAN BE4 ,D\BTLESSLY HE ?\<T ( ! CON/ANT POGROMS 9 HIS HOMEL&4 ,H[1 !N1 C\LD HE EXPLA9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TO ! ,>G5T9E PEOPLE8 ,BORIS ,WLADIMIROVI* & HIS COMPATRIOT ,JUAN ,KONOVEZUK1 BO? ACTIVE 9 ! ,=,A'S PRO-,BOL%EVIK W+1 DECID$ TO />T A NEWSPAP] TO 9=M ,>G5T9ES AB\T ! REVOLUTION 9 !IR C\NTRY & UND]M9E ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,PATRIOT ,LEAGUE'S ANTI-,RUSSIAN PROPAG&A4 ,BUT !Y HAD NO MONEY1 SO ,BORIS--:O PROBABLY HAD EXP]I5CE ) EXPROPRIATION 9 ,RUSSIA--PLAN$ TO HOLDUP A JEWEL]4 ,HE & ,JUAN ,KONOVEZUK C>RI$ \T ! UNSUCCESSFUL HEI/ ON ,MAY #a#i1 #a#i#a#i4 ,DUR+ ! ROBB]Y1 ,KONOVEZUK--:O TURN$ \T TO ,&RES ,BABBY1 A ?IRTY YE> OLD :ITE ,RUSSIAN :O HAD BE5 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES = SIX YE>S--%OT A POLICEMAN TO DEA?4 ,BO? W]E >RE/$ & ! C\NTRY'S PRESS DEVOT$ A GREAT DEAL ( ATT5TION TO ! MATT]4 ,AT !IR TRIAL1 ,BORIS DECL>$3 0,A PROPAG&I/ LIKE ME HAS TO FACE !SE CONT+5CIES4444 ,I ALREADY KN[ ?AT ,I WON'T SEE ! TRIUMPH ( MY IDEAS1 BUT O!RS WILL FOLL[ 9 MY FOOT/EPS SOON] OR LAT]40 ,BORIS & ,BABBY RECEIV$ LIFE S5T5CES & W]E 9C>C]AT$ 9 ,U%UAIA4 

,! ACTION C>RI$ \T BY !SE TWO ,RUSSIANS CAUS$ A DEBATE TO ]UPT AMONG ,>G5T9E AN>*I/S AB\T ! LEGITIMACY ( EXPROPRIATION AS A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4 ,LA ,PROTE/A OPPOS$ ! USE ( VIOL5CE & ATTACKS ON 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT WANT$ TO PRES]VE AN UNTA9T$ AN>*ISM1 AL?\< IT WAS DIFFICULT TO DO SO :ILE ALSO CALL+ = 0CLASS V5GEANCE10 :I* WAS ! MAXIM IT US$ TO DEF5D ,SIMON ,RAD[ITZKY1 ,BORIS ,WLADIMIROVI*1 ,KURT ,WILK5S1 & ,SACCO & ,VANZETTI4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,LA ,PROTE/A'S CONTRADICTORY & TEMP]ATE POSITION1 ! ,LA ,ANTOR*A MAGAZ9E >GU$ ?AT REVOLUTION & !RE=E REVOLUTION>IES >E BEYOND ! LAW BY DEF9ITION4 ,RODOLFO ,GONZALEZ ,PA*ECO1 A /RONG P]SONALITY REM9ISC5T ( ,FLORES ,MAGON1 WAS ?IS PUBLICATION'S MO/ \T/&+ FIGURE4 ,HE WAS AN 9CISIVE & /EELY WRIT]1 AS DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! %ORT PIECES HE PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE 0,PO/]S0 & O!R WORKS4 ,! DIVIDE BETWE5 ,LA ,PROTE/A & ,LA ,ANTOR*A OV] REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS WAS ABSOLUTE 9 #a#i#b#c4 

,!RE W]E TWO ADDITIONAL FIGURES ( GREAT SIGNIFICANCE AMONG ! 0,ANTOR*I/S30 ,MIGUEL ,>CANGEL ,ROSCIGNA & ,SEV]9O DI ,GIOVANNI4 ,! =M] WAS A CELEBRAT$ LEAD] ( ! ,BU5OS ,AIRES METALWORK]S & SECRET>Y ( ! ,PRISON] & ,P]SECUT$ ,SUPPORT ,COMMITTEE4 ,! LATT]1 A S*OOLTEA*] & SECRET>Y ( ! ,ITALIAN ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,COMMITTEE1 HAD A S5TIM5TAL & IDEALI/IC DISPOSITION4 ,! BRUTAL =CE ( ! /ATE WILL SOON TRANS=M HIM 9TO 0! IDEALI/ ( VIOL5CE40 .<#a#f#c.> ,BORIS ,WLADIMIROVI* HAD PUT A ME*ANISM 9TO MOTION ?AT ONLY NE$$ TO BE OIL$4 ,HIPOLITO ,IRIGOY51 FOLL[+ ! EXAMPLE ( PREVI\S ,>G5T9E PRESID5TS1 PROVID$ MU* ( ! 0OIL0 ) HIS ME?ODOLOGICAL P]SECUTION & CONT9U$ IMPRISONM5TS4 ,?IS WAS ! SITUATION 9 ,>G5T9A :5 ,LOS ,]RANTES >RIV$ 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#e4 

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