,*APT] #aa 
,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MORAL ,TEA*+S -- ,X,I,X ,]A 7,CONT9U$7 

#aibdaibd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,LIONEL ,M>T9EZ1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,IT MAY BE SE5 FROM \R BRIEF SURVEY ( ! V>I\S EXPLANATIONS ( 
! ORIG9 ( MORALITY1 ?AT ALMO/ ALL :O WROTE ON ?IS SUBJECT CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT WE POSSESS AN 9H]5T FEEL+  ?AT LEADS US TO ID5TIFY \RSELVES ) O!RS4 ,DIFF]5T ?9K]S GAVE DIFF]5T NAMES TO ?IS FEEL+ & (F]$ V>Y+ EXPLANATIONS ( ITS ORIG94 ,SOME SPOKE ( ! 9H]5T MORAL FEEL+ )\T GO+ 9TO ANY FUR!R EXPLANATIONS2 O!RS1 :O 5DEAVOR$ TO GA9 A DEEP] 9SI<T 9TO ! ESS5CE ( ?IS FEEL+1 CALL$ IT SYMPA?Y1 I4 E41 ! CO-MIS]ATION ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL ) O!RS1 HIS EQUALS2 SOME1 LIKE ,KANT1 MAK+ NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! PROMPT+S ( \R 
FEEL+S & ! DICTATES ( \R REASON1 :I* MO/ FREQU5TLY & P]HAPS ALWAYS 
GOV]N \R ACTIONS1 PREF]R$ TO SPEAK ( CONSCI5CEOR ! IMP]ATIVE ( HE>T & REASON1 OR ( ! S5SE ( DUTY1 OR SIMPLY ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( DUTY1 :I* IS PRES5T 9 ALL ( US4 ,& !Y DID NOT 5T] 9TO A DISCUSSION ( :5CE !SE ?+S ORIG9ATE1 & H[ !Y HAVE BE5 DEVELOP+ 9 MAN1 AS IS N[ DONE BY ! WRIT]S ( ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL & EVOLUTIONI/ S*OOL4 ,SIDE BY SIDE ) !SE EXPLANATIONS ( ! ORIG9 ( MORALITY1 ANO!R GR\P ( ?9K]S1 :O DID NOT DEEM 9/9CT & FEEL+ AN ADEQUATE EXPLANATION ( ! MORAL T5D5CIES 9 MAN1 S\<T !IR SOLUTION 9 REASON4 ,?IS ATTITUDE WAS ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE AMONG ! ,FR5* WRIT]S ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 I4 E41 AMONG ! ,5CYCLOPA$I/S & ESPECIALLY 9 ,HELVETIUS4 ,BUT AL?\< !Y 5DEAVOR$ TO EXPLA9 ! MORAL PROP5SITIES ( MAN EXCLUSIVELY AS ! RESULT ( COLD REASON & EGOISM1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ AT ! SAME TIME ANO!R ACTIVE =CE1 ?AT ( PRACTICAL IDEALISM4 ,?IS QUITE FREQU5TLY MAKES MAN ACT BY =CE ( PLA9 SYMPA?Y1 BY COMMIS]ATION1 BY MAN'S PUTT+ HIMSELF 9 ! POSITION ( ! WRONG$ P]SON & BY ID5TIFY+ HIMSELF ) ANO!R4 

,REMA9+ FAI?FUL TO !IR FUNDAM5TAL PO9T ( VIEW1 ! ,FR5* ?9K]S EXPLA9$ !SE ACTIONS BY 0REASON10 :I* F9DS ! GRATIFICATION ( ONE'S SELFI%NESS0 & ( 0ONE'S HI<] NE$S0 9 ACTS DIRECT$ T[>D ! GOOD ( ONE'S FELL[-MAN1 

,AS IS KN[N1 ! COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( !SE VIEWS WAS GIV51 AFT] ,B5?AM'S MANN]1 BY HIS PUPIL1 ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL4 

,P>ALLEL ) !SE ?9K]S !RE W]E AT ALL TIMES TWO FUR!R GR\PS ( MORAL PHILOSOPH]S :O ATTEMPT$ TO PLACE MORALITY ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T BASIS4 

,SOME ( !M HELD ?AT ! MORAL 9/9CT1 FEEL+1 T5D5CY1 -- OR :ATEV] WE *OOSE TO CALL IT1 -- IS IMPLANT$ 9 MAN BY ! ,CREATOR ( ,NATURE1 & ?US !Y CONNECT$ E?ICS ) RELIGION4 ,& ?IS GR\P MORE OR LESS DIRECTLY 9FLU5C$ ALL ( MORAL ?\<T UP TO ! MO/ REC5T TIMES4 ,! O!R GR\P ( MORAL PHILOSOPH]S1 :I* WAS REPRES5T$ 9 ,ANCI5T ,GREECE BY SOME ( ! ,SOPHI/S1 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY BY ,M&EVILLE1 & 9 ! N9ETE5? BY ,NIETZS*E1 TOOK AN UTT]LY NEGATIVE & MOCK+ ATTITUDE T[>D ALL MORALITY1 REPRES5T+ IT AS A SURVIVAL ( RELIGI\S 5VIRONM5T & ( SUP]/ITIONS4 ,!IR *IEF >GUM5TS W]E1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ASSUMPTION ( ! RELIGI\S NATURE ( MORALITY1 & ON ! O!R1 ! V>IETY & *ANGEABILITY ( MORAL CONCEPTIONS4 

,WE %ALL HAVE OCCASION TO RETURN TO !SE TWO GR\PS ( 9T]PRET]S ( MORALITY4 ,= ! PRES5T WE WILL M]ELY NOTE ?AT 9 ALL ! WRIT]S ON MORALITY :O ASSUM$ ITS ORIG9 FROM ! 9H]5T 9/9CTS1 FROM ! FEEL+ ( SYMPA?Y1 ETC41 WE ALREADY HAVE 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R AN 9DICATION ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ONE ( ! BASES ( ALL MORALITY LIES 9 ! M9D'S CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ?AT MANY WRIT]S & ?9K]S1 -- ,HUME1 ,HELVETIUS1 & ,R\SSEAU AMONG !M1 CLOSELY APPROA*$ ! CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE AS A CON/ITU5T & NECESS>Y P>T ( MORALITY2 !Y DID NOT1 H[EV]1 EXPRESS !MSELVES CLE>LY & DEF9ITIVELY ON ! SIGNIFICANCE ( JU/ICE 9 E?ICS4 

,AT LA/ ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 MO/ ( :OSE LEAD]S W]E UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,R\SSEAU'S IDEAS1 9TRODUC$ 9TO LEGISLATION & 9TO LIFE ! IDEA ( @>POLITICAL EQUALITY1 I4 E41 ( ! EQUALITY ( RI<TS ( ALL ! CITIZ5S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,9 #a#g#i#c-#i#d P>T ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S W5T /ILL FUR!R & DEM&$ 0ACTUAL EQUALITY10 I4 E41 ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,!SE NEW IDEAS W]E BE+ DEVELOP$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,SOCIETIES1 ,EXTREMI/S' ,CLUBS1 BY ! 0,5RAGES0 70,! ,9C5S$071 ! 0AN>*I/S10 ETC4 ,! ADVOCATES ( !SE IDEAS W]E1 AS IS KN[N1 DEFEAT$ 9 ! ,!RMIDOR REACTION1 7,JULY #a#g#i#d71 :5 ! ,GIRONDI/S RETURN$ TO P[]4 ,! LATT] W]E SOON OV]?R[N BY ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP4 ,BUT ! DEM& = A REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM-! ABOLITION ( ALL ! VE/IGES ( FEUDALISM & ( S]FDOM1 & ! DEM& = EQUALITY ( RI<TS1 W]E SPREAD BY ! ,REPUBLICAN >MIES ( ,FRANCE ?R\<\T ,EUROPE & TO ! V]Y BORD]S ( ,RUSSIA4 ,& ?\< 9 #ahae ! VICTORI\S ,ALLIES1 HEAD$ BY ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY1 SUCCE$$ 9 EFFECT+ A 0RE/ORATION0 ( ! ,B\RBONS TO ! ?RONE1 NEV]!LESS 0POLITICAL EQUALITY0 & ! ABOLITION ( ALL SURVIVALS ( FEUDAL 9EQUALITY BECAME ! WAT*WORDS ( ! DESIR$ POLITICAL SY/EM ?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 & HAS SO CONT9U$ UP TO ! PRES5T TIME4 

,?US1 AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY & ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? MANY ?9K]S BEGAN TO SEE ! BASIS ( HUMAN MORALITY 9 JU/ICE1 & IF ?IS VIEW DID NOT BECOME ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ TRU? IT WAS DUE TO TWO CAUSES1 ONE ( :I* IS PSY*OLOGICAL & ! O!R HI/ORICAL4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ! CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE & ! /RIV+ = IT1 !RE EXI/S 9 MAN EQUALLY ! /RIV+ = P]SONAL DOM9ATION1 = P[] OV] O!RS4 ,?R\<\T ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 FROM ! MO/ PRIMEVAL TIMES1 !RE IS A CONFLICT BETWE5 !SE TWO ELEM5TS3 ! /RIV+ = JU/ICE1 I4 E41 EQUITY1 & ! /RIV+ = 9DIVIDUAL DOM9ATION OV] O!RS1 OR OV] ! MANY4 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE TWO T5D5CIES MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ! MO/ 
PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES4 ,! 0ELD]S10 9 !IR ACCUMULAT$ WISDOM ( EXP]I5CE1 :O SAW :AT H>D%IPS W]E BR\<T UPON ! 5TIRE TRIBE ?R\< *ANGES 9 ! TRIBAL MODE 
( LIFE1 OR :O HAD LIV$ ?R\< P]IODS ( PRIVATION1 W]E AFRAID ( ALL 9NOVATIONS1 & RESI/$ ALL *ANGES BY =CE ( !IR AU?ORITY4 ,9 ORD] TO PROTECT ! E/ABLI%$ CU/OMS !Y F\ND$ ! FIR/ 9/ITUTIONS ( ! RUL+ P[] 9 SOCIETY4 ,! W]E GRADUALLY JO9$ BY ! WIZ>DS1 %AMANS1 SORC]]S1 9 COMB9ATION ) :OM !Y ORGANIZ$ SECRET SOCIETIES = ! PURPOSE ( KEEP+ 9 OB$I5CE ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! TRIBE & = PROTECT+ ! TRADITIONS & ! E/ABLI%$ SY/EM ( TRIBAL LIFE4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ !SE 
SOCIETIES UND\BT$LY SUPPORT$ EQUALITY ( RI<TS1 PREV5T+ 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S FROM BECOM+ EXCESSIVELY RI* OR FROM ACQUIR+ DOM9ANT P[] )9 ! TRIBE4 ,BUT !SE V]Y SECRET SOCIETIES W]E ! FIR/ TO OPPOSE ! ACCEPTANCE ( EQUITY AS ! FUNDAM5TAL 
PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,BUT ?AT :I* WE F9D AMONG ! SOCIETIES ( PRIMITIVE SAVAGES1 &1 9 G5]AL1 AMONG ! PEOPLES LEAD+ A TRIBAL MODE ( LIFE1 HAS BE5 CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( MANK9D UP TO ! PRES5T TIME4 ,! ,MAGI ( ! ,EA/1 ! PRIE/S ( ,EGYPT1 ,GREECE1 & ,ROME1 :O W]E ! FIR/ 9VE/IGATORS ( NATURE & ( ITS MY/]IES1 & !N ! K+S & ! TYRANTS ( ! ,EA/1 ! EMP]ORS & ! S5ATORS ( ,ROME1 ! ECCLESIA/ICAL PR9CES 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! MILIT>Y1 ! JUDGES1 ETC4 -- ALL 5DEAVOR$ 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE WAY TO PREV5T ! IDEAS ( EQUITY1 CON/ANTLY SEEK+ EXPRESSION 9 SOCIETY1 FROM BE+ REALIZ$ 9 LIFE & FROM ?REAT5+ !IR RI<T TO 9EQUALITY1 TO DOM9ATION4 

,IT IS EASY TO UND]/& TO :AT AN EXT5T ! RECOGNITION ( EQUITY AS ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL LIFE WAS RET>D$ BY ?IS 9FLU5CE ( ! MO/ EXP]I5C$1 ! MO/ DEVELOP$1 & FREQU5TLY ! MO/ HOMOG5E\S P>T ( SOCIETY1 SUPPORT$ BY SUP]/ITION & RELIGION4 ,IT IS ALSO EVID5T H[ DIFFICULT IT WAS TO ABOLI% 9EQUALITY1 :I* DEVELOP$ HI/ORICALLY 9 SOCIETY 9 ! =M ( SLAV]Y1 S]FDOM1 CLASS DI/9CTIONS1 0TABLES ( RANK0 ETC41 ALL ! MORE ?AT ?IS 9EQUALITY WAS SANCTION$ BY RELIGION &1 ALAS1 BY SCI5CE4 

,! PHILOSOPHY ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY & ! POPUL> MOVEM5T 9 ,FRANCE 5D+ 9 ! ,REVOLUTION1 W]E A P[]FUL ATTEMPT TO ?R[ (F ! AGE-LONG YOKE1 & TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( ! NEW SOCIAL SY/EM ON ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUITY4 ,BUT ! T]RIBLE SOCIAL /RUGGLE :I* DEVELOP$ 9 ,FRANCE DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! CRUEL BLOOD%$1 & ! TW5TY YE>S ( ,EUROPEAN W>S1 CONSID]ABLY RET>D$ ! APPLICATION TO LIFE ( ! IDEAS ( EQUITY4 ,ONLY SIXTY YE>S AFT] ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 I4 E41 9 #a#h#d#h1 !RE AGA9 BEGAN 9 ,EUROPE A NEW POPUL> MOVEM5T UND] ! BANN] ( EQUITY1 BUT 9 A FEW MON?S ?IS MOVEM5T1 TOO1 WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD4 ,& AFT] !SE REVOLUTION>Y ATTEMPTS IT WAS ONLY 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! 'FIFTIES ?AT !RE OCCURR$ A GREAT REVOLUTION 9 ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 ! RESULT ( :I* WAS ! CREATION ( A NEW G5]ALIZ+ !ORY -- ! !ORY ( DEVELOPM5T1 ( EVOLUTION4 

,ALREADY 9 ! '?IRTIES ! POSITIVI/ PHILOSOPH]1 ,AUGU/E ,COMTE1 & ! F\ND]S ( SOCIALISM -- ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,F\RI] 7ESPECIALLY HIS FOLL[]S7 9 ,FRANCE1 -- & ,ROB]T ,[5 9 ,5GL&1 5DEAVOR$ TO APPLY TO ! LIFE ( HUMAN SOCIETIES ! !ORY ( ! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE1 PROMULGAT$ BY ,BUFFON & ,LAM>CK & P>TLY BY ! ,5CYCLOPA$I/S4 ,9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! /UDY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( MAN1 MADE POSSIBLE = ! FIR/ TIME ! FULL REALIZATION ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! DEVELOPM5T 9 MANK9D ( ?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTION ( ALL SOCIAL LIFE -- EQUITY4 

,WE HAVE SE5 H[ CLOSELY ,HUME1 & EV5 MORE ,ADAM ,SMI? & ,HELVETIUS1 
ESPECIALLY 9 HIS SECOND WORK 70,DE L'HOMME1 DE SES FACULTES 9DIVIDUELLES ET DE SON $UCATION07#a 
 APPROA*$ ! RECOGNITION ( JU/ICE1 & CONSEQU5TLY ALSO ( EQUITY1 AS ! BASIS ( MORALITY 9 MAN4 

,! PROCLAMATION ( EQUITY BY ! 0,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN0 AT ! TIME ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 79 #a#g#i#a7 PUT /ILL GREAT] EMPHASIS ON ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( MORALITY4 

,WE MU/ NOTE H]E ONE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT & ESS5TIAL /EP =W>D ?AT WAS MADE ) RESPECT TO ! CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY & AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? MANY ?9K]S & PHILOSOPH]S BEGAN TO UND]/& BY JU/ICE & EQUITY NOT ONLY POLITICAL & CIVIC EQUITY1 BUT PRIM>ILY ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ?AT ,MORELLY1 9 HIS NOVEL1 0,BASILIADE10 
#b & ESPECIALLY 9 HIS 0,CODE DE LA ,NATURE10 OP5LY & DEF9ITELY DEM&$ COMPLETE EQUALITY ( POSSESSIONS4 ,MABLY1 9 HIS 
0,TRAITE DE LA ,LEGISLATION0 7#a#g#g#f71 V]Y SKILLFULLY PROV$ ?AT POLITICAL EQUALITY ALONE W\LD BE 9COMPLETE )\T ECONOMIC EQUALITY1 & ?AT EQUALITY WILL BE AN EMPTY S\ND IF PRIVATE PROP]TY IS TO BE PRES]V$4#c ,EV5 ! MOD]ATE ,CONDORCET DECL>$1 9 HIS 0,ESQUISSE D'UN TABLEAU HI/ORIQUE DU PROGRES DE #a'ESPRIT HUMA90 7#a#g#i#d71 ?AT ALL WEAL? IS USURPATION4 ,F9ALLY1 ! PASSIONATE ,BRISSOT1 :O LAT] FELL A VICTIM ( ! GUILLOT9E1 & :O WAS A ,GIRONDI/1 I4E41 A MOD]ATE DEMOCRAT1 ASS]T$ 9 A S]IES ( PAMPHLETS ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY IS A CRIME AGA9/ NATURE4 
#d 

,ALL !SE HOPES & /RIV+S T[>D ECONOMIC EQUALITY F\ND EXPRESSION AT ! 5D ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! COMMUNI/IC TEA*+ ( ,GRAC*US ,BABEUF4 

,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IDEAS ( ECONOMIC JU/ICE & ECONOMIC EQUALITY W]E ADVANC$ 9 ! TEA*+ :I* RECEIV$ ! NAME ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,! FA!RS ( ?IS TEA*+ 9 ,FRANCE W]E ,SA9T-,SIMON & ,*>LES ,F\RI]1 & 9 ,5GL&1 ,ROB]T ,[54 ,ALREADY AMONG !SE E>LY F\ND]S ( SOCIALISM WE F9D TWO DIFF]5T PO9TS ( VIEW AS TO ! ME?ODS BY :I* !Y PROPOS$ TO E/ABLI% SOCIAL & ECONOMIC JU/ICE 9 SOCIETY4 ,SA9T-,SIMON TAU<T ?AT A JU/ SOCIAL SY/EM CAN BE ORGANIZ$ ONLY ) ! AID ( ! RUL+ P[]1 :]EAS ,F\RI]1 & TO SOME EXT5T ,ROB]T ,[5 HELD ?AT SOCIAL JU/ICE MAY BE ATTA9$ )\T ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?US ,SA9T-,SIMON'S 9T]PRETATION ( SOCIALISM IS AU?ORIT>IAN1 :]EAS ?AT ( ,F\RI] IS 
LIB]T>IAN4 

,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY SOCIALI/IC IDEAS BEGAN TO BE DEVELOP$ BY NUM]\S ?9K]S1 AMONG :OM %\LD BE NOT$ -- 9 ,FRANCE3 ,CONSID]ANT1 ,PI]RE ,L]\X1 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,CABET1 ,VIDAL1 & ,PECQUEUR1 & LAT] ,PR\DHON2 9 ,G]MANY3 ,K>L ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 ,RODB]TUS1 & ,S*AFFLE2 9 ,RUSSIA3 ,BAKUN91 ,*]NY%EVSKY1 ,LAVROV1 ETC4#e ,ALL !SE ?9K]S & !IR FOLL[]S B5T !IR EF=TS EI!R TO ! SPREAD+ ( ! SOCIALI/IC IDEAS 9 UND]/&ABLE =M1 OR TO PUTT+ !M UPON A SCI5TIFIC BASIS4 

,! IDEAS ( ! FIR/ !ORI/S ( SOCIALISM1 AS !Y BEGAN TO TAKE A MORE DEF9ITE =M1 GAVE RISE TO ! TWO PR9CIPAL SOCIALI/IC MOVEM5TS3 AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM1 & AN>*I/IC 7NON-AU?ORIT>IAN7 COMMUNISM1 AS WELL AS TO A FEW 9T]M$IATE =MS4 ,SU* >E ! S*OOLS ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM 7,/ATE [N]%IP ( ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION71 COLLECTIVISM1 COOP]ATIONISM1 MUNICIPAL SOCIALISM 7SEMI-SOCIALI/IC 9/ITUTIONS E/ABLI%$ BY CITIES71 & MANY O!RS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 !SE V]Y ?\<TS ( ! F\ND]S ( SOCIALISM1 7ESPECIALLY ( ,ROB]T ,[57 HELP$ TO ORIG9ATE AMONG ! WORK+ MASSES !MSELVES A VA/ LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* IS ECONOMIC 9 =M1 BUT IS1 9 FACT1 DEEPLY E?ICAL4 ,?IS MOVEM5T AIMS TO UNITE ALL ! WORK+M5 9TO UNIONS ACCORD+ TO TRADES1 = ! PURPOSE ( DIRECT /RUGGLE ) CAPITALISM4 ,9 #a#h#f#d-#a#h#g#i ?IS MOVEM5T GAVE ORIG9 TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 OR ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ALLIANCE1 :I* 5DEAVOR$ TO E/ABLI% 9T]NATIONAL COOP]ATION AMONG ! UNIT$ TRADES4 

,?REE FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES W]E E/ABLI%$ BY ?IS 9TELLECTUAL & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T3 

#a7 ,ABOLITION ( ! WAGE SY/EM1 :I* IS NO?+ BUT A MOD]N =M ( ! ANCI5T SLAV]Y & S]FDOM4 

#b7 ,ABOLITION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y = PRODUCTION & = SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS4 

#c7 ,! LIB]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ( SOCIETY FROM ?AT =M ( POLITICAL 5SLAVEM5T -- ! ,/ATE -- :I* S]VES TO SUPPORT & TO PRES]VE ECONOMIC SLAV]Y4 

,! REALIZATION ( !SE ?REE OBJECTS IS NECESS>Y = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SOCIAL JU/ICE 9 CONSONANCE ) ! MORAL DEM&S ( \R TIME4 ,= ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS NECESSITY HAS P5ETRAT$ DEEPLY 9TO ! M9DS NOT ONLY ( WORK+-M51 BUT ALSO PROGRESSIVE M5 ( ALL CLASSES4 

,AMONG ! SOCIALI/S1 ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#i-#a#h#f#e7 APPROA*$ NE>] ?AN ANY O!R ! 9T]PRETATION ( JU/ICE AS ! BASIS ( MORALITY4 ,PR\DHON'S IMPORTANCE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( E?ICS PASSES UNNOTIC$1 LIKE ! IMPORTANCE ( ,D>W9 9 ! SAME FIELD4 ,H[EV]1 ! HI/ORIAN ( ,E?ICS1 ,JODL1 DID NOT HESITATE TO PLACE ?IS PEASANT-COMPOSITOR1 -- A SELF-TAU<T MAN :O UND]W5T GREAT H>D%IPS TO $UCATE HIMSELF1 & :O WAS ALSO A ?9K]1 & AN ORIG9AL ONE1 -- SIDE BY SIDE ) ! PR(\ND & LE>N$ PHILOSOPH]S :O HAD BE5 ELABORAT+ ! !ORY ( MORALITY4 

,( C\RSE1 9 ADVANC+ JU/ICE AS ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( MORALITY1 ,PR\DHON WAS 9FLU5C$ ON ONE SIDE BY ,HUME1 ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,MONTESQUIEU1 ,VOLTAIRE & ! ,5CYCLOPA$I/S1 & BY ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 & ON ! O!R SIDE BY ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY1 AS WELL AS BY ,AUGU/E ,COMTE & ! 5TIRE SOCIALI/IC MOVEM5T ( ! '=TIES4 ,A FEW YE>S LAT] ?IS MOVEM5T TOOK ! =M ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRO!RHOOD ( ,WORK]S1 :I* PUT =W>D AS ONE ( ITS MOTTOES ! MASONIC =MULA3 0,!RE >E NO RI<TS )\T OBLIGATIONS2 !RE >E NO OBLIGATIONS )\T RI<TS40 

,BUT ,PR\DHON'S M]IT LIES 9 HIS 9DICAT+ CLE>LY ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE FOLL[+ FROM ! H]ITAGE ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION-! CONCEPTION ( EQUITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( JU/ICE1 & 9 %[+ ?AT ?IS CONCEPTION HAS BE5 ALWAYS AT ! BASIS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( ALL E?ICS1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT PHILOSOPH]S PASS$ IT BY AS IF IT W]E NON-EXI/5T1 OR W]E SIMPLY UNWILL+ TO ASCRIBE TO IT A PR$OM9AT+ IMPORTANCE4 

,ALREADY 9 HIS E>LY WORK1 0,:AT IS PROP]TY80 ,PR\DHON ID5TIFI$ JU/ICE ) EQUALITY 7MORE CORRECTLY-EQUITY71 REF]R+ TO ! ANCI5T DEF9ITION ( JU/ICE3 0,JU/UM AEQUALE E/1 9JU/UM 9AEQUALE0 7,! EQUITABLE IS JU/1 ! 9EQUITABLE-UNJU/74 ,LAT] HE REPEAT$LY RETURN$ TO ?IS QUE/ION 9 HIS WORKS1 0,CONTRADICTIONS ECONOMIQUES0 & 0,PHILOSOPHIE DU ,PROGRES02 BUT ! COMPLETE ELABORATION ( ! GREAT IMPORTANCE ( ?IS CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE HE GAVE 9 HIS ?REE-VOLUME WORK1 0,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE10 :I* APPE>$ 9 #a#h#e#h4#f 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ?IS WORK DOES NOT CONTA9 A /RICTLY SY/EMATIC EXPOSITION ( ,PR\DHON'S E?ICAL VIEWS1 BUT SU* VIEWS >E EXPRESS$ ) SUFFICI5T CLE>NESS 9 V>I\S PASSAGES ( ! WORK4 ,AN ATTEMPT TO DET]M9E TO :AT AN EXT5T !SE PASSAGES >E ,PR\DHON'S [N IDEAS1 & H[ F> !Y >E ADAPTATIONS FROM E>LI] ?9K]S1 W\LD BE DIFFICULT & AT ! SAME TIME USELESS4 ,I %ALL1 !RE=E1 SIMPLY \TL9E !IR MA9 CONT5TIONS4 

,PR\DHON REG>DS MORAL TEA*+ AS A P>T ( ! G5]AL SCI5CE ( LAW2 ! PROBLEM ( ! 9VE/IGATOR LIES 9 DET]M9+ ! BASES ( ?IS TEA*+3 ITS ESS5CE1 ITS ORIG91 & ITS SANCTION1 I4 E41 ?AT :I* IMP>TS TO LAW & TO MORALITY AN OBLIGATORY *>ACT]1 & ?AT :I* HAS $UCATIONAL VALUE4 ,MOREOV]1 ,PR\DHON1 LIKE ,COMTE & ! 5CYCLOPA$I/S1 CATEGORICALLY REFUSES TO BUILD HIS PHILOSOPHY ( LAW & ( MORALITY ON A RELIGI\S OR A METAPHYSICAL BASIS4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1 HE SAYS1 TO /UDY ! LIFE ( SOCIETIES & TO LE>N FROM IT :AT IT IS ?AT S]VES SOCIETY AS A GUID+ PR9CIPLE4#g 

,UP TO ?IS TIME ALL E?ICAL SY/EMS W]E CON/RUCT$ MORE OR LESS UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( RELIGION1 & NOT A S+LE TEA*+ D>$ TO ADVANCE ! EQUITY ( M5 & ! EQUALITY ( ECONOMIC RI<TS AS ! BASIS ( E?ICS4 ,PR\DHON ATTEMPT$ TO DO ?IS AS F> AS WAS POSSIBLE 9 ! DAYS ( ,NAPOLEONIC C5SOR%IP1 ALWAYS ON GU>D AGA9/ SOCIALISM & A!ISM4 ,PR\DHON WI%$ TO CREATE1 AS HE EXPRESS$ IT1 A PHILOSOPHY ( ! PEOPLE1 BAS$ ON KN[L$GE4 ,HE REG>DS HIS BOOK1 0,ON JU/ICE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! ,*UR*10 AS AN ATTEMPT MADE 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,& ! OBJECT ( ?IS PHILOSOPHY1 AS ( ALL KN[L$GE1 IS =ESI<T1 SO ?AT ! PA? ( SOCIAL LIFE MAY BE 9DICAT$ BE=E IT IS ACTUALLY LAID \T4 

,PR\DHON CONSID]S ! S5SE ( P]SONAL DIGNITY AS ! TRUE ESS5CE ( JU/ICE & ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( ALL MORALITY4 ,IF ?IS S5SE IS DEVELOP$ 9 AN 9DIVIDUAL IT BECOMES ) REF]5CE TO ALL M5-REG>DLESS ( :E!R !Y >E FRI5DS OR 5EMIES-A S5SE ( HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,! RI<T IS AN ABILITY1 9H]5T 9 ALL1 TO DEM& FROM ALL O!RS ?AT !Y RESPECT HUMAN DIGNITY 9 !IR [N P]SON2 & DUTY 
 IS ! DEM& ?AT EV]YONE %\LD RECOGNIZE ?IS DIGNITY 9 O!RS4 ,WE CANNOT LOVE EV]YBODY1 BUT WE MU/ RESPECT EA* MAN'S P]SONAL DIGNITY4 ,WE CANNOT DEM& 
! LOVE ( O!RS1 BUT WE UNQUE/IONABLY HAVE A RI<T TO DEM& RESPECT = \R P]SONALITY4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BUILD A NEW SOCIETY ON MUTUAL LOVE1 BUT IT CAN & %\LD BE BUILT ON ! DEM& ( MUTUAL RESPECT4 

0,TO FEEL & TO ASS]T HUMAN DIGNITY FIR/ 9 ALL ?AT P]TA9S TO US1 & !N 9 ! P]SONALITY ( \R FELL[-M51 )\T FALL+ 9TO EGOISM1 AS WELL AS NOT PAY+ ATT5TION EI!R TO DEITY OR TO SOCIETY-?IS IS RI<T4 ,TO BE READY UND] ALL CIRCUM/ANCES TO RISE 5]GETICALLY 9 DEF5SE ( ?IS DIGNITY -- ?IS IS JU/ICE40 

,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT AT ?IS PO9T ,PR\DHON %\LD HAVE DECL>$ QUITE DEF9ITELY ?AT A FREE SOCIETY CAN BE BUILT ONLY ON EQUITY4 ,BUT HE DID NOT SO DECL>E1 P]HAPS BECAUSE ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC C5SOR%IP2 9 READ+ HIS 0,JU/ICE0 ?IS CONCLUSION 7EQUITY7 SEEMS ALMO/ 9EVITABLE1 & 9 A FEW PASSAGES IT IS MORE ?AN IMPLI$4 

,! QUE/ION ( ! ORIG9 ( ! S5SE ( JU/ICE WAS ANSW]$ BY ,PR\DHON 9 ! SAME MANN] AS BY ,COMTE & BY MOD]N SCI5CE1 ?AT IT REPRES5TS ! PRODUCT ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN SOCIETIES4 

,9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( ! MORAL ELEM5T ,PR\DHON 5DEAVOR$ TO F9D = MORALITY1 I4E41 = JU/ICE1#h 
 AN ORGANIC BASE 9 ! PSY*IC /RUCTURE ( MAN4#i ,JU/ICE1 HE 
SAYS1 DOES NOT COME FROM ABOVE  NOR IS IT A PRODUCT ( ! CALCULATION 
 ( ONE'S 9T]E/S1 = NO SOCIAL ORD] CAN BE BUILT ON SU* A BASIS4 ,?IS FACULTY1 MOREOV]1 IS SOME?+ DIFF]5T FROM ! NATURAL K9DNESS 9 MAN1 ! FEEL+ ( SYMPA?Y1 OR ! 9/9CT ( SOCIALITY UPON :I* ! ,POSITIVI/S 5DEAVOR TO BASE E?ICS4 ,A MAN IS POSSESS$ ( A SPECIAL FEEL+1 ONE ?AT IS HI<] ?AN ! FEEL+ ( SOCIALITY1 -- NAMELY1 ! S5SE ( RI<TE\SNESS1 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! EQUAL RI<T ( ALL M5 TO A MUTUAL REG>D = P]SONALITY4#a 

0,?US10 ,JODL REM>KS1 0AFT] HIS MO/ VIGOR\S PROTE/S AGA9/ TRANSC5D5TALISM1 ,PR\DHON TURNS1 AFT] ALL1 TO ! OLD H]ITAGE ( 9TUITIONAL E?ICS-CONSCI5CE40 70,GES*I*TE D] ,E?IK10 *4 #a#a1 P1 #b#f#g47 ,?IS REM>K1 H[EV]1 IS NOT QUITE CORRECT4 ,PR\DHON M]ELY MEANT TO SAY ?AT ! CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE CANNOT BE A SIMPLE 9BORN T5D5CY1 BECAUSE IF IT W]E IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO ACC\NT = ! PREPOND]ANCE IT ACQUIRES 9 ! /RUGGLE ) O!R T5D5CIES CONT9UALLY URG+ MAN TO BE UNJU/ TO O!RS4 ,! T5D5CY TO PROTECT ! 9T]E/S ( O!RS AT ! EXP5SE ( \R [N CANNOT BE SOLELY AN 9BORN FEEL+1 AL?\< ITS RUDIM5TS W]E ALWAYS PRES5T 9 MAN1 BUT !SE RUDIM5TS MU/ BE DEVELOP$4 ,& ?IS FEEL+ C\LD DEVELOP 9 SOCIETY ONLY ?R\< EXP]I5CE1 & 
SU* WAS ACTUALLY ! CASE4 

,9 CONSID]+ ! CONTRADICTIONS FURNI%$ BY ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETIES1  
BETWE5 ! CONCEPTION ( 'JU/ICE NATIVE TO MAN & SOCIAL 9JU/ICE 7SUPPORT$ BY ! RUL+ P[]S & EV5 BY ! *UR*ES71 ,PR\DHON CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT AL?\< ! CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE IS 9BORN 9 MAN1 ?\S&S ( YE>S HAD TO ELAPSE BE=E ! IDEA ( JU/ICE 5T]$ AS A FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTION 9TO LEGISLATION1 -- AT ! TIME ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 ! 0,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN40 

,LIKE ,COMTE1 ,PR\DHON V]Y WELL REALIZ$ ! PROGRESS ?AT WAS TAK+ PLACE 9 
! DEVELOPM5T ( MANK9D & HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT FUR!R PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T W\LD OCCUR4 ,( C\RSE1 HE HAD 9 M9D NOT M]ELY ! DEVELOPM5T ( CULTURE 7I4 E41 ( ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( LIFE71 BUT MA9LY ( CIVILIZATION1 5LI<T5M5T1 I4 E41 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9TELLECTUAL & ! SPIRITUAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 ! IMPROVEM5T 9 9/ITUTIONS & 9 MUTUAL RELATIONS AMONG M54#a#a ,9 ?IS PROGRESS HE ASCRIB$ A GREAT IMPORTANCE TO IDEALIZATION1 TO ! IDEALS ?AT 9 C]TA9 P]IODS ACQUIRE ! ASC5DANCY OV] ! PETTY DAILY C>ES1 :5 ! DISCREPANCY BETWE5 ! LAW1 UND]/OOD AS ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( JU/ICE1 & ACTUAL LIFE AS IT IS DEVELOP$ UND] ! P[] (  
LEGISLATION1 ACQUIRES ! PROPORTIONS ( A GL>+1 UNBE>ABLE CONTRADICTION4 

,9 A LAT] P>T ( ?IS WORK WE %ALL HAVE OCCASION TO RETURN TO ! SIGNIFICANCE ( JU/ICE 9 ! ELABORATION ( ! MORAL CONCEPTIONS4 ,= ! PRES5T ,I WILL SIMPLY REM>K ?AT NO ONE PREP>$ ! GR\ND = ! CORRECT UND]/&+ ( ?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPTION ( ALL MORALITY SO WELL AS ,PR\DHON4#a#b 

,! HI<E/ MORAL AIM ( MAN IS ! ATTA9+ ( JU/ICE4 ,! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( MANK9D1 SAYS ,PR\DHON1 IS ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN 5DEAVOR TO ATTA9 JU/ICE 9 ?IS LIFE4 ,ALL ! GREAT REVOLUTIONS >E NO?+ BUT ! ATTEMPT TO REALIZE JU/ICE BY =CE2 & S9CE DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ! MEANS1 I4 E41 VIOL5CE1 TEMPOR>ILY PREVAIL$ OV] ! OLD =M ( OPPRESSION1 ! ACTUAL RESULT WAS ALWAYS A SUB/ITUTION ( ONE TYRANNY = 
ANO!R4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! IMPELL+ MOTIVE ( EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS ALWAYS  
JU/ICE1 & EV]Y REVOLUTION1 NO MATT] 9TO :AT IT LAT] DEG5]AT$1 ALWAYS 9TRODUC$ 9TO SOCIAL LIFE A C]TA9 DEGREE ( JU/ICE4 ,ALL !SE P>TIAL REALIZATIONS ( JU/ICE WILL F9ALLY LEAD TO ! COMPLETE TRIUMPH ( JU/ICE ON E>?4 

,:Y IS IT ?AT 9 SPITE ( ALL ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE1 NOT A S+LE NATION HAS YET >RIV$ AT ! COMPLETE ATTA9M5T ( JU/ICE8 ,! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( ?IS LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT ! IDEA ( JU/ICE HAS NOT AS YET P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! M9DS ( ! MAJORITY ( M54 ,ORIG9AT+ 9 ! M9D ( A SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUAL1 ! IDEA ( JU/ICE MU/ BECOME A SOCIAL IDEA 9SPIR+ ! REVOLUTION4 ,! />T+ PO9T ( ! IDEA ( JU/ICE IS ! S5SE ( P]SONAL DIGNITY4 ,9 ASSOCIAT+ ) O!RS WE F9D ?AT ?IS FEEL+ BECOMES G5]ALIZ$ & BECOMES ! FEEL+ ( HUMAN DIGNITY4 ,A RATIONAL CREATURE RECOGNIZES ?IS FEEL+ 9 ANO!R -- FRI5D OR 5EMY ALIKE -- AS 9 HIMSELF4 ,9 ?IS1 JU/ICE DIFF]S FROM LOVE & FROM O!R S5SATIONS ( SYMPA?Y2 ?IS IS :Y JU/ICE IS ! ANTI!SIS ( EGOISM1 & :Y ! 9FLU5CE :I* JU/ICE EX]TS UPON US PREVAILS OV] O!R FEEL+S4 ,= ! SAME REASON1 9 ! CASE ( A PRIMITIVE MAN :OSE S5SE ( P]SONAL DIGNITY MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 A CRUDE WAY1 & :OSE SELF-AIM$ T5D5CIES PREVAIL OV] ! SOCIAL1 JU/ICE F9DS ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! =M ( SUP]NATURAL PRESCRIPTION1 & IT RE/S UPON RELIGION4 ,BUT LITTLE BY LITTLE1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( RELIGION1 ! S5SE ( JU/ICE 7,PR\DHON WRITES SIMPLY 0JU/ICE10 )\T DEF9+ :E!R HE CONSID]S IT A CONCEPTION OR A FEEL+ 
7 DET]IORATES4 ,CONTR>Y TO ITS ESS5CE ?IS FEEL+ BECOMES >I/OCRATIC1 & 9 ,*RI/IANITY 7& 9 SOME E>LI] RELIGIONS7 IT REA*ES ! PO9T ( HUMILIAT+ MANK9D4  
,UND] ! PRETEXT ( RESPECT = ,GOD1 RESPECT = MAN IS BANI%$1 & ONCE ?IS RESPECT IS DE/ROY$ JU/ICE SUCCUMBS1 & ) IT SOCIETY DET]IORATES4 

,!N A ,REVOLUTION TAKES PLACE :I* OP5S A NEW ]A = MANK9D4 ,IT 5ABLES JU/ICE1 ONLY VAGUELY APPREH5D$ BE=E1 TO APPE> 9 ALL ! PURITY & COMPLET5ESS ( ITS FUNDAM5TAL IDEA4 0,JU/ICE IS ABSOLUTE & UN*ANGEABLE2 IT KN[S NO 'MORE OR LESS4' 0#a#c ,IT IS REM>KABLE1 ADDS ,PR\DHON1 ?AT FROM ! TIME ( ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE1 9 #a#g#h#i1 !RE WAS NOT A S+LE GOV]NM5T 9 ,FRANCE :I* D>$ OP5LY TO D5Y JU/ICE & TO DECL>E ITSELF FRANKLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,H[EV]1 ALL GOV]NM5TS VIOLAT$ JU/ICE1 EV5 ! 
GOV]NM5T AT ! TIME ( ! ,T]ROR1 EV5 ,ROBESPI]RE1-ESPECIALLY ,ROBESPI]RE4#a#d 

,PR\DHON PO9T$ \T1 H[EV]1 ?AT WE %\LD GU>D AGA9/ TRAMP+ UPON ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL = ! SAKE ( ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY4 ,TRUE JU/ICE CONSI/S 9 A H>MONI\S COMB9ATION ( SOCIAL 9T]E/ ) ?OSE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,JU/ICE1 ?US 9T]PRET$1 CONTA9S NO?+ MY/]I\S OR MY/ICAL4 ,NEI!R IS IT A DESIRE = P]SONAL GA91 S9CE ,I CONSID] IT MY DUTY TO DEM& RESPECT = MY FELL[-M51 AS WELL AS = MYSELF4 ,JU/ICE DEM&S RESPECT = P]SONAL DIGNITY EV5 9 ANY 5EMY 7H5CE ! 9T]NATIONAL MILIT>Y CODE74 

,S9CE MAN IS A BE+ CAPABLE ( PROGRESS+1 JU/ICE OP5S ! PA? TO PROGRESS = ALL ALIKE4 ,!RE=E1 WROTE ,PR\DHON1 JU/ICE F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ! E>LIE/ RELIGIONS1 9 ! ,MOSAIC LAW1 = EXAMPLE1 :I* BADE US LOVE ,GOD ) ALL \R HE>T1 ) ALL \R S\L1 ) ALL \R MI<T1 & TO LOVE \R NEI<BOR AS WE LOVE \RSELVES 79 ! BOOK ( 0,TOBIT10 :]E WE >E TOLD NOT TO DO UNTO O!RS :AT WE DO NOT WANT DONE UNTO US74#a#e ,SIMIL> IDEAS W]E EXPRESS$ BY ! ,PY?AGOREANS1 BY ,EPICURUS1 & ,>I/OTLE1 & ! SAME DEM& WAS MADE BY NON-RELIGI\S PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,GASS5DI1 ,HOBBES1 ,B5?AM1 
,HELVETIUS1 ETC4#a#f 

,9 %ORT1 WE F9D ?AT EQUITY IS EV]Y:]E CONSID]$ ! BASIS ( MORALITY1 OR1 AS ,PR\DHON WROTE3 AS REG>DS ! MUTUAL P]SONAL RELATIONS -- 0)\T EQUALITY -- !RE IS NO JU/ICE40#a#g 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ALL ! WOR%IP]S ( ! RUL+ P[]1 EV5 ! ,/ATE -- SOCIALI/S1 FAIL TO NOTICE ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( ALL MORALITY & CONT9UE TO SUPPORT ! NECESSITY ( ! 9EQUALITY & NON-EQUITY 9H]5T 9 ! ,/ATE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 EQUITY BECAME 9 PR9CIPLE ! BASIS ( ALL ! DECL>ATIONS ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 7JU/ AS IT WAS ACCEPT$ E>LI] 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS 9 ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,REPUBLIC74 ,ALREADY ! 
,DECL>ATION ( #a<i PROCLAIM$ ?AT 0NATURE MADE ALL M5 FREE & EQUAL40 ,! SAME PR9CIPLE WAS REIT]AT$ 9 ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,JULY #b#d1 #a#g#i#c4 

,! ,REVOLUTION PROCLAIM$ 9DIVIDUAL EQUALITY1 EQUALITY ( POLITICAL & CIVIC RI<TS1 & ALSO EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW & ! C\RTS4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 IT CREAT$ A NEW SOCIAL ECONOMY BY RECOGNIZ+ 9/EAD ( PRIVATE RI<TS1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ! EQUIVAL5T VALUE ( MUTUAL S]VICE4#a#h 

,! ESS5CE ( JU/ICE IS RESPECT = \R FELL[-M51 ,PR\DHON CON/ANTLY 9SI/$4 ,WE KN[ ! NATURE ( JU/ICE1 HE WROTE2 ITS DEF9ITION CAN BE GIV5 9 ! FOLL[+ =MULA3 

0,RESPECT ?Y NEI<BOR AS ?YSELF1 EV5 IF ?\ CAN/ NOT LOVE HIM1 & DO NOT 
P]MIT ?AT HE OR ?YSELF BE TREAT$ ) DISRESPECT40 0,)\T EQUALITY -- !RE IS 
NO JU/ICE40 7,I4 #b#d1 #b#f74 
#ai 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS PR9CIPLE HAS NOT AS YET BE5 ATTA9$ EI!R 9 LEGISLATION OR 9 ! C\RTS1 & C]TA9LY NOT 9 ! ,*UR*4 

,ECONOMICS SUGGE/$ ONE WAY \T-! SUBDIVISION ( LABOR 9 ORD] TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION1 :I* 9CREASE IS1 ( C\RSE1 NECESS>Y2 BUT IT HAS ALSO %[N1 AT LEA/ ?R\< ! TE/IMONY ( SOME ECONOMI/S1 SU* AS ,ROSSI1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT ?IS DIVISION ( LABOR LEADS TO APA?Y AMONG ! WORK]S & TO ! CREATION ( A SLAVE CLASS4 ,WE ?US SEE ?AT ! ONLY POSSIBLE WAY \T ( ?IS SITUATION IS TO BE F\ND 9 MUTUALITY ( S]VICE1 9/EAD ( ! SUBORD9ATION ( ONE K9D ( S]VICE TO ANO!R 7,I4 #b#f#i71 -- & 
!RE=E 9 ! EQUALITY ( RI<TS & POSSESSIONS4 ,?IS IS JU/ :AT WAS ASS]T$ BY ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,CONV5TION ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 & ,JULY #bd ( #a#g#i#c1 9 :I* ,FRE$OM & ! ,EQUALITY ( ALL BE=E ! LAW W]E PROCLAIM$1 & ?IS DECL>ATION WAS REIT]AT$ 9 #a#g#i#e1 #a#g#i#i1 #a#h#a#d1 #a#h#c1 & #a#h#d#h1 7,I4 #b#g47 ,JU/ICE1 AS ,PR\DHON SEES IT1 IS NOT M]ELY A  RE/RA9+ SOCIAL =CE4 ,HE SEES 9 IT A CREATIVE =CE1 LIKE REASON & WORK4#b 
 ,!N1 HAV+ REM>K$1 AS ,BACON HAD ALREADY DONE1 ?AT ?\<T IS BORN ( ACTION1 & D$ICAT+ = ?IS REASON A S]IES ( EXCELL5T PAGES TO ! NECESSITY ( MANUAL LABOR & ( ! /UDY ( TRADES 9 S*OOLS AS A MEANS ( BROAD5+ \R SCI5TIFIC $UCATION1 -- ,PR\DHON PROCE$S TO CONSID] JU/ICE 9 ITS V>I\S APPLICATIONS3 ) RESPECT TO 9DIVIDUALS1 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?1 9 ! ,/ATE1 9 $UCATION1 & 9 M5TALITY4 

,PR\DHON HAD TO ACKN[L$GE ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( JU/ICE 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES REQUIRES TIME3 A HI< DEVELOPM5T ( IDEALS & ( ! FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY ) ALL1 IS REQUIR$1 & ?IS CAN BE ATTA9$ ONLY ?R\< LONG 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,WE WILL RETURN TO ?IS SUBJECT 9 ANO!R VOLUME4 ,I WILL ONLY ADD H]E ?AT ALL ?IS P>T ( ,PR\DHON'S BOOK1 & HIS CONCLUSION 9 :I* HE DET]M9ES :]E9 LIES ! SANCTION ( ! CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE1 CONTA9 V]Y MANY IDEAS /IMULAT+ TO HUMAN ?\<T4 ,?IS QUALITY ( M5TAL /IMULATION IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL ,PR\DHON'S WRIT+S1 & IT WAS PO9T$ \T BY ,H]Z5 & BY MANY O!RS4 

,H[EV]1 9 ALL HIS EXCELL5T WORDS AB\T JU/ICE1 ,PR\DHON DID NOT 9DICATE CLE>LY 5\< ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO MEAN+S GIV5 9 ! ,FR5* LANGUAGE TO ! WORD 0,JU/ICE40 ,ONE MEAN+ IS EQUALITY1 AN EQUATION 9 ! MA!MATICAL S5SE1 --:ILE ! O!R MEAN+ IS ! ADM9I/]+ ( JU/ICE1 I4 E41 ! ACT ( JUDG+1 ! DECISION ( ! C\RT1 & EV5 ! TAK+ ( ! LAW 9TO ONE'S [N H&S4 ,( C\RSE1 :5 JU/ICE IS M5TION$ 9 E?ICS IT IS 9T]PRET$ ONLY 9 ! FIR/ S5SE1 BUT ,PR\DHON AT TIMES  
US$ ! WORD ,JU/ICE 9 ITS SECOND S5SE1 :I* CIRCUM/ANCE LEADS TO A C]TA9 9DEF9IT5ESS4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY ! REASON :Y HE DID NOT TRY TO TRACE ! ORIG9 ( ?IS CONCEPT 9 MAN1-A PROBLEM ) :I*1 AS WE WILL SEE LAT]1 ,LITTRE DEALT AT SOME L5G?4 

,AT ANY RATE1 FROM ! TIME ( ! APPE>ANCE ( ,PR\DHON'S WORK1 0,JU/ICE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! ,*UR*10 IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO BUILD AN E?ICAL SY/EM )\T RECOGNIZ+ AS ITS BASIS EQUITY1 ! EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S 9 !IR RI<TS4 ,IT IS APP>5TLY = ?IS REASON ?AT ! ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO SUBJECT ?IS WORK ( ,PR\DHON'S TO A UNANIM\S SIL5CE1 SO ?AT ONLY ,JODL WAS UNAFRAID ( COMPROMIS+ HIMSELF & ASSIGN$ TO ! ,FR5* REVOLUTIONI/ A PROM95T PLACE 9 HIS HI/ORY ( E?ICS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ?REE VOLUMES :I* ,PR\DHON DEVOT$ TO JU/ICE CONTA9 A GREAT DEAL ( IRRELEVANT MATT]1 A VA/ AM\NT ( POLEMICS AGA9/ ! ,*UR* 7! TITLE1 0,JU/ICE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! ,*UR*10 JU/IFIES ?IS1 H[EV]1 ALL ! MORE BECAUSE ! SUBJECT UND] DISCUSSION IS NOT JU/ICE 9 ! ,*UR*1 BUT 9 ,*RI/IANITY & 9 ! RELIGI\S MORAL TEA*+S 9 
G5]AL72 !Y ALSO CONTA9 TWO ESSAYS ON WOMAN1 ) :I* MO/ MOD]N WRIT]S WILL1 (  
C\RSE1 NOT AGREE2 & F9ALLY !Y CONTA9 MANY DIGRESSIONS1 :I*1 ?\< !Y S]VE A PURPOSE1 HELP TO BEFOG ! MA9 ISSUE4 ,BUT NOT)/&+ ALL ?IS1 WE HAVE AT LA/ 9 ,PR\DHON'S WORK AN 9VE/IGATION 9 :I* JU/ICE 7:I* HAD BE5 ALREADY ALLUD$ TO BY MANY ?9K]S :O OCCUPI$ !MSELVES ) ! PROBLEM ( MORALITY7 WAS ASSIGN$ A PROP] PLACE2 9 ?IS WORK1 AT LA/1 IT IS /AT$ ?AT JU/ICE IS ! RECOGNITION ( EQUITY & ( ! /RIV+ ( M5 = EQUALITY1 & ?AT ?IS IS ! BASIS ( ALL \R MORAL 
CONCEPTIONS4 

,E?ICS HAD = A LONG TIME BE5 MOV+ T[>D ?IS ADMISSION4 ,BUT ALL ALONG IT HAD BE5 SO B\ND UP ) RELIGION1 & 9 REC5T TIMES ) ,*RI/IANITY1 ?AT ?IS RECOGNITION WAS NOT FULLY EXPRESS$ BY ANY ( ,PR\DHON'S PR$ECESSORS4 

,F9ALLY1 ,I MU/ PO9T \T ?AT 9 ,PR\DHON'S WORK1 0,JU/ICE 9 ! ,REVOLUTION & 9 ! ,*UR*10 !RE IS ALREADY A H9T ( ! ?REEFOLD NATURE ( MORALITY4 ,HE HAD %[N 9 ! FIR/ VOLUME ?\< 9 A V]Y CURSORY WAY1 9 A FEW L9ES1 -- ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( MORALITY-SOCIALITY1 :I* IS OBS]V$ EV5 AMONG ! ANIMALS4 ,& HE DWELT LAT]1 T[>D ! 5D ( HIS WORK1 ON ! ?IRD CON/ITU5T ELEM5T ( ALL SCI5TIFIC1 AS WELL AS ( RELIGI\S MORALITY3 ! IDEAL4 ,BUT HE DID NOT %[ :]E ! DIVID+ L9E COMES BETWE5 JU/ICE 7:I* SAYS3 0GIVE :AT IS DUE10 & IS ?US R$UC$ TO A MA!MATICAL EQUATION71 & ?AT :I* MAN GIVES TO ANO!R OR TO ALL 0ABOVE :AT IS DUE10 )\T WEI<+ :AT HE GIVES OR :AT HE RECEIVES --:I*1 TO MY M9D1 CON/ITUTES A NECESS>Y1 CON/ITU5T P>T ( MORALITY4 ,BUT HE ALREADY F9DS IT NECESS>Y TO COMPLETE JU/ICE BY ADD+ ! IDEAL 
1 I4 E41 ! /RIV+ = IDEALI/IC ACTIONS1 DUE TO :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,PR\DHON1 \R V]Y CONCEPTIONS ( JU/ICE >E CONT9UALLY BROAD5$ & BECOME MORE REF9$4 ,& 9DE$1 AFT] ALL ?AT MANK9D LIV$ ?R\< FROM ! TIME ( ! ,AM]ICAN & ! TWO ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONS1 \R CONCEPTIONS ( JU/ICE >E CLE>LY NOT ! SAME AS !Y W]E AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 :5 S]FDOM & SLAV]Y CALL$ =? NO PROTE/ EV5 FROM LIB]AL MORALI/S4 ,WE HAVE N[ TO CONSID] A S]IES ( WORKS ON E?ICS BY ?9K]S :O TAKE ! EVOLUTIONI/ VIEWPO9T & :O ACCEPT ,D>W9'S !ORY ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ALL ORGANIC LIFE1 AS WELL AS ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( MAN4 ,H]E \<T TO BE 9CLUD$ A SUCCESSION ( 
WORKS BY MOD]N ?9K]S1 BECAUSE ALMO/ ALL :O WROTE ON E?ICS 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY %[ EVID5CE ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ! EVOLUTIONI/ !ORY ( GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T --:I* RAPIDLY CONQU]$ ! M9D1 AFT] IT WAS SO C>EFULLY ELABORAT$ BY ,D>W9 9 ITS APPLICATION TO ORGANIC NATURE4 

,EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O DID NOT WRITE ESPECIALLY ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MORAL S5SE 9 MANK9D1 WE F9D 9DICATIONS ( ! GRADUAL GR[? ( ?IS S5SE P>ALLEL ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( O!R CONCEPTIONS -- 9TELLECTUAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 & ( ALL ! =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE 9 G5]AL1 ,?US1 ,D>W9'S !ORY HAD A TREM5D\S & A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE UPON ! PROGRESS ( MOD]N REALI/IC E?ICS1 OR AT LEA/ ON SOME ( ITS DIVISIONS4 ,I WILL LIMIT MYSELF1 H[EV]1 TO ! DISCUSSION ( ONLY ?REE *IEF REPRES5TATIVES ( EVOLUTIONI/ E?ICS3 ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 ,HUXLEY1 AS A DIRECT ASSI/ANT ( ,D>W91 & ,M4 ,GUYAU1 AL?\< !RE IS A GR\P ( V]Y VALUABLE WORKS ON E?ICS1 C>RI$ \T 9 ! SPIRIT ( EVOLUTIONISM1 -VIZ41 ! GREAT WORK ( ,WE/]M>CK1 0,! ,ORIG9 & ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,MORAL ,IDEAS02 BY ,BA/IAN1 0,D] ,M5S* 9 D] ,GES*I*TE02 BY ,GIZICKY1 ETC41 NOT TO M5TION NON-ORIG9AL WORKS LIKE ?OSE ( ,KIDD & ,SU!RL&1 OR ! POPUL> WORKS WRITT5 = PROPAG&A BY SOCIALI/S1 SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS1 & AN>*I/S4#b#a 

,I HAVE ALREADY DISCUSS$ ,D>W9'S E?ICS 9 ! ?IRD *APT] ( ?IS BOOK1 ,9 BRIEF1 IT R$UCES ITSELF TO ! FOLL[+3 WE KN[ ?AT !RE IS A MORAL S5SE 9 MAN1 & ! QUE/ION NATURALLY >ISES AS TO ITS ORIG94 ,?AT EA* ONE ( US ACQUIRES IT SEP>ATELY IS HI<LY IMPROBABLE1 ONCE WE RECOGNIZE ! G5]AL !ORY ( ! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( MAN4 ,&1 9DE$1 ! ORIG9 ( ?IS S5SE IS TO BE S\<T 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( FEEL+S ( SOCIALITY -- 9/9CTIVE OR 9NATE -- 9 ALL SOCIAL ANIMALS & 9 MAN4 ,?R\< ! /R5G? ( ?IS FEEL+ AN ANIMAL DES]VES TO BE 9 ! SOCIETY ( ITS FELL[-CREATURES1 TO KN[ ITSELF 9 SYMPA?Y ) !M2 BUT ?IS SYMPA?Y IS NOT TO BE 9T]PRET$ 9 ! S5SE ( COMMIS]ATION OR LOVE1 BUT 9 ! N>R[ S5SE ( ! WORD1 AS ! FEEL+ ( COMRADE%IP1 FEEL+ TOGE!R1 ! ABILITY TO BE AFFECT$ BY ! EMOTIONS ( O!RS4 

,?IS FEEL+ ( SOCIAL SYMPA?Y1 :I* DEVELOPS GRADUALLY ) ! 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY ( SOCIAL LIFE1 BECOMES MORE & MORE V>I$1 RATIONAL1 & FREE 9 ITS MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,9 MAN ! FEEL+ ( SOCIAL SYMPA?Y BECOMES ! S\RCE ( MORALITY4 ,BUT H[ >E MORAL CONCEPTIONS DEVELOP$ FROM IT8 ,D>W9 ANSW]S ?IS QUE/ION AS FOLL[S3 MAN POSSESSES MEMORY & ! ABILITY TO REASON4 ,& :5 A MAN DOES NOT HE>K5 TO ! VOICE ( ! FEEL+ ( SOCIAL SYMPA?Y1 & FOLL[S SOME OPPOSITE FEEL+1 AS HATR$ = O!RS1 !N AFT] A BRIEF S5SATION ( PLEASURE OR ( GRATIFICATION HE EXP]I5CES A FEEL+ ( 9N] DISSATISFACTION1 & AN OPPRESSIVE EMOTION ( REP5TANCE4 ,AT TIMES1 EV5 AT ! V]Y MOM5T ( MAN'S 9N] /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! FEEL+ ( SOCIAL SYMPA?Y & ! 
OPPOSITE T5D5CIES1 REASON IMP]ATIVELY PO9TS \T ! NECESSITY ( FOLL[+ ! FEEL+ ( SOCIAL SYMPA?Y1 & PICTURES ! CONSEQU5CES & ! RESULTS ( ! ACT2 9 SU* A CASE1 REFLECTION1 & ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ! DICTATES ( ! PROMPT+S ( SOCIAL SYMPA?Y & NOT ! OPPOSITE T5D5CIES1 >E TO BE OBEY$1 BECOMES ! CONSCI\SNESS ( DUTY1 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! RI<T WAY TO ACT4 ,EV]Y ANIMAL 9 :I* ! 9/9CTS ( SOCIALITY1 9CLUD+ ! PAT]NAL & ! FILIAL 9/9CTS1 >E /RONGLY DEVELOP$1 WILL 9EVITABLY ACQUIRE MORAL S5SE OR CONSCI5CE1 PROVID$ ITS M5TAL ABILITIES BECOME DEVELOP$ TO ! SAME EXT5T AS 9 MAN4#b#b 

,LAT]1 9 A FUR!R /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T1 :5 ! SOCIAL LIFE ( M5 REA*ES A HI< LEVEL1 MORAL FEEL+ F9DS A /RONG SUPPORT 9 PUBLIC OP9ION1 :I* PO9TS ! WAY TO ACT+ = ! COMMON GOOD4 ,?IS PUBLIC OP9ION IS NOT AT ALL AN ELABORATE 9V5TION ( A CONV5TIONAL UP-BR++1 AS WAS RA!R FLIPPANTLY ASS]T$ BY ,M&EVILLE & HIS MODEM FOLL[]S1 BUT IS ! RESULT ( ! DEVELOPM5T 9 SOCIETY ( MUTUAL SYMPA?Y & A MUTUAL BOND4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE SU* ACTS = ! COMMON GOOD BECOME A HABIT4 

,I WILL NOT REPEAT H]E ,D>W9'S FUR!R REASON+ AB\T ! ORIG9 ( MORALITY 9 MAN1 = ,I HAVE ALREADY CONSID]$ !M 9 ! ?IRD *APT] ( ?IS WORK4 ,I WILL M]ELY PO9T \T ?AT ,D>W9 HAD ?US RETURN$ TO ! IDEA EXPRESS$ BY ,BACON 9 HIS 0,GREAT ,9/AURATION40 ,I HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ?AT ,BACON WAS ! FIR/ TO PO9T \T ?AT ! SOCIAL 9/9CT IS 0MORE P[]FUL0 ?AN ! P]SONAL 9/9CT4 ,! SAME CONCLUSION WAS REA*$1 AS WE HAVE SE51 BY ,HUGO ,GROTIUS4 #bc 

,BACON'S & ,D>W9'S IDEAS ( ! GREAT] P[]1 P]MAN5CY1 & PREPOND]ANCE ( ! 9/9CT ( SOCIAL SELF-PRES]VATION OV] ! 9/9CT ( P]SONAL SELF-PRES]VATION1 %$ SU* A BRI<T LI<T ON ! E>LY P]IODS ( ! PROGRESS ( MORALITY 9 ! HUMAN RACE1 ?AT IT W\LD SEEM AS IF !SE IDEAS \<T TO BECOME FUNDAM5TAL 9 ALL MOD]N WORKS ON E?ICS4 ,BUT 9 REALITY !SE VIEWS ( ,BACON & ,D>W9 PASS$ ALMO/ UNNOTIC$4 ,= 9/ANCE1 
:5 ,I SPOKE TO SOME ,5GLI% ,D>W9IAN NATURALI/S AB\T ,D>W9'S E?ICAL IDEAS1 MANY ( !M ASK$ 0,DID HE WRITE ANY?+ ON ,E?ICS80 ,:ILE O!RS ?\<T ?AT ,I HAD REF]5CE TO ! 0M]CILESS /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 AS ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( ! LIFE ( HUMAN SOCIETIES2 & !Y W]E ALWAYS GREATLY A/ONI%$ :5 ,I PO9T$ \T TO !M ?AT ,D>W9 EXPLA9$ ! ORIG9 ( ! S5SE ( MORAL DUTY 9 MAN BY ! PREPOND]ANCE 9 MAN ( ! FEEL+ ( SOCIAL SYMPA?Y OV] P]SONAL EGOISM4 ,= !M 0,D>W9ISM0 CONSI/$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE ( EV]YONE AGA9/ ALL1 & BECAUSE ( ?IS !Y FAIL$ TO TAKE NOTE ( ANY O!R CONSID]ATION4#b#d 

,?IS 9T]PRETATION ( 0,D>W9ISM0 /RONGLY AFFECT$ ! WORK ( ,D>W9'S PR9CIPAL DISCIPLE -- ,HUXLEY1 :OM ,D>W9 SELECT$ = ! POPUL>IZATION ( HIS VIEWS 9 CONNECTION ) ! V>IABILITY ( SPECIES4 

,?IS BRILLIANT EVOLUTIONI/1 :O WAS SO SUCCESSFUL 9 CONFIRM+ & SPREAD+ ,D>W9'S TEA*+ ( ! GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T ( ORGANIC =MS ON ! E>?1 PROV$ TO BE QUITE 9CAPABLE ( FOLL[+ HIS GREAT TEA*] 9 ! REALM ( MORAL ?\<T4 ,AS IS KN[N1 ,HUXLEY EXP\ND$ HIS VIEWS ON ?IS SUBJECT1 %ORTLY BE=E HIS DEA?1 9 A LECTURE1 0,EVOLUTION & ,E?ICS10 :I* HE DELIV]$ AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,OX=D 9 #a#h#i#c4#b#e ,IT IS ALSO KN[N FROM ,HUXLEY'S CORRESPOND5CE1 PUBLI%$ BY HIS SON1 ?AT HE ATTRIBUT$ GREAT 
IMPORTANCE TO ?IS LECTURE1 :I* HE PREP>$ ) ?OR\< C>E4 ,! PRESS TOOK 
?IS LECTURE AS A SORT ( AGNO/IC MANIFE/O1#b#f & ! MAJORITY ( ,5GLI% READ]S LOOK$ UPON IT AS ! LA/ WORD ?AT MOD]N SCI5CE CAN SAY ON ! SUBJECT ( ! BASES ( MORALITY1 I4 E41 ON ! F9AL GOAL ( ALL PHILOSOPHICAL SY/EMS4 ,IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y TO SAY ?AT TO ?IS /UDY ( 
EVOLUTION & E?ICS WAS ASCRIB$ SU* SIGNIFICANCE NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS ! EXPRESSION  
( VIEWS HELD BY ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( SCI5TIFIC ?\<T1 :O ALL HIS LIFE F\<T = ! RECOGNITION ( EVOLUTIONI/ PHILOSOPHY1 & NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS WRITT5 9 SO POLI%$ A =M ?AT IT WAS ACCLAIM$ AS ONE ( ! F9E/ MODELS ( ,5GLI% PROSE1 BUT *IEFLY BECAUSE IT EXPRESS$ JU/ ?OSE VIEWS ON MORALITY :I* >E N[ PR$OM9ANT AMONG ! $UCAT$ CLASSES ( ALL NATIONS1 :I* >E SO DEEP-ROOT$1 & :I* >E CONSID]$ SO IRREFUTABLE1 ?AT !Y MAY BE CALL$ ! RELIGION ( !SE CLASSES4 

,! PR$OM9ANT ?\<T ( ?IS RESE>*1 ! LEIT-MOTIVE P]VAD+ ! 5TIRE EXPOSITION1 CONSI/S ( ! FOLL[+3 

,!RE IS A 0COSMIC PROCESS10 I4 E41 ! UNIV]SAL LIFE1 & AN 0E?ICAL PROCESS10 I4 E41 ! MORAL LIFE1 & !SE PROCESSES >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R1 A NEGATION ( EA* O!R4 ,! :OLE ( NATURE1 9CLUD+ PLANTS1 ANIMALS1 & PRIMITIVE MAN1 IS SUBJECT TO ! COSMIC PROCESS3 ?IS PROCESS IS CRIMSON$ ) BLOOD1 IT /&S = ! TRIUMPH ( ! /RONG BEAK & ! %>P CLAW4 ,?IS PROCESS IS A D5IAL ( ALL MORAL PR9CIPLES4 ,SUFF]+ IS ! LOT ( ALL S5TI5T CREATURES2 IT CON/ITUTES AN ESS5TIAL CON/ITU5T P>T ( ! COSMIC  
PROCESS4 ,! ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE *>ACT]I/IC ( ! APE & ! TIG]1 >E ITS DI/+UI%+ FEATURES4 0,9 ! CASE ( MANK9D1 79 ! PRIMITIVE /AGE71 SELF-ASS]TION1 ! UNSCRUPUL\S SEIZ+ UPON ALL ?AT CAN BE GRASP$1 ! T5ACI\S HOLD+ ( ALL ?AT CAN BE KEPT1 :I* CON/ITUTE ! ESS5CE ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 HAVE ANSW]$40 7P4 #e#a47 

,& SO ON 9 ! SAME VE94 ,9 %ORT1 ! LESSON :I* NATURE TEA*ES IS ! LESSON ( 0UNQUALIFI$ EVIL40 

,?US1 EVIL & IMMORALITY -- ?IS IS :AT WE CAN LE>N FROM ,NATURE4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT ! GOOD & ! EVIL APPROXIMATELY BALANCE EA* O!R 9 ,NATURE3 NO1 -- ! EVIL PR$OM9ATES & TRIUMPHS4 ,WE CANNOT LE>N FROM ,NATURE EV5 ?AT ! SOCIALITY & ! SELF-RE/RA9T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL >E ! MI<TY IMPLEM5TS ( SUCCESS 9 ! COSMIC PROCESS ( EVOLUTION4 ,9 HIS LECTURE ,HUXLEY CATEGORICALLY D5I$ SU* AN 9T]PRETATION ( LIFE2 HE P]SI/5TLY 5DEAVOR$ TO PROVE ?AT 0COSMIC NATURE IS NO S*OOL ( VIRTUE1 BUT ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! 5EMY ( E?ICAL NATURE40 7,IBID41 P4 #g#e47 0,! PRACTICE ( ?AT :I* IS E?ICALLY 
BE/ -- :AT WE CALL GOODNESS OR VIRTUE -- 9VOLVES A C\RSE ( CONDUCT :I*1 9 ALL 
RESPECTS1 IS OPPOS$ TO ?AT :I* LEADS TO SUCCESS 9 ! COSMIC /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4444 ,IT REPUDIATES ! GLADIATORIAL !ORY ( EXI/5CE40 7PP4 #h#a-#h#b47 

,& AMID ?IS COSMIC LIFE1 :I* HAD BE5 LA/+ = 9NUM]ABLE ?\S&S ( YE>S & :I* HAD BE5 CONT9UALLY TEA*+ LESSONS ( /RUGGLE & IMMORALITY1 !RE SUDD5LY >ISES )\T ANY 4NATURAL CAUSE1 & WE KN[ NOT :5CE1 ! 0E?ICAL PROCESS10 I4 E41 ! MORAL LIFE :I* WAS IMPLANT$ 9 MAN 9 ! LAT] P]IOD ( HIS DEVELOPM5T1 WE KN[ NOT BY :OM OR BY :AT1 BUT AT ANY RATE1 NOT BY ,NATURE4 0,COSMIC EVOLUTION10 ,HUXLEY 9SI/S1 0IS 9COMPET5T TO FURNI% ANY BETT] REASON :Y :AT WE CALL GOOD IS PREF]ABLE TO :AT WE CALL EVIL ?AN WE HAD BE=E40 7P4 #h47 ,NEV]!LESS1 = SOME UNKN[N REASON1 !RE BEG9S 9 HUMAN SOCIETY 0SOCIAL PROGRESS0 :I* DOES NOT CON/ITUTE A P>T ( ! 0COSMIC PROCESS0 7I4 E41 ( UNIV]SAL LIFE71 BUT 0MEANS A *ECK+ ( ! COSMIC PROCESS AT EV]Y /EP & ! SUB/ITUTION = IT ( ANO!R1 :I* MAY BE CALL$ 
! E?ICAL PROCESS2 ! 5D ( :I* IS NOT ! SURVIVAL ( ?OSE :O MAY HAPP5 TO BE ! FITTE/1 9 RESPECT ( ! :OLE ( ! CONDITIONS :I* OBTA91 BUT ( ?OSE :O >E E?ICALLY ! BE/40 7P4 #h#a47 ,:Y1 :5CE1 ?IS SUDD5 REVOLUTION 9 ! WAYS ( NATURE :I* IS CONC]N$ ) ORGANIC PROGRESS1 I4 E41 ! GRADUAL P]FECT+ ( /RUCTURE8 ,HUXLEY DOES NOT SAY A WORD AB\T ?IS1 BUT HE CONT9U$ TO REM9D US P]SI/5TLY ?AT ! E?ICAL PROCESS IS NOT AT ALL ! CONT9UATION ( ! COSMIC2 IT APPE>$ AS A C\NT]BALANCE TO ! COSMIC PROCESS & F9DS 9 IT 0A T5ACI\S & P[]FUL 5EMY40 

,?US ,HUXLEY ASS]T$ ?AT ! LESSON TAU<T BY ,NATURE IS 9 REALITY A LESSON ( EVIL 7P4 #h#e71 BUT AS SOON AS M5 COMB9$ 9TO ORGANIZ$ SOCIETIES !RE APPE>$1 WE KN[ NOT :5CE1 AN 0E?ICAL PROCESS10 :I* IS ABSOLUTELY OPPOS$ TO EV]Y?+ ?AT NATURE TEA*ES US4 ,LAT]1 ! LAW1 CU/OMS1 & CIVILIZATION CONT9U$ TO DEVELOP ?IS PROCESS4 

,BUT :]E >E ! ROOTS1 :]E IS ! ORIG9 ( ! E?ICAL PROCESS8 ,IT C\LD NOT ORIG9ATE FROM OBS]VATION ( ,NATURE1 BECAUSE1 ACCORD+ TO ,HUXLEY'S ASS]TION1 ,NATURE TEA*ES US ! OPPOSITE2 IT C\LD NOT BE 9H]IT$ FROM PRE-HUMAN TIMES1 BECAUSE AMONG ! SW>MS ( ANIMALS1 BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( MAN1 !RE WAS NO E?ICAL PROCESS EV5 9 AN EMBRYONIC =M4 ,ITS ORIG91 CONSEQU5TLY1 LIES \TSIDE ( ,NATURE4 ,H5CE1 ! MORAL LAW ( RE/RA9+ P]SONAL IMPULSES & PASSIONS ORIG9AT$ LIKE ! ,MOSAIC ,LAW-NOT FROM ALREADY EXI/+ CU/OMS1 NOT FROM HABITS ?AT HAD ALREADY BECOME +RA9$ 9 HUMAN 
NATURE1 BUT IT C\LD APPE> ONLY AS A DIV9E REVELATION1 ?AT ILLUM9AT$ ! M9D ( ! LAW-GIV]4 ,IT HAS A SUP]HUMAN1 NAY1 MORE ?AN ?AT1 A SUP]NATURAL ORIG94 

,?IS CONCLUSION SO OBVI\SLY FOLL[S FROM READ+ ,HUXLEY1 ?AT IMM$IATELY AFT] ,HUXLEY DELIV]$ HIS LECTURE AT ,OX=D1 ,GEORGE ,MIV>T1 A NOT$ & ABLE EVOLUTIONI/1 & AT ! SAME TIME AN >D5T ,CA?OLIC1 PR9T$ 9 ! MAGAZ9E1 0,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY10 AN >TICLE 9 :I* HE CONGRATULATES HIS FRI5D UPON HIS RETURN TO ! TEA*+S ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,*UR*4 ,AFT] CIT+ ! PASSAGES GIV5 ABOVE1 ,MIV>T WROTE3 0,JU/ SO6 ,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO DECL>E MORE EMPHATICALLY ?AT E?ICS C\LD NEV] HAVE =M$ P>T & P>CEL 
( ! G5]AL PROCESS ( EVOLUTION40#b#g ,MAN C\LD NOT VOLUNT>ILY & CONSCI\SLY 9V5T ! 
E?ICAL IDEA4 0,IT WAS 9 HIM1 BUT NOT ( HIM40 7P4 #b#g47 ,IT COMES FROM ! 0,DIV9E ,CREATOR40 

,& REALLY1 IT IS ONE ( ! TWO2 EI!R ! MORAL CONCEPTIONS ( MAN >E M]ELY ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! MORAL HABITS ( MUTUAL AID1 :I* >E SO G5]ALLY 9H]5T 9 SOCIAL ANIMALS ?AT !Y MAY BE CALL$ A LAW ( ,NATURE1 -- & 9 ?AT EV5T \R MORAL CONCEPTIONS1 9 SO F> AS !Y >E ! PRODUCT ( REASON1 >E NO?+ BUT ! 
CONCLUSION >RIV$ AT FROM MAN'S OBS]VATION ( NATURE1 & 9 SO F> AS !Y >E ! PRODUCT ( HABIT & 9/9CT1 !Y CON/ITUTE A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( 9/9CTS & HABITS 9H]5T 9 SOCIAL ANIMALS4 ,OR \R MORAL CONCEPTIONS >E REVELATIONS FROM ABOVE1 & ALL FUR!R 9VE/IGATIONS ( MORALITY BECOME M]ELY 9T]PRETATION ( ! DIV9E WILL4 ,SU* WAS ! 9EVITABLE CONCLUSION FROM ?IS LECTURE4 

,& !N1 :5 ,HUXLEY PUBLI%$ HIS LECTURE1 0,EVOLUTION & ,E?ICS10 9 ! =M ( A PAMPHLET PROVID$ ) LONG & ELABORATE NOTES1 HE 9CLUD$ ONE NOTE#b#h 9 :I* HE COMPLETELY SURR5D]S HIS POSITION & DE/ROYS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( HIS LECTURE1 = HE 
ACKN[L$GES 9 ?IS NOTE ?AT ! E?ICAL PROCESS CON/ITUTES 0P>T & P>CEL ( ! G5]AL PROCESS ( EVOLUTION10 I4 E41 ( ! 0,COSMIC ,PROCESS10 9 :I* !RE >E ALREADY CONTA9$ ! G]MS ( ! E?ICAL PROCESS4 

,?US IT TURNS \T ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS SAID 9 ! LECTURE AB\T ! TWO OPPOSITE & ANTAGONI/IC PROCESSES1 ! NATURAL & ! E?ICAL1 WAS 9CORRECT4 ,! SOCIALITY ( ANIMALS ALREADY CONTA9S ! G]MS ( MORAL LIFE1 & !Y M]ELY CONT9UE TO BE DEVELOP$ & P]FECT$ 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES4 

,BY :AT PA? ,HUXLEY CAME TO SU* AN ABRUPT *ANGE 9 HIS VIEWS1 WE DO NOT KN[4 ,IT MAY ONLY BE SUPPOS$ ?AT IT WAS DONE UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS P]SONAL FRI5D1 ,PR(ESSOR ,ROMANES ( ,OX=D1 :O ACT$ AS *AIRMAN DUR+ ,HUXLEY'S LECTURE ON 0,EVOLUTION & ,E?ICS40 ,AT ?AT V]Y TIME ,ROMANES WAS WORK+ ON AN EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ RESE>* ON ! SUBJECT ( MORALITY 9 ANIMALS4 

,AS AN EXTREMELY TRU?FUL & HUMANIT>IAN MAN1 ,ROMANES PROBABLY PROTE/$ AGA9/ ,HUXLEY'S CONCLUSIONS & PO9T$ \T !IR UTT] LACK ( CORRECT F\NDATIONS4 ,POSSIBLY IT WAS UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ?IS PROTE/ ?AT ,HUXLEY 9TRODUC$ ! ADDITION :I* REFUT$ ! V]Y ESS5CE ( :AT HE HAD ADVOCAT$ 9 HIS LECTURE4 ,IT IS V]Y REGRETTABLE ?AT DEA? PREV5T$ ,ROMANES FROM COMPLET+ HIS WORK ON MORALITY AMONG ANIMALS2 HE HAD GA!R$ EXT5SIVE MAT]IAL = ?IS TASK4 
#bi 

7,! MANUSCRIPT ( ! ELEV5? *APT] 5DS ) !SE WORDS47 

,FOOTNOTES 

 #a.<,APPE>$ PO/HUM\SLY1 9 #a#g#i#c2 HIS FIR/ WORK IS ,DE ,I',ESPRIT1 #a#g#e#c4.> -- ,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#b.<,?AT IS1 ,NAUFRAGE DES ILES 
FLOTTATANTES4.> -- ,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#c.<,DE LA LEGISLATION2 \ ,PR9CIPES DES LOIS1 #b VOLS41 ,AM/]DAM4.> -- ,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#d,EXT5SIVE & VALUABLE MAT]IAL ON ! SUBJECT ( ! SOCIALI/IC T5D5CIES 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! 
MONOGRAPH BY ,&RE ,LI*T5B]G]1 ,LE ,SOCIALISME AU ,X,V,I,I,I 
SIECLE4 -- .<,P>IS1 #a#h#i#e4.> 

 #e.<,MO/ ( !SE NAMES >E WELL-KN[N4 ,FRANCOIS ,VIDAL WAS A ,FR5* SOCIALI/ ( '#d#h4 ,CON/ANT9 ,PECQUEUR 
7#a#h#a-#h#g7 AU?OR ( ,ECONOMIE SOCIALE4 ,ALB]T ,E4 ,F4 ,S*AFFLE 
WROTE HIS ,BAU UND ,LEB5 DES ,SOZIAL5 ,KORP]S1 9 #a#h#g#e-#g#h1 #d VOLS4  
,*]NY%EVSKY IS ! AU?OR ( ! NOVEL1 ,WBAT IS TO BE DONE8  & ( 
SEV]AL F9E WORKS 9 ECONOMICS1 NOT F\ND 9 ,5GLI%4 ,PIOTR ,L4 ,LAVROV 
7#a#h#b#c-#a#i7 WROTE ! ,HI/ORICAL ,LETT]S1 AVAILABLE 9 A ,FR5* & A 
,G]MAN TRANSLATION4.> -- ,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

 #f.<,QU'E/-CE QUE LA 
,PROPRIETE81 ,P>IS1 #a#h#d2 ,CONTRADICTIONS ECONOMIQUES1 
,5G4TR4 BY ,B4 ,R4 ,TUCK]1 ,BO/ON1 #a#h#h#h2 ,PHILOSOPHIE DU ,PROGRES1 
,BRUXELLES1 #a#h#e#c4 ,! O!RS >E NOT$ BEL[4.> -- ,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

 #g,QU'E/-CE QUE LA 
,PROPRIETE8  PP4 #aha FF42 ALSO #b#b-#b#b#a4 .<,TWO ,5GLI% 
TRANSLATIONS >E AVAILABLE1 ( :I* ! MORE REC5T WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,LONDON1 9 
#a#i#b1 -- ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY2 AN 9QUIRY 9TO ! PR9CIPLE ( RI<T & ( 
,GOV]NM5T4 #b VOLS4.> -- ,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

 #h,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA 
,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE1 VOL4 #a1 P4 #b#a#f4 

#i,AT ?IS PO9T ,JODL FALLS 9TO ! SAME ]ROR AS 
,PR\DHON1 BY ID5TIFY+ ,MORALITY 9 G5]AL ) JU/ICE1 :I*1 9 MY OP9ION1 
CON/ITUTES BUT ONE ( ! ELEM5TS ( ,MORALITY4 

#a,GES*I*TE D] ,E?IK1 #a#a1 P4 #b#f#f1 
REF]5CES TO ,PR\DHON'S ,JU/ICE1 ETC41 ,ETUDE ,I,I4 

 #a#a,9 REC5T TIME !SE TWO 5TIRELY 
DIFF]5T CONCEPTIONS HAVE BEGUN TO BE CONFUS$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 

#a#b,9 ADDITION TO ! WORK1 0,DE LA ,JU/ICE DANS LA ,REVOLUTION ET DANS L',EGLISE  7,N\EAUX PR9CIPES DE 
PHILOSOPHIE PRATIQUE71 #c VOLS4 ,P>IS1 #a#h#e#h1 V]Y VALUABLE ?\<TS ON E?ICS & JU/ICE MAY BE F\ND 9 HIS ,SY/EME DES CONTRADICTIONS ECONOMIQUES1 \1 PHILOSOPHIE DE LA MIS]E1 #b VOLS4 7,A WORK :I*1 ( C\RSE1 LO/ NONE ( ITS CONSID]ABLE M]IT ON ACC\NT ( ,M>X'S MALIGNANT PAMPHLET1 ,LA ,MIS]E DE LA ,PHILOSOPHIE72 ALSO ,IDEE G5]ALE SUR LA ,REVOLUTION AU ,X,I,X SIECLE1 & ,QU'E/-CE QUE LA ,PROPRIETE8 ,AN E?ICAL SY/EM WAS %AP+ ITSELF 9 ,PR\DHON'S M9D FROM ! TIME ( HIS V]Y FIR/ 
APPE>ANCE AS A WRIT]1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! '=TIES4 .<,K>L ,M>X'S ,REPONSE A LA ,PHILOSOPHIE DE LA ,MIS]E DE ,M4 ,PR\DHON1 ,P>IS & ,BRUXELLES1 #a#h#d#g2 ,5G4 TR4 BY ,H4 ,QUEL*1 ,*ICAGO1 #a#i#a4 ,PR\DHON'S ,IDEE G5]ALE1 ETC41 ,P>IS1 #a#h#e#a4.> -- ,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

 #a#c,JU/ICE -- ETC41 ,ETUDE ,I,I1 PP4 #a#i#d-#a#i#e1 $4 ( #a#h#e#h4 

#a#d,IBID1 ,ETUDE ,I,I1 P4 #a#i#f4 

#a#e.<,TOBIT1 #d1 #a#e.> -- ,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#a#f,I WILL ONLY ADD ?AT WE F9D ! ID5TICAL IDEA 
9 ! RULES ( CONDUCT F ALL SAVAGES4 7,SEE MY BOOK1 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 A FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION 
47 

#ag 0,5 CE QUI T\*E LES P]SONNES1 HORS DE 
L'EGALITE PO9T DE ,JU/ICE40 7,ETUDE ,I,I,I1 BEG9N+2 VOL4 #a1 P4 #b#f47 

#ah ,! =MULA ( ! COMMUNI/S1 ADDS 
,PR\DHON1 -- 0,TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S1 FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES10 
CAN BE APPLI$ ONLY 9 A FAMILY4 ,SA9T-,SIMON'S =MULA1 0TO EA* ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITIES1 TO EA* ABILITY ACCORD+ TO ITS DE$S0 IS A COMPLETE NEGATION ( ACTUAL EQUALITY & ( EQUALITY ( RI<TS4 ,9 A ,F\RI]I/ COMMUNITY ! PR9CIPLE ( MUTUALITY IS RECOGNIZ$1 BUT 9 ! APPLICATION TO AN 9DIVIDUAL ,F\RI] D5I$ JU/ICE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! PR9CIPLE PRACTIC$ BY MANK9D FROM ! REMOTE/ TIME IS SIMPL]1 &1 :AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT1 MORE WOR?Y2 VALUE IS ASSIGN$ ONLY TO ! PRODUCTS ( 9DU/RY1 -- :I* DOES NOT (F5D P]SONAL DIGNITY1 & ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION R$UCES ITSELF TO A SIMPLE 
=MULA -- EX*ANGE4 

#a#i,PR\DHON WROTE !SE WORDS 9 #a#h#e#h4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME MANY ECONOMI/S HAVE UPHELD ! SAME PR9CIPLE4 

#b,MAN IS A CREATURE 0RATIONAL & TOIL+1 ! 
MO/ 9DU/RI\S & ! MO/ SOCIAL CREATURE1 :OSE *IEF /RIV+ IS NOT LOVE1 BUT A LAW HI<] ?AN LOVE4 ,H5CE ! H]OIC SELF-SACRIFICE = SCI5CE1 UNKN[N TO ! MASSES2 M>TYRS ( TOIL & 9DU/RY >E BORN1 :OM NOVELS & ! !AT] PASS OV] 9 SIL5CE2 H5CE ALSO ! WORDS3 'TO DIE = ONE'S C\NTRY4'0 0,LET ME B[ BE=E Y\1 YE :O KNEW H[ TO >ISE & H[ TO DIE 9 #a#g#h#i1 #a#g#i#b1 & #a#h#c4 ,Y\ W]E CONSECRAT$ TO LIB]TY1 & Y\ >E MORE ALIVE ?AN WE1 :O HAVE LO/ IT40 0,TO ORIG9ATE AN IDEA1 TO PRODUCE A BOOK1 A POEM1 A MA*9E2 9 %ORT1 AS ?OSE 9 TRADE SAY1 TO CREATE ONE'S *EF D'OEUVRE2 TO R5D] A S]VICE TO ONE'S C\NTRY & TO MANK9D1 TO SAVE A HUMAN LIFE1 TO DO A GOOD DE$ & TO RECTIFY AN 9JU/ICE1 -- ALL ?IS IS TO REPRODUCE ONESELF 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 SIMIL> TO REPRODUCTION 9 ORGANIC LIFE40 ,MAN'S LIFE ATTA9S ITS FULLNESS :5 IT SATISFIES 
! FOLL[+ CONDITIONS3 LOVE -- *ILDR51 FAMILY2 WORK -- 9DU/RIAL REPRODUCTION2 & SOCIALITY1 I4E41 ! P>TICIPATION 9 ! LIFE & PROGRESS ( MANK9D4 7,ETUDE ,V1 *4 V2 VOL4 ,I,I4 #a#b#h-#a#c74 

#b#a.<,$W>D ,A4 ,WE/]M>CK1 ,LONDON @& ,N4 ,Y41 #a#i#f-#h1 #b VOLS4 ,BA/IAN'S ,D] ,M5S*1 ETC41 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#f1 #c VOLS4 9 #a4 ,ALEX&] ,C4 ,SU!RL&1 ,ORIG9 & ,GR[? ( ! ,MORAL ,9/9CT1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#i#e1 #b VOLS4.> -- ,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#b#b,D>W91 ,DESC5T ( ,MAN1 *AP4 ,I,V1 PP4 #a#d#i-#a#e4 ,LONDON #a#h#e#i4 

#b#c,SP9OZA'S WRIT+S ALSO MAKE M5TION ( MUTUAL AID AMONG ANIMALS 7MUTUUM JUV5TUM71 AS AN IMPORTANT FEATURE ( !IR 
SOCIAL LIFE4 ,& IF SU* AN 9/9CT EXI/S 9 ANIMALS IT IS CLE> ?AT1 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 ?OSE SPECIES HAD ! BETT] OPPORTUNITY TO SURVIVE 9 DIFFICULT CONDITIONS ( LIFE & TO MULTIPLY1 :I* MADE MO/ USE ( ?IS 9/9CT4 ,?IS 9/9CT1 !RE=E1 HAD TO DEVELOP MORE & MORE1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ! DEVELOPM5T ( SPOK5 LANGUAGE1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( TRADITION1 9CREAS$ ! 9FLU5CE 9 SOCIETY ( ! MORE OBS]VANT & MORE EXP]I5C$ MAN4 ,NATURALLY1 UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 AMONG V]Y MANY MAN-LIKE SPECIES ) :I* MAN WAS 9 CONFLICT1 ?AT SPECIES SURVIV$ 9 :I* ! FEEL+ ( MUTUAL AID WAS /RONGLY DEVELOP$1 9 :I* ! FEEL+ ( SOCIAL SELF-PRES]VATION HELD 
! ASC5DANCY OV] ! FEEL+ ( 9DIVIDUAL SELF-PRES]VATION1 -- = ! LATT] C\LD AT TIMES ACT AGA9/ ! 9T]E/ ( ! CLAN OR TRIBE4 

#b#d,9 ONE ( HIS LETT]S1 ,I DO NOT 
REMEMB] TO :OM1 ,D>W9 WROTE3 0,?IS SUBJECT REMA9$ UNNOTIC$1 PROBABLY BECAUSE ,I WROTE TOO BRIEFLY AB\T IT40 ,?IS IS JU/ :AT ACTUALLY HAPP5$ ) :AT HE WROTE ON ,E?ICS1 &1 ,I MU/ ADD1 ) A GREAT DEAL ?AT HE WROTE 9 CONNECTION ) 0,LAM>CKISM40 ,9 \R AGE ( CAPITALISM & M]CANTILISM1 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 SO WELL ANSW]$ ! NE$S ( ! MAJORITY ?AT IT OV]%AD[$ EV]Y?+ ELSE4 

#b#e,?IS LECTURE WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! SAME YE> 9 PAMPHLET =M ) ELABORATE & V]Y REM>KABLE NOTES4 ,LAT] ,HUXLEY WROTE AN 
EXPLANATORY 9TRODUCTION 7,PROLEGOM5A7 ) :I* ?IS LECTURE HAS S9CE BE5 REPR9T$ 9 HIS ,COLLECT$ ,ESSAYS & ALSO 9 ! ,ESSAYS1 ,E?ICAL & ,POLITICAL1 ,MACMILLAN'S POPUL> $ITION1 #a#i#c4 

#b#f,! WORD 0AGNO/IC0 WAS 9TRODUC$ = ! FIR/ TIME BY A SMALL GR\P ( D\BT+ WRIT]S1 :O GA!R$ AB\T ! PUBLI%] ( ! MAGAZ9E ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,JAMES ,KN[LES4 ,!Y PREF]R$ ! NAME ( 0AGNO/ICS10 I4E41 ?OSE :O D5Y 0GNOSIS10 TO ! NAME ( 0A!I/S40 

#b#g,/4 ,GEORGE ,MIV>T1  
,EVOLUTION 9 ,PR(ESSOR ,HUXLEY1 0,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY10 ,AUGU/ #a#h#i#c1 P4 #a#i#h4 

#b#h,NOTE #ai 9 ! PAMPHLET2 NOTE #b 9 ! 
,COLLECT$ ,ESSAYS  & 9 ! ,ESSAYS1 ,E?ICAL & ,POLITICAL4 

#b#i,:5 ,I DECID$ TO DELIV] A LECTURE 9 ,LONDON ON ,MUTUAL ,AID AMONG ,ANIMALS1 ,KN[LES1 ! PUBLI%] ( ! 0,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY10 :O HAD BECOME GREATLY 9T]E/$ 9 MY IDEAS & HAD DISCUSS$ !M ) HIS FRI5D & NEI<BOR1 ,SP5C]1 ADVIS$ ME TO 9VITE ,ROMANES AS *AIRMAN4 ,ROMANES ACCEPT$ MY SUGGE/ION & V]Y K9DLY CONS5T$ TO ACT AS *AIRMAN4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! LECTURE1 9 HIS CLOS+ ADDRESS1 HE PO9T$ \T ! SIGNIFICANCE ( MY WORK & SUMM>IZ$ IT 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 0,KROPOTK9 HAS UNQUE/IONABLY PROV$ ?AT AL?\< EXT]NAL W>S >E WAG$ ?R\<\T ! :OLE ( NATURE BY ALL SPECIES1 9T]NAL W>S >E V]Y LIMIT$1 & 9 MO/ SPECIES !RE IS ! PR$OM9ANCE ( MUTUAL AID & COOP]ATION 9 V>I\S =MS4 ,! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 SAYS ,KROPOTK91 IS TO BE UND]/OOD 9 METAPHORICAL S5SE4 ,I WAS SEAT$ BEH9D ,ROMANES & ,I :ISP]$ TO HIM3 0,IT WAS NOT ,I1 BUT ,D>W9 :O SAID SO1 9 ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! ?IRD *APT]1 ',ON ,/RUGGLE = ,EXI/5CE40' ,ROMANES IMM$IATELY REPEAT$ ?IS REM>K TO ! AUDI5CE & ADD$ ?AT ?IS IS JU/ ! RI<T WAY TO 9T]PRET ,D>W9'S T]M1-NOT 9 A LIT]AL BUT 9 A FIGURATIVE S5SE4 ,IF ONLY ,ROMANES C\LD HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 WORK+ = ANO!R YE> OR TWO WE %\LD UND\BT$LY HAVE HAD A REM>KABLE WORK ON ANIMAL MORALITY4 ,SOME ( HIS OBS]VATIONS ON HIS [N DOG >E A/\ND+1 & HAVE ALREADY GA9$ WIDE R5[N4 ,BUT ! GREAT MASS ( FACTS ?AT HE GA!R$ W\LD BE /ILL MORE IMPORTANT4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 NO ONE AMONG ! ,5GLI% ,D>W9I/S HAS AS YET UTILIZ$ & PUBLI%$ ?IS MAT]IAL4 ,!IR 0,D>W9ISM0 
WAS NO MORE PR(\ND ?AN ?AT ( ,HUXLEY4 .<,NOTE BY ,LEB$EV1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,$ITOR4.> 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibc 3 ,*APT] #aa -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #aa -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/