,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a 
,APRIL #a#d1 #aica 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,SECOND ,P>T3 ,! ,MILITANT 

  
,*,A,P,T,] ,I4 ,APRIL #a#d1 #aica 

  

,DURRUTI1 ,ASCASO1 ,LIB]TO ,CALLEJAS1 ,JOAQU9 ,CORTES1 & O!R EXILES 9 ,BRUSSELS W]E AMONG ! FIR/ MILITANTS TO >RIVE 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ1 ,TORRES ,ESC>T91 & O!R ,SOLID>IOS :O HAD BE5 9 PRISON OR EXIL$ ELSE:]E FOLL[$ CLOSELY ON !IR HEELS4 

,E*OES ( ! PREVI\S DAY'S POPUL> CELEBRATION W]E /ILL 9 ! AIR :5 ,ASCASO & ,DURRUTI MET ) ,RIC>DO ,SANZ ON ,APRIL #a#e1 :O HAD EXP]I5C$ ! ,MON>*Y'S LA/ MOM5TS & ! PROCLAMATION ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC4 

,RIC>DO ,SANZ 5?USIA/ICALLY TOLD !M AB\T ! H]OIC DE$S ( ! ,C,N,T1 :I* HAD EXPELL$ ! ,L]R\XI/ ,EMILIANO ,IGLESIAS FROM ! ,CIVIL ,GOV]NM5T & PUT ,LLUIS ,COMPANYS 9 HIS PLACE4 ,DURRUTI & ,ASCASO W]E NOT IMPRESS$ & MU/ HAVE LAM5T$ ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T'S ACTIVITY & ITS PUBLIC /ANCE4 ,9DE$1 ! P]SPECTIVE ?AT %\LD HAVE GUID$ ITS ACTION HAD BE5 /AT$ CLE>LY 9 ! ,APRIL #a ISSUE ( ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A3  
  

,ELECTIONS1 ELECTIONS1 & MORE ELECTIONS2 ?IS SEEMS TO BE ! SUPREME SOLUTION TO ALL ! C\NTRY'S PROBLEMS4 

,WE >5'T SURPRIS$ 9 ! LEA/ BY ?IS POLITICAL COM$Y4 ,WE TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT WILL S(T5 SOME:AT :5 !Y >E P]MITT$ TO PLAY AT BE+ C\NCILORS & DEPUTIES4444 ,! ,C,N,T WILL HAVE TO DRAW USEFUL LESSONS = ! PRES5T & NOT TOO DI/ANT FUTURE AB\T ! BANKRUPTCY ( \R SUPPOS$LY REVOLUTION>Y POLITICIANS4  
  

,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ! EV5TS ( ,APRIL #ad ?AT W\LD LEAD ONE TO CONCLUDE ?AT ,COMPANYS WAS MORE REVOLUTION>Y ?AN ,IGLESIAS2 BO? W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN EFFICI5T 9/RUM5TS ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION4 ,! FACT ?AT SOME ,C,N,T M5 SUPPORT$ ,COMPANYS & O!RS ( HIS ILK MADE IT CLE> !RE W]E /ILL CONTRADICTORY T5D5CIES )9 ! ,C,N,T & ALSO AN IMP]I\S NE$ = POLITICAL CL>IFICATION )9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS URG5T = ! ,C,N,T TO RETURN TO ITS CORE MISSION &1 9 ?AT CONTEXT1 M>K \T A CLE> RESPONSE TO ! C\NTRY'S POLITICAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 :ILE 5SUR+ ?AT ! NEW GOV]NM5T C\LD NOT /EADY ITSELF4 ,?IS IS ! FRAMEWORK ?AT WILL GUIDE A NEW1 DECISIVE /AGE 9 ,DURRUTI'S LIFE AS A REVOLUTION>Y4 ,FROM ?IS MOM5T ON1 HIS ACTIVITY WILL BE ( A MU* L>G] SCOPE & MORE DIRECTLY L9K$ TO ! RADICALIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 

,IT WAS A UNIQUE JUNCTURE = ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! ,REPUBLIC EM]G$ FROM A PR(\ND CRISIS ?AT C\LD NOT BE RESOLV$ ) M]ELY =MAL SOLUTIONS4 ,! M5 :O TOOK P[] W]E IGNORANT ( ! DIALECTIC ( HI/ORY & CONFUS$ SUP]FICIAL PH5OM5A ) ! ESS5CE ( POPUL> S5TIM5T2 ?IS IS :Y !Y ]RONE\SLY SUPPOS$ ?AT !Y C\LD %APE ! C\NTRY'S FUTURE ) SIMPLE DEMAGOG]Y4 ,!Y ?\<T3 0AFT] SIX YE>S ( DICTATOR%IP1 ! WORK+ PEOPLE & PEASANTS N[ GIVE US ?IS PRO( ( 'CIVIC-M9D$NESS' BY PEACEFULLY ACCEPT+ ! REGIME *ANGE4 ,?IS %[S ?AT !Y TRU/ US & HAVE =SAK5 !IR VIOL5T ME?ODS FROM ! PA/4 ,TO GU>ANTEE /ABILITY1 ALL ! GOV]NM5T HAS TO DO IS CONTROL A HALF DOZ5 AN>*I/ AGITATORS40 ,?IS >GUM5T WAS CONV9C+ = ,MIGUEL ,MAURA & ,NICETO ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA2 AS F> AS !Y W]E CONC]N$1 ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /RUCTURES W]E FUNDAM5TALLY S\ND4 ,!SE M5 W]E LAWY]S1 NOT SOCIOLOGI/S OR HI/ORIANS1 & ?US ASSUM$ ?AT ! SOLUTION LAY 9 MAK+ ! /ATE'S LAWS & ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D'S RIFLES EFFECTIVE4 ,SURPRIS+LY1 AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 !RE WAS A ,SOCIALI/ WORK] LEAD]1 TWO HI/ORIANS1 & ,M>CEL9O ,DOM+O MAY HAVE HAD A RUDIM5T>Y KN[L$GE ( SOCIOLOGY1 :]EAS ,NICOLAU D',OLW]'S HAD BE5 $UCAT$ AS AN ECONOMI/4 ,NONE!LESS1 ALL ( !SE M5 WILL+LY ACCEPT$ ,MAURA & ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA'S 0LOGIC40 

,DURRUTI1 ,ASCASO1 & ,G>CIA ,OLIV] IMM$IATELY UND]/OOD ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T'S GREAT ]ROR & ALSO :AT ROLE ! AN>*I/S %\LD PLAY4 ,!RE WAS NO *ANCE ?AT ! /ATE W\LD GREET ! EXPLOSION ( POPUL> 5?USIASM ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! ,REPUBLIC'S BIR? ) MEASURES DESIGN$ TO 5C\RAGE ?AT EXCITEM5T & CONFRONT ! C\NTRY'S PROBLEMS RADICALLY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! /ATE W\LD ALL[ ,SPA9'S DEEP ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PROBLEMS TO DISC\RAGE ! PEOPLE & /RIP !M ( HOPE4 ,& GRADUALLY !Y W\LD BECOME 5RAG$ AT ! DEMAGOGUES :O HAD ASSUM$ P[]4 ,! AN>*I/'S RESPONSIBILITY1 !N1 WAS TO *ANNEL ?IS DISCONT5T1 MAKE IT CONSCI\S1 & GIVE AN IDEAL TO ! MO/ DESP]ATE4 ,!N ! REVOLUTION W\LD BE A REAL POSSIBILITY4 

,! ,LEFT1 EV5 ! ,M>XI/S1 REG>D$ !IR EXTREME AN>*I/ POSITION AS A =M ( REVOLUTION>Y 9FANTILISM4 ,&1 LIKEWISE1 SOME MEMB]S ( ! ,C,N,T D]ISIVELY DESCRIB$ !M AS AN>*O-,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! DIALECTIC ( HI/ORY W\LD =MULATE ITS V]DICT ON ! VALIDITY ( !IR /ANCE4 ,TO UND]/& :AT 9SPIR$ ! ,SOLID>IOS & ! ,F,A,I TO EMBRACE SU* A RADICAL POSITION1 & ALSO TO CONTEXTUALIZE ! DRAMATIC MI/AKES MADE BY ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC /ATE 9 :I* ! ,MON>*Y LEFT ,SPA94 

,ACCORD+ TO /ATI/ICS FROM #a#i#c1 #bf P]C5T ( ! C\NTRY'S TW5TY-F\R MILLION 9HABITANTS DID NOT KN[ H[ TO READ OR WRITE4 ,WOM5 SUFF]$ ?IS BLI<T MO/ ACUTELY3 #cb P]C5T W]E TOTALLY ILLIT]ATE1 AL?\< ! #a#i4#e P]C5T ILLIT]ACY RATE AMONG M5 WAS ALSO NOT V]Y 5C\RAG+4 ,ILLIT]ACY WAS MORE COMMON 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ?AN ! CITY3 #g P]C5T ( ! C\NTRY'S SIX MILLION AGRICULTURAL WORK]S C\LD NOT READ OR WRITE4 .<#b#c#d.> ,WE WILL N[ SEE H[ ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BROKE D[N1 H[ AGRICULTURAL WORK]S LIV$1 & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&4 ,LACK+ MORE SPECIFIC DATA1 WE WILL USE ! AV]AGES FROM ! #a#i#c-#a#i#c#e P]IOD1 .<#b#c#e.> :I* PUT ! ,REPUBLIC'S MEAG] EF=TS TO REM$Y ! SITUATION 9H]IT$ FROM ! ,MON>*Y 9TO />K RELIEF4 ,\R PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS ! POPULATION ( ELEV5 MILLION ACTIVE WORK]S AMONG ! C\NTRY'S TW5TY-SEV5 MILLION 9HABITANTS AT ! TIME4 ,) RESPECT TO ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR1 WE CAN DEF9E ?AT ACTIVE WORK+ POPULATION 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 #b1#c1 SAL>I$ WORK]S 7?AT IS1 )\T ANY L&71 TWO MILLION SMALL OR M$IUM SEIZ$ PROP]TY [N]S1 & ONE MILLION WELL-(F PROP]TY [N]S4 ,!SE FIGURES REVEAL ?AT ! PEASANT PROLET>IAT WAS AS NUM]\S AS ! M9+-9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 7#b1#c174 ,SPA9 REMA9$ A PR$OM9ANTLY AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY1 AL?\< ?IS OBS]VATION ALONE MEANS LITTLE )\T CONSID]+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( L&4  
  

,/EPPES ( LIMIT$ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PRES5TLY COV] HALF ! C\NTRY2 #a P]C5T ( ! SURFACE IS 9F]TILE4 ,RA9 IS R>E 9 ?IRTY-TWO ( ! =TY-EI<T PROV9CES2 ! DRY L&S 7DRA9$7 COV] SEV5TE5 MILLION HECT>ES1 & !Y B>ELY PRODUCE #i4#c QU9TALS ( DURUM :EAT P] HECT>E1 :I* IS HALF ( :AT ! IRRIGAT$ FIELDS PRODUCE4 ,SEV5 MILLION HECT>ES >E NOT CULTIVAT$ REGUL>LY & ! ABS5CE ( LIVE/OCK PREV5TS ! >ABLE L& FROM BE+ R5EW$4 ,9 SOME REGIONS ! SOIL IS SO POOR ?AT PEASANTS HAVE TO BR+ HUMMUS FROM AF> TO ! RIV]'S VIC9ITY4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT #d P]C5T ( ! SURFACE IS NOT SUFFICI5TLY CULTIVAT$4 ,ONLY ! PROV9CES BORD]+ ON ! ,ATLANTIC & ,PORTUGAL >E IRRIGAT$ WELL 5\< TO SUPPORT CATTLE4 

,AS ONE CAN SEE1 IRRIGATION IS ! MO/ URG5T PROBLEM4 ,! F\R GREAT RIV] SY/EMS ( ! T]RITORY CONTRIBUTE 5\< WAT] TO IRRIGATE APPROXIMATELY ?REE OR F\R MILLION HECT>ES1 BUT LESS ?AN HALF ( ! GOV]NM5T'S DEVELOPM5T PROJECTS >E COMPLETE4 ,9 HOPES ( S]V+ AGRICULTURE & ! UNEMPLOY$ BUT )\T CLA%+ ) ! CAPITALI/S1 ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A LAUN*$ GREAT PUBLIC WORKS4 ,H[EV]1 MONOPOLI/ SOCIETIES & ! L&[N]S CONTROL WAT] DI/RIBUTION & SELL IT AT PRICES ?AT >E 9ACCESSIBLE TO ! PEASANTS4 ,! L& REMA9S 9F]TILE1 & ONLY 5RI*ES SPECULATORS1 :O R5T IT \T )\T GRANT+ ! RI<T TO ! PRECI\S LIQUID4 ,PEASANTS >E OBLIG$ TO BUY WAT] BILLS AT ANY PRICE ?AT !Y DEM&4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 ,VAL5CIA :]E F>M]S HAVE RETA9$ ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS ( WAT] USE & :]E ! ,WAT] ,JUDGES1 PEASANTS !MSELVES1 GA!R 9 ! CA!DRAL'S ATRIUM EV]Y ,FRIDAY TO DI/RIBUTE IT AMONG ! REGION'S 9HABITANTS & HE> COMPLA9TS FROM ?OSE CONC]N$4.<#b#c#f.>  
  

,RABASSEIRE DESCRIBES L& DI/RIBUTION 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3  
  

,9 #a#i#c#b-#c#c1 ! ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M ,9/ITUTE CONDUCT$ AN 9VE/IGATION 9 SEV5 PROV9CES3 ,BADAJOZ1 ,CAC]ES1 ,SEVILLA1 ,CIUDAD ,REAL1 ,HUELVA1 ,JA51 & ,TOL$O4 7,IT EXCLUD$ ,CADIZ1 ! L& ( ! L>GE E/ATES47 ,( #b1#d#c#d1#b#f#h AGRICULTURAL OP]ATIONS1 #a1#d#f1#a#f OCCUPI$ LESS ?AN A HECT>E2 #g#h#e1#h#a F>MS HAD ONE TO FIVE HECT>ES2 #i#h1#g#i#d HAD AN >EA ( SIX TO T5 HECT>ES2 & #f#a1#i#g#a 5COMPASS$ FIFTY HECT>ES4 ,:5 ! L& IS NOT IRRIGAT$1 FIFTY HECT>ES IS V]Y LITTLE1 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE ! LACK ( MOD]N EQUIPM5T IMPOSES A ?REE-YE> REGIME ( ROTAT+ CULTIVATION 7MANY PEASANTS /ILL US$ ! ,ROMAN PL[74 ,BUT IF WE C\NT ! F>MS ( LESS ?AN FIFTY HECT>ES1 WE WILL SEE ?AT !Y MAKE UP N9E T5?S ( ! TOTAL RURAL E/ABLI%M5TS 9 !SE REGIONS4 ,ONLY #a#i1#d F>MS RUN FROM FIFTY TO ONE HUNDR$ HECT>ES & ONLY ?IS TWELF? ( ! TOTAL HAS 5\< L& TO SUPPORT ?OSE :O WORK IT4 ,( ! RE/1 #g1#e#h E/ABLI%M5TS >E L>GE DOMA9S1 AMONG :I* FIFTY-FIVE OCCUPY #e1 HECT>ES EA*4 ,! >EA HELD BY !SE RURAL PROP]TIES ( MORE ?AN #be HECT>ES ADDS UP TO #f1#e1 HECT>ES1 AS ! TOTAL EXT5SION ( ! #b1#d#b#f1 F>MS ( LESS ?AN #be HECT>ES DOES NOT AM\NT TO #d1#b#e#f1 HECT>ES4444 ,9 ! NOR?1 9 ,GALICIA & ,A/URIAS1 SMALL F>MS ( LESS ?AN ONE HECT>E >E MO/ COMMON4444 ,MANY NOR!RN]S HAVE TO EMIGRATE1 BECAUSE ! S\? HAS 5\< SPACE TO RECEIVE ! ?\S&S & EV5 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( COLONOS.<#b#c#g.> 444 IF ! L&[N]S ALL[ IT4 ,! PROP]TY REGIME 9 ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR CAN BE CALCULAT$ AT3 SOME #e1 L&[N]S [N #e P]C5T ( ! L&2 #g1 WELL-(F PEASANTS POSSESS #ce P]C5T2 ONE MILLION MIDDL+ PEASANTS [N #aa P]C5T2 #a1#b#e1 SMALL PEASANTS #b P]C5T1 & #b11 WORK]S--#d P]C5T ( ! RURAL POPULATION--HAVE NO?+4.<#b#c#h.>  
  

,H[ DID PEOPLE 9 ?IS RURAL WORLD LIVE8 ,$U>DO ,AUNOS1 A GOV]NM5T M9I/] DUR+ ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A'S DICTATOR%IP1 /ATES3 0,:ILE !Y LIVE 9 MIS]Y1 ! MAJORITY ( ! AGRICULTURAL WORK]S WILL NOT BE ABLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 POLITICS2 ?IS MIS]Y IS ! F\NDATION ( CACIQUISMO40 .<#b#c#i.> ,ALTAMIRA1 ! CELEBRAT$ HI/ORIAN ( ! ,SPANI% ECONOMY1 PO9TS \T ?AT 09 MANY SMALL VALLEYS1 ! LIMIT$ PRODUCTIVITY ( ! L& HAS =C$ ! PEASANTS TO PRES]VE A RURAL COMMUNISM UP TO ! PRES5T4 ,IT HAS PROV5 EFFICI5T & IS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! PEOPLE'S PSY*OLOGY40 .<#b#d.> ,CO/A ?9KS ?AT ALMO/ ALL ( ,SPA9'S PROBLEMS HAVE !IR ORIG9 9 ! 9IQUIT\S DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 ESPECIALLY ! L&4 .<#b#d#a.> ,FLORES ,E/RADA1 ! GREAT E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY ECONOMI/ & RE=M]1 %[S ?AT ! SEIZURE ( ! L& BY C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS PREV5TS ! MAJORITY ( HUMANK9D FROM WORK+4 0,9 PROV9CES :]E !RE'S A L& REGI/RY1 IT HAS BE5 TALLI$ ?AT #hd P]C5T ( ! SMALL PROP]TY [N]S E>N LESS ?AN ONE PESETA DAILY10 WRITES ,RABASSEIRE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,GONZALO DE ,REP>AZ BEMOANS ! MIS]Y 9 ,&ALUSIA3 0,FROM ,C>TAG5A TO ,ALM]IA1 WE >E WITNESS+ ONE ( ! MO/ APPALL+ ,EUROPEAN TRAG$IES4 ,HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( HUMAN BE+S >E DY+ 9 SL[ AGONY40 .<#b#d#b.> 0,O!RS DECL>$ ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO BUILD H\S+ UNLESS SAL>IES W]E 9CREAS$2 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 & EV5 9 ! SMALL VILLAGES1 PEOPLE USE HUTS1 CAVES1 & CAV]NS = %ELT]4 ,9 A WORD3 ALMO/ ! 5TIRE RURAL POPULATION IS =C$ TO LIVE 9 CONDITIONS UNWOR?Y ( A HUMAN BE+40 .<#b#d#c.> ,JU/ AS WE SEE ! ,MON>*Y'S H& 9 ! ORIG9 & MA9T5ANCE ( FEUDAL /RUCTURES 9 ! RURAL WORLD1 WE ALSO SEE ITS PRES5CE 9 ! GOV]NM5T'S ORI5TATION T[>D 9DU/RY4 ,C>LOS ,I1 AFT] CRU%+ ! NASC5T B\RGEOISIE 9 ! ,COMUNIDADES DE ,CA/ILLA 7#a#e#b#b71 CONCLUD$ ?AT HE NE$$ TO /OP ! EM]G5CE ( AN 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL B\RGEOISIE AT ALL CO/ 9 ORD] TO SU/A9 MON>*ICAL ABSOLUTISM4 ,! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,MON>*Y & ! RURAL & MILIT>Y >I/OCRACY DATES FROM ?AT P]IOD1 AS DOES ,SPA9'S RESULTANT IMPOV]I%M5T & DECL9E4 ,RA!R ?AN 5C\RAGE ! DEVELOPM5T ( A /RONG & CULTUR$ B\RGEOISIE1 ,C>LOS ,I PREF]R$ TO BUY ! PRODUCTS NE$$ TO SUPPORT ! COLONIZATION ( ! ,AM]ICAS & ,SPA9 ITSELF 9 ,FRANCE1 ,BELGIUM1 OR :]EV] ELSE HE C\LD F9D !M4 ,?IS POLICY NECESS>ILY PRODUC$ A DISREG>D = MANUAL LABOR & AN 9CREAS$ TA/E = MILIT>Y1 ECCLESIA/IC1 & LIT]>Y C>E]S4 ,SCI5TIFIC & ME*ANICAL /UDIES W]E ]AS$ FROM ! CURRICULUMS ( ,SPANI% UNIV]SITIES4 ,! ,B\RBONS RIGOR\SLY OBS]V$ ?IS POLITICAL L9E DRAWN BY ! ,HAPSBURGS1 ) ! BRIEF EXCEPTION ( ,C>LOS ,I,I,I4 .<#b#d#d.> ,! POLITICAL C\RSE ?AT ,SPA9 FOLL[$ S9CE ! SIXTE5? C5TURY C\LD HAVE ONLY ONE RESULT = ITS ECONOMIC-9DU/RIAL /RUCTURE3 IT YIELD$ AN UNEQUAL & CAPRICI\S 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 /RUCTUR$ >\ND ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,K+S & !IR FAVORITES1 & 5SUR$ ?AT =EIGN CAPITALI/S W\LD HAVE ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T TO EXPLOIT M9ES1 9DU/RY1 ELECTRICITY1 RAILWAYS1 & TELEPHONE L9ES4 ,! /ATE GAVE TO =EIGN CAPITALI/S :AT IT D5I$ ,SPANI% CAPITALI/S1 :OSE 9DU/RIAL 9ITIATIVE WAS ASPHYXIAT$ BY ! IRON CORSET ( /ATE MONOPOLIES4 

0,! ,BANK ( ,SPA9 IS ORGANIZ$ 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ALL ! C\NTRY'S PR(ITS 5D UP 9 ! POCKETS ( ?OSE HOLD+ P[]4 ,! BIG FIRMS1 BANKS1 L>GE 9DU/RY1 & TRANSPORTATION S]VE ! /ATE AS AN 9/RUM5T ( ITS PLUND]4 ,! BIG FIRMS HOLD ! /ATE CAPTIVE & ! /ATE HAS IMPRISON$ ! NATION4 ,! ECONOMY IS ATROPHI$ & ! /ATE HYP]-ATROPHI$2 !SE >E ! FACTORS ?AT DET]M9E ! C\NTRY'S SITUATION4 ,! /ATE ABSORBS A ?IRD ( ! NATIONAL 9COME1 #f P]C5T ( :I*--?AT IS TO SAY1 TWO-N9?S ( ! NATIONAL REV5UE--IS US$ TO MA9TA9 ! /ATE'S REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS40 .<#b#d#e.> ,) SMALL & M$IUM-SIZ$ 9DU/RY CONTROLL$ BY ! MONOPOLIES & /RANGL$ BY EXCESSIVE CU/OMS TAXES & TRANSPORT F>ES 7TRUE %ACKLES ( ALL DEVELOPM5T71 ! ,SPANI% POPULATION'S /&>D ( LIV+ C\LD NOT IMPROVE1 ESPECIALLY :5 MORE ?AN HALF--ITS AGR>IAN & PEASANT SECTOR--FELL \TSIDE ! CIRCUIT ( CONSUMPTION4 ,AS A RESULT1 0,SPA9 IS DISA/R\SLY BACKW>D 9 RELATION TO O!R C\NTRIES4 ,( ! F\R ?\S& LEAD M9ES1 ONLY ?REE HUNDR$ OP]ATE1 & ONLY A QU>T] ( ! RA9FALL IS UTILIZ$4 ,9 ,SPA91 #e1 OR #f1 MILLION TONS ( COAL LAY UND] ?9 LAY]S ( S& & YET NOT MORE ?AN SIX TO N9E MILLION >E EXTRACT$ EA* YE>4 ,& ! M9]AL RI*ES DO NOT /AY 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,( ! #b1#g1 TONS ( IRON M9]AL EXTRACT$1 ,5GL& BUYS A MILLION & O!R =EIGN C\NTRIES AN EQUAL QUANTITY4 0,ALTOGE!R1 M9+ PRODUCTION REA*ES LEVELS ON ! ORD] ( #a1 MILLION GOLD PESETAS2 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION APPROA*ES #g1 MILLION1 ( :I* #b1 MILLION COME FROM ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY2 & AGR>IAN PRODUCTION REA*ES #i1 MILLION4 ,?IS 9DICATES ?AT MORE ?AN HALF ( NATIONAL PRODUCTION IS AGRICULTURAL4 ,! SAME PROPORTIONS >E ALSO EVID5T 9 ! WORK=CE3 !RE >E F\R TO FIVE MILLION PEOPLE WORK+ 9 9DU/RY & ! M9ES1 & FIVE TO SIX MILLION 7?REE MILLION PEASANTS & TWO MILLION SAL>I$ WORK]S7 9 AGRICULTURE40 .<#b#d#f.> ,WE MU/ N[ ASK3 :O W]E >RAY$ AGA9/ ?OSE ELEV5 MILLION LABOR]S :O CONSUM$ SO LITTLE & LIV$ SO POORLY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AS WELL AS ! CITY8 ,! T5 ?\S& L&[N]S :O [N$ HALF ( ,SPA9'S AGRICULTURAL PROP]TY2 ! F9ANCIAL-POLITICAL OLIG>*Y2 ! SPECULATORS 7COMM]CIAL 9T]M$I>IES72 ! L>GE 9DU/RIALI/S1 ) !IR RET9UE ( CACIQUES2 A MILIT>Y & ECCLESIA/ICAL CA/E2 & O!R P>ASITES :O LIV$ 9 IDL5ESS ?ANKS TO 9T]E/ & MONOPOLIES4 

,BETWE5 !SE CLASSES--ONE QUITE SMALL & ! O!R 5ORM\S--!RE WAS AN ABYSS4 ,NO COMMON PROJECT C\LD UNITE !M4 ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA HAD BE5 MI/AK53 !RE WAS NO MESOCRACY TO S(T5 ! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! FEW :O MADE HUNG] EXI/ & ! MAJORITY :O SUFF]$ IT4 0,! MIDDLE T]M BETWE5 :AT80 ASK$ ,MIGUEL DE ,UNAMUNO4 0,SPA9 HAS NEV] KN[N ! MIDDLE CLASS40 .<#b#d#g.> 

,9 ?IS MOSAIC ( SO-CALL$ SOCIAL CLASSES1 !RE WAS ALSO ! 9TELLECTUAL4 

,! CL]GY WAS BY F> ! MO/ NUM]\S ( ! GR\P1 ) ITS APPROXIMATELY #a1 PEOPLE :O LIV$ AT ! C\NTRY'S EXP5SE 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R & CON/ITUT$ ITS MO/ REACTION>Y SECTOR4 ,AFT] ! *UR* 9TELLECTUALS1 !RE WAS ! TEA*+ CORPS1 ) ITS BOSSES & SUBORD9ATES4 ,! BOSSES 7! M&>9S7 W]E ! >D5T ,CA?OLICS1 AS ,M55DEZ ,PELAYO DESCRIB$ !M4 ,! 0SUBORD9ATES0 CAME FROM ?AT PETTY B\RGEOIS POPULATION ( /ORE KEEP]S1 PH>MACI/S1 & SMALL MANUFACTUR]S :O P>TIALLY FILL$ ! RANKS ( ! LEFTW+ ,ESQU]RA ,CATALANA & ,MANUEL ,AZANA'S ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT4 ,WE MU/ F9ALLY ADD ! /UD5TS1 ! PROMISE ( ! FUTURE1 :OSE PROSPECTS W]E AMBIGU\S & :O C\LD AS EASILY OPT = SOCIALISM AS FASCISM4 ,! LATT] MOVEM5T BEGAN TO MAKE ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ,SPA9 ?R\< ! !ORI/S ,RAMIRO ,L$ESMA ,RAMOS1 ,]NE/O ,GIM5EZ ,CABALL]O1 & ,ONESIMO ,R$ONDO1 :O W]E >TICULAT+ !IR VIEWS 9 E>LY #aica 9 ! P]IODICAL ,LA ,CONQUI/A DEL ,E/ADO4 .<#b#d#h.> ,! ONLY P>T ( ! POPULATION ?AT REALLY 5JOY$ LIFE WAS MADE UP BY ONE MILLION PEOPLE1 BETWE5 ! BUREAUCRATS1 PRIE/S1 SOLDI]S1 9TELLECTUALS1 L>GE B\RGEOISIE1 & L&[N]S4 ,! RE/ WAS ! 0RABBLE40 ,:5 ,MIGUEL ,MAURA SPOKE ( DEF5D+ 0LEGITIMATE CONS]VATIVE PR9CIPLES10 HE MEANT ! PRES]VATION ( ?OSE FEUDAL /RUCTURES ?AT IMP$$ ! C\NTRY'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,TO MA9TA9 & DEF5D !M WAS TO SUBJECT ! PEASANT TO A SL[ DEA?1 ) SAL>IES ?AT W5T FROM #a4#e TO ?REE PESETAS = A WORKDAY LA/+ FROM SUNRISE TO SUNSET1 :I* IS TO SAY1 = TWELVE TO F\RTE5 H\RS ( LABOR 7& ONLY = A QU>T] ( ! YE>74 ,! AN>*I/S W]E PREP>$ TO RESPOND TO !SE CONTRADICTIONS & USE !M TO !IR ADVANTAGE4 ,!Y W]E NOT IDEALI/S4 ,!Y HAD A REALI/IC VIEW ( ! SITUATION & HAD MANY REASONS TO BELIEVE ?AT !Y C\LD TRIGG] A REVOLUTION & GUIDE IT ) A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ PROGRAM ADAPT$ TO ! RADICAL SPIRIT ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 

,BUT NATURALLY !Y C\LD NOT UNLEA% ! REVOLUTION OV]NI<T4 ,!Y HAD TO ORGANIZE IT & MAKE ! WORK]S & PEASANTS CONSCI\S ( ITS NECESSITY4 ,WRITT5 PROPAG&A W\LD PLAY A V]Y IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ?IS1 BECAUSE IT 5ABL$ AN>*I/S TO ELUCIDATE H[ A LIB]T>IAN COMMUNI/ SOCIETY C\LD FUNCTION4 ,! MASSES NE$$ TO BE ABLE TO 5VISION A NEW ECONOMY1 NEW WORK RELATION%IPS1 & A F$]ATION ( 9T]NALLY AUTONOM\S NEI<BORHOODS4 ,! HI< RATES ( ILLIT]ACY MADE SU* PROPAG&A V]Y DIFFICULT & SO !Y SET \T TO 5D ?AT SOCIAL BLI<T4 ,!Y 9T5D$ TO DO SO ) 0RATIONALI/0 DAY S*OOLS = ! Y\NG/]S--:I* PRACTIC$ :AT TODAY IS CALL$ 0ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN P$AGOGY0--& NI<T S*OOLS = ! ADULTS1 :I* W]E 9/ALL$ 9 ! UNIONS & LIB]T>IAN AT5EOS & ACTIVELY 5C\RAG$4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS1 ! ,C,N,T'S UNIONS & ! LIB]T>IAN AT5EOS BECAME NOT ONLY 9/RUM5TS ( /RUGGLE1 BUT ALSO C5T]S ( PROLET>IAN $UCATION & CULTURAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,OPPON5TS BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! ,C,N,T CRITICIZ$ ! ,F,A,I AN>*I/S4 ,SOME CALL$ !M 0IMPATI5T REVOLUTION>IES40 ,O!RS1 ! ,M>XI/S1 ACCUS$ !M ( BE+ IGNORANT ( HI/ORY & TOLD !M ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO SKIP /AGES ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 0,SPA9'S REVOLUTION10 !Y SAID1 0HAS TO BE POLITICAL NOT SOCIAL2 ?AT IS1 IT HAS TO BE DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS40 ,AN>*I/S REPLI$ TO ?IS \TL&I% >GUM5T BY SAY+ ?AT ! ,SPANI% B\RGEOISIE HAD ALREADY HAD ITS *ANCE TO MAKE A DEMOCRATIC-B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION & IT FAIL$4 ,IT WAS N[ ! PROLET>IAT'S TURN TO MAKE ITS REVOLUTION4 .<#b#d#i.> 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #a -- ,UPDAT$4 

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