,*APT] #ac 
,DEVELOPM5T ( ,MORAL ,TEA*+S -- ,X,I,X ,]A 7,CONCLUD$7 

#aibdaibd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,LIAM ,ELDRET1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,AMONG ! NUM]\S ATTEMPTS MADE BY PHILOSOPH]S & ?9K]S (  
! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TO BUILD E?ICS ON A PURELY  
SCI5TIFIC BASIS1 WE MU/ EXAM9E MO/ C>EFULLY ! WORK ( !  
GIFT$ ,FR5* ?9K]1 ,J4,M4 ,GUYAU 7#a#h#e#d -#a#h#h#h71 :O1 UN=TUNATELY1  
DI$ V]Y Y\NG4 ,GUYAU AIM$ TO FREE MORALITY FROM ALL MY/ICAL1  
SUP]NATURAL1 DIV9E REVELATIONS1 FROM ALL EXT]NAL CO]CION OR DUTY1  
& ON ! O!R H&1 HE DESIR$ TO ELIM9ATE FROM ! REALM (  
MORALITY ! CONSID]ATIONS ( P]SONAL1 MAT]IAL 9T]E/S OR !  
/RIV+ = HAPP9ESS1 UPON :I* ! UTILIT>IANS BAS$ MORALITY4 

,GUYAU'S MORAL TEA*+ WAS SO C>EFULLY CONCEIV$1 & EXP\ND$  
9 SO P]FECT A =M1 ?AT IT IS A SIMPLE MATT] TO CONVEY ITS ESS5CE  
9 A FEW WORDS4 ,9 HIS V]Y E>LY Y\? ,GUYAU WROTE A SUB/ANTIAL WORK  
ON ! MORAL DOCTR9ES ( ,EPICURUS4#a,FIVE YE>S AFT] ! PUBLICATION  
( ?IS BOOK1 ,GUYAU PUBLI%$ HIS SECOND HI<LY VALUABLE BOOK1 0,LA ,MORALE  
ANGLAISE CONTEMPORA9E40 #b 

,9 ?IS WORK ,GUYAU EXP\ND$ & SUBJECT$ TO CRITICAL EXAM9ATION  
! MORAL TEA*+ ( ,B5?AM1 ! ,MILLS 7FA!R & SON71 ,D>W91  
,SP5C]1 & ,BA94 ,& F9ALLY1 9 #a#h#h#d1 HE PUBLI%$ HIS REM>KABLE  
WORK1 0,ESQUISSE D'UNE MORALE SANS OBLIGATION NI SANCTION10#c :I*  
A/ONI%$ S*OL>S BY ITS NOVEL & JU/ CONCLUSIONS & BY ITS >TI/IC  
BEAUTY ( EXPOSITION4 ,?IS BOOK W5T ?R\< EI<T $ITIONS 9 ,FRANCE &  
WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ALL ! LANGUAGES ( ,EUROPE4 

,GUYAU PLACES AT ! BASIS ( HIS E?ICS ! CONCEPTION ( LIFE 9 !  
BROADE/ S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,LIFE MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 GR[?1 9  
MULTIPLICATION1 9 SPREAD+4 ,E?ICS1 ACCORD+ TO ,GUYAU1 %\LD BE A  
TEA*+ AB\T ! MEANS ?R\< :I* ,NATURE'S SPECIAL AIM IS ATTA9$1 
-! GR[? & ! DEVELOPM5T ( LIFE4 ,! MORAL ELEM5T 9 MAN NE$S1  
!RE=E1 NO CO]CION1 NO COMPULSORY OBLIGATION1 NO SANCTION FROM ABOVE2  
IT DEVELOPS 9 US BY VIRTUE ( ! V]Y NE$ ( MAN TO LIVE A FULL1  
9T5SIVE1 PRODUCTIVE LIFE4 ,MAN IS NOT CONT5T ) ORD9>Y1 COMMONPLACE  
EXI/5CE2 HE SEEKS ! OPPORTUNITY TO EXT5D ITS LIMITS1 TO ACCEL]ATE ITS  
TEMPO1 TO FILL IT ) V>I$ IMPRESSIONS & EMOTIONAL EXP]I5CES4 ,&  
AS LONG AS HE FEELS 9 HIMSELF ! ABILITY TO ATTA9 ?IS 5D HE WILL NOT  
WAIT = ANY CO]CION OR COMM& FROM )\T4 0,DUTY10 SAYS ,GUYAU1 IS  
0! CONSCI\SNESS ( A C]TA9 9W>D P[]1 BY NATURE SUP]IOR TO ALL  
O!R P[]S4 ,TO FEEL 9W>DLY ! GREATE/ ?AT ONE IS CAPABLE  ( DO+  
IS REALLY ! FIR/ CONSCI\SNESS ( :AT IT IS ONE'S DUTY TO DO40 #d 

,WE FEEL1 ESPECIALLY AT A C]TA9 AGE1 ?AT WE HAVE MORE P[]S ?AN WE  
NE$ = \R P]SONAL LIFE1 & WE WILL+LY GIVE !SE P[]S TO !  
S]VICE ( O!RS4 ,FROM ?IS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! SUP]ABUNDANCE ( VITAL  
=CE1 :I* /RIVES TO MANIFE/ ITSELF 9 ACTION1 RESULTS ?AT :I* WE  
USUALLY CALL SELF-SACRIFICE4 ,WE FEEL ?AT WE POSSESS MORE 5]GY ?AN IS  
NECESS>Y = \R DAILY LIFE1 & WE GIVE ?IS 5]GY TO O!RS4 ,WE EMB>K  
UPON A DI/ANT VOYAGE1 WE UND]TAKE AN $UCATIONAL 5T]PRISE1 OR WE GIVE \R 
C\RAGE1 \R 9ITIATIVE1 \R P]SI/5CE & 5DURANCE TO SOME COMMON UND]TAK+4 

,! SAME APPLIES TO \R SYMPA?IZ+ ) ! SORR[S ( O!RS4 ,WE  
>E CONSCI\S1 AS ,GUYAU PUTS IT1 ?AT !RE >E MORE ?\<TS 9 \R M9D1  
& ?AT !RE IS 9 \R HE>T MORE SYMPA?Y1 OR EV5 MORE LOVE1 MORE JOY  
& MORE TE>S1 ?AN IS REQUIR$ = \R SELF-PRES]VATION2 & SO WE GIVE  
!M TO O!RS )\T CONC]N+ \RSELVES AS TO ! CONSEQU5CES4 ,\R  
NATURE DEM&S ?IS-JU/ AS A PLANT HAS TO BLOSSOM1 EV5 ?\< BLOSSOM+  
BE FOLL[$ BY DEA?4 

,MAN POSSESSES A 0MORAL FECUNDITY40 0,! 9DIVIDUAL LIFE %\LD DIFFUSE  
ITSELF = O!RS1 &1 IF NECESS>Y1 %\LD YIELD ITSELF UP4444,?IS EXPANSION  
IS ! V]Y CONDITION ( TRUE LIFE40 7,CONCLUSION1 P4 #b#i47 0,LIFE HAS TWO  
ASPECTS10 SAYS ,GUYAU3 0,ACCORD+ TO ! ONE1 IT IS NUTRITION & ASSIMILATION2  
ACCORD+ TO ! O!R1 PRODUCTION & FECUNDITY4 ,! MORE IT TAKES 91 !  
MORE IT NE$S TO GIVE\T2 ?AT IS ITS LAW40 

0,EXP5DITURE IS ONE ( ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE4 ,IT IS EXPIRATION FOLL[+  
9SPIRATION40 ,LIFE SURG+ OV] ! BRIM IS TRUE LIFE4 0,!RE IS A C]TA9  
G5]OSITY :I* IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM EXI/5CE1 & )\T :I* WE DIE1 WE  
%RIVEL UP 9T]NALLY4 ,WE MU/ PUT =? BLOSSOMS2 MORALITY1 DIS9T]E/$NESS1  
IS ! FL[] ( HUMAN LIFE40 7,I1 II1 #h#f-#h#g47 

,GUYAU ALSO PO9TS \T ! ATTRACTIV5ESS ( /RUGGLE & RISK4 ,& 9DE$1  
IT SUFFICES TO RECOLLECT ?\S&S ( CASES :]E MAN FACES /RUGGLE & RUNS  
HAZ>DS1 AT TIMES EV5 S]I\S ONES1 9 ALL P]IODS ( LIFE1 EV5 9 GRAY-HAIR$  
AGE1 = ! V]Y FASC9ATION ( ! /RUGGLE & ! RISK4 ,! Y\? ,MZYRI IS  
NOT ! ONLY ONE TO SAY1 9 RECALL+ A FEW H\RS ( LIFE 9 FRE$OM & /RUGGLE3 

     ',YES1 GAFF]1 ,I HAVE LIV$2 & HAD MY LIFE 

     ,NOT C\NT$ ?OSE ?REE WONDR\S DAYS1- 

     ',TW]E SADD] 9 A ?\S& WAYS 

     ,?AN ALL Y\R FEEBLE ELD BETRAYS40#e 

,ALL ! GREAT DISCOV]IES & EXPLORATIONS ( ! GLOBE & ( NATURE 9  
G5]AL1 ALL ! D>+ ATTEMPTS TO P5ETRATE 9TO ! MY/]IES ( LIFE &  
( ! UNIV]SE1 OR TO UTILIZE 9 A NEW =M ! =CES ( NATURE1 :E!R  
?R\< DI/ANT SEAVOYAGES 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 OR N[ ?R\< A]IAL  
NAVIGATION-ALL ! ATTEMPTS TO REBUILD SOCIETY ON ! NEW BASES1 MADE AT !  
RISK ( LIFE1 ALL ! NEW DEP>TURES 9 ! REALM ( >T1-!Y ALL ORIG9AT$  
9 ?IS V]Y ?IR/ = /RUGGLE & RISK :I* AT TIMES TOOK POSSESSION (  
SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 & AT TIMES ( SOCIAL GR\PS1 OR EV5 ( 5TIRE NATIONS4  
,?IS HAS BE5 ! MOTIVE P[] ( HUMAN PROGRESS4 

,& F9ALLY1 ADDS ,GUYAU1 !RE IS ALSO A METAPHYSICAL RISK1 :5 A NEW   
HYPO!SIS IS ADVANC$ 9 ! REALM ( SCI5TIFIC OR SOCIAL 9VE/IGATION  
OR ?\<T1 AS WELL AS 9 ! REALM ( P]SONAL OR SOCIAL ACTION4 

,?IS IS :AT SUPPORTS ! MORAL /RUCTURE & ! MORAL PROGRESS ( SOCIETY2  
! H]OIC ACT1 0NOT ONLY 9 BATTLE OR 9 /RUGGLE10 BUT ALSO 9 ! FLI<TS (  
D>+ ?\<T1 & 9 ! RECON/RUCTION ( P]SONAL AS WELL AS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 

,AS REG>DS ! SANCTION ( ! MORAL CONCEPTIONS & T5D5CIES ?AT ,SPR+  
UP 9 US1-9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT :I* IMP>TS TO !M AN OBLIGATORY *>ACT]1-IT  
IS WELL KN[N ?AT M5 HAD ALL ALONG S\<T SU* CONFIRMATION & SANCTION 9  
RELIGION1 9 COMM&S RECEIV$ FROM )\T & SUPPORT$ BY ! FE> (  
PUNI%M5T OR BY ! PROMISE ( REW>D 9 ! LIFE TO COME4 ,GUYAU1 ( C\RSE1  
SAW NO NE$ ( ?IS1 & HE DEVOT$1 ACCORD+LY1 A NUMB] ( *APT]S 9 HIS  
BOOK TO EXPLA9+ ! ORIG9 ( ! CONCEPTION ( OBLIGATION 9 ! MORAL RULES4  
,!SE *APT]S >E SO EXCELL5T 9 !MSELVES & SO >TI/IC 9 EXPRESSION ?AT  
!Y %\LD BE READ 9 ! ORIG9AL4 ,H]E >E !IR FUNDAM5TAL ?\<TS3 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ,GUYAU PO9T$ \T ?AT !RE IS )9 US AN 9N] APPROVAL  
( MORAL ACTS & A CONDEMNATION ( \R ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS4 ,IT HAS BE5 DEVELOP+  
FROM ! REMOTE/ PA/ BY VIRTUE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,MORAL APPROVAL & DISAPPROVAL  
W]E NATURALLYPROMPT$ 9 MAN BY 9/9CTIVE JU/ICE4 ,& F9ALLY1 ! FEEL+ ,(  
LOVE & FRAT]NITY 9H]5T 9 MAN1 ALSO ACT$ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION4#f 

,9 G5]AL1 !RE >E TWO K9DS ( T5D5CIES 9 MAN3 ?OSE ( ONE K9D  
>E /ILL UNCONSCI\S T5D5CIES1 9/9CTS1 & HABITS1 :I* GIVE RISE TO  
?\<TS ?AT >E NOT QUITE CLE>1 & ON ! O!R H&1 !RE >E FULLY  
CONSCI\S ?\<TS & CONSCI\S PROP5SITIES ( WILL4 ,MORALITY /&S ON  
! BORD] L9E BETWE5 ! TWO2 IT HAS ALWAYS TO MAKE A *OICE BETWE5 !M4  
,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ?9K]S :O WROTE ON MORALITY FAIL$ TO NOTICE H[ L>GELY  
! CONSCI\S 9 US DEP5DS UPON ! UNCONSCI\S4 7,I1 I1 #g#i47 

,H[EV]1 ! /UDY ( CU/OMS 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES %[S TO :AT AN EXT5T  
MAN'S ACTIONS >E 9FLU5C$ BY ! UNCONSCI\S4 ,& 9 /UDY+ ?IS 9FLU5CE  
WE NOTICE ?AT ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION IS BY NO MEANS SUFFICI5T TO  
ACC\NT = ALL ! /RIV+S ( MAN1 AS IS PO/ULAT$ BY ! UTILIT>IANS4  
,SIDE BY SIDE ) ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION !RE EXI/S 9 US ANO!R  
9/9CT3-! /RIV+ T[>D A MORE 9T5SIVE1 & V>I$ LIFE1 T[>D  
WID5+ ITS LIMITS BEYOND ! REALM ( SELF-PRES]VATION4 ,LIFE IS NOT LIMIT$  
TO NUTRITION1 IT DEM&S M5TAL FECUNDITY & SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY RI* 9  
IMPRESSIONS1 FEEL+S1 & MANIFE/ATIONS ( WILL4 

,( C\RSE1 SU* MANIFE/ATIONS ( WILL1-AS SOME ( ,GUYAU'S CRITICS JU/LY  
REM>K$1-MAY ACT1 & FREQU5TLY DO ACT1 AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY4  
,BUT ! FACT IS ?AT ! ANTI-SOCIAL T5D5CIES 7TO :I* ,M&EVILLE &  
,NIETZS*E ASCRIB$ SU* GREAT IMPORTANCE7 >E F> FROM BE+ SUFFICI5T TO  
ACC\NT = ALL HUMAN /RIV+S ?AT GO BEYOND ! LIMITS ( M]E SELF-PRES]VATION1  
BECAUSE SIDE BY SIDE ) ! ANTI-SOCIAL T5D5CIES !RE EXI/S ALSO A /RIV+  
= SOCIALITY1 = LIFE H>MONIZ+ ) ! LIFE ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 & !  
LATT] T5D5CIES >E NO LESS /RONG ?AN ! =M]4 ,MAN /RIVES = GOOD  
NEI<BORLY RELATIONS & = JU/ICE4 

,IT IS TO BE REGRETT$ ?AT ,GUYAU DID NOT DEVELOP MORE ?OR\<LY  
!SE LA/ TWO ?\<TS 9 HIS FUNDAM5TAL WORK2 LAT] HE DWELT ON  
!SE IDEAS SOME:AT MORE 9 DETAIL 9 HIS ESSAY1 0,$UCATION ET H]$ITE40 #g 

,GUYAU UND]/OOD ?AT MORALITY C\LD NOT BE BUILT ON EGOISM  
ALONE1 AS WAS ! OP9ION ( ,EPICURUS1 & LAT] ( ! ,5GLI%  
UTILIT>IANS4 LIE SAW ?AT 9N] H>MONY ALONE1 & 0UNITY (  
BE+0 7L'UNITE DE L'ETRE7 WILL NOT SUFFICE3 HE SAW ?AT MORALITY  
9CLUDES ALSO ! 9/9CT ( SOCIALITY4#h ,ONLY1 HE DID NOT ASSIGN  
TO ?IS 9/9CT ITS DUE IMPORTANCE1 UNLIKE ,BACON1 & ,D>W91  
:O EV5 ASS]T$ ?AT 9 MAN & 9 MANY ANIMALS ?IS 9/9CT  
IS /RONG]  & ACTS MORE P]MAN5TLY ?AN ! 9/9CT (  
SELF-PRES]VATION4 ,GUYAU ALSO FAIL$ TO APPRECIATE ! DECISIVE  
ROLE PLAY$ 9 CASES ( MORAL 9DECISION BY ! EV]-EXP&+  
CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE1 I4 E41 ( EQUITY AMONG HUMAN BE+S4#i 

,GUYAU EXPLA9S ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! OBLIGATORY  NATURE (  
MORALITY1 :I* WE UNQUE/IONABLY EXP]I5CE )9 \RSELVES1  
9 ! FOLL[+ MANN]3 

0,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO CONSID] ! NORMAL DIRECTIONS ( PSY*IC  
LIFE2 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE F\ND A K9D ( 9N] PRESSURE EX]CIS$  
BY ! ACTIVITY ITSELF 9 !SE DIRECTIONS40 ,?US 0MORAL OBLIGATION1  
:I* HAS ITS ROOT 9 ! V]Y FUNCTION ( LIFE HAPP5S TO COME 9  
PR9CIPLE BE=E ?9K+ CONSCI\SNESS1 & SPR+S FROM ! OBSCURE  
& UN-CONSCI\S DEP?S ( \R BE+40 7,I1 III1 #i#g47 

,! S5SE ( DUTY1 HE CONT9UES1 IS NOT 9V9CIBLE2 IT CAN BE  
SUPPRESS$4 ,BUT1 AS ,D>W9 %[$1 IT REMA9S )9 US1 IT CONT9UES  
TO LIVE1 & IT REM9DS US ( ITS EXI/5CE :5EV] WE HAVE ACT$  
CONTR>Y TO ! S5SE ( DUTY2 WE FEEL 9N] DISSATISFACTION & !RE  
>ISES 9 US A CONSCI\SNESS ( MORAL AIMS4 ,GUYAU CITES H]E A FEW  
EXCELL5T EXAMPLES ( ?IS P[]1 & HE QUOTES ! WORDS ( ,SP5C]1  
:O =ESAW ! TIME :5 ! ALTRUI/IC 9/9CT W\LD DEVELOP 9 MAN  
TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT WE WILL OBEY IT )\T ANY VISIBLE /RUG-GLE1  
7,I MAY REM>K ?AT MANY >E ALREADY LIV+ 9 ?IS MANN]71 & !  
DAY WILL COME :5 M5 WILL DISPUTE AMONG !MSELVES = ! OPPORTUNITY  
TO P]=M AN ACT ( SELF-SACRIFICE4 0,SELF-SACRIFICE10 WROTE ,GUYAU1  
0TAKES ITS PLACE AMONG ! G5]AL LAWS ( LIFE4 4 4 4 ,9TREPIDITY OR  
SELF-SACRIFICE IS NOT A M]E NEGATION ( SELF & ( P]-SONAL LIFE2 IT  
IS ?IS LIFE ITSELF RAIS$ TO SUBLIMITY40 7,I,I1 I1 #a#b#e47 

,9 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( CASES1 SELF-SACRIFICE TAKES ! =M NOT (  
COMPLETE SACRIFICE1 NOT ! =M ( SACRIFIC+ LIFE1 BUT M]ELY ! =M  
( DANG]1 OR ( ! R5UNCIATION ( C]TA9 ADVANTAGES4 ,9 /RUGGLE &  
9 DANG] MAN HOPES = VICTORY4 ,& ! ANTICIPA-TION ( ?IS VICTORY  
GIVES HIM ! S5SATION ( JOY & FULLNESS 9 LIFE4 ,EV5 MANY ANIMALS  
>E FOND ( PLAY CONNECT$ ) DANG]3 ?US1 = EXAMPLE1 C]TA9 SPECIES  
( MONKEYS LIKE TO PLAY ) CROC-ODILES4 ,& 9 M5 ! DESIRE TO COMBAT  
AGA9/ ODDS IS V]Y COMMON-MAN HAS AT TIMES A NE$ TO FEEL HIMSELF GREAT1  
TO BE CONSCI\S ( ! MI<T & ! FRE$OM ( HIS WILL4 ,HE ACQUIRES ?IS  
CONSCI\SNESS ?R\< /RUGGLE-/RUGGLE AGA9/ HIMSELF & HIS PASSIONS1 OR  
AGA9/ EXT]NAL OB/ACLES4 ,WE >E DEAL+ H]E ) PHYSIOLOGICAL NE$S1  
& QUITE COMMONLY ! FEEL+S ?AT PROMPT US TO DE$S ( P]IL GR[ 9  
9T5SITY 9 PROPORTION AS ! DANG] GR[S4 

,BUT ! MORAL S5SE URGES M5 NOT ONLY T[>D ! RISK2 IT GUIDES !IR  
ACTIONS EV5 :5 !Y >E ?REAT5$ BY 9EVITABLE DEA?4 ,& ON ?IS PO9T 
HI/ORY TEA*ES MANK9D-AT LEA/ ?OSE :O >E READY TO B5EFIT BY ITS  
LESSONS1 ?AT 0SELF-SACRIFICE IS ONE ( ! MO/ PRECI\S & MO/ P[]FUL  
=CES 9 HI/ORY4 ,TO MAKE HUMANITY1-?IS GREAT 9DOL5T BODY1-PROGRESS ONE  
/EP1 !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 NE$$ A %OCK :I* HAS CRU%$ 9DIVIDUALS40  
7,I,I1 I1 #a#b#g47 

,H]E ,GUYAU WROTE MANY DELI<TFUL PAGES 9 ORD] TO %[ H[ NATURAL  
SELF-SACRIFICE IS1 EV5 9 CASES :]E MAN FACES 9ESCAPABLE DEA?1 &  
5T]TA9S1 MOREOV]1 NO HOPE ( REW>D 9 ! AFT] LIFE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y1  
H[EV]1 TO ADD TO !SE PAGES ?AT ! SAME SITUATION PREVAILS AMONG ALL  
! SOCIAL ANIMALS4 ,SELF-SACRIFICE = ! GOOD ( ! FAMILY OR ( !  
GR\P IS A COMMON FACT 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD2 & MAN1 AS A SOCIAL CREATURE1  
DOES NOT1 ( C\RSE1 CON/ITUTE AN EXCEPTION4 

,!N ,GUYAU PO9T$ \T ANO!R PROP]TY ( HUMAN NATURE1 :I* AT 
TIMES TAKES1 9 MORALITY1 ! PLACE ( ! S5SE ( PRESCRIB$ DUTY4  
,?IS IS ! DESIRE ( 9TELLECTUAL RISK1 I4E41 ! FACULTY ( BUILD+ A  
D>+ HYPO!SIS-AS WAS DEMON/RAT$ BY ,PLATO1-& ( D]IV+ ONE'S  
MORALITY FROM ?IS HYPO!SIS4 ,ALL ! PROM95T SOCIAL RE=M]S W]E  
GUID$ BY ONE OR ! O!R CONCEPTION ( ! POSSIBLE BETT] LIFE (  
MANK9D1 & AL?\< UNABLE TO PROVE MA!-MATICALLY ! DESIRABILITY  
& ! POSSIBILITY ( REBUILD+ SOCIETY 9 SOME P>TICUL> DIRECTION1  
! RE=M]1 :O IS 9 ?IS RESPECT CLOSELY AK9 TO ! >TI/1 DEVOT$  
ALL HIS LIFE1 ALL HIS ABILITIES1 ALL HIS 5]GY TO WORK+ = ?IS  
RECON/RUCTION4 ,9 SU* CASES1 WROTE ,GUYAU1 0HYPO!SIS PRODUCES  
PRACTICALLY ! SAME EFFECT AS FAI?1-- EV5 GIVES RISE TO A SUBSEQU5T  
FAI?1 :I*1 H[EV]1 IS NOT AFFIRMATIVE & DOGMATIC LIKE ! O!R0444  
,KANT BEGAN A REVOLUTION 9 MORAL PHILOSOPHY :5 HE DESIR$ TO MAKE ! WILL  
0AUTONOM\S10 9/EAD ( MAK+ IT B[ BE=E A LAW EXT]IOR TO ITSELF2 BUT  
HE /OPP$ HALF WAY4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY ( ! MORAL  
AG5T C\LD BE RECONCIL$ ) ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! LAW4444 ,! TRUE  
0AUTONOMY0 MO/ PRODUCE 9DIVIDUAL ORIG9ALITY1 & NOT UNIV]SAL UNI=MITY4444  
,! GREAT] ! NUMB] ( DIFF]5T DOCTR9ES :I* (F] !MSELVES TO  
! *OICE ( HUMANITY1 ! GREAT] WILL BE ! VALUE ( ! FUTURE &  
F9D AGREEM5T 7,I,I1 II1 #a#c#i-#a#d71 ,AS TO ! 0UNATTA9ABILITY0 ( IDEAS1  
,GUYAU ANSW]$ ?IS QUE/ION 9 POETICALLY 9SPIR$ L9ES3- 0,! FUR!R  
! IDEAL IS REMOV$ FROM REALITY1 ! MORE DESIRABLE IT SEEMS4 ,& AS !  
DESIRE ITSELF IS ! SUPREME =CE1 ! REMOTE/ IDEAL HAS COMM& OV] !  
MAXIMUM ( =CE40 7,I,I1 IF1 #a#d#e47 

,BUT BOLD ?9K+ ?AT DOES NOT /OP HALFWAY1 LEADS TO EQUALLY  
5]GETIC ACTION4 0,RELIGIONS ALL SAY1 ',I HOPE BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE1 &  
BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE 9 AN EXT]NAL REVELATION4' ,WE MU/ SAY3 ',I BELIEVE  
BECAUSE ,I HOPE1 & ,I HOPE BECAUSE ,I FEEL 9 MYSELF A :OLLY 9T]NAL  
5]GY1 :I* WILL HAVE TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT 9 ! PROBLEM4' 4 4 4  
,IT IS ACTION ALONE :I* GIVES US CONFID5CE 9 \R-SELVES1 9 O!RS1  
& 9 ! WORLD4 ,AB/RACT M$ITATION1 SOLIT>Y ?\<T1 9 ! 5D  
WEAK5 ! VITAL =CES40 7,I,I1 II1 #a#d#h47 

,?IS IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,GUYAU1 :AT WAS TO TAKE ! PLACE ( SANCTION1 
:I* ! DEF5D]S ( ,*RI/IAN MORALITY S\<T 9 RELIGION & 9  
! PROMISE ( ! HAPPI] LIFE AFT] DEA?4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 WE F9D  
)9 \RSELVES ! APPROVAL ( ! MORAL ACT1 BECAUSE \R MORAL  
FEEL+1 ! FEEL+ ( FRAT]NITY1 HAS BE5 DEVELOP+ 9 MAN FROM  
! REMOTE/ TIMES ?R\< SOCIAL LIFE & ?R\< OBS]VATION ( NATURE4  
,!N MAN F9DS SIMIL> APPROVAL 9 ! SEMI-CONSCI\S 9CL9ATIONS1 HABITS1  
& 9/9CTS1 :I*1 ?\< /ILL NOT CLE>1 >E DEEPLY +RA9$ 9 !  
NATURE ( MAN AS A SOCIAL BE+4 ,! :OLE HUMAN RACE HAS BE5 BR\<T UP  
ND] !SE 9FLU5CES = ?\-S&S & ?\S&S ( YE>S1 & IF !RE  
>E AT TIMES P]IODS 9 ! LIFE ( MANK9D :5 ALL !SE BE/ QUALITIES  
SEEM TO BE =GOTT51 AFT] A C]TA9 TIME HUMANITY BEG9S AGA9 TO /RIVE  
= !M4 ,& :5 WE SEEK ! ORIG9 ( !SE FEEL+S1 WE F9D ?AT !Y  
>E IMPLANT$ 9 MAN EV5 DEEP] ?AN HIS CONSCI\SNESS4 

,!N1 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 ! P[] ( ! MORAL ELEM5T 9 MAN1 ,GUYAU  
ANALYZ$ TO :AT AN EXT5T ! ABILITY = SELF-SACRIFICE IS DEVELOP$ 9  
HIM1 & %[$ H[ L>GELY A DESIRE = RISK  & /RUGGLE  IS 9H]5T 9  
HUMAN BE+S1 NOT ONLY 9 ! M9DS ( LEAD]S1 BUT ALSO 9 ! CONC]NS  
( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,!SE PASSAGES CON/ITUTE SOME ( ! BE/ PAGES 9 HIS  
ESSAY4 

,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT 9 HIS TREATISE ON !  
BASES ( MORALITY )\T OBLIGATION & )\T ! SANCTION ( RELIGION1  
,GUYAU EXPRESS$ ! MOD]N 9T]PRETATION ( MORALITY & ( ITS PROBLEMS  
9 ! =M IT WAS TAK+ 9 ! M9DS ( $U-CAT$ M5 T[>DS ! BEG9N+  
( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,IT IS CLE> FROM :AT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ,GUYAU DID NOT 9T5D TO UNFOLD  
ALL ! BASES ( MORALITY1 BUT M]ELY AIM$ TO PROVE ?AT MORALITY1 =  
ITS REALIZATION & DEVELOPM5T1 HAS NO NE$ ( ! CONCEPTION ( OBLIGATION1  
OR1 9 G5]AL1 ( ANY CONFIRMATION FROM )\T4 

,! V]Y FACT ?AT MAN SEEKS TO BR+ 9T5SITY 9TO HIS LIFE1 I4 E41  
TO MAKE IT V>I$-IF ONLY HE FEELS )9 HIMSELF ! P[] TO LIVE SU* A  
LIFE1-?IS V]Y FACT BECOMES 9 ! 9T]PRETATION ( ,GUYAU A MI<TY APPEAL  
TO LIVE JU/ SU* A LIFE4 ,ON ! O!R H& MAN IS URG$ ALONG ! SAME  
PA? BY ! DESIRE & ! JOY ( RISK & ( CONCRETE /RUGGLE1 & ALSO  
BY ! JOY ( RISK 9 ?9K+1 7METAPHYSICAL RISK1 AS ,GUYAU CALL$ IT74  
,9 O!R WORDS1 MAN IS URG$ 9 ! SAME DIRECTION BY ! PLEASURE :I*  
HE FEELS AS HE ADVANCES T[>D ! HYPO!TICAL 9 HIS ?\<TS1 HIS LIFE1  
HIS ACTION1 I4E41 T[>D ?AT :I* IS ONLY CONCEIV$ BY US AS POSSIBLE4 

,?IS IS :AT REPLACES 9 NATURALI/IC MORALITY ! S5SE ( OBLIGATION   
ACCEPT$ BY ! RELIGI\S MORALITY4 ,AS REG>DS SANCTION 9 NATURALI/IC  
MORALITY1 I4 E41 AS REG>DS ITS CONFIRMATION BY SOME?+ HI<]1 SOME?+  
MORE G5]AL1 WE HAVE ! NATURAL FEEL+ ( APPROVAL ( MORAL ACTIONS1 &  
AN 9TUITIONAL SEMI-CONSCI\SNESS1 ! MORAL APPROVAL1 :I* ORIG9ATES 9  
! CONCEPTION ( JU/ICE1 /ILL UNCONSCI\S1 BUT 9H]5T 9 ALL ( US4  
,& F9ALLY1 !RE IS ! FUR!R APPROVAL ON ! P>T ( \R 9H]5T  
FEEL+S ( LOVE  & FRAT]NITY4 

,?IS IS ! =M :I* CONCEPTIONS ( MORALITY TOOK = ,GUYAU4 ,IF  
!Y HAD !IR ORIG9 9 ,EPICURUS1 !Y BECAME CONSID]ABLY DEEP5$1 &  
9/EAD ( ! ,EPICUREAN 0WISE CALCULATION0 WE ALREADY HAVE H]E A  
NATURALI/IC MORALITY1 ?AT HAS BE5 DEVELOP+ 9 MAN BY VIRTUE ( HIS  
SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! EXI/5CE ( SU* A MORALITY WAS UND]/OOD BY ,BACON1  
,GROTIUS1 ,SP9OZA1 ,GOE!1 ,COMTE1 ,D>W91 & P>TLY BY ,SP5C]1 BUT IT IS  
/ILL P]SI/5TLY D5I$ BY ?OSE :O PREF] TO TALK AB\T MAN AS ( A  
BE+ :O1 ?\< CREAT$ 09 ,GOD'S IMAGE10 IS 9 REALITY AN OB$I5T SLAVE  
( ! ,DEVIL1 & :O CAN BE 9DUC$ TO RE/RA9 HIS 9NATE IMMORALITY ONLY  
BY ?REATS ( :IP & PRISON 9 ?IS LIFE1 & BY ?REATS ( HELL 9 ! 
LIFE TO COME4 

  
,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,LA ,MORALE D',E@&PCIRC2ICURE ET SES RAPPORTS AVEC  
LES DOCTR9ES CONTEMPORA9ES  7,! ,MORAL ,TEA*+ ( ,EPICURUS & ITS RELATION  
TO ! MOD]N !ORIES ( MORALITY74 ,?IS WORK APPE>$ 9 #ahgd & WAS  
AW>D$ ! PRIZE ( ! ,FR5* ,ACADEMY ( ,MORAL & ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CES4 

#b ,! FIR/ $ITION APPE>$ 9 #a#h#g#i4 

#c ,A ,SKET* ( ,MORALITY 9DEP5D5T (  
,OBLIGATION OR ,SANCTION4 ,TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,FR5* BY ,G]TRUDE ,KAPTCYN4  
,WATTS @& ,COMPANY1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#i#h4.<,ALL ! REF]5CES WILL BE TO ?IS $ITION4.>  
,AS WAS %[N BY ,ALFR$ ,F\ILLEE 9 HIS BOOK1 ,NIETZS*E ET ,I'IMMORALISME1  
,NIETZS*E DREW FREELY ON ,GUYAU'S ESSAY1 & HE ALWAYS HAD A COPY ON HIS  
TABLE4 ,ON ,GUYAU'S PHILOSOPHY SEE ! WORK BY ,F\ILLEE1 ,MORALE DES  
IDEES=CES1 & O!R WRIT+S BY ! AU?OR4 .<,ESPECIALLY1 ,LA ,MORALE1  
,I',>T ET LA ,RELIGION D'APRES ,GUYAU4 #a-,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#d ,A ,SKET* ( ,MORALITY 9DEP5D5T (  
,OBLIGATION OR ,SANCTION1 ,BOOK #a1 *APT] III1 PAGE #i#a4 .<,FUR!R REF]5CES  
WILL BE 9DICAT$ BRIEFLY1 AS FOLL[S3 7,I1 III1 #i#a74.> 

#e .<,L]MONTOV'S POEM1 ,MZYRI4.>-,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#f ,TO :AT AN EXT5T !SE REM>KS ( ,GUYAU1  
:I* HE UN=TUNATELY DID NOT DEVELOP FUR!R1 >E CORRECT1 HAS BE5 ALREADY 
%[N 9 ! SECOND *APT] ( ?IS BOOK1 :]E IT IS PO9T$ \T ?AT !SE  
T5D5CIES ( MAN HAVE BAN ! NATURAL \TCOME ( ! SOCIAL LIFE ( MANY ANIMAL  
SPECIES1 & ( E>LY MAN1 & ALSO ( ! SOCIALITY ?AT DEVELOP$ UND] SU*  
CONDITIONS1 )\T :I* NO ANIMAL SPECIES C\LD SURVIVE 9 ! /RAGGLE =  
EXI/5CE AGA9/ ! /]N =CES ( NATURE4 

#g ,!SE ADDITIONS W]E 9S]T$  
9 ! SEV5? $ITION4 ,J4-,M4 ,GUYAU1 ,$UCATION & ,H]$ITY1  
TRANSLAT$ BY ,W4 ,S4 ,GRE5/REET1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#i#a4 

#h 0,MORALITY10 WROTE ,GUYAU1  
0IS NO?+ ELSE ?AN UNITY ( BE+4 LM-MORALITY1 ON !  
CONTR>Y1 IS ! DIVID+ 9TO TWO-AN OPPOSITION ( DIFF]5T  
FACULTIES1 :I* LIMIT EA* O!R40 7,BOOK ,I1 *4 III1 P4 #i#c74 

#i ,9 A WORD1 WE ?9K ( ! SPECIES1 WE  
?9K ( ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* LIFE IS POSSIBLE TO !  
SPECIES1 WE CONCEIVE ! EXI/5CE ( A C]TA9 NORMAL TYPE  
( MAN ADAPT$ TO !SE CONDITIONS1 WE EV5 CONCEIVE ( !  
LIFE ( ! :OLE SPECIES AS ADAPT$ TO ! WORLD1 &1 9  
FACT1 ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ?AT ADAPTATION IS MA9TA9$4  
7,$UCATION & ,H]$ITY1 ,*APT] ,I,I1 ,DIVISION ,I,I,I1 P1 #g#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibc 3 ,*APT] #ac -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ac -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/