,*APT] #b 
,! ,GRADUALLY ,EVOLV+ ,BASES ( ! ,NEW ,E?ICS 

#aibdaibd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,V I ,N #a   .- ,B1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,IF ! EMPIRICAL4 PHILOSOPH]S HAVE HI!RTO FAIL$ TO PROVE ! PROGRESS ( 
MORAL CONCEPTIONS 7:I* MAY BE 9CIPLE ( EVOLUTION71 ! FAULT LIES TO A GREAT 
EXT5T ) ! SPECULATIVE1 I4E41 ! 4 NONSCI5TIFIC PHILOSOPH]S4 ,!Y HAVE 
SO /RONGLY D5I$ ! EMPIRICAL ORIG9 ( MAN'S MORAL FEEL+S2 !Y HAVE GONE 
TO SU* SUBTLE REASON+ 9 ORD] TO ASSIGN A SUP]NATURAL ORIG9 TO ! MORAL 
S5SE2 & !Y HAVE SPOK5 SO MU* AB\T 0! DE/9ATION ( MAN10 ! 0WAY ( 
HIS EXI/5CE10 & 0! AIM ( ,NATURE10 ?AT A REACTION AGA9/ ! MY?OLOGICAL 
& METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTIONS :I* HAD RIS5 R\ND ?IS QUE/ION WAS UNAVOIDABLE4 
,MOREOV]1 ! MOD]N EVOLUTIONI/S1 HAV+ E/ABLI%$ ! PRES5CE 9 ! ANIMAL 
WORLD ( A KE5 /RUGGLE = LIFE AMONG DIFF]5T SPECIES1 C\LD NOT ACCEPT SU* 
A BRUTAL PROCESS1 :I* 5TAILS SO MU* SUFF]+ UPON S5TI5T BE+S1 AS ! 
EXPRESSION ( A ,SUPREME ,BE+2 & !Y CONSEQU5TLY D5I$ ?AT ANY E?ICAL 
PR9CIPLE C\LD BE DISCOV]$ 9 IT4 ,ONLY N[ ?AT ! EVOLUTION ( SPECIES1 
RACES ( M51 HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS1 & ( E?ICAL IDEAS !MSELVES1 HAS BE5 
PROV$ TO BE ! RESULT ( NATURAL =CES1 HAS IT BECOME POSSIBLE TO /UDY ALL 
! FACTORS ( ?IS EVOLUTION1 9CLUD+ ! E?ICAL FACTOR ( MUTUAL SUPPORT & 
GR[+ SYMPA?Y1 )\T ! RISK ( FALL+ BACK 9TO A SUPRA-NATURAL 
PHILOSOPHY4 ,BUT1?IS BE+ SO1 WE REA* A PO9T ( CONSID]ABLE PHILOSOPHICAL 
IMPORTANCE4 

,WE >E 5ABL$ TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! LESSON :I* MAN D]IVES FROM 
! /UDY ( ,NATURE & HIS [N HI/ORY IS ! P]MAN5T PRES5CE ( A D\BLE 
T5D5CY--T[>DS A GREAT] DEVELOPM5T1 ON ! ONE SIDE ( SOCIALITY1 
&1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 ( A CONSEQU5T 9CREASE ( ! 9T5SITY ( LIFE1 :I* 
RESULTS 9 AN 9CREASE ( HAPP9ESS = ! 9DIVIDUALS1 & 9 
PROGRESS1--PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL4 

,?IS D\BLE T5D5CY IS A DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]I/IC ( LIFE 9 G5]AL4 ,IT 
IS ALWAYS PRES5T1 & BELONGS TO LIFE1 AS ONE ( ITS ATTRIBUTES1 :ATEV] 
APSECTS LIFE MAY TAKE ON \R PLANET OR ELSE:]E4 ,& ?IS IS NOT A METAPHYSICAL 
ASS]TION ( ! 0UNIV]SALITY ( ! MORAL LAW10 OR A M]E SUPPOSITION4 ,)\T 
! CONT9UAL GR[? ( SOCIALITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( ! 9T5SITY & V>IETY 
( S5SATIONS1 LIFE IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!RE9 LIES ITS ESS5CE4 ,IF ?AT ELEM5T IS 
LACK+ LIFE T5DS TO EBB1 TO DIS9TEGRATE1 TO CEASE4 ,?IS MAY BE RECOGNIZ$ AS 
AN EMPIRICALLY DISCOV]$ LAW ( ,NATURE4 

,IT ?US APPE>S ?AT2 SCI5CE1 F> FROM DE/ROY+ ! F\NDATIONS ( E?ICS 
GIVES1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A CONCRETE CONT5T TO ! NEBUL\S METAPHYSICAL 
PRESUMPTIONS :I* >E CURR5T 9 TRANSC5D5TAL EXTRA-NATURAL E?ICS4 ,AS SCI5CE 
GOES DEEP] 9TO ! LIFE ( ,NATURE1 IT GIVES TO ! EVOLUTION E?ICS A 
PHILOSOPHICAL C]TITUDE1 :]E ! TRANSC5D5TAL ?9K] HAD ONLY A VAGUE 
9TUITION TO RELY ON4 

,!RE IS /ILL LESS F\NDATION = ANO!R CONT9UALLY REPEAT$ REPROA* TO 
EMPIRICAL ?\<T1--NAMELY ! /UDY ( ,NATURE CAN ONLY LEAD US TO KN[L$GE ( 
SOME COLD & MA!MATICAL TRU?1 BUT ?AT SU* TRU?S HAVE LITTLE EFFECT UPON 
\R ACTIONS4 ,! /UDY ( ,NATURE1 WE >E TOLD1 CAN AT BE/ 9SPIRE US ) ! 
LOVE ( TRU?2 BUT ! 9SPIRATION = HI<] EMOTIONS1 SU* AS ?AT ( 
09F9ITE GOODNESS10 CAN BE GIV5 ONLY BY RELIGION4 ,IT CAN BE EASILY %[N ?AT 
?IS CONT5TION IS NOT BAS$ ON ANY FACTS & IS1 !RE=E1 UTT]LY1 FALLACI\S4 
,TO BEG9 )1 LOVE ( TRU? IS ALREADY ONE HALF--! BETT] HALF--( ALL E?ICAL 
TEA*+4 ,9TELLIG5T RELIGI\S PEOPLE UND]/& ?IS V]Y WELL4 ,AS TO ! 
CONCEPTION ( 0GOOD0 & /RIV+ = IT1 ! 0TRU?0 :I* WE HAVE JU/ 
M5-TION$1 I4 E41 ! RECOGNITION ( MUTUAL AID AS ! FUNDAM5TAL FEATURE ( 
LIFE IS C]TA9LY AN 9SPIR+ TRU?1 :I* SURELY WILL SOME DAY F9D ITS 
EXPRESSION 9 ! POETRY ( ,NATURE1 = IT IMP>TS TO \R CONCEPTION ( ,NATURE AN 
ADDITIONAL HUMANIT>IAN T\*4 

,GOE!1 ) ! 9SI<T ( HIS PAN!I/IC G5IUS1 AT ONCE UND]/OOD ALL 
! PHILOSOPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ?IS TRU?1 UPON ! V]Y FIR/ H9T ( IT 
?AT HE HE>D FROM ,ECK]MANN1 ! ZOOLOGI/4#a ,MOREOV]1 ! DEEP] WE GO 9TO ! /UDY ( PRIMITIVE 
MAN1 ! MORE WE REALIZE ?AT IT WAS FROM ! LIFE ( ANIMALS ) :OM HE /OOD 
9 CLOSE CONTACT ?AT HE LE>N$ ! FIR/ LESSONS ( VALOR\S DEF5SE ( 
FELL[-CREATURES1 SELF-SACRIFICE = ! WELF>E ( ! GR\P1 UNLIMIT$ P>5TAL 
LOVE1 & ! ADVANTAGES ( SOCIALITY 9 G5]AL4 ,! CONCEPTIONS ( 0VIRTUE0 
& 0WICK$NESS0 >E ZOOLOGICAL1 NOT M]ELY HUMAN CONCEPTIONS4 

,AS TO ! P[]S :I* IDEAS & 9TELLECTUALLY CONCEIV$ IDEALS EX]CISE UPON 
CURR5T MORAL CONCEPTIONS1 & H[ !SE CONCEPTIONS 9FLU5CE 9 !IR TURN ! 
9TELLECTUAL ASPECT ( AN EPO*1 ?IS SUBJECT H>DLY NE$ BE 9SI/$ UPON4 ,! 
9TELLECTUAL EVOLUTION ( A GIV5 SOCIETY MAY TAKE AT TIMES1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE 
( ALL SORTS ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 A TOTALLY WRONG TURN1 OR IT MAY TAKE1 ON ! 
CONTR>Y1 A HI< FLI<T4 ,BUT 9 BO? CASES ! LEAD+ IDEAS ( ! TIME WILL 
NEV] FAIL DEEPLY TO 9FLU5CE ! E?ICAL LIFE4 ,! SAME APPLIES ALSO TO ! 
9DIVIDUAL4 

,MO/ C]TA9LY1 IDEAS  >E =CES  AS ,F\ILLEE PUTS IT2#b & !Y >E E?ICAL 
=CES1 IF ! IDEAS >E CORRECT & WIDE 5\< TO REPRES5T ! REAL LIFE ( 
NATURE 9 ITS 5TIRETY1--NOT ONE ( ITS SIDES ONLY4 ,! FIR/ /EP1 !RE=E1 
T[>DS ! ELABORATION ( A MORALITY :I* %\LD EX]RCISE A LA/+ 9FLU5CE 
UPON SOCIETY1 IS TO BASE ?IS MORALITY UPON FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ TRU?S4 ,& 
9DE$1 ONE ( ! MA9 OB/ACLES TO ! WORK+ \T ( A COMPLETE E?ICAL 
SY/EM1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! PRES5T NE$S1 IS ! FACT ?AT ! SCI5CE ( 
SOCIETY IS /ILL 9 ITS 9FANCY4 ,HAV+ JU/ COMPLET$ ITS /OR+ ( MAT]IALS1 
SOCIOLOGY IS ONLY BEG9N+ TO 9VE/IGATE !M ) ! VIEW TO ASC]TA9+ ! 
PROBABLE L9ES ( A FUTURE DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT IT CONT9UALLY MEETS 9 ?IS FIELD 
) A GREAT NUMB] ( DEEPLY ROOT$ PREJUDICES4 

,! *IEF DEM& :I* IS N[ ADDRESS$ TO E?ICS IS TO DO ITS 
BE/ TO F9D ?R\< ! PHILOSOPHICAL /UDY ( ! SUBJECT ! COMMON ELEM5T 
9 ! TWO SETS ( DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ FEEL+S :I* EXI/ 9 MAN1 & ?US TO 
HELP MANK9D F9D A SYN!SIS1 & NOT A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! TWO4 LN ONE SET 
>E ! FEEL+S :I* 9DUCE MAN TO SUBDUE O!R M5 9 ORD] TO UTILIZE !M 
= HIS 9DIVIDUAL 5DS1 :ILE ?OSE 9 ! O!R SET 9DUCE HUMAN BE+S TO 
UNITE = ATTA9+ COMMON 5DS BY COMMON EF=T3 ! FIR/ ANSW]+ TO ?AT 
FUNDAM5TAL NE$ ( HUMAN NATURE -- /RUGGLE1 & ! SECOND REPRES5T+ ANO!R 
EQUALLY FUNDAM5TAL T5D5CY -- ! DESIRE ( UNITY & MUTUAL SYMPA?Y4 ,!SE 
TWO SETS ( FEEL+S MU/1 ( C\RSE1 /RUGGLE BETWE5 !MSELVES1 BUT IT IS 
ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL TO DISCOV] !IR SYN!SIS :ATEV] =M IT TAKES4 ,SU* A 
SYN!SIS IS SO MU* MORE NECESS>Y BECAUSE ! CIVILIZ$ MAN ( TO-DAY1 HAV+ 
NO SETTL$ CONVICTION ON ?IS PO9T1 IS P>ALYZ$ 9 HIS P[]S ( ACTION4 ,HE 
CANNOT ADMIT ?AT A /RUGGLE TO ! KNIFE = SUPREMACY1 C>RI$ ON BETWE5 
9DIVIDUALS & NATIONS1 %\LD BE ! LA/ WORD ( SCI5CE2 HE DOES NOT BELIEVE1 
AT ! SAME TIME1 9 SOLV+ ! PROBLEM ?R\< ! GOSPEL ( BRO!RHOOD & 
SELF-ABNEGATION :I* ,*RI/IANITY HAS BE5 PREA*+ = SO MANY C5TURIES 
)\T EV] BE+ ABLE TO ATTA9 ! BRO!RHOOD ( M5 & NATIONS NOR EV5 
TOL]ANCE AMONG ! V>I\S ,*RI/IAN SECTS4 ,AS REG>DS ! TEA*+ ( ! 
,COMMUNI/S1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( M51 = ! SAME REASON1 HAVE NO FAI? 9 
COMMUNISM4 

,?US ! PR9CIPAL PROBLEM ( E?ICS AT PRES5T IS TO HELP MANK9D TO F9D 
! SOLUTION = ?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE WE MU/ 
E>NE/LY /UDY :AT W]E ! MEANS RESORT$ TO BY M5 AT DIFF]5T P]IODS ( 
!IR EVOLUTION1 9 ORD] SO TO DIRECT ! 9DIVIDUAL =CES AS TO GET FROM !M 
! GREATE/ B5EFIT = ! WELF>E ( ALL1 )\T AT ! SAME TIME P>ALYZ+ 
P]SONAL 5-]GIES4 ,& WE HAVE TO /UDY ! T5D5CIES 9 ?IS DIRECTION :I* 
EXI/ AT ! PRES5T MOM5T--9 ! =M ( ! TIMID ATTEMPTS :I* >E BE+ 
MADE1 AS WELL AS 9 ! =M ( ! POT5TIALITIES CONCEAL$ 9 MOD]N SOCIETY1 
:I* MAY BE UTILIZ$ = F9D+ ?AT SYN!SIS4 ,& !N1 AS NO NEW MOVE 9 
CIVILIZATION HAS EV] BE5 MADE )\T A C]TA9 5?USIASM BE+ EVOK$ 9 
ORD] TO OV]COME ! FIR/ DIFFICULTIES ( 9]TIA & OPPOSITION1 IT IS ! 
DUTY ( ! NEW E?ICS TO 9FUSE 9 M5 ?OSE IDEALS  :I* W\LD PROVOKE 
!IR 5?USIASM1 & GIVE !M ! NECESS>Y =CES = BUILD+ A =M ( LIFE 
:I* W\LD COMB9E 9DIVIDUAL 5]GY ) WORK = ! GOOD ( ALL4 

,! NE$ ( A REALI/IC IDEAL BR+S US TO ! *IEF REPROA* :I* HAS ALWAYS 
BE5 MADE TO ALL NON-RELIGI\S SY/EMS ( E?ICS4 ,!IR CONCLUSIONS1 WE >E 
TOLD1 WILL NEV] HAVE ! NECESS>Y AU?ORITY = 9FLU5C+ ! ACTIONS ( M51 
BECAUSE !Y CANNOT BE 9VE/$ ) ! S5SE ( DUTY1 ( 
OBLIGATION4 ,IT IS P]FECTLY TRUE ?AT EMPIRICAL E?ICS HAS NEV] CLAIM$ 
TO POSSESS ! IMP]ATIVE *>ACT]1 SU* AS BELONGS1 = EXAMPLE1 TO ! ,MOSAIC 
,DECALOGUE4 ,TRUE1 ?AT :5 ,KANT ADVANC$ AS !0CATEGORICAL IMP]ATIVE0 ( ALL 
MORALITY ! RULE3 0,SO ACT ?AT ! MAXIM ( ?Y WILL MAY S]VE AT ! SAME TIME 
AS A PR9CIPLE ( UNIV]SAL LEGISLATION10#c IT REQUIR$ NO SANCTION :ATEV]1 = BE+ 
UNIV]SALLY RECOGNIZ$ AS OBLIGATORY4 ,IT WAS1 HE MA9TA9$1 A NECESS>Y  

=M ( REASON+1 A 0CATEGORY0 ( \R 9TELLECT1 & IT WAS D$UC$ FROM NO 
UTILIT>IAN CONSID]ATIONS4 

,H[EV]1 MOD]N CRITICISM1 BEG9N+ ) ,S*OP5HAU]1 HAS %[N 
?AT ,KANT WAS MI/AK54 ,HE HAS C]TA9LY FAIL$ TO PROVE :Y IT %\LD 
BE A DUTY TO ACT ACCORD+ TO HIS 0IMP]ATIVE40 ,&1 /RANGE TO SAY1 IT 
FOLL[S FROM ,KANT'S [N REASON+ ?AT ! ONLY GR\ND UPON :I* HIS 
0IMP]ATIVE0 MI<T RECOMM5D ITSELF TO G5]AL ACCEPTANCE IS ITS SOCIAL 
UTILITY1 AL?\< SOME ( ! BE/ PAGES :I* ,KANT WROTE W]E PRECISELY 
?OSE 9 :I* HE /RONGLY OBJECT$ TO ANY CONSID]ATIONS ( UTILITY 
BE+ TAK5 AS ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY4 ,AFT] ALL1 HE PRODUC$ A 
BEAUTIFUL PANEGYRIC ON ! S5SE ( DUTY1 BUT HE FAIL$ TO GIVE TO ?IS 
S5SE ANY O!R F\NDATION ?AN ! 9N] CONSCI5CE ( MAN & HIS 
DESIRE ( RETA9+ A H>MONY BETWE5 HIS 9TELLECTUAL CONCEPTIONS & 
HIS ACTIONS4#d 

,EMPIRICAL MORALITY DOES NOT 9 ! LEA/ PRET5D TO F9D A SUB/ITUTE = ! 
RELIGI\S IMP]ATIVE EXPRESS$ 9 ! WORDS1 0,I AM ! ,LORD10 BUT ! PA9FUL 
DISCREPANCY :I* EXI/S BETWE5 ! E?ICAL PRESCRIPTIONS ( ! ,*RI/IAN 
RELIGION & ! LIFE ( SOCIETIES CALL+ !MSELVES ,*RI/IAN1 DEPRIVES ! 
ABOVE REPROA* ( ITS VALUE4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 EMPIRICAL MORALITY IS NOT 5TIRELY 
DEVOID ( A S5SE ( CONDITIONAL OBLIGATION4 L HE DIFF]5T FEEL+S & 
ACTIONS :I* >E USUALLY DESCRIB$ S9CE ! TIMES ( ,AUGU/E ,COMTE AS 
0ALTRUI/IC0 CAN EASILY BE CLASS$ UND] TWO DIFF]5T HEAD+S4 ,!RE >E 
ACTIONS :I* MAY BE CONSID]$ AS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y1 ONCE WE *OOSE TO LIVE 
9 SOCIETY1 & TO :I*1 !RE=E1 ! NAME ( 0ALTRUI/IC0 \<T NEV] TO BE 
APPLI$3 !Y BE> ! *>ACT] ( RECIPROCITY1 & !Y >E AS MU* 9 ! 
9T]E/ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS ANY ACT ( SELF-PRES]VATION4 
,& !RE >E1 ON ! O!R H&1 ?OSE ACTIONS :I* BE> NO *>ACT] ( 
RECIPROCITY4 ,ONE :O P]=MS SU* ACTS GIVES HIS P[]S1 HIS 5]GY1 HIS 
5?USIASM1 EXPECT+ NO COMP5SATION 9 RETURN1 & AL?\< SU* ACTS >E ! 
REAL MA9SPR+S ( MORAL PROGRESS1 !Y C]TA9LY CAN HAVE NO *>ACT] ( 
OBLIGATION  ATTA*$ TO !M4 ,& YET1 !SE TWO CLASSES ( ACTS >E CONT9UALLY 
CONFUS$ BY WRIT]S ON MORALITY1 & AS A RESULT MANY CONTRADICTIONS >ISE 9 
DEAL+ ) E?ICAL QUE/IONS4 

,?IS CONFUSION1 H[EV]1 CAN BE EASILY AVOID$4 7,FIR/ ( ALL IT IS 
EVID5T ?AT IT IS PREF]ABLE TO KEEP E?ICAL PROBLEMS DI/9CT FROM ! 
PROBLEMS ( LAW4 ,MORAL SCI5CE DOES NOT EV5 SETTLE ! QUE/ION :E!R 
LEGISLATION IS NECESS>Y OR NOT4 7 ,IT /&S ABOVE ?AT4 ,WE KN[1 
9DE$1 E?ICAL WRIT]S-& !SE W]E NOT ! LEA/ 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! 
E>LY BEG9N+S ( ! ,RE=MATION-:O D5I$ ! NECESSITY ( ANY 
LEGISLATION & APPEAL$ DIRECTLY TO HUMAN CONSCI5CE4 ,! FUNCTION ( 
E?ICS IS NOT EV5 SO MU* TO 9SI/ UPON ! DEFECTS ( MAN1 & TO 
REPROA* HIM ) HIS 0S9S1'' AS TO ACT 9 ! POSITIVE DIRECTION1 BY 
APPEAL+ TO MAN'S BE/ 9/9CTS4 ,IT DET]M9ES1 & EXPLA9S1 ! FEW 
FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES )\T :I* NEI!R ANIMALS NOR M5 C\LD LIVE 
9 SOCIETIES3 BUT !N IT APPEALS TO SOME?+ SUP]IOR TO ?AT TO LOVE1 
C\RAGE1 FRAT]NITY1 SELF-RESPECT1 ACCORD ) ONE'S IDEAL4 ,IT TELLS MAN 
?AT IF HE DESIRES TO HAVE A LIFE 9 :I* ALL HIS =CES1 PHYSICAL1 
9T] LECTUAL11 & EMOTIONAL1 MAY F9D A FULL EX]CISE1 HE MU/ ONCE 
& = EV] AB&ON ! IDEA ?AT SU* A LIFE IS ATTA9ABLE ON ! PA? 
( DISREG>D = O!RS4 

,IT IS ONLY ?R\< E/ABLI%+ A C]TA9 H>MONY BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL 
& ALL O!RS ?AT AN APPROA* TO SU* COMPLETE LIFE WILL BE POSSIBLE1 
SAYS ,E?ICS1 & !N ADDS3 0,LOOK AT ,NATURE ITSELF6 ,/UDY ! PA/ ( 
MANK9D6 ,!Y WILL PROVE TO Y\ ?AT SO IT IS 9 REALITY40 ,& :5 ! 
9DIVIDUAL1 = ?IS OR ?AT REASON1 HESITATES 9 SOME SPECIAL CASE AS 
TO ! BE/ C\RSE TO FOLL[1 E?ICS COMES TO HIS AID & 9DICATES H[ 
HE W\LD LIKE O!RS TO ACT ) RESPECT TO HIM1 9 A SIMIL> CASE4#e ,BUT 
EV5 !N TRUE E?ICS DOES NOT TRACE A /IFF L9E ( CONDUCT1 BECAUSE IT 
IS ! 9DIVIDUAL HIMSELF :O MU/ WEI< ! RELATIVE VALUE ( ! 
DIFF]5T MOTIVES AFFECT+ HIM4 ,!RE IS NO USE TO RECOMM5D RISK TO 
ONE :O CAN /& NO REV]SE1 OR TO SPEAK ( AN OLD MAN'S PRUD5CE TO 
! Y\NG MAN FULL ( 5]GY4 ,HE W\LD GIVE ! REPLY-! PR(\NDLY 
TRUE & BEAUTIFUL REPLY :I* ,EGMONT GIVES TO OLD ,C\NT ,OLIVA'S ADVICE 
9 ,GOE!'S DRAMA-& HE W\LD BE QUITE RI<T3 0,AS IF SPURR$ BY UNSE5 
SPIRITS1 ! SUN-HORSES ( TIME RUN ) ! LI<T C>T ( \R FATE2 & 
!RE REMA9S TO US ONLY BOLDLY TO HOLD ! RE9S & LEAD ! :EELS 
AWAY-H]E1 FROM A /ONE ON \R LEFT1 !RE FROM UPSETT+ ! C>T ON 
\R RI<T4 ,:]ETO DOES IT RUN8 ,:O KN[S8 ,CAN WE ONLY REMEMB] 
:]EFROM WE CAME80 0,! FL[] MU/ BLOOM10 AS ,GUYAU SAYS1#f EV5 ?\< 
ITS BLOOM+ MEANT DEA?4 

,& YET ! MA9 PURPOSE ( E?ICS IS NOT TO ADVISE M5 SEP>ATELY4 ,IT IS 
RA!R TO SET BE=E !M1 AS A :OLE1 A HI<] PURPOSE1 AN IDEAL :I*1 BETT] 
?AN ANY ADVICE1 W\LD MAKE !M ACT 9/9CTIVELY 9 ! PROP] DIRECTION4 
,JU/ AS ! AIM ( M5TAL TRA9+ IS TO ACCU/OM US TO P]=M AN 5ORM\S 
NUMB] ( M5TAL OP]ATIONS ALMO/ UNCONSCI\SLY1 SO IS ! AIM ( E?ICS TO 
CREATE SU* AN ATMOSPH]E 9 SOCIETY AS W\LD PRODUCE 9 ! GREAT NUMB]1 
5TIRELY BY IMPULSE1 ?OSE ACTIONS :I* BE/ LEAD TO ! WELF>E ( ALL & 
! FULLE/ HAPP9ESS ( EV]Y SEP>ATE BE+4 

,SU* IS ! F9AL AIM ( MORALITY2 BUT TO REA* IT WE MU/ FREE \R 
MORAL TEA*+S FROM ! SELF-CONTRADICTIONS :I* !Y CONTA94 ,A 
MORALITY1 = EXAMPLE1 :I* PREA*ES 0*>ITY10 \T ( COMPASSION & 
PITY1 NECESS>ILY CONTA9S A DEADLY CONTRADICTION4 ,IT />TS ) ! 
ASS]TION ( FULL EQUITY & JU/ICE1 OR ( FULL BRO!RHOOD1 BUT !N 
IT HA/5S TO ADD ?AT WE NE$ NOT WORRY \R M9DS ) EI!R4 ,! ONE 
IS UNATTA9ABLE4 ,AS TO ! BRO!RHOOD ( M51 :I* IS ! FUNDAM5TAL 
PR9CIPLE ( ALL RELIGIONS1 IT MU/ NOT BE TAK5 LIT]ALLY2 ?AT WAS A 
M]E POETICAL PHRASE ( 5?USIA/IC PREA*]S4 0,9EQUALITY IS ! RULE 
( ,NATURE10 WE >E TOLD BY RELIGI\S PREA*]S1 :O 9 ?IS CAN CALL 
,NATURE TO !IR AID2 9 ?IS RESPECT1 !Y TEA* US1 WE %\LD TAKE 
LESSONS FROM ,NATURE1 NOT FROM RELIGION1 :I* HAS ALWAYS QU>REL$ ) 
,NATURE4 ,BUT :5 ! 9EQUALITIES 9 ! MODES ( LIV+ ( M5 BECOME 
TOO /RIK+1 & ! SUM TOTAL ( PRODUC$ WEAL? IS SO DIVID$ AS TO 
RESULT 9 ! MO/ ABJECT MIS]Y = A V]Y GREAT NUMB]1 !N %>+ 
) ! POOR 0:AT CAN BE %>$0 )\T P>T+ ) ONE'S PRIVILEG$ 
POSITION1 BECOMES A HOLY DUTY4 

,SU* A MORALITY MAY C]TA9LY BE PREVAL5T 9 A SOCIETY = A TIME1 OR EV5 = 
A LONG TIME1 IF IT HAS ! SANCTION ( RELIGION 9T]PRET$ BY ! REIGN+ 
,*UR*4 ,BUT ! MOM5T MAN BEG9S TO CONSID] ! PRESCRIPTIONS ( RELIGION 
) A CRITICAL EYE1 & REQUIRES A REASON$ CONVICTION 9/EAD ( M]E 
OB$I5CE & FE>1 AN 9N] CONTRADICTION ( ?IS SORT CANNOT BE RETA9$ MU* 
LONG]4 ,IT MU/ BE AB&ON$-! SOON] ! BETT]4 ,9N] CONTRADICTION IS ! 
DEA?-S5T5CE ( ALL E?ICS & A WORM UND]M9+ HUMAN 5]GY4 

,A MO/ IMPORTANT CONDITION :I* A MOD]N E?ICAL SY/EM IS B\ND TO 
SATISFY IS ?AT IT MU/ NOT FETT] 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 BE IT = SO 
HI< A PURPOSE AS ! WELF>E ( ! COMMONWEAL? OR ! SPECIES4 ,WUNDT1 
9 HIS EXCELL5T REVIEW ( ! E?ICAL SY/EMS4 MAKES ! REM>K ?AT 
BEG9N+ ) ! EI<TE5?-C5TURY P]IOD ( 5LI<T5M5T1 NE>LY 
ALL ( !M BECAME 9DIVIDUALI/IC4 ,I HIS1 H[EV]1 IS ONLY P>TLY TRUE1 
BECAUSE ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL W]E ASS]T$ ) GREAT 5]GY 9 
ONE DOMA9 ONLY-9 ECONOMICS4 ,& EV5 H]E 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM REMA9$1 
BO? 9 !ORY & 9 PRACTICE1 MORE ILLUSORY ?AN REAL4 ,AS TO ! O!R 
DOMA9S-POLITICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 >TI/IC-IT MAY BE SAID ?AT 9 
PROPORTION AS ECONOMIC 9DIVIDUALISM WAS ASS]T$ ) MORE EMPHASIS1 
! SUBJECTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL-TO ! W> MA*9]Y ( ! ,/ATE1 ! 
SY/EM ( $UCATION1 ! M5TAL DISCIPL9E REQUIR$ = ! SUPPORT ( 
! EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS1 & SO ON-WAS /EADILY GR[+4 ,EV5 MO/ ( 
! ADVANC$ RE=M]S ( ! PRES5T CLAY 9 !IR =ECA/S ( ! 
FUTURE1 REASON UND] ! PRESUMPTION ( A /ILL GREAT] ABSORPTION ( 
! 9DIVIDUAL BY SOCIETY4 

,?IS T5D5CY NECESS>ILY PROVOK$ A PROTE/1 VOIC$ BY ,GODW9 AT ! 
BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & BY ,SP5C] T[>DS ITS 5D1 & 
IT BR\<T ,NIETZS*E TO CONCLUDE ?AT ALL MORALITY MU/ BE ?R[N 
OV]BO>D IF IT CAN F9D NO BETT] F\NDATION ?AN ! SACRIFICE ( ! 
9DIVIDUAL 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,?IS CRITIQUE ( ! 
CURR5T E?ICAL SY/EMS IS P]HAPS ! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( 
\R EPO*1 ! MORE SO AS ITS MA9SPR+ IS NOT SO MU* 9 AN EGOI/IC 
/RIV+ AFT] ECONOMICAL 9DEP5D5CE 7AS WAS ! CASE ) ! 
EI<TE5?-C5TURY 9DIVIDUALI/S1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,GODW97 AS 9 A 
PASSIONATE DESIRE ( P]SONAL 9DEP5D5CE = WORK+ \T A NEW1 BETT] 
=M ( SOCIETY1 9 :I* ! WELF>E ( ALL W\LD' BECOME A GR\NDWORK 
= ! FULLE/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! P]SONALITY4#g 

,! WANT ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! P]SONALITY 7LEAD+ TO H]D-PSY*OLOGY7 
& ! LACK ( 9DIVIDUAL CREATIVE P[] & 9ITIATIVE >E C]TA9LY ONE ( 
! *IEF DEFECTS ( \R TIME4 ,ECONOMICAL 9DIVIDUALISM HAS NOT KEPT ITS 
PROMISE3 IT DIET NOT RESULT 9 ANY /RIK+ DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY4 ,AS ( 
YORE1 CREATIVE WORK 9 ! FIELD ( SOCIOLOGY IS EXTREMELY SL[1 & IMITATION 
REMA9S ! *IEF MEANS = SPREAD+ PROGRESSIVE 9NOVATIONS 9 MANK9D4 
,MOD]N NATIONS REPEAT ! HI/ORY ( ! B>B>IAN TRIBES & ! M$IEVAL 
CITIES :5 !Y COPI$ FROM ONE ANO!R ! SAME POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 & 
ECONOMIC MOVEM5TS1 & ! 0*>T]S ( FRE$OM40 ,:OLE NATIONS HAVE 
APPROPRIAT$ TO !MSELVES LATELY1 ) A/\ND+ RAPIDITY1 ! RESULTS ( ! 
WE/ ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RIAL & MILIT>Y CIVILIZATION2 & 9 !SE UNREVIS$ NEW 
$ITIONS ( OLD TYPES WE SEE BE/ H[ SUP]FICIAL IS ?AT :I* IS CALL$ 
CULTURE1 H[ MU* ( IT IS M]E IMITATION4 

,IT IS ONLY NATURAL1 !RE=E1 TO ASK \RSELVES :E!R ! CURR5T 
MORAL TEA*+S >E NOT 9/RUM5TAL 9 MA9TA9+ ?AT IMITATIVE 
SUBMISSION4 ,DID !Y NOT AIM TOO MU* AT CONV]T+ MAN 9TO ! 
0IDEATIONAL AUTOMATON0 ( ,H]B]T1 :O IS ABSORB$ 9 CONTEMPLATION1 & 
FE>S ABOVE ALL ! /ORMS ( PASSION8 ,IS IT NOT TIME TO RISE 9 DEF5SE 
( ! RI<TS ( ! REAL MAN1 FULL ( VIGOR1 :O IS CAPABLE ( REALLY 
LOV+ :AT IS WOR? BE+ LOV$ & HAT+ :AT DES]VES HATR$1-! 
MAN :O IS ALWAYS READY TO FI<T = AN IDEAL :I* 5NOBLES HIS LOVE 
& JU/IFIES HIS ANTIPA?IES8 ,FROM ! TIMES ( ! PHILOSOPH]S ( 
ANTIQUITY !RE WAS A T5D5CY TO REPRES5T 0VIRTUE0 AS A SORT ( 
0WISDOM0 :I* 9DUCES MAN TO 0CULTIVATE ! BEAUTY ( HIS S\L10 RA!R 
?AN TO JO9 0! UNWISE0 9 !IR /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! EVILS ( ! 
DAY4 ,LAT] ON ?AT VIRTUE BECAME 0NONRESI/ANCE TO EVIL10 & = MANY 
C5TURIES 9 SUCCESSION 9DIVIDUAL P]SONAL 0SALVATION10 C\PL$ ) 
RESIGNATION & A PASSIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS EVIL1 WAS ! ESS5CE ( 
,*RI/IAN E?ICS2 ! RESULT BE+ ! CULTURE ( A MONA/IC 
9DIFF]5CE TO SOCIAL GOOD & EVIL1 & ! ELABORATION ( AN 
>GUM5TATION 9 DEF5SE ( 0VIRTU\S 9DIVIDUALISM40 ,=TUNATELY1 A 
REACTION AGA9/ SU* EGOI/IC VIRTUE IS ALREADY UND] WAY1 & ! 
QUE/ION IS ASK$ :E!R A PASSIVE ATTITUDE 9 ! PRES5CE ( EVIL 
DOES NOT M]ELY MEAN MORAL C[>DICE1-:E!R1 AS WAS TAU<T BY ! 
,Z5D-,AVE/A1 AN ACTIVE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! EVIL ,AHRIMAN IS NOT ! 
FIR/ CONDITION ( VIRTUE8#h ,WE NE$ MORAL PROGRESS1 BUT )\T MORAL 
C\RAGE NO MORAL PROGRESS IS POSSIBLE4 

,SU* >E SOME ( ! DEM&S PRES5T$ TO E?ICS :I* CAN BE DISC]N$ AMID 
! PRES5T CONFUSION4 ,ALL ( !M CONV]GE T[>DS ONE LEAD+ IDEA4 ,:AT IS 
WANT$ N[ IS A NEW CONCEPTION ( MORALITY1-9 ITS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES1 
:I* MU/ BE BREAD 5\< TO 9FUSE NEW LIFE 9 \R CIVILIZATION1 & 9 ITS 
APPLICATIONS1 :I* MU/ BE FRE$ BO? FROM ! SURVIVALS ( TRANSC5D5TAL 
?9K+1 AS WELL AS FROM ! N>R[ CONCEPTIONS ( PHILI/9E UTILIT>IANISM4 

,! ELEM5TS = SU* A NEW CONCEPTION ( MORALITY >E ALREADY AT H&4 
,! IMPORTANCE ( SOCIALITY1 ( MUTUAL AID1 9 ! 
EVOLUTION ( ! ANIMAL WORLD & HUMAN HI/ORY MAY BE TAK51 ,I BELIEVE1 
AS A POSITIVELY E/ABLI%$ SCI5TIFIC TRU?1 FREE ( ANY HYPO!TICAL 
ASSUMPTIONS4 ,WE MAY ALSO TAKE NEXT1 AS GRANT$1 ?AT 9 PROPORTION AS 
MUTUAL AID BECOMES AN E/ABLI%$ CU/OM 9 A HUMAN COMMUNITY1 & SO TO 
SAY 9/9CTIVE1 IT LEADS TO A P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5T ( ! S5SE ( 
JU/ICE1 ) ITS NECESS>Y ACCOMPANIM5T ( ! S5SE ( 
EQUITY  & EQUALIT>IAN SELF-RE/RA9T4 ,! IDEA ?AT ! 
P]SONAL RI<TS ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL >E AS UNASSAILABLE AS ! SAME 
RI<TS ( EV]Y O!R 9DIVIDUAL1 GR[S 9 PROPORTION AS CLASS 
DI/9CTIONS FACIE AWAY2 & ?IS ?\<T BECOMES A CURR5T CONCEPTION 
:5 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A GIV5 COMMUNITY HAVE BE5 ALT]$ P]MAN5TLY 
9 ?IS S5SE4 ,A C]TA9 DEGREE ( ID5TIFICATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ) 
! 9T]E/S ( ! GR\P TO :I* IT BELONGS HAS NECESS>ILY EXI/$ 
S9CE ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & IT MANIFE/S ITSELF EV5 
AMONG ! L[E/ ANIMALS4 ,BUT 9 PROPORTION AS RELATIONS ( EQUITY & 
JU/ICE >E SOLIDLY E/ABLI%$ 9 ! HUMAN COMMUNITY1 ! GR\ND IS 
PREP>$ = ! FUR!R & ! MORE G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( MORE 
REF9$ RELATIONS1 UND] :I* MAN UND]/&S & FEELS SO WELL ! 
BE>+ ( HIS ACTION ON ! :OLE ( SOCIETY ?AT HE REFRA9S FROM 
(F5D+ O!RS1 EV5 ?\< HE MAY HAVE TO R5\NCE ON ?AT ACC\NT 
! GRATIFICATION ( SOME ( HIS [N DESIRES1 ANTI :5 HE SO FULLY 
ID5TIFIES HIS FEEL+S ) ?OSE ( O!RS ?AT HE IS READY TO 
SACRIFICE HIS P[]S = !IR B5EFIT )\T EXPECT+ ANY?+ 9 
RETURN4 ,!SE UNSELFI% FEEL+S & HABITS1 USUALLY CALL$ BY ! 
SOME:AT 9ACCURATE NAMES ( ALTRUISM  & SELF-SACRIFICE1 ALONE DES]VE1 
9 MY OP9ION1 ! NAME ( MORALITY1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 AL?\< MO/ 
WRIT]S CONF\ND !M1 UND] ! NAME ( ALTRUISM1 ) ! M]E S5SE 
( JU/ICE4 

,MUTUAL ,AID-,JU/ICE-,MORALITY  >E ?US ! CONSECUTIVE /EPS 
( AN ASC5D+ S]IES1 REVEAL$ TO US BY ! /UDY ( ! ANIMAL WORLD 
& MAN4 ,!Y CON/ITUTE AN ORGANIC NECESSITY  :I* C>RIES 9 ITSELF 
ITS [N JU/IFICATION1 CONFIRM$ BY ! :OLE ( ! EVOLUTION ( ! 
ANIMAL K+DOM1 BEG9N+ ) ITS E>LIE/ /AGES1 79 ! =M ( 
COLONIES ( ! MO/ PRIMITIVE ORGANISMS71 & GRADUALLY RIS+ TO \R 
CIVILIZ$ HUMAN COMMUNITIES4 ,FIGURATIVELY SPEAK+1 IT IS A UNIV]SAL 
LAW ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION1 & ?IS IS :Y ! S5SE ( ,MUTUAL ,AID1 
,JU/ICE1 & ,MORALITY >E ROOT$ 9 MAN'S M9D ) ALL ! =CE ( AN 
9BORN 9/9CT-! FIR/ 9/9CT1 ?AT ( ,MUTUAL ,AID1 BE+ EVID5TLY 
! /RONGE/1 :ILE ! ?IRD1 DEVELOP$ LAT] ?AN ! O!RS1 IS AN 
UN/ABLE FEEL+ & ! LEA/ IMP]ATIVE ( ! ?REE4 

,LIKE ! NE$ ( FOOD1 %ELT]1 OR SLEEP1 !SE 9/9CTS >E SELF-PRES]VATION 
9/9CTS4 ,( C\RSE1 !Y MAY SOMETIMES BE WEAK5$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( C]TA9 
CIRCUM/ANCES1 & WE KN[ MANY CASES :5 ! P[] ( !SE 9/9CTS IS 
RELAX$1 = ONE REASON OR ANO!R1 9 SOME ANIMAL GR\P1 OR 9 A HUMAN 
COMMUNITY2 BUT %ELL ! GR\P NECESS>ILY BEG9S TO FAIL 9 ! /RUGGLE = 
LIFE3 IT MOVES T[>DS ITS DECAY4 ,& IF ?IS GR\P DOES NOT REV]T TO ! 
NECESS>Y CONDITIONS ( SURVIVAL ANTI ( PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ,MUTUAL ,AID1 
,JU/ICE1 & ,MORALITY-!N ! GR\P1 ! RACE1 OR ! SPECIES DIES \T & 
DISAPPE>S4 ,S9CE IT DID NOT FULFILL ! NECESS>Y CONDITION ( EVOLUTION-IT 
MU/ 9EVITABLY DECL9E & DISAPPE>4 

,SU* IS ! SOLID F\NDATION :I* SCI5CE GIVES US = ! ELABORATION ( A 
NEW SY/EM ( E?ICS & ITS JU/IFICATION2 &1 !RE=E1 9/EAD ( 
PROCLAIM+ 0! BANKRUPTCY ( SCI5CE10 :AT WE HAVE N[ TO DO IS TO EXAM9E 
H[ SCI5TIFIC E?ICS CAN BE BUILT FROM ! MAT]IALS :I* MOD]N RESE>*1 
/IMULAT$ BY ! IDEA ( EVOLUTION1 HAS ACCUMULAT$ = ?AT PURPOSE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

  
#a,SEE ,ECK]MANN1  ,GESPRA*E MIT ,GOE!1 ,LEIPZIG 
#a#h#d#h1 VOL4 ,I,I,I2 #b#a#i1 #b#b#a4 ,:5 ,ECK]MANN TOLD ,GOE! ?AT A FL$G+1 :I* FELL 
\T ( ! NE/ AFT] ,ECK]MANN HAD %OT ITS MO!R1 WAS PICK$ UP BY A MO!R ( 
ANO!R SPECIES1 ,GOE! WAS DEEPLY MOV$4 0,IF10 SAID HE1 0?IS WILL PROVE TO BE 
A WIDESPREAD FACT1 IT WILL EXPLA9 ! 'DIV9E 9 NATURE4'0 ,! ZOOLIGI/S 
( ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :O /UDI$ ANIMAL LIFE ON ! /ILL-UNPOPULAT$ 
P>TS ( ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T1 & SU* A NATURALI/ AS ,BREHM1 HAVE %[N ?AT 
! FACT NOT$ BY ,ECK]MAN IS FAIRLY COMMON 9 ! ANIMAL WORLD4 .<,!RE >E 
SEV]AL ,5GLI% TRANSLATIONS ( ,ECK]MANN'S ,CONV]SATIONS ) ,GOE!4 ,9 
HIS ,MUTUAL ,AID ,KROPOTK9 GIVES A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T V]SION ( ?IS 
0CONV]SATION40.>--,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

  
#b.<,ALFR$ 
,F\ILLEE1 ,LA PSY*OLOGIE DES IDEES-=CES1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i#c1 #b 
VOLS42 #cD $41 5L>G$1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#a#b4.>--,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#c.<,KANT'S ,METAPHYSICS ( ,MORALS4 ,SEE ,ABBOT'S TRANS1 
,KANT'S ,!ORY ( ,E?ICS1 PAGE #c#i2 ALSO PP4 #a#h1 #d#a4.>--,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#d,LAT]1 H[EV]1 HE W5T FUR!R4 ,IT FOLL[S FROM HIS ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,!ORY ( ,FAI?1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#i#b1 ?AT IF HE BEGAN BY SETT+ RATIONAL E?ICS OV] AGA9/ ! ANTI-,*RI/IAN TEA*+S ( ?AT TIME1 HE 5D$ BY RECOGNIZ+ ! 0IONCONCEIVABILITY ( ! MORAL FACULTY1 PO9T+ TO ITS DIV9E ORIG940 7,KANT'S ,WORKS1 ,H>T5/E9'S ,$ITION1 VOL4 ,V,I1 PP4 #a#d#c-#a#d#d74 .<,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#f#g-#h1 #h VOLS4 ,KROPOTK9 REF]S H]E TO ,KANT'S ,VORLESUGNE UB] DIE PHILOSPHES*E ,RELIGIONSLEHRE1 --A S]IES ( >TICLES1 ! FIR/ ( :I* APPE>$ 9 A ,G]MAN MAGAZ9E 9 #a#g#i#b4 ,!Y W]E $IT$1 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#a#g1 BY ,POLITZ4 ,SEE ALSO1 ,J4 ,W4 ,SEMPLE'S ,KANT'S ,!ORY ( ,RELIGION1 ,LONDON #a#h#c#h2 #a#h#d#h4.>--,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#e0,E?ICS WILL NOT TELL HIM1 ',?IS Y\ MU/ DO1' BUT 9QUIRE ) HIM1 ',:AT IS IT ?AT Y\ WILL1 9 REALITY & DEF9ITIVELY--NOT ONLY 9 A MOM5T>Y MOOD8'0 7,F4 ,PAULS51 ,SY/EM D] ,E?IK1 #b VOLS14 ,B]L91 #a#h#i#f1 VOL4 ,I1 P4 #b47 

#f,M4 ,GUYAU1 ,A ,SKET* ( ,MORALITY 9DEP5D5T ( ,OBLIGATION OR ,SANCTION1 TRANS4 BY ,G]TRUDE ,KAPETEYN1 ,LONDON 7,WATTS71 #a#h#i#h4 

#g,WUNDT MAKES A V]Y 9T]E/+ REM>K3--0,=1 UNLESS ALL SIGNS FAIL1 A REVOLUTION ( OP9ION IS AT PRES5T GO+ ON1 9 :I* ! EXTREME 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! 5LI<T5M5T IS GIV+ PLACE TO A REVIVAL ( ! UNIV]SALISM ( ANTIQUITY1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY A BETT] NOTION ( ? ELIB]TY ( HUMAN P]SONALITY--AN IMPROVEM5T ?AT WE [E TO 9DIVIDUALISM40 7,E?ICS1 ,I,I,I1 P4 #cd ( ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION2 P4 #dei ( ,G]MAN ORIG9AL47 .<,5G4 TR4 BY ,TIT*5]1 ,JULIA ,GULLIV]1 & ,M>G>ET ,WA%BURN1 ,N4,Y4 @& ,LONDON1 #a#h#i#g-#a#i#a1 #c VOLS4 ,G]MAN ORIG9AL1 ,E?IK1 ,/UTTG>T1 #aic 7#cRD $471 #b FOLS4.>--,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

#h ,C4,P4 ,TIELE1 ,GES*I*TE D] ,RELIGION 9 ,ALT]TUM1 ,G]MAN TRANSLATION BY ,G4 ,GEHRI*4 ,GO?A1 #a#i#c1 VOL4 ,I,I PP4 #afc SQ4 .<,TRANS FROM ! ,DUT* ( ,CORNELIUS ,PETRUS ,TIELE1 ,GO?A1 #c VOLS41 #a#h#i#f-#a#i#c4.>--,TRANS4 ,NOTE4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibc 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/