,EVOLUTION ( ! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,POLITICAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS 9 ,G]MANY ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,K>L ,KORS* ,TEXT 3 ,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 ,NEUE ,ZEITUNG FUR ,MITTELHUR+51 ,VOL4#c1 ,M>* #a#i#b#a4 ,S\RCE3 ! ,COLLECTIVE ,ACTION ,NOTES ,WEBSITE4 ,M>K$ UP3 BY ,E9DE ,O',CALLAXI/S' ,9T]NET ,>*IVE4 ,I ,! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT] ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,G]MANY S9CE ,NOVEMB] #i1 #aiah IS MO/ CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ! POLITICAL WORK]S C\NCILS4 ,( ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y C\NCILS ( WORK]S & SOLDI]S :I* 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiah W]E G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ AS PLAT=MS ( SOV]EIGNTY1 & :I* EX]CIS$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! ,REI*1 ! /ATE GOV]NM5TS1 ! MUNICIPALITIES & ! >MY1 ALL ?AT REMA9$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiai WAS A MEAG] H&FUL ( 0LOCAL WORK]S C\NCILS01 DEPRIV$ ( P[] & ! MEANS TO EX]CISE IT1 :I* W]E /ILL TOL]AT$ - ?AT IS ! WORD - AS BURD5SOME REMA9S ( A REVOLUTION>Y ]A ALREADY VIEW$ AS ! 0PA/01 BUT :I* 9 C]TA9 REGIONS >E /ILL CONC$$ SOME RESPECT4 ,9 ?IS MIS]ABLE SORT ( EXI/5CE ! LOCAL WORK]S C\NCILS SURVIV$1 & OCCASIONALLY !Y /ILL FULFILL A C]TA9 FUNCTION 9 SOME SMALL T[NS1 :5EV] A CONFLICT BREAKS \T BETWE5 ! MUNICIPALITY'S ADM9I/RATIVE ORGANS & ! LOCAL PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT !RE HAVE BE5 NO AU!NTIC POLITICAL C\NCILS AMONG US 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! LEGAL 0,5T]PRISE ,C\NCILS0 & ?OSE EXAMPLES ?AT /ILL REMA9 ( ! 9/ITUTIONS =M$ = V>I\S PURPOSES & ORGANIZ$ ACCORD+ TO ! ,C\NCIL PR9CIPLE 7,%OP ,/EW>DS & FACTORY DELEGATES1 ,C\NCIL ,ASSOCIATIONS & ,F$]ATIONS1 ,C\NCILS ( ! ,UNEMPLOY$1 ,C\NCILS ( ,H\SEWIVES1 ETC47 /ILL 9CID5TALLY EX]CISE A POLITICAL FUNCTION1 JU/ LIKE ! TRADE UNIONS2 9 !IR 9N]MO/ ESS5CE1 H[EV]1 !Y >E ONLY ECONOMIC C\NCILS & SOMETIMES !Y >E NOT EV5 C\NCILS4 ,& AS = ! REVOLUTION>Y 0,SOLDI]S ,C\NCILS01 IT IS TRUE ?AT1 AS WAS V]IFI$ 9 A REC5T C\RT CASE1 TO EV]YONE'S SURPRISE1 !Y HAVE NOT YET BE5 =MALLY ABOLI%$ OR DECL>$ ILLEGAL4 ,9 PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 IT HAS NATURALLY BE5 A LONG TIME S9CE SOLDI]S' C\NCILS EXI/$4 ,?US1 A HI/ORY ( ! POLITICAL WORK]S C\NCILS AS AU!NTIC 9/ITUTIONS 9 ,G]MANY 5DS 9 LATE #a#i#a#i4 ,FROM !N ON ONE CAN ONLY TRACE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROBLEM ( ! POLITICAL WORK]S C\NCILS 9 ! =M ( ! V>I\S POSITIONS ON ! QUE/ION ( ! POLITICAL WORK]S C\NCILS TAK5 BY ! DIV]SE POLITICAL ORI5TATIONS OV] ! C\RSE ( TIME1 & !IR VICISSITUDES4 ,IF WE LOOK BACK ON ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T ( ! POLITICAL C\NCILS 9 ,G]MANY1 WE CAN /ATE ?AT1 9 ! *APT] ON ! CAUSES ( ! RAPID DECL9E & DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,C\NCIL 9/ITUTIONS1 TOGE!R ) ! WELL-KN[N MA9 CAUSES1 :I* >E NATURALLY F\ND 9 ! DOMA9 ( G5]AL ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEVELOPM5TS1 O!R CONCOMITANT CAUSES ( AN IDEOLOGICAL K9D MU/ BE M5TION$ AS HAV+ PLAY$ A ROLE3 9 ! BRIEF P]IOD ( TIME :5 ! REAL PRECONDITIONS = LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS = & BUILD+ A SOLID PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP EXI/$ 9 ,G]MANY1 ! OPPORTUNITY WAS NECESS>ILY WA/$ DUE TO ! FACT ?AT1 AMONG BROAD SWA?S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 EV5 9 ITS [N FUNCTION+ 0,C\NCILS01 !RE WAS AN ALMO/ TOTAL LACK ( REAL UND]/&+ CONC]N+ ! ORGANIZATIONAL BASES ( A REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL ,SY/EM & ! ESS5TIAL TASKS :I* IT MU/ P]=M4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ORGANIZATIONAL FAIL+ CONSI/$ 9 ! FACT ?AT1 9 MO/ CASES1 ! POLITICAL ,C\NCILS W]E NOT ELECT$ BY ! PROLET>IANS !MSELVES ORGANIZ$ BY FACTORIES & TRADES1 AS !Y %\LD HAVE BE51 BUT BY ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES2 & SIMULTANE\SLY1 ALMO/ ON ! SAME DAY1 A 0,WORK]S ,C\NCIL0 WAS =M$ 9 EV]Y T[N & CITY 9 ,G]MANY 7EV5 ! SMALLE/ PEASANT COMMUNITIES ( A TOTALLY NON-PROLET>IAN *>ACT] ELECT$ !IR 0,WORK]S ,C\NCILS0 ?R\< A K9D ( POLITICAL MIMICRY 444 9 ORD] TO PROTECT !IR LOCAL 9T]E/S AGA9/ ! 9T]F]5CE ( ! NEIDS ! WILL TO CREATE AU!NTIC C\NCILS W]E TO HAVE BE5 CLE>LY ASS]T$ & S]I\SLY 9VIGORAT$1 ?IS %ORTCOM+ C\LD V]Y WELL HAVE BE5 RECTIFI$ OV] ! FOLL[+ MON?S4 ,BUT ?IS HAPP5$ PRACTICALLY NO:]E4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT SOME DISCR$IT$ MEMB]S W]E 0DEPOS$0 & ?AT O!RS1 DECEIV$ ROMANTICS ( ! REVOLUTION1 )DREW ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE2 ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! MEMB]S ( ! POLITICAL WORK]S ,C\NCILS1 H[EV]1 0/UCK0 TO !IR PO/S UNTIL1 MORE OR LESS BY ! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! :OLE SPL5DOR ( ! ,C\NCILS FELL TO E>?4 ,! EXTREMELY GRAVE CONSEQU5CE :I* RESULT$ FROM ?IS IGNORANCE ( ! TASKS ( ! POLITICAL C\NCILS CONSI/$ 9 ! FACT ?AT ! 0SOV]EIGN0 ,C\NCILS W]E 9 MANY IF NOT MO/ CASES CONT5T ) A V]Y 9EFFECTIVE 0CONTROL01 :5 9 REALITY !Y %\LD HAVE DEM&$ FULL P[]S 9 ! LEGISLATIVE1 EXECUTIVE & JUDICIAL FIELDS4 ,DUE TO ?IS SELF-LIMITATION1 NOT ONLY WAS ! PREP>ATION ( ! LAT] REPRESSION & ELIM9ATION ( ! ,C\NCILS BY ! NEW ORGANS ( ! DEMOCRATICALLY-CON/ITUT$ ,/ATE P[] MADE POSSIBLE1 BUT1 FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 A GOOD P>T ( ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y P[]S & LAWS W]E LEFT COMPLETELY 9TACT4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 AFT] A BRIEF WAIT+ P]IOD1 ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNALS & ! OLD BUREAUCRACY AS WELL AS EV5 A GOOD NUMB] ( LEGISLATIVE ORGANS ( ! PRE-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD W]E ABLE TO CONDUCT !IR OLD ACTIVITIES )\T TOO MU* 9T]F]5CE4 ,ONLY ! 0,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE0 ( ! ,GREAT] ,B]L9 REGION 7,B]L9 & ITS 5VIRONS7 TRI$1 AS LONG AS IT WAS CAPABLE ( DO+ SO1 TO MAKE A CLEAN BREAK ) ! OLD P[]S2 IT DEM&$ FULL LEGISLATIVE & REGULATORY P[]S1 & ALL[$ ONLY ! SIX 0,PEOPLES ,DELEGATES0 NOM9AT$ BY ! WORK]S & SOLDI]S COMMITTEES ( ,GREAT] ,B]L9 TO =M ! 0,EXECUTIVE04 ,ON ! O!R H&1 MO/ ( ! URBAN & RURAL LOCAL COMMUNAL C\NCILS LIMIT$ !MSELVES TO ! EX]CISE ( M]E CONTROL FUNCTIONS1 EV5 ) REG>D TO ,/ATE & MUNICIPAL 0LEGISLATIVE0 BODIES4 ,?US1 NOT ONLY W]E ! ORGANS ( ! LOCAL LEGISLATIVE BRAN* 7ELECT$ 9 ,PRUSSIA1 & ELSE:]E AS WELL1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,?REE ,E/ATES VOT+ LAW67 & ! LEGISLATIVE ORGANS ( ! ,REI* & ALL ! L>G] /ATES & MO/ 7BUT NOT ALL67 ( ! SMALL] ONES NOT ABOLI%$1 BUT !Y W]E EV5 GRANT$ LEGAL RECOGNITION2 PRECISELY ! SAME ?+ HAD PREVI\SLY TAK5 PLACE ) RESPECT TO ! EXECUTIVE ORGANS ( ! ,REI*1 ! /ATES & ! MUNICIPALITIES 7REGIONAL ,C\NCILS1 PRESID5TS1 ETC471 ) ONLY PURELY SPORADIC DISMISSALS TAK+ PLACE & ! PREVAIL+ ATTITUDE BE+ RE/RICT$ TO A C]TA9 0CONTROL0 ( !IR ACTIVITIES1 BECOM+ LESS EFFECTIVE ) EA* PASS+ DAY2 &1 9 PRECISELY ! SAME WAY1 A COMPLETE DI/RU/ T[>DS 09DEP5D5T JURISDICTION0 WAS MANIFE/1 & ! CONTROLL+ ORGANS ONLY DECL>$ !Y W]E SATISFI$ :51 DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD1 ?IS JURISDICTION GAVE NO SIGNS ( LIFE4 ,TOGE!R ) ?IS GREAT LACK ( CL>ITY ) RESPECT TO ,C\NCIL P[] ON ! P>T ( ! ,C\NCILS' [N LOCAL REPRES5TATIVES1 A GREAT DEAL ( ! FAULT ) REG>D TO !SE S9S ( OMISSION LIES ) ! 0,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLES ,COMMISS>S01 :I* WAS HO/ILE TO ! ,C\NCILS2 & EV5 ! 0,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE0 ( ,GREAT] ,B]L91 LAT] SO REVOLUTION>Y1 WAS NOT TOTALLY BLAMELESS EI!R1 S9CE ON ,NOVEMB] #a#a1 #aiah IT PROMULGAT$ AN APPEAL :OSE FIR/ S5T5CE READS3 0,ALL ! COMMUNAL AU?ORITIES ( ! V>I\S ,L&]1 ( ! 5TIRE ,REI*1 & ( ! >MY >E TO CONT9UE 9 !IR ACTIVITIES40 ,SU* WAS ! LACK ( CL>ITY :I*1 DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ! ,NOVEMB] EV5TS1 PREVAIL$ ) RESPECT TO ! ESS5TIAL TASKS ( ! ,C\NCIL DICTATOR%IP1 EV5 AMONG ! MO/ R5[N$ DEF5D]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA ( ! ,C\NCILS 9 ,G]MANY4 ,ANO!R PO9T :]E UND]/&+ WAS LACK+ REG>D+ ! TASKS ( ! POLITICAL ,C\NCILS & :I* ALSO HAD FATAL CONSEQU5CES 9 ! SUBSEQU5T P]IOD1 CONSI/$ 9 ! FACT ?AT NO ONE KNEW H[ TO DI/+UI% ! TASKS ( ! POLITICAL ,C\NCILS FROM ?OSE ( ! ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS1 A DI/9CTION :I* IS TOTALLY NECESS>Y 9 ! P]IOD ( TRANSITION FROM A CAPITALI/ ORD] TO A SOCIALI/ ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,MANY MON?S AFT] ,NOVEMB] ! GREATE/ LACK ( CL>ITY CONT9U$ TO P]SI/ CONC]N+ ?IS DI/9CTION1 :I* 5ABL$ ! GOV]NM5T1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! ,S,P,D1 ! TRADE UNIONS & O!R OP5 OR DISGUIS$ 5EMIES ( ! ,C\NCIL ,SY/EM TO MANIPULATE ! ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS BY SUCCESSIVELY CONFRONT+ !M ) !IR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL TASKS 7?US1 = EXAMPLE1 = A C]TA9 P]IOD AT ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#a#i1 SOME LEAD+ RITY DEM&$ ?AT ! ,C\NCILS BE RE/RICT$ TO 0ECONOMIC0 TASKS1 :ILE ON ! O!R H& ! LEAD]S ( ! RITICLE #afe ( ! NEW ,REI* ,CON/ITUTION1 :I*1 TOGE!R ) ! WORK]S C\NCILS RE/RICT$ TO PURELY ECONOMIC TASKS 75T]PRISE C\NCILS1 T]RITORIAL WORK]S C\NCILS1 ,REI* WORK]S C\NCILS71 ALSO 5VISION$ ! CREATION ( V>I\S ECONOMIC C\NCILS 7T]RITORIAL ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS1 ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL ( ! ,REI*7 :I* W\LD AU?ORIZE & PROMOTE 0F>-REA*+ SOCIO-POLITICAL LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS0 & :I* W\LD ALSO BE GRANT$ C]TA9 0JURISDICTIONS ( ADM9I/RATION & CONTROL04 ,AS A RESULT1 9 !SE PROVISIONS ( ! ,REI* ,CON/ITUTION NOT ONLY DID ! :OLE ECONOMIC SY/EM ( ! C\NCILS F9D WRITT5 EXPRESSION1 BUT SO TOO DID ! :OLE POLITICAL SY/EM ( ! ,C\NCILS :I*1 9 PO/-REVOLUTION>Y ,G]MANY1 BECAME A LEGAL 9/ITUTION4 ,I,I ,IF WE N[ FOLL[ ! VICISSITUDES ( POLITICAL P[] 9 P>TICUL>1 WE CAN DI/+UI%3 #a7 ! P]IOD ( ! ,C\NCILS PROP]LY SPEAK+1 FROM ,NOVEMB] #aiah UNTIL ! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,C\NCILS ON ,DECEMB] #a#f1 #a#i#a#h4 ,?IS P]IOD ( PROVISIONAL ,C\NCIL RULE WAS FOLL[$1 AFT] ! ELECTIONS = ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ON ,JANU>Y #a#h1 #aiai & = ! EXECUTIVE ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ON ,FEBRU>Y #f1 #aiai 9 ,WEIM>1 BY #b7 ! P]IOD ( /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE & ! ,C\NCIL PR9CIPLE4 ,?IS P]IOD CAME TO A CONCLUSION ) ! DEF9ITIVE GOV]NM5T *ALL5GE TO ! ECONOMIC SY/EM ( ! ,C\NCILS1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! ,RH9EL&1 ,WE/PHALIA1 C5TRAL ,G]MANY & ,GREAT] ,B]L9 AT ! 5D ( ,FEBRU>Y & ! BEG9N+ ( ,M>* #a#i#a#i4 ,!N CAME #c7 ! P]IOD ( ! EXT9CTION ( ! REMA9S ( ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,C\NCILS1 A P]IOD :I* LA/$ UNTIL ! 5D ( #aiai 7! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,C\NCILS WAS HELD ON ,APRIL #h1 #a#i#a#i672 & #d7 ! SURVIVAL ( ! POLITICAL IDEA ( ! ,C\NCILS1 9 O!R =MS1 TO ! PRES5T4 ,!SE F\R /AGES ( ! POLITICAL EVOLUTION ( ! ,C\NCILS CAN BE MORE FULLY *>ACT]IZ$ AS FOLL[S3 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD1 BO? ! EXTREME RI AS TO LEAD TO ! F\ND+ ( 0,HUMANI/ ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS0 & ?+S ( ?AT SORT4 ,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ,C\NCILS WAS !N UNIV]SALLY RECOGNIZ$ AS A PROVISIONAL CONDITION ?AT W\LD LA/ UNTIL ! CON/ITUTION ( A ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,9 T]MS ( 9/ITUTIONS1 DUR+ ?IS P]IOD !RE W]E3 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 ELECT$ BY ! ,WORK]S & ,SOLDI]S ,C\NCILS ( ,GREAT] ,B]L91 :I* COMPRIS$ ! ,EXECUTIVE1 & LAT] ALSO EX]CIS$ ! ,LEGISLATIVE P[]2 ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ,GREAT] ,B]L9 AS A MUNICIPAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCIL2 T]RITORIAL ,EXECUTIVE ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS 9 ALL ! POPULATION C5T]S ( EA* /ATE2 LOCAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS2 & RURAL & PROP]TY-[N]S C\NCILS1 9 ALL RURAL & URBAN COMMUNITIES4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ABOVE3 0,WORK]S ,C\NCILS0 9 EV]Y L>GE FACTORY OR 9DU/RIAL COMPLEX2 9 ! BIG CITIES !SE MET 9 PL5>Y ASSEMBLIES ?AT ELECT$ !IR ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEES & IMPOS$ UPON ! LATT] /RICT M&ATES & RESOLUTIONS2 0,SOLDI]S ,C\NCILS0 9 EV]Y MILIT>Y DETA*M5T1 ORGANIZ$ & COORD9AT$ BY COMPANY1 BATTALION1 ETC4 ,!SE W]E REPRES5T$ AT ! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS1 :]E !Y PASSIONATELY DEM&$ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY & :]E !Y WON RECOGNITION ( ! SO-CALL$ 0,HAMBURG ,SEV5 ,PO9TS0 CONC]N+ MILIT>Y COMM&4 .<#a.> ,LAT]1 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 !Y ALSO HELD !IR [N 0,G5]AL ,REI* ,CONGRESS ( ,SOLDI]S ,C\NCILS0 9 ,B]L94 ,%ORTLY !REAFT] !Y QUICKLY DISAPPE>$ ALMO/ )\T A TRACE1 9 /EP ) ! DISSOLUTION ( ! REMA9S ( ! OLD >MY4 ,! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS 9 #aiah 7:I* ,DAUMIG CALL$ A 0SUICIDE CLUB07 ALMO/ COMPLETELY REL9QUI%$ POLITICAL P[]4 ,IT VOT$ = ELECTIONS TO A ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY SLAT$ = ,JANU>Y #a#i1 #a#i#a#i2 UNTIL ?AT DATE IT H&$ OV] ,EXECUTIVE & ,LEGISLATIVE P[]S TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S1 & ELECT$ A 0,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL0 :OSE P[]S W]E LIMIT$ TO M9OR JURISDICTIONS ) NE>LY NON-EXI/5T P[]S ( CONTROL1 AFT] ! FA%ION ( ! OLD C5TRAL ,G]MAN ,C\NCILS1 & 9 :I* NEI!R ! COMMUNI/S NOR ! 9DEP5D5TS W]E REPRES5T$ 7:I* CONSEQU5TLY ALSO L$ TO ! RESIGNATION ( ! ?REE ,U,S,P,D PEOPLE'S COMMISS>S74 ,?IS ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL 7COMPOS$ ( MEMB]S ( ! ,S,P,D1 ) ,COH5-,REUSS AS ITS PRESID5T7 WAS DRAGG+ \T ITS COLORLESS & 9SIPID EXI/5CE - AS WE IMM$IATELY EXPECT$ - UNTIL ! 5D ( #aiai & ! BEG9N+ ( #a#i#b4 ,IT ONLY YIELD$ ITS P[]S OV] ! ,REI* TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY :I* MET AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,FEBRU>Y1 & H&$ OV] ITS P[]S 9 ,PRUSSIA TO ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ( ,PRUSSIA :I* CONV5$ 9 MID-,M>*1 BUT IT CONT9U$ TO EXI/2 IT /ILL CONVOK$ ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ,C\NCILS1 BUT RETREAT$ :5EV] ! LEA/ 9S9UATION ( GOV]NM5T P[] WAS BR\ & :I* TODAY1 H[EV]1 HAVE UND]GONE SOME?+ ( A RESURRECTION 9 ! CURR5T GOV]NM5T PROPOSALS CONC]N+ ! CON/ITUTION ( HI<] ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS1 T]RITORIAL ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS & A ,REI* ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL74 ,ALONG ) ?IS ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL1 ! REVOLUTION>Y 0,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE0 ( ,GREAT] ,B]L9 /ILL EXI/$ 7COMPOS$ ( MEMB]S ( ! ,S,P,D1 ! ,U,S,P,D1 ! ,K,P,D & ! DEMOCRATIC P>TIES2 & LAT] ALSO ! ,U,S,P & ,K,P,D ) ,DAUMIG1 ,MULL]1 ETC41 AS PRESID5TS7 MORE OR LESS ILLEGALLY1 BAS$ ON ! PL5>Y ASSEMBLY ( ! ,WORK]S & ,SOLDI]S ,C\NCILS ( ,GREAT] ,B]L91 UNTIL IT WAS VIOL5TLY EXPELL$ BY ,NOSKE'S TROOPS ON ,NOVEMB] #f1 #aiai FROM ! (FICES IT HAD ORIG9ALLY BE5 ASSIGN$ 9 A GOV]NM5T BUILD+2 !N IT MOV$1 FOLL[+ A BRIEF P]IOD ( COMPLETE ILLEGALITY1 TO ,MUNZ/RASSE1 :]E IT CONT9U$ TO CONDUCT BUS9ESS AS A 0,C\NCIL ,C5TRAL01 & TODAY IS ! 0,V,K,P,D ,TRADE ,UNION ,C5TRAL04 ,I,I,I ,ON ,JANU>Y #a#a1 #a#i#a#i1 ,NOSKE 5T]$ ,B]L94 ,! #a#i?1 ELECTIONS = ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY6 ,A B\RGEOIS MAJORITY6 ,NONE!LESS1 ! GREAT G5]AL /RIKE MOVEM5TS ( ,FEBRU>Y & ,M>* CAME TO HAVE GREAT POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE = BO? ! SOCIALIZATION QUE/ION AS WELL AS ! ,C\NCILS4 ,?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD ! POLITICAL NEWSPAP]S W]E FILL$ ) ! MO/ VIOL5T POLEMICS CONC]N+ POSSIBLE PO9TS ( AGREEM5T BETWE5 0! ,C\NCIL ,SY/EM & ! P>LIAM5T>Y-DEMOCRATIC SY/EM04 ,SOME ELEM5TS 7! MAJORITY ( ! ,U,S,P,D1 SOME MEMB]S ( ! ,S,P,D & SOME DEMOCRATS7 WANT$ TO 0F9D A PLACE = ! ,C\NCILS 9 ! CON/ITUTION01 ?AT IS1 TO 9TRODUCE1 ALONGSIDE ! DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T 7AS A *AMB] ( CONSUM]S71 A *AMB] ( PRODUC]S 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ,C\NCIL PR9CIPLE 7A *AMB] ( LABOR72 O!RS1 9DIVIDUALLY 7! ,HAMBURG COMMUNI/ ,DR4 ,LAUF5B]G1 = EXAMPLE71 WANT$ TO DO ! OPPOSITE1 TO F9D A PLACE = P>LIAM5T1 AS REPRES5TATIVE ( B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S1 9 ! ,C\NCIL ,SY/EM2 & !RE W]E ALSO O!R DIV]SE POSITIONS BETWE5 !SE TWO \TLOOKS 7SOME ( :I* >E /ILL MAK+ ! R\NDS TODAY AMONG NUM]\S PEOPLE1 DISAPPE>+ & REAPPE>+ :5 ! TIME IS RIPE74 ,! ONLY CONSI/5T SUPPORT]S ( ! POLITICAL SY/EM ( ! ,C\NCILS AS A =M ( ! RULE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT W]E ! REC5TLY CREAT$ ,K,P,D & ! SECTIONS ( ! ,U,S,P,D GR\P$ >\ND ,DAUMIG & HIS J\RNAL ,D] ,>BEIT]RAT 7,! ,WORK]S ,C\NCIL74 ,BUT EV5 ! SUPPORT]S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y VOCATION ( ! ,C\NCILS 5D$ UP MAK+ MANY CONCESSIONS 9 PRACTICE1 = ! PURPOSE ( /AY+ ALIVE AS COMMUNAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS & TO CONT9UE TO RECEIVE PUBLIC SUBSIDIES4 ,SU* COMMUNAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA ( ! ,C\NCILS1 & 9/EAD S]V$ TO DISCR$IT IT4 ,!SE 0,POLITICAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS0 NO LONG] C>RI$ \T ANY 0ILLEGAL0 PLANN$ PROJECTS ON A L>GE SCALE2 9 %ORT1 !Y PASS$ FROM !IR FIR/ /AGE AS SPOKESM5 ( REVOLUTION>Y DEM&S1 :5 ! MOM5T>Y POLITICAL SITUATION SEEM$ FAVORABLE1 TO S9K BEL[ ! SURFACE AGA9 AS ! REVOLUTION>Y B>OMET] FELL4 ,) RESPECT TO ! REVOLUTION1 !IR PRACTICAL ACTIVITY WAS FUTILE 5\<2 !Y USUALLY PLAY$ ! ROLE ( 9T]M$I>Y BETWE5 ! AU?ORITIES & ! PUBLIC1 & ORGANIZ$ ! SUPPLY ( FOOD1 COAL1 H\S+ & EXPROPRIATIONS & EV5 ! =MATION ( CIVIL GU>DS1 AS AUXILI>Y ORGANS4 ,! W>N+S ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C\NCIL ,C5TRALS1 CALL+ = AN 5D TO ?IS FRUITLESS 0POSITIVE0 WORK = ! REVOLUTION1 & = A /RICT FOCUS ON REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION & ! PREP>ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS1 = MO/ P>T HAD NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ( ANY K9D4 ,! ,SECOND ,C\NCIL ,CONGRESS1 HELD ON ,APRIL #h1 #a#i#a#i1 C\LD NOT AFFECT ! C\RSE ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 & 9 FACT DID NOT TRY TO DO SO1 GIV5 ?AT ! REVISIONI/1 MAJORITY-SOCIALI/ ELEM5T1 :I* WAS BASICALLY HO/ILE TO ! ,C\NCILS1 N[ OP5LY SUPPORT$ O!R >RANGEM5TS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL1 :I* HAD ALREADY 9 ,JANU>Y TRI$ TO DECL>E ! COMMUNAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS EXT9CT AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 WAS MADE RESPONSIBLE = FI2 9 MO/ CASES !IR 5D WAS IMPOS$ BY ! FACT ?AT !Y LO/ !IR PUBLIC SUBSIDIES4 ,& ON ?IS REEF ( ! F9ANCIAL QUE/ION ! FEEBLE ATTEMPT BY ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#i1 TO CONVOKE ELECTIONS = A ,?IRD ,C\NCIL ,CONGRESS ALSO CAME TO GRIEF4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T ON1 ! POLITICAL MOVEM5T ( ! ,C\NCILS WAS TOTALLY TRANS=M$ 9TO AN ECONOMIC MOVEM5T ( ! ,C\NCILS1 ABOVE ALL 9 ! /RUGGLE OV] ! ,5T]PRISE ,C\NCILS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! SUPPORT]S ( ! 0PURE C\NCIL MOVEM5T0 7! ,U,S,P,D LEFT7 CONT9U$ TO ATTEMPT TO OPPOSE ! ISOLAT$ SY/EM ( 5T]PRISE C\NCILS CREAT$ BY LEGISLATION1 ) A 0REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL ORGANIZATION0 7?AT IS1 A UNITY ORGANICALLY >TICULAT$ BY 9DU/RIAL SECTORS & ECONOMIC REGIONS1 ( ,C\NCILS & REGIONAL (FICES :I*1 REG>DLESS ( P>TY OR TRADE UNION AFFILIATION1 W]E TO BE CONCEIV$ SOLELY 9 !IR ROLE AS REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS71 & TO TRANSFIGURE ?IS ,C\NCIL ORGANIZATION SO ?AT IT %\LD BE ! BE>] ( NOT JU/ ! ECONOMIC IDEA BUT ALSO ! POLITICAL IDEA ( ! ,C\NCILS4 ,!Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO BECOME ! SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION ( ! CLASS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 AT BO? ! ECONOMIC & ! POLITICAL LEVELS4 ,BUT ?IS ATTEMPT1 9 :I* ! COMMUNI/ P>TY QUICKLY CEAS$ TO P>TICIPATE1 ONLY HAD A TEMPOR>Y PRACTICAL IMPACT 9 C]TA9 9DU/RIAL C5T]S 7,GREAT] ,B]L91 C5TRAL ,G]MANY1 ,RH9EL&-,WE/PHALIA71 & CAN TODAY BE JUDG$ AS A FAILURE4 ,O!R ATTEMPTS OCCASIONALLY UND]TAK5 9 SITUATIONS JUDG$ TO BE OPPORTUNE BY ! ,K,P,D & GR\PS FUR!R TO ! LEFT1 = ! PURPOSE ( GETT+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 0OV] ! HEADS ( ! P>TY & TRADE UNION LEAD]S01 TO DEM& NEW ELECTIONS TO REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS1 ALSO FAIL$4 ,9 ,G]MANY TODAY !RE IS NO LONG] AN 09DEP5D5T ,C\NCIL MOVEM5T04 ,! POLITICAL ,C\NCILS HAVE COMPLETELY DISAPPE>$1 ! ECONOMIC ,C\NCILS EXI/ ONLY AS LEGAL REPRES5TATIVE BODIES ( ! WORK]S 7,5T]PRISE ,C\NCILS71 :I* >E UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 >E USUALLY ELECT$ ALONG P>TY L9ES1 & (T5 ALSO CONGEAL 9TO FRACTIONS BAS$ ON P>TY MEMB]%IP4 ,P>LIAM5T>ISM1 ! P>TY & ! TRADE UNION SY/EM HAVE ?US OBTA9$1 EXT]NALLY1 A TOTAL VICTORY OV] ! REVOLUTION>Y 0,C\NCIL ,SY/EM01 & IT IS ONLY UND]GR\ND :]E1 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! SUFF]+ MASSES1 ! EMB]S ( ! IDEA ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCIL ,SY/EM CONT9UE TO SMOLD]1 TOGE!R ) ! IDEA ( ! REVOLUTION1 9 AN 9SOLUBLE UNITY4 ,ON ! DAY ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ?IS IDEA WILL RE->ISE LIKE ! ,PH5IX FROM ! A%ES4 ,NOTE #a4 ,! 0,HAMBURG ,PO9TS0 /IPULAT$ ?AT ! P[] ( COMM& OV] ! >MY & ! NAVY BE TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>S UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL2 ?AT ! SYMBOLS ( RANK BE ABOLI%$2 ?AT ! C>RY+ ( >MS (F-DUTY BE PROHIBIT$2 ?AT ! RESPONSIBILITY = ! TROOPS' LOYALTY BE TRANSF]R$ TO ! ,SOLDI]S ,C\NCIL2 ?AT MILIT>Y COMM&]S BE ELECT$2 ?AT ! EXI/+ >MY BE ABOLI%$2 & ?AT A PEOPLE'S MILITIA BE =M$ AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,! ,CONGRESS RATIFI$ !SE PO9TS4 7,AU?OR'S NOTE7 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,EVOLUTION ( ! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,POLITICAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS 9 ,G]MANY -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,EVOLUTION ( ! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,POLITICAL ,WORK]S ,C\NCILS 9 ,G]MANY -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/