,P>T #d 
,AG5CY & ,COGNITION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,M>K ,BRAY 

,AU?OR 3 ,SCOTT ,NAPPOLAS 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T #d3 ,AG5CY & ,COGNITION 

,POLITICAL ,COGNITION 

,9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S ACTION1 MOTIVATION1 & M5TAL LIFE W]E T\*$ UPON4 ,A NUMB] ( !MES >E REPEAT$ ?R\<\T :5 WE LOOK AT HUMAN ACTION3 IDEAS1 AW>5ESS1 ! CONSCI\S VS4 ! UNCONSCI\S1 9T5TION1 JUDGM5TS1 VALUES1 & NORMS4 ,9 SPECIFICALLY POLITICAL ?\<T1 IDEAS HAVE ALWAYS POS$ A C5TRAL QUE/ION3 :AT ROLE DO IDEAS & IDEOLOGY PLAY 9 POLITICAL ACTION8 ,?AT IS1 TO :AT DEGREE DO POLITICAL IDEAS MOTIVATE8 ,>E !Y NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO ACCOMPLI% POLITICAL 5DS8 ,& :AT FUNCTION DO !Y PLAY )9 ! CAUSAL *A9S ?AT PRODUCE POLITICAL ACTION8 

,!RE >E TWO PIECES TO ! PROBLEM4 ,FIR/1 :AT IS ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SIMPLE ?\<T & ACTION8 ,SECOND1 :AT IS ! NATURE ( SPECIFICALLY POLITICAL IDEAS8 ,!SE ISSUES HAVE (T5 BE5 CALL$ ! PROBLEM ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,CONSCI\SNESS H]E IS ?\<T ( AS HAV+ OV]T AW>5ESS & 9T5TION ( ! POLITICAL FRAMEWORK ?AT ! P]SON WANTS TO PUT 9TO PLACE4 ,)9 ?IS FRAM+ A DIVISION WAS =M$ BETWE5 ?OSE :O BELIEV$ ?AT SU* CONSCI\SNESS WAS A PR]EQUISITE = ACTION & ?OSE :O SAW SU* CONSCI\SNESS AS SECOND>Y TO ACTIONS4 ,REALI/ICALLY1 MO/ PEOPLE FELL SOME:]E 9 ! MIDDLE SEE+ IT EI!R AS A PRODUCT ( ACTION1 SOME?+ ?AT GRADUALLY DEVELOPS1 OR A BACK & =? BETWE5 ! TWO4 

,?IS DIVISION IS MO/ PRON\NC$ 9 ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION DUE TO !IR FOCUS ON ! RELATION%IP ( IDEAS TO CAPITALISM4 ,L59I/S TRADITIONALLY SAW REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS COM+ FROM A SOCIALI/ M9ORITY1 IF NOT FROM ! UPP] CLASSES1 :O HAD ! FREE TIME = ! /UDY ( ,M>XISM & W\LD BR+ !SE IDEAS TO ! PROLET>IAT BURD5$ BY ! DAILY R\T9E ( CAPITALISM4.<#a#a#b.> ,CONV]SELY1 A BROAD SWA? ( LEFTI/ OPPOSITION TO (FICIAL ,L59ISM ID5TIFI$ ) ALT]NATIVES TO ?IS MODEL4 ,M>T9 ,GLAB]MAN & ,C,L,R ,JAMES1 DISSID5T EX,TROTSKYI/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 PROPOS$ ! TRANS=MATIVE POT5TIAL ( ACTION ?AT PREC$ES %IFTS 9 CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,C\NCIL COMMUNI/S EMPHASIZ$ ! SPONTANE\S ACTIVITY ( ! CLASS ?AT C\LD LEAD TO RADICALIZATION 9 PRACTICE1 EV5 ASS]T+ ?AT WORK]S W]E ONLY POT5TIALLY RADICAL )9 ! FACTORY WALLS4 ,E,P ,?OMPSON >GU$ 9 ! ,MAK+ ( ! ,5GLI% ,WORK+-,CLASS ?AT CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS A PROCESS DEVELOP$ ACROSS TIME 9 EXP]I5CES RA!R ?AN A ?+ OR AN IDEOLOGY ONE ADOPTS4.<#a#a#c.> 

,?IS PROBLEM 9 MANY WAYS IS 9FLU5C$ BY ISSUES )9 ! MO/ POPUL> 

=MS ( ,M>XISM1 :]E ! DYNAMICS ( CAPITALISM !MSELVES CREATES ! WORK+ CLASS :O >E GIV5 !IR REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL BY !IR POSITION )9 RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION4 ,) WORK]S FAIL+ TO CONSI/5TLY DEVELOP SOCIALI/ IDEAS1 ,M>XI/ ?9K]S !N WRE/L$ ) A S]IES ( MODELS = :Y ?IS HAPP5S4 ,AN>*ISM CAME AT ?+S FROM A DIFF]5T ANGLE AS ITS IDEAS AB\T CLASS & REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL W]E MORE OP54 ,LIB]T>IANS SAW RADICALIZATION AS A RA!R SPECIFIC PROCESS ( ! LOCAL CONTEXT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT & 9VOLV+ BO? ! CONSCI\S CULTIVATION ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS & ! TRANS=MATIVE POT5TIAL ( /RUGGLE )9 & AGA9/ CAPITALISM4.<#a#a#d.> 

,! 9ITIAL FRAM+ ITSELF />TS (F ON ! WRONG FOOT1 H[EV]4 ,CONSID] A P]SON :O BELIEVES 9 ! NE$ TO ABOLI% ! DEA? P5ALTY1 SUBSCRIBES TO A LEGISLATIVE AG5DA TO A*IEVE ?AT 5D1 HAS ALL ! RES\RCES NECESS>Y TO />T TAK+ ?OSE ACTIONS1 BUT NEV] 9 LIFE TAKES UP ! CAUSE4 ,9 ! S5SE ( ?\<T1 ! P]SON HAS POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS CONC]N+ ! DEA? P5ALTY4 ,!RE IS ! AW>5ESS1 ?9K+1 E?ICAL ELEM5TS1 & 9T5T4 ,YET /ILL1 ! P]SON NEV] MOVES TO ACT UPON ?OSE4 ,?IS CASE IS NOT M]ELY SPECULATIVE1 BECAUSE A LOTS ( PEOPLE DO LIVE LIKE ?IS4 ,A NUMB] ( FACTORS CAN DISASSOCIATE SOMEONE'S WILL TO IMPLEM5T !IR PLANS3 WEAKNESS ( WILL1 DI/RACTIONS1 ALI5ATION1 DEPRESSION1 LACK ( 9T]E/1 O!R PRIORITIES1 FEEL+S ( HELPLESSNESS1 & SO ON4 

,9 ?IS CASE1 WE W\LD NOT REALLY ?9K ?AT ! P]SON HAS POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! /RONG S5SE1 BECAUSE !Y NEV] ACT ON IT4 ,! ACTION VALIDATES ! M5TAL CONT5T ( !IR BELIEFS1 & SPECIFICALLY !IR 9T5T & E?ICAL COMMITM5TS4 ,TO WILL SOME?+ & ?9K ?AT IT'S ! GOOD OR RI<T ?+ TO DO C>RIES ) IT SOME COMMITM5T TO ACTION4 ,9 EXTREME CASES1 IF SOMEONE NEV] ACTS AT ALL1 IT CA/S SOME D\BT AT LEA/ ON ! DEP? ( BELIEF4 ,IT C]TA9LY IS POSSIBLE TO HOLD ?+S ONE FAILS TO ACT UPON1 BUT POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS IS A /RONG] K9D ( ?+4 ,IT IS ONE WE EXPECT TO HAVE SOME CAUSAL =CE BEYOND A M]E SPECULATIVE COMMITM5T4 ,!RE APPE>S TO BE AN ACTION COMPON5T ( CONSCI\SNESS4 

,= !SE REASONS1 CONSCI\SNESS IS A BAD FRAM+ ( ! ISSUE4.<#a#a#e.> ,CONSCI\SNESS R$UCES ! ROLE ( POLITICAL IDEAS TO !IR ROLE AS P>T ( EXP]I5CE AS A SUBJECT1 REASON+1 & DECISIONS4 ,RECALL ?AT ?IS IS A SIMIL> & CONSI/5T MI/AKE ?AT CAME UP E>LI] 9 \R 9QUIRY4 ,AS AG5TS1 WE COME AT ! WORLD ?R\< \R EXP]I5CE AS REASON+ SUBJECTS MAK+ *OICES4 ,BEYOND ?AT CONSCI\S EXP]I5CE AS AG5TS1 !RE IS ALSO AN 9T]ACTION ) ! WORLD ?AT MAKES UP POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY4 

,A BETT] WAY TO APPROA* ! PROBLEM IS ?9K+ ( IT AS A =M ( COGNITION4 ,COGNITION IS A CONCEPT ( M5TAL PROCESSES4 ,COGNITION 9VOLVES M5TATION1 BUT NOT NECESS>ILY ALWAYS CONSCI\S M5TATION OR AW>5ESS4 ,COGNITION IS LIKEWISE CONNECT$ TO BEHAVIOR4 ,:ILE CONSCI\SNESS IS FUNDAM5TALLY AB\T EXP]I5CES ( PH5OM5A1 COGNITION /RADDLES ! L9E BETWE5 ?\<T & ?\<T EMBODI$ 9 ! BEHAVIOR & ACTIVITIES ( AG5TS4 ,R\<LY SPEAK+1 COGNITION IS A BROAD 5\< CONCEPT TO LET US GET AT ! PROBLEM LOOK+ AT ! EXP]I5CES1 AW>5ESS1 & ACTIVITY ( AG5TS4 ,POLITICAL COGNITION IS A S]IES ( PROCESSES BO? CONSCI\S & UNCONSCI\S 7OR EXHIBIT$7 ?R\< PATT]N$ ACTIVITY & M5TAL CONT5T4 ,IT IS ! SYN!SIS ( 9T]NAL LIFE ?AT IS ACT$ \T4 

,) ! DEA? P5ALTY EXAMPLE1 CONSID] N[ AN ACTIVI/ :O DOES P>TICIPATE 9 ASSOCIAT$ ACTIVITY1 SU* AS LETT]S TO S5ATORS1 RALLIES1 READ+ PUBLICATIONS1 & SO ON4 ,WE HAVE A FEW COMPON5TS4 ,!RE >E ! P]SON'S CONVICTIONS AB\T :AT CON/ITUTES UNDUE KILL+1 ! ROLE ( SOCIETY & PRISONS1 BELIEFS AB\T JU/ICE1 & ALT]NATIVES TO DEAL+ ) CRIM9ALS4 ,!SE CON/ITUTE ! NORMATIVE & E?ICAL /ATES ASSOCIAT$ ) ! IDEAS4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 !RE >E IDEAS AB\T H[ *ANGES MI<T OCCUR1 ACTIONS ?AT >E W>RANT$1 & ! BELIEFS ?AT MAKE UP ! IMPLEM5TATION ( !IR VISION4 ,LA/LY1 !RE >E ! ACTIVITIES !MSELVES ?AT BO? REFLECT ! ?9K+ & >E !MSELVES A COMPON5T ( :AT IT MEANS TO HOLD SU* BELIEFS & CONVICTIONS4 

,POLITICAL COGNITION !N IS A SY/EMATIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 ?\<T1 ACTIVITY1 & VALUES 9 AN AG5T4 ,H]E ! PREVI\S DISCUSSION HELPS US UND]/& H[ IT DEVELOPS4 ,9 A C]TA9 RESPECT IT IS NO DIFF]5T FROM H[ PEOPLE COME TO =M IDEAS 9 G5]AL4 ,TAK5 ANO!R WAY1 POLITICAL COGNITION IS A V]Y P>TICUL> SORT ( FACET ( M5TAL LIFE4 ,IT ISN'T SIMPLY E?ICAL POSITIONS1 BECAUSE )9 IT1 IT CONTA9S BO? AN ANALYSIS ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL WORLD & C]TA9 PRACTICAL COMMITM5TS TO *ANG+ IT4 ,LIKEWISE1 IT'S NOT M]ELY A S]IES ( PRACTICES BECAUSE ( ! NECESS>Y E?ICAL COMMITM5TS & BELIEFS 9H]5T4 ,!RE APPE>S TO BE TWO FACTORS BE>+ D[N ON ! SITUATION4 

,FIR/1 !RE IS M5TAL LIFE & ! ?9K+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,REFLECTION ON ! DEA? P5ALTY C]TA9LY HAS A ROLE TO PLAY 9 BR++ ! AG5T TO ACT1 =M BELIEFS1 & MA9TA9 V>I\S DESIRES & 9T5SIONS4 ,REFLECTION CAN *ANGE BEHAVIOR1 ALT] BELIEFS1 & BR+ AB\T NEW =MS ( ?\<T & RELATION%IPS TO O!RS4 ,?IS IS EVID5T 9 SIMPLE WAYS4 ,IF ,I F9D MYSELF BIT+ MY NAILS UNCONSCI\SLY1 BECOM+ AW>E ( ?AT FACT CAN ALL[ ME TO /OP MY BEHAVIOR4 ,IT'S ALSO TRUE ( L>G] SCALE BELIEFS4 ,CONSID] PEOPLE WAT*+ TELEVISION 9 ! 

#a#i#eS :O WITNESS$ ! BRUTAL REPRESSION ( CIVIL RI<TS ACTIVI/S BY ,/ATE & MOB VIOL5CE4 ,! OV]T AW>5ESS ( BRUTALITY & REPRESSION MADE CONSCI\S BY ! P]CEPTION ( ! IMAGES ( VIOL5CE L$ TO *ANGES REG>D+ SEGREGATION & RACISM 9 SOME4.<#a#a#f.> ,CONSCI\S BELIEFS LIKE 0! WORLD IS R\ND10 0CAPITALISM IS WRONG10 OR 0?IS WORLD IS AN ILLUSION10 CAN HAVE A DEEP 9FLU5CE ON ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,OCCUPY'S 0#a.0 V]SUS ! #i#i.00 C]TA9LY HAD1 9 :ATEV] COMPLICAT$ S*EME WE WANT TO COOK UP1 A CAUSAL EFFECT ON ! EV5TS ( HI/ORY4 ,?\<TS CAN MAKE ?+S HAPP54 ,! ACT ( REFLECTION C]TA9LY CAN !N HAVE ! P[] TO TRANS=M TACIT BELIEFS1 VALUES1 & IDEOLOGY ALONGSIDE BEHAVIOR4 

,SECOND1 !RE IS ! =CE ( HI/ORY ACT+ UPON 9DIVIDUALS4 ,\R ?9K+ (T5 IS *ANG$ NOT BY \R CONSCI\S REFLECTION1 BUT RA!R BY ! IMPOSITION ( EXT]NAL =CES ON \R M9DS4 ,ADV]TIS+ IS A P>TICUL>LY OBVI\S EXAMPLE ( ?IS4 ,MANY ( ! CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS ) SMOK+ 7RELAXATION1 REBELLION1 BE+ HIP1 & SO ON7 >E DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! 9T]V5TIONS ( ! 9DU/RY ?R\< ADV]TISEM5T4 ,TYPICALLY1 PEOPLE DID NOT ?9K !Y W\LD />T SMOK+ TO BE COOL4 ,UNCONSCI\S ELEM5TS CAN %IFT PEOPLE'S MOTIVATIONAL /ATES )\T !IR AW>5ESS4 ,OR CONSID] ! ROLE ?AT ! ILLNESS ( A LOV$ ONE PLAYS 9 *ANG+ PEOPLE'S BELIEFS AB\T RI<T & WRONG4 ,! ,T,V %[ ,BREAK+ ,BAD IMMORTALIZ$ ?IS EXAMPLE ?R\< ! PROTAGONI/1 :O TURNS TO ! UND]WORLD ( ! DRUG ECONOMY TO FUND HIS *EMO!RAPY :5 HE F9DS NO O!R OPTIONS4 ,FAC$ ) UTT] DEPRIVATION1 MANY PEOPLE COME TO REEVALUATE ! MORALITY ( US+ :ATEV] MEANS AT !IR DISPOSAL TO HELP !IR LOV$ ONES1 ?\< ?IS IS TYPICALLY NOT ?R\< ISSUES SO EXPLICITLY REASON$ \T4 

,9 ! WORLD ( POLITICS1 A RIOT IS YET ANO!R EXAMPLE ( !SE EXT]NAL =CES APP>5TLY ACT+ UPON COGNITION RA!R ?AN ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,:ATEV] ! PROCESS IS ( ! READ9ESS TO RIOT1 IT IS L>GELY FACTS AB\T ! SITUATION & CR[D ?AT TELL US AB\T A RIOT1 RA!R ?AN ! EXPLICIT CONSCI\S REASON+ ( 9DIVIDUALS--?\< ?IS ISN'T TO DIM9I% ! ROLE ( ! DELIB]ATE ASPECT ( RIOT+4 ,9 MO/ RIOTS1 ! ACTIONS ( ! RIOT]S LIKELY GO AGA9/ :ATEV] CONSCI\S POLITICAL BELIEFS ! 9DIVIDUALS HOLD4 ,P]HAPS SOME RIOT]S >E IDEOLOGICALLY PREP>$ TO WAGE URBAN W>F>E = !IR CAUSE1 BUT = ! MAJORITY ?IS IS LIKELY NOT ! CASE EXCEPT 9 EXCEPTIONAL HI/ORICAL MOM5TS ( PROLONG$ SOCIAL W>4 ,= ! PURPOSES ( >GUM5T1 CONSID] ONLY ?OSE :O ACT AGA9/ !IR POLITICAL BELIEFS BAS$ ON ! =CE ( ! MOM5T TO DRAW A LESSON4 ,?IS IS :]E1 HI/ORICALLY1 ! DIVISION HAS BE5 LAID4 ,IS COGNITION A DI/RACTION :ILE ! REAL =CES ?AT MOVE POLITICAL ACTION >E OBJECTIVE FACTS AB\T SOCIETIES 9 CONFLICT8 ,)\T OV]T COGNITION WILL *ANGE =EV] BE DISPLAC$ BY DECEPTION1 RECUP]ATION1 & 9]TIA8 ,!RE IS A P>ALLEL GAP BETWE5 SOCIAL EM]G5T =CES & AG5CY 9 ! REALM ( POLITICAL COGNITION1 JU/ AS ) P[]1 ACTION1 & MOTIVATION4 

,?\<TS 

,:ATEV] !ORY WE DESIRE %\LD CAPTURE !SE FACTS !N3 CONSCI\S REFLECTION CAN CAUSE POLITICAL *ANGES 9 ! WORLD1 & L>GESCALE =CES SOMETIMES ACT AGA9/ ! APP>5T ?9K+ ( POLITICAL AG5TS4 ,! FIR/ PIECE ( ! PUZZLE IS TO QUE/ION ! CONCEPTUALIZATION ( ?\<TS4 ,9 MU* DISCUSSION ( POLITICAL IDEAS1 ?\<TS >E CONSID]$ AS TIMELESS 5TITIES ?AT CAN APPE> & DISAPPE> AT WILL4 ,!RE'S A LOGIC TO ?IS4 ,Y\ CAN ?9K ! SAME ?+ ,I'M ?9K+ 7MORE OR LESS7 & !SE ?\<TS CAN BE ?\<T ( :5EV] WE LIKE4 ,I CAN ?9K1 0,I LIKE KITT5S10 A HUNDR$ TIMES OV] ANY DAY ( ! YE> ,I LIKE1 & Y\ CAN ?9K IT TOO4 

,?IS IS A LIMIT$ PICTURE ( HUMAN ?9K+1 H[EV]4 ,?\<TS >E NOT ONLY PASS+ ELEM5TS ?AT CAT* \R EYE LIKE MAGNIFIC5T CL\DS ?AT BL[ ?R\< AT R&OM4 ,?\<TS >E MORE LIKE A CONT9U\S /REAM1 EA* FE$+ 9TO ONE ANO!R1 & ALL B\ND TOGE!R 9 AN 5ORM\S ?READ /RET*+ BACK 9TO TIME4 ,?\<TS HAVE HI/ORY4 ,MY LOVE ( KITT5S IS A COMPLETE 5TITY1 BUT IT IS TI$ TO A NUMB] ( O!R ?\<TS1 EXP]I5CES1 & CONCRETE PHYSICAL ?+S 9 ! WORLD4 ,!RE >E ! PLEASURES ,I'VE EXP]I5C$1 ?\<TS ,I'VE HAD AB\T MYSELF1 & ! K9DS ( ?+S ,I LIKE1 E4G4 KITT5S1 BOOKS1 & SO ON4 ,?\<TS !MSELVES REFLECT FACTS AB\T ! WORLD1 MY [N HI/ORY1 & MY CONSCI\S RELATION%IP TO MY MEMORIES_/EXP]I5CES_/SELF-CONCEPTIONS4 

,IT'S P]CEIVABLE :5 WE CONSID] ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 TWO PEOPLE 9 ! #a#i#eS--A ,S\!RN :ITE & A =EIGN] :O ?9K 0SEGREGATION IS WRONG10 ?AT !RE IS A SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! TWO ?\<TS1 YET RELEVANT TO UND]/&+ ! ?\<TS 9 ! TWO PEOPLE IS AN UND]/&+ ( ! HI/ORY ( ! P]SON 9 RELATION TO !IR ?\<T1 & ! RELATION%IP ( ?AT P]SON TO ! HI/ORY ( ! WORLD !Y EXI/ 94 ,! :ITE ,S\!RN] CAME TO HAVE ?AT ?\<T 9 A DIFF]5T WAY ?AN ! =EIGN]1 & ! MEAN+ 7BO? 9 T]MS ( SIGNIFICANCE & LIT]AL MEAN+7 ( ! ?\<T IS DIFF]5T4 

,BY UND]/&+ ?\<TS AS HI/ORICAL 5TITIES1 ACT$ UPON BY PHYSICAL & SOCIAL =CES1 WE BEG9 TO DISSOLVE ! APP>5T =K BETWE5 ?\<T & ACTION 9 ! POLITICAL DOMA94 ,?IS IS BECAUSE POLITICAL COGNITION IS AN EM]G5T PRODUCT ( ! 9T]ACTION ( 9DIVIDUALS ) !IR POLITICAL WORLD4 ,?AT IS ?AT ! COGNITIVE /ATES ( 9DIVIDUALS EM]GE \T ( COMPLEX SY/EMIC 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 AG5TS1 !IR BIOLOGY1 & EM]G5T =CES 9 ! WORLD ON A NUMB] ( LEVELS 79T]P]SONAL1 SOCIAL1 & HI< LEVEL EM]G5T /RUCTURES74 ,!SE ?\<TS DO NOT /& \TSIDE ( ?AT CAUSAL WORLD1 H[EV]4 ,?\<TS !MSELVES CREATE *ANGES )9 AG5TS ?AT !N CREATE %IFTS 9 ! WORLD4 

,! PROBLEM ) CRUD] IDEAS AB\T ?IS IS ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE H[ %IFTS 9 ?9K+ CAN HAVE SU* =CE4 ,REFLECT ON ! E>LI] DISCUSSION ( PEOPLE BE+ MOTIVAT$ TO FOLL[ ?R\< ) !IR IDEAS4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT !RE >E GAPS BETWE5 ?\<T & ACTION1 9T]NAL LIFE & WEI<T ( =CE ON \R :OLE BE+S4 ,RECALL ! CONCEPTS ( DISPROPORTIONATE CAUSATION & EQUILIBRIUM FROM EM]G5CE4 ,\R NAIVE VIEW ( CAUSALITY IS ?AT ( BILLI>D BALLS HITT+ EA* O!R & CREAT+ OBS]VABLE & MEASURABLE %IFTS4 ,MO/ CAUSATION ISN'T LIKE ?IS1 & ESPECIALLY NOT \R ?\<TS4 ,?R[+ A BALL 9TO A HURRICANE PRODUCES A DIFF]5T TRAJECTORY ( ! BALL ?AN ON A W9DLESS DAY4 ,?\<TS LIKEWISE HAVE DIFF]5T CAUSAL IMPACT BAS$ ON ! TOTAL CONTEXT !Y ACT UPON 7IF !Y BECOME 9/ANTIAT$74 ,ANTI-MILIT>I/ ACTIONS DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I HAD A DIFF]5T CONTEXT ?AN DUR+ ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4 ,\R ?\<TS >E FILT]$ ?R\< A SPECIFIC SOCIAL CONTEXT ( ACTION 7& ! EXP]I5CES ( ! AG5T PREVI\SLY71 & HAVE !IR EFFECT BAS$ ON !IR PLACE BO? )9 US & HI/ORY4 

,\R ?\<TS >E !N EM]G5T PRODUCTS ( HI/ORY1 & LIKEWISE HI/ORY IS P>TLY AN EM]G5T PRODUCT ( \R ?\<TS4 ,SEE+ ?IS AS A SY/EM ?AT GR[S & ADAPTS ) EM]G5T PROP]TIES GETS US \T ( ! *ICK5 OR ! EGG ANALOGY ?AT PLAGU$ MU* ?9K+ ON ! MATT]4 ,PEOPLE F\<T SEGREGATION BO? BECAUSE ( *ANGES 9 !IR POLITICAL COGNITION & !IR POLITICAL COGNITION *ANG$ BECAUSE ( *ANGES )9 SOCIETY 7& LAT] ) !IR ACTIONS74 ,! CONCEPT ( COGNITION ITSELF HELPS US UND]/& ?IS BY PROVID+ A RELATION BETWE5 ?\<T & ACTION4 ,RA!R ?AN SEE+ !M AS :OLLY SEP>ATE 5TITIES ACT+ ON EA* O!R1 COGNITION %[S US ! WAY 9 :I* \R AG5CY & CONSCI\SNESS IS SY/EMIC & CON/ANTLY *ANG+ 9 P>ALLEL ) & AS A P>T ( ! WORLD4 ,WE >E RESPOND+ TO ! WORLD & AT ! SAME TIME CREAT+ NEW WORLDS1 ) \R ?9K+ & ACTION TRANS=M+ & REPRES5T+ !SE FACTS AT ! SAME TIME4 ,WE HOLD !SE RELATIONS TO \RSELVES AS WELL AS TO O!RS & ! WORLD4 

,NOTE ?AT P[] IS KEY )9 ?IS DYNAMIC4 ,9 ! LA/ *APT]1 WE SAW ?AT P[] FUNCTIONS AS AN 9T]NAL EXP]I5CE1 SETS ( ABILITIES1 RELATIONS BETWE5 AG5TS1 & AS AN EM]G5T =CE BETWE5 GR\PS4 ,?AT =M1 P[]'S ABILITY TO MOVE BETWE5 LEVELS & SPH]ES1 IS REFLECT$ 9 POLITICAL COGNITION4 ,EXI/+ *ANNELS1 NETWORKS1 & TRANSMISSIONS ( P[] =M ROADS ?AT \R COGNITION TRAVELS D[N & ACTS UPON4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 P[] RELATION%IPS >E ! BASIC BUILD+ BLOCKS ( SOCIETY1 ?\< FLUID ONES ?AT >E CON/ANTLY BE+ RECREAT$4 

,\R M5TAL LIFE FL[S ALONG !SE WEBS ( P[]1 *ANG+ !M1 RESPOND+ TO !M1 & RECREAT+ P[] BO? 9T]NALLY & 9 \R SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,SO PEOPLE DO NOT SUPPORT DEMOCRACY OR MON>*Y BECAUSE ( TIMELESS AB/RACT CONSID]ATIONS4 ,PEOPLE COME TO CONSID] SU* ISSUES BECAUSE !RE >E A S]IES ( *ANNELS ?AT !Y 9T]ACT ) 9 SOCIETY3 PEOPLE DISCUSS !M2 !RE >E 9/ITUTIONS & ORGANS ?AT PROJECT !M2 !Y HAVE EXP]I5CES ) EM]G5T P[] /RUCTURES2 & !Y REFLECT ON ! V>I\S 9T]SECTIONS ( !SE FACTS 9 !IR LIFE4 ,P[] IS AT ! C5T] ( POLITICAL COGNITION1 BECAUSE IT IS A =CE ?AT %APES & GUIDES ! WAY \R ?\<T FL[S & IS ! ULTIMATE UND]LY+ FIELD ( /RUGGLE4 ,!RE IS A KEY TO UND]/&+ POLITICAL COGNITION 9 P[]4 

,LIB]ATORY ,COGNITION3 ,! ,WEI<T ( ! ,PRES5T ,AGA9/ ! ,FUTURE 

,! PROBLEM ( POLITICAL COGNITION !N IS ILL-FRAM$1 PLAC$ 9 A TRAP ( FALSE DI*OTOMIES4 ,>M$ ) EM]G5CE1 WE SEE ! PROBLEM IS NOT H[ COGNITION & IDEOLOGY HAVE A ROLE 9 ! AB/RACT1 BUT RA!R :AT ROLE8 ,! REAL PROBLEM = LIB]T>IANS LIES 9 UND]/&+ CRITICAL COGNITION OR POLITICAL COGNITION APPLI$ AGA9/ ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 :5 LOOK+ AT A CRITIQUE NOT SIMPLY ( ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY1 BUT RA!R A SY/EMIC CRITIQUE ( ! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIO-POLITICAL ORD] PRES5T SOCIETY IS F\ND$ ON4 ,H[ IS IT ?AT SU* A SOCIETY C\LD BE DISMANTL$ 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE DO NOT HAVE SU* POLITICAL COGNITION8 ,) PEOPLE LIV+ & ?9K+ ! WAY !Y >E1 H[ IS A TRANS=MATION POSSIBLE8 ,!RE >E MANY ASPECTS TO !SE ISSUES1 BUT LET US TAKE !M UP FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! COGNITIVE ELEM5T4 

,IT CAN SEEM UNLIKELY ?AT ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE C\LD BECOME CONSCI\SLY REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! PRES5T CONDITIONS4 ,! WORLD WE 9HABIT ISN'T ONE ?AT PU%ES PEOPLE AUTOMATICALLY TO RADICALLY EMBRACE A FUNDAM5TALLY NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,! OPPOSITE IS TRUE4 ,ELABORATE & EXHAU/IVE RES\RCES >E BR\<T TO BE> ON ! 5TIRE POPULATION TO CONTE/ & 5SURE ! DIRECTION & HABITS ( PEOPLE'S ?9K+ & ACTIONS4 ,! ,/ATE & CAPITAL CONTROL 9=MATION NETWORKS1 $UCATION1 & HAVE MASSIVE RES\RCES = 9T]V5+ TO PREV5T ! SPREAD ( RADICAL IDEAS EV5 )\T DIRECTLY DICTAT+ CONT5T OR NE$+ TO CO]CE OB$I5CE4 ,F\CAULT'S LAT] LECTURES TRI$ TO MAP \T ! %IFT T[>DS ! MOD]N ,/ATE & TE*NIQUES ( GOV]NANCE ALONG !SE L9ES4.<#a#a#g.> ,! POT5CY ( ! ,/ATE /RET*ES F> BEYOND ITS IMM$IATE FUNCTION>IES1 POLICE1 & SOLDI]S ?R\< ITS ADOPTION ( L>GE SECTORS ( SOCIAL LIFE ?AT PREVI\SLY W]E PROVID$ BY ! COMMUNITY OR VOLUNT>Y ACTIVITY ( ORGANIZATIONS4 ,/ATE FUND+ & C>EFULLY CULTIVAT+ RELATION%IPS ( P]MISSION1 PRIVILEGE1 & PUNI%M5T = POLITICAL OPPOSITION P5ETRATE DAILY LIFE ?R\< ! ORGANS ( ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,\R S*OOLS >E BUILT >\ND !IR PRIORITIES4 ,*UR*ES >E REGULAT$ & GIV5 SPECIAL /ATUS = [N+ PROP]TY & EXEMPTION FROM TAXES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 !REBY CREAT+ RELATION%IPS ( DEP5D5CY & IMPLI$ CONSEQU5CES = OPPOSITION4.<#a#a#h.> ,! M$IA CONSI/5TLY REPRODUCES ! LIMITS ( DEBATE 9 L9E ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! P[]FUL )\T NE$+ ANY C5TRAL C5SURE4.<#a#a#i.> ,:5 !RE >E BREAKD[NS 9 ! UNITY ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS BEH9D ! ,/ATE1 !RE IS 9FRA/RUCTURE ?AT PUTS LIMIT$ RE=MS ON ! TABLE4 ,! SY/EM CAN REPRESS 7& WILL71 BUT IT CAN ALSO 9TEGRATE & 9T]NALIZE OPPOSITIONS & DEM&S ?R\< RESPOND+ TO ! NE$S ( ITS OPPON5TS4 

,?IS MAY SEEM 9NOCU\S4 ,LOGICALLY1 ANY SOCIETY W\LD SEEK TO REFLECT & CONSCI\SLY REPRODUCE ITS VALUES & /RUCTURAL BASES4 ,/ATES >E NOT DIFF]5T4 ,= ! CRITICAL LIB]T>IAN ?9K]1 ! PROBLEM IS DIFF]5T4 ,9 BROAD BRU% /ROKES1 ! CRITICAL ?9K] ID5TIFIES EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION AS ! CORE ( SY/EMIC CRITIQUE4 ,YET IT IS PRECISELY AU?ORITY & HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS ?AT >E REPRODUC$1 5G9E]$1 & GU>D$ BY ! =CES ( P[] ACT+ ON SOCIETY4 ,?IS OCCURS NOT ONLY ?R\< (FICIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( P[] LIKE PRISONS1 S*OOLS1 MILIT>Y1 POLICE1 & POLITICAL P>TIES1 BUT ALSO ?R\< O!R 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ SITES ( IDEOLOGICAL REPRODUCTION LIKE ?9K-TANKS1 ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ LEFT & RI<T1 ACADEMIA1 HOSPITALS & M5TAL HEAL? FACILITIES1 WORKPLACES1 & NEI<BORHOOD ORGANIZATIONS4 

,WORKPLACES >E 5G9E]$ = SOCIAL CONTROL NOT ONLY ( ! BEHAVIOR ( WORK]S1 BUT ALSO ( !IR ?\<TS4 ,M$IA IS CON/RUCT$ >\ND ! IDEOLOGY1 F9ANCE1 & CONTROL ( ! P]SPECTIVES ( ! V>I\S FACTIONS ( DOM9AT+ P[]4 ,MORE ?AN 9/ITUTIONS IMPOS+ ?IS UPON US1 WE SEE IMM5SE NETWORKS ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?AT 9 SUBTLE WAYS TRANSMIT & REPRODUCE AU?ORITY1 HI]>*Y1 & OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ?R\<\T SOCIETY4 ,FAMILIES1 *UR*ES1 HOSPITALS1 PRISONS1 S*OOLS1 & DAILY LIFE >E RI*LY DECORAT$ ) ALL ! M>KS ( P[] & IDEOLOGY BE+ TRANSMITT$ ?R\< \R 9T]ACTIONS & ?\<TS4 ,H[ WE BREAK FROM ?IS1 NOT JU/ AS 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT AS A :OLE SOCIETY1 IS A PR(\ND PROBLEM & PROVES EV5 MORE PROBLEMATIC = PEOPLE WORK+ T[>DS A MORE LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 ,?AT IS1 H[ CAN HUGE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE VOLUNT>ILY %IFT NOT ONLY !IR ?9K+1 BUT ALSO COME TO ACT AGA9/ IMM5SE P[]S8 

,YET IF A MAJORITY ( PEOPLE >5'T COMMITT$ TO LIB]ATORY /RUGGLE & SOCIETY1 IT DOESN'T SEEM POSSIBLE 7OR DESIRABLE7 ?AT A M9ORITY C\LD IMPOSE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ON AN UNWILL+ MAJORITY4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE BECAUSE SOCIETY W\LD NOT BE LIB]T>IAN IF IT W]E IMPOS$1 & UNLIKELY SIMPLY BECAUSE DISMANTL+ HI]>*ICAL P[] SEEMS TO REQUIRE A COMPON5T ( 9T5TIONAL COLLECTIVE ACTION4 ,A NEW SOCIETY MU/ BE CON/RUCT$1 & ! FRE$OM & EQUALITY ?AT LIB]T>IANS SEEK REQUIRE ! ACTIVE CREATIVITY & EF=T ?AT CAN ONLY COME FROM ! D$ICATION ( C\NTLESS 9DIVIDUALS1 RA!R ?AN ! WAT*FUL LABOR UND] GUN1 :IP1 CAM]A1 OR O!R MEANS ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL CO]CION4 ,!RE IS NO TRICK1 NO 9/ITUTION1 NOR ANY D>+ ACT ?AT C\LD GU>ANTEE ?IS4 

,IF SOCIETY MU/ BE REBUILT ON A FRE] & MORE EQUAL BASIS1 IT IMPLIES A GREAT DEAL ( ?\<T & VOLUNT>Y ACTIVITY4 ,?IS IS ! SAME VOLUNT>Y ACTIVITY ?AT SEEMS SO DIFFICULT TODAY 9 LI<T ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS & IDEOLOGY4 ,H]E WE HAVE A T5SION3 ! NE$ = TRANS=MATION & ! EM]G5T SOCIAL =CES WORK+ TO MA9TA9 AN EQUILIBRIUM 9 SOCIETY ?AT PREV5TS ! SPREAD ( SU* COGNITION4 ,?IS T5SION (T5 L$ PEOPLE TO SEEK %ORTCUTS ?R\< PUTS*ES1 IMPOSITION ( NEW SOCIAL ORD]S1 OR ! MAGICAL ?9K+ ( FATE4 ,MALATE/A W>N$ AGA9/ BELIEV+ ?AT A M]E VICTORY BY POLITICAL ACTIVI/S C\LD BR+ AB\T A FREE SOCIETY4 

,WE HAVE UND]TAK5 ! TASK ( /RUGGL+ AGA9/ EXI/+ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & ( OV]COM+ ! OB/ACLES TO ! ADV5T ( A NEW SOCIETY 9 :I* FRE$OM & WELLBE+ W\LD BE ASSUR$ TO EV]YBODY4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS OBJECTIVE1 WE ORGANIZE \RSELVES & SEEK TO BECOME AS NUM]\S & AS /RONG AS POSSIBLE4 ,BUT IF IT W]E ONLY \R AN>*I/ GR\P+S ?AT W]E ORGANIZ$2 IF ! WORK]S W]E TO REMA9 ISOLAT$ LIKE SO MANY UNITS UNCONC]N$ AB\T EA* O!R & ONLY L9K$ BY ! COMMON *A92 IF WE \RSELVES BESIDES BE+ ORGANIZ$ AS AN>*I/S 9 A F$]ATION1 W]E NOT AS WORK]S ORGANIZ$ ) O!R WORK]S1 WE C\LD A*IEVE NO?+ AT ALL1 OR AT MO/1 WE MI<T BE ABLE TO IMPOSE \RSELVES444& !N IT W\LD NOT BE ! TRIUMPH ( AN>*ISM1 BUT \R TRIUMPH4 ,WE C\LD !N GO ON CALL+ \RSELVES AN>*I/S1 BUT 9 REALITY WE %\LD SIMPLY BE RUL]S1 & AS IMPOT5T AS ALL RUL]S >E :]E ! G5]AL GOOD IS CONC]N$4.<#a#b.> 

,SPACE = ,CRITICISM 

,ONE REPLY TO ?AT T5SION IS TO LOOK TO RUPTURES OR EXTREME POLITICAL EV5TS4 ,SOMETIMES ! C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL EV5TS CAN SWEEP UP :OLE SOCIETIES1 & *ANGES 9 CONDITIONS CAN OP5 UP SPACES4 ,SOCIETIES 9 CRISIS LOSE EQUILIBRIUM1 DISORD] 9CREASES1 & COGNITIVE SPACE IS AVAILABLE TO QUE/ION FUNDAM5TAL ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY ?AT W]E NORMALLY ASSUM$ TO BE FUNCTIONAL & NECESS>Y4 ,C]TA9LY1 SOME ( ?OSE 5VIRONM5TS MAY FACILITATE TRANS=MATIONS ( SOME SORT OR ANO!R4 ,LOOK+ = ALT]NATIVES AS SY/EMS LOSE POLITICAL CR$IBILITY C\LD LEAD TO PEOPLE SEEK+ \T LIB]ATORY POSSIBILITIES4 ,?IS MAY BE A P>TIAL ANSW] TO !SE ISSUES AS IT ID5TIFIES SPACES :]E SU* TRANS=MATIONS MI<T OR MI<T NOT OCCUR4 

,IT'S IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE O!R ALT]NATIVE C\RSES4 ,SIMIL> 5VIRONM5TS1 BREAKD[NS 9 ! ABILITY ( RUL+ P[]S TO RULE1 ALSO OP5 SPACE = DEEPLY REPRESSIVE & AU?ORIT>IAN POT5TIALS1 OR MORE 9NOCU\SLY = =MS ( RE=MISM ?AT RE%APE SOCIETY TO ADDRESS IMM$IATE NE$S1 :ILE LEAV+ ! FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL ILLS 9TACT4 ,ALL ! FAILURES ( ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i? & #b? C5TURIES SUGGE/ ! DANG]S & LIMITS ( HI/ORY SIMPLY DELIV]+ LIB]ATORY COGNITION4 ,RUPTURES MAY PROVIDE SOME SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES1 BUT ALSO MAY PROVIDE DANG]S )\T GU>ANTEES4 ,FASCISM 9 ,G]MANY >OSE 9 ! C\NTRY P]HAPS ) ! L>GE/ & MO/ ORGANIZ$ SOCIALI/ LEFT4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BUILT UP A LONG-T]M MOM5TUM TO SAVE CAPITALISM VIA ! ,NEW ,DEAL & ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* CREAT$ ONE ( ! MO/ SU/A9$ P]IODS ( CAPITALI/ REGR[? 9 HI/ORY4 ,TO AVOID DY/OPIAN FUTURES OR GETT+ M]ELY *ANNEL$ 9TO NEW CIRCUITS = CAPITALISM & P[]1 WE NE$ TO LOOK FUR!R4 

,REFLECT ON :AT A RUPTURE IS4 ,A RUPTURE1 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 IS SOME K9D ( FUNDAM5TAL BREAK OR EXPLOSION FROM ! DOM9ANT ORD] ( H[ /RUGGLES NORMALLY HAPP54 ,WE C\LD SAY MORE1 BUT ! KEY ASPECT H]E IS ?AT A RUPTURE IS A %>P %IFT4 ,IT'S SURPRIS+4 ,Y\ GO FROM ,A TO ,Z 9 A S5SE4 ,RUPTURES EXHIBIT EM]G5T BEHAVIOR 9 :I* ! SITUATION IS NOT EASILY TRACEABLE TO ! 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! MOM5T OR 9 PREVI\S MOM5TS4 ,IF IT IS DISC]NIBLE1 IT'S ONLY 9 RETROSPECT & IT IS L>GELY R\< & SPECULATIVE4 

,A POLITICAL /RATEGY ?AT RELIES ON WAIT+ = SU* MOM5TS FACES AN EPI/EMOLOGICAL PROBLEM BR\<T TO LI<T BY EM]G5CE4 ,WE DON'T HAVE A GOOD WAY ( KN[+ :AT LEADS UP TO !SE EV5TS1 KN[+ :5 !Y OCCUR 7EXCEPT 9 MORE GR& EXHIBITIONS71 OR EV5 UND]/&+ ! PROCESSES )9 !M4 ,COMPLEXITY & ACTION AT A S]IES ( DIFF]5T LEVELS ( ANALYSIS LIMIT \R ?9K+ AS PROTAGONI/S4 ,WE'RE COM+ AT POLITICAL /RUGGLE AS PEOPLE TRY+ TO FIGURE \T :AT TO DO4 ,RUPTURES DO NOT GREET US ?AT WAY4 ,RUPTURES >E COMPLEX PH5OM5A EXI/+ ACROSS DIFF]5T PLANES--POLITICAL :IRLW9DS4 

,A FEW ?+S CAN BE TAK5 FROM BO? ?IS & ! PREC$+ DISCUSSION 9 ?IS TEXT4 ,WE DON'T KN[ 9 :AT WAY \R PRES5T ACTIONS WILL OR WON'T CONTRIBUTE TO ANY POT5TIAL SITUATION ?AT MI<T GIVE US OPPORTUNITIES4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT !RE IS NO NEUTRAL POSITION REG>D+ ACTIVITY \TSIDE RUPTURES4 ,WAIT+ = !M1 TRY+ TO CREATE !M1 OR /EP-BY-/EP TRY+ TO WALK T[>DS LIB]ATION ALL HAVE !IR [N \TCOMES1 ?\< NOT EASILY PR$ICTABLE ONES4 ,WE CAN MAKE GOOD ASSESSM5TS & PLANS AS AG5TS FROM \R LIMIT$ P]SPECTIVE1 :ILE RECOGNIZ+ WE WILL NOT NECESS>ILY BE 9 POSITIONS TO UND]/& \R PLACE 9 HI/ORY ALONG ! WAY4 ,! BE/ WAY TO VIEW ?IS SC5>IO IS ?AT WE DO \R BE/ TO F9D WAYS TO 9T]V5E1 REFLECT1 & ADJU/ TO \R 5VIRONM5T ) HUMILITY4 ,AWAIT+ RUPTURES IS ONE =M ( ACTION2 A =M ?AT MAY ACTUALLY PREV5T SOME RUPTURES FROM OCCURR+ ?AT MI<T O!RWISE HAVE TAK5 PLACE1 & CAN IMPAIR US FROM RESPOND+ %\LD !Y OCCUR4 ,?AT IS1 ALONGSIDE AN UND]/&+ ( POT5TIALS FROM ANY HI/ORICAL MOM5T 7RUPTURES OR O!RWISE71 WE NE$ AN ACTIVE UND]/&+ ( \R AG5CY4 

,IT'S WOR? SAY+ ?AT \R ACTIONS 9 MORE DIFFICULT MUNDANE SITUATIONS C>RY NOT ONLY ! POT5TIAL LOSS ( OPPORTUNITIES1 BUT HIDD5 D>K ALT]NATIVES AS WELL4 ,FAIL+ TO TAKE ! RI<T C\RSE ( ACTION DAY-TO-DAY MAY ALSO PUT US 9TO POSITIONS 9 :I* :5 OPPORTUNITIES >ISE1 WE F9D \RSELVES ORGANIZ$ AGA9/ !M4 ,?IS IS :Y 9 MANY 9/ANCES =CES ( ! LEFT1 SU* AS MANY UNIONS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 & ,N,G,OS1 F9D !MSELVES OPPOS$ TO COMBATIVE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS--HAV+ ROOT$ !MSELVES 9 ! P[] RELATIONS ( EXI/+ CAPITALISM1 !Y BECOME ?R[N (F BALANCE :5 ! DIVID+ L9ES %IFT4 ,?AT CAN PU% =CES = PROGRESS 9TO CONS]VATIVE OR EV5 REACTION>Y ROLES 9 RADICAL POLITICAL EV5TS4 ,9DE$1 ! E>LY HI/ORY ( FASCI/ MOVEM5TS WAS FILL$ ) SOCIALI/S1 ,M>XI/S1 & SOME AN>*I/S =M+ !IR FIR/ MILITANTS 9 ! FACE ( :AT W\LD BECOME A WORLD REVOLUTION>Y WAVE SURR\ND+ ! EV5TS ( #a#i#a#f#a#i#b#a4 ,HI/ORY IS FILL$ ) RADICAL OPPOSITIONS BECOME RUL+ TYRANTS--A HI/ORICAL HANGOV] ?AT HAUNTS US TODAY 9 PLACES LIKE ,CUBA1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,9DIA1 & ,*9A4 

,NEXT1 ! 9H]5T DANG]S )9 ! BREAKD[N ( SOCIAL ORD] MEAN ?AT \R =CES >E NOT M]ELY UP AGA9/ A S+LE UNIFI$ OPPOSITIONAL ORD]1 BUT RA!R !Y >E UP AGA9/ AN 9F9ITE SET ( POT5TIAL OPPOS+1 SUPPORT+1 & OV]LAPP+ =CES ?AT MAY OR MAY NOT BE G5]AT$ FROM /RUGGLES UNFOLD+4 ,?IS IS DIFF]5T FROM A CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY 9 :I* ! =CES ( GOOD DO BATTLE ) ! =CES ( EVIL TO SET ! /AGE = A NEW HUMANITY4 ,ACTIONS PRODUCE NEW =CES & NEW QUE/IONS ?AT WE CANNOT ANTICIPATE BAS$ ON \R POSITION BO? AS S5TI5T BE+S & )9 ! COMPLEX NETWORKS ( SOCIAL SY/EMS ?AT WE GR[ & ADAPT TO4 ,!RE IS NOT !N A L9E> M>* AGA9/ ! PRES5T ORD]1 NOR IS !RE ANY SAFETY 9 ITS DE/RUCTION4 ,VICTORY IS UNC]TA9 7ESPECIALLY 9 AN ]A ( ECOLOGICAL DEVA/ATION71 & ANY BELIEF ?AT WE CAN JU/ GO =W>D & MA9TA9 \RSELVES 9TACT ?R\< SMALL /RUGGLES IS HOPELESSLY NAIVE4 ,! BE/ WE CAN DO IS SET \T T[>DS ! LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE RESPOND+ AS BE/ WE CAN ALONG ! WAY4 

,ANO!R WAY ( CONCEIV+ ! COGNITIVE TRANS=MATION NECESS>Y = LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY IS ?R\< %IFT+ CONDITIONS = ! GR[? ( LIB]T>IAN ?\<T4 ,:ILE WE MAY NOT GLOBALLY BE ABLE TO DISMANTLE ! REPRODUCTION ( AU?ORIT>IAN IDEOLOGY1 ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !RE >E NOT FACTORS 7NODES1 PO9TS1 & RELATION%IPS7 ?AT WE CAN CONTE/ & *ANGE4 ,RUPTURES >E EXAMPLES ( L>GESCALE OP5+S1 BUT SMALL-SCALE ONES EXI/ AS WELL & LIKELY >E MORE IMPORTANT 9 CREAT+ ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* LIB]T>IAN =CES C\LD GR[1 SU/A91 & REPRODUCE4 ,CONSID] ! 0,I AM ! #i#i.00 MEME :]E 9DIVIDUALS UPLOAD$ PHOTOS ( !MSELVES ) A SIGN DESCRIB+ !IR TR\BLES & ! PHRASE 0,I AM ! #i#i.004 ,PEOPLE CAME TO TAKE UP1 DEVELOP1 & REPRODUCE ! MEME AS A S]IES ( IMAGES L9K+ !IR EXP]I5CES ) FEATURES ( ! SY/EM4 ,?R\< RELATION%IPS ( >T1 SOCIAL M$IA1 DESIGN1 & %>+1 NEW =MS ( COGNITION W]E BE+ TRANS=M$ & TRANSMITT$ ?R\< HUGE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE RELATIVELY RAPIDLY4 ,9 A WAY1 ?IS WAS P>T ( A RUPTURE4 ,YET ! EXAMPLE IS TANGIBLE & PROXIMATE 9 A WAY ?AT SPEAKS TO MORE RUN-(-!-MILL QUE/IONS4 ,?AT REFLECTION ( O!RS' LIVES ?AT SPEAKS TO ! EXP]I5TIAL REALITY ( MILLIONS ITSELF CAUS$ FUR!R ?\<TS & ACTIONS AS PEOPLE W]E C>RI$ 9TO ! /REETS4 ,9 9F9ITE WAYS ?R\<\T SOCIETY ! TRANS=MATIONS ( IDEOLOGY OCCUR & LEAD TO %IFTS ?AT WE DO HAVE ACCESS TO4 

,RUPTURES & !SE TRANSMISSIONS ( P[] & ?\<T !N >E ON A CONT9UUM1 BUT NOT A L9E> CONT9UUM4 ,RUPTURES >E EM]G5T \T ( C\NTLESS CONTE/ATIONS1 RE=MULATIONS1 ACTIONS1 & REFLECTIONS4 ,WE LACK ! COM=T ( KN[+ ! EFFECT ( \R ACTIONS1 & YET !RE IS ALSO ! POT5TIAL = \R ACTIONS TO HAVE UNKN[N CAUSES1 EFFECT ?AT IS F> \T FROM :]E WE HAD ANTICIPAT$ & HAS AT TIMES RADICAL & DISPROPORTIONATE 9FLU5CE4 ,WE LIVE 9 ! REALM ( ?OSE SOCIAL TRANSMISSIONS1 & )9 \R DAILY LIVES & /RUGGLES !RE >E C\NTLESS PLACES :]E WE MAY WORK AS POLITICAL AG5TS TO TRANS=M \R SITUATION4 

,?OSE /RUGGLES CAN GIVE US SPACE = ! FL\RI%+ ( A CRITICAL COGNITION 9 A NUMB] ( WAYS4 ,9 DO+ SO1 WE PUT 9TO PRACTICE \R POLITICS1 & WE TE/ IT4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 WE CAN DEVELOP A PRAXIS ?R\< SUCCESSES & *ALL5GES4 ,?OSE MOM5TS MAY HAVE AN 9DIRECT IMPACT ?AT CAN RESONATE 9 ! LIVES ( ?OSE 9VOLV$ WELL BEYOND ! PRES5T4 ,SOCIETY IS SU* ?AT SE$S PLANT$ TODAY 9 IMM$IATE /RUGGLES CAN POSSIBLY BECOME ROOTS ?AT GR[ =E/S ( LIB]ATION4 ,MORE /RONGLY1 SOMETIMES \R CONTE/ATIONS CAN HAVE DIRECT IMPACT ON 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 & AT TIMES FACILITATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( RUPTURES4 

,CRITICAL COGNITION CAN BE ?\<T ( AS DEVELOP+ ?R\< ! 9T]ACTION 

( CONSCI\S & NON-CONSCI\S PROCESSES ?R\<\T SOCIETY4 ,?IS COGNITION DEVELOPS 9 P>ALLEL TO ACTIVITY AGA9/ ! SY/EM4 ,EVOLV+ ALONGSIDE POLITICAL ACTION1 IT EM]G5TLY PRODUCES C\NTLESS BREAKS1 TRANS=MATIONS1 & POT5TIALS BO? AT SMALL-SCALE & L>GE-SCALE LEVELS4 ,?US1 ! ROLES ( 9T]V5TION & HI/ORICAL =CES >E 9H]5TLY FUZ$1 ) AG5TS PLAY+ A SPECIAL1 ?\< LIMIT$1 ROLE 9 REALIZ+ !M4 ,NEI!R ! PATI5T PLANN] CAN WILL SU* *ANGES 9TO EXI/5CE1 NOR CAN WE SIT BACK AWAIT+ ?AT !Y BE 9EVITABLY C>RI$ TO US4 

,FUNDAM5TALLY ORGANIZ$ >\ND P[] AS ! C5TRAL PLA9 ?AT COGNITION GR[S >\ND2 ! TASK ( ! RADICAL IS TO TRY TO ROOT !IR ACTIONS 9 !IR HI/ORICAL MOM5T AS AG5TS1 :ILE PREP>+ TO ADAPT TO AN UNC]TA9 & UNPR$ICTABLE FUTURE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE CAN SEE ?AT ! PROBLEM ( LIB]ATORY COGNITION IS ?AT ( POLITICAL AG5CY NAVIGAT+ ! TANGLES ( \R LIVES4 ,?IS POSES AN ALT]NATIVE TO VIEWS ( HI/ORY AS BE+ WRITT5 BY A DIV9E PLAYWRI<T V]SUS RADICALISM AS A =M ( P]SONAL 5LI<T5M5T4 

,LOOK$ AT ?IS WAY1 ! FIELD ( LIB]ATORY COGNITION IS WIDE OP54 ,WE HAVE MU* TO GA9 FROM EXPLOR+ SPACES = ! TRANS=MATION ( COGNITION4 ,?AT IS1 :AT 5VIRONM5TS IS IT MO/ LIKELY TO GR[ 98 ,:]E >E PLACES WE CAN *ALL5GE ! TRANSMISSION ( IDEOLOGY8 ,:I* ACTIONS OP5 UP ?AT SPACE8 ,:AT ROLE CAN IDEAS PLAY 9 9T]PRET+ EV5TS & ACTIONS8 

,!SE >E NOT TIMELESS OR UNIV]SAL QUE/IONS1 BUT RA!R !Y >E ?+S TO BE SETTL$ 9 ! LIV$ POLITICAL /RUGGLES ( P>TICUL> CONTEXTS4 ,) AN UND]/&+ ( EM]G5CE & P[]1 LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S CAN SET \T TO OP5 UP !SE *ANNELS & CREATE NEW ?9K+ & PRACTICES >\ND ! POSSIBILITIES = *ANGE ?AT /& BE=E US4 

,ACTION 

,HAV+ EXPLOR$ ! PROBLEM ( :AT REVOLUTION>Y COGNITION IS & H[ IT COMES TO BE OBTA9$1 O!R PROBLEMS PRES5T !MSELVES4 ,SETT+ ASIDE :E!R OR NOT SOMEONE IS 5GAG+ 9 SU* COGNITION1 WE CAN ASK :AT IT LOOKS LIKE :5 IT COMES TO HAVE =CE4 ,H[ DOES COGNITION TRANSLATE 9TO ACTION8 ,!RE IS OV]T CONSCI\S COGNITION1 & YET !RE >E O!R CASES ?AT >E MORE AMBIGU\S-- PEOPLE :O DO NOT CONSID] !MSELVES MILITANTS :O BREAK FROM ! 9]TIA ( ! PRES5T ORD] & TAKE ACTION ?AT SETS !M AGA9/ IMM5SE =CES4 ,!RE >E A NUMB] ( CASES TO CONSID]3 

,! Y\? :O PICKS UP REVOLUTION>Y TEA*+S1 DESPITE A LIFETIME'S9DOCTR9ATION ( ! EVILS ( SU* ?9K+4 

,! CR[D ?AT COMES 9TO ! /REETS BECAUSE ( ! BRUTALITY ( !,/ATE1 & *>GES 9TO MA*9E GUN FIRE TO BR+ D[N A REGIME4 

,! WORK]S :O REPEAT$LY 5GAGE 9 ILLEGAL /RIKES AGA9/ MANAGEM5T1 ! ,/ATE1 & ! UNION DESPITE WILL+LY & OV]:ELM+LY HAV+ SIGN$ CONTRACTS NOT TO /RIKE4 

,!RE >E C]TA9LY MORE EXAMPLES WE C\LD CONSID]4 ,YET !RE IS A P>ALLEL H]E BETWE5 ! CASES4 ,AT !IR CORE !Y 9VOLVE A SPECIFIC TYPE ( MOTIVATION 9 !IR ACTIONS4 ,LIB]ATORY POLITICAL MOTIVATION IS A MOTIVATION ( A SPECIFIC SORT4 ,IT IS NOT ! MOTIVATION TO M]ELY ACT1 BUT RA!R TO ACT AGA9/ ! PRES5T ORD] 7& POT5TIAL FUTURE ORD]S7 9 SPITE ( ! WEI<T ( HI/ORY1 ! ME*ANISMS ( ORD] ( ! PRES5T1 & ! ILL CONSEQU5CES ( ! PRES5T T[>DS A BETT] POT5TIAL FUTURE4 ,9 !SE 9/ANCES1 ! ACTIONS ( ! P>TICIPANTS ALSO WEI< AGA9/ COMMON S5SE ( !IR DAY & EV5 ! NORMAL REASONS = ACT+4 

,ACTION ITSELF SEEMS QUITE SIMPLE1 BUT EXPLA9+ :AT EXACTLY IT IS & ITS FUNCTION HAS CREAT$ PUZZLES ?AT HAVE SU/A9$ PHILOSOPH]S = MILL5NIA4 ,TO UND]/& H[ IT IS ?AT RADICAL SITUATIONS CAN COME TO HAVE MOTIVATIONAL =CE = ACTORS1 WE NE$ TO UND]/& BO? MOTIVATION & ACTION4 

,! FIR/ RELEVANT DI/9CTION IS BETWE5 ACTIONS & EV5TS4 ,CONSID] ! ACT ( UR9ATION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 SOMEONE GETT+ UP & UR9AT+ 9 A TOILET IS A CLE> ACTION4 ,N[ CONSID] 9CONT95T PEOPLE :O UR9ATE ON !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS NOT AN ACTION4 ,:Y IS ?AT8 ,IT MAY BE AN ACTION 9 ! S5SE ?AT SOMEONE DOES IT1 BUT IT IS NO MORE AN ACTION ?AN O!R ?+S ?AT HAPP5 TO US4 ,NO ONE W\LD >GUE ?AT MY LIV] PROCESS+ SUG>S IS AN ACTION ,I C>RY \T1 S9CE IT HAPP5S :E!R OR NOT ,I LIKE IT4 ,HAPP5+S TO US MAY BE EXT]NAL LIKE ROCKS FALL+ ON US1 OR 9T]NAL LIKE LOS+ CONTROL ( \R BLADD] MUSCLES & HAV+ AN EXP]I5CE ( 9CONT95CE4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 9CONT95CE & UR9AT+ IS ?AT SOMEONE DOES ! LATT] & NOT ! =M]4 

,:AT DI/+UI%ES 79 P>T1 OR AT ITS SIMPLE/7 ACTION FROM EV5TS IS ?AT !RE IS SOMEONE1 AN AG5T1 :O 9T5DS TO DO SOME?+ OR ANO!R4 ,A LOT ( 9K HAS BE5 SPILL$ TO DI/ILL ! CORRECT =MULA ?AT CAPTURES ONLY ACTIONS & NOT EV5TS1 BUT A R\<-&-READY DI/9CTION LIKE ?AT IS F9E = \R PURPOSES4 

,! COMMON WAY ( EXPLA9+ ACTIONS APPEALS TO PEOPLE'S 9T5TIONS & ?+S AB\T ! WORLD4 ,?IS IS 5%R9$ 9 ! JOKE 0,:Y DID ! *ICK5 CROSS ! ROAD8 ,TO GET TO ! O!R SIDE40 ,IT IS A JOKE BECAUSE IT'S OBVI\S ?AT IF ! *ICK5 CROSS$ ! ROAD1 IT 9 SOME S5SE 9T5D$ TO DO SO4 ,ACTIONS HAVE 9T5TIONS & REASONS TO ACT4 

,CONSID] FUR!R DI/9CTIONS4 ,?\< ALL ACTION IS 9T5TIONAL1 NOT ALL ACTION IS CONSCI\SLY 9T5TIONAL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IF ,I UNCONSCI\SLY 9CREASE MY SPE$ ON A BICYCLE 9 ! RA91 ! FACT ?AT ,I WAS NOT AW>E ?AT ,I DID SO DOES NOT *ANGE ! FACT ?AT ,I1 AS AN AG5T1 9T5TIONALLY DID SO4 ,BY ACCEL]AT+ 9 ! RA91 ,I S\<T TO GET TO MY DE/9ATION & \T ( ! RA9 MORE QUICKLY1 & ! ACCEL]ATION BR\<T ME MY AIM4 ,CONSCI\S AW>5ESS ( ACTION !N IS NOT NECESS>Y = US TO ACT4 

,SIMIL>LY1 IT'S POSSIBLE = US TO ACT AGA9/ \R CONSCI\S REASONS = ACT+1 & TO DO SO 9T5TIONALLY4 ,?9K AB\T ! WEAK-WILL$ *EAT] :O WI%ES TO REMA9 FAI?FUL TO A P>TN]1 BUT SLEEPS ) SOMEONE 9 SPITE ( CONSCI\SLY WILL+ 9/EAD TO GO HOME4 ,! ACT ( 9FIDELITY EXHIBITS ! AG5T'S 9T5TION TO HAVE SEX1 9 SPITE ( CONSCI\SLY WILL+ O!RWISE4 ,CONSCI\S 9T5TIONAL ACTION IS !N ONLY A SMALL] SUBSET ( ACTION1 & MANY PSY*OLOGI/S BELIEVE IT IS P]HAPS EV5 A SMALL M9ORITY4 

,!RE >E A NUMB] ( PROBLEMS ?AT CONTRADICT ! 9TUITIVE IDEA ( ACTION4 ,FIR/1 CONSID] GR\PS4 ,IF WE UND]/& ACTION VIA ! 9T5TION & REASONS ( AN 9DIVIDUAL1 !N H[ DO WE UND]/& GR\PS8 ,GR\PS C>RY+ \T ACTS TOGE!R W\LD HAVE TO BE UND]/OOD 9 SOME WAY AS ! PRODUCT ( ! 9T5TIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 COMB9ATION4 ,! PROBLEM BECOMES ?AT !RE IS NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 A GR\P1 AS 9 A COHESIVE B& ( 9DIVIDUALS ACT+ 9 CONC]T1 & A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS :O HAPP5 TO %>E AN 9T5TION4 

,TAKE ! EXAMPLE ( A GR\P /UCK 9 TRAFFIC AFT] AN 9T]M9ABLE WRECK4 ,IMAG9E ONE SC5>IO 9 :I* !RE IS A GR\P ( DRIV]S :O ALL DECIDE TO HONK 9 UNISON & EXPRESS !IR COLLECTIVE RAGE4 ,N[ ?9K ( ANO!R SC5>IO 9 :I* ! SAME DRIV]S 9DEP5D5TLY HONK1 & HAPP5 TO HONK 9 UNISON4 ,:AT >E ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE TWO 9 T]MS ( AG5CY8 ,ONE C\LD SAY ?AT P>T ( ! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT GR\PS 9T5D TO ACT TOGE!R4 ,Y\ C\LD TRY TO /IPULATE ?AT 9T5TIONS 9VOLVE ! ME?OD BY :I* !Y'RE A*IEV$4 ,/ILL ?IS FAILS TO CAPTURE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A GR\P ( DRIV]S :O HONK TOGE!R1 & A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS HONK+4 ,AN ORGANIZ$ HONK+ GR\P IS ONE ?+4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O HAPP5 TO HONK TOGE!R OR :O JO9 9 HONK+ \T ( ANG] >E DIFF]5T4 ,?AT IS1 ! GR\P AG5CY HAS DIFF]5T =MS1 & ?OSE =MS >E NOT JU/ FACTS AB\T EA* 9DIVIDUAL'S 9T5TIONS4 ,!RE SEEMS TO BE SOME?+ MORE TO BE+ A GR\P ?AN ! SUM ( 9T5TIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,GR\P AG5CY IS EM]G5T & TAKES DIFF]5T =MS BAS$ ON DIFF]5T PROCESSES4 

,TAK+ ! PO9T FUR!R1 REFLECT ON ! FACT ?AT GR\P AG5CY IS SUPPOS$ TO D]IVE FROM ! 9T5TION ( 9DIVIDUALS S9CE ?IS IS :AT AG5CY IS SUPPOS$ TO BE AB\T4 ,YET1 (T51 GR\PS ACT+ CONSCI\SLY 9 CONC]T HAVE CONTRADICTORY 9T5TIONS4 ,PEOPLE 9 ! C\RSE ( ! GR\P ACT COME TO TAKE P>T 9 A GR\P ACTION1 BUT CONTRADICT ! GR\P 9T5TION 9 ! MID/1 & YET REMA9 A P>T ( ! GR\P & ! ACT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 CONSID] A B& ( KIDNAPP]S :O SET =? TO HOLD SOME UNLUCKY P]SON RANSOM4 ,DIFF]5T MEMB]S ( ! B& HAVE !IR RESPECTIVE ROLES1 BUT ONE KIDNAPP] GETS COLD FEET & QUE/IONS HIS ROLE4 ,HE IS ASSIGN$ TO %OOT ! BODYGU>D TO FACILITATE ! GRAB4 ,! KIDNAPP] !N FAILS TO %OOT ! BODYGU>D & LAM5TS HIS ROLE 9 ! ACT1 V[+ TO HAVE NO P>T ( ! B\NTY OR TAKE ANY P>T 9 ! AFT]MA?4 ,! ROBB] /ILL 5GAG$ 9 ! KIDNAPP+ ) ! B&1 & ?\< HE LO/ HIS 9T5TION TO HOLD ! P]SON RANSOM1 5D$ UP BE+ A P>T ( A KIDNAPP+4 ,SETT+ ASIDE ! JUDGM5T ( ! KIDNAPP] 7:O W\LD BE CULPABLE NONE!LESS = ! CRIME71 WE SEE ?AT IT IS /ILL ! CASE ?AT ?IS B&1 ( :I* ! KIDNAPP] WAS A P>T1 DID 9 FACT TAKE SU* AN ACTION4 ,?IS %[S ?AT GR\P AG5CY CAN P]MIT CONTRADICTORY 9T5TIONS4 ,?IS IS TRUE TO SOME EXT5T1 ?\< WE CAN IMAG9E ?AT IF 5\< 9DIVIDUALS FAIL TO 9T5D TO COMPLETE ! ACT1 SU* ACTIONS W\LD FAIL4 ,/ILL1 ?IS CASE %[S H[ GR\P AG5CY IS NOT A MATT] ( SIMPLY ! COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUAL 9T5TIONS1 S9CE CONTRADICTORY 9T5TIONS >E P]MISSIBLE4 ,GR\P AG5CY IS AN EM]G5T =CE ?AT IS GREAT] ?AN ! SUM ( 9DIVIDUAL 9T5TIONS1 & TAKES ON ITS [N BEHAVIOR BEYOND ! 9T5TIONALITY ( ITS CON/ITUT+ MEMB]S4 

,! SECOND PROBLEM ) ! 9TUITIVE ACC\NT UND]/&+ ( ACTION >ISES FROM \R UND]/&+ ( \R M5TAL /ATES4 ,REMEMB] ?AT ACTION WAS PROPOS$ TO BE AB\T BELIEFS1 DESIRES1 & 9T5TIONS--M5TAL /ATES ( AN AG5T4 

,!RE >E CLE> SUPPORT+ REASONS = ?IS4 ,:5 GRABB+ A GLASS ( WAT]1 WE DO NE$ TO UND]/& A DESIRE TO DR9K1 BELIEFS AB\T :AT IT W\LD TAKE TO DR9K SU* WAT]1 & FACTS AB\T BE+S ?AT CAN WILL SOME?+ TO BE SO & C>RY IT \T4 ,P>T ( :AT GR\P AG5CY RAISES PO9TS TO ANO!R L+]+ ISSUE ?\<3 ! WAY 9 :I* ?+S \TSIDE \RSELVES1 EXT]NAL MATT]S1 RELATE TO \R 9T5TIONS4 ,TAKE ! CASES ( ! TWO GR\PS ( HONK+ PEOPLE4 ,RELEVANT TO UND]/&+ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 AN 9DIVIDUAL 9T5D+ TO HONK1 A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS HONK+1 & A GR\P HONK+ 9 CONC]T >E NOT M]ELY FACTS AB\T ! 9T]NAL M5TAL LIFE ( ! 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ALSO OCCURR5CES & CONTEXT 9 ! WORLD \TSIDE ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS4 

,IF GR\P AG5CY IS 9 FACT MORE ?AN ! SIMPLE SUM ( ! 9T5TIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUALS CONTA9$ 9 ! GR\P1 !N LIKEWISE ! ACC\NT ( ! ACTIONS ( SU* GR\PS IS MORE ?AN ! SUM ( !IR M5TAL /ATES4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/ WE CAN SAY ?AT 9 SOME 9/ANCES WE MU/ APPEAL TO EXT]NAL CONTEXT AS AN EXPLANATION ( ACTION 9 ORD] TO MAKE S5SE ( IT4 ,OR 9 O!R WORDS1 ! M5TAL /ATES ( 9DIVIDUALS >E 9COMPLETE 7?\< NECESS>Y74 ,P>T ( ! CONT5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S M5TAL /ATES >E ?+S 9 ! WORLD4 ,?IS WAS 9DICAT$ BY ! ACC\NT ( COGNITION 9 ! PREVI\S *APT]4 ,?\<TS >E MUTUALLY CON/ITUTIVE /ATES ( M5TAL /ATES1 RELATION%IPS1 & FEATURES ( ! OBJECTIVE CONTEXT ?AT MAKE UP ! WORLD ( ! AG5T4 ,9 GR\P AG5CY1 ! /ATES ( ! 9DIVIDUALS DEF9E ! ACTION ( ! GR\P 9 A COMPLEX & DYNAMIC FA%ION NOT :OLLY UND]/&ABLE 9 T]MS ( FACTS AB\T ! 9DIVIDUAL ALONE4 ,?\<TS !MSELVES >E EM]G5T1 & ! FE$BACK BETWE5 AG5CY & ACTION 9 SOCIETIES PRODUCES NEW EM]G5T =MS ( AG5CY4 

,TO CL>IFY WE CAN 9TRODUCE A NUMB] ( DI/9CTIONS TO CL>IFY ! CASES4 ,IMAG9E ?AT ! SAME GR\P ( PEOPLE HONK+ 9 TRAFFIC 9/EAD HAPP5 TO ACCID5TALLY HONK AT ! SAME TIME4 ,WE MI<T CALL ?IS AN UN9T5TIONAL GR\P EV5T1 AS IT IS NOT AN ACTION 9 ! S5SE ?AT NO ONE 9T5D$ TO DO ANY?+ AS A GR\P4 ,9 ! SITUATION 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS HONK TOGE!R 9T5TIONALLY \T ( FRU/RATION1 ! GR\P ACTION IS DONE UNCONSCI\SLY 7)\T ID5TIFICATION ) ! GR\P74 ,?IS W\LD BE A =M ( UNCONSCI\S 9T5TIONAL GR\P ACTION4 ,:5 ! HONK]S ACT AS A GR\P1 P]HAPS A COORD9AT$ HONK+ FLA% MOB ( RAGE1 ?IS C\LD BE CALL$ CONSCI\S 9T5TIONAL GR\P ACTION4 

,9 SUMM>Y1 9TUITIVE IDEAS AB\T ACTION FALL %ORT ON A FEW ACC\NTS3 M5TAL /ATES >E 9SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 ACTIONS1 & UND]/&+ AG5CY REQUIRES LOOK+ NOT ONLY AT 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ALSO AT MORE COMPLEX CONFIGURATIONS SU* AS GR\PS4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! 9TUITIVE ACC\NT YIELDS SOME PO9TS TO REFLECT ON4 ,FIR/1 ACTION CONC]NS AG5TS & !IR M5TAL /ATES1 BUT IS NOT R$UCIBLE TO ?OSE FACTS4 ,SECOND1 GR\PS CAN HAVE AG5CY ?AT IS GREAT] ?AN ! AG5CY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?IRD1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AW>5ESS1 9T5TION1 & SUCCESSFULLY COMPLET+ AN ACTION DEP5DS GREATLY ON ! SITUATION 7! AG5T1 CONTEXT1 & O!R AG5TS74 ,)\T PROPOS+ A !ORY ( ACTION ITSELF1 :I* W\LD TAKE US F> FROM \R TASK1 WE CAN ASS]T ?AT AG5CY IS RELATIVE1 ?AT !RE >E EM]G5T PRODUCTS ( ! 9T]ACTION ( 9DIVIDUAL AG5TS ) ! WORLD & O!R AG5TS1 & ?AT NONM5TAL FACTS >E NECESS>Y TO UND]/&+ ! ACTIONS ( AG5TS4 

,MOTIVATION 

,N[ LET US RETURN TO MOTIVATION4 ,GIV5 A R\< S5SE ( ACTION1 :AT BE>+ DO !SE ISSUES HAVE ON MOTIVATION8 ,LIKE ! 9TUITIVE ACC\NT ( ACTION1 ! 9TUITIVE UND]/&+ ( MOTIVATION RUNS 9TO SOME PROBLEMS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 WE TYPICALLY ?9K ( MOTIVATION AS BE+ A PRODUCT ( REASON+ & DET]M9$ BY \R M5TAL LIVES4 ,WE CAN CONTEMPLATE ?IS AS P>T ( A NAIVE PSY*OLOGY ( \R LIVES AS SUBJECTS1 :]E9 ! CONSCI\S M9D IS ! DRIV] & \R M5TAL LIFE IS ! CORE ( \R P]SONHOOD1 ACTIONS1 & DECISIONS4 ,!SE IDEAS >E NOT TOTALLY CRAZY4 ,MANY ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+S ?AT HAPP5 9 ONE'S LIFE DO FIT ?IS PICTURE4 ,YET ) MOTIVATION !RE >E AGA9 SOME KEY ?+S MISS+4 

,UNCONSCI\S MOTIVATIONS >E FAIRLY OBVI\S4 ,ADV]TIS+ C]TA9LY USES TE*NIQUES AIM$ AT MOTIVAT+ AG5TS TO ACT )\T !IR AW>5ESS ( HAV+ BE5 MOTIVAT$ BY \TSIDE =CES4 ,9DE$1 :5 WE >E SO MOV$1 WE FEEL AS ?\< WE MOTIVAT$ \RSELVES TO SEEK \T :ATEV] !Y >E TRY+ TO SELL US4 

,9 FACT1 ! PROBLEM IS DEEP]4 ,! L9E BETWE5 :AT IS A CONSCI\S & UNCONSCI\S MOTIVATION TO ACT IS EXTREMELY BLURRY4 ,= 9/ANCE1 SEX IS ONE >EA :]E SU* =CES >E NOTORI\S DIFFICULT TO PULL AP>T4 ,!RE >E CLE> CASES ( UNCONSCI\S MOTIVATION T[>DS SEX1 SU* AS PEOPLE BE+ MANIPULAT$ 9TO ACTS BECAUSE ( 9/9CTUAL SEXUAL DESIRES !Y >E UNAW>E (4 ,PEOPLE USE FLIRT+ TO 9FLU5CE DECISIONS 9 UNRELAT$ MATT]S LIKE :5 PEOPLE DRESS SEXY & FLIRT TO L& JOBS OR SEEK NON-SEXUAL FAVORS FROM PEOPLE !Y KN[ >E SUSCEPTIBLE4 ,LIKEWISE1 !RE >E CONSCI\S SEXUAL MOTIVATIONS 9 :I* AG5TS ?9K TO !MSELVES ?AT !Y \<T TO DO SOME ACT 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 SEX4 ,AT :AT /AGE IS SEXUAL MOTIVATION AB\T CONSCI\S ?\<TS & 9T5TIONS V]SUS UNCONSCI\S ONES8 ,\R CONSCI\S IDEAS AB\T SOMEONE ELSE 9FLU5CE \R P]CEPTION ( !IR S5SUALITY4 ,?AT APPEAL BECOMES AN UNCONSCI\S =CE1 :I* 9 TURN CAN 9FLU5CE \R ?9K+ & MOTIVATION AB\T ?AT P]SON4 ,! L9E 9 PRACTICE IS QUITE FLUID4 

,OR TAKE A MORE MUNDANE EXAMPLE3 DO DEPRESS$ PEOPLE :O B+E ON ICE CREAM DO SO BY UNCONSCI\S OR CONSCI\S MOTIVATION8 ,FROM ! CONSCI\S SIDE1 DEPRESS$ PEOPLE LIKELY DO HAVE ! ?\<T1 0,I WANT TO EAT ICE CREAM10 & >E MOTIVAT$ BY ITS PLEAS+ ASPECTS 9 SOME BROAD S5SE OR ANO!R4 ,YET1 SURELY UNCONSCI\S ELEM5TS >E AT PLAY H]E AS WELL4 ,DEPRESS$ PEOPLE SEEK+ GRATIFICATION HAVE CONNECTIONS TO SU* ACTIVITY ?R\< SOCIALIZATION RELAT$ TO FOOD & EAT+1 ADV]TIS+ & GR\P BEHAVIOR ASSOCIAT$ ) ICE CREAM & SWEETS1 & EV5 *EMICAL PROCESSES P]HAPS 9C5TIVIZ+ BEHAVIOR ON SOME LEVEL4 ,9 PRACTICE ! GAP BETWE5 ! ?\<TS ?AT MOTIVATE EAT+ ! ICE CREAM & UNCONSCI\S =CES ?AT PU% ! AG5T T[>DS ! ?\<TS >E H>D TO PULL AP>T4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ?OSE UNCONSCI\S =CES >E ! K9DS ( ?+S ?AT MAKE US :O WE >E4 

,\R DISPOSITIONS & MOTIVATIONS AS AG5TS >E CLE>LY %AP$ BY \R [N 9T]NAL M5TAL PROCESSES4 ,YET AT ! SAME TIME1 IT IS \R RELATION%IP & REACTION TO ! WORLD ?AT 9TR9SICALLY %APES ?OSE ?\<TS 9 A FE$BACK CYCLE4 ,?IS IS TRUE FIR/ BECAUSE ! NATURE ( \R ?\<TS REF] TO & >E P>TLY DEF9$ BY EXT]NAL ?+S & RELATIONS4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE BECAUSE UNCONSCI\S ELEM5TS 9 \R M9D MAY 9FLU5CE CONSCI\S ELEM5TS1 & VICE V]SA4 ,! CAUSAL *A9S BETWE5 CONSCI\S M5TAL ACTIVITY1 UNCONSCI\S M5TAL ACTIVITY1 & ! WORLD >E COMPLEX4 ,!Y EXHIBIT1 9 SUM1 EM]G5T PROP]TIES ?AT PRODUCE MOTIVATIONS & ACTIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 A COMPLEX & ADAPTIVE MANN]4 

,?IS BUCKS H[ WE NORMALLY ?9K AB\T \R ACTIONS4 ,WE DON'T ?9K AB\T ! SUM CONTEXT UPON :I* \R DECISIONS & DRIVES >E PRODUC$4 ,ONE C\LD SPECULATE ?IS IS L>GELY CONNECT$ TO \R AW>5ESS ( \R EXP]I5CES AS AG5TS HAV+ MADE SU* DECISIONS4 ,IT FEELS AS ?\< WE >RIVE AT DECISIONS & ACT ON \R [N SOMEH[4 ,( C\RSE1 !RE >E C\NT]EXAMPLES1 SU* AS :5 WE FAIL \RSELVES BY DO+ AGA9/ \R BE/ 9T5TIONS :AT WE DECID$ NOT TO4 ,EM]G5CE GIVES US AN \T ?\<1 BECAUSE AT ! LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION ( AN AG5T1 IT MAY BE TRUE ?AT \R EXP]I5CE ( M5TAL LIFE IS VALID AS SU*1 :ILE LIKEWISE BE+ CON/ITUT$ BY EXT]NAL FACTORS ?AT MUTUALLY PRODUCE ?OSE EXP]I5CES4 ,EM]G5CE %\LD BE TAK5 NOT JU/ 9 T]MS ( LEVELS1 BUT ALSO AS %[+ ?AT P>TICUL> DECISIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 MOTIVATIONS1 OR C\RSES ( ACTION COEVOLVE 9 ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y OCCUR & 9 ! RELATIVE CONTEXT LEAD+ UP TO ?AT EV5T4 

,SU* A DISCUSSION CLE>LY P>ALLELS CONCEPTS ( FREE WILL4 ,:ILE GETT+ 9TO ?AT MIRE W\LD TAKE US F> AFIELD1 IT'S WOR? RECOGNIZ+ ?AT H[EV] WE UND]/& IT1 SIMIL> CONCEPTS >E 9VOLV$4 ,!RE DOES APPE> TO BE ON SOME LEVEL A WILL ?AT HAS CAUSAL P[]4 ,PEOPLE HAVE A M5TAL LIFE ?AT1 = ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES1 DOES SEEM CAPABLE ( CAUS+ ACTIONS TO OCCUR4 ,LIKEWISE1 ?OSE ACTIONS >E UND]/&ABLE 9 T]MS ( SOME COMPLICAT$ ACC\NT ( ! TOTAL ( CAUSES ?AT MADE ANY P>TICUL> ACTION OCCUR4 ,& ) EM]G5CE ?OSE CAUSES MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS PRODUC+ NOVEL PROP]TIES1 SU* AS WILLS ?AT >E BO? CAUSALLY B\ND BY ! WORLD1 & CONTA9+ AN EXP]I5CE ( :AT IT IS LIKE TO BE AN AG5T4 ,?IS DEBATE CAN BECOME TORTUR\S & ULTIMATELY A DI/RACTION4 ,! >GUM5T H]E M]ELY REQUIRES ACCEPTANCE ( BO? WILL & ! CAUSAL *A9 ?AT DET]M9ES \R ACTIONS4 

,A ,METAPOLITICS ( ,MOTIVATION 

,LET US SUMM>IZE !N4 ,TYPICALLY1 WE ?9K ( MOTIVATION AS L>GELY A CONSCI\S REASON$ PROCESS DET]M9$ BY \R M5TAL LIVES4 ,\R DECISIONS BAS$ ON MOTIVATIONS >E ?\<T TO BE RELATIVELY CONTEXT NEUTRAL1 >IS+ FROM \R DECISIONS & DISPOSITIONS4 ,9 ! ABOVE >GUM5TS ?IS VIEW HAS BE5 PROBLEMATIZ$1 & AN ALT]NATIVE UND]/&+ PROPOS$4 

,9 POLITICAL ?9K+ SPECIFICALLY1 WE SEE V>IANTS ( !SE VIEWS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT IS PROPOS$ ?AT PEOPLE ACT & >E MOTIVAT$ POLITICALLY BY USE ( !IR REASON OR RATIONALITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 !RE >E SUPPOSITIONS ?AT BASE 9/9CTS & 9T]E/S DRIVE POLITICAL ACTION4 ,BAS$ ON ! ABOVE ACC\NT1 ANY SU* DI/9CTION %\LD BE QUE/ION$ ?OR\<LY4 ,! DIVISION BETWE5 CONSCI\S & UNCONSCI\S MOTIVATIONS IS UNT5ABLE 9 PRACTICE FROM A POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,IF IT'S NOT EASILY DI/+UI%ABLE H[ MU* RATIONAL V]SUS >ATIONAL PROCESSES MOTIVAT+ US CONTRIBUTE TO ACTION1 ANY !ORY ?AT BASES A POLITICAL PROGRAM = ACTION ON SU* DI/9CTIONS WILL BE PRONE TO GETT+ IT WRONG4 

,NEXT1 CONSID] ! CONTEXT RELATIVITY ( MOTIVATION4 ,! DEA? ( A LOV$ ONE CAN MAKE SOME ACTS1 SELF-DE/RUCTIVE BEHAVIORS1 MOTIVATIONAL ?AT O!RWISE W\LDN'T BE4 ,LIKEWISE1 POLITICALLY1 IT IS ACTUALLY QUITE PR(\ND ?AT MOTIVATIONS %\LD BE RELATIVE4 ,?IS SPEAKS TO SITUATIONS 9 :I* PEOPLE BECOME SWEPT UP 9TO POLITICAL ACTION :5 !Y MI<T NOT HAVE O!RWISE1 BO? 9 T]MS ( ! POSSIBILITY ( SU* ACTS & !IR LIMITATIONS4 

,TAK+ A CONCRETE EXAMPLE1 ?9K ( POPUL> ATTACKS ON POLICE /ATIONS FOLL[+ ! KILL+ ( A COMMUNITY MEMB]4 ,:ILE CONSCI\S REASON MAY PLAY SOME ROLE1 ! 9T]PLAY BETWE5 P]CEPTION1 CONDITION$ EXP]I5CES ) P[] & POLICE1 REACTIONS TO ! RESPONSES ( O!RS1 & ! SCOPE ( POLITICAL P>TICIPATION ALL 9T]ACT TO PRODUCE A COMPLEX 7EM]G5T7 SITUATION4 ,H]E GR\P AG5CY1 EM]G5T BEHAVIOR1 NOVEL =MS ( P[]1 & COGNITION 9T]ACT TO PRODUCE SITUATIONS ?AT MAY NOT HAVE EXI/$ E>LI] & ?AT >E NOT R$UCIBLE TO ANY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL COMPON5TS4 ,SU* EXAMPLES ILLU/RATE ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( ! 9TUITIVE ACC\NT1 & ! ROLE ( P[]1 EM]G5CE1 & AN EM]G5T APPROA* TO COGNITION & MOTIVATION 9 HELP+ US TO MAKE S5SE ( ! 9T]V5TION ( POLITICAL =CES )9 CONCRETE CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,MOTIVATION !N REFLECTS BO? ! HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ( ! ACTOR1 ! P[] RELATION%IPS ?AT ! ACTOR /&S 91 & ! EM]G5T =CES ACT+ UPON ! AG5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! AG5T IS B\ND )9 A SY/EM ) RECURSIVE FE$BACK :]E9 ! ACTIONS ( ! AG5T !MSELVES CAN *ANGE ?OSE P[] RELATION%IPS & ! CONTEXT = ACTION4 ,!RE CAN BE SAID TO BE A COMPLEX 9T]RELATION BETWE5 ! MOTIVATION ( AG5TS1 !IR ACTIONS1 & ! POLITICAL CONTEXT4 ,TRADITIONAL POLITICAL ?\<T1 9CLUD+ MO/ ( ! HI/ORIC LEFT1 T5DS TO R$UCE !SE QUE/IONS TO 9T5TION1 LEAD]%IP1 & MORALS1 OR NEGATE !M ALTOGE!R4 ,H[EV]1 ! SOCIAL1 9DIVIDUAL1 & OBJECTIVE CONTEXT >E RELEVANT = ! UNCONSCI\S & CONSCI\S DECISIONS MADE BY POLITICAL ACTORS4 

,H]E WE CAN RETURN TO ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION ( H[ IT IS ?AT RADICAL ACTS1 BREAKS1 & RUPTURES CAN COME TO HAVE MOTIVATIONAL =CE = POLITICAL AG5TS4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 H[ IS IT ?AT PEOPLE 9 G5]AL CAN COME TO ACT 9 A LIB]ATORY MANN] AGA9/ ! DOM9ANT ORD]1 :E!R 9 A RUPTURE OR O!RWISE8 ,LIKE ! ANSW]S TO SIMIL> QU&>IES ?R\<\T ! BOOK1 ! FRAMEWORK LAID \T %IFTS ! PROBLEM FROM UNIV]SALS TO ! SPECIFICITY ( \R BIOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL MOM5TS4 

,MOTIVATIONAL /ATES >E RELATIONAL4 ,!Y REFLECT PROCESSES BO? CONSCI\S & UNCONSCI\S )9 A BROAD] SOCIAL SY/EMIC CONTEXT4 ,AS COGNITION IS BUILT UPON ! LATTICEWORK ( P[] RELATION%IPS 9 SOCIAL SY/EMS1 MOTIVATION TRACES ! CURVES ( ACTION ?R\< ! PA?S ( ! M9D ( ! ACTOR1 CON/ANTLY R$EF9+ ITSELF & ACT+ )9 ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,MOTIVATION IS NOT !N A MATT] ( RAW =CE OR RAW WILL1 BUT RA!R A MATT] ( HI/ORY4 

,MOTIVATION IS EM]G5T FROM ! M9D ( ! AG5T1 BUT COMES TO BE SO ONLY RELATIONALLY ?R\< ! REF]5CE & P[] ( =CES \TSIDE ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,!SE FEATURES 9T]ACT1 %IFT1 & 9FLU5CE EA* O!R 9 A CON/ANT PROCESS4 ,MOTIVATION IS NOT FIX$ !N1 BUT CON/ANTLY *ANG+ US1 *ANG+ \R ACTIONS1 & BE+ *ANG$ BY \R EXP]I5CES4 ,UTILIZ+ A !ORY ( P[] & EM]G5CE1 WE CAN UND]/& SU* SITUATIONS 9 T]MS ( ! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ( ! AG5T1 !IR ABILITIES & ! ABILITIES ( ?OSE !Y /& 9 RELATION )1 A PHYSICAL-HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ( ACTION1 & 7EM]G5T7 AG5CY PRODUC$ VIA ! 9T]ACTION ( AG5TS ) ! WORLD & EA* O!R4 ,SU* EV5TS >E UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( AG5TS1 CONTEXT1 EM]G5T PROP]TIES1 & P[]4 ,9 ONE WAY1 WE C\LD QUE/ION ALTOGE!R :Y IT W\LD BE ?AT MOTIVATION W\LD BE A PROBLEM AT ALL4 ,IF WE SEEK MOTIVATION TO ACT ON LIB]ATORY L9ES1 ! PROBLEM IS NOT H[ ANY SU* MOTIVATION IS POSSIBLE1 BUT RA!R H[ MOTIVATION TO DO ?IS OR ?AT ACT CAN BE4 ,EM]G5CE & P[] PROVIDE MAPS ?AT LEAD US \T ( DET]M9I/ & R$UCTIONI/ ?9K+ & ?AT SITUATE MOTIVATIONAL PROBLEMS )9 ! CONCRETE =CES & MOM5TS !Y OCCUR4 

,! SOLUTION TO ! ROLE ( MOTIVATION 9 LIB]ATORY ACTS IS !N A MATT] ( ! RELATION ( ! ACT TO ! ACTORS 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! TRAJECTORY ( HI/ORY & /RUGGLE4 ,WE DO NOT HAVE AB/RACT =MULAS = ?IS4 ,JU/ AS ) LIB]ATORY COGNITION1 ! WORK ( ! RADICAL 9 T]MS ( MOTIVATION IS TO LOOK TO ! /RUGGLES1 ACTS1 & ACTORS = ANSW]S4 ,! COMPLEXITY ( LIV+ SY/EMS B>S US FROM CREAT+ (F-!-CUFF BLUEPR9TS =1 SAY1 REVOLUTIONS OR EV5 PO/-CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES4 ,/ILL1 LOOK$ AT FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 !ORIES CAN BE CREAT$ ?AT HELP US BETT] UND]/& H[ PEOPLE CAN ACT AGA9/ DOM9ANT ORD]S4 ,9 :AT CONTEXT MI<T IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,U,S TAKE UP /RUGGLE DIRECTLY AGA9/ IMMIGRATION AU?ORITIES8 ,H[ C\LD FACTORY SEIZURES BECOME MOTIVATIONAL = ! MASS UNEMPLOY$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY TODAY8 ,CAN <ETTOIZ$ COMMUNITIES REPEL ! EFFECTS ( PRISON SOCIETY & DRUG ORGANIZATIONS TO CREATE A COLLECTIVE NEI<BORHOOD ORD]8 ,) A !ORY ( MOTIVATION1 ! /EPS TO TAKE UP !SE QUE/IONS )9 ! SPACES WE F9D \RSELVES 9 >E 9 FRONT ( US4 

,!SE CONCLUSIONS CAME FROM ! 9VE/IGATION ( MOTIVATION TO ACT ?AT WAS BROK5 D[N 9TO ?\<T & ACTION ?R\< COGNITION4 ,NON-M5TAL FACTORS & UNCONSCI\S M5TAL LIFE HAVE A /RONG ROLE 9 ! PRODUCTION ( MOTIVATIONAL /ATES ( ACTORS4 ,MOTIVATION !N >ISES \T ( ! EM]G5T RELATION%IP BETWE5 WILL1 CONTEXT1 & UNCONSCI\S M5TAL /ATES )9 ! AG5T4 ,FROM A LIB]ATORY P]SPECTIVE1 MOTIVATION TO 5GAGE 9 RADICAL ACTS DOES NOT COME FROM 9DOCTR9ATION1 PURE REASON1 OR G5]ALITIES1 BUT 9/EAD IS A FEATURE ( DIFF]5T CONTEXTS & POPULATIONS RESPOND+ TO ! WORLD !Y >E ADAPT+ & RESPOND+ )94 ,H]E ! !ORY RETURNS TO ! BEG9N+ ( ! >GUM5TS4 ,AG5CY & ACTION >E ACTIVITY %AP$ BY ! 9T]DEP5D5CE BETWE5 AN 9DIVIDUAL'S ROLE & SOCIAL =CES ?AT >E AT ! SAME TIME =M+ & =M$ ( \R ACTIONS4 

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