,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #bg 
,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 #aicf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,X,X,V,I,I4 ,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 #aicf 

  

,MANUEL ,AZANA & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY BEGAN DISCUSS+ ! CREATION ( ! ELECTORAL COALITION ON ,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #a#i#c#e4 ,LEAD]S ( ! ,S,P PROPOS$ A PLAT=M ?AT C\LD S]VE AS ITS F\NDATION1 AL?\< ONLY ! CLAUSE ON AMNE/Y 9 !IR SUGGE/$ PROGRAM W\LD BE RETA9$ LAT]4 ,! PROGRAM ?AT WAS ULTIMATELY ADOPT$ WAS AN EXTREMELY MODE/ REPUBLICAN PLAT=M 9 EV]Y S5SE4 ,IT CALL$ =3 

A7 ,AMNE/Y = PRISON]S CONVICT$ ( SOCIAL-POLITICAL CRIMES COMMITT$ AFT] ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#c4 ,ANYONE S5T5C$ = SU* CRIMES BETWE5 #aica & #aicc W\LD NOT RECEIVE AMNE/Y1 :I* MEANT ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( AN>*I/ MILITANTS W\LD REMA9 9 PRISON4 

B7 ,REHIRE /ATE EMPLOYES ?AT ! ,RI<TW+ FIR$ = !IR POLITICAL VIEWS4 

C7 ,REE/ABLI% ! ,CON/ITUTION4 

D7 ,ADDRESS SOCIALS PROBLEMS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE & C>RY \T ADM9I/RATIVE RE=MS1 LIKE R$UC+ TAXES1 ETC4 

,O!R PO9TS 9CLUD$ W]E3 SAL>Y 9CREASES1 $UCATIONAL RE=M1 & ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,CATALAN ,AUTONOMY ,/ATUTE4 ,! DOCUM5T WAS SIL5T ON ! 9CREAS+LY PRESS+ QUE/ION ( ,MOROCCO4 

,! FOLL[+ ORGANIZATIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES ACCEPT$ & 5DORS$ ! PROGRAM3 = ! ,IZQUI]DA ,REPUBLICANA1 ,AMOS ,SALVADOR2 = ! ,UNION ,REPUBLICANA1 ,B]N>DO DE LOS ,RIOS2 = ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 ,JUAN ,SIMEON ,VID>TE & ,MANUEL ,CORD]O2 = ! ,UNION ,G5]AL DE ,TRABAJADORES1 ,FRANCISCO ,L>GO ,CABALL]O2 = ! ,JUV5TUDES ,SOCIALI/AS1 ,JOSE ,CAZORLA2 = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,VIC5TE ,URIBE2 = ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,P>TY1 ,ANGEL ,PE/ANA2 & = ! ,P>TIDO ,OBR]O DE ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A1 ,JUAN ,&RADE4 

,:ILE ! ,LEFT =M$ ITS COALITION1 ,JOAQU9 ,*APAPRIETA'S GOV]NM5T 5T]$ 9TO CRISIS AS A RESULT ( ANO!R F9ANCIAL SC&AL4 ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA HELD MEET+S ) ,RI<TW+ LEAD]S1 BUT WAS UNABLE TO F9D A ,PRIME ,M9I/] :O C\LD ASSURE EV5 M9IMAL POLITICAL /ABILITY4 ,TO RESOLVE ! MATT]1 ON ,DECEMB] #ac ,PORTELA ,VALLAD>ES PL$G$ TO =M A GOV]NM5T )\T ! ,C,$,A OR ! ,RADICALS1 :I* W\LD MEAN ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,P>LIAM5T & NEW ELECTIONS4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,C,$,A LEAD] ,GIL ,ROBLES URG$ ,RI<TW+ MEMB]S ( ! GOV]NM5T TO RESIGN 7BO? ,MELQUIADES ,ALV>EZ & ,M>T9EZ DE ,VELASCO DID SO74 ,?IS W\LD BE ! LA/ CRISIS ( ! RI<TW+ GOV]NM5TS1 AS ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA =M$ A GOV]NM5T MADE UP BY 9DIVIDUALS 5TRU/$ ) DISSOLV+ ! ,P>LIAM5T & ORGANIZ+ ! ELECTIONS S*$UL$ = ,FEBRU>Y #a#f1 #a#i#c#f4 

,! ELECTIONS PRES5T$ A DIFFICULT PROBLEM = ! ,C,N,T3 %\LD IT TELL ITS MEMB]S TO AB/A9 OR TO VOTE = ! LEFTW+ LI/8 ,! LATT] OPTION WAS ATTRACTIVE1 BECAUSE A ,POPUL> ,FRONT VICTORY W\LD MEAN FRE$OM = ! PRISON]S 7MO/ ( :OM W]E ,C,N,T MEMB]S74 

,ON ,JANU>Y #i1 ! ,C,N,T'S ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ISSU$ A CIRCUL> CALL+ ! UNIONS TO A REGIONAL CONF]5CE 9 ,B>CELONA'S ,M]IDIANA C9EMA ON ,JANU>Y #b#e4 ,! TOPICS TO DISCUSS W]E3 0#a4 ,:AT %\LD ! ,C,N,T'S POSITION BE ON AN ALLIANCE ) 9/ITUTIONS ?AT1 )\T BE+ 9 SOLID>ITY ) US1 HAVE WORK]I/ NUANCES8 ,& #b4 ,:AT CONCRETE & DEF9ITIVE /ANCE %\LD ! ,C,N,T ADOPT T[>D ! ELECTIONS80 .<#d#d#e.> ,! V]Y PRES5CE ( !SE PO9TS ON ! AG5DA 9DICATES ! CONFUSION AMONG ! M5 ON ! ,C,N,T COMMITTEES1 :OM ,DURRUTI F\ND 0SUSPICI\S0 & ) :OM HE HAD CLA%$4 ,A C]TA9 9DECISION1 IF NOT CO]CION1 IS EVID5T 9 ! SUBMISSION ( ! ABOVE AG5DA1 :I* LIMIT$ OR NULLIFI$ ! DISCUSSION ( ! IMM$IATE POLITICAL *ALL5GES4 ,9 P>T1 ?IS REFLECTS ! FACT ?AT SOME ,C,N,T MILITANTS HAD RESPOND$ FAVORABLY TO ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S CALLS = ! ,C,N,T TO =M A 0BRO!RHOOD 9 ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION0 ) ! ,U,G,T4 ,IT WAS ALSO A WAY TO MAKE IT EASI] = ,C,N,T MILITANTS TO JU/IFY VOT+ = ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 

,AU?ORITIES RELEAS$ ,DURRUTI A DAY AFT] ! M5TION$ CIRCUL> WAS ISSU$4 ,! ATMOSPH]E 9 ! /REET HAD *ANG$ DUR+ HIS %ORT 9C>C]ATION4 ,AS IF BY MAGIC1 ! BOMB+S1 ATTACKS ON 9DIVIDUALS1 & CLA%ES ) ! POLICE HAD /OPP$4 ,?IS SUGGE/$ ?AT AT LEA/ SOME ( ?OSE ACTIONS HAD BE5 ! WORK ( ,FALANGE PROVOCATEURS4 ,AN AIR ( TRAG$Y SEEM$ TO FLOAT 9 ! AIR & !RE WAS A G5]AL FEEL+ ( DISPIRIT$NESS4 ,FEW C\LD HAZ>D A CONFID5T GUESS AB\T ! \TCOME ( ! POLITICAL MOM5T4 ,DURRUTI NOT$ ! CONFUSION 9 CONV]SATIONS HE HAD ) MILITANTS1 :O DIDN'T KN[ :E!R OR NOT !Y %\LD AB/A9 7AS !Y HAD 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#c74 ,HE EXPRESS$ HIMSELF BLUNTLY 9 ONE ( ?OSE DISCUSSIONS3  
  

,WE AN>*I/S >E REALLY V]Y FEW 9 ,SPA94 ,AL?\< \R IDEAS & PROPAG&A 9FLU5CE ! WORK]S1 ?IS ONLY HAPP5S UND] ! RI<T CONDITIONS4 ,! RESULTS ( ! ,NOVEMB] #aicc ELECTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! SAME :E!R OR NOT WE HAD ADVOCAT$ AB/5TION1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/S & ,REPUBLICANS W]E COMPLETELY DISCR$IT$4 ,!RE W]E NO O!R ,LEFT C&IDATES & ! WORK]S W\LDN'T HAVE VOT$ = ! ,RI<T4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE AB/A9$ ON !IR [N ACCORD4 ,!N1 ! IMPORTANT ?+ WAS MAK+ ! AB/5TION CONSCI\S & ACTIVE2 A WAY ( MAK+ ! PROLET>IAT CLASS CONSCI\S4 ,WE DID ?AT & ! ,REPUBLICAN ,SOCIALI/ POLICIES ACTUALLY HELP$ US4 ,BUT ! SITUATION IS DIFF]5T TODAY4 ,WE'VE SUFF]$ TWO YE>S ( H>% OPPRESSION & ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS F$ UP ) IT4 

,FUR!RMORE1 !RE >E ?IRTY ?\S& 9MATES 9 ! PRISONS & IT SEEMS LIKE ALL WE NE$ TO DO IS VOTE TO GET !M \T4 ,?AT'S :AT ! LEFTW+ POLITICIANS 5C\RAGE US TO ?9K 9 ! RALLIES ?AT !Y'RE HOLD+ ?R\<\T ,SPA94 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! WORK]S >E TOO G5]\S4 ,DO Y\ REMEMB] :5 ,B>CELONA WORK]S SUPPORT$ ,FRANCISCO ,L>GO ,CABALL]O'S DEPUTY C&IDACY TO GET HIM \T ( PRISON AFT] ! SAD /RIKE 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#g8 ,!Y =GOT ! ,SOCIALI/S' BEHAVIOR DUR+ ?AT /RIKE & ONLY ?\<T ( FREE+ AN 9C>C]AT$ MAN4 ,TODAY MO/ ( ! WORK]S HAVE =GOTT5 ! REPRESSION FROM #aica TO #aicc & ONLY ?9K ( ! ,RI<T'S ATROCITIES 9 ,A/URIAS4 ,:E!R OR NOT WE ADVOCATE AB/5TION1 ! WORK]S WILL VOTE = ! ,LEFT1 BUT WE %\LD DO ! SAME ?+ ?AT WE DID 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#c4 ,WE MU/ NOT DECEIVE ! PROLET>IAT4 ,WE HAVE TO MAKE IT AW>E ( ! REALITY ?AT'S RI<T UND] \R NOSES3 IF ! ,REACTION>IES W91 !Y'LL IMPOSE A DICTATOR%IP LEGALLY &1 IF !Y LOSE1 !Y'LL ATTEMPT A C\P4 ,EI!R WAY1 A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! B\RGEOISIE IS 9EVITABLE4 ,?AT'S :AT WE HAVE TO SAY CLE>LY & DECISIVELY TO ! WORK+ CLASS2 SO ?AT IT'S W>N$1 SO ?AT IT'S >M$1 SO ?AT IT'S PREP>$1 & SO ?AT IT KN[S H[ TO DEF5D ITSELF :5 ! TIME COMES4 ,B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY IS DEAD & ! ,REPUBLICANS KILL$ IT4.<#d#d#f.>  
  

,DURRUTI WILL MA9TA9 ?IS POSITION CONSI/5TLY 9 ! MON?S ( LIFE REMA9+ TO HIM4 ,! REGIONAL CONF]5CE TOOK PLACE ON ,JANU>Y #b#e1 #a#i#c#f3  
  

,! MAJORITY ( ! DELEGATIONS 7#a#d#b DELEGATES REPRES5T+ N9ETY-TWO UNIONS1 EI<T ,LOCAL ,F$]ATIONS1 SEV5 C\NTIES1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE1 & ! ,REGIONAL ,PRISON] ,SUPPORT ,COMMITTEE7 DID NOT C>RY M&ATES FROM !IR RESPECTIVE UNIONS1 ! BULK ( :I* W]E /ILL CLOS$4 ,! LIMIT$ TIME BETWE5 ! CALL = ! CONF]5CE & ! CONF]5CE ITSELF MEANT ?AT MILITANTS C\LD NOT MAKE DECISIONS 9 ! NORMAL WAY4 ,MO/ ( ! DECISIONS EM]G$ \T ( MEET+S ( MILITANTS4 ,?IS PROMPT$ %>P CRITICISMS AGA9/ ! CONF]5CE ORGANIZ]S4 ,MANY CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE WAS TRY+ TO =CE !M TO TAKE AN ACCOMMODAT+ /ANCE T[>D ! ELECTORAL SITUATION4 ,! DELEGATION FROM ,HOSPITALET DEL ,LLOBREGAT WAS P>TICUL>LY EMPHATIC4 ,IT PROPOS$ C5SUR+ ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE = ALLEG$ CO]CION4 

,A DELEGATE PO9T$ TO A DECISION FROM A NATIONAL MEET+ ( REGIONALS 7ON ,MAY #b#f1 #a#i#c#e7 AS A RESPONSE TO ! ISSUE4 ,?AT DECISION E/ABLI%$ ! FOLL[+3  
  
  

,ALL PROPAG&A1 DUR+ ELECTIONS & O!RWISE1 WILL BE A DOCTR9AL EXPOSITION ( \R PR9CIPLES & PRACTICAL GOALS4 ,WE WILL FI<T POLITICS & ITS P>TIES 9 EQUAL MEASURE1 )\T FALL+ 9TO DEMAGOG]Y4 ,WE WILL C>RY \T AB/5TIONI/ PROPAG&A AT EV]Y POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITY1 9 A WAY ?AT IS CONSI/5T ) ! ORGANIZATION'S DECISIONS & )\T SUBORD9AT+ \R CONDUCT TO ELECTIONS4 ,! RELEVANT ,COMMITTEES WILL OV]SEE !SE EF=TS4  
  

,BUT1 NEV]!LESS1 MO/ DELEGATES SAW ! ,C,N,T'S ANTI-ELECTORAL POSITION AS A MATT] ( TACTICS MORE ?AN PR9CIPLE & ?US MANAG$ TO />T A DEBATE ON ! TOPIC4 ,! DISCUSSION REVEAL$ A /ATE ( IDEOLOGICAL VACILLATION )9 ! ,C,N,T1 DESPITE ALL ! EXEGETES :O SPOKE 5DLESSLY AB\T ! 9TR9SIC VALUE ( ! 0APOLITICAL0 & 0ANTI-POLITICAL0 P]SPECTIVES4 ,! CONF]5CE F9ALLY NOM9AT$ A COMMITTEE TO ISSUE A /ATEM5T4 ,! COMMITTEE'S DECL>ATION REASS]T$ ! ,C,N,T'S PR9CIPLES & GOALS1 AFFIRM+ ?AT IT HAD 0TO DEMON/RATE ! 9EFFICI5CY ( VOT+ TO ! WORK]S1 PO9T+ TO HI/ORIC EV5TS SU* AS ?OSE 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA40 

,9 ! DISCUSSION ( ! WORK] ALLIANCE1 CONF]5CE ATT5DEES AGRE$ ?AT ! 0,U,G,T MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK]S IS ONLY POSSIBLE ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,ACCEPT+ ?AT PO9T1 IT MU/ BREAK (F ALL POLITICAL & P>LIAM5T>Y COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM4444 ,= ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO BE EFFECTIVE1 IT MU/ COMPLETELY DE/ROY ! REGIME ?AT PRES5TLY CONTROLS ,SPANI% ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIFE4444 ,! NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS BORN ( REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY WILL BE GOV]N$ BY ! EXPRESS WILL ( ! WORK]S1 GA!R$ PUBLICLY & ) COMPLETE & ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION = ALL4444 ,! DEF5SE ( ! NEW SOCIETY REQUIRES ! UNITY ( ALL =CES & ?AT ! P>TICUL> 9T]E/ ( EA* T5D5CY IS PUT ASIDE40 ,!Y ADD$ A NOTE = ! ,C,N,T ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ASK+ IT TO CONV5E A NATIONAL CONF]5CE ( UNIONS 9 ,APRIL TO EXPLORE ! POSSIBILITY ( AN ACCORD ) ! ,U,G,T4 ,IT CONCLUD$ BY CALL+ AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATIONS TO JO9 ! ,C,N,T OR ,U,G,T1 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR AFF9ITIES4 .<#d#d#g.> ,?IS /ATEM5T AB\T ! NECESS>Y F\NDATIONS ( AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,U,G,T SIMPLY REAFFIRM$ ! ,C,N,T'S LONG/&+ POSITION4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ,SOCIALI/'S /ANCE ALSO REMA9$ ! SAME4 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS /ILL TRY+ TO W9 ,C,N,T VOTES1 AL?\< HE WAS ALSO BECOM+ DANG]\SLY ,BOL%EVIK4 

,CL>IDAD PR9T$ A SPEE* ?AT HE GAVE 9 E>LY ,JUNE AT A MEET+ ( ! ,AGRUPACION ,SOCIALI/A ,MADRIL5A4 ,HE SAID ?AT 0,PREV5T+ ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY FROM BE+ ! SOLE LEAD] W\LD BETRAY ! ,P>TY'S V]Y ESS5CE4444 ,:5 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS E/ABLI%$1 ! GOV]NM5T WILL HAVE TO FI<T ANYONE :O DISAGREES ) IT1 JU/ AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS P]MITT$ NO OPPOSITION & DE/ROY$ !IR OPPON5TS40 .<#d#d#h.> 

,! ,FEBRU>Y #af ELECTIONS OCCURR$ 9 AN 5VIRONM5T ( UNPREC$5T$ CALM4 ,EV5 ! CONS]VATIVE PAP] ,LA ,VANGU>DIA RECOGNIZ$ ?AT !Y HAD BE5 HELD 9 0P]FECT DISCIPL9E40 ,! ,LEFT COALITION WAS VICTORI\S1 BUT ONLY BY A SMALL M>G93 

,LEFT3 #d1#h#c#h1#d#d#i #bfc DEPUTIES 

,RI<T3 #c1#i#i#f1#i#c#a #abi DEPUTIES 

,C5T]3 #d#d#i1#c#b #eb DEPUTIES 

,! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ELECT$ N9ETY DEPUTIES1 :I* MEANT ?AT IT HAD LO/ TW5TY-SIX PO/S S9CE ! #aica ELECTIONS4 ,?AT WAS SURELY P>T ( ,SOCIALI/'S CONCESSION TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* GA9$ ?IRTE5 DEPUTIES4 ,! ,IZQUI]DA ,REPUBLICANA 7,AZANA7 & ,UNION ,REPUBLICANA 7,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO7 WON ! LIB]AL B\RGEOIS VOTE1 %>+ #aag DEPUTIES BETWE5 !M4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA ELECT$ ?IRTY-EI<T DEPUTIES4 

,! ,C,$,A CONT9U$ BE+ ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTION ON ! ,RI<T1 ) N9ETY-F\R DEPUTIES4 ,LA ,FALANGE ,ESPANOLA RAN ITS F\ND] ,JOSE ,ANTONIO ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A AS AN 9DEP5D5T C&IDATE & DID NOT ELECT EV5 ONE DEPUTY4 

,AS = ! ,C5T]1 ! ,RADICAL ,P>TY 7,L]R\X7 SUFF]$ A HUGE DEFEAT4 ,IT W5T FROM EI<TY DEPUTIES 9 ! #aicc ELECTIONS TO EI<T ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#f4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ,PORTELA ,VALLAD>ES & HIS GOV]NM5T HAD TO WAIT ONE MON? BE=E H&+ P[] OV] TO ! VICTORS ( ! ,FEBRU>Y #af ELECTIONS4 ,H[EV]1 TO PREV5T A C\P 9 ! 9T]IM1 ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA VIOLAT$ ! ,CON/ITUTION & GOT ,MANUEL ,AZANA & HIS M9I/]IAL TEAM TO ASSUME P[] 9 ?REE DAYS4 

,CALVO ,SOTELO & ,GIL ,ROBLES ASK$ ,PORTELA ,VALLAD>ES TO DECREE A /ATE ( EM]G5CY 9 ! E>LY MORN+ ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#g4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,G5]AL ,FRANCO TRI$ TO GET ,M9I/] ( ,W> ,G5]AL ,MOL]O & ,CIVIL ,GU>D ,9SPECTOR ,G5]AL ,POZAS TO SUPPORT AN 9T]V5TION ( ! ,>MY ) ! =CES ?AT !Y COMM&$4 ,MOL]O & ,POZAS REFUS$1 & SO ,G5]AL ,FRANCO SET \T TO ORGANIZE ! C\P ON HIS [N4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JOAQU9 ,>R>AS3 0,G5]AL ,FRANCO HAD ! APPROPRIATE ORD]S DRAFT$ & CIRCULAT$4 ,HE ALSO 9ITIAT$ A S]IES ( DISCUSSIONS ) ! COMM&] G5]ALS1 BUT HAD TO SUSP5D !M :5 AN AIDE TOLD HIM ?AT ,MR4 ,PORTELA NE$$ TO SEE HIM AT ONCE4 ,IT WAS TO EXPRESS HIS IRRITATION40.<#d#d#i.> ,AL?\< !RE WAS NO C\P ?AT NI<T ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#h1 ?AT HAD LESS TO DO ) ,PORTELA ,VALLAD>ES & ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA'S ACTIONS ?AN ! 9DECISION AMONG ! MILIT>Y LEAD]S ?AT ,FRANCO CONSULT$4 ,BUT1 GIV5 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ,ALCALA ,ZAMORA DECID$ ?AT IT W\LD BE IMPRUD5T TO WAIT A MON? TO TRANSF] P[] & 5TRU/$ ,MANUEL ,AZANA ) =M+ HIS GOV]NM5T ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#i4 

,MANUEL ,AZANA PUT TOGE!R A LEFTW+ ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,! WORK]S1 :O HAD BE5 HOLD+ PUBLIC DEMON/RATIONS & =CIBLY RELEAS+ 9MATES FROM ! PRISONS1 AGA9 AW>D$ !IR TRU/ TO ! LEFT ,REPUBLICAN LEAD]S1 HOP+ ?AT ?IS TIME !Y UND]/OOD ! NE$ TO BREAK ) ! POLICIES ( ! PA/ & TAKE ! C\NTRY ALONG A NEW PA?4 ,DUR+ ! ELECTORAL CAMPAIGN1 ! LEFT COALITION HAD PRES5T$ ITSELF AS AN OB/ACLE TO FASCISM2 ! PEOPLE W\LD RECEIVE !IR FIR/ DISAPPO9TM5T :5 ! NEW GOV]NM5T ACT$ OBLIVI\S TO & MADE NO ATTEMPT TO /OP ! CONSPIRACY 9ITIAT$ BY ,GIL ,ROBLES1 ,CALVO ,SOTELO1 & ,G5]AL ,FRANCO1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !Y HAD CLE>LY REVEAL$ !IR PLOYS4 

,ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#i1 EV]YONE ?\<T ?AT AU?ORITIES W\LD SURELY >RE/ ,G5]AL ,FRANCO4 ,9DE$1 ,FRANCO HIMSELF W5T DIRECTLY TO ! ,9T]IOR ,M9I/]1 P]HAPS HOP+ TO R$UCE ! SEV]ITY ( HIS PUNI%M5T4 ,HE WAS SURPRIS$ TO DISCOV] ?AT NOT ONLY DID ,AMOS ,SALVADOR LEAVE HIM 9 LIB]TY1 BUT ?AT HE ALSO RECOGNIZ$ HIS FIDELITY TO ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,MANUEL ,AZANA MADE ,FRANCO ! ,MILIT>Y ,COMM&] ( ! ,CAN>Y ,ISL&S 9 ORD] TO REMOVE HIM FROM ! ,P59SULA & MADE ,G5]AL ,GOD$ 7ANO!R PLOTT]7 MILIT>Y *IEF ( ! ,BALE>IC ,ISL&S1 :]E ,MUSSOL9I--9 ,MAJORCA--HAD SET UP HIS OP]ATIONAL HEADQU>T]S = ,ITALIAN ACTIVITIES 9 ,SPA94 

,BY TAK+ SU* MEASURES1 ,MANUEL ,AZANA & HIS GOV]NM5T W]E SIMPLY REHA%+ ! POLICIES ( ,GIL ,ROBLES OR ,L]R\X4 ,PEOPLE FELT ! DECEPTION LIKE A SLAP 9 ! FACE & ! GOV]NM5T'S 5ACTM5T ( AMNE/Y ON ,FEBRU>Y #ba DID NOT DIM9I% ! IMPACT ( ! 9SULT4 ,?AT WAS BECAUSE ! PEOPLE HAD ALREADY P>TIALLY IMPOS$ AMNE/Y !MSELVES BY OP5+ ! PROV9CIAL PRISONS & ALSO BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T WAS BEG9N+ TO LIMIT ! SCOPE ( ! AMNE/Y4 ,ITS RE/RICTIONS LEFT 5DLESS ,C,N,T SOCIAL 9MATES 9 PRISON1 AS WELL AS MANY S5T5C$ = COMMON LAW (F5SES :O W]E ACTUALLY SOCIAL PRISON]S1 GIV5 ?AT !Y W]E PEASANTS :OSE CRIMES HAD BE5 MOTIVAT$ BY HUNG]4 

,DURRUTI D5\NC$ !SE AFFRONTS 9 A MEET+ HELD 9 ,B>CELONA'S ,PRICE ,!AT] ON ,M>* #f4 0,WE REM9D ! M5 9 GOV]NM5T ?AT !Y'RE !RE BECAUSE ! WORK]S VOT$ !M 9 & !Y CAN ?R[ !M \T JU/ AS EASILY IF !IR PATI5CE IS EXHAU/$4 ,!RE IS ALREADY REASON TO ?9K ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS IS REA*+ ! LIMITS ( ITS TOL]ANCE ) ! GOV]NM5T40.<#d#e.> 

,! SITUATION WAS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY DESP]ATE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,MANY L&[N]S AB&ON$ !IR FIELDS1 P]HAPS BECAUSE !Y FE>$ REVOLUTION OR TO PROTE/ ! NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,! L&[N]S :O REMA9$ F\ND ANY EXCUSE TO HALT PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY1 :I* PRES]V$ ! CRU%+ RATES ( UNEMPLOYM5T AMONG ! PEASANTRY4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#g1 ! GOV]NM5T ISSU$ 9/RUCTIONS = REHIR+ WORK]S :O HAD BE5 FIR$ = !IR POLITICAL VIEWS OR = P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,OCTOB] #aicd REVOLUTION>Y EV5TS4 ,! RURAL & 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE IGNOR$ ?OSE DIRECTIVES & REFUS$ TO READMIT ! LABOR]S 9 QUE/ION4 ,AL?\< UNIONS 9 ! 9DU/RIAL >EAS W]E ABLE TO =CE ! B\RGEOISIE TO FOLL[ ! GOV]NM5T'S ORD]S1 ! ONLY SOLUTION 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE WAS TO OCCUPY ! AB&ON$ L&S4 ,RURAL EXPROPRIATIONS SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE ONCE ! ,C5ICI5TOS PEASANTS TOOK ! FIR/ /EP3  
  

,! PEASANTS ( ,C5ICI5TOS 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,MADRID HAVE OCCUPI$ 9 A BODY ! PA/URE L& CALL$ 0,5C9> DE LA ,P>RA10 COV]+ AN >EA ( #a1#c#a#g HECT>ES1 & HAVE BEGUN TO WORK IT4 ,:5 ! OCCUPATION WAS COMPLET$1 !Y S5T ! FOLL[+ LETT] TO ! M9I/] ( AGRICULTURE3 

0,9 \R VILLAGE !RE IS AN EXT5SIVE PA/URE L& SUSCEPTIBLE ( CULTIVATION1 :I* 9 ! PA/ WAS ACTUALLY CULTIVAT$1 BUT :I* TODAY IS US$ = %OOT+ & GRAZ+4 ,\R REPEAT$ REQUE/S TO LEASE ! L& FROM ! [N]1 :O1 TOGE!R ) TWO OR ?REE O!R L&[N]S1 POSSESS ALMO/ ! 5TIRE MUNICIPAL >EA--AT ONE TIME COMMUNAL PROP]TY--HAVE BE5 9 VA94 ,AS \R H&S & PL[S W]E IDLE & \R *ILDR5 HUNGRY1 WE HAD NO C\RSE BUT TO OCCUPY ! L&4 ,?IS WE HAVE DONE4 ,) \R LABOR IT WILL YIELD :AT IT DID NOT YIELD BE=E2 \R MIS]Y WILL 5D & ! NATIONAL WEAL? WILL 9CREASE4 ,9 DO+ ?IS1 WE DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT WE HAVE PREJUDIC$ ANYONE1 & ! ONLY ?+ WE ASK ( ,Y\R ,EXCELL5CY IS ?AT Y\ LEGALIZE ?IS SITUATION & GRANT US CR$ITS SO ?AT WE CAN P]=M \R LABORS 9 PEACE40 ,TWO WEEKS AFT] ! ,C5ICI5TOS OCCUPATION1 ! PEASANTS ( EI<T T[NS 9 ,SALAMANCA DID ! SAME ?+4 ,F\R DAYS LAT]1 ! 9HABITANTS ( SOME T[NS 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,TOL$O FOLL[$ SUIT &1 BY DAYBREAK ON ,M>* #b#e1 EI<TY ?\S& PEASANTS 9 ! ,CAC]ES & ,BADAJOZ PROV9CES W]E TAK+ OV] ! L&S & BEG9N+ TO CULTIVATE !M4.<#d#e#a.>  
  

,PRESS REPORTS ON !SE OCCUPATIONS MADE IT CLE> ?AT A BATTLE WAS UNFOLD+3 0,TWO ?\S& HUNGRY RESID5TS ( ?IS LOCALITY .<,MANSALBAS-,TOL$O.> JU/ TOOK OV] ! ',EL ,ROBL$O' F>M1 :I* ! ,C\NT ( ,ROMANONES APPROPRIAT$ TW5TY YE>S AGO )\T GIV+ ANY?+ TO ! PEOPLE40 .<#d#e#b.> 

,POPUL> ,FRONT LEAD]S HAD ASSUM$ ?AT !Y C\LD CONT9UE MANIPULAT+ ! PEASANTRY ) !IR SPECULATIONS AB\T :E!R 0WE WILL OR WILL NOT APPLY AGR>IAN RE=M10 BUT QUICKLY REALIZ$ ?AT W\LD NO LONG] WORK :5 ! FIR/ L& OCCUPATIONS BEGAN 9 ,MURCIA1 JU/ A FEW DAYS AFT] !Y TOOK (FICE4 ,!Y RESORT$ TO ! TIME-TE/$ PROC$URE ( EXPELL+ ! PEASANTS ) ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D1 :O 9JUR$ TW5TY-SEV5 ON ?IS OCCASION4 ,! PEASANTS RESPOND$ ) ! DRAMATIC REBELLION DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 :I* MADE ,MANUEL ,AZANA UND]/& ?AT HE C\LDN'T RELY ON MAUS]S ALONE & HAD TO S5D AGRONOMICAL 5G9E]S & LEGALIZE ! OCCUPI$ F>MS4 ,?IS PROV$ ONCE AGA9 ?AT ! ONLY EFFECTIVE RE=MS >E ?OSE IMPOS$ BY =CE FROM BEL[4 ,9DE$1 DIRECT ACTION WAS 9F9ITELY MORE SUCCESSFUL ?AN ALL ! P>LIAM5T>Y *ATT] ?AT TOOK PLACE BETWE5 #aica & #aicc AB\T :E!R TO 9/ITUTE ! APPROV$ ,AGR>IAN ,RE=M LAW4 

,!RE W]E O!R ACTIONS AFT] ! L& OCCUPATIONS4 ,!RE W]E ATTACKS ON *UR*ES1 = EXAMPLE1 :OSE PULPITS HAD BECOME SITES ( OP5 CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T & :OSE VE/RIES W]E BE+ US$ TO /ORE >MS4 ,! REVOLUTION BEGAN FROM BEL[ & HAD LITTLE TO DO ) DEF5D+ B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 ! SUPPOS$ PURPOSE ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT4 

,/ATI/ICS FROM ! P]IOD BETWE5 ,FEBRU>Y #af & ,JUNE #a#e1 #aicf %[ ?AT A CLASS W> WAS BREAK+ \T3 0,ONE HUNDR$ SIXTY *UR*ES BURN$ D[N2 #bfi DEA?S2 #a1#b#h#g 9JUR$2 #aac G5]AL /RIKES1 #bbh P>TIAL /RIKES1 & #ade BOMB+S40 ,! POLITICAL PHYSIOGNOMY ( ! C\NTRY WAS3 0,U,G,T1 #a1#d#d#g1 MEMB]S2 ,C,N,T1 #a1#e#g#g1 MEMB]S40 ,!SE NUMB]S TOTAL$ MORE ?AN ?REE MILLION1 9DICAT+ ?AT MORE ?AN A ?IRD ( ! C\NTRY'S EI<T MILLION WORK]S W]E UNIONIZ$4 

,! ,RI<T 0HAD #e#d#i1 5ROLL$ 9 ITS DIV]SE ORGANIZATIONS2 FROM #b1 TO #c1 RETIR$ SOLDI]S2 #e1 FALANGI/S2 #e1 PRIE/S1 & MILLIONS & MILLIONS ( PESETAS40 .<#d#e#c.> 

,?AT WAS ! DI/RIBUTION ( =CES :5 ! ,C,N,T HELD ITS ,F\R? ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS ON ,MAY #a1 #aicf 9 ,Z>AGOZA'S ,IRIS ,P>K ,!AT]4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #bg -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #bg -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/