,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,M>K ,BRAY 

,AU?OR 3 ,SCOTT ,NAPPOLAS 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,IT'S A J>R+ EXP]I5CE TO BE CONFRONT$ ) ! REALITY ( ! GREAT & OV]:ELM+ WRONGS ?AT EXI/ TODAY4 ,\R HI/ORY IS FILL$ ) AVOIDABLE EVILS LIKE ! G5OCIDE ( ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLES ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 ! C5TURIES ( B>B>ITY AGA9/ ,AFRICAN PEOPLES1 GLOBAL 5VIRONM5TAL DEGRADATION1 & ! MIS]Y ( PEOPLE TORN FROM !IR L& TO BECOME PROP]TYLESS WORK]S :OSE G5]ATIONS W]E MURD]$1 ABUS$1 RAP$1 & WA/$ BY SUCCESSIVE RUL]S4 ,! 9ITIAL %OCK ( DISCOV]+ !SE CRIMES /ICKS ) Y\1 & TODAY ! HORRORS CON/ANTLY FILL \R S5SES ?R\< AN UN5D+ B>RAGE ( 9=MATION ?AT KEEPS ?OSE EXP]I5CES CLOSE4 ,= ?OSE :O DO NOT )DRAW OR %UT D[N 9 DESPAIR1 AN OLD QUE/ION L+]S3 ,:AT CAN WE DO AB\T IT ALL8 

,) ALL ! YE>S ( RESI/ANCE ACROSS ! PLANET1 IT IS SURPRIS+ H[ FEW ANSW]S !RE >E TO SOME V]Y BASIC PROBLEMS4 ,IF ! PROBLEMS ( ! WORLD >E NOT P]MAN5T1 9H]5T1 & NATURAL TO HUMANITY1 BUT >E 9 FACT CONT+5T1 *ANGEABLE1 & DRIV5 BY SPECIFIC CAUSES1 !N !RE >E SPECIFIC ?+S ?AT CAN BE DONE TO CORRECT 9JU/ICE4 ,YET ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE BO? AW>E ( !SE ISSUES & WILL+ TO COMMIT !MSELVES TO A PROCESS ( SOCIAL *ANGE IS G5]ALLY SMALL4 ,?AT M9ORITY ( PEOPLE MU/ F9D WAYS TO ACT AGA9/ ! WEI<T ( ! DOM9AT+ SY/EM TO CREATE A BETT] WORLD4 ,9 ! PROCESS PEOPLE :O >E NOT YET ACTIVE HAVE TO SOMEH[ %IFT FROM O!RWISE GO+ AB\T !IR LIVES TO BECOME ?9K+ & ACT+ AG5TS ( SOCIAL *ANGE & JO9 ! EF=T TO LIB]ATE HUMANITY4 ,! GOAL IS A BETT] POSSIBLE WORLD BR\<T AB\T FROM A SOCIETY ) ! =CES ( DOM9ATION 9 CONTROL4 

,P]HAPS SURPRIS+LY1 ! TRADITIONS ?AT TRI$ TO DISMANTLE DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION HAVE PROVID$ FEW ANSW]S = BASIC ELEM5TS ( RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,IT IS A FREQU5T & FRU/RAT+ EXP]I5CE TO DISCOV] ! LACK ( RESPONSES TO FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS1 SU* AS3 ,H[ IS REVOLUTION POSSIBLE8 ,H[ CAN SOMEONE BECOME RADICALIZ$8 ,:AT MEANS ALL[S A REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY TO BECAUSE A MAJORITY8 ,H[ IS ! RULE ( ALL PEOPLE POSSIBLE8 

,P>ADOXES ( ,/RUGGLE 

,YE>S AGO1 ,I WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ! UNION AT MY JOB :]E WE ORGANIZ$ A /RIKE 9 A SOCIAL S]VICE FACILITY4 ,9 ! LEAD-UP TO ! /RIKE !RE WAS A S]IES ( FAIRLY BRUTAL WORKPLACE 9JURIES ?AT HAPP5$ L>GELY BECAUSE ( UNSAFE /AFF+ ) A PATI5T POPULATION SUFF]+ FROM SEV]E M5TAL HEAL? ISSUES4 ,MANAGEM5T CLAIM$ !Y HAD NO MONEY TO PAY = MORE /AFF1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME !Y W]E GIV+ \T RAISES TO ADM9I/RATORS ( OV] #b#e.0 AT A NONPR(IT S]V+ *ILDR5 :O W]E L>GELY VICTIMS ( ABUSE4 ,! /AFF1 BATT]$ & IGNOR$1 OV]ALL W]E )DRAWN4 ,A MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S DIDN'T EV5 BO!R TURN+ UP TO ! /RIKE VOTE4 ,! ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE1 :I* ,I WAS A MEMB] (1 WAS PRETTY WORRI$1 BUT ?+S HAD COME TO A HEAD & WE W]E RESOLV$ TO MOVE =W>D & /OP WORK4 ,I EXPECT$ A REAL FI<T TO BUILD SUPPORT & = MANY TO CROSS ! PICKET L9E4 

,! DAY ( ! /RIKE ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ALL ! WORK]S WALK$ \T :ILE HALF ! ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE ( LONGTIME UNION ACTIVI/S CROSS$ ! PICKET L9E & BECAME 5TR5*$ SCABS = ! LIFE ( ! /RIKE4 ,ONCE ON ! PICKET L9E1 WORK]S :O HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 COLD1 %UT D[N1 & ABUS$ W]E LIT]ALLY CRY+ ) JOY & \TPAC+ ! UNION BUREAUCRACY'S PLANS BY ATTACK+ ! VEHICLES ( ! BOSSES DRIV+ 9TO ! JOB SITE4 ,VIRTUAL /RANG]S BEGAN NOT ONLY FI<T+ = !MSELVES1 BUT ALSO QUE/ION+ ! CLASS DIVISIONS AT WORK1 ! ROLE ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 !IR WORK & LIVES1 & EV5 ! SY/EM ITSELF4 ,CONV]SATIONS ON ! PICKET L9E W5T MU* FUR!R ?AN ! UNION WANT$ & ?AT ANY ( ! FEW RADICALS 9VOLV$ HAD IMAG9$4 

,?AT TRANS=MATION /UCK ) ME4 ,! OP5+ ?AT CAME ) TAK+ ACTION ALT]$ ! WAY ,I ?\<T AB\T SOCIAL *ANGE & ULTIMATELY %IFT$ ! C\RSE ( MY LIFE4 ,IT WAS PUZZL+4 ,H[ DID IT HAPP58 ,H[ DOES A FI<T+ =CE COME TOGE!R TO /AY PLANT$ ON SIDEWALKS = ?REE MON?S 9 ! W9T] )\T MU* MONEY OR SUPPORT FROM ! \TSIDE WORLD8 ,:Y DID ! ORGANIZ]S SO QUICKLY BETRAY ! /RIKE1 :ILE ?OSE :O IGNOR$ ! UNION BECAME ITS /AUN*E/ SUPPORT]S8 ,AFT] ! /RIKE PEOPLE L>GELY W5T !IR [N WAYS & RETURN$ TO !IR DAILY LIVES1 ?\< A M9ORITY C>RI$ !IR EXP]I5CES 9TO NEW ACTIVITIES & ACTIVISM4 ,?OSE EV5TS & T5SIONS W]E F> FROM R>E4 ,SIMIL> DYNAMICS PLAY \T 9 ALL CONFLICTS :]E ! AG5CY ( PEOPLE /RUGGL+ IS %IFT$ 9 WAYS ?AT DON'T NEATLY L9E UP ) H[ !Y OR !IR LEAD]S ?9K AB\T IT4 

,?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( WORK]S' MOVEM5TS NEW /RUGGLES EM]G$ & =MS 9NOVAT$ ?AT W5T BEYOND ! NORMS ( !IR DAYS & G5]ALLY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! UNIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES ?AT DREW !IR /R5G? FROM ! SUPPORT ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I ,U,S WORK]S AT ! SAME TIME VOT$ = UNPREC$5T$ 7AT ! TIME7 PL$GES = LABOR PEACE ) NO-/RIKE AGREEM5TS1 & !N UNLEA%$ ONE ( ! L>GE/ & MO/ MILITANT /RIKE WAVES 9 \R HI/ORY4 ,!Y DID SO AGA9/ ! LEAD]%IP ( ! UNIONS & ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY DRUMM+ UP NATIONALI/ SUPPORT = ! 0GOOD W>01 & EV5 AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :O S\<T TO RALLY SUPPORT TO SAVE ,SOVIET 
,RUSSIA UND] ATTACK4.<#h.> 

,WORK]S SIMIL>LY %OOK ?+S UP = ! ,UNIDAD ,POPUL> 7,U,P71 OR ,POPUL> ,UNITY1 GOV]NM5T 9 ,ALL5DE'S ,*ILI4 ,! ,U,P HAD S\<T TO NATIONALIZE 9DU/RIES SL[LY & /RATEGICALLY & COORD9ATE WORK]S' ACTIVITY VIA /RUCTURES ( ! ,/ATE AS P>T ( POPULI/ RE=MS4 ,! WORK]S 9T]PRET$ ! VICTORY ( ! LEFT-W+ P>TIES DIFF]5TLY1 SEE+ IT AS A GRE5 LI<T TO TAKE ON DIRECTLY ! DEEPE/ PROBLEMS AFFECT+ !M4 ,L& SEIZURES1 FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 & SELFDEF5SE /RUCTURES AGA9/ POLICE1 EMPLOY]S1 & ! RI<T SPRUNG UP ?AT W]E ORGANIZ$ BY ! WORK]S 9 OPPOSITION TO ! DIRECTIONS ( ! ,U,P FUNCTION>IES4 ,:ILE ! VISION ( SOCIALI/ POLICY MAK]S WAS LIMIT$ TO SOCIAL WELF>E & ,/ATE [N]%IP1 ! WORK]S BEGAN TO TAKE MATT]S 9TO !IR [N H&S BY TAK+ OV] !IR WORKPLACES & NEI<BORHOODS TO BE US$ TO !IR [N 5DS4.<#i.> ,!SE 9ITIATIVES \TSIDE ! (FICIALDOM W\LD PROVIDE ! ONLY S]I\S RESI/ANCE TO ! HORRIFIC C\P & TRAG$Y ?AT W\LD COME AS ! ,U,P SY/EMATICALLY DIS>M$ ITSELF AGA9/ AN OP5 & IMMAN5T ?REAT FROM ! MILIT>Y & RADICAL RI<T :I* ULTIMATELY L$ TO 9DISCRIM9ATE KILL+1 TORTURE1 & IMMIS]ATION = DECADES !REAFT]4 

,! DOM9ANT SCRIPT ( HI/ORY IS COLOR$ BY ! HABIT ( VIEW+ ?+S ?R\< ! L5S ( ?OSE 9 *>GE2 A P]SPECTIVE ?AT SY/EMATICALLY MISSES EXACTLY ! DYNAMIC ?AT BUR/S OP5 ON PICKET L9ES1 B>RICADES1 & PROTE/S4 ,!SE DAYS !RE'S A FAIR DEAL ( DEBATE >\ND ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 7L>GELY BECAUSE ( ! GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( AN>*I/ IDEAS BROADLY71 & ! V>I\S POSITIONS & MOVES BY HEADS ( ! DIFF]5T FACTIONS4 ,AUGU/9 ,GUILLAMON1 9 HIS DETAIL$ /UDY ( ! NEI<BORHOOD DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ UNION ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO 7,C,N,T71 OR ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 REM9DS US H[ ! 9SURRECTION & FOLL[+ W> ALMO/ WAS NOT A ?+ AT ALL4 ,! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 SOCIALI/S1 COMMUNI/S1 & TRADE UNION LEAD]S W]E NE>LY READY TO ABDICATE AFT] ,FRANCO'S C\P EM]G$4 ,! MILITANTS ( ! AN>*I/ ,C,N,T ON ! O!R H& HAD PREP>$ 9 ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO ! EV5TS4 ,WORK] MILITANTS ORGANIZ$ BY !IR DI/RICTS /UDI$ !IR >EAS & S\<T TO F9D :AT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO DIS>M ! MILIT>Y & BEG9 CREAT+ AN>*I/ SOCIETY %\LD A REVOLUTION OCCUR4 ,DECADES ( URBAN CLASS W>F>E 7:I* SAW WORK]S & UNION ACTIVI/S FREQU5TLY ASSASS9AT$1 TORTUR$1 & ABUS$ BY P>AMILIT>Y =CES ( ! ,/ATE & EMPLOY]S7 & ABORT$ 9SURRECTIONS 7DUBB$ 0REVOLUTION>Y GYMNA/ICS0 BY ! ,C,N,T7 PROVID$ COLLECTIVE MEMORY & SKILLS = ! WORK]S :O LIV$ ?R\< AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ CULTURE ( RESI/ANCE TO VIOL5T REPRESSION & POV]TY4 ,AT A CRITICAL MOM5T AT ! \TSET ( ! C\P1 A G5]ALIZ$ WORK+CLASS =CE RALLI$ BEH9D ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 :I* REPRES5T$ ONE ( ! ONLY REAL BODIES ORGANIZ$ TO OPPOSE ! FASCI/ REVOLT4 ,ONLY !REAFT] DID ! CIVIL W> BECOME POSSIBLE & DID ! VY+ FACTIONS /EP BACK 9TO ! FRAY SAV$ BY ! POPUL> RESPONSE ?AT MOV$ 9TO ! OP5+ ?AT HAD DEVELOP$4.<#a.> 

,AG5CY & ,EM]G5CE 

,!RE >E TWO C5TRAL PROBLEMS EMB$D$ )9 !SE EXAMPLES3 ! PROBLEM ( AG5CY & ! PROBLEM ( EM]G5CE4 ,EM]G5CE IS A CONCEPT ?AT ORIG9ALLY CAME FROM PHILOSOPHY DAT+ AT LEA/ TO ! #a#i? C5TURY1 BUT HAS BE5 TAK5 UP BY V>I\S SCI5CES 9 ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S TO LOOK AT COMPLEX SY/EMS LIKE LIV+ ORGANISMS1 ECOSY/EMS1 SOCIETIES1 & WEA!R PATT]NS4 ,9 !SE SY/EMS NEW ?+S EM]GE \T ( ! 9T]ACTION ( VA/ NUMB]S ( COMPON5TS ?AT TOGE!R PRODUCE SOME?+ NOVEL ?AT IS GREAT] ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS4 ,ANTS PRODUCE EM]G5T HIVE BEHAVIOR ) 9TELLIG5CE ?AT DOESN'T EXI/ 9 ANY 9DIVIDUAL COLONY MEMB]2 NEURONS CREATE CONSCI\S ?\<T ?AT DOES NOT %>E PROP]TIES ( ! *EMICAL REACTIONS 9SIDE \R CELLS2 & CITIES CREATE SY/EMATIC PATT]NS ( GR[? & DECAY CREAT$ BY PEOPLE M]ELY GO+ AB\T !IR DAYS4 ,! SECOND SECTION ( ?IS TEXT TAKES ON EM]G5CE & ITS RELAT$ ISSUES4 

,PEOPLE BY !IR NATURE >E AG5TS4 ,WE TAKE ACTION & ?9K AB\T :AT TO DO OR :AT NOT TO DO4 ,SEEK+ SOCIAL *ANGE IS ONE K9D ( AG5CY4 ,ONE ASPECT ( ! /RUGGLE = A BETT] WORLD IS *OOS+ :AT WE DO AS 9DIVIDUALS & COORD9AT+ ) O!RS4 ,! *ANGE ITSELF HAPP5S ON ANO!R LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION4 ,LIKE ALL SOCIAL ?+S1 IT >ISES \T ( ! ACTIONS ( MILLIONS & A L>G] CONTEXT4 ,:AT CAN BE A SURPRISE IS H[ !SE TWO ELEM5TS (T5 DO NOT MAT* UP4 ,BAS$ ON EV]Y?+ WE KNEW AS ORGANIZ]S1 WE DID NOT EXPECT = \R CO-ORGANIZ]S TO BECOME SCABS & ! SIL5T MAJORITY TO BECOME MILITANTS4 ,S9CE !N1 !RE'S BE5 A NUMB] ( O!R SURPRISES LIKE ! ,>AB ,SPR+1 ,MADISON1 ,OCCUPY1 ,BRAZIL'S ANTI-,WORLD ,CUP & ,OLYMPICS PROTE/S1 & ,BLACK ,LIVES ,MATT] RESPONSES 9 ,F]GUSON1 ,BALTIMORE1 & ,*ICAGO1 AMONG O!RS4 ,! COMPLEXITIES ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS )9 A GLOBALIZ$ WORLD KEEP EXP&+4 ,S9CE #ba AT LEA/ A S]IES ( F9ANCIAL CRISES HAVE PLAGU$ ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS HAVE BE5 ROCK$ BY ! BREAKD[N ( ! ,WA%+TON ,CONS5SUS & ! RISE ( COMPETITIVE P[]S ( ! ,B,R,I,C 7,BRAZIL ,RUSSIA ,9DIA ,*9A7 C\NTRIES AMONG O!RS2 PREVI\SLY /ABLE L9ES ( POLITICAL DIVISION HAVE GRADUALLY BLURR$4 

,! SECOND FACTOR 9 MY EXPLORATION ( AG5CY & EM]G5CE WAS MY 9TRODUCTION TO ! LIFE SCI5CES ?R\< PR(ESSIONAL TRA9+ AS A NURSE4 ,BIOLOGY EXPLORES CAUSALITY 9 A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T MANN] FROM :AT ,I HAD BE5 US$ TO4 ,! LIFE SCI5CES & M$IC9E /UDY ADAPTIVE LIV+ SY/EMS ) /AGG]+ COMPLEXITY ORGANIZ$ 9TO DIFF]5T LEVELS1 EA* ) !IR [N LOGIC1 PROP]TIES1 & ISSUES4 ,WORK+ 9 HOSPITALS BR+S HEAL? C>E PRACTITION]S 9TO CONTACT ) ?AT REALITY AS !Y TRY TO NAVIGATE 9DIVIDUALS 9 FRONT ( !M ) !IR [N COMPOSITION & REALITY1 & CONNECT ?AT TO ! MORE AB/RACT SCI5CE ( POPULATIONS1 DISEASES1 & TREATM5TS4 ,IT'S ONE ?+ TO UND]/& /ATI/ICAL TR5DS FROM DATA ( POPULATIONS2 IT'S ANO!R ?+ ALTOGE!R TO APPLY ?AT KN[L$GE TO PEOPLE :O AS 9DIVIDUALS CAN V>Y SUB/ANTIALLY4 

,FROM ! \TSET P>ALLELS BETWE5 ! BIOLOGICAL WORLD & ! POLITICAL WORLD W]E OBVI\S4 ,BIOLOGY PROVIDES FODD] = POLITICAL METAPHORS1 SU* AS ! SPREAD ( CANC]S1 H[ ! IMMUNE SY/EM USES MEMORY & EXPOSURE TO EVOLVE DEF5SES TO UNKN[N DANG]S1 & ! SELF-ORGANIZ$ ORD] ?AT EM]GES \T ( REPRODUCTION4 ,HEAL? C>E IS NOT ONLY A S\RCE ( ANALOGIES1 BUT IS VISC]ALLY POLITICAL4 ,ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( HEAL? ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & AG5T-LEVEL *ANGE >E NOTORI\SLY 9EFFICI5T4 ,! GREATE/ PUBLIC HEAL? VICTORIES UTILIZ$ COLLECTIVE 9T]V5TION ?R\< ! COMMUNITY & ! RE/RUCTUR+ ( URBAN SPACE 9 A HOLI/IC WAY4 ,! R$UCTION ( TUB]CULOSIS WAS L>GELY WON BE=E ANTIBIOTICS W]E DISCOV]$ DUE TO PUBLIC HEAL? CAMPAIGN]S' UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & EM]G5T DISEASE4 ,! RIDICUL\S /ATE ( ,AM]ICAN HEAL? C>E MAKES ANY T5SIONS BETWE5 ! BIOLOGICAL & POLITICAL MORE ACUTE = HEAL? C>E WORK]S4 ,RECONTEXTUALIZ$ AWAY FROM DISEASE1 ! ISSUES & POT5TIAL SOLUTIONS TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS HAVE AT LEA/ A P>ALLEL TO ! SOCIAL NATURE ( DISEASE1 ITS REPRODUCTION1 & TREATM5T4 

,?IS WORK IS PRIM>ILY A WORK ( PHILOSOPHY & METAPOLITICS4 ,ITS CONT5TS SPELL \T A G5]AL PHILOSOPHICAL PICTURE ( ! WORLD1 SPECIFICALLY AB\T ! LIVES ( 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIAL SY/EMS1 BUT P>TICUL>LY FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( DEVELOP+ FUR!R TOOLS = UND]/&+ & 5GAG+ 9 POLITICAL /RUGGLES4 ,AL?\< ! 9QUIRY IS PHILOSOPHICAL 9 NATURE1 ! APPROA* >ISES FROM ISSUES 9 ! BIOLOGICAL SCI5CES1 HI/ORY1 & REAL PROBLEMS 9 \R LIVES AS ?9K+1 DESIR+1 & 9T5TIONAL BE+S 9 SOCIETIES ( SOLID>ITY1 CONFLICT1 & 9JU/ICE4 ,?\< IT DRAWS ON BIOLOGICAL & COMPLEXITY SCI5CE1 ,I AM NOT A SCI5TIFIC RESE>*] & ?IS IS NOT A WORK ( EMPIRICAL SCI5TIFIC RESE>* OR HYPO!SES4 ,! GOAL IS TO USE LESSONS FROM ! DISCUSSION TO FUR!R \R CAPACITY = SOCIAL *ANGE & ?\<T4 

,POLITICS ( ,LIB]ATION 

,!RE >E BASIC ASSUMPTIONS = ?IS PROJECT ?AT WON'T BE EXPLOR$3 A CRITIQUE ( EXI/+ SOCIETY AS UNJU/ & UNNECESS>ILY OPPRESSIVE1 AS WELL AS A BELIEF 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( A FUNDAM5TALLY BETT] WORLD4 ,?IS IS TO SAY ?AT ?+S HAVE BE5 DIFF]5T1 !Y CAN BE *ANG$1 & IT IS WOR? WORK+ = A DIFF]5T WAY TO LIVE4 ,SOCIAL PROBLEMS LIKE CRIME1 VIOL5CE1 W>1 POV]TY1 ABUSE1 & ALI5ATION >E NOT ET]NAL OR 9EVITABLE1 BUT RA!R >E SPECIFIC PRODUCTS ( \R SOCIETY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 BE=E MOD]N CAPITALISM1 WORK WAS LIMIT$ BY ! CYCLES ( AGRICULTURE OR HUNT+4 ,SOCIETIES W]E /RUCTUR$ ON !SE RHY?MS & ALLOCAT$ D[NTIME = P]SONAL & CULTURAL USES4 ,) ! GR[? ( CAPITALISM1 POT5TIAL WORK TIME EXPLOD$4 ,LONG H\RS1 OV]TIME1 & ! CONSUMPTION ( LIFE BY /UPEFY+ WORK IS NOT A P]MAN5T FIXTURE ( HUMAN LIFE1 BUT RA!R !Y >E REC5T & AVOIDABLE SYMPTOMS ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,NOR >E !Y M]ELY 9CID5TAL OR SORT$ \T BY A M9OR FIX1 BUT 9/EAD !Y >E SY/EMATICALLY PRODUC$ BY A SY/EM BUILT TO MA9TA9 WEAL? & P[] 9 ! H&S ( C]TA9 M9ORITIES & \T ( REA* ( ! BULK ( ! POPULATION4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE IS BUILT 9TO ! PROJECT4 ,! QUE/IONS ( AG5CY1 LIV+ SY/EMS1 & EM]G5CE >E EXPLOR$ 9 ! S]VICE ( A POLITICS ( LIB]ATION4 

,P>T ( ! HI/ORICAL %IFTS 9 \R ]A HAVE BE5 DRIV5 BY A LOSS 9 FAI? 9 MANY POLITICAL TRADITIONS GLOBALLY4 ,= NE>LY A C5TURY ! DOM9ANT LEFTI/ T5D5CIES C5T]$ ON A ME?ODOLOGICAL & !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK ?AT HAS SUFF]$ FROM A SIGNIFICANT LOSS ( CR$IBILITY WORLDWIDE4 ,M>XISM W5T UN*ALL5G$ 9 ITS DOM9ANCE 9 LIB]ATORY ?9K+ FROM P]HAPS ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> UNTIL REC5TLY4 ,! PILL>S ( ?IS ?\<T C5T]$ ON A NUMB] ( V>IANTS ON DIALECTICS1 HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM1 & ,M>XI/ VISIONS = OBTA9+ COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,EA* ( !SE PIECES HAS S9CE SUFF]$ A CRISIS ( LEGITIMACY4 ,M>XISM'S MA9 COMPETITOR WAS A LIB]ALISM ?AT S\<T TO IMPROVE CAPITALISM & EXP& ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE 9 ! S]VICE ( AN AB/RACT CONCEPTION ( RI<TS & PROP]TY1 :ILE DEF5D+ ! C5TRAL 9/ITUTIONS ( P[] ?R\< SEEK+ TO M9IMIZE !IR DAMAGE4 

,PRIOR TO ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> AN>*ISM WAS A GLOBAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 L>GELY ( ! LABOR+ CLASSES1 ?AT /RET*$ FROM ! ,AM]ICAS TO ,EA/ ,ASIA4 ,9 MANY >EAS \TSIDE ,EUROPE1 AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS OBTA9$ DOM9ANCE AS ! LEAD+ LI<T = G5]ATIONS ( REVOLUTION>IES4 ,A NUMB] ( FACTORS %IFT$ ! FIELD = AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9CLUD+ ! RISE ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ,SOVIET-ALLI$ MOVEM5TS1 *ANG$ PATT]NS ( MIGRATION & ASSIMILATION1 NATIONALISM1 REVOLUTIONS 9 CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION 9 9DU/RIES DOM9AT$ BY AN>*I/S1 & ! SPREAD ( FASCISM & DICTATOR%IPS 9 ITS /RON<OLDS 9 ! #a#i#bS-#cS4 ,AN>*ISM 9 MO/ ( ! ,WE/ 7) SOME NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS LIKE ,BULG>IA & ,SPA9 = EXAMPLE7 BECAME A %AD[ ( ITS =M] SELF & TOO (T5 RETREAT$ 9TO A MORE PASSIVE ROLE AS ! M]E MORAL CONSCI5CE ( ! LEFT :5 ECLIPS$ BY ! ,M>XI/-/ATE-BUILD+ PROJECT E>LI] 9 ! C5TURY4 ,AN>*ISM LIV$ ON H[EV] AS AN ACTIVE PRACTICE ?R\< ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ESPECIALLY 9 ,KOREA1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ,CUBA1 & ! ,S\!RN ,CONE ( 
,S\? ,AM]ICA4.<#a#a.> ,9 ,URUGUAY1 ,>G5T9A1 ,*ILI1 & ,BRAZIL AN>*I/S RETA9$ KEY 9FLU5CES OV] /RUGGLES & REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+ UP TO ! DICTATOR%IPS 9 ! #a#i#gS4 ,9 SOME CASES1 !RE IS CONT9UITY ?R\< TO ! PRES5T4.<#a#b.> 

,AS ?9K+ HAS %IFT$ AWAY FROM ! ,M>XISM ( ! PREVI\S G5]ATION T[>DS LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVES1 GAPS REMA94 ,ONE WAY TO LOOK AT ! APPROA* 9 ?IS TEXT IS AS AN AN>*I/ FRAMEWORK = REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T & ACTION ONCE WE HAVE LEFT DIALECTICS1 ! ,M>XI/ VISION ( REVOLUTION1 & HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM BEH9D4 ,?IS ISN'T TO SAY !RE >5'T ?+S TO LE>N FROM ,M>XISM4 ,9 FACT1 ! CASE IS QUITE ! OPPOSITE4 ,! FOCUS H]E1 H[EV]1 IS TO PUT =W>D NEW F\NDATIONS RA!R ?AN TO DISCUSS ! FAILURES ( ?OSE TRADITIONS1 PRODUCE MORE EXEGESIS ( TEXTS1 OR TRY TO R5OVATE OR EXPLORE CRITIQUES ( ,M>XISM 9 DEP?4 ,A BOOK CRITIQU+ 9T]PRETATIONS ( TEXTS IS MU* LESS VALUABLE ?AN 9DEP5D5T >GUM5TS AIM$ AT \R [N TIME1 ESPECIALLY GIV5 H[ R>E ?AT IS = !SE TOPICS 9 SPITE ( ! POPUL>ITY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T TODAY4 

,! CORE >GUM5T ( ?IS TEXT IS ?AT ?OSE SEEK+ LIB]ATION FACE P>TICUL> *ALL5GES AS AG5TS4 ,WE >E TASK$ ) MOV+ FROM M9ORITIES COMMITT$ TO ACT+ AGA9/ P[]FUL =CES /ACK$ AGA9/ US1 :ILE SEEK+ TO SPREAD & PROPAGATE REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & ACTIONS 9 A SOCIETY BUILT TO CONTA9 & DIFFUSE !M4 ,TO DO SO 9VOLVES WRE/L+ ) L>GE-SCALE SOCIAL P[]S ?AT >E BEYOND \R GRASP1 DIFFICULT TO ANTICIPATE1 & YET CRUCIAL = \R ACTIONS TO HAVE AN EFFECT4 ,A PA? =W>D CAN BE F\ND 9 ADOPT+ AN ANALYSIS ( \R CONTEXT 9 T]MS ( EM]G5CE1 SOCIETIES AS EXHIBIT+ BEHAVIORS *>ACT]I/IC ( LIV+ SY/EMS1 & A CONCEPT ( P[] ?AT L9KS \R AG5CY TO ! WORLD ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,!SE ELEM5TS TAK5 TOGE!R PROVIDE TOOLS = 9T]PRET+ \R WORLD & GUID+ \R ACTIONS ?AT MAY OP5 UP NEW POSSIBILITIES4 

,!RE >E F\R SECTIONS 9 ?IS BOOK4 ,! FIR/ P>T /ATES ! CASE = ! UNIV]SALITY & USE ( PHILOSOPHY1 & EXPLORES BROAD ISSUES >\ND ! !ORETICAL F\NDATIONS ( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,! SECOND SECTION IS ! BULK ( ! WORK & LAYS \T ! !ORY ( EM]G5CE1 ITS LIFE 9 ! SCI5CES1 & ITS APPLICATION TO SOCIAL & POLITICAL ?\<T4 ,9 ! ?IRD SECTION1 ?OSE IDEAS >E APPLI$ TO P[] AS A C5TRAL ASPECT ( \R M5TAL LIVES & A UNIQUE CONCEPT ?AT BRIDGES ! WORLD ( AG5CY & SOCIAL EM]G5CE4 ,9 ! F\R? SECTION1 P[] & EM]G5CE >E US$ TO UND]/& ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION & ! PROBLEM ( AG5CY4 

,9 ! PA/ FEW DECADES UND]/&+ ( COMPLEX SY/EMS HAS EXPLOD$4 ,ADVANCES 9 MA!MATICAL MODEL+ ( COMPLEX SY/EMS E/ABLI%$ ! F\NDATIONS = MODEL+ EM]G5CE4 ,COMPUT] SCI5TI/S US$ !SE TOOLS TO HELP PHYSICI/S TE/ !ORIES ( WEA!R1 FRICTION1 & ELECTRICAL NETWORKS4 ,BIOLOGI/S BEGAN DESCRIB+ SW>MS1 HIVES1 & EVOLUTION 9 T]MS ( COMPLEXITY & EM]G5CE4.<#a#c.> ,SOCIAL SCI5TI/S DEVELOP$ NEW CONCEPTS ( ! BEHAVIOR ( ECONOMIC M>KETS1 9T]NET COMMUNICATION NETWORKS1 SELF-ORGANIZATION 9 CITIES1 & ! EVOLUTION ( LANGUAGE NORMS ?R\< EM]G5CE4.<#a#d.> 

,! GR[? ( COMPLEXITY SCI5CE HAS L$ TO ! CREATION ( TOOLS TO ANALYZE SOCIETIES ?AT PREVI\SLY W]E IGNOR$4 ,?IS WORK IS QUITE NEW & !RE'S MU* LESS EXPLORATION ( ! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( UND]/&+ SOCIETIES AS LIV+ SY/EMS ?AN Y\ W\LD IMAG9E4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY TRUE = REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS4 ,REC5TLY1 ! M$IA HAS REPORT$ ON SCI5TI/S & ?9K-TANKS US+ COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SY/EMS MODEL+ TO PR$ICT RIOTS FROM FOOD PRICES1.<#a#e.> NATIONAL SECURITY ?REATS FROM CLIMATE *ANGE1.<#a#f.> & REGIONAL CONFLICTS 9 A MULTI-POL> WORLD4.<#a#g.> ,/RANGE RESULTS HAVE EM]G$ ) SCI5TI/S CALL+ = REVOLUTION1.<#a#h.> ,I,T GURUS PROPOS+ /ATELESS SOCIETIES1 & CAPITALI/ MANAG]S QUE/ION+ ! NE$ = MANAG+ WORK]S4.<#a#i.> ,?IS IS NOT ACCID5TAL4 ,EM]G5CE CONFRONTS US ) A *ANGE 9 ?9K+ FROM :AT WE >E US$ TO--& ONE ?AT HAS NOT YET FULLY PLAY$ \T4 ,IT IS NOT SIMPLY A NEW !ORY1 BUT RA!R SETS ( !ORIES DESCRIB+ NEW PH5OM5A4 ,?IS C>RIES ) IT ! POT5TIAL = *ANGES 9 \R BEHAVIOR1 9T]PRETATIONS ( EV5TS1 & ?\<TS ON POLITICAL REALITY4 ,! FRAMEWORK ( EM]G5CE IS AN ATTEMPT TO GIVE US TOOLS TO DESCRIBE ! WORLD !N2 BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY IT IS !ORY ) IMPLICATIONS = TRANS=M+ \R SITUATION4 

,:AT IMPACT ON \R ACTIONS DOES EM]G5CE HAVE8 ,!ORIES SURR\ND+ COLLECTIVE LIB]ATION SPECIFICALLY H+E ON RELATION%IPS ( 9DIVIDUAL AG5TS TO COLLECTIVITIES1 YET !ORIES >\ND ! 9DIVIDUAL'S WORLD & SOCIETY HAVE BE5 DISJO9T$4 ,TOO (T5 9DIVIDUALS GET TREAT$ AS GODS1 DIRECTLY CAUS+ *ANGES 9 SOCIETY OR SOCIETY MY/]I\SLY MOV+ ALONG ALO( FROM ! 9DIVIDUALS )94 ,! ,GREAT ,MAN !ORY ( HI/ORY POPUL>IZ$ 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY HAS MANAG$ TO HANG ON DESPITE E>LY DAMN+ CRITICISMS ?AT UND]M9$ ITS 9TELLECTUAL F\NDATIONS4 ,! !ORY S\<T TO EXPLA9 HI/ORICAL P]IODS & EV5TS 9 T]MS ( EXCEPTIONAL 9DIVIDUALS :O ALT]$ ! C\RSE ( !IR DAYS1 & WAS ELABORAT$ FAM\SLY BY ,?OMAS ,C>LYLE 9 HIS WORK ,ON ,H]OES1 ,H]O-,WOR%IP & ! ,H]OIC 9 ,HI/ORY4.<#b.> ,H]B]T ,SP5C] FAM\SLY CRITIQU$ ?IS VIEW >GU+ ?AT NOTABLE FIGURES ( DIFF]5T P]IODS W]E M]E PRODUCTIONS ( ! :OLE SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT PRODUC$ !M1 DRAW+ FROM HIS 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,D>W94.<#b#a.> 

,9T]E/+LY ,WILLIAM ,JAMES1 ONE ( ! PIONE]S ( ! CONCEPT ( EM]G5CE1 ALONG ) O!R PRAGMATI/ PHILOSOPH]S SU* AS ,JOHN ,DEWEY1 EXPRESS$ A CRITIQUE ( BO? ,C>LYLE'S & ,SP5C]'S !ORIES ( ! ROLE ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 HI/ORY 9 FAVOR ( A COMPLEX 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ! ACTOR & !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,JAMES >GU$ ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E BO? 9FLU5C$ BY & 9FLU5CE !IR 5VIRONM5T 9 A COMPLEX 9T]ACTION ACROSS ! VA/ WEB ( CAUSES & REACTIONS ?R\<\T SOCIETY4.<#b#b.> ,?IS />T+ PO9T DEMON/RATES A BASIC EM]G5CE APPROA* TO UND]/&+ :AT ROLE 9DIVIDUALS CAN PLAY )9 SOCIAL NETWORKS ( IMM5SE COMPLEXITY1 & TAKES US BEYOND TURN+ ACTORS 9TO M]E PUPPETS OR SUP]H]OES :O HAVE MY/]I\S P[]S4 ,IT *ANGES ! L&SCAPE AS WE KN[ IT ?R\< OP5+ UP ! POSSIBILITY ( EXPLA9+ BO? ! CONTRIBUTION ( C\NTLESS 9DIVIDUALS & ! SEP>ATION ( SOCIETY FROM !M4 ,IT IS A POT5TIALLY UNIFY+ FRAMEWORK = PEOPLE :O WANT TO *ANGE ! WORLD ?R\< !IR ACTIONS & UND]/& ! SOCIAL =CES BEYOND !IR REA*4 

,! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE ON EM]G5CE FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( A POLITICS ( SOCIAL *ANGE & CRITIQUE IS SCANT] ?AN ONE MI<T IMAG9E4 ,IT %\LD BE SAID ?AT S9CE ,I AM NOT A S*OL>1 !RE >E LIKELY TO BE GAPS 9 MY [N KN[L$GE & RESE>* CAPACITY TO DIG = S\RCES4 ,9 FACT1 ! BULK ( ?IS BOOK WAS WRITT5 BE=E ,I DISCOV]$ ?9K]S :O HAD 5GAG$ ?IS ISSUE4 ,! S\RCES & HI/ORICAL REF]5CES W]E 9CLUD$ AT ! FREQU5T REQUE/S ( DIFF]5T READ]S OV] ! YE>S TO TRY & SITUATE ! IDEAS BETT] = READ]S UNFAMILI> ) ! T]RITORY4 ,A HI/ORIAN OR SOCIAL SCI5TI/ BY TRADE C\LD LIKELY PRODUCE SOME?+ MORE SY/EMATIC & 5COMPASS+ ?AN ,I HAVE DONE H]E 7) ! LIMITATIONS ( MY ABILITIES & RE/RICTIONS DUE TO MY AIMS TO BLAME74 ,9 G5]AL1 ! BULK ( WORK ON ! SOCIAL ASPECTS ( EM]G5CE HAVE BE5 PURELY ACADEMIC & DESCRIPTIVE 9 NATURE4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIOLOGI/S SEEK TO USE NEW P]SPECTIVES ON EM]G5CE AS A MEANS TO BETT] MODEL & EXPLA9 SOCIAL PH5OM5A 9 !IR /UDIES4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ FAM\S SY/EMS !ORI/S1 ,NIKLAS ,LUHMANN1 WAS NOTORI\SLY MORALLY AGNO/IC AB\T ! IMPACT ( HIS !ORIES & CLUNG TO OBS]VATION DI/ANC$ FROM ANY PRACTICAL LESSONS = ACTION4 

,9 FACT1 ,LUHMANN'S IDEAS W]E AN ATTACK ON ! NOTION ( AG5CY & ANY K9D ( PR$ICTABILITY 9 TRY+ TO MAKE *ANGE4 ,HIS FRAMEWORK WAS L>GELY CONS]VATIVE & ATTEMPT$ TO JU/IFY LAW1 GOV]NANCE1 & EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 :ILE ! !ORY ITSELF CALL$ 9TO QUE/ION ! ABILITY ( ! ,/ATE & LAW TO CLEANLY IMPOSE AN ORD] ON ! WORLD4.<#b#c.> ,! QUE/ION+ 5DS !RE1 H[EV]1 & DOES NOT 9VE/IGATE OR PROPOSE FUR!R CRITIQUES ( ! ,/ATE OR 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =MS ( HI]>*Y DESPITE ! WEAKNESSES ?AT ,LUHMANN & SY/EMS !ORI/S ID5TIFI$ 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO 5=CE ITS ORD]4 ,LIKEWISE1 HE FAILS TO PROPOSE ALT]NATIVES--NATURAL L9ES ( QUE/ION+ >IS+ FROM ! 9H]5T WEAKNESSES ,LUHMANN & SY/EMS !ORI/S DEMON/RATE 9 ! ABILITY ( C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURES TO IMPOSE !IR WILL DIRECTLY4 

,CONTEMPOR>Y CRITICAL POLITICAL ?\<T 9 G5]AL HAS NOT %IFT$ SIGNIFICANTLY FROM MORE TRADITIONAL LIB]AL & DIALECTIC N>RATIVES T[>DS EM]G5CE4 ,! FEW !ORI/S :O UPHOLD RADICAL CRITIQUE & EM]G5CE AT ! SAME TIME HAVE T5D$ TO USE IT AS AN EXPLANATORY TOOL = TRADITIONAL LEFT IDEOLOGIES RA!R ?AN AN APPROA* 9 ITS [N RI<T4 ,BIOLOGICAL !ORI/S ,RI*>D ,LEWONT9 & ,RI*>D ,LEV9S1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE US$ EM]G5CE AS A WAY TO EXPLORE DIALECTICS4 ,EM]G5CE IS A TOOL = ! AU?ORS TO EXPLORE POLITICAL CONCEPTS & EV5TS )\T OP5+ UP ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?OSE !ORIES TO !IR UND]LY+ BASIC FRAMEWORKS & POLITICAL MODELS4.<#b#d.> ,DIALECTICS1 H[EV]1 IS FUNDAM5TALLY AB\T CONTRADICTION BETWE5 OPPOSITES-- !SES & ANTI-!SES :I* OPPOSE EA* O!R UNTIL TRANS=M$ ?R\< SYN!SIS4 ,?IS HAS NO P>ALLEL 9 ! WORLD ( SOCIAL EM]G5CE & COMPLEXITY 9 :I* SOCIAL CAUSES >E NUM]\S OR MULTI-POL> & CAN'T BE R$UC$ TO ! AB/RACT B9>Y OPPOSITES4 ,?US EV5 = RADICAL CRITICS ( PRES5T SOCIETY1 EM]G5CE HAS PROVID$ AN 9/RUM5T = EXPLANATION1 BUT HAS NOT RECEIV$ AN 9 DEP? ATTEMPT AT EXTRACT+ ITS [N UNIQUE IMPLICATIONS = REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 NOR TO ASSESS ITS POT5TIAL TO REPLACE PRIOR POLITICAL />T+ PO9TS 9CLUD+ ,LUHMANN'S CONS]VATIVE ANTI-HUMANISM1 LIB]AL FREE AG5CY1 & ,M>XIAN DIALECTICS4 

,!RE IS !N A DI/9CT ABS5CE ( PROPOSALS OR DEBATES AB\T ! POT5TIAL OR EFFECT ( EM]G5CE ON H[ WE DO POLITICS1 OR ITS IMPLICATIONS = \R BASIC VIEWS AB\T ! SOCIAL WORLD3 P[]1 ! ,/ATE1 SOCIAL *ANGE1 & ! ROLE ( ORGANIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS 9 MASS ACTION4 ,?IS ISN'T TO SAY ?AT EM]G5CE HASN'T PLAY$ A SUBTL] & MORE HIDD5 ROLE )9 ?\<T AB\T SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,AS AN UND]CURR5T1 EM]G5TI/ IDEAS GET FREQU5T PLAY 9 JU/IFY+ %IFTS 9 POLITICAL DISC\RSE FROM P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRATIC EXP]IM5TS TO REVOLTS4.<#b#e.> 

,)9 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION !RE REMA9S AN UNTAPP$ CURR5T ( EM]G5CE4 ,AN>*I/ IDEAS & ME?ODS OP]ATE ) AN UND]/&+ ( ! WORLD 9 :I* ! DEC5TRALIZ$ ORD] CON/RUCT$ BY 9DIVIDUALS 9 COOP]ATION PRODUCES NEW P[]S & POSSIBILITIES SIMULTANE\SLY H>NESS$ & REPRESS$ BY ! SOCIETY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,AN>*ISM1 AS A BROAD TRADITION SPREAD ACROSS ! GLOBE1 HAS ADH]5TS :O HAVE ADOPT$ MANY DIFF]5T APPROA*ES 9CLUD+ UTOPIAN1 LIB]AL1 & DIALECTICAL 9T]PRETATIONS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T4 ,/ILL )9 ! CORE ( ! TRADITION AN>*I/ ?9K]S HAVE (T5 MADE USE ( EM]G5CE TO DEVELOP !IR POLITICS4 

,PET] ,KROPOTK91 FAM$ ,RUSSIAN EVOLUTION>Y BIOLOGI/ & AN>*I/ !ORI/1 & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 A RADICAL AN>*I/ ?9K] & F\NDATIONAL GEOGRAPH]1 BO? WROTE AB\T NATURAL PH5OM5A 9 T]MS ?AT TODAY WE W\LD CALL ECOLOGICAL & COMPLEXITY BAS$4 ,!IR VIEWS ( ! WORLD W]E COMPLEX & ADAPTIVE ) EM]G5T ORD] PRODUC$ BY ! 9T]ACTION FROM ! BOTTOM UP =M+ !IR BIOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY1 RESPECTIVELY1 YET LEAV+ A M>K ON !IR AN>*I/ ?9K+ ?AT WAS DI/9CT FROM ! DIALECTICS1 HUMANI/1 & LIB]AL ?\<T ( !IR DAY4.<#b#f.> ,O!R ?9K]S1 SU* AS ,AU/RALIAN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ & ECOLOGI/ ,GRAHAM ,PUR*ASE1 HAVE LOOK$ TO COMPLEXITY & EM]G5CE TO PROVIDE CRITIQUES ( ! ,/ATE & CAPITAL & A SCI5TIFIC DESCRIPTION ( H[ AN>*I/ SOCIETY C\LD PRODUCE BETT] HUMAN ORGANIZATION4.<#b#g.> ,NOAM ,*OMSKY P]HAPS IMPLICITLY USES SIMIL> IDEAS 9 HIS CRITIQUE ( M$IA 9 ,MANUFACTUR+ ,CONS5T4 ,ONE WAY TO READ ?OSE >GUM5TS IS ?AT !Y PROVIDE A MODEL 9 :I* UNIFI$ PROPAG&A IS PRODUC$ ?R\<\T M$IA ORGANIZATIONS )\T HAV+ OV]T C5SOR%IP4 ,*OMSKY *>TS H[ P[] FL[S ?R\< !SE ORGANIZATIONS AS A COMPLEX & DYNAMIC SY/EM PRODUC+ EM]G5T PROPAG&A4.<#b#h.> 

,AS MU* AS !SE IDEAS W]E PRES5T AS AN UND]CURR5T !RE IS A LACK ( EXPLICIT WORK TO EXPLORE EM]G5CE ON ITS [N & PUT IT AT ! CORE ( A LIB]T>IAN APPROA* TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,LIKEWISE1 !RE'S A P>ALLEL ) P[] :5 ! AN>*I/ TRADITION 9NOVAT$ BY MAK+ P[] C5TRAL1 DI/+UI%+ IT FROM O!R REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS ( ITS TIME1 & YET DIRECT DISCUSSION ( !ORIES ( P[] CAN SOMETIMES BE DIFFICULT TO F9D4.<#b#i.> ,?IS IS AN ATTEMPT TO LAY \T ! GR\NDWORK = SU* A POLITICS1 RA!R ?AN TO GIVE IMM$IATE SOLUTIONS4 ,TO ADDRESS ?AT LACUNA1 ! FOCUS H]E IS DEVELOP+ BASES = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION--DRAW+ \T ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 AG5CY1 COGNITION1 P[]1 & EM]G5CE = A BROAD !ORY ( A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS & ACTION4 ,!SE *APT]S >E A /EPP+ (F 9 ?AT UNF9I%$ DIRECTION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/