,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #i 
0,! ,CL&E/9E ,REVOLUTION0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABEL ,PAZ 

,TEXT 3 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,X4 0,! CL&E/9E REVOLUTION0 

  

,RES]VES ( RIFLE AMMUNITION ON ! ,>AGON FRONT W]E ESS5TIALLY EXHAU/$ ONLY TWO WEEKS 9TO ! W>4 ,!Y ALSO HAD TO S5D MANY ( ! OLD MODEL #id RIFLES TO GUNSMI?S = REPAIR & (T5 DISC>D !M AS UNS]VICEABLE4 ,! >TILL]Y HAD TO FIRE ) GREAT ECONOMY DUE TO ! LACK ( %ELLS & ! MODE/ ,REPUBLICAN AIR =CE MADE ONLY BRIEF APPE>ANCES1 :I* DID LITTLE MORE ?AN ANNOY ! FASCI/S1 :O HAD ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN PLANES AT !IR DISPOSAL4 

,! ,BLACK & ,R$ ,COLUMN 7L$ BY ,ANTONIO ,ORTIZ7 TRI$ UNSUCCESSFULLY TO TAKE ! =TIFI$ FASCI/ POSITIONS 9 ,BEL*ITE SEV]AL TIMES4 ,! FASCI/S RECEIV$ CON/ANT RE9=CEM5TS & AMMUNITION FROM ,Z>AGOZA & ,CALATAYUD1 :I* GREATLY R$UC$ ! ,COLUMN'S *ANCES ( SUCCESS4 ,?+S W]E NOT MU* BETT] = ! MILITIAM5 9 ! ,ALCUBI]RE SECTOR1 :OSE ATTEMPTS TO SEV] COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ,HUESCA & ,Z>AGOZA ALSO FAIL$4 ,FRANCO'S TROOPS W]E DET]M9$ TO DEF5D ! ,ALCUBI]RE & ,BEL*ITE >EAS AT ALL CO/S1 BECAUSE !Y KNEW LOS+ EI!R W\LD MEAN ! LOSS ( ,Z>AGOZA & ?US LEAVE ! PA? OP5 TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MILITIAS4 

,) ! MILIT>Y ACTIVITY OCCURR+ ON ! P]IPH]Y1 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN C\LD DO LITTLE EXCEPT PROVOKE SKIRMI%ES ) ITS GU]RILLA GR\PS4 ,& IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONSID] )DRAW+ ! ,COLUMN FROM ITS POSITION3 A REBEL *>GE W\LD JEOP>DIZE ! CRUCIAL ,LOS ,MONEGROS ZONE &1 WORSE /ILL1 BREAK ! L9ES ( COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ! MILITIAM5 9 ,HUESCA & ?OSE 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,T]UEL1 !REBY GIV+ ! REBELS A CLE> R\TE TO ,L]IDA4 ,SO1 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN FOCUS$ ON C>RY+ \T ITS VITAL FUNCTION & US$ ! CALM TO RE9=CE /RATEGIC P>TS ( ! FRONT4 ,BUT ! 9ACTIVITY WAS TORTURE = ! FI<T]S AS WELL AS ,DURRUTI4 ,TO KEEP FROM BE+ CONSUM$ BY 9ACTIVITY1 HE DECID$ TO GO TO ,B>CELONA & SPEAK DIRECTLY ) ! ,C,C,A,M,C AB\T BREAK+ \T ( ?AT IMPASSE4 

,:ILE HE TRAVEL$ FROM ,BUJ>ALOZ TO ,B>CELONA1 ,DURRUTI C\LD WITNESS ! *ANGE ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD MADE BO? 9 PEOPLE & CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,! :IRLW9D ( ! FIR/ DAYS ( ! BATTLE HAD PASS$ & ! PEASANTS & WORK]S W]E N[ FOCUS$ ON *ANG+ !IR WAYS ( LIFE & CREAT+ NEW SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,! PEOPLE W]E /ILL >M$ & GU>D$ ! 5TRANCES ( !IR VILLAGES4 ,!RE WAS NO TRACE ( ,ASSAULT OR ,CIVIL ,GU>DS AT !SE *ECKPO9TS3 IT WAS ! PROLET>IANS :O ASSUR$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ORD]4 .<#e#g#f.> 

,DURRUTI /OPP$ HIS C> AT A *ECKPO9T AT A T[N 9 ! ,L]IDA PROV9CE4 

,HE PORTRAY$ HIMSELF AS A MILITIAMAN LEAV+ ! FRONT = ! RE>GU>D & REQUE/$ GASOL9E = HIS VEHICLE4 ,BY DO+ ?IS1 HE WANT$ TO SEE H[ ! PEASANT'S BEHAVIOR HAD *ANG$ 9 ?AT T[N ( SOME ?REE ?\S& RESID5TS4 ,A MILITIAMAN TOLD HIM ?AT HE %\LD SPEAK TO ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE 9 ! OLD MAYOR'S (FICE4 ,!Y'D GIVE HIM ! 0,O,K0 ?AT HE NE$$ TO FILL HIS C> ) GAS4 

,DURRUTI CROSS$ ! T[N'S MA9 SQU>E4 ,IT WAS >\ND NOON4 ,! SQU>E WAS EMPTY EXCEPT = SOME WOM5 LEAV+ ! *UR* ) A BASKET ( GOODS4 ,DURRUTI ASK$ !M H[ TO GET TO ! ,COMMITTEE & ALSO IF MASS WAS BE+ (FICIAT$ 9 ! *UR*4 

0,NO1 NO10 !Y RESPOND$4 0,!RE'S NO PRIE/4 ,! PRIE/ IS WORK+ 9 ! FIELD ) ! O!R M54 ,KILL HIM8 ,:Y KILL HIM8 ,HE ISN'T DANG]\S4 ,HE EV5 TALKS AB\T GO+ TO LIVE ) A T[N GIRL4 ,BESIDES1 HE'S V]Y HAPPY ) EV]Y?+ ?AT'S HAPP5+4 

0,BUT ! *UR* IS RI<T !RE10 SAID ,DURRUTI1 :ILE PO9T+4 

0,AH1 YES1 ! *UR*4 ,:Y DE/ROY IT8 ,! /ATUES W]E REMOV$ & BURN$ 9 ! SQU>E4 ,GOD NO LONG] EXI/S4 ,HE'S BE5 EXPELL$ FROM H]E4 ,&1 S9CE ,GOD DOESN'T EXI/1 ! ASSEMBLY DECID$ TO REPLACE ! WORD 0ADIOS0 .<) ,GOD.> ) 0,SALUD0 .<*E]S.>4 ,! ,COOP]ATIVE N[ OCCUPIES ! *UR* &1 BECAUSE EV]Y?+ IS COLLECTIVIZ$1 IT SUPPLIES ! T[N40 .<#e#g#g.> ,DURRUTI CAME ACROSS AN ELD]LY MAN :5 HE 5T]$ :AT WAS ONCE ! MAYOR'S (FICE4 ,IT WAS ! T[N'S =M] S*OOLTEA*]1 :O HAD BE5 REPLAC$ BY A Y\NG TEA*] FROM ,L]IDA ?REE MON?S E>LI]4 ,! OLD MAN HAD BE5 9ACTIVE DUR+ ?OSE MON?S BUT1 :5 ! REVOLUTION BROKE \T1 HE VOLUNTE]$ TO LOOK AFT] ! T[N'S ADM9I/RATIVE NE$S & ASSURE ! CONT9U$ OP]ATION ( ! ,T[N ,COMMITTEE4 ,! O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE W]E WORK+ 9 ! FIELDS4 ,!Y GA!R$ AT NI<TFALL TO DISCUSS PRESS+ MATT]S ?AT HAD COME UP DUR+ ! DAY OR TASKS ?AT !Y NE$$ TO ACCOMPLI% ! NEXT DAY4 ,AT ! TIME1 !Y HAD TO FOCUS ON TAK+ 9 ! H>VE/4 ,S9CE ! T[N'S Y\NG PEOPLE HAD VOLUNTE]$ TO GO FI<T ON ! FRONT1 ! REMA9+ RESID5TS HAD TO DO ! WORK4 

0,BUT DON'T ?9K10 ! RETIR$ TEA*] SAID1 0?AT ! WORK WEI<S ON ANYONE4 ,WE WORK = \RSELVES N[1 = EV]YONE40 

,DURRUTI ASK$ HIM H[ !Y HAD SELECT$ ! MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMITTEE4 ,DURRUTI'S /RAI<T=W>D & SIMPLE AIR 9SPIR$ ! TEA*]'S TRU/1 :O TOOK HIM AS ONE ( ! MANY CURI\S MILITIAM5 FROM ! CITY :O WANT$ TO SEE :AT WAS HAPP5+ 9 ! T[NS4 

0,WE HELD A T[N ASSEMBLY10 HE SAID1 0& CONSID]$ EV]YONE'S ABILITIES & ALSO !IR CONDUCT BE=E ! REVOLUTION4 ,?AT'S H[ WE APPO9T$ ! ,COMMITTEE40 

0,& :AT AB\T ! POLITICAL P>TIES80 ,DURRUTI SAID4 

0,P>TIES8 ,!RE >E SOME OLD ,REPUBLICANS LIKE MYSELF & SOME ,SOCIALI/S TOO2 BUT NO1 ! POLITICAL P>TIES HAV5'T PLAY$ ANY ROLE4 ,DUR+ \R ASSEMBLY1 WE CONSID]$ A P]SON'S ABILITY & CONDUCT & APPO9T$ ?OSE :O SEEM$ BE/ TO US4 ,IT WAS NO MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN ?AT4 ,! ,COMMITTEE REPRES5TS ! PEOPLE & IT'S TO ! PEOPLE ?AT IT HAS TO ANSW]40 

,DURRUTI ASK$ AB\T ! P>TIES AGA94 

0,! P>TIES80 ! TEA*] REPLI$1 9TRIGU$ BY HIS 9SI/5CE4 0,:Y DO WE NE$ POLITICAL P>TIES8 ,Y\ WORK TO EAT & EAT IF Y\ WORK4 ,P>TY POLITICS DON'T S[ :EAT1 GA!R OLIVES1 OR TAN ANIMAL HIDES4 ,NO1 \R PROBLEMS >E COLLECTIVE & WE HAVE TO SOLVE !M COLLECTIVELY4 ,POLITICS DIVIDES & \R T[N WANTS TO BE UNIT$1 9 TOTAL COMMUNITY40 

0,BY ALL APPE>ANCES1 EV]YONE IS HAPPY H]E4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ! OLD L&[N]S80 ,DURRUTI 9QUIR$4 

0,!Y >5'T HAPPY10 ! TEA*] RESPOND$4 0,!Y DON'T SAY SO \TRI<T1 BECAUSE !Y'RE AFRAID1 BUT Y\ CAN SEE IT ON !IR FACES4 ,SOME HAVE JO9$ ! COMMUNITY1 O!RS HAVE *OS5 :AT WE N[ CALL '9DIVIDUALISM4' ,!Y'VE KEPT !IR L& BUT HAVE TO CULTIVATE IT !MSELVES1 BECAUSE ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN NO LONG] EXI/S H]E1 & SO !Y WON'T F9D ANY EMPLOYES4 0,BUT :AT HAPP5S IF !Y CAN'T CULTIVATE !IR L& !MSELVES80 

0,?AT SIMPLY %[S ?AT !Y HAVE TOO MU* L& & ! T[N TAKES POSSESSION ( :AT !Y CAN'T T5D TO4 ,LEAV+ ! L& UNCULTIVAT$ W\LD BE AN ATTACK ON ALL ( US40 .<#e#g#h.> 

,DURRUTI SAID GOODBYE TO ! TEA*] &1 :5 HE RETURN$ TO ! *ECKPO9T1 ! WORK]S ON GU>D ASK$ HIM IF HE'D RECEIV$ ! GASOL9E ?AT HE NE$$4 ,HE TOLD !M YES ) A SMILE & ?REW !M A 0,SALUD60 FROM ! C> AS HE TOOK (F = ,B>CELONA4 

,!RE W]E SIMIL> CIRCUM/ANCES 9 ALL ! PLACES ?AT ,DURRUTI VISIT$ ALONG ! WAY1 BUT LIFE WAS MORE COMPLICAT$ 9 ! L>G] T[NS4 ,:AT WAS DIFF]5T WAS ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES HAD BECOME AN EXT5SION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,MILITIAS & REPRES5TATIVES FROM POLITICAL P>TIES & WORK]S ORGANIZATIONS OP]AT$ )9 !M4 ,! PEOPLE /ILL EX]CIS$ DIRECT CONTROL OV] ! ,COMMITTEE MEMB]S1 :I* WAS NOT ! CASE 9 ,B>CELONA1 :]E ! POLITICAL P>TY OR LABOR ORGANIZATION ?AT APPO9T$ ! ,C,C,A,M,C MEMB]S CONTROLL$ !M4 ,?IS CONTRA/ WAS EVID5T 9 ! DOCUM5TS ISSU$4 ,C,C,A,M,C DOCUM5TS SIMPLY NE$$ ! ,C,C,A,M,C /AMP &1 UNTIL ,AUGU/ #a1 ! ,F,A,I ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE'S /AMP TO BE VALID1 :]EAS 9 ! T[NS EA* ORGANIZATION OR P>TY HAD TO /AMP A DOCUM5T = IT TO BE LEGITIMATE4 ,TO AN EXT5T1 ! ,T[N ,COMMITTEES HAD REPLAC$ ! CITY C\NCILS & EX]CIS$ A 7V]Y LIMIT$7 POLITICAL-ADM9I/RATIVE P[]4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! WORKPLACES MEANT ?AT ECONOMIC P[] LAY 9 ! H&S ( ! ,WORK]S' ,COMMITTEES1 :I* ANSW]$ PRIM>ILY TO ! UNIONS4 ,! UNIONS HAD ALSO EXP]I5C$ A *ANGE1 & IT WAS N[ POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( ,LOCAL ,WORK]S' ,ASSOCIATIONS4 

,WORK]S' CONTROL WAS P]VASIVE 9 ,B>CELONA & ! >M$ M5 GU>D+ ! FACTORY GATES MADE IT CLE> ?AT ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION W]E 9 PROLET>IAN H&S4 ,! RAPID TRANS=MATION ( DAILY LIFE 9 ! ,CATALAN CAPITAL IMPRESS$ ,DURRUTI4 ,WORK]S' COLLECTIVES RAN URBAN TRANSPORTATION & ! METROS4 ,9DE$1 ! PEOPLE HAD COMPLETELY EXPROPRIAT$ ! TRANSPORTATION 9DU/RY4 ,WORK]S' ,COMMITTEES W]E APPO9T$ BY /REETC>1 BUS1 TRUCK1 SUBWAY1 & M>ITIME TRANSPORT WORK]S 9 L>GE ASSEMBLIES4 ,! RAILWAY COMPANIES HAD CEAS$ TO EXI/ & IT WAS ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T RAIL WORK]S :O RAN !M4 ,COLLECTIVISM HAD ALSO SPREAD TO ! TEXTILE1 METALWORK1 FOOD1 ELECTRO-*EMICAL1 GAS1 ELECTRICITY1 PETROLEUM1 & WOOD 9DU/RIES4 ,C9EMAS1 !AT]S1 & O!R P>TS ( ! 5T]TA9M5T SECTOR W]E RUN COLLECTIVELY AS WELL4 

,! TRANS=MATION 9 PROP]TY RELATIONS HAD AN EFFECT ON ! PEOPLE AS WELL4 ,IT *ANG$ SOCIAL RELATIONS & TOPPL$1 9 MANY CASES1 ! OLD SEP>ATION BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 AS WELL AS ! TRADITIONAL F\NDATIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS FAMILY4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS LIKE A VOLCANO ?AT %AP$ ! MAT]IAL ?AT IT WAS SPEW+ =? 9TO NEW =MS4 ,DURRUTI HAD BE5 RI<T TO TELL ,VAN ,PAASS5 ?AT A NEW WORLD WAS BE+ BORN4 

,! ,SOCIALI/S & ,/AL9I/S HAD NO CONTROL OV] ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 AL?\< !Y DID !IR UTMO/ TO CONCEAL & FALSIFY IT4 ,TO ! 9T]NATIONAL AUDI5CE1 !Y PRES5T$ ! REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES AS LIMIT$ & ABNORMAL & CLAIM$ ?AT ! PEOPLE 5?USIA/ICALLY SUPPORT$ ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,JESUS ,H]N&EZ1 A MEMB] ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 MADE COMM5TS ALONG ?OSE L9ES A CORRESPOND5T FROM ,T\L\SE'S ,LA ,DEPE*E 9 ,AUGU/1 BUT ONE HAD TO BE BL9D NOT TO SEE ?AT AN 5ORM\S *ANGE WAS TAK+ PLACE 9 SOCIETY & M54 

,BE=E GO+ TO ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,COMMITTEES1 ,DURRUTI /OPP$ AT WORK]S' COLLECTIVES TO SEE H[ !Y W]E DEVELOP+4 ,:]EV] HE W5T1 :E!R TO HOSPITALS OR 9DU/RIAL OR TRANSPORTATION C5T]S1 ! WORK]S EXUD$ A PR(\ND REVOLUTION>Y PASSION4 ,?IS TIME ! REVOLUTION WAS REAL4 

,DURRUTI F9ALLY W5T TO ! 0,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,H\SE40 ,AT ITS DOOR1 LIKE AT ! FACTORY GATES1 HE SAW >M$ WORK]S /&+ GU>D1 ) RIFLES & A MA*9E-GUN /ICK+ ITS B>REL ?R\< ! S& BAGS4 ,A SIGN ATTRACT$ HIS ATT5TION :5 HE 5T]$ ! VE/IBULE3 0,COMRADE1 BE BRIEF3 WE MAKE ! REVOLUTION BY ACT+ NOT TALK+40 .<#e#g#i.> 

,! ELEVATORS ROSE & FELL1 LOAD+ & UNLOAD+ ! MASSES ( PEOPLE :O W]E GO+ TO OR COM+ FROM AN (FICE4 ,?OSE :O W]E IMPATI5T US$ ! BUILD+'S WIDE M>BLE /AIRS4 ,DURRUTI WAS LIKE A /RANG] !RE1 BUT /ILL AT HOME4 ,! 0,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,H\SE0 SEEM$ LIKE ! N]VE C5T] ( ,B>CELONA & ,CATALONIA4 ,DURRUTI WAS ?RILL$ TO PASS ?R\< ! TUMULT UNNOTIC$1 HAV+ HAD ! GOOD =TUNE NOT TO RUN 9TO ANYONE HE KNEW4 ,NOT LONG AGO ALL ( ,B>CELONA %\T$ HIS NAME2 TODAY HIS WAS ANONYM\S4 ,:5 HE SAW ,M>IANO ,R4 ,VAZQUEZ1 HE ASK$3 0,DOESN'T ?IS :OLE APP>ATUS SC>E Y\8 ,>E WE GO+ TO DR[N \RSELVES 9 BUREAUCRACY80 ,M>IANO DIDN'T RESPOND IMM$IATELY4 ,AFT] REFLECT+ = A MOM5T1 HE SAID3  
  

,! ,C,N,T IS SUDD5LY 9DISP5SABLE TO RESOLV+ ALL LOCAL & REGIONAL PROBLEMS4 ,N[ ?AT WORK]S CONTROL ! FACTORIES1 ! UNIONS HAVE TO ADDRESS ALL ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,?AT'S :Y WE'VE CREAT$ ?IS /RUCTURE1 :I* HAS CONT9U$ GR[+ ON ITS [N & IMPOS+ ITSELF4 ,BUT IT ACTUALLY HAS NO C5T]4 ,! GRASSROOTS CONT9UE TO MAKE ! DECISIONS4 ,! LEAD+ COMRADES >E /ILL WORK]S 9 !IR FACTORIES & !IR ASSEMBLIES OV]SEE !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,= ! TIME BE+1 RANK & FILE CONTROL IS /ILL A REALITY4  
  

,M>IANO'S COMM5TS L$ ,DURRUTI TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,CATALAN ,C,N,T WAS S5SITIVE TO ! ?REATS FAC+ ! REVOLUTION4 ,HE BECAME EV5 MORE CONV9C$ ( ?AT :5 ,M>IANO CONCLUD$ !IR DISCUSSION BY SAY+3  
  

,! REVOLUTION HAS PUT AN>*ISM TO ! TE/4 ,= YE>S WE CALL$ = REVOLUTION & N[ ?AT ! MOM5T ( TRU? HAS >RIV$1 WE CAN'T SKIRT ! RESPONSIBILITY ( GUID+ IT4 ,WE HAVE TO HOPE ?AT \R AN>*I/ CONVICTIONS WILL 5ABLE US TO RESI/ P]SONAL DEG5]ATION4 ,N[1 MORE ?AN EV]1 IT'S IMP]ATIVE ?AT ! BASE CONTROLS PROM95T MILITANTS LIKE US1 EV5 IF IT DOESN'T WANT TO4 ,! ONLY WAY TO /OP ! COMMITTEES FROM TAK+ OV] = ! BASE IS BY MAK+ SURE ?AT ?OSE 9 LEAD]%IP POSITIONS >E SUBORD9ATE TO ! PEOPLE4.<#e#h.>  
  

,DURRUTI LEFT ,M>IANO ?9K+ ?AT ?US F> VICTORY HAD NOT CAUS$ ! MILITANT AN>*I/S TO LOSE !IR HEADS4 ,M>IANO'S /ATEM5TS SEEM$ TO 9DICATE ?AT4 ,WAS HE RI<T TO BE OPTIMI/IC8 ,AN>*I/S :O HOLD P[] >E NOT IMMUNE TO ! TEMPTATIONS ( P[]4 ,ALL M5 CAN FALL 9TO ITS TRAPS4 ,YES1 AS ,M>IANO SAID1 ! RANK & FILE HAD TO CONTROL ! LEAD]%IP1 BUT NEI!R ,M>IANO NOR ,DURRUTI REALIZ$ ?AT !Y HAD TAK5 ! FIR/ /EP OV] ! PRECIPICE ON ,JULY #b :5 A GR\P ( MILITANTS /OOD 9 = ! BASE & MADE DECISIONS ON ITS BEHALF4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ON1 A SEP>ATION BEGAN TO EM]GE BETWE5 ! BASE & ! LEAD]%IP3 ! GRASSROOTS WANT$ TO EXP& ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ! LEAD]S WANT$ TO CONTROL IT & ?US RE/RICT$ IT4 ,?AT CONFLICT WAS B>ELY P]CEPTIBLE !N1 BUT IT WAS !RE4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,DURRUTI & ,M>IANO WAS ?AT ! =M] WAS 9 DIRECT CONTACT ) ! BASE1 :ILE ! LATT] WAS NOT4 ,:5 SOMEONE VISIT$ ! ,COLUMN & TRI$ TO CONFUSE A MILITIAMAN BY TELL+ HIM ?AT ,DURRUTI WAS OBEY$ BECAUSE HE WAS ! BOSS1 ! MILITIAMAN REPLI$ ?AT 0HE ISN'T OBEY$ BECAUSE HE'S ! BOSS1 BUT BECAUSE HE'S RESPONSIBLE = LEAD+ ! ,COLUMN4 ,WE'LL DISMISS HIM :5 HE /OPS 9T]PRET+ ITS WILL40 .<#e#h#a.> ,DURRUTI DIDN'T APPRECIATE ?AT CONFLICT$ SITUATION AT ! TIME1 AL?\< IT W\LD NOT BE LONG BE=E HE DID4 

,AFT] LEAV+ ! 0,C,N,T-,F,A,I ,H\SE10 ,DURRUTI W5T TO ! ,PLAZA ,PALACIO TO VISIT ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 :O WAS 5SCONC$ 9 ! OLD ,NAUTICAL ,S*OOL BUILD+ ?AT N[ H\S$ ! ,C,C,A,M,C4 ,HE WAS TREM5D\SLY ACTIVE & B>ELY SLEPT AS HE W5T FROM ONE MEET+ TO ! NEXT4 ,SANTILLAN ACKN[L$G$ HIS T5ACITY :5 HE NOT$ ?AT ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I DELEGATES HAD ASK$ ,G>CIA ,OLIV] TO DEF5D ! TWO ORGANIZATION'S POSITIONS DUR+ ! ,C,C,A,M,C'S NI<TLY MEET+S3 DUE TO HIS 9EXPLICABLE M5TAL AGILITY1 HE WAS ! ONLY ONE ABLE TO /AY AL]T DESPITE ! FATIGUE4 .<#e#h#b.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV] ALSO ATT5D$ TO ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I M5 :O CAME TO ! ,C,C,A,M,C = MILIT>Y REASONS3 !Y ONLY TRU/$ HIM1 KN[+ ?AT HE W\LD KEEP HIS WORD IF HE GAVE IT TO !M4 ,HE ORGANIZ$ A S*OOL = MILIT>Y TRA9+1 RECRUIT+ =M] PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI]S TO GIVE BRIEF C\RSES TO C5TURIA & AGRUPACION LEAD]S4 ,! S*OOL HAD A SECTION SPECIALIZ+ 9 GU]RILLA /RUGGLE1 9 :I* HE HIMSELF GAVE LECTURES TO Y\? ATT5D+ ! C\RSES4 ,) ! HELP ( SOME PILOTS1 HE LAID ! F\NDATIONS = AN ,AIR =CE S*OOL1 MAK+ USE ( ! DILAPIDAT$ PLANES AT ! ,PRAT DE ,LLOBREGAT AIRBASE = 9/RUCTION4 ,HE S5T EMISS>IES TO ,FRANCE TO MAKE CONTACT ) >MS DEAL]S TO BUY W> MAT]IEL 7! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES SUPPORT$ ! 9ITIATIVE BY PUTT+ EXPROPRIAT$ JEWELS & VALUABLES AT HIS DISPOSAL74 ,HE GOT ,EUG5IO ,VALLEJO1 A MILITANT FROM ! ,METALWORK]S' ,UNION1 TO IMM$IATELY BEG9 ORGANIZ+ A W> 9DU/RY4 ,! ,METALWORK]S W\LD COLLABORATE ) ! ,*EMICAL ,PRODUCTS ,UNION & ! ,M9]S FROM ,SALL5T TO OBTA9 GUNP[D] & EXPLOSIVES AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE4 ,MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS ON ! ,>AGON FRONT ALSO ANSW]$ ON HIM &1 AS ! LA/ ITEM AMONG HIS EXTREMELY V>I$ RESPONSIBILITIES1 HE HAD TO MEET ) PROM95T =EIGN]S & CONSUL> REPRES5TATIVES S5T BY NATIONS ) 9DU/RIAL PROP]TIES 9 ,CATALONIA ?AT W]E N[ UND] WORK] CONTROL4 

,DURRUTI DIDN'T RECOGNIZE ,G>CIA ,OLIV] :5 HE SAW HIM4 ,! REVOLUTION HAD MADE HIM A DIFF]5T MAN1 :O N[ LIV$ = ! CAUSE ALONE4 ,!RE WAS A SMALL B$ 9 A CORN] ( HIS (FICE ON :I* HE OCCASIONALLY LAID D[N = A FEW M9UTES ( RE/4 ,HE HAD NEGLECT$ HIS CLO?+ & P]SON1 & ?IS FROM SOMEONE NORMALLY QUITE ATT5TIVE TO SU* ?+S4 

0,Y\'VE *ANG$10 ,DURRUTI SAID4 

0,SO HAVE Y\10 ,G>CIA REPLI$4 0,:O HASN'T BE5 *ANG$ BY ! REVOLUTION8 ,IT W\LDN'T BE WOR? MAK+ IT JU/ TO CONT9UE BE+ ! SAME40 

,BO? M5 PAUS$ = A FEW SECONDS BE=E BEG9N+ TO DISCUSS MATT]S ?AT !Y KNEW !Y HAD TO ADDRESS3 ! ATTACK ( ,Z>AGOZA1 ! %ORTAGE ( WEAPONS & AMMUNITION1 RE/RUCTUR+ ! ,>AGON ,W> ,COMMITTEE1 ! PROBLEM ( ,COLONEL ,VILLALBA1 ETC4 

,G>CIA ,OLIV] LOOK$ AT ,DURRUTI & TRI$ TO GUESS H[ HE W\LD RESPOND TO ! BAD NEWS ?AT HE HAD TO GIVE HIM4 ,HE WASN'T PLEAS$ ) ! NEWS EI!R1 BUT ,CAPTA9 ,BAYO1 DISRUPT+ EV]Y?+1 HAD CREAT$ A SITUATION ?AT !Y HAD TO CONFRONT4 ,IT WAS ! L&+ ON ,MAJORCA4.<#e#h#c.> ,! SITUATION DEM&$ SPECIAL ATT5TION1 :I* C\LD ONLY COME AT ! EXP5SE ( ! BATTLE ON ! ,>AGON FRONT4 ,! NEWS W\LD BE A T]RIBLE BL[ TO ,DURRUTI3  
  

0,WE HAVE TO PO/PONE ! ATTACK ON ,Z>AGOZA4 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE ! ,COLUMNS S\? ( ! ,EBRO ,RIV] & >\ND ,ALCUBI]RE HAVE NOT A*IEV$ !IR OBJECTIVES & WE NE$$ ?AT TO OCCUR BE=E LAUN*+ ! FRONTAL ASSAULT4 ,SECOND1 BECAUSE ( ! EXP$ITION TO ,MAJORCA1 :I* C\LD PROMPT ! ,ITALIANS TO 9T]V5E 9 ORD] PROTECT !IR BASES 9 ! ,BALE>IC ,ISL&S4 ,5GL& W\LD NOT REMA9 IMPASSIVE IF ,ITALY ACT$ IMPRUD5TLY 9 ,MAJORCA4 ,IF ,5GL& 9T]V5ES1 ! W> WILL HAVE A NEW DIM5SION4 ,! FATE ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION10 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] SAID1 0IS BE+ DECID$ \TSIDE ( ,SPA94 ,WE HAVE TO SET \R SI<TS ON ,MAJORCA & ,MOROCCO40  
  

,DURRUTI >GU$ ?AT ! ,FR5* & ! ,BRITI% W\LD BE ABLE TO GET ALONG V]Y WELL ) ! ,ITALIANS 9 AN EF=T TO AVOID AN EXT5SION ( ! CONFLICT4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! OP]ATION 9 ,MAJORCA MI<T 5D 9 A FIASCO & !Y RISK LOS+ PRECI\S TIME 9 ,>AGON IF !Y DELAY ! ATTACK4 ,! 5EMY W\LD D\BTLESSLY USE ?AT TIME TO RE9=CE ITS POSITIONS3 IT WAS WELL AW>E ( ,Z>AGOZA'S IMPORTANCE = ! FUTURE ( ! W>4 ,DURRUTI ASS]T$ ?AT IT WAS ESS5TIAL TO TAKE ! CITY AT ALL CO/S4 ,IT WAS ! L9K ) ! NOR? & ! W> WILL BE WON ONCE CONTACT IS REE/ABLI%$ ) IT1 S9CE ?AT WILL 5ABLE !M TO FOCUS ALL !IR EF=TS ON ! TROOPS ?AT ,FRANCO IS UNLOAD+ 9 ,&ALUSIA4 ,AS MA/]S ( ! ,P59SULA1 ,DURRUTI SAID1 !Y WILL BE ABLE TO RESI/ :ATEV] OB/ACLES ! 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/S MI<T IMPOSE4 

,!RE W]E TWO POSITIONS H]E4 ,ONE WAS A /ATI/ /RATEGY ?AT PLAY$ ) DIPLOMACY & CONFLICT+ IMP]IALI/ 9T]E/S4 ,IT WAS NOT COMPLETELY 9CORRECT1 FROM A /RATEGIC-MILIT>Y PO9T ( VIEW1 YET ITS C5TRAL DEFECT WAS ?AT ITS SUCCESS DEP5D$ ON REVOLUTION>Y =CES & ! ,5GLI%1 ,FR5*1 ,ITALIANS1 & ,G]MANS W]E ALL UNIT$ AGA9/ !M4 ,! O!R POSITION1 :I* ,DURRUTI DEF5D$1 WAS MORE REVOLUTION>Y & REALI/IC4 ,IT ASSUM$ ! NE$ TO FI<T 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALI/S BUT ?AT TO DO SO EFFECTIVELY !Y HAD TO F9I% (F ! MILIT>Y REBELS ON ! ,P59SULA AT ONCE4 ,ANY PROLONGATION ( ! W> W\LD UND]M9E ! REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/S & A W> ALONE IS NOT WOR? DY+ =4 ,! TRAG$Y ( ! REVOLUTION & MILITANT AN>*ISM W\LD REVOLVE >\ND !SE TWO POSITIONS4 ,FROM !N ON1 ! REVOLUTION WAS SUBORD9ATE TO ! W>4 

,G>CIA ,OLIV] REM9D$ ,DURRUTI ?AT !IR DILEMMA WAS ! 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I'S FATEFUL DECISION ON ,JULY #b TO ACCEPT COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOIS ANTI-FASCI/ =CES4 

0,9 FACT10 HE ADD$1 0WE GAVE UP ! REVOLUTION :5 WE FAIL$ TO ABOLI% ! ,G5]ALITAT & AGRE$ TO COLLABORATE ) ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,:AT W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ IF WE HAD ADOPT$ ! MORE RADICAL POSITION8 ,! SITUATION W\LD HAVE BECOME CLE> IMM$IATELY4 ,TAK+ ALL ! RESPONSIBILITY ON \RSELVES1 EV]Y?+ W\LD HAVE BE5 FRAM$ DIFF]5TLY4 ,& WE W\LDN'T HAVE COMMITT$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE'S ]ROR ( 5CLOS+ \RSELVES 9 A S+LE CITY1 BECAUSE WE W]E ALREADY PROJECT$ OV] TWO REGIONS3 ,>AGON & ,LEVANTE1 ) ! WAY OP5 T[>D ,&ALUSIA4 ,BUT ! ,C,N,T REJECT$ ?AT SOLUTION & ADOPT$ ! COLLABORATIONI/ POSITION4 ,IT WILL BE ! DEA? ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ! LONG RUN40.<#e#h#d.> 

,!SE TWO REVOLUTION>IES W]E TRAPP$ BY A SITUATION ?AT !Y HAD NOT WANT$ BUT HAD ACCEPT$ AS A DUTY TO !IR ORGANIZATION4 ,NEI!R GAVE UP ON ! REVOLUTION & EA* F\<T 9 HIS [N WAY TO EXT5D IT4 ,H[EV]1 ! REALITY WAS ?AT ! REVOLUTION WAS ON HOLD UNTIL ! DEFEAT ( ! FASCI/S4 ,H[ C\LD !Y VANQUI% AN 5EMY ?AT HAD EXCELL5T MILIT>Y SUPPLIES & ! SUPPORT ( ,ITALY & ,G]MANY8 ,CATALONIA DID NOT HAVE ! PRIM>Y MAT]IALS NECESS>Y = MAK+ >MS OR ! MONEY ) :I* TO BUY !M4 ,SPA9'S TREASURY--ITS GOLD--WAS 9 ! C(F]S ( ! ,BANK ( ,SPA9 9 ,MADRID & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY CONTROLL$ ! SITUATION !RE4 ,H[ C\LD ! ,C,N,T GET ITS H&S ON ! GOLD 9 ! ,BANK ( ,SPA98 ,!RE WAS ONLY ONE SOLUTION3 ,L>GO ,CABALL]O WAS UNHAPPY ) ! ,GIRAL GOV]NM5T & ?\<T IT WASN'T DO+ 5\< TO SUPPORT ! PEOPLE'S VICTORY4 ,HE WAS LEAD] ( ! ,U,G,T & HIS PRE/IGE HAD 9CREAS$ AFT] HIS DISPUTE ) ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO1 AN AVID ,GIRAL SUPPORT]4 ,! ONLY SOLUTION ?AT W\LD 5ABLE ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION TO MOVE =W>D WAS AN AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! ,U,G,T & ,C,N,T1 9 :I* BO? ORGANIZATIONS =M$ A ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL ?AT W\LD ASSUME ! FULL LEAD]%IP ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,C\LD ,L>GO ,CABALL]O BE MADE TO UND]/& ?AT ! REVOLUTION DEM&$ AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T8 ,?AT WAS ! ONLY HOPE1 BUT ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,DURRUTI W]E NOT OPTIMI/IC ?AT ! SOCIAL DEMOCRAT ,L>GO ,CABALL]O W\LD LEAN DEF9ITIVELY T[>D ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,&1 IF HE HAD EV] CONSID]$ SU* AN ALLIANCE1 SOMEONE WAS ALREADY 9 ,SPA9 DO+ HIS BE/ TO /OP IT FROM BE+ MADE3 ,MIKHAIL ,KOLTSOV1 FOLL[+ ! 9/RUCTIONS ( HIS PATRON1 ,/AL91 W\LD WORK >D5TLY TO KEEP ,L>GO ,CABALL]O 9 HIS PURELY SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ROLE4.<#e#h#e.> 

,GIV5 ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] CONCLUD$ ?AT !RE WAS NO *OICE BUT TO FOLL[ EV5TS & TRY TO CONTROL !M4 ,HE HAD TO REMA9 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,MILITIAS1 HOLD ONTO ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I'S KEY POSITIONS1 SUPPORT ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEES1 USE ! >M$ =CE ( ! PEOPLE AS A CON/ANT ?REAT AGA9/ ANY ATTEMPT TO RECON/RUCT ! OLD ORD]1 COLLECTIVIZE ! ECONOMY1 & CREATE AN >M$ BODY 9 ! RE>GU>D ?AT W\LD ANSW] TO ! UNIONS4 ,BUT ALL ( ?IS1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] ?\<T1 NE$$ LEGAL SANCTION FROM ! ,C,C,A,M,C4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y W\LD PU% ! REVOLUTION =W>D1 BUT CL&E/9ELY4 

,! IDEAS WAS AMUS+ TO ,DURRUTI3 IT W\LD BE LIKE YE>S AGO1 :5 ! ,F,A,I WAS UND]GR\ND & YET ITS PR9CIPLE MILITANTS W]E FAM\S6 ,:5 EV]Y?+ WAS SAID & DONE1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WAS DEF5D+ ! POSITION ?AT ,MANUEL ,ESCORZA HAD ADVANC$ AT ! ,JULY #b MEET+4 ,DURRUTI >GU$ ?AT NO ONE WAS DECEIV+ ANYONE !N4 ,BUT N[1 :5 WORK]S EXPROPRIATE ! B\RGEOISIE1 :5 !Y SEIZE =EIGN PROP]TIES1 :5 PUBLIC SECURITY IS 9 !IR H&S1 :5 ! UNIONS CONTROL ! MILITIAS1 :5 A TRUE REVOLUTION IS OCCURR+1 H[ IS IT POSSIBLE TO GIVE ALL ?AT LEGAL SANCTION )\T COMPROMIS+ ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT8 

0,ANY ATTEMPT ?AT WE MAKE TO LEGALIZE \R EF=TS10 HE SAID1 0WILL RE9=CE ! ,G5]ALITAT1 BECAUSE IT LEGITIMIZES ! BODY ?AT DECREES & PUTS ITS /AMP ON ?+S2 & ! /RONG] ! ,G5]ALITAT1 ! WEAK] ! ,C,C,A,M,C4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,C,N,T WILL /R5G!N ! ,G5]ALITAT &1 ) AN 9TEGRAT$ ECONOMY 9 ITS H&S1 WE WILL BE M>*+ T[>D A SPECIES ( /ATE SOCIALISM40 

,DURRUTI'S F9AL PO9T AB\T ! ECONOMY WAS RELAT$ TO ! CREATION ( ! ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL1 9 :I* ,SANTILLAN WAS PLAY+ A V]Y IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! ,C,N,T'S NAME4 ,?AT BODY1 ) ITS LEGAL =CE1 W\LD 5D UP 9TEGRAT+ ! 5TIRE ECONOMY 9TO ! ,CATALAN /ATE & ?US LEAD TO A =M ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,DURRUTI'S CRITICISMS W]E JU/4 ,!Y HAD TO OPPOSE ! SPREAD ( A LEGALI/ CONCEPT ( ! ECONOMY TO ! UTMO/4 ,NEV]!LESS1 BO? KNEW ?AT AN >M$ CONFLICT WAS 9EVITABLE & TO BE PREP>$ = IT ! WORK+ MASSES' REVOLUTION>Y >DOR HAD TO BE PRES]V$ & PITT$ AGA9/ ! EFFECTIVE P[] ( ! ,C,C,A,M,C AS MU* AS ! PASSIVE P[] ( ! ,G5]ALITAT4 ,IT W\LD BE A REVOLUTION )9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ,DURRUTI WAS NOT SATISFI$ ) ?IS CONFUS+ & CONTRADICTORY SITUATION & ?\<T !Y %\LD RAISE ! QUE/ION AT ! NEXT MEET+ ( ! ,CATALAN ,C,N,T4 ,!Y AGRE$ ?AT ?IS W\LD BE A GOOD WAY TO MAKE ! MILITANTS FACE !IR RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,:5 ?AT REGIONAL MEET+ TOOK PLACE 9 E>LY ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#f1 IT WAS ALREADY POSSIBLE TO SEE ! AMBIGUITY ( A ,G5]ALITAT ?AT DID NOT GOV]N & A ,C,N,T 9CREAS+LY MORE 5GAG$ 9 DET]M9+ ! REAL DIRECTION ( EV5TS4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,DURRUTI >GU$ BLUNTLY ?AT !Y HAD TO BREAK \T ( ?AT AMBIGUITY & 5D ! POLITICAL COLLABORATION ?AT DISORI5TAT$ ! REVOLUTION & UND]M9$ ITS PROGRESS4 

,! COLLABORATIONI/ FACTION HELD FA/ TO ITS POSITION--DESPITE ITS NEGATIVE TRACK RECORD ?US F>--UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT A RUPTURE 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT W\LD CAUSE A CIVIL W> BETWE5 ! ANTI-FASCI/S4 ,DRAMATIC SPEE*ES SIL5C$ MORE CRITICAL VIEWS2 CLE>LY !RE W\LD BE NO REVISION ( ! ,JULY #b DECISION4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y ALLIANCE ) ! ,U,G,T & ! =MATION ( A ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE ,C\NCIL W]E SUGGE/$ AS SOLUTIONS4 ,! MORE RADICAL FACTION1 UNAW>E ( ! 9T5SE PRESSURES TO PREV5T SU* AN ALLIANCE1 ONCE AGA9 LET !MSELVES BE B\ND BY ! ORGANIZATION'S DECISIONS4 ,!RE WAS A WAY TO GET \T ( ?AT VICI\S CIRCLE3 IT WAS BY PLAC+ ! PROBLEM 9 ! /REET1 AGA9/ ! S5TIM5T 9 ! ,C,N,T ITSELF4 ,BUT NO MILITANT1 NOT EV5 ,DURRUTI OR ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 WAS CAPABLE ( ?AT3 FIR/1 BECAUSE DO+ SO W\LD REQUIRE A P]IOD ( L5G?Y PREP>ATION1 TO 5SURE ?AT ! REVOLUTION W\LD NOT BE CRU%$2 &1 SECOND1 BECAUSE ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES DEM&+ RESPECT = ! MAJORITY'S DECISIONS WEI<$ TOO HEAVILY ON !M4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :ILE ONE C\LD BE CONFID5T 9 ! \TCOME ( A REVOLUTION>Y ACTION 9 ,CATALONIA1 :]E ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I W]E V]Y /RONG1 ! RE/ ( ,SPA91 ,MADRID ESPECIALLY1 WAS AN UNKN[N4 ,BO? ! COLLABORATIONI/ & ! RADICAL FACTION W]E CONV9C$ ?AT AN >M$ CONFRONTATION )9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ CAMP WAS 9EVITABLE3 ALL ! =M] GR\P DID WAS DELAY IT4 

,DURRUTI RECEIV$ AN URG5T CALL FROM ,BUJ>ALOZ & HAD TO LEAVE ,B>CELONA AT ONCE4 ,HIS /RATEGY WAS CLE>3 MA9TA9 HIS POSITIONS AGA9/ ALL ODDS1 %APE ! ,CONF$]AL MILITIAS 9TO A /RONG1 >M$ =CE1 & C>RY ! REVOLUTION =W>D4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #c1 ,*APT] #i -- ,UPDAT$4 

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