,EV]Y NATION-/ATE IS IMP]IALI/ BY NATURE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,TOM ,WETZEL 

,TEXT 3 

,! IDEA IS ?AT CREAT+ 9DEP5D5T /ATE-RUN ECONOMIES CAN CUT D[N ! P[] ( ! DOM9ANT C5T]S ( CAPITAL & *>T AN 9DEP5D5T C\RSE ?AT GIVES EXPRESSION TO 0NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION40 ,NATIONAL LIB]ATION ONLY 5HANCES ! P[] ( ! LOCAL BOSS CLASS4 

,?IRD ,WORLD ,NATIONALISM 

,9 C\NTRIES ) A WEAK NATIVE BUS9ESS CLASS1 ! T5D5CY DUR+ ?IS C5TURY HAS BE5 = ! /ATE TO BE SE5 BY LOCAL LEAD]S AS A MEANS TO POOL CAPITAL & ORGANIZE DEVELOPM5T1 AS WELL AS PROVID+ AN AV5UE TO ADVANCEM5T & P[] = LOCALS ) AMBITION4 ,GIV5 ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! LOCAL /ATE1 /ATE CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY IS SE5 AS A MEANS TO 5HANCE ! P[] ( ! LOCAL ELITE & R$UCE ! P[] ( =EIGN CAPITAL4 

,LEAD]%IPS 9T5T ON PURSU+ ?IS /RATEGY 9 ?IRD WORLD C\NTRIES HAVE (T5 US$ POPUL> MOBILIZATION & 0SOCIALI/0 RHETORIC AS POLITICAL LEV]AGE TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! /ATE4 ,POOL+ ! C\NTRY'S CAPITAL 9 ! /ATE ALSO PROVIDES ! MEANS TO DEVELOP ! $UCATION1 SKILLS & HEAL? CONDITIONS 9 ! WORK=CE REQUIR$ = A MOD]N 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T AS WELL AS HELP+ TO SL[ D[N ! SELF-DE/RUCTIVE EXPLOSION 9 POPULATION GR[?4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! AIM ( ! ,U4,S4 GOV]NM5T1 & ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! O!R MAJOR C5T]S ( MULT9ATIONAL CAPITAL1 IS TO HAVE OP5 ACCESS TO ! RES\RCES1 M>KETS & WORK=CES ( ! :OLE PLANET AS POT5TIAL >EAS ( EXPLOITATION BY MULT9ATIONAL COMPANIES4 ,TAM+ ?IRD WORLD NATIONALISM HAS1 ACCORD+LY1 BE5 ! MAJOR =EIGN POLICY OBJECTIVE ( ! ,U4,S4 S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 

,BECAUSE ( ! MISID5TIFICATION ( SOCIALISM ) /ATE CONTROL ( ! ECONOMY1 & ! FACT ?AT ?IRD WORLD NATIONALISM HAS AT TIMES TAK5 ! =M ( A ,M>XI/-,L59I/ REGIME 7AS 9 ,CUBA & ,VIETNAM71 ! ,U4,S4 /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IRD WORLD NATIONALISM HAS (T5 BE5 SUBSUM$ UND] ! ,COLD ,W> RUBRIC ( 0FI<T+ COMMUNISM40 

,! P[] ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN /ATE BR+S TO ?IS COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE BETWE5 NATION-/ATES TAKES MANY =MS -- FROM CONTROL OV] ACCESS TO ! ,AM]ICAN M>KET & 9FLU5CE 9 9T]NATIONAL F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,WORLD ,BANK TO ! HUGE MILIT>Y >MAM5TS SO BRUTALLY DISPLAY$ 9 ! SKIES OV] ,IRAQ & ,KUWAIT4 ,?IS VA/ ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y P[] ( ! ,AM]ICAN /ATE ON ! WORLD SC5E IS PRECISELY :AT ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM CONSI/S 9 4 

,MANY LEFTI/S -- ESPECIALLY ?OSE 9FLU5C$ BY ,L59I/ POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS -- SEE SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5TS AS ! /RATEGY = OPPOS+ ?IS P[]4 ,! IDEA IS ?AT CREAT+ 9DEP5D5T /ATE-RUN ECONOMIES CAN CUT D[N ! P[] ( ! DOM9ANT C5T]S ( CAPITAL & *>T AN 9DEP5D5T C\RSE ?AT GIVES EXPRESSION TO 0NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION40 

,EV5 IF /ATE CONTROL ( ! LOCAL ECONOMY BY A NATIVE ELITE CAN KEEP MORE ( ! PR(IT G5]AT$ LOCALLY = 9VE/M5T 9 ! HOME C\NTRY1 H[EV]1 ! LEFTI/ FALLACY IS ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ?IS WILL 5HANCE ! POSITION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ( ?AT C\NTRY1 RA!R ?AN ADVANC+ ! P[] ( ! LOCAL BOSS CLASS4 ,9 %ORT1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES & ?IRD WORLD NATIONALISM IS A TUG ( W> OV] ! DIVISION ( ! TOTAL BOOTY1 ?AT IS1 OV] ! RELATIVE %>ES CONTROLL$ BY ! BOSSES ( ! DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 

,! AU?ORIT>IANISM SO WIDESPREAD 9 ! ?IRD WORLD T5DS TO BE 5TR5*$ BY ! POSITION ( !SE C\NTRIES 9 ! WORLD M>KET4 ,LACK+ ! CAPITAL ?AT C\LD BE US$ TO IMPROVE ! PRODUCTIVITY ( ! WORK=CE1 !Y >E =C$ TO COMPETE BY RELY+ UPON L[ WAGE LEVELS1 Z]O 5VIRONM5TAL PROTECTIONS1 & ! ABS5CE ( UNION RE/RA9TS ON MANAGEM5T P[]4 ,S9CE ! P[] & EXPLOITATIVE PRACTICES ( CAPITAL 9 !SE >EAS NATURALLY T5DS TO >\SE POPUL> PROTE/ & ! EM]G5CE ( WORK] ORGANIZATION1 ?IRD WORLD ELITES T5D TO ON AU?ORIT>IAN ME?ODS ( RULE TO MA9TA9 !IR POSITION4 ,! 0/RUCTURAL0 *>ACT] ( ?IS T5D5CY IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT LEFT-W+ NATIONALI/ REGIMES >E AS MU* 9CL9$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION AS >E REGIMES RUN BY ELITES MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ACCOMMODATION TO ! MAJOR C5T]S ( MULT9ATIONAL CAPITAL4 

,A /RUGGLE TO OV]?R[ SU* AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES C\LD LEAD TO NEW /RUCTURES ?AT >E MORE RESPONSIVE TO POPUL> CONC]NS1 IF !RE IS A DEMOCRATIC PROCESS4 ,MORE FRE$OM = WORK]S TO ORGANIZE C\LD RESULT IF A NEW ELITE DOESN'T M]ELY CONSOLIDATE A NEW =M ( AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 9 A SITUATION :]E ! OV]?R[ ( A ,U4,S4-ORI5T$ AUTOCRACY LEADS TO ELECT$ GOV]NM5T & 5HANC$ CIVIL LIB]TIES1 ?IS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ?AT G5U9E POPUL> SELF-DET]M9ATION WILL BE REALIZ$4 ,WE CAN SEE ?IS FROM \R [N SITUATION 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,! RELATIVE FRE$OM ( SPEE* & FRE$OM ( ASSOCIATION ( ,AM]ICAN WORK]S1 & ! FRE$OM ( OPPOSITION C&IDATES TO COMPETE 9 ELECTIONS1 DOESN'T MEAN ! MASS ( ,AM]ICAN WORK+ PEOPLE REALLY CONTROL ! DE/9Y ( ?IS C\NTRY2 WE'RE /ILL A SUBJUGAT$ & EXPLOIT$ CLASS4 ,! BOSSES REALLY RUN ?+S4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT IS TRUE ?AT !SE RELATIVE FRE$OMS >E WOR? FI<T+ =2 9DE$1 ,AM]ICANS ONLY HAVE !M BECAUSE ( ! /RUGGLES ( PREVI\S G5]ATIONS4 

,H[EV]1 ! ACTUAL PRACTICE ( SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5TS :5 9 P[] SUGGE/S ?AT !SE MOVEM5TS >E NOT USUALLY WOR?Y ( \R SUPPORT ON EV5 ! LIMIT$ GR\ND ( 5HANC+ !SE RELATIVE FRE$OMS ( WORK+ PEOPLE 9 ?IRD WORLD C\NTRIES4 ,WORK+ PEOPLE 9 ,CA/RO'S ,CUBA1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE LESS FRE$OM TO ORGANIZE1 LESS FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 ?AN ,CUBANS HAD 9 ! '#eS UND] ,BATI/A4 

,! REAL SELF-DET]M9ATION ( WORK+ PEOPLE 9 ?IRD WORLD C\NTRIES REQUIRES ! DEVELOPM5T ( WORK] MOVEM5TS ?AT EX]CISE 9DEP5D5CE 9 RELATION TO BOSS GR\PS1 & EMP[] WORK+ PEOPLE ?R\< 9T]NAL DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES4 

,9 NATIONALI/ /RUGGLES1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! REQUIREM5T ( 0NATIONAL SOLID>ITY0 PUTS PRESSURE ON WORK+ PEOPLE TO ACCOMMODATE TO LOCAL BOSSES & FALL 9 L9E BEH9D A NATIONALI/ LEAD]%IP4 ,! 9T]E/S & FRE$OM ( WORK+ PEOPLE >E SUBORD9AT$ TO A MY?ICAL 0NATIONAL UNITY0 ?AT MASKS ! CONT9U$ SUBJUGATION & EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,S9CE ! T5D5CY ( NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS IS TO N>R[ SOLID>ITY TO ! NATION1 B>RI]S >E CREAT$ TO DEVELOP+ A BROAD] SOLID>ITY BETWE5 WORK+ PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES1 :I* WEAK5S ! P[] ( WORK+ PEOPLE 9 /RUGGLES = !IR [N EMP[]M5T4 ,KURDI% NATIONALI/ GR\PS1 = EXAMPLE1 EX]T$ ?IS TYPE ( DIVISIVE 9FLU5CE DUR+ ! POPUL> UPRIS+ 9 ,IRAQ AT ! 5D ( ! ,GULF W>4 ,) ! ,BAA? REGIME'S >M$ =CES 9 DIS>RAY1 & AU?ORITY 9 A /ATE ( COLLAPSE1 A POPUL> UPRIS+ DEVELOP$ ?AT HAD A S]I\S *ANCE ( DISLODG+ ?AT C\NTRY'S FASCI/IC REGIME4 ,! SUCCESS ( ! UPRIS+1 H[EV]1 DEP5D$ UPON ! ABILITY ( ! MOVEM5TS 9 ! NOR? & S\? ( ! C\NTRY TO L9K UP & SUPPORT EA* O!R4 ,! ,KURDI% NATIONALI/ GR\PS1 ON ! O!R H&1 REPORT$LY 9T]V5$ TO PREV5T ,>AB >MY DES]T]S FROM TAK+ P>T 9 ! LOCA4L REVOLT1 DIS>M$ !M1 & S5T !M BACK TO ,BA<DAD1 :]E !Y FAC$ >RE/ & POSSIBLE EXECUTION4 

,!SE CONSID]ATIONS SUGGE/ ?AT ! APPROPRIATE AIM ( \R 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY %\LD NOT BE A KNEEJ]K LEFTI/ ADULATION ( 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES BUT ! DEVELOPM5T ( TIES ) WORK] MOVEM5TS & COMMUNITIES 9 !SE C\NTRIES & SUPPORT = !SE MOVEM5TS 9 /RUGGLE4 ,?IS L$ US1 = EXAMPLE1 TO SUPPORT ,NIC>AGUAN WORK]S' RI<T TO /RIKE & =M 9DEP5D5T UNIONS :5 ! ,S&9I/AS W]E 9 P[]1 RA!R ?AN ! TYPICAL LEFTI/ ADULATION ( ! BUREAUCRATIC ,S&9I/A P[] /RUCTURE4 

,ONE1 ,TWO1 ,MANY ,IMP]IALISMS 

,! IDEA ?AT NATIONALI/ /RUGGLES CAN OV]?R[ IMP]IALISM %[S A FAILURE TO UND]/& :AT IMP]IALISM IS4 ,! BASIS ( IMP]IALISM IS ! DIVISION ( ! WORLD 9TO AN 0AN>*IC0 SY/EM ( 9DEP5D5T NATION-/ATES4 ,!RE IS NO L>G] /RUCTURE ( DECISION-MAK+ ?AT REGULATES HUMAN SOCIETY ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 ,NATION-/ATES >E ?US ONLY CON/RA9$ 9 !IR CONDUCT ON ! WORLD /AGE BY FE> ( :AT O!R /ATES CAN DO TO !M4 ,COMPETITION BETWE5 NATION-/ATES PUTS PRESSURE ON EA* /ATE TO MAXIMIZE ITS P[] TO AVOID SUBORD9ATION TO O!RS4 ,/ATES ?AT HAVE LITTLE P[] WILL BE UND] SEV]E PRESSURE TO ALIGN !MSELVES ) MORE MUSCUL> /ATES ?AT HAVE MAJOR MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC =CES AT !IR DISPOSAL4 

,! LOGIC ( ! NATION-/ATE SY/EM IS SIMIL> TO ?AT ( COMPETITION 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTION4 ,! WORLD'S PRODUCTIVE =CES >E DIVID$ 9TO COMPET+ BUS9ESS ORGANIZATIONS :]E EA* CAN SURVIVE ONLY AS LONG AS ITS SALES REV5UE IS GREAT] ?AN ITS CO/S4 ,COMPETITION =CES COMPANIES TO CON/ANTLY SEEK 9NOVATIONS ?AT L[] !IR P] UNIT CO/S1 ESPECIALLY LABOR CO/S4 ,A COMPANY ) GREAT] RES\RCES WILL BE MU* MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE 9 ! CON/ANTLY *ANG+ WORLD ( M>KET =CES & ATTEMPTS BY COMPETITORS TO TAKE AWAY !IR M>KET %>E4 ,A COMPANY MU/ PURSUE ECONOMIC EXPANSION TO SURVIVE 9 SU* A WORLD4 

,COMPETITION BETWE5 NATION-/ATES HAS ! SAME LOGIC1 LEAD+ 9EVITABLY TO ! 0>MS RACE10 ?AT IS1 TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION TO 5HANCE ! DE/RUCTIVE P[] ?AT A /ATE CAN BR+ TO BE> ON ! WORLD SC5E4 0,DOM9ATE OR BE DOM9AT$0 IS AS MU* ! LOGIC ( COMPETITION BETWE5 NATION-/ATES AS BETWE5 BUS9ESSES4 ,! IMP]IALI/ T5D5CY IS 9H]5T 9 EV]Y /ATE4 

,! =MATION ( NEW NATION-/ATES CAN NO MORE PUT AN 5D TO IMP]IALISM ?AN ! =MATION ( NEW BUS9ESSES CAN PUT AN 5D TO CAPITALISM4 ,! 0DEFEAT0 ( ONE EMPIRE 9 ?IS OR ?AT REGION1 OR ! LONG-T]M DECL9E ( A =M]LY DOM9ANT P[]1 WILL NOT BR+ AN 5D TO ! SY/EM ( IMP]IALISM BUT M]ELY FACILITATE ! RISE ( A NEW EMPIRE1 OR ! RISE ( NUM]\S M9I-IMP]IALI/ T5D5CIES1 ) ALL ! DANG]S ( MILIT>Y CONFLICT ?AT IMPLIES4 

,?IS IS %[N BY ! REPEAT$ MANIFE/ATIONS ( IMP]IALI/ T5D5CIES BY ! NEW /ATES ?AT HAVE EM]G$ S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,! VICTORY ( ! ,VIETNAMESE 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE0 5TR5*$ AN AUTOCRATIC ELITE :OSE DOM9ATION ( ,CAMBODIA & ,LAOS RECREATES ! ANCI5T ,VIETNAMESE EMPIRE 9 MORE MOD]N DRESS4 ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9'S 9VASION ( ,KUWAIT & ,ISRAEL'S EXPANSIONISM & RACI/ SUBJUGATION ( ! ,PALE/9IANS ALSO EXPRESS IMP]IALI/ T5D5CIES ( !SE TWO REGIONAL M9I-P[]S4 

,! PO/URE ( ! ,S&9I/A GOV]NM5T T[>DS ! ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN & ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ BLACK COMMUNITIES ( ,NIC>AGUA'S ,ATLANTIC ,COA/ -- A REGION ?AT HAD BE5 9DEP5D5T ( ,NIC>AGUA 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY -- >E ANO!R MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS IMP]IALI/ T5D5CY4 ,DISPLAYS ( =CE & ATTEMPTS AT COOPTATION 5ABL$ ! ,S&9I/AS TO GA9 ! ACQUIESC5CE ( ! ,ATLANTIC ,COA/ COMMUNITIES TO A V]Y M9IMAL 0AUTONOMY0 ?AT DOES NOT *ALL5GE ! P[] ( ! ,NIC>AGUAN /ATE4 ,TO GIVE UP CONTROL ( ?IS T]RITORY W\LD HAVE WEAK5$ ! RES\RCES & P[] AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,NIC>AGUAN /ATE ON ! WORLD /AGE2 ! IMP]IALI/ LOGIC ( ! NATION-/ATE SY/EM ?US L$ ! ,S&9I/AS TO SUPPRESS ! DESIRE ( ! ,ATLANTIC ,COA/ COMMUNITY = A MORE G5U9E SELF-MANAGEM5T ( !IR REGION4 

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