,P>T #c1 ,SECTION #g 
,GALVANISM 

#aidaid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,!RE WAS ONCE A LE>N$ ,ITALIAN1 ,GALVANI4 ,HE HAD AN ELECTRIC MA*9E1 & HE %[$ HIS /UD5TS :AT ELECTRICITY WAS4 ,HE RUBB$ ! GLASS H>D ) SILK ) SOME?+ SME>$ OV] IT1 & !N HE APPROA*$ TO ! GLASS A BRASS KNOB :I* WAS ATTA*$ TO ! GLASS1 & A SP>K FLEW ACROSS FROM ! GLASS TO ! BRASS KNOB4 ,HE EXPLA9$ TO !M ?AT ! SAME K9D ( A SP>K CAME FROM SEAL+-WAX & AMB]4 ,HE %[$ !M ?AT FEA!RS & BITS ( PAP] W]E N[ ATTRACT$1 & N[ REPELL$1 BY ELECTRICITY1 & EXPLA9$ TO !M ! REASON ( IT4 ,HE DID ALL K9DS ( EXP]IM5TS ) ELECTRICITY1 & %[$ !M ALL TO HIS /UD5TS4 

,ONCE HIS WIFE GREW ILL4 ,HE CALL$ A DOCTOR & ASK$ HIM H[ TO CURE H]4 ,! DOCTOR TOLD HIM TO PREP>E A FROG S\P = H]4 ,GALVANI GAVE ORD] TO HAVE $IBLE FROGS CAU<T4 ,!Y CAU<T !M = HIM1 KILL$ !M1 & LEFT !M ON HIS TABLE4 

,BE=E ! COOK CAME AFT] ! FROGS1 ,GALVANI KEPT ON %[+ ! ELECTRIC MA*9E TO HIS /UD5TS1 & S5D+ SP>KS ?R\< IT4 

,SUDD5LY HE SAW ! DEAD FROGS J]K !IR LEGS ON ! TABLE4 ,HE WAT*$ !M1 & SAW ?AT EV]Y TIME :5 HE S5T A SP>K ?R\< ! MA*9E1 ! FROGS J]K$ !IR LEGS4 ,GALVANI COLLECT$ MORE FROGS1 & BEGAN TO EXP]IM5T ) !M4 ,& EV]Y TIME HE S5T A SP>K ?R\< ! MA*9E1 ! DEAD FROGS MOV$ !IR LEGS AS ?\< !Y W]E ALIVE4 

,IT OCCURR$ TO ,GALVANI ?AT LIVE FROGS MOV$ !IR LEGS BECAUSE ELECTRICITY PASS$ ?R\< !M4 ,GALVANI KNEW ?AT !RE WAS ELECTRICITY 9 ! AIR2 ?AT IT WAS MORE NOTICEABLE 9 ! AMB] & GLASS1 BUT ?AT IT WAS ALSO 9 ! AIR1 & ?AT ?UND] & LI<TN+ CAME FROM ! ELECTRICITY 9 ! AIR4 

,SO HE TRI$ TO DISCOV] :E!R ! DEAD FROGS W\LD NOT MOVE !IR LEGS FROM ! ELECTRICITY 9 ! AIR4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE HE TOOK ! FROGS1 SK9N$ !M1 *OPP$ (F !IR HEADS1 & HUNG !M ON BRASS HOOKS ON ! RO(1 B5EA? AN IRON GUTT]4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT AS SOON AS !RE %\LD BE A /ORM1 & ! AIR %\LD BE FILL$ ) ELECTRICITY1 IT W\LD PASS BY ! BRASS ROD TO ! FROGS1 & !Y W\LD BEG9 TO MOVE4 

,BUT ! /ORM PASS$ SEV]AL TIMES1 & ! FROGS DID NOT MOVE4 ,GALVANI WAS JU/ TAK+ !M D[N1 & AS HE DID SO A FROG'S LEG T\*$ ! IRON GUTT]1 & IT J]K$4 ,GALVANI TOOK D[N ! FROGS & MADE ! FOLL[+ EXP]IM5T3 HE TI$ TO ! BRASS HOOK AN IRON WIRE1 & T\*$ ! LEG ) ! WIRE1 & IT J]K$4 

,SO ,GALVANI DECID$ ?AT ! ANIMALS LIV$ BECAUSE !RE WAS ELECTRICITY 9 !M1 & ?AT ! ELECTRICITY JUMP$ FROM ! BRA9 TO ! FLE%1 & ?AT MADE ! ANIMALS MOVE4 ,NOBODY HAD AT ?AT TIME TRI$ ?IS MATT] & !Y DID NOT KN[ ANY BETT]1 & SO !Y ALL BELIEV$ ,GALVANI4 ,BUT AT ?AT TIME ANO!R LE>N$ MAN1 ,VOLTA1 EXP]IM5T$ 9 HIS [N WAY1 & PROV$ TO EV]YBODY ?AT ,GALVANI WAS MI/AK54 ,HE TRI$ T\*+ ! FROG DIFF]5TLY FROM :AT ,GALVANI HAD DONE1 NOT ) A COPP] HOOK ) AN IRON WIRE1 BUT EI!R ) A COPP] HOOK & A COPP] WIRE1 OR AN IRON HOOK & AN IRON WIRE1--& ! FROGS DID NOT MOVE4 ,! FROGS MOV$ ONLY :5 ,VOLTA T\*$ !M ) AN IRON WIRE ?AT WAS CONNECT$ ) A COPP] WIRE4 

,VOLTA ?\<T ?AT ! ELECTRICITY WAS NOT 9 ! DEAD FROG BUT 9 ! IRON & COPP]4 ,HE EXP]IM5T$ & F\ND IT TO BE SO3 :5EV] HE BR\<T TOGE!R ! IRON & ! COPP]1 !RE WAS ELECTRICITY2 & ?IS ELECTRICITY MADE ! DEAD FROGS J]K !IR LEGS4 ,VOLTA TRI$ TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY DIFF]5TLY FROM :AT IT HAD BE5 PRODUC$ BE=E4 ,BE=E ?AT !Y US$ TO GET ELECTRICITY BY RUBB+ GLASS OR SEAL+-WAX4 ,BUT ,VOLTA GOT ELECTRICITY BY UNIT+ IRON & COPP]4 ,HE TRI$ TO CONNECT IRON & COPP] & O!R METALS1 & BY ! M]E COMB9ATION ( METALS1 SILV]1 PLAT9UM1 Z9C1 LEAD1 IRON1 HE PRODUC$ ELECTRIC SP>KS4 

,AFT] ,VOLTA !Y TRI$ TO 9CREASE ELECTRICITY BY P\R+ ALL K9DS ( LIQUIDS--WAT] & ACIDS--BETWE5 ! METALS4 ,!SE LIQUIDS MADE ! ELECTRICITY MORE P[]FUL1 SO ?AT IT WAS NO LONG] NECESS>Y1 AS BE=E1 TO RUB 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE IT2 IT IS 5\< TO PUT PIECES ( SEV]AL METALS 9 A B[L & FILL IT ) A LIQUID1 & !RE WILL BE ELECTRICITY 9 ?AT B[L1 & ! SP>KS WILL COME FROM ! WIRES4 

,:5 ?IS K9D ( ELECTRICITY WAS DISCOV]$1 PEOPLE BEGAN TO APPLY IT3 !Y 9V5T$ A WAY ( GOLD & SILV] PLAT+ BY MEANS ( ELECTRICITY1 & ELECTRIC LI<T1 & A WAY TO TRANSMIT SIGNS FROM PLACE TO PLACE OV] A LONG DI/ANCE BY MEANS ( ELECTRICITY4 

,= ?IS PURPOSE PIECES ( DIFF]5T METALS >E PLAC$ 9 J>S1 & LIQUIDS >E P\R$ 9TO !M4 ,ELECTRICITY IS COLLECT$ 9 !SE J>S1 & IS TRANSF]R$ BY MEANS ( WIRES TO ! PLACE :]E IT IS WANT$1 & FROM ?AT PLACE ! WIRE IS PUT 9TO ! GR\ND4 ,! ELECTRICITY RUNS ?R\< ! GR\ND BACK TO ! J>S1 & RISES FROM ! E>? BY MEANS ( ! O!R WIRE2 ?US ! ELECTRICITY KEEPS GO+ >\ND & >\ND1 AS 9 A R+1--FROM ! WIRE 9TO ! GR\ND1 & ALONG ! GR\ND1 & UP ! WIRE1 & AGA9 ?R\< ! E>?4 ,ELECTRICITY CAN TRAVEL 9 EI!R DIRECTION1 JU/ AS ONE WANTS TO S5D IT3 IT CAN FIR/ GO ALONG ! WIRE & RETURN ?R\< ! E>?1 OR FIR/ GO ?R\< ! E>?1 & !N RETURN ?R\< ! WIRE4 ,ABOVE ! WIRE1 9 ! PLACE :]E ! SIGNS >E GIV51 !RE IS ATTA*$ A MAGNETIC H&1 & ?AT H& TURNS 9 ONE DIRECTION1 :5 ! ELECTRICITY IS ALL[$ TO PASS ?R\< ! WIRE & BACK ?R\< ! E>?1 & 9 ANO!R DIRECTION1 :5 ! ELECTRICITY IS S5T ?R\< ! E>? & BACK ?R\< ! WIRE4 ,ALONG ?IS H& !RE >E C]TA9 SIGNS1 & BY MEANS ( !SE SIGNS !Y WRITE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANO!R ON ! TELEGRAPH4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aic 3 ,P>T #c1 ,SECTION #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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