,P>T #f1 ,SECTION #b 
,ON ,POPUL> ,$UCATION 

#aidaid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,I SUPPOSE EA* ( US HAS HAD MORE ?AN ONE OCCASION TO COME 9 CONTACT ) MON/R\S1 S5SELESS PH5OM5A1 & TO F9D BACK ( !SE PH5OM5A PUT =W>D SOME IMPORTANT PR9CIPLE1 :I* OV]%AD[$ ?OSE PH5OM5A1 SO ?AT 9 \R Y\?FUL & EV5 MATUR] YE>S WE BEGAN TO D\BT :E!R IT WAS TRUE ?AT ?OSE PH5OM5A W]E MON/R\S1 & :E!R WE W]E NOT MI/AK54 ,& HAV+ BE5 UNABLE TO CONV9CE \RSELVES ?AT MON/R\S PH5OM5A MI<T BE GOOD1 OR ?AT ! PROTECTION ( AN IMPORTANT PR9CIPLE WAS ILLEGITIMATE1 OR ?AT ! PR9CIPLE WAS ONLY A WORD1 WE REMA9$ 9 REG>D TO ?OSE PH5OM5A 9 AN AMBIGU\S1 UNDECID$ CONDITION4 

,9 SU* A /ATE ,I WAS1 & ,I ASSUME MANY ( US >E1 9 RESPECT TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 0DEVELOPM5T0 :I* OBFUSCATES P$AGOGY1 9 ITS CONNECTION ) ! RUDIM5TS4 ,BUT POPUL> $UCATION IS TOO NE> TO MY HE>T1 & ,I HAVE BUSI$ MYSELF TOO MU* ) IT1 TO REMA9 TOO LONG 9 9DECISION4 ,! MON/R\S PH5OM5A ( ! IMAG9>Y DEVELOPM5T ,I C\LD NOT CALL GOOD1 NOR C\LD ,I BE P]SUAD$ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PUPIL WAS BAD1 & SO ,I BEGAN TO 9QUIRE :AT ?AT DEVELOPM5T WAS4 ,I DO NOT CONSID] IT SUP]FLU\S TO COMMUNICATE ! D$UCTIONS TO :I* ,I HAVE BE5 L$ DUR+ ! /UDY ( ?IS MATT]4 

,TO DEF9E :AT IS UND]/OOD BY ! WORD 0DEVELOPM5T10 ,I %ALL TAKE ! MANUALS ( ,MESSRS4 ,BUNAKOV & ,EVTU%EVSKI1 AS BE+ NEW WORKS1 :I* COMB9E ALL ! LATE/ D$UCTIONS ( ,G]MAN P$AGOGY1 9T5D$ AS GUIDES = ! TEA*]S 9 ! POPUL> S*OOLS1 & SELECT$ BY ! ADVOCATES ( ! S\ND ME?OD AS MANUALS 9 !IR S*OOLS4 

,9 DISCUSS+ :AT IS TO =M ! F\NDATION = A *OICE ( ?IS OR ?AT ME?OD = ! TEA*+ ( READ+1 ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV SAYS3 

0,NO1 AN OP9ION AB\T ! ME?OD ( CON/RUCTION BAS$ ON SU* NE>-SI<T$ & FLIMSY F\NDATIONS 7?AT IS1 ON EXP]I5CE7 WILL BE TOO D\BTFUL4 ,ONLY ! !ORETICAL SUB/RATUM1 BAS$ ON ! /UDY ( HUMAN NATURE1 CAN MAKE ! JUDGM5TS 9 ?IS SPH]E FIRM & 9DEP5D5T ( ALL CASUALTIES1 & TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE GU>D !M AGA9/ GROSS ]RORS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY = ! F9AL *OICE ( ! BE/ ME?OD ( TEA*+ ! RUDIM5TS1 IT IS NECESS>Y FIR/ ( ALL TO /& ON !ORETIC SOIL1 ON ! BASIS ( PREVI\S CONSID]ATIONS1 ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( :I* GIVE TO ?IS OR ?AT ME?OD ! ACTUAL RI<T TO BE CALL$ SATISFACTORY FROM ! P$AGOGICAL /&PO9T4 ,!SE CONDITIONS >E3 7#a7 ,IT HAS TO BE A ME?OD :I* IS CAPABLE ( DEVELOP+ ! *ILD'S M5TAL P[]S1 SO ?AT ! ACQUISITION ( ! RUDIM5TS MAY BE OBTA9$ TOGE!R ) ! DEVELOPM5T & ! /R5G!N+ ( ! REASON+ P[]S4 7#b7 ,IT MU/ 9TRODUCE 9TO ! 9/RUCTION ! *ILD'S P]SONAL 9T]E/1 SO ?AT ! MATT] BE FUR!R$ BY ?IS 9T]E/1 & NOT BY DULL+ VIOL5CE4 7#c7 ,IT MU/ REPRES5T 9 ITSELF ! PROCESS ( SELF-9/RUCTION1 9CIT+1 SUPPORT+1 & DIRECT+ ! *ILD'S SELF-ACTIVITY4 7#d7 ,IT MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! IMPRESSIONS ( HE>+1 AS ( ! S5SE :I* S]VES = ! ACQUISITION ( LANGUAGE4 7#e7 ,IT HAS TO COMB9E ANALYSIS ) SYN!SIS1 BEG9N+ ) ! DISMEMB]M5T ( ! COMPLEX :OLE 9TO SIMPLE PR9CIPLES1 & PASS+ OV] TO ! COMPOSITION ( A COMPLEX :OLE \T ( ! SIMPLE PR9CIPLES40 

,SO ?IS IS :AT ! ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION IS TO BE BAS$ UPON4 ,I WILL REM>K1 NOT = CONTRADICTION1 BUT = ! SAKE ( SIMPLICITY & CLE>NESS1 ?AT ! LA/ TWO /ATEM5TS >E QUITE SUP]FLU\S1 BECAUSE )\T ! UNION ( ANALYSIS & SYN!SIS !RE CAN BE NOT ONLY NO 9/RUCTION1 BUT ALSO NO O!R ACTIVITY ( ! M9D1 & EV]Y 9/RUCTION1 EXCEPT ?AT ( ! DEAF & DUMB1 IS BAS$ ON ! S5SE ( HE>+4 ,!SE TWO CONDITIONS >E PUT D[N ONLY = BEAUTY'S SAKE & = ! OBSCURATION ( ! /YLE1 SO COMMON 9 P$AGOGICAL TREATISES1 & SO HAVE NO MEAN+ :ATEV]4 ,! FIR/ ?REE AT FIR/ SI<T APPE> QUITE TRUE AS A PROGRAM4 ,EV]YBODY1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD LIKE TO KN[ H[ ! ME?OD IS SECUR$ ?AT WILL 0DEVELOP10 ?AT WILL 09TRODUCE 9TO ! 9/RUCTION ! PUPIL'S P]SONAL 9T]E/10 & ?AT WILL 0REPRES5T ! PROCESS ( SELF-9/RUCTION40 

,BUT TO ! QUE/IONS AS TO :Y ?IS ME?OD COMB9ES ALL ?OSE QUALITIES Y\ WILL F9D AN ANSW] NEI!R 9 ! BOOKS ( ,MESSRS4 ,BUNAKOV & ,EVTU%EVSKI1 NOR 9 ANY O!R P$AGOGICAL WORK ( ! F\ND]S ( ?IS S*OOL ( P$AGOGY1 UNLESS !Y BE ?OSE HAZY DISCUSSIONS ( ?IS NATURE1 SU* AS ?AT EV]Y 9/RUCTION MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! UNION ( ANALYSIS & SYN!SIS1 & BY ALL MEANS ON ! S5SE ( HE>+1 & SO =?2 OR Y\ WILL F9D1 AS 9 ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI'S BOOK1 EXPOSITIONS AB\T H[ 9 MAN >E =M$ IMPRESSIONS1 S5SATIONS1 REPRES5TATIONS1 & CONCEPTS1 & Y\ WILL F9D ! RULE ?AT 0IT IS NECESS>Y TO />T FROM ! OBJECT & LEAD ! PUPIL UP TO ! IDEA1 & NOT />T ) ! IDEA1 :I* HAS NO PO9T ( CONTACT 9 HIS CONSCI\SNESS10 & SO =?4 ,AFT] SU* DISCUSSIONS !RE ALWAYS FOLL[S ! CONCLUSION ?AT !RE=E ! ME?OD ADVOCAT$ BY ! P$AGOGUE GIVES ?AT EXCLUSIVE REAL DEVELOPM5T :I* IT WAS NECESS>Y TO F9D4 

,AFT] ! ABOVE-CIT$ DEF9ITION ( :AT A GOOD ME?OD \<T TO BE1 ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV EXPLA9S H[ *ILDR5 \<T TO BE $UCAT$1 &1 HAV+ GIV5 AN EXPOSITION ( ALL ! ME?ODS1 :I* 9 MY OP9ION & EXP]I5CE LEAD TO RESULTS :I* >E DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE TO DEVELOPM5T1 HE SAYS FRANKLY & DEF9ITELY3 

0,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES = E/IMAT+ ! VALUE ( ! SATISFACTOR9ESS ( ! ME?ODS ( RUDIM5T>Y 9/RUCTION1 ! ME?OD :I* WE HAVE JU/ ELUCIDAT$ 9 ITS G5]AL FEATURES PRES5TS ! FOLL[+ PLA/IC QUALITIES & PECULI>ITIES3 7#a7 ,AS A S\ND ME?OD IT :OLLY PRES]VES ! *>ACT]I/IC PECULI>ITIES ( ALL S\ND ME?OD1--IT />TS FROM ! IMPRESSIONS ( HE>+1 AT ONCE E/ABLI%+ ! REGUL> RELATION TO LANGUAGE1 & ONLY LAT] ADDS TO !M ! IMPRESSIONS ( SI<T1 ?US CLE>LY DI/+UI%+ S\ND1 MATT]1 & ! LETT]1 ITS REPRES5TATION4 7#b7 ,AS A ME?OD :I* UNITES READ+ ) WRIT+ IT BEG9S ) DECOMPOSITION & PASSES OV] TO COMPOSITION1 COMB9+ ANALYSIS ) SYN!SIS4 7#c7 ,AS A ME?OD :I* PASSES OV] TO ! /UDY ( WORDS & S\NDS FROM ! /UDY ( OBJECTS IT PROCE$S ALONG A NATURAL PA?1 COOP]ATES ) ! REGUL> =MATION ( CONCEPTS & IDEAS1 & ACTS 9 A DEVELOP+ WAY ON ALL ! SIDES ( ! *ILD'S NATURE3 IT 9CITES ! *ILDR5 TO BE OBS]VANT1 TO GR\P !IR OBS]VATIONS1 TO R5D] !M ORALLY2 IT DEVELOPS ! EXT]NAL S5SES1 M9D1 IMAG9ATION1 MEMORY1 ! GIFT ( SPEE*1 CONC5TRATION1 SELF-ACTIVITY1 ! HABIT ( WORK1 ! RESPECT = ORD]4 7#d7 ,AS A ME?OD :I* PROVIDES AMPLE WORK TO ALL ! M5TAL P[]S ( ! *ILD1 IT 9TRODUCES 9TO 9/RUCTION ! P]SONAL 9T]E/1 R\S+ 9 *ILDR5 WILL+NESS & LOVE ( WORK1 & TRANS=M+ IT 9TO A PROCESS ( SELF-9/RUCTION40 

,?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI DOES2 BUT :Y IT IS ALL SO REMA9S 9EXPLICABLE TO HIM :O IS LOOK+ = ACTUAL REASONS & DOES NOT BECOME 5TANGL$ 9 SU* WORDS AS PSY*OLOGY1 DIDACTICS1 ME?ODICS1 HEURI/ICS4 ,I ADVISE ALL ?OSE :O HAVE NO 9CL9ATION = PHILOSOPHY & !RE=E HAVE NO DESIRE TO V]IFY ALL ?OSE D$UCTIONS ( ! P$AGOGUES NOT TO BE EMB>RASS$ BY !SE WORDS & TO BE ASSUR$ ?AT A ?+ :I* IS NOT CLE> CANNOT BE ! BASIS ( ANY?+1 LEA/ ( ALL ( SU* AN IMPORTANT & SIMPLE ?+ AS POPUL> $UCATION4 

,ALL ! P$AGOGUES ( ?IS S*OOL1 ESPECIALLY ! ,G]MANS1 ! F\ND]S ( ! S*OOL1 />T ) ! FALSE IDEA ?AT ?OSE PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS :I* HAVE REMA9$ AS QUE/IONS = ALL ! PHILOSOPH]S FROM ,PLATO TO ,KANT1 HAVE BE5 DEF9ITELY SETTL$ BY !M4 ,!Y >E SETTL$ SO DEF9ITELY ?AT ! PROCESS ( ! ACQUISITION BY MAN ( IMPRESSIONS1 S5SATIONS1 CONCEPTS1 RATIOC9ATIONS1 HAS BE5 ANALYZ$ BY !M D[N TO ITS M9UTE/ DETAILS1 & ! COMPON5T P>TS ( :AT WE CALL ! S\L OR ! ESS5CE ( MAN HAVE BE5 DISSECT$ & DIVID$ 9TO P>TS BY !M1 & ?AT1 TOO1 9 SU* A ?OR\< MANN] ?AT ON ?IS FIRM BASIS CAN GO UP ! FAULTLESS /RUCTURE ( ! SCI5CE ( P$AGOGY4 ,?IS FANCY IS SO /RANGE ?AT ,I DO NOT REG>D IT AS NECESS>Y TO CONTRADICT IT1 MORE ESPECIALLY AS ,I HAVE DONE SO 9 MY =M] P$AGOGICAL ESSAYS4 ,ALL ,I WILL SAY IS ?AT ?OSE PHILOSOPHICAL CONSID]ATIONS :I* ! P$AGOGUES ( ?IS S*OOL PUT AT ! BASIS ( !IR !ORY NOT ONLY FAIL TO BE ABSOLUTELY CORRECT1 NOT ONLY HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) REAL PHILOSOPHY1 BUT EV5 LACK A CLE>1 DEF9ITE EXPRESSION ) :I* ! MAJORITY ( ! P$AGOGUES MI<T AGREE4 

,BUT1 P]*ANCE1 ! !ORY ( ! P$AGOGUES ( ! NEW S*OOL1 9 SPITE ( ITS UNSUCCESSFUL REF]5CES TO PHILOSOPHY1 HAS SOME VALUE 9 ITSELF4 ,& SO WE WILL EXAM9E IT1 TO SEE :AT IT CONSI/S 94 ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV SAYS3 

0,TO !SE LITTLE SAVAGES 7?AT IS1 ! PUPILS7 MU/ BE IMP>T$ ! MA9 ORD] ( S*OOL 9/RUCTION1 & 9TO !IR CONSCI\SNESS MU/ BE 9TRODUC$ SU* 9ITIAL CONCEPTS AS !Y WILL HAVE TO COME 9 CONTACT ) FROM ! />T1 DUR+ ! FIR/ LESSONS ( DRAW+1 READ+1 WRIT+1 & EV]Y ELEM5T>Y 9/RUCTION1 SU* AS3 ! RI<T SIDE & ! LEFT1 TO ! RI<T--TO ! LEFT1 UP--D[N1 NE> BY-->\ND1 9 FRONT--9 BACK1 CLOSE BY--9 ! DI/ANCE1 BE=E--BEH9D1 ABOVE--BEL[1 FA/--SL[1 S(TLY--AL\D1 & SO =?4 ,NO MATT] H[ SIMPLE !SE CONCEPTS MAY BE1 ,I KN[ FROM PRACTICE ?AT EV5 CITY *ILDR51 FROM WELL-TO-DO FAMILIES1 >E FREQU5TLY1 :5 !Y COME TO ! ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS1 UNABLE TO DI/+UI% ! RI<T SIDE FROM ! LEFT4 ,I ASSUME ?AT !RE IS NO NE$ ( EXPATIAT+ ON ! NECESSITY ( EXPLA9+ SU* CONCEPTS TO VILLAGE *ILDR51 = ANY ONE :O HAS HAD TO DEAL ) VILLAGE S*OOLS KN[S ?IS AS WELL AS ,I DO40 

,& ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI SAYS3 

0,)\T 5T]+ 9TO ! BROAD FIELD ( ! DEBATABLE QUE/ION AB\T ! 9NATE ABILITY ( MAN1 WE ONLY SEE ?AT ! *ILD CAN HAVE NO 9NATE CONCEPTS & IDEAS AB\T REAL ?+S1--!Y HAVE TO BE =M$1 & ON ! SKILL ) :I* !Y >E =M$ BY ! $UCATOR & TEA*] DEP5DS BO? !IR REGUL>ITY & !IR P]MAN5CY4 ,9 WAT*+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! *ILD'S S\L ONE HAS TO BE MU* MORE CAUTI\S ?AN 9 ATT5D+ TO HIS BODY4 ,IF ! FOOD = ! BODY & ! V>I\S BODILY EX]CISES >E C>EFULLY *OS5 BO? AS REG>DS !IR QUANTITY & !IR QUALITY1 9 CON=MITY ) ! MAN'S GR[?1 SO MU* MORE CAUTI\S HAVE WE TO BE 9 ! *OICE ( FOOD & EX]CISES = ! M9D4 ,A BADLY PLAC$ F\NDATION WILL PREC>I\SLY SUPPORT :AT IS FA/5$ TO IT40 

,MR4 ,BUNAKOV ADVISES ?AT IDEAS BE IMP>T$ AS FOLL[S3 

0,! TEA*] MAY BEG9 A CONV]SATION SU* AS HE DEEMS FIT3 ONE WILL ASK EV]Y PUPIL = HIS NAME2 ANO!R AB\T :AT IS GO+ ON \TSIDE2 A ?IRD AB\T :]E EA* COMES FROM1 :]E HE LIVES1 :AT IS GO+ ON AT HOME1--& !N HE MAY PASS OV] TO ! MA9 SUBJECT4 ',:]E >E Y\ SITT+ N[8 ,:Y DID Y\ COME H]E8 ,:AT >E WE GO+ TO DO 9 ?IS ROOM8 ,YES1 WE >E GO+ TO /UDY 9 ?IS ROOM1--SO LET US CALL IT A CLASS-ROOM4 ,SEE :AT !RE IS UND] Y\R FEET1 BEL[ Y\4 ,LOOK1 BUT DO NOT SAY ANY?+4 ,! ONE ,I WILL TELL TO SPEAK %ALL ANSW]4 ,TELL ME1 :AT DO Y\ SEE UND] Y\R FEET8 ,REPEAT EV]Y?+ WE HAVE F\ND \T & HAVE SAID AB\T ?IS ROOM3 9 :AT ROOM >E WE SITT+8 ,:AT >E ! P>TS ( ! ROOM8 ,:AT IS !RE ON ! WALLS8 ,:AT IS /&+ ON ! FLOOR8' 

0,! TEA*] FROM ! />T E/ABLI%ES ! ORD] :I* IS NECESS>Y = ! SUCCESS ( HIS WORK3 EA* PUPIL IS TO ANSW] ONLY :5 ASK$ TO DO SO2 ALL ! O!RS >E TO LI/5 & %\LD BE ABLE TO REPEAT ! WORDS ( ! TEA*] & ( !IR COMPANIONS2 ! DESIRE TO ANSW]1 :5 ! TEA*] DIRECTS A QUE/ION TO EV]YBODY1 IS TO BE EXPRESS$ BY RAIS+ ! LEFT H&2 ! WORDS >E TO BE PRON\NC$ NEI!R 9 A HURRY1 NOR BY DRAW+ !M \T1 BUT L\DLY1 DI/9CTLY1 & CORRECTLY4 ,TO OBTA9 ?IS LATT] RESULT ! TEA*] GIVES !M A LIV+ EXAMPLE BY HIS L\D1 CORRECT1 DI/9CT 5UNCIATION1 %[+ !M 9 PRACTICE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 S(T & L\D1 DI/9CT & CORRECT1 SL[ & FA/4 ,! TEA*] %\LD SEE TO IT ?AT ALL ! *ILDR5 TAKE P>T 9 ! WORK1 BY HAV+ SOMEBODY'S QUE/ION ANSW]$ OR REPEAT$1 N[ BY ONE1 N[ BY ANO!R1 & N[ BY ! :OLE CLASS AT ONCE1 BUT ESPECIALLY BY R\S+ ! 9DIFF]5T1 9ATT5TIVE1 & PLAYFUL *ILDR53 ! FIR/ HE MU/ 5LIV5 BY FREQU5T QUE/IONS1 ! SECOND HE MU/ CAUSE TO CONC5TRATE !MSELVES ON ! SUBJECT ( ! COMMON WORK1 & ! ?IRD HE MU/ CURB4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD ! *ILDR5 \<T TO ANSW] 9 FULL1 ?AT IS1 BY REPEAT+ ! QUE/ION3 ',WE >E SITT+ 9 ! CLASS-ROOM' 7& NOT 9 BRIEF1 ',9 ! CLASS-ROOM'72 ',ABOVE1 OV] MY HEAD1 ,I SEE ! CEIL+2' ',ON ! LEFT ,I SEE ?REE W9D[S1' & SO =?40 

,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI ADVISES ?AT 9 ?IS WAY BE BEGUN ALL ! LESSONS ON NUMB]S FROM #a TO #a1 ( :I* !RE >E TO BE #a#b1 & :I* >E TO BE CONT9U$ ?R\< ! YE>4 

0,ONE4 ,! TEA*] %[S ! PUPILS A CUBE1 & ASKS3 ',H[ MANY CUBES HAVE ,I8' & TAK+ SEV]AL CUBES 9TO ! O!R H&1 HE ASKS1 ',& H[ MANY >E !RE H]E8'--',MANY1 A FEW4' 

0',NAME H]E 9 ! CLASS-ROOM AN OBJECT ( :I* !RE >E SEV]AL4'--',B5*1 W9D[1 WALL1 COPY-BOOK1 P5CIL1 SLATE-P5CIL1 PUPIL1 & SO =?4'--',NAME AN OBJECT ( :I* !RE IS ONLY ONE 9 ! CLASS-ROOM4'--',! BLACKBO>D1 /OVE1 DOOR1 CEIL+1 FLOOR1 PICTURE1 TEA*]1 & SO =?4'--',IF ,I PUT ?IS CUBE AWAY 9 MY POCKET1 H[ MANY CUBES WILL !RE BE LEFT 9 MY H&8'--',NOT ONE4'--',& H[ MANY MU/ ,I AGA9 PUT 9TO MY H&1 TO HAVE AS MANY AS BE=E8'--',ONE4'--',:AT IS MEANT BY SAY+ ?AT ,PETYA FELL D[N ONCE8 ,H[ MANY TIMES DID ,PETYA FALL8 ,DID HE FALL ANO!R TIME8 ,:Y DOES IT SAY ONCE8'--',BECAUSE WE >E SPEAK+ ONLY ( ONE CASE & NOT ( ANO!R CASE4'--',TAKE Y\R SLATES 7OR COPY-BOOKS74 ,MAKE ON !M A L9E ( ?IS SIZE4' 7,! TEA*] DRAWS ON ! BLACKBO>D A L9E TWO OR F\R 9*ES 9 L5G?1 OR %[S ON ! RUL] ?AT L5G?47 ',RUB IT (F4 ,H[ MANY L9ES >E LEFT8'--',NOT ONE4'--',DRAW SEV]AL SU* L9ES4' ,IT W\LD BE UNNATURAL TO 9V5T ANY O!R EX]CISES 9 ORD] TO ACQUA9T ! *ILDR5 ) NUMB] ONE4 ,IT SUFFICES TO R\SE 9 !M ?AT CONCEPTION ( UNITY :I* !Y1 NO D\BT1 HAD PREVI\S TO !IR S*OOL 9/RUCTION40 

,!N ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV SPEAKS ( EX]CISES ON ! BO>D1 & SO ON1 & ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI ( ! NUMB] F\R ) ITS DECOMPOSITION4 ,BE=E EXAM9+ ! !ORY ITSELF ( ! TRANSMISSION ( IDEAS1 ! QUE/ION 9VOLUNT>ILY >ISES :E!R ?AT !ORY IS NOT MI/AK5 9 ITS V]Y PROBLEM4 ,HAS ! CONDITION ( ! P$AGOGICAL MAT]IAL ) :I* IT HAS TO DO BE5 CORRECTLY DEF9$8 ,! FIR/ ?+ ?AT />TLES US IS ! /RANGE RELATION TO SOME IMAG9>Y *ILDR51 TO SU* AS ,I1 AT LEA/1 HAVE NEV] SE5 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,! CONV]SATIONS1 & ! 9=MATION :I* !Y IMP>T1 REF] TO *ILDR5 ( LESS ?AN TWO YE>S ( AGE1 BECAUSE TWO-YE>-OLD *ILDR5 KN[ ALL ?AT IS CONTA9$ 9 !M1 BUT AS TO ! QUE/IONS :I* HAVE TO BE ASK$1 !Y HAVE REF]5CE TO P>ROTS4 ,ANY PUPIL ( SIX1 SEV51 EI<T1 OR N9E YE>S WILL NOT UND]/& A ?+ 9 !SE QUE/IONS1 BECAUSE HE KN[S ALL AB\T ?AT1 & CANNOT MAKE \T :AT IT ALL MEANS4 ,! DEM&S = SU* CONV]SATIONS EV9CE EI!R COMPLETE IGNORANCE1 OR A DESIRE TO IGNORE ?AT DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T ON :I* ! PUPILS /&4 

,MAYBE ! *ILDR5 ( ,HOTT5TOTS & NEGROES1 OR SOME ,G]MAN *ILDR51 DO NOT KN[ :AT IS IMP>T$ TO !M 9 SU* CONV]SATIONS1 BUT ,RUSSIAN *ILDR51 EXCEPT DEM5T$ ONES1 ALL ?OSE :O COME TO A S*OOL1 NOT ONLY KN[ :AT IS UP & :AT D[N1 :AT IS A B5* & :AT A TABLE1 :AT IS TWO & :AT ONE1 & SO =?1 BUT1 9 MY EXP]I5CE1 ! PEASANT *ILDR5 :O >E S5T TO S*OOL BY !IR P>5TS CAN EV]Y ONE ( !M EXPRESS !IR ?\<TS WELL & CORRECTLY1 CAN UND]/& ANO!R P]SON'S ?\<T 7IF IT IS EXPRESS$ 9 ,RUSSIAN71 & CAN C\NT TO TW5TY & MORE2 PLAY+ ) KNUCKLE-BONES !Y C\NT 9 PAIRS & SIXES1 & !Y KN[ H[ MANY PO9TS & PAIRS !RE >E 9 A SIX4 ,FREQU5TLY ! PUPILS :O CAME TO MY S*OOL BR\<T ) !M ! PROBLEM ) ! GEESE1 & EXPLA9$ IT TO ME4 ,BUT EV5 IF WE ADMIT ?AT *ILDR5 POSSESS NO SU* CONCEPTIONS AS ?OSE ! P$AGOGUES WANT TO IMP>T TO !M BY MEANS ( CONV]SATIONS1 ,I DO NOT F9D ! ME?OD *OS5 BY !M TO BE CORRECT4 

,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV HAS WRITT5 A READ]4 ,?IS BOOK IS TO BE US$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! CONV]SATIONS TO TEA* ! *ILDR5 LANGUAGE4 ,I HAVE RUN ?R\< ! BOOK & HAVE F\ND IT TO BE A S]IES ( BAD LANGUAGE BLUND]S1 :]EV] EXTRACTS FROM O!R BOOKS >E NOT QUOT$4 ,! SAME COMPLETE IGNORANCE ( LANGUAGE ,I HAVE F\ND 9 ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI'S PROBLEMS4 ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI WANTS TO GIVE IDEAS BY MEANS ( PROBLEMS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL HE \<T TO HAVE SE5 TO IT ?AT ! TOOL = ! TRANSMISSION ( IDEAS1 ?AT IS1 ! LANGUAGE1 WAS CORRECT4 

,:AT HAS BE5 M5TION$ H]E REF]S TO ! =M 9 :I* ! DEVELOPM5T IS IMP>T$4 ,LET US LOOK AT ! CONT5TS !MSELVES4 ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV PROPOSES ! FOLL[+ QUE/IONS TO BE PUT TO ! *ILDR53 0,:]E CAN Y\ SEE CATS8 :]E A MAGPIE8 :]E S&8 :]E A WASP & A SUSLIK8 :AT >E A SUSLIK & A MAGPIE & A CAT COV]$ )1 & :AT >E ! P>TS ( !IR BODIES80 7,! SUSLIK IS A FAVORITE ANIMAL ( P$AGOGY1 NO D\BT BECAUSE NOT ONE PEASANT *ILD 9 ! C5T] ( ,RUSSIA KN[S ?AT WORD47 

0,NATURALLY ! TEA*] DOES NOT ALWAYS PUT !SE QUE/IONS /RAI<T TO ! *ILDR51 AS =M+ ! PR$ET]M9$ PROGRAM ( ! LESSON2 MORE FREQU5TLY ! SMALL & UNDEVELOP$ *ILDR5 HAVE TO BE L$ UP TO ! SOLUTION ( ! QUE/ION ( ! PROGRAM BY A S]IES ( SUGGE/IVE QUE/IONS1 BY DIRECT+ !IR ATT5TION TO ! SIDE ( ! SUBJECT :I* IS MORE CORRECT AT ! GIV5 MOM5T1 OR BY 9CIT+ !M TO RECALL SOME?+ FROM !IR PREVI\S OBS]VATIONS4 ,?US ! TEA*] NE$ NOT PUT ! QUE/ION DIRECTLY3 ',:]E CAN A WASP BE SE58' BUT1 TURN+ TO ?IS OR ?AT PUPIL1 HE MAY ASK HIM :E!R HE HAS SE5 A WASP1 :]E HE HAS SE5 IT1 & !N ONLY1 COMB9+ ! REPLIES ( SEV]AL PUPILS1 COMPOSE AN ANSW] TO ! FIR/ QUE/ION ( HIS PROGRAM4 ,9 ANSW]+ ! TEA*]'S QUE/IONS1 ! *ILDR5 WILL (T5 CONNECT SEV]AL REM>KS ?AT HAVE NO DIRECT RELATION TO ! MATT]2 = EXAMPLE1 :5 ! QUE/ION IS AB\T :AT ! P>TS ( A MAGPIE >E1 ONE MAY SAY IRRELEVANTLY ?AT A MAGPIE JUMPS1 ANO!R ?AT IT *ATT]S FUNNILY1 A ?IRD ?AT IT /EALS ?+S1--LET !M ADD & GIVE UTT]ANCE TO EV]Y?+ ?AT >ISES 9 !IR MEMORY OR IMAG9ATION1--IT IS ! TEA*]'S BUS9ESS TO CONC5TRATE !IR ATT5TION 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PROGRAM1 & !SE REM>KS & ADDITIONS ( ! *ILDR5 HE %\LD TAKE NOTICE ( = ! PURPOSE ( ELABORAT+ ! O!R P>TS ( ! PROGRAM4 ,9 VIEW+ A NEW SUBJECT1 ! *ILDR5 AT EV]Y CONV5I5T OPPORTUNITY RETURN TO ! SUBJECTS :I* HAVE ALREADY BE5 UND] CONSID]ATION4 ,S9CE !Y HAVE OBS]V$ ?AT A MAGPIE IS COV]$ ) FEA!RS1 ! TEA*] ASKS3 ',IS ! SUSLIK ALSO COV]$ ) FEA!RS8 ,:AT IS IT COV]$ )8 ,& :AT IS A *ICK5 COV]$ )8 & A HORSE8 & A LIZ>D8' ,:5 !Y HAVE OBS]V$ ?AT A MAGPIE HAS TWO LEGS1 ! TEA*] ASKS3 ',H[ MANY LEGS HAS A DOG8 & A FOX8 & A *ICK58 & A WASP8 ,:AT O!R ANIMALS DO Y\ KN[ ) TWO LEGS8 ) F\R8 ) SIX8'0 

,9VOLUNT>ILY ! QUE/ION >ISES3 ,DO ! *ILDR5 KN[1 OR DO !Y NOT KN[1 :AT IS SO WELL EXPLA9$ TO !M 9 !SE CONV]SATIONS8 ,IF ! PUPILS KN[ IT ALL1 !N1 UPON OCCASION1 9 ! /REET OR AT HOME1 :]E !Y DO NOT NE$ TO RAISE !IR LEFT H&S1 !Y WILL C]TA9LY BE ABLE TO TELL IT 9 MORE BEAUTIFUL & MORE CORRECT ,RUSSIAN ?AN !Y >E ORD]$ TO DO4 ,!Y WILL C]TA9LY NOT SAY ?AT A HORSE IS 0COV]$0 ) WOOL2 IF SO1 :Y >E !Y COMPELL$ TO REPEAT !SE QUE/IONS JU/ AS ! TEA*] HAS PUT !M8 ,BUT IF !Y DO NOT KN[ !M 7:I* IS NOT TO BE ADMITT$ EXCEPT AS REG>DS ! SUSLIK71 ! QUE/ION >ISES3 BY :AT WILL ! TEA*] BE GUID$ 9 :AT IS ) SO MU* UNCTION CALL$ ! PROGRAM ( QUE/IONS1--BY ! SCI5CE ( ZOOLOGY1 OR BY LOGIC8 OR BY ! SCI5CE ( ELOQU5CE8 ,BUT IF BY NONE ( ! SCI5CES1 & M]ELY BY ! DESIRE TO TALK AB\T :AT IS VISIBLE 9 ! OBJECTS1 !RE >E SO MANY VISIBLE ?+S 9 OBJECTS1 & !Y >E SO DIV]SIFI$1 ?AT A GUID+ ?READ IS NE$$ TO %[ :AT TO TALK UPON1 :]EAS 9 OBJECTIVE 9/RUCTION !RE IS NO SU* ?READ1 & !RE CAN BE NONE4 

,ALL HUMAN KN[L$GE IS SUBDIVID$ = ! PURPOSE ?AT IT MAY MORE CONV5I5TLY BE GA!R$1 UNIT$1 & TRANSMITT$1 & !SE SUBDIVISIONS >E CALL$ SCI5CES4 ,BUT \TSIDE !IR SCI5TIFIC CLASSIFICATIONS Y\ MAY TALK AB\T OBJECTS ANY?+ Y\ PLEASE1 & Y\ MAY SAY ALL ! NONS5SE IMAG9ABLE1 AS WE ACTUALLY SEE4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! RESULT ( ! CONV]SATION WILL BE ?AT ! *ILDR5 >E EI!R MADE TO LE>N BY HE>T ! TEA*]'S WORDS AB\T ! SUSLIK1 OR TO *ANGE !IR [N WORDS1 PLACE !M 9 A C]TA9 ORD] 7NOT ALWAYS A CORRECT ORD]71 & TO MEMORIZE & REPEAT !M4 ,= ?IS REASON ALL ! MANUALS ( ?IS K9D1 9 G5]AL ALL ! EX]CISES ( DEVELOPM5T1 SUFF] ON ! ONE H& FROM ABSOLUTE >BITR>9ESS1 & ON ! O!R FROM SUP]FLUITY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV'S BOOK ! ONLY /ORY :I*1 IT SEEMS1 IS NOT COPI$ FROM ANO!R AU?OR1 IS ! FOLL[+3 

0,A PEASANT COMPLA9$ TO A HUNT] AB\T HIS TR\BLE3 A FOX HAD C>RI$ (F SEV]AL ( HIS *ICK5S & ONE DUCK2 ! FOX WAS NOT 9 ! LEA/ AFRAID ( WAT*-DOG ,D&Y1 :O WAS *A9$ UP & KEPT B>K+ ALL NI<T LONG2 9 ! MORN+ HE HAD PLAC$ A TRAP ) A PIECE ( ROA/ MEAT 9 ! FRE% TRACKS ON ! SN[1--EVID5TLY ! R$-HAIR$ SNEAK WAS DISPORT+ NE> ! H\SE1 BUT HE DID NOT GO 9TO ! TRAP4 ,! HUNT] LI/5$ TO :AT ! PEASANT HAD TO SAY TO HIM1 & SAID3 ',V]Y WELL2 N[ WE WILL SEE :O WILL BE %REWD]6' ,! HUNT] WALK$ ALL DAY ) HIS GUN & ) HIS DOG1 OV] ! TRACKS ( ! FOX1 TO DISCOV] H[ HE F\ND HIS WAY 9TO ! Y>D4 ,9 ! DAYTIME ! SNEAK SLEEPS 9 HIS LAIR1 & KN[S NO?+ ( :AT IS GO+ ON1 SO ?AT HAD TO BE CONSID]$3 ON ITS PA? ! HUNT] DUG A HOLE & COV]$ IT ) BO>DS1 DIRT1 & SN[2 A FEW /EPS FROM IT HE PUT D[N A PIECE ( HORSEFLE%4 ,9 ! EV5+ HE SEAT$ HIMSELF ) A LOAD$ GUN 9 HIS AMBU%1 FIX$ ?+S 9 SU* A WAY ?AT HE C\LD SEE EV]Y?+ & %OOT COM=TABLY1 & !RE HE WAIT$4 ,IT GREW D>K4 ,! MOON SWAM \T4 ,CAUTI\SLY1 LOOK+ >\ND & LI/5+1 ! FOX CREPT \T ( HIS LAIR1 RAIS$ HIS NOSE1 & SNIFF$4 ,HE AT ONCE SMELL$ ! ODOR ( HORSEFLE%1 & RAN AT A SL[ TROT TO ! PLACE1 & SUDD5LY /OPP$ & PRICK$ HIS E>S3 ! %REWD ONE SAW ?AT !RE WAS A M\ND !RE :I* HAD NOT BE5 9 ?AT SPOT ! PREVI\S EV5+4 ,?IS M\ND APP>5TLY VEX$ HIM1 & MADE HIM ?9K2 HE TOOK A L>GE CIRCLE >\ND IT1 & SNIFF$ & LI/5$1 & SAT D[N1 & = A LONG TIME LOOK$ AT ! MEAT FROM A DI/ANCE1 SO ?AT ! HUNT] C\LD NOT %OOT HIM1--IT WAS TOO F>4 ,! FOX ?\<T & ?\<T1 & SUDD5LY RAN AT FULL SPE$ BETWE5 ! MEAT & ! M\ND4 ,\R HUNT] WAS C>EFUL1 & DID NOT %OOT4 ,HE KNEW ?AT ! SNEAK WAS M]ELY TRY+ TO F9D \T :E!R ANYBODY WAS SITT+ BEH9D ?AT M\ND2 IF HE HAD %OT AT ! RUNN+ FOX1 HE W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE MISS$ HIM1 & !N HE W\LD NOT HAVE SE5 ! SNEAK1 ANY MORE ?AN HE C\LD SEE HIS [N E>S4 ,N[ ! FOX QUIET$ D[N1--! M\ND NO LONG] DI/URB$ HIM3 HE WALK$ BRISKLY UP TO ! MEAT1 & ATE IT ) GREAT DELI<T4 ,!N ! HUNT] AIM$ C>EFULLY1 )\T HA/E1 SO ?AT HE MI<T NOT MISS HIM4 ,BANG6 ,! FOX JUMP$ UP FROM PA9 & FELL D[N DEAD40 

,EV]Y?+ IS >BITR>Y H]E3 IT IS AN >BITR>Y 9V5TION TO SAY ?AT A FOX C\LD C>RY (F A PEASANT'S DUCK 9 W9T]1 ?AT PEASANTS TRAP FOXES1 ?AT A FOX SLEEPS 9 ! DAYTIME 9 HIS LAIR 7= HE SLEEPS ONLY AT NI<T72 >BITR>Y IS ?AT HOLE :I* IS USELESSLY DUG 9 W9T] & COV]$ ) BO>DS )\T BE+ MADE USE (2 >BITR>Y IS ! /ATEM5T ?AT ! FOX EATS HORSEFLE%1 :I* HE NEV] DOES2 >BITR>Y IS ! SUPPOS$ CUNN+ ( ! FOX1 :O RUNS PA/ ! HUNT]2 >BITR>Y >E ! M\ND & ! HUNT]1 :O DOES NOT %OOT = FE> ( MISS+1 ?AT IS1 EV]Y?+1 FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D1 IS BO%1 = :I* ANY PEASANT BOY MI<T >RAIGN ! AU?OR ( ! /ORY1 IF HE C\LD TALK )\T RAIS+ HIS H&4 

,!N A :OLE S]IES ( SO-CALL$ EX]CISES 9 ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV'S LESSONS IS COMPOS$ ( SU* QUE/IONS AS3 0,:O BAKES8 ,:O *OPS8 ,:O %OOTS80 TO :I* ! PUPIL IS SUPPOS$ TO ANSW]3 0,! BAK]1 ! WOOD-*OPP]1 & ! M>KSM510 :]EAS HE MI<T JU/ AS CORRECTLY ANSW] ?AT ! WOMAN BAKES1 ! AX *OPS1 & ! TEA*] %OOTS1 IF HE HAS A GUN4 ,ANO!R >BITR>Y /ATEM5T 9 ?AT BOOK IS ?AT ! ?ROAT IS A P>T ( ! M\?1 & SO ON4 

,ALL ! O!R EX]CISES1 SU* AS 0,! DUCKS FLY1 & ! DOGS80 OR 0,! L9D5 & BIR* >E TREES1 & ! HORSE80 >E QUITE SUP]FLU\S4 ,BESIDES1 IT MU/ BE OBS]V$ ?AT IF SU* CONV]SATIONS >E REALLY C>RI$ ON ) ! PUPILS 7:I* NEV] HAPP5S7 ?AT IS1 IF ! PUPILS >E P]MITT$ TO SPEAK & ASK QUE/IONS1 ! TEA*]1 *OOS+ SIMPLE SUBJECTS 7!Y >E MO/ DIFFICULT71 IS AT EA* /EP P]PLEX$1 P>TLY ?R\< IGNORANCE1 & P>TLY BECAUSE  
E9 ,N>R KANN MEHR FRAG51 ALS ZEHN ,WEIZE ANTWORT54 

,EXACTLY ! SAME TAKES PLACE 9 ! 9/RUCTION ( >I?METIC1 :I* IS BAS$ ON ! SAME P$AGOGICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,EI!R ! PUPILS >E 9=M$ 9 ! SAME WAY ( :AT !Y ALREADY KN[1 OR !Y >E QUITE >BITR>ILY 9=M$ ( COMB9ATIONS ( A C]TA9 *>ACT] ?AT >E NOT BAS$ ON ANY?+4 ,! LESSON M5TION$ ABOVE & ALL ! O!R LESSONS UP TO T5 >E M]ELY 9=MATION AB\T :AT ! *ILDR5 ALREADY KN[4 ,IF !Y FREQU5TLY DO NOT ANSW] QUE/IONS ( ?AT K9D1 ?IS IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! QUE/ION IS EI!R WRONGLY EXPRESS$ 9 ITSELF1 OR WRONGLY EXPRESS$ AS REG>DS ! *ILDR54 ,! DIFFICULTY :I* ! *ILDR5 5C\NT] 9 ANSW]+ A QUE/ION ( ?AT *>ACT] IS DUE TO ! SAME CAUSE :I* MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = ! AV]AGE BOY TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION3 ,?REE SONS W]E TO ,NOAH1 .<#a.> --,%EM1 ,HAM1 & ,JAPHE?1--:O WAS !IR FA!R8 ,! DIFFICULTY IS NOT MA!MATICAL1 BUT SYNTACTICAL1 :I* IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT 9 ! /ATEM5T ( ! PROBLEM & 9 ! QUE/ION !RE IS NOT ONE & ! SAME SUBJECT2 BUT :5 TO ! SYNTACTICAL DIFFICULTY !RE IS ADD$ ! AWKW>DNESS ( ! PROPOS] ( ! PROBLEMS 9 EXPRESS+ HIMSELF 9 ,RUSSIAN1 ! MATT] BECOMES ( GREAT] DIFFICULTY /ILL TO ! PUPIL2 BUT ! TR\BLE IS NO LONG] MA!MATICAL4 

 .<#a.>  ,! ,RUSSIAN WAY ( SAY+ 0,NOAH HAD ?REE SONS40 

,LET ANYBODY UND]/& AT ONCE ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI'S PROBLEM3 0,A C]TA9 BOY HAD F\R NUTS1 ANO!R HAD FIVE4 ,! SECOND BOY GAVE ALL HIS NUTS TO ! FIR/1 & ?IS ONE GAVE ?REE NUTS TO A ?IRD1 & ! RE/ HE DI/RIBUT$ EQUALLY TO ?REE O!R FRI5DS4 ,H[ MANY NUTS DID EA* ( ! LA/ GET80 ,EXPRESS ! PROBLEM AS FOLL[S3 0,A BOY HAD F\R NUTS4 ,HE WAS GIV5 FIVE MORE4 ,HE GAVE AWAY ?REE NUTS1 & ! RE/ HE WANTS TO GIVE TO ?REE FRI5DS4 ,H[ MANY CAN HE GIVE TO EA*80 & A *ILD ( FIVE YE>S ( AGE WILL SOLVE IT4 ,!RE IS NO PROBLEM H]E AT ALL1 BUT ! DIFFICULTY MAY >ISE ONLY FROM A WRONG /ATEM5T ( ! PROBLEM1 OR FROM A WEAK MEMORY4 ,& IT IS ?IS SYNTACTICAL DIFFICULTY1 :I* ! *ILDR5 OV]COME BY LONG & DIFFICULT EX]CISES1 ?AT GIVES ! TEA*] CAUSE TO ?9K ?AT1 TEA*+ ! *ILDR5 :AT !Y KN[ ALREADY1 HE IS TEA*+ !M ANY?+ AT ALL4 ,JU/ AS >BITR>ILY >E ! *ILDR5 TAU<T COMB9ATIONS 9 >I?METIC & ! DECOMPOSITION ( NUMB]S ACCORD+ TO A C]TA9 ME?OD & ORD]1 :I* HAVE !IR F\NDATION ONLY 9 ! FANCY ( ! TEA*]4 ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI SAYS3 

0,F\R4 7#a7 ,! =MATION ( ! NUMB]4 ,ON ! UPP] BORD] ( ! BO>D ! TEA*] PLACES ?REE CUBES TOGE!R--,I ,I ,I4 ,H[ MANY CUBES >E !RE H]E8 ,!N A F\R? CUBE IS ADD$4 ,& H[ MANY >E !RE N[8 ,I ,I ,I ,I4 ,H[ >E F\R CUBES =M$ FROM ?REE & ONE8 ,WE HAVE TO ADD ONE CUBE TO ! ?REE4 

07#b7 ,DECOMPOSITION 9TO COMPON5T P>TS4 ,H[ CAN F\R CUBES BE =M$8 OR1 ,H[ CAN F\R CUBES BE BROK5 UP8 ,F\R CUBES MAY BE BROK5 UP 9TO TWO & TWO3 ,I,I "4 ,I,I4 ,F\R CUBES MAY BE =M$ FROM ONE1 & ONE1 & ONE1 & ONE MORE1 OR BY TAK+ F\R TIMES ONE CUBE3 ,I "4 ,I "4 ,I "4 ,I4 ,F\R CUBES MAY BE BROK5 UP 9TO ?REE & ONE3 ,I,I,I "4 ,I4 ,IT MAY BE =M$ FROM ONE1 & ONE1 & TWO3 ,I "4 ,I "4 ,I,I4 ,CAN F\R CUBES BE PUT TOGE!R 9 ANY O!R WAY8 ,! PUPILS CONV9CE !MSELVES ?AT !RE CAN BE NO O!R DECOMPOSITION1 DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ALREADY GIV54 ,IF ! PUPILS BEG9 TO BREAK ! F\R CUBES 9 ?IS WAY3 ONE1 TWO1 & ONE1 OR1 TWO1 ONE & ONE2 OR1 ONE & ?REE1 ! TEA*] WILL EASILY PO9T \T TO !M ?AT !SE DECOMPOSITIONS >E ONLY REPETITIONS ( :AT HAS BE5 GOT BE=E1 ONLY 9 A DIFF]5T ORD]4 

0,EV]Y TIME1 :5EV] ! PUPILS 9DICATE A NEW ME?OD ( DECOMPOSITION1 ! TEA*] PLACES ! CUBES ON A L$GE ( ! BLACKBO>D 9 ! MANN] H]E 9DICAT$4 ,?US !RE WILL BE F\R CUBES ON ! UPP] L$GE2 TWO & TWO 9 A SECOND PLACE2 9 A ?IRD PLACE ! F\R CUBES WILL BE SEP>AT$ AT SOME DI/ANCE FROM EA* O!R2 9 A F\R? PLACE1 ?REE & ONE1 & 9 A FIF? ONE1 ONE1 & TWO4 

07#c7 ,DECOMPOSITION 9 ORD]4 ,IT MAY EASILY HAPP5 ?AT ! *ILDR5 WILL AT ONCE PO9T \T ! DECOMPOSITION ( ! NUMB] 9TO COMPON5T P>TS 9 ORD]2 EV5 !N ! ?IRD EX]CISE CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS SUP]FLU\S3 ,H]E WE HAVE =M$ F\R CUBES ( TWOS1 ( SEP>ATE CUBES1 & ( ?REES1--9 :AT ORD] HAD WE BE/ PLACE ! CUBES ON ! BO>D8 ,) :AT %ALL ! DECOMPOSITION ( ! F\R CUBES BEG98 ,) ! DECOMPOSITION 9TO SEP>ATE CUBES4 ,H[ >E F\R CUBES TO BE =M$ FROM SEP>ATE CUBES8 ,WE MU/ TAKE F\R TIMES ONE CUBE4 ,H[ >E F\R CUBES TO BE =M$ FROM TWOS1 FROM A PAIR8 ,WE MU/ TAKE TWO TWOS1--TWICE TWO CUBES1 TWO PAIRS ( CUBES4 ,H[ %ALL WE AFT]W>DS BREAK UP ! F\R CUBES8 ,!Y CAN BE =M$ ( ?REES3 = ?IS PURPOSE WE TAKE ?REE & ONE1 OR ONE & ?REE4 ,! TEA*] EXPLA9S TO ! PUPILS ?AT ! LA/ DECOMPOSITION1 ?AT IS1 #a #a #b1 DOES NOT COME UND] ! ACCEPT$ ORD]1 & IS A MODIFICATION ( ONE ( ! FIR/ ?REE40 

,:Y DOES ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI NOT ADMIT ?IS LA/ DECOMPOSITION8 ,:Y MU/ !RE BE ! ORD] 9DICAT$ BY HIM8 ,ALL ?AT IS A MATT] ( M]E >BITR>9ESS & FANCY4 ,9 REALITY1 IT IS APP>5T TO EV]Y ?9K+ MAN ?AT !RE IS ONLY ONE F\NDATION = ANY COMPOSITION & DECOMPOSITION1 & = ! :OLE ( MA!MATICS4 ,H]E IS ! F\NDATION3 #a "4 #a "7 #b1 #b "4 #a "7 #c1 #c "4 #a "7 #d1 & SO =?1--PRECISELY :AT ! *ILDR5 LE>N AT HOME1 & :AT 9 COMMON P>LANCE IS CALL$ C\NT+ TO T51 TO TW5TY1 & SO =?4 ,?IS PROCESS IS KN[N TO EV]Y PUPIL1 & NO MATT] :AT DECOMPOSITION ,MR4 ,EVTU%EVSKI MAY MAKE1 IT IS TO BE EXPLA9$ FROM ?IS ONE4 ,A BOY ?AT CAN C\NT TO F\R1 CONSID]S F\R AS A :OLE1 & SO ALSO ?REE1 & TWO1 & ONE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE KN[S ?AT F\R WAS PRODUC$ FROM ! CONSECUTIVE ADDITION ( ONE4 ,SIMIL>LY HE KN[S ?AT F\R IS PRODUC$ BY ADD+ TWICE ONE TO TWO1 JU/ AS HE KN[S TWICE ONE IS TWO4 ,:AT1 !N1 >E ! *ILDR5 TAU<T H]E8 ,?AT :I* !Y KN[1 OR ?AT PROCESS ( C\NT+ :I* !Y MU/ LE>N ACCORD+ TO ! TEA*]'S FANCY4 

,! O!R DAY ,I HAPP5$ TO WITNESS A LESSON 9 MA!MATICS ACCORD+ TO ,GRUBE'S ME?OD4 ,! PUPIL WAS ASK$3 0,H[ MU* IS #h & #g80 ,HE HA/5$ TO ANSW] & SAID #a#f4 ,HIS NEI<BOR1 TOO1 WAS 9 A HURRY &1 )\T RAIS+ HIS LEFT H&1 SAID3 0#h & #h IS #a#f1 & ONE LESS IS #a#e40 ,! TEA*] /]NLY /OPP$ HIM1 & COMPELL$ ! FIR/ BOY TO ADD ONE AFT] ONE TO #h1 UNTIL HE CAME TO #a#e1 ?\< ! BOY KNEW LONG AGO ?AT HE HAD MADE A BLUND]4 ,9 ?AT S*OOL !Y HAD REA*$ ! NUMB] #a#e1 BUT #af WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE UNKN[N YET4 

,I AM AFRAID ?AT MANY PEOPLE1 READ+ ALL !SE LONG REFUTALS ( ! ME?ODS ( OBJECT 9/RUCTION & C\NT+ ACCORD+ TO ,GRUBE1 :I* ,I AM MAK+1 WILL SAY3 0,:AT IS !RE H]E TO TALK AB\T8 ,IS IT NOT EVID5T ?AT IT IS ALL M]E NONS5SE :I* IT IS NOT WOR? :ILE TO CRITICIZE8 ,:Y PICK \T ! ]RORS & BLUND]S ( A ,BUNAKOV & ,EVTU%EVSKI1 & CRITICIZE :AT IS B5EA? ALL CRITICISM80 

,?AT WAS ! WAY ,I MYSELF ?\<T BE=E ,I WAS L$ TO SEE :AT WAS GO+ ON 9 ! P$AGOGICAL WORLD1 :5 ,I CONV9C$ MYSELF ?AT ,MESSRS4 ,BUNAKOV & ,EVTU%EVSKI W]E NOT M]E 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT AU?ORITIES 9 \R P$AGOGICS1 & ?AT :AT !Y PRESCRIBE IS ACTUALLY C>RI$ \T 9 \R S*OOLS4 ,9 ! BACKWOODS WE MAY F9D TEA*]S1 ESPECIALLY WOM51 :O SPREAD ,EVTU%EVSKI'S & ,BUNAKOV'S MANUALS \T BE=E !M & ASK ACCORD+ TO !IR PRESCRIPTION H[ MU* ONE FEA!R & ONE FEA!R IS1 & :AT A H5 IS COV]$ )4 ,ALL ?AT W\LD BE FUNNY IF IT W]E ONLY AN 9V5TION ( ! !ORI/1 & NOT A GUIDE 9 PRACTICAL WORK1 A GUIDE ?AT SOME FOLL[ ALREADY1 & IF IT DID NOT CONC]N ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT AFFAIRS ( LIFE1--! $UCATION ( ! *ILDR54 ,I WAS AMUS$ AT IT :5 ,I READ IT AS !ORETICAL FANCIES2 BUT :5 ,I LE>N$ & SAW ?AT ?AT WAS BE+ PRACTIC$ ON *ILDR51 ,I FELT PITY = !M & A%AM$4 

,FROM A !ORETICAL /&PO9T1 NOT TO M5TION ! FACT ?AT !Y FAULTILY DEF9E ! AIM ( $UCATION1 ! P$AGOGUES ( ?IS S*OOL MAKE ?IS ESS5TIAL ]ROR1 ?AT !Y DEP>T FROM ! CONDITIONS ( ALL 9/RUCTION1 :E!R ?IS 9/RUCTION BE ON ! HI<E/ OR L[E/ /AGE ( ! SCI5CE1 9 A UNIV]SITY OR 9 A POPUL> S*OOL4 ,! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( ALL 9/RUCTION CONSI/ 9 SELECT+ ! HOMOG5E\S PH5OM5A FROM AN 5DLESS NUMB] ( HET]OG5E\S PH5OM5A1 & 9 IMP>T+ ! LAWS ( !SE PH5OM5A TO ! /UD5TS4 ,?US1 9 ! /UDY ( LANGUAGE1 ! PUPILS >E TAU<T ! LAWS ( ! WORD1 & 9 MA!MATICS1 ! LAWS ( ! NUMB]S4 ,! /UDY ( LANGUAGE CONSI/S 9 IMP>T+ ! LAWS ( ! DECOMPOSITION & ( ! REV]SE COMPOSITION ( S5T5CES1 WORDS1 SYLLABLES1 S\NDS1--& !SE LAWS =M ! SUBJECT ( 9/RUCTION4 ,! 9/RUCTION ( MA!MATICS CONSI/S 9 IMP>T+ ! LAWS ( ! COMPOSITION & DECOMPOSITION ( ! NUMB]S 7BUT ,I BEG TO OBS]VE1--NOT 9 ! PROCESS ( ! COMPOSITION & ! DECOMPOSITION ( ! NUMB]S1 BUT 9 IMP>T+ ! LAWS ( ?AT COMPOSITION & DECOMPOSITION74 ,?US1 ! FIR/ LAW CONSI/S 9 ! ABILITY ( REG>D+ A COLLECTION ( UNITS AS A UNIT ( A HI<] ORD]1 PRECISELY :AT A *ILD DOES :5 HE SAYS3 0#b & #a "7 #c40 ,HE REG>DS #b AS A K9D ( UNIT4 ,ON ?IS LAW >E BAS$ ! CONSEQU5T LAWS ( NUM]ATION1 !N ( ADDITION1 & ( ! :OLE ( MA!MATICS4 ,BUT >BITR>Y CONV]SATIONS AB\T ! WASP1 & SO =?1 OR PROBLEMS )9 ! LIMIT ( #a1--ITS DECOMPOSITION 9 EV]Y MANN] POSSIBLE1--CANNOT =M A SUBJECT ( 9/RUCTION1 BECAUSE1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !Y TRANSC5D ! SUBJECT &1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 BECAUSE !Y DO NOT TREAT ( ITS LAWS4 

,?AT IS ! WAY ! MATT] PRES5TS ITSELF TO ME FROM ITS !ORETICAL SIDE2 BUT !ORETICAL CRITICISM MAY FREQU5TLY ]R1 & SO ,I WILL TRY TO V]IFY MY D$UCTIONS BY MEANS ( PRACTICAL DATA4 ,G---- ,P---- HAS GIV5 US A SAMPLE ( ! PRACTICAL RESULTS ( BO? OBJECT 9/RUCTION & ( MA!MATICS ACCORD+ TO ,GRUBE'S ME?OD4 ,ONE ( ! OLD] BOYS WAS TOLD3 0,PUT Y\R H& UND] Y\R BOOK60 9 ORD] TO PROVE ?AT HE HAD BE5 TAU<T ! CONCEPTIONS ( 0OV]0 & 0UND]10 & ! 9TELLIG5T BOY1 :O1 ,I AM SURE1 KNEW :AT 0OV]0 & 0UND]0 WAS1 :5 HE WAS ?REE YE>S OLD1 PUT HIS H& ON ! BOOK :5 HE WAS TOLD TO PUT IT UND] IT4 ,I HAVE ALL ! TIME OBS]V$ SU* EXAMPLES1 & !Y PROVE MORE CLE>LY ?AN ANY?+ ELSE H[ USELESS1 /RANGE1 & DISGRACEFUL1 ,I FEEL LIKE SAY+1 ?IS OBJECT 9/RUCTION IS = ,RUSSIAN *ILDR54 ,A ,RUSSIAN *ILD CANNOT & WILL NOT BELIEVE 7HE HAS TOO MU* RESPECT = ! TEA*] & = HIMSELF7 ?AT ! TEA*] IS 9 E>NE/ :5 HE ASKS HIM :E!R ! CEIL+ IS ABOVE OR BEL[1 OR H[ MANY LEGS HE HAS4 ,9 >I?METIC1 TOO1 WE HAVE SE5 ?AT PUPILS :O DID NOT EV5 KN[ H[ TO WRITE ! NUMB]S & DUR+ ! :OLE TIME ( ! 9/RUCTION W]E EX]CIS$ ONLY 9 M5TAL CALCULATIONS UP TO #a1 = HALF AN H\R DID NOT /OP BLUND]+ 9 EV]Y IMAG9ABLE WAY 9 RESPONSE TO QUE/IONS :I* ! TEA*] PUT TO !M )9 ! LIMIT ( #a4 ,EVID5TLY ! 9/RUCTION ( M5TAL CALCULATION BR\<T NO RESULTS1 & ! SYNTACTICAL DIFFICULTY1 :I* CONSI/S 9 UNRAVEL+ A QUE/ION ?AT IS IMPROP]LY PUT1 HAS REMA9$ ! SAME AS EV]4 ,& ?US1 ! PRACTICAL RESULTS ( ! EXAM9ATION :I* TOOK PLACE DID NOT CONFIRM ! USEFULNESS ( ! DEVELOPM5T4 

,BUT ,I WILL BE MORE EXACT & CONSCI5TI\S4 ,MAYBE ! PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T1 :I* AT FIR/ IS CONF9$ NOT SO MU* TO ! /UDY1 AS TO ! ANALYSIS ( :AT ! PUPILS KN[ ALREADY1 WILL PRODUCE RESULTS LAT] ON4 ,MAYBE ! TEA*]1 :O AT FIR/ TAKES POSSESSION ( ! PUPILS' M9DS BY MEANS ( ! ANALYSIS1 LAT] GUIDES !M FIRMLY & ) EASE1 & FROM ! N>R[ SPH]E ( ! DESCRIPTIONS ( A TABLE & ! C\NT ( #b & #a LEADS !M 9TO ! REAL SPH]E ( KN[L$GE1 9 :I* ! PUPILS >E NO LONG] CONF9$ TO LE>N+ :AT !Y KN[ ALREADY1 BUT ALSO LE>N SOME?+ NEW1 & LE>N ?AT NEW 9=MATION 9 A NEW1 MORE CONV5I5T1 MORE 9TELLIG5T MANN]4 ,?IS SUPPOSITION IS CONFIRM$ BY ! FACT ?AT ALL ! ,G]MAN P$AGOGUES & !IR FOLL[]S1 AMONG !M ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV1 SAY DI/9CTLY ?AT OBJECT 9/RUCTION IS TO S]VE AS AN 9TRODUCTION TO 0HOME SCI5CE0 & 0NATURAL SCI5CE40 ,BUT WE %\LD BE LOOK+ 9 VA9 9 ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV'S MANUAL TO F9D \T H[ ?IS 0HOME SCI5CE0 IS TO BE TAU<T1 IF BY ?IS WORD ANY REAL 9=MATION IS TO BE UND]/OOD1 & NOT ! DESCRIPTIONS ( A HUT & A VE/IBULE1--:I* ! *ILDR5 KN[ ALREADY4 ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV1 ON PAGE #b1 AFT] HAV+ EXPLA9$ ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO TEA* :]E ! CEIL+ IS & :]E ! /OVE1 SAYS BRIEFLY3 

0,N[ IT IS NECESS>Y TO PASS OV] TO ! ?IRD /AGE ( OBJECT 9/RUCTION1 ! CONT5TS ( :I* HAVE BE5 DEF9$ BY ME AS FOLL[S3 ,! /UDY ( ! C\NTRY1 C\NTY1 ,GOV]NM5T1 ! :OLE REALM ) ITS NATURAL PRODUCTS & ITS 9HABITANTS1 9 G5]AL \TL9E1 AS A SKET* ( HOME SCI5CE & ! BEG9N+ ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 ) ! PR$OM9ANCE ( READ+1 :I*1 RE/+ ON ! IMM$IATE OBS]VATIONS ( ! FIR/ TWO GRADES1 BROAD5S ! M5TAL HORIZON ( ! PUPILS1--! SPH]E ( !IR CONCEPTS & IDEAS4 ,WE CAN SEE FROM ! M]E DEF9ITION ?AT H]E ! OBJECTIVITY APPE>S AS A COMPLEM5T TO ! EXPLANATORY READ+ & N>RATIVE ( ! TEA*]1--CONSEQU5TLY1 :AT IS SAID 9 REG>D TO ! OCCUPATIONS ( ! ?IRD YE> HAS MORE REF]5CE TO ! DISCUSSION ( ! SECOND OCCUPATION1 :I* 5T]S 9TO ! COMPOSITION ( ! SUBJECT UND] 9/RUCTION1 :I* IS CALL$ ! NATIVE LANGUAGE1--! EXPLANATORY READ+40 

,WE TURN TO ! ?IRD YE>1--! EXPLANATORY READ+1 BUT !RE WE F9D ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO 9DICATE H[ ! NEW 9=MATION IS TO BE IMP>T$1 EXCEPT ?AT IT IS GOOD TO READ SU* & SU* BOOKS1 & 9 READ+ TO PUT SU* & SU* QUE/IONS4 ,! QUE/IONS >E EXTREMELY QUE] 7TO ME1 AT LEA/71 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! COMP>ISON ( ! >TICLE ON WAT] BY ,U%9SKI & ( ! >TICLE ON WAT] BY ,AKSAKOV1 & ! REQUE/ MADE ( ! PUPILS ?AT !Y %\LD EXPLA9 ?AT ,AKSAKOV CONSID]S WAT] AS A PH5OM5ON ( ,NATURE1 :ILE ,U%9SKI CONSID]S IT AS A SUB/ANCE1 & SO =?4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 WE F9D H]E AGA9 ! SAME FOI/+ ( VIEWS ON ! PUPILS1 & ( SUBDIVISIONS 7G5]ALLY 9CORRECT7 ( ! TEA*]1 & NOT ONE WORD1 NOT ONE H9T1 AS TO H[ ANY NEW KN[L$GE IS TO BE IMP>T$4 

,IT IS NOT KN[N :AT %ALL BE TAU<T3 NATURAL HI/ORY1 OR GEOGRAPHY4 ,!RE IS NO?+ !RE BUT READ+ ) QUE/IONS ( ! *>ACT] ,I HAVE JU/ M5TION$4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! 9/RUCTION AB\T ! WORD1--GRAMM> & OR?OGRAPHY1--WE %\LD JU/ AS MU* BE LOOK+ 9 VA9 = ANY NEW ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION :I* IS BAS$ ON ! PREC$+ DEVELOPM5T4 ,AGA9 ! OLD ,P]EVLEVSKI'S GRAMM>1 :I* BEG9S ) PHILOSOPHICAL DEF9ITIONS & !N ) SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS1 S]VES AS ! BASIS ( ALL NEW GRAMMATICAL EX]CISES & ( ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV'S MANUAL4 

,9 MA!MATICS1 TOO1 WE %\LD BE LOOK+ 9 VA91 AT ?AT /AGE :]E ! REAL 9/RUCTION 9 MA!MATICS BEG9S1 = ANY?+ NEW & MORE EASY1 BAS$ ON ! :OLE PREVI\S 9/RUCTION ( ! EX]CISES ( ! SECOND YE> UP TO #b4 ,:]E 9 >I?METIC ! REAL DIFFICULTIES >E MET )1 :]E IT BECOMES NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 ! SUBJECT FROM ALL ITS SIDES TO ! PUPIL1 AS 9 NUM]ATION1 9 ADDITION1 SUBTRACTION1 DIVISION1 9 ! DIVISION & MULTIPLICATION ( FRACTIONS1 Y\ WILL NOT F9D EV5 A %AD[ ( ANY?+ EASI]1 ANY NEW EXPLANATION1 BUT ONLY QUOTATIONS FROM OLD >I?METICS4 

,! *>ACT] ( ?IS 9/RUCTION IS EV]Y:]E ONE & ! SAME4 ,! :OLE ATT5TION IS DIRECT$ T[>D TEA*+ ! PUPIL :AT HE ALREADY KN[S4 ,& S9CE ! PUPIL KN[S :AT HE IS BE+ TAU<T1 & EASILY RECITES 9 ANY ORD] DESIR$ :AT HE IS ASK$ TO RECITE BY ! TEA*]1 ! TEA*] ?9KS ?AT HE IS REALLY TEA*+ SOME?+1 & ! PUPIL'S PROGRESS IS GREAT1 & ! TEA*]1 PAY+ NO ATT5TION TO :AT =MS ! REAL DIFFICULTY ( TEA*+1 ?AT IS1 TO TEA*+ SOME?+ NEW1 MO/ COM=TABLY /UMPS AB\T 9 ONE SPOT4 

,?IS EXPLA9S :Y \R P$AGOGICAL LIT]ATURE IS OV]:ELM$ ) MANUALS = OBJECT-LESSONS1 ) MANUALS AB\T H[ TO CONDUCT K9D]G>T5S 7ONE ( ! MO/ MON/R\S EXCRESC5CES ( ! NEW P$AGOGY71 ) PICTURES & BOOKS = READ+1 9 :I* >E ET]NALLY REPEAT$ ! SAME >TICLES AB\T ! FOX & ! BLACKCOCK1 ! SAME POEMS :I* = SOME REASON >E WRITT5 \T 9 PROSE 9 ALL K9DS ( P]MUTATIONS & ) ALL K9DS ( EXPLANATIONS2 BUT WE HAVE NOT A S+LE NEW >TICLE = *ILDR5'S READ+1 NOT ONE ,RUSSIAN1 NOR ,*UR*-,SLAVIC GRAMM>1 NOR A ,*UR*-,SLAVIC DICTION>Y1 NOR AN >I?METIC1 NOR A GEOGRAPHY1 NOR A HI/ORY = ! POPUL> S*OOLS4 ,ALL ! =CES >E ABSORB$ 9 WRIT+ TEXT-BOOKS = ! 9/RUCTION ( *ILDR5 9 SUBJECTS !Y NE$ NOT & \<T NOT TO BE TAU<T 9 S*OOL1 BECAUSE !Y >E TAU<T !M 9 LIFE4 ,( C\RSE1 !RE IS NO 5D TO ! WRIT+ ( SU* BOOKS2 = !RE CAN BE ONLY ONE GRAMM> & >I?METIC1 BUT ( EX]CISES & REFLECTIONS1 LIKE ?OSE ,I HAVE QUOT$ FROM ,BUNAKOV1 & ( ! ORD]S ( ! DECOMPOSITION ( NUMB]S FROM ,EVTU%EVSKI1 !RE MAY BE AN 5DLESS NUMB]4 

,P$AGOGY IS 9 ! SAME CONDITION 9 :I* A SCI5CE W\LD BE ?AT W\LD TEA* H[ A MAN \<T TO WALK2 & PEOPLE W\LD TRY TO DISCOV] RULES AB\T H[ TO TEA* ! *ILDR51 H[ TO 5JO9 !M TO CONTRACT ?IS MUSCLE1 /RET* ?AT MUSCLE1 & SO =?4 ,?IS CONDITION ( ! NEW P$AGOGY RESULTS DIRECTLY FROM ITS TWO FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES3 7#a7 ?AT ! AIM ( ! S*OOL IS DEVELOPM5T & NOT SCI5CE1 & 7#b7 ?AT DEVELOPM5T & ! MEANS = ATTA9+ IT MAY BE !ORETICALLY DEF9$4 ,FROM ?IS HAS CONSI/5TLY RESULT$ ?AT MIS]ABLE & FREQU5TLY RIDICUL\S CONDITION 9 :I* ! :OLE MATT] ( ! S*OOLS N[ IS4 ,=CES >E WA/$ 9 VA91 & ! MASSES1 :O AT ! PRES5T MOM5T >E ?IR/+ = $UCATION1 AS ! DRI$-UP GRASS ?IR/S = RA91 & >E READY TO RECEIVE IT1 & BEG = IT1--9/EAD ( A LOAF RECEIVE A /ONE1 & >E P]PLEX$ TO UND]/& :E!R !Y W]E MI/AK5 9 REG>D+ $UCATION AS SOME?+ GOOD1 OR :E!R SOME?+ IS WRONG 9 :AT IS BE+ (F]$ TO !M4 ,?AT MATT]S >E REALLY SO !RE CANNOT BE ! LEA/ D\BT = ANY MAN :O BECOMES ACQUA9T$ ) ! PRES5T !ORY ( TEA*+ & KN[S ! ACTUAL CONDITION ( ! S*OOL AMONG ! MASSES4 ,9VOLUNT>ILY !RE >ISES ! QUE/ION3 H[ C\LD HONE/1 CULTUR$ PEOPLE1 :O S9C]ELY LOVE !IR WORK & WI% TO DO GOOD1--= SU* ,I REG>D ! MAJORITY ( MY OPPON5TS TO BE1--HAVE >RIV$ AT SU* A /RANGE CONDITION & BE 9 SU* DEEP ]ROR8 

,?IS QUE/ION HAS 9T]E/$ ME1 & ,I WILL TRY TO COMMUNICATE ?OSE ANSW]S :I* HAVE OCCURR$ TO ME4 ,MANY CAUSES HAVE L$ TO IT4 ,! MO/ NATURAL CAUSE :I* HAS L$ P$AGOGY TO ! FALSE PA? ON :I* IT N[ /&S1 IS ! CRITICISM ( ! OLD ORD]1 ! CRITICISM = ! SAKE ( CRITICISM1 )\T POSIT+ NEW PR9CIPLES 9 ! PLACE ( ?OSE CRITICIZ$4 ,EV]YBODY KN[S ?AT CRITICIZ+ IS AN EASY BUS9ESS1 & ?AT IT IS QUITE FRUITLESS & FREQU5TLY H>MFUL1 IF BY ! SIDE ( :AT IS CONDEMN$ ONE DOES NOT PO9T \T ! PR9CIPLES ON ! BASIS ( :I* ?IS CONDEMNATION IS UTT]$4 ,IF ,I SAY ?AT SU* & SU* A ?+ IS BAD BECAUSE ,I DO NOT LIKE IT1 OR BECAUSE EV]YBODY SAYS ?AT IT IS BAD1 OR EV5 BECAUSE IT IS REALLY BAD1 BUT DO NOT KN[ H[ IT \<T TO BE RI<T1 ! CRITICISM WILL ALWAYS BE USELESS & 9JURI\S4 ,! VIEWS ( ! P$AGOGUES ( ! NEW S*OOL >E1 ABOVE ALL1 BAS$ ON ! CRITICISM ( PREVI\S ME?ODS4 ,EV5 N[1 :5 IT SEEMS !RE W\LD BE NO S5SE 9 /RIK+ A PRO/RATE P]SON1 WE READ & HE> 9 EV]Y MANUAL1 9 EV]Y DISCUSSION1 0?AT IT IS 9JURI\S TO READ )\T COMPREH5SION2 ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO LE>N BY HE>T ! DEF9ITIONS ( NUMB]S & OP]ATIONS ) NUMB]S2 ?AT S5SELESS MEMORIZ+ IS 9JURI\S2 ?AT IT IS 9JURI\S TO OP]ATE ) ?\S&S )\T BE+ ABLE TO C\NT #b-#c10 & SO =?4 ,! *IEF PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS ! CRITICISM ( ! OLD ME?ODS & ! CONCOCTION ( NEW ONES TO BE AS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! OLD AS POSSIBLE1 BUT BY NO MEANS ! POSIT+ ( NEW F\NDATIONS ( P$AGOGY1 FROM :I* NEW ME?ODS MI<T RESULT4 

,IT IS V]Y EASY TO CRITICIZE ! OLD-FA%ION$ ME?OD ( /UDY+ READ+ BY MEANS ( LE>N+ BY HE>T :OLE PAGES ( ! PSALT]1 & ( /UDY+ >I?METIC BY MEMORIZ+ :AT A NUMB] IS1 & SO =?4 ,I WILL REM>K1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT N[ADAYS !RE IS NO NE$ ( ATTACK+ !SE ME?ODS1 BECAUSE !RE WILL H>DLY BE F\ND ANY TEA*]S :O W\LD DEF5D !M1 &1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ?AT IF1 CRITICIZ+ SU* PH5OM5A1 !Y WANT TO LET IT BE KN[N ?AT ,I AM A DEF5D] ( ! ANTIQUAT$ ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION1 IT IS NO D\BT DUE TO ! FACT ?AT MY OPPON5TS1 9 !IR Y\?1 DO NOT KN[ ?AT NE>LY TW5TY YE>S AGO ,I ) ALL MY MI<T & MA9 F\<T AGA9/ ?OSE ANTIQUAT$ ME?ODS ( P$AGOGY & COOP]AT$ 9 !IR ABOLITION4 

,& ?US IT WAS F\ND ?AT ! OLD ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION W]E NOT GOOD = ANY?+1 &1 )\T BUILD+ ANY NEW F\NDATION1 !Y BEGAN TO LOOK = NEW ME?ODS4 ,I SAY 0)\T BUILD+ ANY NEW F\NDATION10 BECAUSE !RE >E ONLY TWO P]MAN5T F\NDATIONS ( P$AGOGY3 

7#a7 ,! DET]M9ATION ( ! CRIT]ION ( :AT \<T TO BE TAU<T1 & 7#b7 ! CRIT]ION ( H[ IT HAS TO BE TAU<T1 ?AT IS1 ! DET]M9ATION ?AT ! *OS5 SUBJECTS >E MO/ NECESS>Y1 & ?AT ! *OS5 ME?OD IS ! BE/4 

,NOBODY HAS EV5 PAID ANY ATT5TION TO !SE F\NDATIONS1 & EA* S*OOL HAS 9 ITS [N JU/IFICATION 9V5T$ QUASI-PHILOSOPHICAL JU/IFICATORY REFLECTIONS4 ,BUT ?IS 0!ORETICAL SUB/RATUM10 AS ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV HAS ACCID5TALLY EXPRESS$ HIMSELF QUITE WELL1 CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS A F\NDATION4 ,= ! OLD ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION POSSESS$ JU/ SU* A !ORETICAL SUB/RATUM4 

,! REAL1 P]EMPTORY QUE/ION ( P$AGOGY1 :I* FIFTE5 YE>S AGO ,I VA9LY TRI$ TO PUT 9 ALL ITS SIGNIFICANCE1 0,:Y \<T WE TO KN[ ?IS OR ?AT1 & H[ %ALL WE TEA* IT80 HAS NOT EV5 BE5 T\*$4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS HAS BE5 ?AT AS SOON AS IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT ! OLD ME?OD WAS NOT GOOD1 !Y DID NOT TRY TO F9D \T :AT ! BE/ ME?OD W\LD BE1 BUT IMM$IATELY SET \T TO DISCOV] A NEW ME?OD :I* W\LD BE ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ! OLD ONE4 ,!Y DID AS A MAN MAY DO :O F9DS HIS H\SE TO BE COLD 9 W9T] & DOES NOT TR\BLE HIMSELF AB\T LE>N+ :Y IT IS COLD1 OR H[ TO HELP MATT]S1 BUT AT ONCE TRIES TO F9D ANO!R H\SE :I* WILL AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE RESEMBLE ! ONE HE IS LIV+ 94 ,I WAS !N ABROAD1 & ,I REMEMB] H[ ,I EV]Y:]E CAME ACROSS MESS5G]S ROV+ ALL OV] ,EUROPE 9 SE>* ( A NEW FAI?1 ?AT IS1 (FICIALS ( ! M9I/RY1 /UDY+ ,G]MAN P$AGOGY4 

,WE HAVE ADOPT$ ! ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION CURR5T ) \R NE>E/ NEI<BORS1 ! ,G]MANS1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 BECAUSE WE >E ALWAYS PRONE TO IMITATE ! ,G]MANS2 9 ! SECOND1 BECAUSE IT WAS ! MO/ COMPLICAT$ & CUNN+ ( ME?ODS1 & IF IT COMES TO TAK+ SOME?+ FROM ABROAD1 ( C\RSE1 IT HAS TO BE ! LATE/ FA%ION & :AT IS MO/ CUNN+2 9 ! ?IRD1 BECAUSE1 9 P>TICUL>1 !SE ME?ODS W]E MORE ?AN ANY O!RS OPPOS$ TO ! OLD WAY4 ,& ?US1 ! NEW ME?ODS W]E TAK5 FROM ! ,G]MANS1 & NOT BY !MSELVES1 BUT ) A !ORETICAL SUB/RATUM1 ?AT IS1 ) A QUASI-PHILOSOPHICAL JU/IFICATION ( !SE ME?ODS4 

,?IS !ORETICAL SUB/RATUM HAS DONE GREAT S]VICE4 ,! MOM5T P>5TS OR SIMPLY S5SIBLE PEOPLE1 :O BUSY !MSELVES ) ! QUE/ION ( $UCATION1 EXPRESS !IR D\BT AB\T ! EFFICACY ( !SE ME?ODS1 !Y >E TOLD3 0,& :AT AB\T ,PE/ALOZZI1 & ,DIE/]WEG1 & ,D5ZEL1 & ,WUR/1 & ME?ODICS1 HEURI/ICS1 DIDACTICS1 CONC5TRISM80 & ! BOLD PEOPLE WAVE !IR H&S1 & SAY3 0,GOD BE ) !M1--!Y KN[ BETT]40 ,9 !SE ,G]MAN ME?ODS !RE ALSO LAY ?IS O!R ADVANTAGE 7! CAUSE :Y !Y /ICK SO EAG]LY TO ?IS ME?OD71 ?AT ) IT ! TEA*] DOES NOT NE$ TO TRY TOO MU*1 DOES NOT NE$ TO GO ON /UDY+1 DOES NOT NE$ TO WORK OV] HIMSELF & ! ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION4 ,= ! GREAT] P>T ( ! TIME ! TEA*] TEA*ES BY ?IS ME?OD :AT ! *ILDR5 KN[1 &1 BESIDES1 TEA*ES IT FROM A TEXT-BOOK1 & ?AT IS CONV5I5T4 ,& UNCONSCI\SLY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) AN 9NATE HUMAN WEAKNESS1 ! TEA*] IS FOND ( ?IS CONV5I5CE4 ,IT IS V]Y PLEASANT = ME1 ) MY FIRM CONVICTION ?AT ,I AM TEA*+ & DO+ AN IMPORTANT & V]Y MOD]N WORK1 TO TELL ! *ILDR5 FROM ! BOOK AB\T ! SUSLIK1 OR AB\T A HORSE'S HAV+ F\R LEGS1 OR TO TRANSPOSE ! CUBES BY TWOS & BY ?REES1 & ASK ! *ILDR5 H[ MU* TWO & TWO IS2 BUT IF1 9/EAD ( TELL+ AB\T ! SUSLIK1 ! TEA*] HAD TO TELL OR READ SOME?+ 9T]E/+1 TO GIVE ! F\NDATIONS ( GRAMM>1 GEOGRAPHY1 SACR$ HI/ORY1 & ( ! F\R OP]ATIONS1 HE W\LD AT ONCE BE L$ TO WORK+ OV] HIMSELF1 TO READ+ MU*1 & TO REFRE%+ HIS KN[L$GE4 

,?US1 ! OLD ME?OD WAS CRITICIZ$1 & A NEW ONE WAS TAK5 FROM ! ,G]MANS4 ,?IS ME?OD IS SO =EIGN TO \R ,RUSSIAN UN-P$ANTIC M5TAL ATTITUDE1 ITS MON/ROSITY IS SO GL>+1 ?AT ONE W\LD ?9K ?AT IT C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 GRAFT$ ON ,RUSSIA1 & YET IT IS BE+ APPLI$1 EV5 ?\< ONLY 9 A SMALL MEASURE1 & 9 SOME WAY GIVES AT TIMES BETT] RESULTS ?AN ! OLD *UR* ME?OD4 ,?IS IS DUE TO ! FACT ?AT1 S9CE IT WAS TAK5 9 \R C\NTRY 7JU/ AS IT ORIG9AT$ 9 ,G]MANY7 FROM ! CRITICISM ( ! OLD ME?OD1 ! FAULTS ( ! =M] ME?OD HAVE REALLY BE5 REJECT$1 ?\<1 9 ITS EXTREME OPPOSITION TO ! OLD ME?OD1 :I*1 ) ! P$ANTRY *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,G]MANS1 HAS BE5 C>RI$ TO ! F>!/ EXTREME1 !RE HAVE APPE>$ NEW FAULTS1 :I* >E ALMO/ GREAT] ?AN ! =M] ONES4 

,=M]LY READ+ WAS TAU<T 9 ,RUSSIA BY ATTA*+ TO ! CONSONANTS USELESS 5D+S 7BUKI--UKI1 VY$I--Y$I71 & 9 ,G]MANY ES EM DE CE1 & SO =?1 BY ATTA*+ A V[EL TO EA* CONSONANT1 N[ 9 FRONT1 & N[ BEH9D1 & ?AT CAUS$ SOME DIFFICULTY4 ,N[ !Y HAVE FALL5 9TO ! O!R EXTREME1 BY TRY+ TO PRON\NCE ! CONSONANTS )\T ! V[ELS1 :I* IS AN APP>5T IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,9 ,U%9SKI'S GRAMM> 7,U%9SKI IS ) US ! FA!R ( ! S\ND ME?OD71 & 9 ALL ! MANUALS ON S\ND1 A CONSONANT IS DEF9$ ?US3 0,?AT S\ND :I* CANNOT BE PRON\NC$ BY ITSELF40 ,& IT IS ?IS S\ND :I* ! PUPIL IS TAU<T BE=E ANY O!R4 ,:5 ,I REM>K$ ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PRON\NCE B ALONE1 BUT ?AT IT ALWAYS GIVES Y\ BU1 ,I WAS TOLD ?AT WAS DUE TO ! 9ABILITY ( SOME P]SONS1 & ?AT IT TOOK GREAT SKILL TO PRON\NCE A CONSONANT4 ,& ,I HAVE MYSELF SE5 A TEA*] CORRECT A PUPIL MORE ?AN T5 TIMES1 ?\< HE SEEM$ QUITE SATISFACTORILY TO PRON\NCE %ORT B1 UNTIL AT LA/ ! PUPIL BEGAN TO TALK NONS5SE4 ,& IT IS ) !SE B'S1 ?AT IS1 S\NDS ?AT CANNOT BE PRON\NC$1 AS ,U%9SKI DEF9ES !M1 OR ! PRONUNCIATION ( :I* DEM&S SPECIAL SKILL1 ?AT ! 9/RUCTION ( READ+ BEG9S ACCORD+ TO ! P$ANTIC ,G]MAN MANUALS4 

,=M]LY SYLLABLES W]E S5SELESSLY LE>N$ BY HE>T 7?AT WAS BAD72 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ?IS1 ! NEW FA%ION 5JO9S US NOT TO DIVIDE UP 9TO SYLLABLES AT ALL1 :I* IS ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE 9 A LONG WORD1 & :I* 9 REALITY IS NEV] DONE4 ,EV]Y TEA*]1 ACCORD+ TO ! S\ND ME?OD1 FEELS ! NECESSITY ( LETT+ A PUPIL RE/ AFT] A P>T ( A WORD1 HAV+ HIM PRON\NCE IT SEP>ATELY4 ,=M]LY !Y US$ TO READ ! PSALT]1 :I*1 ON ACC\NT ( ITS HI< & DEEP /YLE1 IS 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO ! *ILDR5 7:I* WAS BAD72 9 CONTRA/ TO ?IS ! *ILDR5 >E MADE TO READ S5T5CES )\T ANY CONT5TS :ATEV]1 TO EXPLA9 9TELLIGIBLE WORDS1 OR TO LE>N BY HE>T :AT !Y CANNOT UND]/&4 ,9 ! OLD S*OOL ! TEA*] DID NOT SPEAK TO ! PUPIL AT ALL2 N[ ! TEA*] IS ORD]$ TO TALK TO !M ON ANY?+ & EV]Y?+1 ON :AT !Y KN[ ALREADY1 OR :AT !Y DO NOT NE$ TO KN[4 ,9 MA!MATICS !Y =M]LY LE>N$ BY HE>T ! DEF9ITION ( OP]ATIONS1 BUT N[ !Y NO LONG] HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) OP]ATIONS1 =1 ACCORD+ TO ,EVTU%EVSKI1 !Y REA* NUM]ATION ONLY 9 ! ?IRD YE>1 & IT IS ASSUM$ ?AT = A :OLE YE> !Y >E TO BE TAU<T NO?+ BUT NUMB]S UP TO T54 ,=M]LY ! PUPILS W]E MADE TO WORK ) L>GE AB/RACT NUMB]S1 )\T PAY+ ANY ATT5TION TO ! O!R SIDE ( MA!MATICS1 TO ! DIS5TANGLEM5T ( ! PROBLEM 7! =MATION ( AN EQUATION74 ,N[ !Y >E TAU<T SOLV+ PUZZLES1 =M+ EQUATIONS ) SMALL NUMB]S BE=E !Y KN[ NUM]ATION & H[ TO OP]ATE ) NUMB]S1 ?\< EXP]I5CE TEA*ES ANY TEA*] ?AT ! DIFFICULTY ( =M+ EQUATIONS OR ! SOLUTION ( PUZZLES >E OV]COME BY A G5]AL DEVELOPM5T 9 LIFE1 & NOT 9 S*OOL4 

,IT HAS BE5 OBS]V$--QUITE CORRECTLY--?AT !RE IS NO GREAT] AID = A PUPIL1 :5 HE IS PUZZL$ BY A PROBLEM ) L>GE NUMB]S1 ?AN TO GIVE HIM ! SAME PROBLEM ) SMALL] NUMB]S4 ,! PUPIL1 :O 9 LIFE LE>NS TO GROPE ?R\< PROBLEMS ) SMALL NUMB]S1 IS CONSCI\S ( ! PROCESS ( SOLV+1 & TRANSF]S ?IS PROCESS TO ! PROBLEM ) L>GE NUMB]S4 ,HAV+ OBS]V$ ?IS1 ! NEW P$AGOGUES TRY TO TEA* ONLY ! SOLV+ ( PUZZLES ) SMALL NUMB]S1 ?AT IS1 :AT CANNOT =M ! SUBJECT ( 9/RUCTION & IS ONLY ! WORK ( LIFE4 

,9 ! 9/RUCTION ( GRAMM> ! NEW S*OOL HAS AGA9 REMA9$ CONSI/5T ) ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE1--) ! CRITICISM ( ! OLD & ! ADOPTION ( ! DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE ME?OD4 ,=M]LY !Y US$ TO LE>N BY HE>T ! DEF9ITION ( ! P>TS ( SPEE*1 & FROM ETYMOLOGY PASS$ OV] TO SYNTAX2 N[ !Y NOT ONLY BEG9 ) SYNTAX1 BUT EV5 ) LOGIC1 :I* ! *ILDR5 >E SUPPOS$ TO ACQUIRE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! GRAMM> ( ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV1 :I* IS AN ABBREVIATION ( ,P]EVLEVSKI'S GRAMM>1 EV5 ) ! SAME *OICE ( EXAMPLES1 ! /UDY ( GRAMM> BEG9S ) SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS1 :I* IS SO DIFFICULT &1 ,I WILL SAY1 SO UNC]TA9 = ! ,RUSSIAN LANGUAGE1 :I* DOES NOT FULLY COMPLY ) ! CLASSIC =MS ( SYNTAX4 ,TO SUM UP1 ! NEW S*OOL HAS REMOV$ C]TA9 DISADVANTAGES1 ( :I* ! *IEF >E ! SUP]FLU\S ADDITION TO ! CONSONANTS & ! MEMORIZ+ ( DEF9ITIONS1 & 9 ?IS IT IS SUP]IOR TO ! OLD ME?OD1 & 9 READ+ & WRIT+ SOMETIMES GIVES BETT] RESULTS2 BUT1 ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS 9TRODUC$ NEW DEFECTS1 :I* >E ?AT ! CONT5TS ( ! READ+ >E MO/ S5SELESS & ?AT >I?METIC IS NO LONG] TAU<T AS A /UDY4 

,9 PRACTICE 7,I CAN REF] 9 ?IS TO ALL ! 9SPECTORS ( S*OOLS1 TO ALL ! MEMB]S ( S*OOL C\NCILS1 :O HAVE VISIT$ ! S*OOLS1 & TO ALL ! TEA*]S71 9 PRACTICE1 9 ! MAJORITY ( S*OOLS1 :]E ! ,G]MAN ME?OD IS PRESCRIB$1 ?IS IS :AT TAKES PLACE1 ) R>E EXCEPTIONS4 ,! *ILDR5 LE>N NOT BY ! S\ND SY/EM1 BUT BY ! ME?OD ( LETT] COMPOSITION2 9/EAD ( SAY+ B1 V1 !Y SAY BU1 VU1 & BREAK UP ! WORDS 9TO SYLLABLES4 ,! OBJECT 9/RUCTION IS 5TIRELY LO/ SI<T (1 >I?METIC DOES NOT PROCE$ AT ALL1 & ! *ILDR5 HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO READ4 ,! TEA*]S QUITE UNCONSCI\SLY DEP>T FROM ! !ORETICAL DEM&S & FALL 9 ) ! NE$S ( ! MASSES4 ,!SE PRACTICAL RESULTS1 :I* >E REPEAT$ EV]Y:]E1 %\LD1 IT SEEMS1 PROVE ! 9CORRECTNESS ( ! ME?OD ITSELF2 BUT AMONG ! P$AGOGUES1 ?OSE ?AT WRITE MANUALS & PRESCRIBE RULES1 !RE EXI/S SU* A COMPLETE IGNORANCE ( & AV]SION TO ! KN[L$GE ( ! MASSES & !IR DEM&S ?AT ! RELATION ( REALITY TO !SE ME?ODS DOES NOT 9 ! LEA/ IMPAIR ! PROGRESS ( !IR BUS9ESS4 ,IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E ! CONCEPTION AB\T ! MASSES :I* EXI/S 9 ?IS WORLD ( ! P$AGOGUES1 & FROM :I* RESULT !IR ME?OD & ALL ! CONSEQU5T MANN] ( 9/RUCTION4 

,MR4 ,BUNAKOV1 9 PRO( ( H[ NECESS>Y ! OBJECT 9/RUCTION & DEVELOPM5T IS = ! *ILDR5 ( A ,RUSSIAN S*OOL1 ) EXTRAORD9>Y NAIVETE ADDUCES ,PE/ALOZZI'S WORDS3 0,LET ANY ONE :O HAS LIV$ AMONG ! COMMON PEOPLE10 HE SAYS1 0CONTRADICT MY WORDS ?AT !RE IS NO?+ MORE DIFFICULT ?AN TO IMP>T ANY IDEA TO !SE CREATURES4 ,NOBODY1 9DE$1 GA9SAYS ?AT4 ,! ,SWISS PA/ORS AFFIRM ?AT :5 ! PEOPLE COME TO !M TO RECEIVE 9/RUCTION !Y DO NOT UND]/& :AT !Y >E TOLD1 & ! PA/ORS DO NOT UND]/& :AT ! PEOPLE SAY TO !M4 ,CITY DWELL]S :O SETTLE 9 ! C\NTRY >E AMAZ$ AT ! 9ABILITY ( ! C\NTRY POPULATION TO EXPRESS !MSELVES2 YE>S PASS BE=E ! C\NTRY S]VANTS LE>N TO EXPRESS !MSELVES TO !IR MA/]S40 ,?IS RELATION ( ! COMMON PEOPLE 9 ,SWITZ]L& TO ! CULTUR$ CLASS IS ASSUM$ AS ! F\NDATION = JU/ SU* A RELATION 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,I REG>D IT AS SUP]FLU\S TO EXPATIATE ON :AT IS KN[N TO EV]YBODY1 ?AT 9 ,G]MANY ! PEOPLE SPEAK A SPECIAL LANGUAGE1 CALL$ ,PLATTDEUTS*1 & ?AT 9 ! ,G]MAN P>T ( ,SWITZ]L& ?IS ,PLATTDEUTS* IS ESPECIALLY F> REMOV$ FROM ! ,G]MAN LANGUAGE1 :]EAS 9 ,RUSSIA WE FREQU5TLY SPEAK A BAD LANGUAGE1 :ILE ! MASSES ALWAYS SPEAK A GOOD ,RUSSIAN1 & ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA IT WILL BE MORE CORRECT TO PUT !SE WORDS ( ,PE/ALOZZI 9 ! M\? ( PEASANTS SPEAK+ ( ! TEA*]S4 ,A PEASANT & HIS BOY WILL SAY QUITE CORRECTLY ?AT IT IS V]Y H>D TO UND]/& :AT ?OSE CREATURES1 MEAN+ ! TEA*]S1 SAY4 ,! IGNORANCE AB\T ! MASSES IS SO COMPLETE 9 ?IS WORLD ( ! P$AGOGUES ?AT !Y BOLDLY SAY ?AT TO ! PEASANT S*OOL COME LITTLE SAVAGES1 & !RE=E BOLDLY TEA* !M :AT IS D[N & :AT UP1 ?AT A BLACKBO>D IS PLAC$ ON A /&1 & ?AT UND]NEA? IT !RE IS A GROOVE4 ,!Y DO NOT KN[ ?AT IF ! PUPILS ASK$ ! TEA*]1 !RE W\LD TURN UP V]Y MANY ?+S :I* ! TEA*] W\LD NOT KN[2 ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 IF Y\ RUB (F ! PA9T FROM ! BO>D1 NE>LY ANY BOY WILL TELL Y\ ( :AT K9D ( WOOD ! BO>D IS MADE1 :E!R ( P9E1 L9D51 OR ASP51 :I* ! TEA*] CANNOT TELL2 ?AT A BOY WILL ALWAYS TELL BETT] ?AN ! TEA*] AB\T A CAT OR A *ICK51 BECAUSE HE HAS OBS]V$ !M BETT] ?AN ! TEA*]2 ?AT 9/EAD ( ! PROBLEM AB\T ! WAGONS ! BOY KN[S ! PROBLEMS AB\T ! CR[S1 AB\T ! CATTLE1 & AB\T ! GEESE4 7,AB\T ! CR[S3 ,!RE FLIES A FLOCK ( CR[S1 & !RE /& SOME OAK-TREES3 IF TWO CR[S ALI<T ON EA*1 A CR[ WILL BE LACK+2 IF ONE ON EA*1 AN OAK-TREE WILL BE LACK+4 ,H[ MANY CR[S & H[ MANY OAK-TREES >E !RE8 ,AB\T ! CATTLE3 ,= ONE HUNDR$ RUBLES BUY ONE HUNDR$ ANIMALS1--CALVES AT HALF A RUBLE1 C[S AT ?REE RUBLES1 & OX5 AT T5 RUBLES4 ,H[ MANY OX51 C[S1 & CALVES >E !RE87 ,! P$AGOGUES ( ! ,G]MAN S*OOL DO NOT EV5 SUSPECT ?AT QUICKNESS ( P]CEPTION1 ?AT REAL VITAL DEVELOPM5T1 ?AT CONTEMPT = EV]Y?+ FALSE1 ?AT READY RIDICULE ( EV]Y?+ FALSE1 :I* >E 9H]5T 9 EV]Y ,RUSSIAN PEASANT BOY1--& ONLY ON ?AT ACC\NT SO BOLDLY 7AS ,I MYSELF HAVE SE571 UND] ! FIRE ( =TY PAIRS ( 9TELLIG5T Y\?FUL EYES1 P]=M !IR TRICKS AT ! RISK ( RIDICULE4 ,= ?IS REASON1 A REAL TEA*]1 :O KN[S ! MASSES1 NO MATT] H[ /]NLY HE IS 5JO9$ TO TEA* ! PEASANT *ILDR5 :AT IS UP & :AT D[N1 & ?AT TWO & ?REE IS FIVE1 NOT ONE REAL TEA*]1 :O KN[S ! PUPILS ) :OM HE HAS TO DEAL1 WILL BE ABLE TO DO ?AT4 

,?US1 ! *IEF CAUSES :I* HAVE L$ US 9TO SU* ]ROR >E3 7#a7 ! IGNORANCE AB\T ! MASSES2 7#b7 ! 9VOLUNT>ILY S$UCTIVE EASE ( TEA*+ ! *ILDR5 :AT !Y ALREADY KN[2 7#c7 \R PRON5ESS TO IMITATE ! ,G]MANS1 & 7#d7 ! CRITICISM ( ! OLD1 )\T PUTT+ D[N A NEW1 F\NDATION4 ,?IS LA/ CAUSE HAS L$ ! P$AGOGUES ( ! NEW S*OOL TO ?IS1 ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ! EXTREME EXT]NAL DIFF]5CE ( ! NEW ME?OD FROM ! OLD1 IT IS ID5TICAL ) IT 9 ITS F\NDATION1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ! ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION & 9 ! RESULTS4 ,9 EI!R ME?OD ! ESS5TIAL PR9CIPLE CONSI/S 9 ! TEA*]'S FIRM & ABSOLUTE KN[L$GE ( :AT TO TEA* & H[ TO TEA*1 & ?IS KN[L$GE ( HIS HE DOES NOT DRAW FROM ! DEM&S ( ! MASSES & FROM EXP]I5CE1 BUT SIMPLY DECIDES !ORETICALLY ONCE = ALL ?AT HE MU/ TEA* ?IS OR ?AT & 9 SU* A WAY1 & SO HE TEA*ES4 ,! P$AGOGUE ( ! ANCI5T S*OOL1 :I* = BRIEFNESS' SAKE ,I %ALL CALL ! *UR* S*OOL1 KN[S FIRMLY & ABSOLUTELY ?AT HE MU/ TEA* FROM ! PRAY]-BOOK & ! PSALT] BY MAK+ ! *ILDR5 LE>N BY ROTE1 & HE ADMITS NO ALT]ATIONS 9 HIS ME?ODS2 9 ! SAME MANN] ! TEA*] ( ! NEW1 ! ,G]MAN1 S*OOL KN[S FIRMLY & ABSOLUTELY ?AT HE MU/ TEA* ACCORD+ TO ,BUNAKOV & ,EVTU%EVSKI1 BEG9 ) ! WORDS 0:ISK]0 & 0WASP10 ASK :AT IS UP & :AT D[N1 & TELL AB\T ! FAVORITE SUSLIK1 & HE ADMITS NO ALT]ATIONS 9 HIS ME?OD4 ,BO? ( !M BASE !IR OP9ION ON ! FIRM CONVICTION ?AT !Y KN[ ! BE/ ME?ODS4 ,FROM ! ID5TITY ( ! F\NDATIONS >ISES ALSO A FUR!R SIMIL>ITY4 ,IF Y\ TELL A TEA*] ( ! *UR* READ+ ?AT IT TAKES ! *ILDR5 A LONG TIME & CAUSES !M DIFFICULTY TO ACQUIRE READ+ & WRIT+1 HE WILL REPLY ?AT ! MA9 9T]E/ IS NOT 9 ! READ+ & WRIT+1 BUT 9 ! 0DIV9E 9/RUCTION10 BY :I* HE MEANS ! /UDY ( ! *UR* BOOKS4 ,! SAME Y\ WILL BE TOLD BY A TEA*] ( ,RUSSIAN READ+ ACCORD+ TO ! ,G]MAN ME?OD4 ,HE WILL TELL Y\ 7ALL SAY & WRITE IT7 ?AT ! MA9 QUE/ION IS NOT ! RAPIDITY ( ! ACQUISITION ( ! >T ( READ+1 WRIT+1 & >I?METIC1 BUT 9 ! 0DEVELOPM5T40 ,BO? PLACE ! AIM ( 9/RUCTION 9 SOME?+ 9DEP5D5T ( READ+1 WRIT+1 & >I?METIC1 ?AT IS1 ( SCI5CE1 9 SOME?+ ELSE1 :I* IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y4 

,?IS SIMIL>ITY CONT9UES D[N TO ! M9UTE/ DETAILS4 ,9 EI!R ME?OD ALL 9/RUCTION PREVI\S TO ! S*OOL1 ALL KN[L$GE ACQUIR$ \TSIDE ! S*OOL1 IS NOT TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1--ALL 5T]+ PUPILS >E REG>D$ AS EQUALLY IGNORANT1 & ALL >E MADE TO LE>N FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,IF A BOY :O KN[S ! LETT]S & ! SYLLABLES A1 BE1 5T]S A *UR* S*OOL1 HE IS MADE TO *ANGE !M TO  
BUKI-AZ--BA4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! ,G]MAN S*OOL4 

,JU/ SO1 9 EI!R S*OOL IT HAPP5S ?AT SOME *ILDR5 CANNOT LE>N ! RUDIM5TS4 

,JU/ SO1 ) EI!R ME?OD1 ! ME*ANICAL SIDE ( 9/RUCTION PR$OM9ATES OV] ! M5TAL4 ,9 EI!R S*OOL ! PUPILS EXCEL 9 A GOOD H&WRIT+ & GOOD 5UNCIATION ) ABSOLUTELY EXACT READ+1 ?AT IS1 NOT AS IT IS SPOK51 BUT AS IT IS WRITT54 ,JU/ SO1 ) EI!R ME?OD1 !RE ALWAYS REIGNS AN EXT]NAL ORD] 9 ! S*OOL1 & ! *ILDR5 >E 9 CON/ANT FE> & CAN BE GUID$ ONLY ) ! GREATE/ SEV]ITY4 ,MR4 ,KOROLEV HAS 9CID5TALLY REM>K$ ?AT 9 9/RUCTION ACCORD+ TO ! S\ND ME?OD BL[S >E NOT NEGLECT$4 ,I HAVE SE5 ! SAME 9 ! S*OOLS ( ! ,G]MAN ME?OD1 & ,I ASSUME ?AT )\T BL[S IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GET ALONG EV5 9 ! NEW ,G]MAN S*OOL1 BECAUSE1 LIKE ! *UR* S*OOL1 IT TEA*ES )\T ASK+ :AT ! PUPIL F9DS 9T]E/+ TO KN[1 BUT :AT1 9 ! TEA*]'S OP9ION1 SEEMS NECESS>Y1 & SO ! S*OOL CAN BE BAS$ ONLY ON COMPULSION4 ,COMPULSION IS ATTA9$ ) *ILDR5 G5]ALLY BY MEANS ( BL[S4 ,! *UR* & ! NEW ,G]MAN S*OOL1 />T+ FROM ! SAME PR9CIPLES & >RIV+ AT ! SAME RESULTS1 >E ABSOLUTELY ID5TICAL4 ,BUT1 IF IT CAME TO *OOS+ ONE ( ! TWO1 ,I %\LD /ILL PREF] ! *UR* S*OOL4 ,! DEFECTS >E ! SAME1 BUT ON ! SIDE ( ! *UR* S*OOL IS ! CU/OM ( A ?\S& YE>S & ! AU?ORITY ( ! *UR*1 :I* IS SO P[]FUL ) ! MASSES4 

,HAV+ F9I%$ ! ANALYSIS & CRITICISM ( ! ,G]MAN S*OOL1 ,I CONSID] IT NECESS>Y1--9 VIEW ( :AT ,I HAVE SAID1 NAMELY1 ?AT CRITICISM IS FRUITFUL ONLY :51 CONDEMN+1 IT PO9TS \T H[ ?AT :I* IS BAD \<T TO BE1--,I CONSID] IT NECESS>Y TO SPEAK ( ?OSE F\NDATIONS ( 9/RUCTION :I* ,I REG>D AS LEGITIMATE1 & ON :I* ,I RE> MY ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION4 

,9 ORD] TO ELUCIDATE 9 :AT ,I F9D !SE UNQUE/IONABLE F\NDATIONS ( EV]Y P$AGOGICAL ACTIVITY1 ,I %ALL BE COMPELL$ TO REPEAT MYSELF1 ?AT IS1 TO REPEAT :AT ,I SAID FIFTE5 YE>S AGO 9 ! P$AGOGICAL P]IODICAL1 ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 :I* ,I !N PUBLI%$4 ,?IS REPETITION WILL NOT BE T$I\S = ! P$AGOGUES ( ! NEW S*OOL1 BECAUSE :AT ,I !N WROTE IS NOT EXACTLY =GOTT51 BUT HAS NEV] BE5 CONSID]$ BY ! P$AGOGUES1--& YET ,I /ILL ?9K ?AT JU/ :AT WAS EXPRESS$ BY ME AT ?AT TIME MI<T HAVE PLAC$ P$AGOGY1 AS A !ORY1 ON A FIRM F\NDATION4 ,FIFTE5 YE>S AGO1 :5 ,I TOOK UP ! MATT] ( POPUL> $UCATION )\T ANY PRECONCEIV$ !ORIES OR VIEWS ON ! SUBJECT1 ) ! ONE DESIRE TO ADVANCE ! MATT] 9 A DIRECT & /RAI<T=W>D MANN]1 ,I1 AS A TEA*] 9 MY S*OOL1 WAS AT ONCE CONFRONT$ ) TWO QUE/IONS3 7#a7 ,:AT MU/ ,I TEA*8 & 7#b7 ,H[ MU/ ,I TEA* IT8 

,AT ?AT TIME1 EV5 AS AT ! PRES5T1 !RE EXI/$ ! GREATE/ DIV]SITY ( OP9ION 9 ! ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS4 

,I KN[ ?AT SOME P$AGOGUES1 :O >E LOCK$ UP 9 !IR N>R[ !ORETICAL WORLD1 ?9K ?AT !RE IS NO O!R LI<T ?AN :AT PEEPS ?R\< ! W9D[S1 & ?AT !RE IS NO LONG] ANY DIV]SITY ( OP9IONS4 

,I ASK ?OSE :O ?9K SO TO OBS]VE ?AT IT ONLY SEEMS SO TO !M1 JU/ AS IT SEEMS SO TO ! CIRCLES ?AT >E OPPOS$ TO !M4 ,9 ! :OLE MASS ( PEOPLE :O >E 9T]E/$ 9 $UCATION1 !RE EXI/S1 AS IT HAS EXI/$ BE=E1 ! GREATE/ DIV]SITY ( OP9IONS4 ,=M]LY1 JU/ AS N[1 SOME1 9 REPLY TO ! QUE/ION ( :AT \<T TO BE TAU<T1 SAID ?AT \TSIDE ( ! RUDIM5TS ! MO/ USEFUL 9=MATION = A PRIM>Y S*OOL IS OBTA9$ FROM ! NATURAL SCI5CES2 O!RS1 EV5 AS N[1 ?AT ?AT WAS NOT NECESS>Y1 & WAS EV5 9JURI\S2 EV5 AS N[1 SOME PROPOS$ HI/ORY1 OR GEOGRAPHY1 :ILE O!RS D5I$ !IR NECESSITY2 SOME PROPOS$ ! ,*UR*-,SLAVIC LANGUAGE & GRAMM>1 & RELIGION1 :ILE O!RS F\ND ?AT1 TOO1 SUP]FLU\S1 & ASCRIB$ A PRIME IMPORTANCE TO 0DEVELOPM5T40 ,ON ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO TEA* !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 A /ILL GREAT] DIV]SITY ( ANSW]S4 ,! MO/ DIV]SIFI$ ME?ODS ( 9/RUCT+ 9 READ+ & >I?METIC HAVE BE5 PROPOS$4 

,9 ! BOOK/ALLS !RE W]E SOLD1 SIDE BY SIDE1 ! SELF-TEA*]S ACCORD+ TO ! BUKI-AZ--BA1 ,BUNAKOV'S LESSONS1 ,ZOLOTOV'S *>TS1 ,MADAME ,D>AGAN'S ALPHABETS1 & ALL HAD !IR ADVOCATES4 ,:5 ,I 5C\NT]$ !SE QUE/IONS & F\ND NO ANSW] = !M 9 ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE1 ,I TURN$ TO ! LIT]ATURE ( ,EUROPE4 ,AFT] HAV+ READ :AT HAD BE5 WRITT5 ON ! SUBJECT & HAV+ MADE ! P]SONAL ACQUA9TANCE ( ! SO-CALL$ BE/ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! P$AGOGICAL SCI5CE 9 ,EUROPE1 ,I NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO F9D ANY:]E AN ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ,I WAS 9T]E/$ 91 BUT ,I CONV9C$ MYSELF ?AT ?IS QUE/ION DOES NOT EV5 EXI/ = P$AGOGY1 AS A SCI5CE2 ?AT EV]Y P$AGOGUE ( ANY GIV5 S*OOL FIRMLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! ME?ODS :I* HE US$ W]E ! BE/1 BECAUSE !Y W]E BAS$ ON ABSOLUTE TRU?1 & ?AT IT W\LD BE USELESS = HIM TO LOOK AT !M ) A CRITICAL EYE4 

,H[EV]1 BECAUSE1 AS ,I SAID1 ,I TOOK UP ! MATT] ( POPUL> $UCATION )\T ANY PRECONCEIV$ NOTIONS1 OR BECAUSE ,I TOOK UP ! MATT] )\T PRESCRIB+ LAWS FROM A DI/ANCE AB\T H[ ,I \<T TO TEA*1 BUT BECAME A S*OOLMA/] 9 A VILLAGE POPUL> S*OOL 9 ! BACKWOODS1--,I C\LD NOT REJECT ! IDEA ?AT !RE MU/ ( NECESSITY EXI/ A CRIT]ION BY MEANS ( :I* ! QUE/ION C\LD BE SOLV$3 ,:AT TO TEA* & H[ TO TEA* IT4 ,%\LD ,I TEA* ! PSALT] BY HE>T1 OR ! CLASSIFICATION ( ! ORGANISMS8 ,%\LD ,I TEA* ACCORD+ TO ! S\ND ALPHABET1 TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,G]MAN1 OR FROM ! PRAY]-BOOK8 ,9 ! SOLUTION ( ?IS QUE/ION ,I WAS AID$ BY A C]TA9 P$AGOGICAL TACT1 ) :I* ,I AM GIFT$1 & ESPECIALLY BY ?AT CLOSE & IMPASSION$ RELATION 9 :I* ,I /OOD TO ! MATT]4 

,:5 ,I 5T]$ AT ONCE 9TO ! CLOSE/ DIRECT RELATIONS ) ?OSE =TY T9Y PEASANTS ?AT =M$ MY S*OOL 7,I CALL !M T9Y PEASANTS BECAUSE ,I F\ND 9 !M ! SAME *>ACT]I/ICS ( P]SPICACITY1 ! SAME IMM5SE /ORE ( 9=MATION FROM PRACTICAL LIFE1 ( JOCUL>ITY1 SIMPLICITY1 & LOA?+ = EV]Y?+ FALSE1 :I* DI/+UI% ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT71 :5 ,I SAW ?AT SUSCEPTIBILITY1 ?AT READ9ESS TO ACQUIRE ! 9=MATION :I* !Y NE$$1 ,I FELT AT ONCE ?AT ! ANTIQUAT$ *UR* ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION HAD \TLIV$ ITS USEFULNESS & WAS NOT GOOD = !M4 ,I BEGAN TO EXP]IM5T ON O!R PROPOS$ ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION2 BUT1 BECAUSE COMPULSION 9 $UCATION1 BO? BY MY CONVICTION & BY MY *>ACT]1 >E REPULSIVE TO ME1 ,I DID NOT EX]CISE ANY PRESSURE1 &1 ! MOM5T ,I NOTIC$ ?AT SOME?+ WAS NOT READILY RECEIV$1 ,I DID NOT COMPEL !M1 & LOOK$ = SOME?+ ELSE4 ,FROM !SE EXP]IM5TS IT APPE>$ TO ME & TO ?OSE TEA*]S :O 9/RUCT$ ) ME AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA & 9 O!R S*OOLS ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM1 ?AT NE>LY EV]Y?+ :I* 9 ! P$AGOGICAL WORLD WAS WRITT5 AB\T S*OOLS WAS SEP>AT$ BY AN IMMEASURABLE ABYSS FROM REALITY1 & ?AT MANY ( ! PROPOS$ ME?ODS1 SU* AS OBJECT-LESSONS1 ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 ! S\ND ME?OD1 & O!RS1 CALL$ =? CONTEMPT & RIDICULE1 & W]E NOT ACCEPT$ BY ! PUPILS4 ,WE BEGAN TO LOOK = ?OSE CONT5TS & ?OSE ME?ODS :I* W]E READILY TAK5 UP BY ! PUPILS1 & /RUCK ?AT :I* =MS MY ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION4 

,BUT ?IS ME?OD /OOD 9 A L9E ) ALL O!R ME?ODS1 & ! QUE/ION ( :Y IT WAS BETT] ?AN ! RE/ REMA9$ AS UNSOLV$ AS BE=E4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! QUE/ION ( :AT ! CRIT]ION WAS AS TO :AT TO TEA* & H[ TO TEA* RECEIV$ AN EV5 GREAT] MEAN+ = ME2 ONLY BY SOLV+ IT C\LD ,I BE CONV9C$ ?AT :AT ,I TAU<T WAS NEI!R 9JURI\S NOR USELESS4 ,?IS QUE/ION BO? !N & N[ HAS APPE>$ TO ME AS A CORN]-/ONE ( ! :OLE P$AGOGY1 & TO ! SOLUTION ( ?IS QUE/ION ,I DEVOT$ ! PUBLICATION ( ! P$AGOGICAL P]IODICAL  
,YASNAYA ,POLYANA4 ,9 SEV]AL >TICLES 7,I DO NOT R5\NCE ANY?+ ,I !N SAID7 ,I TRI$ TO PUT ! QUE/ION 9 ALL ITS SIGNIFICANCE & TO SOLVE IT AS MU* AS ,I C\LD4 ,AT ?AT TIME ,I F\ND NO SYMPA?Y 9 ALL ! P$AGOGICAL LIT]ATURE1 NOT EV5 ANY CONTRADICTION1 BUT ! MO/ COMPLETE 9DIFF]5CE TO ! QUE/ION :I* ,I PUT4 ,!RE W]E SOME ATTACKS ON C]TA9 DETAILS & TRIFLES1 BUT ! QUE/ION ITSELF EVID5TLY DID NOT 9T]E/ ANY ONE4 ,I WAS Y\NG !N1 & ?AT 9DIFF]5CE GRIEV$ ME4 ,I DID NOT UND]/& ?AT ) MY QUE/ION1 0,H[ DO Y\ KN[ :AT TO TEA* & H[ TO TEA*80 ,I WAS LIKE A MAN :O1 LET US SAY1 9 A GA!R+ ( ,TURKI% PA%AS DISCUSS+ ! QUE/ION 9 :AT MANN] !Y MAY COLLECT ! GREATE/ REV5UE FROM ! PEOPLE1 %\LD PROPOSE TO !M ! FOLL[+3 0,G5TLEM51 9 ORD] TO KN[ H[ MU* REV5UE TO COLLECT FROM EA*1 WE MU/ FIR/ ANALYZE ! QUE/ION ON :AT Y\R RI<T TO EXACT ?AT REV5UE IS BAS$40 ,OBVI\SLY ALL ! PA%AS W\LD CONT9UE !IR DISCUSSION ( ! MEASURES ( EXTORTION1 & W\LD REPLY ONLY ) SIL5CE TO HIS IRRELEVANT QUE/ION4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION CANNOT BE CIRCUMV5T$4 ,FIFTE5 YE>S AGO NO ATT5TION WAS PAID TO IT1 & ! P$AGOGUES ( EV]Y S*OOL1 CONV9C$ ?AT EV]YBODY ELSE WAS TALK+ TO ! W9D & ?AT !Y W]E RI<T1 MO/ CALMLY PRESCRIB$ !IR LAWS1 BAS+ !IR PR9CIPLES ON PHILOSOPHIES ( A V]Y D\BTFUL *>ACT]1 :I* !Y US$ AS A SUB/RATUM = !IR WEE LITTLE !ORIES4 

,& YET1 ?IS QUE/ION IS NOT QUITE SO DIFFICULT IF WE ONLY R5\NCE COMPLETELY ALL PRECONCEIV$ NOTIONS4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO ELUCIDATE & SOLVE ?IS QUE/ION1 &1 )\T REPEAT+ ?OSE PRO(S1 :I* HE :O WI%ES MAY READ 9 ! >TICLE1 ,I WILL 5UNCIATE ! RESULTS TO :I* ,I WAS L$4 0,! ONLY CRIT]ION ( P$AGOGY IS FRE$OM1 ! ONLY ME?OD--EXP]I5CE40 ,AFT] FIFTE5 YE>S ,I HAVE NOT *ANG$ MY OP9ION ONE HAIR'S BREAD?2 BUT ,I CONSID] IT NECESS>Y TO DEF9E ) GREAT] PRECISION :AT ,I UND]/& BY !SE WORDS1 NOT ONLY 9 RESPECT TO $UCATION 9 G5]AL1 BUT ALSO 9 RESPECT TO ! P>TICUL> QUE/ION ( POPUL> $UCATION 9 A PRIM>Y S*OOL4 ,ONE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO ! QUE/ION :AT TO TEA* & H[ TO TEA* C\LD HAVE HAD NO PLACE EI!R 9 ,EUROPE OR ) US4 ,$UCATION WAS 9SEP>ABLY CONNECT$ ) RELIGION4 ,TO LE>N READ+ MEANT TO LE>N ,HOLY ,WRIT4 ,9 ! ,MOHAMM$AN C\NTRIES ?IS RELATION ( ! RUDIM5TS & RELIGION /ILL P]SI/S 9 ITS FULL =CE4 ,TO LE>N MEANS TO LE>N ! ,KORAN1 &1 !RE=E1 ,>ABIC4 ,BUT ! MOM5T RELIGION CEAS$ TO BE ! CRIT]ION ( :AT \<T TO BE TAU<T1 & ! S*OOL BECAME 9DEP5D5T ( IT1 ?IS QUE/ION HAD TO >ISE4 ,BUT IT DID NOT >ISE BECAUSE ! S*OOL WAS NOT SUDD5LY FRE$ FROM ITS DEP5D5CE ON RELIGION1 BUT BY IMP]CEPTIBLE /EPS4 ,N[ IT IS ACCEPT$ BY EV]YBODY ?AT RELIGION CANNOT S]VE AS ! CONT5TS1 NOR AS AN 9DICATION ( ! ME?OD ( $UCATION1 & ?AT $UCATION HAS DIFF]5T DEM&S = ITS BASIS4 ,9 :AT DO !SE DEM&S CONSI/8 ,ON :AT >E !Y BAS$8 ,9 ORD] ?AT !SE PR9CIPLES %\LD BE 9CONTROV]TIBLE1 IT IS NECESS>Y EI!R ?AT !Y BE PROV$ PHILOSOPHICALLY1 9CONTROV]TIBLY1 OR ?AT1 AT LEA/1 ALL $UCAT$ PEOPLE %\LD BE AGRE$ ON !M4 ,BUT IS IT SO8 ,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT :ATSOEV] AB\T ?IS1 ?AT 9 PHILOSOPHY HAVE NOT BE5 F\ND ?OSE PR9CIPLES ON :I* C\LD BE BUILT UP ! DECISION ( :AT \<T TO BE TAU<T1 ! MORE SO S9CE ! MATT] ITSELF IS NOT AN AB/RACT1 BUT A PRACTICAL AFFAIR1 :I* DEP5DS ON AN 5DLESS NUMB] ( VITAL CONDITIONS4 ,/ILL LESS CAN !SE PR9CIPLES BE DISCOV]$ 9 ! COMMON CONS5T ( ALL M5 :O BUSY !MSELVES ) ?IS MATT]1 9 ! CONS5T :I* WE MAY TAKE AS A PRACTICAL F\NDATION1 AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! UNIV]SAL COMMON S5SE4 ,NOT ONLY 9 MATT]S ( POPUL>1 BUT EV5 ( HI<] $UCATION DO WE SEE A COMPLETE DIV]SITY ( OP9IONS AMONG ! BE/ REPRES5TATIVES ( $UCATION1 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! QUE/ION ( CLASSICISM & REALISM4 ,& YET1 9 SPITE ( ! ABS5CE ( ANY F\NDATIONS1 WE SEE $UCATION PROCE$+ ON ITS [N PA? & ON ! :OLE BE+ GUID$ BY ONLY ONE PR9CIPLE1 NAMELY BY FRE$OM4 ,!RE EXI/ SIDE BY SIDE ! CLASSICAL & ! REAL S*OOL1 EA* ( :I* IS PREP>$ TO REG>D ITSELF AS ! ONLY NATURAL S*OOL1 & BO? SATISFY SOME WANT1 = P>5TS S5D !IR *ILDR5 TO EI!R4 

,9 ! POPUL> S*OOL ! RI<T TO DET]M9E :AT ! *ILDR5 %ALL LE>N1 NO MATT] FROM :AT /&PO9T WE MAY CONSID] ?IS QUE/ION1 BELONGS JU/ AS MU* TO ! MASSES1 ?AT IS1 EI!R TO ! PUPILS !MSELVES1 OR TO ! P>5TS :O S5D ! *ILDR5 TO S*OOL1 & SO ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION :AT ! *ILDR5 >E TO BE TAU<T 9 A POPUL> S*OOL CAN BE GOT ONLY FROM ! MASSES4 ,BUT1 P]HAPS1 WE %ALL SAY ?AT WE1 AS HI<LY CULTUR$ PEOPLE1 MU/ NOT SUBMIT TO ! DEM&S ( ! RUDE MASSES & ?AT WE MU/ TEA* ! MASSES :AT TO WI%4 ,?US MANY ?9K1 BUT TO ?AT ,I CAN GIVE ?IS ONE ANSW]3 GIVE US A FIRM1 9CONTROV]TIBLE F\NDATION :Y ?IS OR ?AT IS *OS5 BY Y\1 %[ ME A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! TWO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ VIEWS ON $UCATION DO NOT EXI/ AMONG ! HI<LY CULTUR$ PEOPLE2 :]E IT IS NOT ET]NALLY REPEAT$ ?AT IF $UCATION FALLS 9TO ! H&S ( ! CL]GY1 ! MASSES >E $UCAT$ 9 ONE S5SE1 & IF $UCATION FALLS 9TO ! H&S ( ! PROGRESSI/S1 ! PEOPLE >E $UCAT$ 9 ANO!R S5SE1--%[ ME A /ATE ( SOCIETY :]E ?AT DOES NOT EXI/1 & ,I WILL AGREE ) Y\4 ,SO LONG AS ?AT DOES NOT EXI/1 !RE IS NO CRIT]ION EXCEPT ! FRE$OM ( ! LE>N]1 :]E1 9 MATT]S ( ! POPUL> S*OOL1 ! PLACE ( ! LE>N+ *ILDR5 IS TAK5 BY !IR P>5TS1 ?AT IS1 BY ! NE$S ( ! MASSES4 

,!SE NE$S >E NOT ONLY DEF9ITE1 QUITE CLE>1 & EV]Y:]E ! SAME ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA1 BUT ALSO SO 9TELLIG5T & BROAD ?AT !Y 9CLUDE ALL ! MO/ DIV]SIFI$ DEM&S ( ! PEOPLE :O >E DEBAT+ :AT ! MASSES \<T TO BE TAU<T4 ,!SE NE$S >E3 ! KN[L$GE ( ,RUSSIAN & ,*UR*-,SLAVIC READ+1 & CALCULATION4 ,! MASSES EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS REG>D ! NATURAL SCI5CES AS USELESS TRIFLES4 ,!IR PROGRAM IS REM>KABLE NOT ONLY BY ITS UNANIMITY & FIRM DEF9IT5ESS1 BUT1 9 MY OP9ION1 ALSO BY ! BREAD? ( ITS DEM&S & ! CORRECTNESS ( ITS VIEW4 ,! MASSES ADMIT TWO SPH]ES ( KN[L$GE1 ! MO/ EXACT & ! LEA/ SUBJECT TO VACILLATION FROM A DIV]SITY ( VIEWS1--! LANGUAGES & MA!MATICS2 EV]Y?+ ELSE !Y REG>D AS TRIFLES4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! MASSES >E QUITE CORRECT1--9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 BECAUSE 9 ?IS KN[L$GE !RE CAN BE NO HALF 9=MATION1 NO FALS5ESS1 :I* !Y CANNOT BE>1 &1 9 ! SECOND1 BECAUSE ! SPH]E ( ?OSE TWO K9DS ( KN[L$GE IS IMM5SE4 ,RUSSIAN & ,*UR*-,SLAVIC GRAMM> & CALCULATION1 ?AT IS1 ! KN[L$GE ( ONE DEAD & ONE LIV+ LANGUAGE1 ) !IR ETYMOLOGICAL & SYNTACTICAL =MS & !IR LIT]ATURES1 & >I?METIC1 ?AT IS1 ! F\NDATION ( ALL MA!MATICS1 =M !IR PROGRAM ( KN[L$GE1 :I*1 UN=TUNATELY1 BUT ! R>E/ ( ! CULTUR$ CLASS POSSESS4 ,9 ! ?IRD PLACE1 ! MASSES >E RI<T1 BECAUSE BY ?IS PROGRAM !Y WILL BE TAU<T 9 ! PRIM>Y S*OOL ONLY :AT WILL OP5 TO !M ! MORE ADVANC$ PA?S ( KN[L$GE1 = IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! ?OR\< KN[L$GE ( TWO LANGUAGES & !IR =MS1 &1 9 ADDITION TO !M1 ( >I?METIC1 COMPLETELY OP5S ! PA?S TO AN 9DEP5D5T ACQUISITION ( ALL O!R KN[L$GE4 ,! MASSES1 AS ?\< FEEL+ ! FALSE RELATION TO !M1 :5 !Y >E (F]$ 9COH]5T SCRAPS ( ALL K9DS ( 9=MATION1 REPEL ?AT LIE FROM !MSELVES1 & SAY3 0,I NE$ KN[ BUT ?IS MU*1--! *UR* LANGUAGE & MY [N & ! LAWS ( ! NUMB]S1 BUT ?AT O!R KN[L$GE ,I WILL TAKE MYSELF IF ,I WANT IT40 

,?US1 IF WE ADMIT FRE$OM AS ! CRIT]ION ( :AT IS TO BE TAU<T1 ! PROGRAM ( ! POPUL> S*OOLS IS CLE>LY & FIRMLY DEF9$1 UNTIL ! TIME :5 ! MASSES %ALL EXPRESS SOME NEW DEM&S4 ,*UR*-,SLAVIC & ,RUSSIAN & >I?METIC TO !IR HI<E/ POSSIBLE /AGES1 & NO?+ ELSE BUT ?AT4 ,?AT IS ! DET]M9ATION ( ! LIMITS ( ! PROGRAM ( ! POPUL> S*OOL1 :I*1 H[EV]1 DOES NOT PRESUME ?AT ALL ?REE SUBJECTS BE 9TRODUC$ SY/EMATICALLY4 ,) SU* A PROGRAM ! ATTA9M5T ( SYMMETRICAL RESULTS 9 ALL ?REE SUBJECTS W\LD NATURALLY BE DESIRABLE2 BUT IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT ! PR$OM9ANCE ( ONE SUBJECT OV] ANO!R W\LD BE 9JURI\S4 ,! PROBLEM CONSI/S ONLY 9 KEEP+ )9 ! LIMITS ( ! PROGRAM4 ,IT MAY HAPP5 ?AT FROM ! DEM&S ( ! P>5TS1 & ESPECIALLY FROM ! KN[L$GE ( ! TEA*]1 ?IS OR ?AT SUBJECT WILL BE MORE PROM95T1--) A CL]ICAL P]SON ! ,*UR*-,SLAVIC LANGUAGE1 ) A TEA*] FROM A C\NTY S*OOL--EI!R ,RUSSIAN OR >I?METIC2 9 ALL !SE CASES ! DEM&S ( ! MASSES WILL BE SATISFI$1 & ! 9/RUCTION WILL NOT DEP>T FROM ITS FUNDAM5TAL CRIT]ION4 

,! SECOND P>T ( ! QUE/ION1 H[ TO TEA*1 ?AT IS1 H[ TO DISCOV] :I* ME?OD IS ! BE/1 HAS REMA9$ JU/ AS UNSOLV$4 

,JU/ AS 9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ! QUE/ION ( :AT TO TEA*1 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ON ! BASIS ( REFLECTIONS IT IS POSSIBLE TO BUILD A PROGRAM ( 9/RUCTION LEADS TO CONTRADICTORY S*OOLS1 SO IT IS ALSO ) ! QUE/ION AS TO H[ TO TEA*4 ,LET US TAKE ! V]Y FIR/ /AGE ( ! TEA*+ ( READ+4 ,ONE ASS]TS ?AT IT IS EASI] TO TEA* SO FROM C>DS2 ANO!R--ACCORD+ TO ! B1 V SY/EM2 A ?IRD--ACCORD+ TO ,KORF2 A F\R?--ACCORD+ TO ! BE1 VE1 GE SY/EM1 & SO =?4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT ! NUNS TEA* READ+ 9 SIX WEEKS BY ! BUKI-AZ--BA SY/EM4 ,& EV]Y TEA*]1 CONV9C$ ( ! SUP]IORITY ( HIS ME?OD1 PROVES ?IS SUP]IORITY EI!R BY ! FACT ?AT HE TEA*ES ) IT FA/] ?AN O!RS1 OR BY REFLECTIONS ( ! *>ACT] :I* ,MR4 ,BUNAKOV & ! ,G]MAN P$AGOGUES ADDUCE4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 :5 !RE >E ?\S&S ( EXAMPLES1 WE \<T TO KN[ PRECISELY BY :AT TO BE GUID$ 9 \R *OICE4 ,NEI!R !ORY1 NOR REFLECTIONS1 NOR EV5 ! RESULTS ( 9/RUCTION CAN %[ ?IS COMPLETELY4 

,$UCATION & 9/RUCTION >E G5]ALLY CONSID]$ 9 ! AB/RACT1 ?AT IS1 ! QUE/ION IS DISCUSS$ H[ 9 ! BE/ & EASIE/ MANN] TO PRODUCE A C]TA9 ACT ( 9/RUCTION ON A C]TA9 SUBJECT 7:E!R IT BE ONE *ILD OR A MASS ( *ILDR574 ,?IS VIEW IS QUITE FAULTY4 ,ALL $UCATION & 9/RUCTION CAN BE VIEW$ ONLY AS A C]TA9 RELATION ( TWO P]SONS OR ( TWO GR\PS ( P]SONS HAV+ = !IR AIM $UCATION OR 9/RUCTION4 ,?IS DEF9ITION1 MORE G5]AL ?AN ALL ! O!R DEF9ITIONS1 HAS SPECIAL REF]5CE TO POPUL> $UCATION1 :]E ! QUE/ION IS ! $UCATION ( AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( P]SONS1 & :]E !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION AB\T AN IDEAL $UCATION4 ,9 G5]AL1 ) ! POPUL> $UCATION WE CANNOT PUT ! QUE/ION1 0,H[ IS ! BE/ $UCATION TO BE GIV580 JU/ AS ) ! QUE/ION ( ! NUTRITION ( ! MASSES WE CANNOT ASK H[ ! MO/ NUTRITI\S & BE/ LOAF IS TO BE BAK$4 ,! QUE/ION HAS TO BE PUT LIKE ?IS3 0,H[ IS ! BE/ RELATION TO BE E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 GIV5 PEOPLE :O WANT TO LE>N & O!RS :O WANT TO TEA*80 OR1 0,H[ IS ! BE/ BREAD TO BE MADE FROM GIV5 BOLT$ FL\R80 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO TEA* & :AT IS ! BE/ ME?OD IS A QUE/ION ( :AT WILL BE ! BE/ RELATION BETWE5 TEA*] & PUPIL4 

,NOBODY1 ,I SUPPOSE1 WILL D5Y ?AT ! BE/ RELATION BETWE5 TEA*] & PUPIL IS ?AT ( NATURALNESS1 & ?AT ! CONTR>Y RELATION IS ?AT ( COMPULSION4 ,IF SO1 ! MEASURE ( ALL ME?ODS IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! GREAT] OR LESS] NATURALNESS ( RELATIONS &1 !RE=E1 9 ! LESS] OR GREAT] COMPULSION 9 9/RUCTION4 ,! LESS ! *ILDR5 >E COMPELL$ TO LE>N1 ! BETT] IS ! ME?OD2 ! MORE--! WORSE4 ,I AM GLAD ?AT ,I DO NOT HAVE TO PROVE ?IS EVID5T TRU?4 ,EV]YBODY IS AGRE$ ?AT JU/ AS 9 HYGI5E ! USE ( ANY FOOD1 M$IC9E1 EX]CISE1 ?AT PROVOKES LOA?+ OR PA91 CANNOT BE USEFUL1 SO ALSO 9 9/RUCTION CAN !RE BE NO NECESSITY ( COMPELL+ *ILDR5 TO LE>N ANY?+ ?AT IS TIRESOME & REPULSIVE TO !M1 & ?AT1 IF NECESSITY DEM&S ?AT *ILDR5 BE COMPELL$1 IT ONLY PROVES ! IMP]FECTION ( ! ME?OD4 ,ANY ONE :O HAS TAU<T *ILDR5 HAS NO D\BT OBS]V$ ?AT ! LESS ! TEA*] HIMSELF KN[S ! SUBJECT :I* HE TEA*ES & ! LESS HE LIKES IT1 ! MORE WILL HE HAVE TO HAVE REC\RSE TO SEV]ITY & COMPULSION2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! MORE ! TEA*] KN[S & LOVES HIS SUBJECT1 ! MORE NATURAL & EASY WILL HIS 9/RUCTION BE4 ,) ! IDEA ?AT = SUCCESSFUL 9/RUCTION NOT COMPULSION IS WANT$1 BUT ! R\S+ ( ! PUPIL'S 9T]E/1 ALL ! P$AGOGUES ( ! S*OOL :I* IS OPPOS$ TO ME AGREE4 ,! ONLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 US IS ?AT ! CONCEPTION ?AT ! TEA*+ MU/ R\SE ! *ILD'S 9T]E/ IS ) !M LO/ 9 A MASS ( O!R CONFLICT+ NOTIONS AB\T 0DEVELOPM5T10 ( ! VALUE ( :I* !Y >E CONV9C$ & 9 :I* !Y EX]CISE COMPULSION2 :]EAS ,I CONSID] ! R\S+ ( ! PUPIL'S 9T]E/1 ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE EASE1 &1 !RE=E1 ! NON-COMPULSION & NATURALNESS ( 9/RUCTION AS ! FUNDAM5TAL & ONLY MEASURE ( GOOD & BAD 9/RUCTION4 

,EV]Y PROGRESS ( P$AGOGY1 IF WE ATT5TIVELY CONSID] ! HI/ORY ( ?IS MATT]1 CONSI/S 9 AN EV] 9CREAS+ APPROXIMATION T[>D NATURALNESS ( RELATIONS BETWE5 TEA*] & PUPIL1 9 A LESS5$ COMPULSION1 & 9 A GREAT] EASE ( 9/RUCTION4 

,! OBJECTION WAS =M]LY MADE &1 ,I KN[1 IS MADE EV5 N[ ?AT IT IS H>D TO F9D ! LIMIT ( FRE$OM :I* %ALL BE P]MITT$ 9 S*OOL4 ,TO ?IS ,I WILL REPLY ?AT ?IS LIMIT IS NATURALLY DET]M9$ BY ! TEA*]1 HIS KN[L$GE1 HIS ABILITY TO MANAGE ! S*OOL2 ?AT ?IS FRE$OM CANNOT BE PRESCRIB$2 ! MEASURE ( ?IS FRE$OM IS ONLY ! RESULT ( ! GREAT] OR LESS] KN[L$GE & TAL5T ( ! TEA*]4 ,?IS FRE$OM IS NOT A RULE1 BUT S]VES AS A *ECK 9 COMP>+ S*OOLS BETWE5 !MSELVES1 & AS A *ECK 9 COMP>+ NEW ME?ODS :I* >E 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! S*OOL CURRICULUM4 ,! S*OOL 9 :I* !RE IS LESS COMPULSION IS BETT] ?AN ! ONE 9 :I* !RE IS MORE4 ,! ME?OD :I* AT ITS 9TRODUCTION 9TO ! S*OOL DOES NOT DEM& AN 9CREASE ( DISCIPL9E IS GOOD2 BUT ! ONE :I* DEM&S GREAT] SEV]ITY IS C]TA9LY BAD4 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 A MORE OR LESS FREE S*OOL1 SU* AS M9E WAS1 & TRY TO />T A CONV]SATION 9 IT AB\T ! TABLE & ! CEIL+1 OR TO TRANSPOSE CUBES1--Y\ WILL SEE :AT IT HUBBUB WILL >ISE 9 ! S*OOL & H[ Y\ WILL FEEL ! NECESSITY ( RE/OR+ ORD] BY MEANS ( SEV]ITY2 TRY TO TELL !M AN 9T]E/+ /ORY1 OR TO GIVE !M PROBLEMS1 OR MAKE ONE WRITE ON ! BO>D & LET ! O!RS CORRECT HIS MI/AKES1 & ALL[ !M TO LEAVE ! B5*ES1 & Y\ WILL F9D !M ALL OCCUPI$ & !RE WILL BE NO NAU<T9ESS1 & Y\ WILL NOT HAVE TO 9CREASE Y\R SEV]ITY1--& Y\ MAY SAFELY SAY ?AT ! ME?OD IS GOOD4 

,9 MY P$AGOGICAL >TICLES ,I HAVE GIV5 !ORETICAL REASONS :Y ,I F9D ?AT ONLY ! FRE$OM ( *OICE ON ! SIDE ( ! LE>N]S AS TO :AT !Y >E TO BE TAU<T & H[ CAN =M A F\NDATION ( ANY 9/RUCTION2 9 PRACTICE ,I HAVE ALWAYS APPLI$ !SE RULES 9 ! S*OOLS UND] MY GUIDANCE1 AT FIR/ ON A L>GE SCALE1 & LAT] 9 N>R[] LIMITS1 & ! RESULTS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 V]Y GOOD1 BO? = ! TEA*]S & ! PUPILS1 AS ALSO = ! EVOLUTION ( NEW ME?ODS1--& ?IS ,I ASS]T BOLDLY1 = HUNDR$S ( VISITORS HAVE COME TO ! ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA S*OOL & KN[ ALL AB\T IT4 

,! CONSEQU5CES ( SU* A RELATION TO ! PUPILS HAS BE5 = ! TEA*]S ?AT !Y DID NOT CONSID] ?AT ME?OD BE/ :I* !Y KNEW1 BUT TRI$ TO DISCOV] O!R ME?ODS1 BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) O!R TEA*]S = ! PURPOSE ( LE>N+ !IR ME?ODS1 TE/$ NEW ME?ODS1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 W]E LE>N+ SOME?+ ALL ! TIME4 ,A TEA*] NEV] P]MITT$ HIMSELF TO ?9K ?AT 9 CASES ( FAILURE IT WAS ! PUPILS' FAULT1--!IR LAZ9ESS1 PLAYFULNESS1 DULLNESS1 DEAFNESS1 /AMM]+1--BUT WAS FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT HE ALONE WAS TO BLAME = IT1 & = EV]Y FAILURE ( A PUPIL OR ( ALL ! PUPILS HE TRI$ TO F9D A REM$Y4 ,= ! PUPILS ! RESULT WAS ?AT !Y LE>N$ READILY1 ALWAYS BEGG$ ! TEA*]S TO GIVE !M EV5+ CLASSES 9 ! W9T]1 & W]E ABSOLUTELY FREE 9 ! S*OOL1--:I*1 9 MY CONVICTION & EXP]I5CE1 IS ! *IEF CONDITION = SUCCESSFUL PROGRESS 9 9/RUCTION4 ,BETWE5 TEA*]S & PUPILS !RE W]E ALWAYS E/ABLI%$ FRI5DLY1 NATURAL RELATIONS1 ) :I* ALONE IT IS POSSIBLE = ! TEA*] TO KN[ HIS PUPILS WELL4 ,IF1 FROM A FIR/1 EXT]NAL IMPRESSION ( ! S*OOL1 WE W]E TO DET]M9E ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! *UR*1 ! ,G]MAN1 & MY [N S*OOL1 IT W\LD BE ?IS3 9 A *UR* S*OOL Y\ HE> A PECULI>1 UNNATURAL1 MONOTON\S %\T+ ( ALL ! PUPILS & N[ & !N ! /]N CRIES ( ! TEA*]2 9 ! ,G]MAN S*OOL Y\ HE> ONLY ! TEA*]'S VOICE & N[ & !N ! TIMID VOICES ( ! PUPILS2 9 M9E Y\ HE> ! L\D VOICES ( ! TEA*]S & ! PUPILS1 ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY4 

,AS = ! ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION ! CONSEQU5CES W]E ?AT NOT ONE ME?OD ( 9/RUCTION WAS ADOPT$ OR REJECT$ BECAUSE IT WAS LIK$ OR NOT1 BUT ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS ACCEPT$ OR NOT BY ! PUPILS )\T COMPULSION4 ,BUT 9 ADDITION TO ! GOOD RESULTS :I* W]E ALWAYS OBTA9$ )\T FAIL FROM ! APPLICATION ( MY ME?OD BY MYSELF & BY EV]YBODY ELSE 7MORE ?AN TW5TY TEA*]S71 :O TAU<T ACCORD+ TO MY ME?OD 70)\T FAIL0 ,I SAY = ! REASON ?AT NOT ONCE DID WE HAVE A PUPIL :O DID NOT LE>N ! RUDIM5TS71 BESIDES !SE RESULTS1 ! APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( :I* ,I HAVE SPOK5 HAD ! EFFECT ?AT DUR+ !SE FIFTE5 YE>S ALL ! V>I\S MODIFICATIONS1 TO :I* MY ME?OD WAS SUBJECT$1 NOT ONLY DID NOT REMOVE IT FROM ! NE$S ( ! MASSES1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 BR\<T IT NE>] & NE>] TO !M4 ,! MASSES1 AT LEA/ 9 \R P>TS1 KN[ ! ME?OD ITSELF & DISCUSS IT1 & PREF] IT TO ! *UR* ME?OD1 :I* ,I CANNOT SAY ( ! S\ND ME?OD4 ,9 ! S*OOLS :I* >E CONDUCT$ ACCORD+ TO MY ME?OD ! TEA*] CANNOT REMA9 MOTIONLESS 9 HIS KN[L$GE1 SU* AS HE IS & MU/ BE ) ! ME?OD ( S\NDS4 ,IF A TEA*] ACCORD+ TO ! NEW ,G]MAN FA%ION WANTS TO GO AHEAD & P]FECT HIMSELF1 HE HAS TO FOLL[ ! P$AGOGICAL LIT]ATURE1 ?AT IS1 TO READ ALL ?OSE NEW 9V5TIONS AB\T ! CONV]SATIONS AB\T ! SUSLIK & AB\T ! TRANSPOSITION ( ! SQU>ES4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT ?AT CAN PROMOTE HIS P]SONAL $UCATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 MY S*OOL1 :]E ! SUBJECTS ( 9/RUCTION1 LANGUAGE & MA!MATICS1 DEM& POSITIVE KN[L$GE1 EV]Y TEA*]1 9 ADVANC+ HIS PUPILS1 FEELS ! NE$ ( LE>N+ HIMSELF1 :I* WAS CON/ANTLY ! CASE ) ALL ! TEA*]S ,I HAD4 

,BESIDES1 ! ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION !MSELVES1 :I* >E NOT SETTL$ ONCE = ALL1 BUT ALWAYS /RIVE TO BE AS EASY & AS SIMPLE AS POSSIBLE1 >E MODIFI$ & IMPROV$ FROM ! 9DICATIONS :I* ! TEA*] DISCOV]S 9 ! RELATIONS ( ! LE>N]S TO HIS 9/RUCTION4 

,! V]Y OPPOSITE TO ?IS ,I SEE 9 :AT1 UN=TUNATELY1 TAKES PLACE 9 ! S*OOLS ( ! ,G]MAN PATT]N1 :I* ( LATE HAVE BE5 9TRODUC$ 9 \R C\NTRY 9 AN >TIFICIAL MANN]4 ,! FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT BE=E DECID+ :AT TO TEA* & H[ TO TEA* WE MU/ SOLVE ! QUE/ION H[ WE CAN F9D ?AT \T HAS L$ ! P$AGOGUES TO A COMPLETE DISAGREEM5T ) REALITY1 & ! ABYSS :I* FIFTE5 YE>S AGO WAS FELT TO EXI/ BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE HAS N[ REA*$ ! F>!/ LIMITS4 ,N[ ?AT ! MASSES >E ON ALL SIDES BEGG+ = $UCATION1 :ILE P$AGOGY HAS MORE ?AN EV] PASS$ TO P]SONAL FANCIES1 ?IS DISCORD HAS REA*$ 9CR$IBLE PROPORTIONS4 

,?IS DISCORD BETWE5 ! DEM&S ( P$AGOGY & REALITY HAS ( LATE F\ND ITS PECULI>LY /RIK+ EXPRESSION NOT ONLY 9 ! MATT] ( 9/RUCTION ITSELF1 BUT ALSO 9 ANO!R V]Y IMPORTANT SIDE ( ! S*OOL1 NAMELY 9 ITS ADM9I/RATION4 ,9 ORD] TO %[ 9 :AT CONDITION ?IS MATT] HAS BE5 & MI<T BE1 ,I %ALL SPEAK ( ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,TULA1 9 :I* ,I LIVE1 :I* ,I KN[1 & :I*1 FROM ITS POSITION1 =MS ! TYPE ( ! MAJORITY ( C\NTIES ( C5TRAL ,RUSSIA4 

,9 #ahfb F\RTE5 S*OOLS W]E OP5$ 9 A DI/RICT ( T5 ?\S& S\LS1 :5 ,I WAS RURAL JUDGE2 BESIDES1 !RE EXI/$ AB\T T5 S*OOLS 9 ! DI/RICT AMONG ! CL]ICALS & 9 ! MANORS AMONG ! S]VANTS4 ,9 ! ?REE REMA9+ DI/RICTS ( ! C\NTY !RE W]E FIFTE5 L>GE & ?IRTY SMALL S*OOLS AMONG ! CL]ICALS & MANORIAL S]VANTS4 ,)\T SAY+ ANY?+ AB\T ! NUMB] ( ! LE>N]S1 ( :I*1 ,I ASSUME1 !RE W]E 9 G5]AL NOT LESS ?AN N[1 NOR AB\T ! 9/RUCTION ITSELF1 :I* WAS P>TLY BAD & P>TLY GOOD1 BUT ON ! :OLE NOT WORSE ?AN AT PRES5T1 ,I WILL TELL H[ & ON :AT ?AT BUS9ESS WAS BAS$4 

,ALL S*OOLS W]E !N1 ) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 BAS$ ON A FREE AGREEM5T ( ! TEA*] ) ! P>5TS ( ! PUPILS1 OR ) ! :OLE P>TN]%IP ( ! PEASANTS PAY+ A LUMP SUM = EV]YBODY4 ,SU* A RELATION BETWE5 ! P>5TS OR ,COMMUNES & ! TEA*]S IS EV5 N[ MET ) 9 SOME EXCE$+LY R>E PLACES ( \R C\NTY & ( ! ,GOV]NM5T 9 G5]AL4 ,EV]YBODY WILL AGREE ?AT1 LEAV+ ASIDE ! QUE/ION ( ! QUALITY ( 9/RUCTION1 SU* A RELATION ( ! TEA*] TO ! P>5TS & PEASANTS IS MO/ JU/1 NATURAL1 & DESIRABLE4 ,BUT1 ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! LAW ( #a#h#f#d1 ?IS RELATION WAS ABOLI%$ & IS BE+ ABOLI%$ MORE & MORE4 ,EV]YBODY :O KN[S ! MATT] AS IT IS WILL OBS]VE ?AT ) ! ABOLITION ( ?IS RELATION ! PEOPLE TAKE LESS & LESS P>T 9 ! MATT] ( !IR $UCATION1 :I* IS ONLY NATURAL4 ,9 SOME ,C\NTY ,C\NCILS ! S*OOL TAX ( ! PEASANTS IS EV5 TURN$ 9TO ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL1 & ! SAL>Y1 APPO9TM5T ( TEA*]S1 LOCATION ( S*OOLS1--ALL ?AT IS DONE QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ?OSE = :OM IT IS 9T5D$ 79 !ORY ! PEASANTS1 NO D\BT1 >E MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL1 BUT 9 PRACTICE !Y HAVE ?R\< ?IS M$IATION NO 9FLU5CE ON !IR [N S*OOLS74 ,NOBODY WILL1 ,I SUPPOSE1 ASS]T ?AT ?AT IS JU/1 BUT SOME WILL SAY3 0,! ILLIT]ATE PEASANTS CANNOT JUDGE :AT IS GOOD & :AT BAD1 & WE MU/ BUILD = !M AS WELL AS WE CAN40 ,BUT H[ DO WE KN[8 ,DO WE KN[ FIRMLY1 >E WE ALL ( ONE OP9ION1 H[ TO BUILD S*OOLS8 ,& DOES IT NOT FREQU5TLY TURN \T BAD1 = WE HAVE BUILT MU* WORSE ?AN !Y HAVE8 

,?US1 9 RELATION TO ! ADM9I/RATIVE SIDE ( ! S*OOLS ,I HAVE AGA9 TO PUT A ?IRD QUE/ION1 ON ! SAME BASIS ( FRE$OM3 ,:Y DO WE KN[ H[ BE/ TO >RANGE A S*OOL8 ,TO ?IS QUE/ION ,G]MAN P$AGOGY GIVES AN ANSW] :I* IS QUITE CONSI/5T ) ITS :OLE SY/EM4 ,IT KN[S :AT ! BE/ S*OOL IS1 IT HAS =M$ A CLE>1 DEF9ITE IDEAL1 D[N TO ! M9UTE/ DETAILS1 ! B5*ES1 ! H\RS ( 9/RUCTION1 & SO =?1 & GIVES AN ANSW]3 ! S*OOL HAS TO BE SU* & SU*1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS PATT]N1--?IS ALONE IS GOOD & EV]Y O!R S*OOL IS 9JURI\S4 ,I KN[ ?AT1 AL?\< ! DESIRE ( ,H5RY ,I,V4 TO GIVE EA* ,FR5*MAN S\P & A *ICK5 WAS UNREALIZABLE1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! DESIRE WAS FALSE4 ,BUT ! MATT] ASSUMES AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ASPECT :5 ! S\P IS ( A V]Y QUE/IONABLE QUALITY & IS NOT A *ICK5 S\P1 BUT A WOR?LESS BRO?4 ,& YET ! SO-CALL$ SCI5CE ( P$AGOGY IS 9 ?IS MATT] 9DISSOLUBLY CONNECT$ ) P[]2 BO? 9 ,G]MANY & ) US !RE >E PRESCRIB$ C]TA9 IDEAL ONE-CLASS1 TWO-CLASS S*OOLS1 & SO =?2 & ! P$AGOGICAL & ! ADM9I/RATIVE P[]S DO NOT WI% TO KN[ ! FACT ?AT ! MASSES W\LD LIKE TO ATT5D TO !IR [N $UCATION4 ,LET US SEE H[ SU* A VIEW ( POPUL> $UCATION HAS BE5 REFLECT$ 9 PRACTICE ON ! QUE/ION ( $UCATION4 

,BEG9N+ ) ! YE> #ahfb ! IDEA ?AT $UCATION WAS NECESS>Y HAS MORE & MORE SPREAD AMONG ! MASSES3 ON ALL SIDES S*OOLS W]E E/ABLI%$ BY *UR* S]VANTS1 HIR$ TEA*]S1 & ! ,COMMUNES4 ,:E!R GOOD OR BAD1 !SE S*OOLS W]E SPONTANE\S & GREW \T DIRECTLY FROM ! NE$S ( ! MASSES2 ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! LAW ( #ahfd ?IS T5D5CY WAS 9CREAS$1 & 9 #ahg !RE W]E1 ACCORD+ TO ! REPORTS1 AB\T SIXTY S*OOLS 9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY4 ,S9CE !N (FICIALS ( ! M9I/RY & MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL HAVE BEGUN TO M$DLE MORE & MORE ) S*OOL MATT]S1 & 9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY =TY S*OOLS HAVE BE5 CLOS$ & S*OOLS ( A L[] ORD] HAVE BE5 PROHIBIT$ FROM BE+ OP5$4 ,I KN[ ?AT ?OSE :O CLOS$ ?OSE S*OOLS AFFIRM ?AT !SE S*OOLS EXI/$ ONLY NOM9ALLY & W]E V]Y BAD2 BUT ,I CANNOT BELIEVE IT1 BECAUSE ,I KN[ WELL-9/RUCT$ PUPILS FROM ?REE VILLAGES1 ,TROSNA1 ,LAM9TSOVO1 & ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 :]E S*OOLS W]E CLOS$4 ,I ALSO KN[---& ?IS WILL SEEM 9CR$IBLE TO MANY---:AT IS MEANT BY PROHIBIT+ ! OP5+ ( S*OOLS4 ,IT MEANS ?AT1 ON ! BASIS ( A CIRCUL> ( ! M9I/RY ( PUBLIC 9/RUCTION1 :I* SPOKE ( ! PROHIBITION ( UNRELIABLE TEA*]S 7?IS1 NO D\BT1 HAD REF]5CE TO ! ,NIHILI/S71 ! S*OOL C\NCIL TRANSF]R$ ?IS PROHIBITION TO ! M9OR S*OOLS1 TAU<T BY SEXTONS1 SOLDI]S1 & SO =?1 :I* ! PEASANTS !MSELVES HAD OP5$1 & :I*1 NO D\BT1 >E NOT AT ALL COMPRIS$ 9 ! CIRCUL>4 ,BUT1 9/EAD1 !RE EXI/ TW5TY S*OOLS ) TEA*]S1 :O >E SUPPOS$ TO BE GOOD BECAUSE !Y RECEIVE A SAL>Y ( TWO HUNDR$ RUBLES 9 SILV]1 & ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL HAS DI/RIBUT$ ,U%9SKI'S TEXT-BOOKS1 & !SE S*OOLS >E CALL$ ONE-CLASS S*OOLS1 BECAUSE !Y TEA* 9 !M ACCORD+ TO A PROGRAM1 & ! :OLE YE> >\ND1 ?AT IS1 ALSO 9 SUMM]1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,JULY & ,AUGU/4 

,LEAV+ ASIDE ! QUE/ION ( ! QUALITY ( ! =M] S*OOLS1 WE %ALL N[ TAKE A GLANCE AT !IR ADM9I/RATIVE SIDE1 & WE WILL COMP>E1 FROM ?IS SIDE1 :AT WAS BE=E1 ) :AT IS N[4 ,9 ! ADM9I/RATIVE1 EXT]NAL SIDE ( ! S*OOL !RE >E FIVE MA9 SUBJECTS1 :I* >E SO CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! S*OOL BUS9ESS ITSELF ?AT ON !IR GOOD OR BAD /RUCTURE DEP5D TO A GREAT EXT5T ! SUCCESS & DISSEM9ATION ( POPUL> $UCATION4 ,!SE FIVE SUBJECTS >E3 7#a7 ! S*OOL BUILD+1 7#b7 ! S*$ULE ( 9/RUCTION1 7#c7 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! S*OOLS ACCORD+ TO LOCALITIES1 7#d7 ! *OICE ( ! TEA*]1 &--:AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT--7#e7 ! MAT]IAL MEANS1 ! REMUN]ATION ( ! TEA*]S4 

,9 REG>D TO ! S*OOL BUILD+ ! MASSES R>ELY HAVE ANY DIFFICULTY1 :5 !Y />T A S*OOL = !MSELVES1 & IF ! ,COMMUNE IS RI* & !RE >E ANY COMMUNAL BUILD+S1 SU* AS A /OREH\SE OR A DES]T$ 9N1 ! ,COMMUNE FIXES IT UP2 IF !RE IS NONE1 IT BUYS A BUILD+1 AT TIMES EV5 FROM A L&$ PROPRIETOR1 OR IT BUILDS ONE ( ITS [N4 ,IF ! ,COMMUNE IS NOT WELL-TO-DO & IS SMALL1 IT HIRES QU>T]S FROM A PEASANT1 OR E/ABLI%ES A ROTATION1 & ! TEA*] PASSES FROM HUT TO HUT4 ,IF ! ,COMMUNE1 AS IT MO/ G5]ALLY DOES1 SELECTS A TEA*] FROM ITS [N MID/1 A MANORIAL S]VANT1 A SOLDI]1 OR A *UR* S]VANT1 ! S*OOL IS LOCAT$ AT ! H\SE ( ?AT P]SON1 & ! ,COMMUNE LOOKS ONLY AFT] ! HEAT+4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ,I HAVE NEV] HE>D ?AT ! QUE/ION ( ! LOCATION ( ! S*OOL EV] TR\BL$ A ,COMMUNE1 OR ?AT HALF ! SUM SET ASIDE = 9/RUCTION %\LD BE LO/1 AS IS DONE BY S*OOL C\NCILS1 ON ! BUILD+S1 NAY1 NOT EV5 ONE-SIX? OR ONE-T5? ( ! :OLE SUM4 ,! PEASANT ,COMMUNES HAVE >RANG$ IT ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 BUT ! QUE/ION ( ! S*OOL BUILD+ HAS NEV] BE5 REG>D$ AS TR\BLESOME4 ,ONLY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! HI<] AU?ORITIES DO !RE OCCUR CASES :]E ! ,COMMUNES BUILD BRICK BUILD+S ) IRON RO(S4 ,! PEASANTS ASSUME ?AT ! S*OOL IS NOT 9 ! /RUCTURE1 BUT 9 ! TEA*]1 & ?AT ! S*OOL IS NOT A P]MAN5T 9/ITUTION1 BUT ?AT AS SOON AS ! P>5TS HAVE ACQUIR$ KN[L$GE1 ! NEXT G5]ATION WILL GET ! RUDIM5TS )\T A TEA*]4 ,BUT ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL DEP>TM5T ( ! M9I/RY ALWAYS ASSUMES--S9CE = IT ! :OLE PROBLEM CONSI/S 9 9SPECT+ & CLASSIFY+--?AT ! *IEF F\NDATION ( ! S*OOL IS ! /RUCTURE & ?AT ! S*OOL IS A P]MAN5T E/ABLI%M5T1 & SO1 AS F> AS ,I KN[1 N[ SP5DS AB\T ONE-HALF ( ITS MONEY ON BUILD+S1 & 9SCRIBES EMPTY S*OOL BUILD+S 9 ! LI/ ( ! S*OOLS ( ! ?IRD ORD]4 ,9 ! ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL SEV5 HUNDR$ RUBLES \T ( TWO ?\S& RUBLES >E SP5T ON BUILD+S4 ,! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T CANNOT ADMIT ?AT ! TEA*] 7?AT $UCAT$ P$AGOGUE :O IS ASSUM$ = ! MASSES7 W\LD L[] HIMSELF TO SU* AN EXT5T AS TO BE WILL+ TO GO1 LIKE A TAILOR1 FROM HUT TO HUT1 OR TO TEA* 9 A SMOKY H\SE4 ,BUT ! MASSES ASSUME NO?+ & ONLY KN[ ?AT = !IR MONEY !Y CAN HIRE :OM !Y PLEASE1 & ?AT1 IF !Y1 ! HIR+ PEASANTS1 LIVE 9 SMOKY HUTS1 ! HIR$ TEA*] HAS NO REASON TO TURN UP HIS NOSE AT !M4 

,9 REG>D TO ! SECOND QUE/ION1 AB\T ! DIVISION ( ! S*OOL TIME1 ! MASSES HAVE ALWAYS & EV]Y:]E 9V>IABLY EXPRESS$ ONE DEM&1 & ?AT IS ?AT ! 9/RUCTION %ALL BE C>RI$ ON 9 ! W9T] ONLY4 

,EV]Y:]E ! P>5TS QUIT S5D+ !IR *ILDR5 9 ! SPR+1 & ?OSE *ILDR5 :O >E LEFT 9 ! S*OOL1 FROM ONE-F\R? TO ONE-FIF? ( ! :OLE NUMB]1 >E ! LITTLE TOTS OR ! *ILDR5 ( RI* P>5TS1 & !Y ATT5D S*OOL UNWILL+LY4 ,:5 ! MASSES HIRE A TEA*] !MSELVES1 !Y ALWAYS HIRE HIM BY ! MON? & ONLY = ! W9T]4 ,! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T ASSUMES ?AT1 JU/ AS 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( LE>N+ !RE >E TWO MON?S ( VACATION1 SO IT \<T ALSO TO BE 9 A ONE-CLASS C\NTRY S*OOL4 ,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T ?AT IS QUITE REASONABLE3 ! *ILDR5 WILL NOT =GET !IR 9/RUCTION1 ! TEA*] IS PROVID$ = DUR+ ! :OLE YE>1 & ! 9SPECTORS F9D IT MORE COM=TABLE TO TRAVEL 9 ! SUMM]2 BUT ! MASSES KN[ NO?+ AB\T ALL ?AT1 & !IR COMMON S5SE TELLS !M ?AT 9 W9T] ! *ILDR5 SLEEP = T5 H\RS1 CONSEQU5TLY !IR M9DS >E FRE%2 ?AT 9 W9T] !RE >E NO PLAYS & NO WORK = ! *ILDR51 & ?AT IF !Y /UDY 9 W9T] AS LONG AS POSSIBLE1 TAK+ 9 EV5 ! EV5+S1 = :I* A LAMP CO/+ ONE RUBLE FIFTY KOPECKS IS NE$$ & K]OS5E CO/+ AS MU*1 !RE WILL BE 5\< 9/RUCTION4 ,BESIDES1 9 ! SUMM] EV]Y BOY IS ( USE TO ! PEASANT1 & 9 SUMM] PROCE$S ! LIFE 9/RUCTION1 :I* IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN S*OOL LE>N+4 ,! MASSES SAY ?AT !RE IS NO REASON :Y !Y %\LD PAY ! TEA*] DUR+ ! SUMM]4 0,RA!R WILL WE 9CREASE HIS PAY = ! W9T] MON?S1 & ?AT WILL PLEASE HIM BETT]4 ,WE PREF] TO HIRE A TEA*] AT TW5TY-FIVE RUBLES A MON? = SEV5 MON?S1 ?AN AT TWELVE RUBLES A MON? = ! :OLE YE>4 ,= ! SUMM] ! TEA*] WILL HIRE HIMSELF \T ELSE:]E40 

,AS TO ! ?IRD QUE/ION1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! S*OOLS ACCORD+ TO LOCALITIES1 ! >RANGEM5TS ( ! MASSES MO/ M>K$LY DIFF] FROM ?OSE ( ! S*OOL C\NCIL4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! S*OOLS1 ?AT IS1 :E!R !RE %ALL BE MORE OR LESS ( !M = A C]TA9 LOCALITY1 ALWAYS DEP5DS ON ! *>ACT] ( ! :OLE POPULATION 7:5 ! MASSES !MSELVES ATT5D TO IT74 ,:]EV] ! MASSES >E MORE 9DU/RIAL & WORK \T1 :]E !Y >E NE>] TO ! CITIES1 :]E !Y NE$ ! RUDIM5TS1--!RE !RE >E MORE S*OOLS2 :]E ! LOCALITY IS MORE REMOV$ & AGRICULTURAL1 !RE !RE >E FEW] ( !M4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 :5 ! MASSES !MSELVES ATT5D TO ! MATT]1 !Y DI/RIBUTE ! S*OOLS 9 SU* A WAY AS TO GIVE ALL ! P>5TS A *ANCE TO MAKE USE ( ! S*OOLS 9 RETURN = !IR MONEY1 ?AT IS1 TO S5D !IR *ILDR5 TO S*OOL4 ,! PEASANTS ( SMALL1 REMOTE VILLAGES ( FROM ?IRTY TO =TY S\LS1 :]E HALF ! POPULATION WILL BE F\ND1 PREF] TO HAVE A *EAP TEA*] 9 !IR [N VILLAGE1 ?AN AN EXP5SIVE ONE 9 ! C5T] ( ! T[N%IP1 :I!R !IR *ILDR5 CANNOT WALK OR BE DRIV54 ,BY ?IS DI/RIBUTION ( ! S*OOLS1 ! S*OOLS !MSELVES1 AS >RANG$ BY ! PEASANTS1 DEP>T1 IT IS TRUE1 FROM ! REQUIR$ PATT]N ( ! S*OOL1 BUT1 9/EAD1 ACQUIRE ! MO/ DIV]SIFI$ =MS1 EV]Y:]E ADAPT+ !MSELVES TO LOCAL CONDITIONS4 ,H]E A CL]ICAL P]SON FROM A NEI<BOR+ VILLAGE TEA*ES EI<T BOYS AT HIS H\SE1 RECEIV+ FIFTY KOPECKS A MON? FROM EA*4 ,H]E A SMALL VILLAGE HIRES A SOLDI] = EI<T RUBLES = ! W9T]1 & HE GOES FROM H\SE TO H\SE4 ,H]E A RI* 9NKEEP] HIRES A TEA*] = HIS *ILDR5 = FIVE RUBLES & BO>D1 & ! NEI<BOR+ PEASANTS JO9 HIM1 BY ADD+ TWO RUBLES = EA* ( !IR BOYS4 ,!RE A L>GE VILLAGE OR A COMPACT T[N%IP LEVIES FIFTE5 KOPECKS FROM EA* ( ! TWELVE HUNDR$ S\LS & HIRES A TEA*] = #ah RUBLES = ! W9T]4 ,!RE ! PRIE/ TEA*ES1 RECEIV+ AS A REMUN]ATION EI!R MONEY1 OR LABOR1 OR BO?4 ,! *IEF DIFF]5CE 9 ?IS RESPECT BETWE5 ! VIEW ( ! PEASANTS & ?AT ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL IS ?IS3 ! PEASANTS1 ACCORD+ TO ! MORE OR LESS FAVORABLE LOCAL CONDITIONS1 9TRODUCE S*OOLS ( A BETT] OR WORSE QUALITY1 BUT ALWAYS 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !RE IS NOT A S+LE LOCALITY :]E SOME K9D ( 9/RUCTION IS NOT (F]$2 :ILE ) ! >RANGEM5T ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL A L>GE HALF ( ! POPULATION IS LEFT \TSIDE EV]Y POSSIBILITY ( P>TAK+ ( ?AT $UCATION EV5 9 ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 

,9 MATT]S ( ! PETTY VILLAGES1 =M+ ONE-HALF ( ! POPULATION1 ! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T ACTS MO/ DECISIVELY4 ,IT SAYS3 0,WE PROVIDE S*OOLS :]E !RE IS A BUILD+ & :]E ! PEASANTS ( ! T[N%IP HAVE COLLECT$ 5\< MONEY TO SUPPORT A TEA*] AT TWO HUNDR$ RUBLES4 ,WE WILL CONTRIBUTE FROM ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL :AT IS WANT+1 & ! S*OOL IS 5T]$ ON ! LI/S40 ,! VILLAGES ?AT >E REMOV$ FROM ! S*OOL MAY S5D !IR *ILDR5 !RE1 IF !Y SO WI%4 ,( C\RSE1 ! PEASANTS DO NOT TAKE !IR *ILDR5 !RE1 BECAUSE IT IS TOO F>1 & YET !Y PAY4 ,?US1 9 ! ,YAS5ETS T[N%IP ALL PAY = ?REE S*OOLS1 BUT ONLY #de S\LS 9 ?REE VILLAGES MAKE USE ( ! S*OOL1 ?\< !RE >E 9 ALL ?REE ?\S& S\LS2 ?US1 ONLY ONE-SEV5? ( ! POPULATION MAKES USE ( ! S*OOL1 ?\< ALL PAY = IT4 ,9 ! ,*]MO%5 T[N%IP !RE >E N9E HUNDR$ S\LS & !RE IS A S*OOL !RE1 BUT ONLY ?IRTY PUPILS ATT5D IT1 BECAUSE ALL ! VILLAGES ( ?AT T[N%IP >E SCATT]$4 ,TO N9E HUNDR$ S\LS !RE \<T TO BE F\R HUNDR$ PUPILS4 ,& YET1 BO? 9 ! ,YAS5ETS & ! ,*]MO%5 T[N%IPS ! QUE/ION ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( S*OOLS IS REG>D$ AS SATISFACTORILY SOLV$4 

,9 MATT]S ( ! *OICE ( A TEA*]1 ! MASSES >E AGA9 GUID$ BY QUITE DIFF]5T VIEWS FROM ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL4 ,9 *OOS+ A TEA*]1 ! MASSES LOOK UPON HIM 9 !IR [N WAY1 & JUDGE HIM ACCORD+LY4 ,IF ! TEA*] HAS BE5 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 & ! MASSES KN[ :AT ! RESULTS ( HIS TEA*+ >E1 !Y VALUE HIM ACCORD+ TO !SE RESULTS AS A GOOD OR AS A BAD TEA*]2 BUT1 9 ADDITION TO ! S*OLA/IC QUALITIES1 ! MASSES DEM& ?AT ! TEA*] %ALL BE A MAN :O /&S 9 CLOSE RELATIONS TO ! PEASANT1 ABLE TO UND]/& HIS LIFE & TO SPEAK ,RUSSIAN1 & SO !Y WILL ALWAYS PREF] A C\NTRY TO A CITY TEA*]4 ,9 DO+ SO1 ! MASSES HAVE NO BIAS & NO ANTIPA?Y T[>D ANY CLASS 9 P>TICUL>3 HE MAY BE A G5TLEMAN1 (FICIAL1 BUR<]1 SOLDI]1 SEXTON1 PRIE/1--?AT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE SO LONG AS HE IS A SIMPLE MAN & A ,RUSSIAN4 ,= ?IS REASON ! PEASANTS HAVE NO CAUSE = EXCLUD+ CL]ICAL P]SONS1 AS ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCILS DO4 ,! ,C\NTY ,C\NCILS SELECT !IR TEA*]S FROM AMONG /RANG]S1 GETT+ !M FROM ! CITIES1 :ILE ! MASSES LOOK = !M AMONG !MSELVES4 ,BUT ! *IEF DIFF]5CE 9 ?IS RESPECT BETWE5 ! VIEW ( ! ,COMMUNES & ?AT ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL CONSI/S 9 ?IS3 ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL HAS ONLY ONE TYPE1--! TEA*] :O HAS ATT5D$ P$AGOGICAL C\RSES1 :O HAS F9I%$ A C\RSE 9 A SEM9>Y OR S*OOL1 AT TWO HUNDR$ RUBLES2 BUT ) ! MASSES1 :O DO NOT EXCLUDE ?IS TEA*] & APPRECIATE HIM1 IF HE IS GOOD1 !RE >E GRADATIONS ( ALL K9DS ( TEA*]S4 ,BESIDES1 ) ! MAJORITY ( S*OOL C\NCILS !RE >E DEF9ITE FAVORITE TYPES ( TEA*]S1 = ! MO/ P>T SU* AS >E =EIGN TO ! MASSES & ANTAGONI/IC TO !M1 & O!R TYPES :I* ! S*OOL C\NCILS DISLIKE4 ,?US1 EVID5TLY1 ! FAVORITE TYPE ( MANY C\NTIES ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,TULA >E LADY TEA*]S2 ! DISLIK$ TYPE >E ! CL]ICAL P]SONS1 & 9 ! :OLE ( ! ,TULA & ,KRAPIV5SK C\NTIES !RE IS NOT ONE S*OOL ) A TEA*] FROM ! CL]GY1 :I* IS QUITE REM>KABLE FROM AN ADM9I/RATIVE PO9T ( VIEW4 ,9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY !RE >E FIFTY P>I%ES4 ,! CL]ICAL P]SONS >E ! *EAPE/ ( TEA*]S1 BECAUSE !Y >E P]MAN5TLY SETTL$ & = ! MO/ P>T CAN TEA* 9 !IR [N H\SES ) ! AID ( !IR WIVES & DAU<T]S1--& !SE >E1 IT SEEMS1 PURPOSELY AVOID$1 AS ?\< !Y W]E V]Y H>MFUL PEOPLE4 

,9 MATT]S ( ! REMUN]ATION ( ! TEA*]S1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! VIEW ( ! MASSES & ?AT ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL HAS ALMO/ ALL BE5 EXPRESS$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES4 ,IT CONSI/S 9 ?IS3 7#a7 ! MASSES *OOSE A TEA*] ACCORD+ TO !IR MEANS1 & !Y ADMIT & KN[ FROM EXP]I5CE ?AT !RE >E TEA*]S AT ALL PRICES1 FROM TWO PUDS ( FL\R A MON? TO ?IRTY RUBLES A MON?2 7#b7 TEA*]S >E TO BE REMUN]AT$ = ! W9T] MON?S1 = ?OSE DUR+ :I* !RE CAN BE SOME 9/RUCTION2 7#c7 ! MASSES1 9 ! H\S+ ( ! S*OOL AS ALSO 9 MATT]S ( ! REMUN]ATION ( ! TEA*]S1 ALWAYS KN[ H[ TO F9D A *EAP WAY3 !Y GIVE FL\R1 HAY1 ! USE ( C>TS1 EGGS1 & ALL K9DS ( TRIFLES1 :I* >E IMP]CEPTIBLE TO ! WORLD AT L>GE1 BUT :I* IMPROVE ! TEA*]'S CONDITION2 7#d7 ABOVE ALL1 A TEA*] IS PAID1 OR IS REMUN]AT$ 9 ADDITION TO ! PAYM5T1 BY ! P>5TS ( ! PUPILS1 :O PAY BY ! MON?1 OR BY ! :OLE ,COMMUNE :I* 5JOYS ! ADVANTAGES ( ! S*OOL1 & NOT BY ! ADM9I/RATION ?AT HAS NO DIRECT 9T]E/ 9 ! MATT]4 

,! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T CANNOT ACT DIFF]5TLY 9 ?IS RESPECT4 ,! NORM ( ! SAL>Y = A MODEL TEA*] IS GIV51 CONSEQU5TLY !SE MEANS HAVE TO BE GOT TOGE!R 9 SOME WAY4 ,= EXAMPLE3 A ,COMMUNE 9T5DS TO OP5 A S*OOL1--! T[N%IP GIVES IT A C]TA9 NUMB] ( KOPECKS P] S\L4 ,! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL CALCULATES H[ MU* TO ADD4 ,IF !RE >E NO DEM&S MADE BY O!R S*OOLS1 IT GIVES MORE1 SOMETIMES TWICE AS MU* AS ! ,COMMUNE HAS GIV52 AT TIMES1 :5 ALL ! MONEY HAS BE5 DI/RIBUT$1 IT GIVES LESS1 OR 5TIRELY REFUSES TO GIVE ANY4 ,?US1 !RE IS 9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY A ,COMMUNE :I* GIVES N9ETY RUBLES1 & ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL ADDS TO ?AT ?REE HUNDR$ RUBLES = A S*OOL ) AN ASSI/ANT2 & !RE IS ANO!R ,COMMUNE :I* GIVES #be RUBLES1 & ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL ADDS ANO!R FIFTY RUBLES2 & A ?IRD ,COMMUNE :I* (F]S FIFTY-SIX RUBLES1 & ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL REFUSES TO ADD ANY?+ OR TO OP5 ! S*OOL1 BECAUSE ?AT MONEY IS 9SUFFICI5T = A NORMAL S*OOL1 & ALL ! MONEY HAS BE5 DI/RIBUT$4 

,?US1 ! *IEF DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! ADM9I/RATIVE VIEW ( ! MASSES & ?AT ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL >E ! FOLL[+3 7#a7 ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL PAYS GREAT ATT5TION TO ! H\S+ & SP5DS L>GE SUMS UPON IT1 :ILE ! MASSES OBVIATE ?IS DIFFICULTY BY DOME/IC1 ECONOMIC MEANS1 & LOOK UPON ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS AS TEMPOR>Y1 PASS+ 9/ITUTIONS2 7#b7 ! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T DEM&S ?AT 9/RUCTION BE C>RI$ ON DUR+ ! :OLE YE>1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,JULY & ,AUGU/1 & NO:]E 9TRODUCES EV5+ CLASSES1 :ILE ! MASSES DEM& ?AT 9/RUCTION BE C>RI$ ON ONLY 9 ! W9T] & >E FOND ( EV5+ CLASSES2 7#c7 ! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T HAS A DEF9ITE TYPE ( TEA*]S1 )\T :I* IT DOES NOT RECOGNIZE ! S*OOL1 & HAS A LOA?+ = CL]ICAL P]SONS &1 9 G5]AL1 = LOCAL 9/RUCTORS2 ! MASSES RECOGNIZE NO NORM & *OOSE !IR TEA*]S PREF]ABLY FROM LOCAL 9HABITANTS2 7#d7 ! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T DI/RIBUTES ! S*OOLS BY ACCID5T1 ?AT IS1 IT IS GUID$ ONLY BY ! DESIRE ( =M+ A NORMAL S*OOL1 & HAS NO C>E = ?AT GREAT] HALF ( ! POPULATION :I* UND] SU* A DI/RIBUTION IS LEFT \TSIDE ! S*OOL $UCATION2 ! MASSES NOT ONLY RECOGNIZE NO DEF9ITE EXT]NAL =M ( ! S*OOL1 BUT 9 ! GREATE/ V>IETY ( WAYS GET TEA*]S ) ALL K9DS ( MEANS1 >RANG+ WORSE & *EAP] S*OOLS ) SMALL MEANS & GOOD & EXP5SIVE S*OOLS ) GREAT] MEANS1 & TURN !IR ATT5TION TO FURNI%+ ALL LOCALITIES ) 9/RUCTION 9 RETURN = !IR MONEY2 7#e7 ! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T DET]M9ES ONE MEASURE ( REMUN]ATION1 :I* IS SUFFICI5TLY HI<1 & >BITR>ILY 9CREASES ! AM\NT FROM ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL2 ! MASSES DEM& ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE ECONOMY & DI/RIBUTE ! REMUN]ATION 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ?OSE :OSE *ILDR5 >E TAU<T PAY DIRECTLY4 

,IT SEEMS AS ?\< IT W\LD BE SUP]FLU\S TO EXPATIATE ON H[ CLE>LY ! COMMON S5SE ( ! MASSES IS EXPRESS$ 9 !SE DEM&S1 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO ?AT >TIFICIAL /RUCTURE1 9 :I*1 AT ITS V]Y BIR?1 !Y >E TRY+ TO IMPRISON ! BUS9ESS ( POPUL> $UCATION4 ,EV5 BESIDES ?IS1 ! FEEL+ ( JU/ICE IS 9VOLUNT>ILY PROVOK$ AGA9/ SU* AN ORD] ( ?+S4 ,SEE :AT IS TAK+ PLACE4 ,! MASSES HAVE FELT ! NECESSITY ( $UCATION1 & HAVE BEGUN TO WORK 9 ! DIRECTION ( ATTA9+ !IR 5D4 ,9 ADDITION TO ALL ! TAXES :I* !Y PAY1 !Y HAVE VOLUNT>ILY IMPOS$ UPON !MSELVES ! TAX = $UCATION1 ?AT IS1 !Y HAVE BEGUN TO HIRE TEA*]S4 ,:AT HAVE WE DONE8 0,OH1 Y\ >E ABLE TO PAY10 WE SAID1 0WAIT1 !N1 = Y\ >E /UPID & RUDE4 ,LET US HAVE ! MONEY1 & WE WILL >RANGE IT = Y\ 9 ! BE/ MANN] POSSIBLE40 

,! MASSES HAVE GIV5 UP !IR MONEY 7AS ,I HAVE SAID1 9 MANY ,C\NTY ,C\NCILS ! LEVY = ! S*OOLS HAS BE5 TURN$ DIRECTLY 9TO A TAX74 ,! MONEY WAS TAK51 & ! $UCATION WAS >RANG$ = !M4 

,I AM NOT GO+ TO REPEAT AB\T ! >TIFICIALITY ( ! $UCATION1 BUT H[ ! :OLE MATT] HAS BE5 >RANG$4 ,9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY !RE >E =TY ?\S& S\LS1 9CLUD+ GIRLS1 ACCORD+ TO ! LA/ C5SUS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BUNYAKOVSKI'S TABLE ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( T5 ?\S& ( ! ,OR?ODOX POPULATION = ! YE> #a#h#f#b1 !RE \<T TO BE1 ( ! MALE SEX BETWE5 SIX & F\RTE5 YE>S1 #a1#h#c#d1 & ( ! FEMALE SEX1 #a1#i#h#i1--9 ALL #c1#h#b#c TO EA* T5 ?\S&4 ,ACCORD+ TO MY [N OBS]VATIONS1 !RE \<T TO BE MORE1 NO D\BT ON ACC\NT ( ! 9CREASE ( ! POPULATION1 SO ?AT ! AV]AGE S*OOL POPULATION MAY BOLDLY BE PUT AT F\R ?\S&4 ,9 A S*OOL !RE >E1 ON AN AV]AGE1 9 ! L>GE C5T]S1 AB\T SIXTY PUPILS1 & 9 ! SMALL]1 FROM T5 TO TW5TY-FIVE4 ,9 ORD] ?AT ALL MAY RECEIVE 9/RUCTION1 ! SMALL] C5T]S1 =M+ ! GREAT] HALF ( ! POPULATION1 NE$ S*OOLS = T51 FIFTE51 & TW5TY PUPILS1 SO ?AT ! AV]AGE ( A S*OOL1 9 MY OP9ION1 W\LD BE NOT MORE ?AN ?IRTY PUPILS4 ,H[ MANY S*OOLS >E1 !N1 NE$$ = SIXTE5 ?\S& PUPILS8 ,DIVIDE SIXTE5 ?\S& BY ?IRTY1 & WE GET #ec S*OOLS4 ,LET US ASSUME ?AT1 AL?\< AT ! OP5+ ( ! S*OOLS ALL PUPILS FROM SEV5 TO FIFTE5 YE>S ( AGE WILL 5T]1 NOT ALL WILL ATT5D REGUL>LY = ! P]IOD ( EI<T YE>S2 LET US REJECT ONE-F\R?1 ?AT IS #ac S*OOLS &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 #d1#b PUPILS4 ,LET US SAY ?AT !RE >E F\R HUNDR$ S*OOLS4 ,ONLY TW5TY HAVE BE5 OP5$4 ,! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL GIVES TWO ?\S& RUBLES & HAS ADD$ ONE ?\S& RUBLES1 MAK+ 9 ALL ?REE ?\S& RUBLES4 ,FROM SOME ( ! PEASANTS1 NOT FROM ALL1 FIFTE5 KOPECKS >E LEVI$ FROM EA* S\L1 9 ALL AB\T F\R ?\S& RUBLES4 ,ON ! BUILD+ ( S*OOLS SEV5 HUNDR$ RUBLES >E SP5T1 & ON ! P$AGOGICAL C\RSES TWELVE HUNDR$ RUBLES HAVE BE5 US$ 9 ONE YE>4 ,BUT LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL WILL ACT QUITE SIMPLY & S5SIBLY1 & WILL NOT WA/E MONEY ON P$AGOGICAL C\RSES & O!R TRIFLES2 LET US SUPPOSE ?AT ALL PEASANTS WILL PAY ! NEW S*OOL TAX ( FIFTE5 KOPECKS1 :AT WILL ! FUTURE ( ?IS MATT] BE8 ,FROM ! PEASANTS SIX ?\S&1 FROM ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL ?REE ?\S&1 9 ALL N9E ?\S&4 ,LET US ASSUME ?AT T5 MORE S*OOLS WILL BE ADD$4 ,N9E ?\S& RUBLES WILL B>ELY SUFFICE = ! SUPPORT ( !SE S*OOLS1 & ?AT ONLY 9 CASE ! S*OOL C\NCIL WILL ACT MO/ PRUD5TLY & ECONOMICALLY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ) ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL ADM9I/RATION1 ?IRTY S*OOLS TO =TY ?\S& ( ! POPULATION >E ! HI<E/ LIMIT ( :AT ! DISSEM9ATION ( ! S*OOLS 9 ! C\NTY MAY REA*4 ,& ?IS LIMIT ( ! S*OOL BUS9ESS CAN BE ATTA9$ ONLY IF ! PEASANTS WILL LEVY FIFTE5 KOPECKS ON EA* S\L1 :I* IS EXTREMELY D\BTFUL1 & IF ! DISBURSEM5T ( ?IS MONEY WILL BE 9 ! H&S ( ! PEASANTS1 & NOT ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL4 ,I DO NOT SPEAK ( ! POSSIBLE 9CREASE ( ?REE ?\S& RUBLES1 BECAUSE ?IS 9CREASE ( ?REE ?\S& RUBLES P>TLY FALLS BACK ON ?OSE SAME PEASANTS1 & ON ! O!R H& IS NOT SECUR$ BY ANY?+1 =M+ ONLY AN ACCID5TAL MEANS4 ,?US1 9 ORD] TO BR+ ! BUS9ESS ( POPUL> $UCATION TO ! /ATE 9 :I* IT \<T TO BE1 ?AT IS1 9 ORD] ?AT !RE %ALL BE F\R HUNDR$ S*OOLS TO ! =TY ?\S& ( ! POPULATION1 & 9 ORD] ?AT ! S*OOLS %ALL NOT BE A TOY1 BUT MAY ANSW] A REAL WANT ( ! MASSES1 !RE IS NO O!R ISSUE ?AN ?AT ! PEASANTS BE TAX$1 NOT FIFTE5 KOPECKS1 BUT ?REE RUBLES A S\L1 9 ORD] ?AT ! NECESS>Y ?REE HUNDR$ RUBLES TO EA* S*OOL BE OBTA9$4 ,EV5 !N ,I DO NOT SEE ANY REASON = ?9K+ ?AT AS MANY S*OOLS AS >E NE$$ W\LD BE BUILT4 

,DO WE NOT SEE ?AT N[1 :5 ! SIMPLE/ >I?METICAL CALCULATION %[S ?AT ! ONLY MEANS = ! SUCCESS ( ! S*OOLS IS ! SIMPLIFICATION ( ME?ODS1 ! SIMPLICITY & *EAPNESS ( ! >RANGEM5T ( ! S*OOL1--! P$AGOGUES >E BUSY1 AS ?\< HAV+ MADE A WAG] TO CONCOCT A MO/ DIFFICULT1 MO/ COMPLICAT$1 & EXP5SIVE 7&1 ,I MU/ ADD1 MO/ BAD7 9/RUCTION8 ,9 ! MANUALS ( ,MESSRS4 ,BUNAKOV & ,EVTU%EVSKI ,I HAVE FIGUR$ UP ?REE HUNDR$ RUBLES' WOR? ( AIDS TO 9/RUCTION :I*1 9 !IR OP9ION1 >E ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A PRIM>Y S*OOL4 ,ALL !Y TALK AB\T 9 P$AGOGICAL CIRCLES IS H[ TO PREP>E IMPROV$ TEA*]S 9 ! SEM9>IES1 SO ?AT A VILLAGE MI<T NOT BE ABLE TO GET !M EV5 = F\R HUNDR$ RUBLES4 ,ON ?AT ROAD ( P]FECTION1 ON :I* P$AGOGY /&S1 IT IS QUITE APP>5T TO ME ?AT IF #a#b1 RUBLES W]E COLLECT$ 9 A C\NTY1 ! P$AGOGUES W\LD F9D USE = !M ALL 9 TW5TY S*OOLS1 ) ADJU/ABLE TABLES1 SEM9>IES = TEA*]S1 & SO =?4 ,HAVE WE NOT SE5 ?AT =TY S*OOLS W]E CLOS$ 9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY1 & ?AT ?OSE :O CLOS$ !M W]E FULLY CONV9C$ ?AT !Y ?US ADVANC$ ! CAUSE ( $UCATION1 = N[ !Y HAVE TW5TY 0GOOD0 S*OOLS8 ,BUT :AT IS MO/ REM>KABLE IS ?AT ?OSE :O EXPRESS !SE DEM&S >E NOT 9 ! LEA/ 9T]E/$ 9 KN[+ :E!R ! MASSES = :OM !Y >E PREP>+ ALL !SE ?+S WANT !M1 & /ILL LESS1 :O IS GO+ TO PAY = IT ALL4 ,BUT ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCILS >E SO BEFOGG$ BY !SE DEM&S ?AT !Y DO NOT SEE ! SIMPLE CALCULATION & ! SIMPLE JU/ICE4 ,IT IS AS ?\< A MAN ASK$ ME TO BUY HIM TWO PUDS ( FL\R = A MON?1 & ,I B\<T HIM = ?AT RUBLE A BOX ( P]FUM$ CONFECTION]Y & REPROA*$ HIM = HIS IGNORANCE1 BECAUSE HE WAS DISSATISFI$4 

,AS ,I WI% TO REMA9 TRUE TO MY RULE ?AT CRITICISM %\LD PO9T \T H[ ?AT :I* IS NOT GOOD \<T TO BE1 ,I %ALL TRY TO %[ H[ ! :OLE S*OOL BUS9ESS \<T TO BE >RANG$1 IF IT IS NOT TO BE A PLAY?+1 & IS TO HAVE A FUTURE4 ,! ANSW] IS ! SAME AS TO ! FIR/ TWO QUE/IONS1--FRE$OM4 ,! MASSES MU/ BE GIV5 ! FRE$OM TO >RANGE !IR S*OOLS AS !Y WI%1 & AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE %\LD ANY ONE 9T]F]E 9 !IR >RANGEM5T4 ,ONLY ) SU* A VIEW ( ! MATT] WILL ALL ! OB/ACLES TO ! DISSEM9ATION ( ! S*OOLS BE OBVIAT$1 ?\< !Y HAVE SEEM$ 9SUP]ABLE4 ,! *IEF OB/ACLES >E ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( ! MEANS & ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( 9CREAS+ !M4 ,TO ! FIR/ ! MASSES REPLY ?AT !Y >E US+ ALL ! MEASURES AT !IR COMM& TO MAKE ! S*OOLS CO/ LITTLE2 TO ! SECOND !Y REPLY ?AT ! MEANS WILL ALWAYS BE F\ND SO LONG AS !Y !MSELVES >E ! MA/]S1 & ?AT !Y >E NOT WILL+ TO 9CREASE ! MEANS = ! SUPPORT ( ?AT :I* !Y DO NOT NE$4 

,! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! VIEW ( ! PEOPLE & ( ! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T CONSI/S 9 ! FOLL[+3 7#a7 ,9 ! OP9ION ( ! MASSES !RE IS NO ONE DEF9ITE NORM & =M ( ! S*OOL1 \TSIDE & BEL[ :I* ! S*OOL IS NOT RECOGNIZ$1 AS IS ASSUM$ BY ! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T2 A S*OOL MAY BE ( ANY K9D1 EI!R A V]Y GOOD & EXP5SIVE ONE1 OR A V]Y POOR & *EAP ONE1 BUT EV5 9 A V]Y POOR ONE READ+ & WRIT+ MAY BE LE>N$1 &1 AS 9 A RI*] P>I% A BETT] POPE IS APPO9T$ & A BETT] *UR* BUILT1 SO ALSO MAY A BETT] S*OOL BE BUILT 9 A WEAL?Y VILLAGE1 & A POOR] S*OOL 9 A LESS WELL-TO-DO VILLAGE2 BUT JU/ AS ONE CAN PRAY EQUALLY WELL 9 A POOR OR 9 A RI* P>I%1 EV5 SO IT IS ) LE>N+4 7#b7 ,! MASSES REG>D AS ! FIR/ CONDITION ( !IR $UCATION AN EV51 EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( ?IS $UCATION1 ?\< IT BE 9 ITS L[E/ /AGE1 & !N ONLY !Y PROPOSE A FUR!R1 AGA9 AN EV51 RAIS+ ( ! LEVEL ( $UCATION1 :ILE ! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T CONSID]S IT NECESS>Y TO GIVE TO A C]TA9 *OS5 FEW1 TO ONE-TW5TIE? ( ! :OLE NUMB]1 A SPECIM5 ( $UCATION1 TO %[ !M H[ NICE IT IS4 7#c7 ,! M9I/]IAL DEP>TM5T1 EI!R UNABLE OR PURPOSELY UNWILL+ TO CALCULATE1 HAS RAIS$ ! $UCATIONAL BUS9ESS TO SU* A HI<1 EXP5SIVE LEVEL1 & ONE :I* IS SO =EIGN TO ! MASSES1 ?AT CONSID]+ ! HI< PRICE AT :I* ! $UCATION IS ACQUIR$1 NO ISSUE FROM ?AT SITUATION CAN BE =ESE51 & ! NUMB] ( LE>N]S CAN NEV] BE 9CREAS$2 BUT ! MASSES1 :O KN[ H[ TO CALCULATE1 & :O >E 9T]E/$ 9 ?AT CALCULATION1 HAVE NO D\BT LONG AGO FIGUR$ \T :AT ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T ABOVE1 & SEE AS CLE> AS DAYLI<T ?AT ?OSE EXP5SIVE S*OOLS1 :I* CO/ AS MU* AS F\R HUNDR$ RUBLES EA*1 MAY BE GOOD 9DE$1 BUT >E NOT :AT !Y NE$1 & TRY 9 EV]Y WAY POSSIBLE TO DIM9I% ! EXP5SES = !IR S*OOLS4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS TO BE DONE8 ,H[ >E ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCILS TO ACT 9 ORD] ?AT ?IS BUS9ESS MAY NOT BE A PLAY?+ & A PA/IME1 BUT %ALL HAVE A FUTURE8 ,LET !M CON=M ) ! NE$S ( ! MASSES1 &1 SO F> AS POSSIBLE1 *EAP5 & FREE ! =MS ( ! S*OOL1 & AF=D ! ,COMMUNES ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE P[] 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! S*OOLS4 

,= ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCILS %ALL 5TIRELY AB&ON ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! TAXES TO ! S*OOLS & ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! S*OOLS ACCORD+ TO LOCALITIES1 BUT %ALL LEAVE ?IS DI/RIBUTION TO ! PEASANTS !MSELVES4 ,! DET]M9ATION ( ! PAY TO ! TEA*]1 ! HIR+1 PUR*ASE1 OR BUILD+ ( ! H\SE1 ! *OICE ( PLACE & ( ! TEA*] HIMSELF1--ALL ?AT \<T TO BE LEFT TO ! PEASANTS4 ,! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL1 ?AT IS1 ! S*OOL C\NCIL1 %\LD ONLY DEM& ?AT ! ,COMMUNES 9=M IT :]E & ON :AT F\NDATIONS S*OOLS HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$1 NOT 9 ORD] ?AT1 UPON LE>N+ ! FACTS1 IT %ALL PROHIBIT !M1 AS IS DONE N[1 BUT 9 ORD] ?AT1 LE>N+ AB\T ! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! S*OOL EXI/S1 IT MAY ADD 7IF ! CONDITIONS >E 9 CON=MITY ) ! DEM&S ( ! C\NCIL7 FROM ITS ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL'S SUMS1 = ! SUPPORT ( ! S*OOL NEWLY F\ND$1 A C]TA91 DEF9ITE P>T ( :AT ! S*OOL CO/S ! ,COMMUNE3 A HALF1 A ?IRD1 A F\R?1 ACCORD+ TO ! QUALITY ( ! S*OOL & ! MEANS & WI%ES ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 A VILLAGE ( TW5TY S\LS HIRES A TRANSI5T MAN AT TWO RUBLES A MON? TO TEA* ! *ILDR54 ,! S*OOL C\NCIL1 ?AT IS1 A P]SON AU?ORIZ$ BY IT1 ( :OM ,I %ALL SPEAK LAT]1 UPON RECEIV+ ?AT 9=MATION1 9VITES ! TRANSI5T TO COME TO HIM1 ASKS HIM :AT HE KN[S & H[ HE TEA*ES1 &1 IF ! TRANSI5T IS ! LEA/ BIT $UCAT$ & DOES NOT REPRES5T ANY?+ H>MFUL1 APPORTIONS TO HIM ! AM\NT DET]M9$ UPON BY ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL1 ONE-HALF1 ONE-?IRD1 OR ONE-F\R?1 9 PRECISELY ! SAME WAY ! S*OOL C\NCIL PROCE$S 9 REF]5CE TO A CL]ICAL P]SON HIR$ BY ! ,COMMUNE AT FIVE RUBLES P] MON?1 OR 9 REF]5CE TO A TEA*] HIR$ AT FIFTE5 RUBLES P] MON?4 ,( C\RSE1 ?AT IS ! WAY ! S*OOL C\NCIL ACTS 9 REF]5CE TO ! TEA*]S HIR$ BY ! ,COMMUNES !MSELVES2 BUT IF ! ,COMMUNES TURN TO ! S*OOL C\NCIL1 ! LATT] RECOMM5DS TO !M TEA*]S UND] ! SAME CONDITIONS4 ,BUT 9 DO+ SO ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL MU/ NOT =GET ?AT !RE %\LD NOT BE M]ELY TEA*]S AT TWO HUNDR$ RUBLES2 ! S*OOL C\NCIL %\LD BE AN EMPLOYM5T AG5CY = TEA*]S ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION & ( EV]Y PRICE1 FROM ONE RUBLE TO ?IRTY RUBLES A MON?4 ,ON BUILD+S ! S*OOL C\NCIL \<T NOT TO SP5D OR ADD ANY?+1 BECAUSE !Y >E ONE ( ! MO/ UNPRODUCTIVE ITEMS ( EXP5SE4 ,BUT ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL \<T NOT TO DISDA91 AS IT N[ DOES1 TEA*]S AT TWO1 ?REE1 F\R1 FIVE RUBLES P] MON? & LOCATIONS 9 SMOKY HUTS OR BY ROTATION FROM F>M TO F>M4 

,! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL \<T TO REMEMB] ?AT ! PROTOTYPE ( ! S*OOL1 ?AT IDEAL T[>D :I* IT \<T TO T5D1 IS NOT A /ONE BUILD+ ) AN IRON RO(1 ) BLACKBO>DS & DESKS1 SU* AS WE SEE 9 MODEL S*OOLS1 BUT ! V]Y HUT 9 :I* ! PEASANT LIVES1 ) ?OSE B5*ES & TABLES ON :I* HE EATS1 & NOT A TEA*] 9 A ,PR9CE ,ALB]T OR A LADY TEA*] 9 A *IGNON1 BUT A MALE TEA*] 9 A CAFTAN & %IRT1 OR A FEMALE TEA*] 9 A PEASANT SKIRT & ) A K]*IEF ON H] HEAD1 & NOT ) ONE HUNDR$ PUPILS1 BUT ) FIVE1 SIX1 OR T54 

,! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL MU/ HAVE NO BIAS OR ANTIPA?Y = C]TA9 TYPES ( TEA*]S1 AS IS ! CASE AT PRES5T4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,TULA ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL JU/ N[ HAS A SPECIAL BIAS = ! TYPE ( S*OOL-TEA*]S FROM ! GYMNASIA & CL]ICAL S*OOLS1 & ! GREAT] P>T ( ! S*OOLS 9 ,TULA ,C\NTY >E 9 !IR *>GE4 ,9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY !RE EXI/S A /RANGE ANTIPA?Y = TEA*]S FROM ! CL]ICAL PR(ESSION1 SO ?AT 9 ?IS C\NTY1 :]E !RE >E AS MANY AS FIFTY P>I%ES1 !RE IS NOT ONE CL]ICAL P]SON EMPLOY$ AS A TEA*]4 ,! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL1 9 PROPOS+ A TEA*]1 \<T TO BE GUID$ BY TWO *IEF CONSID]ATIONS3 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT ! TEA*] %\LD BE AS *EAP AS POSSIBLE2 9 ! SECOND1 ?AT BY HIS $UCATION HE %\LD /& AS NE> TO ! MASSES AS POSSIBLE4 ,ONLY ?ANKS TO ! OPPOSITE VIEW ON ! MATT] CAN BE EXPLA9$ SU* AN 9EXPLICABLE PH5OM5ON AS ?AT 9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY 7ALMO/ ! SAME IS TRUE ( ! :OLE ,GOV]NM5T & ( ! MAJORITY ( ,GOV]NM5TS7 !RE >E FIFTY P>I%ES & TW5TY S*OOLS1 & ?AT = !SE TW5TY S*OOLS !RE IS NOT A S+LE CL]ICAL TEA*]1 AL?\< !RE IS NOT A P>I% :]E A PRIE/1 OR A DEACON1 OR A SEXTON1 OR !IR DAU<T]S & WIVES C\LD NOT BE F\ND1 :O W\LD NOT BE GLAD TO DO ! TEA*+ = ONE-F\R? ! PAY ?AT ! TEA*]S COM+ FROM ! CITY W\LD BE WILL+ TO TAKE4 

,BUT ,I %ALL BE TOLD3 ,:AT K9D ( S*OOLS WILL ?OSE BE ) BIGOTS1 DRUNK5 SOLDI]S1 EXPELL$ SCRIBES1 & SEXTONS8 ,& :AT CONTROL CAN !RE BE OV] ?OSE =MLESS S*OOLS8 ,TO ?IS ,I WILL REPLY ?AT1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 !SE TEA*]S1 BIGOTS1 SOLDI]S1 & SEXTONS >E NOT SO BAD AS !Y >E IMAG9$ TO BE4 ,9 MY S*OOL PRACTICE ,I (T5 HAD TO DO ) PUPILS FROM !SE S*OOLS1 & SOME ( !M C\LD READ FLU5TLY & WRITE BEAUTIFULLY1 & SOON AB&ON$ ! BAD HABITS :I* !Y BR\<T ) !M FROM ?OSE S*OOLS4 ,ALL ( US KN[ PEASANTS :O HAVE LE>N$ ! RUDIM5TS 9 SU* S*OOLS1 & IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT ?IS LE>N+ WAS USELESS OR 9JURI\S4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 ,I WILL SAY ?AT TEA*]S ( ?AT CALIB] >E ESPECIALLY BAD BECAUSE !Y >E QUITE AB&ON$ 9 ! BACKWOODS & TEA* )\T ANY AID OR 9/RUCTION1 & ?AT N[ !RE IS NOT TO BE F\ND A S+LE ONE ( ! OLD TEA*]S :O W\LD NOT TELL Y\ ) REGRET ?AT HE DOES NOT KN[ ! NEW ME?ODS & HAS HIMSELF LE>N$ = COPP] P5CE1 & ?AT MANY ( !M1 ESPECIALLY ! Y\NG] *UR* S]VANTS1 >E QUITE WILL+ TO LE>N ! NEW ME?ODS4 ,!SE TEA*]S \<T NOT TO BE REJECT$ )\T FUR!R ADO AS ABSOLUTELY WOR?LESS4 ,!RE >E AMONG !M BETT] & WORSE TEA*]S 7& ,I HAVE SE5 SOME V]Y CAPABLE ONES74 ,!Y \<T TO BE COMP>$2 ! BETT] ( !M \<T TO BE SELECT$1 5C\RAG$1 BR\<T TOGE!R ) O!R BETT] TEA*]S1 & 9/RUCT$1--:I* IS QUITE FEASIBLE & PRECISELY ! ?+ 9 :I* ! DUTY ( ! S*OOL C\NCIL IS TO CONSI/4 

,BUT H[ >E !Y TO BE CONTROLL$1 WAT*$1 & TAU<T1 IF !Y BRE$ BY ! HUNDR$ 9 EA* C\NTY8 ,9 MY OP9ION ! WORK ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL & S*OOL C\NCIL \<T TO CONSI/ 9 NO?+ BUT WAT*+ ! P$AGOGICAL SIDE ( ! BUS9ESS1 & ?AT IS FEASIBLE1 IF !SE MEANS WILL BE TAK53 9 EV]Y ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL1 :I* HAS TAK5 UPON ITSELF ! DUTY ( ! DISSEM9ATION ( POPUL> $UCATION1 OR ! COOP]ATION ) IT1 !RE \<T TO BE ONE P]SON--:E!R IT BE AN UNPAID MEMB] ( ! S*OOL C\NCIL1 OR A MAN AT A SAL>Y ( NOT LESS ?AN ONE ?\S& RUBLES1 HIR$ BY ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL--:O IS TO ATT5D TO ! P$AGOGICAL SIDE ( ! BUS9ESS 9 ! C\NTY4 ,?AT P]SON \<T TO HAVE A G5]AL1 FRE% $UCATION )9 ! LIMITS ( A GYMNASIUM C\RSE1 ?AT IS1 HE MU/ KN[ ,RUSSIAN ?OR\<LY & ,*UR*-,SLAVIC P>TLY1 >I?METIC & ALGEBRA ?OR\<LY1 & BE A TEA*]1 ?AT IS1 KN[ ! PRACTICE ( P$AGOGY4 ,?IS P]SON MU/ BE FRE%LY $UCAT$1 BECAUSE ,I HAVE OBS]V$ ?AT FREQU5TLY ! 9=MATION ( A MAN :O HAS LONG AGO F9I%$ HIS C\RSE EV5 9 A UNIV]SITY1 & :O HAS NOT REFRE%$ HIS $UCATION1 IS 9SUFFICI5T1 NOT ONLY = ! GUIDANCE ( TEA*]S1 BUT EV5 = ! EXAM9ATION ( A VILLAGE S*OOL4 ,?IS P]SON MU/ BY ALL MEANS BE A TEA*] HIMSELF 9 ! SAME LOCALITY1 9 ORD] ?AT 9 HIS DEM&S & 9/RUCTIONS HE MAY ALWAYS HAVE 9 VIEW ?AT P$AGOGICAL MAT]IAL ) :I* ! O!R TEA*]S HAVE TO DEAL1 & ?AT HE MAY SU/A9 9 HIMSELF ?AT LIVE RELATION TO REALITY :I* IS ! *IEF PRES]VATIVE AGA9/ ]ROR & DELUSION4 ,IF A ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL DOES NOT POSSESS SU* A MAN & DOES NOT WI% TO EMPLOY ONE1 IT HAS1 9 MY OP9ION1 ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO DO ) ! POPUL> $UCATION1 EXCEPT TO GIVE MONEY1 BECAUSE EV]Y 9T]F]5CE ) ! ADM9I/RATIVE SIDE ( ! MATT]1 9 ! WAY IT IS DONE N[1 CAN ONLY BE 9JURI\S4 

,?IS MEMB] ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL1 OR ! $UCAT$ P]SON HIR$ BY IT1 MU/ HAVE ! BE/ MODEL S*OOL1 ) AN ASSI/ANT1 9 ! C\NTY4 ,9 ADDITION TO CONDUCT+ ?IS S*OOL & APPLY+ TO IT ALL ! NEWE/ ME?ODS ( 9/RUCTION1 ?IS HEAD TEA*] \<T TO KEEP AN EYE ON ALL ! O!R S*OOLS4 ,?IS S*OOL IS NOT TO BE A MODEL 9 ! S5SE ( 9TRODUC+ 9TO IT ALL K9DS ( CUBES & PICTURES & ALL K9DS ( NONS5SE 9V5T$ BY ! ,G]MANS1 BUT ! TEA*] 9 ?IS S*OOL %\LD EXP]IM5T ON JU/ SU* PEASANT *ILDR5 AS ! O!R S*OOLS CONSI/ (1 9 ORD] TO DET]M9E ! SIMPLE/ ME?ODS :I* MAY BE ADOPT$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! TEA*]S1 SEXTONS1 & SOLDI]S1 :O =M ! BULK ( ALL ! S*OOLS4 ,S9CE ) ! >RANGEM5T :I* ,I PROPOSE !RE WILL C]TA9LY BE =M$ L>GE COMPLETE S*OOLS 9 ! L>G] C5T]S 7AS ,I ?9K1 9 ! PROPORTION ( ONE TO TW5TY ( ALL ! O!R S*OOLS71 & 9 !SE L>GE S*OOLS ! TEA*]S WILL BE ( A GRADE ( $UCATION EQUAL TO ?AT ( ! SEM9>I/S :O HAVE F9I%$ A C\RSE 9 A !OLOGICAL S*OOL1 ! HEAD TEA*] WILL VISIT ALL !SE L>G] S*OOLS1 BR+ TOGE!R !SE TEA*]S ON ,SUNDAYS1 PO9T \T TO !M ! DEFECTS1 PROPOSE NEW ME?ODS1 GIVE C\NSEL & BOOKS = !IR [N $UCATION1 & 9VITE !M TO HIS S*OOL ON ,SUNDAYS4 ,! LIBR>Y ( ! HEAD TEA*] \<T TO CONSI/ ( SEV]AL COPIES ( ! ,BIBLE1 ( ,*UR*-,SLAVIC & ,RUSSIAN GRAMM>S1 >I?METIC1 & ALGEBRA4 ,! HEAD TEA*]1 :5EV] HE HAS TIME1 WILL VISIT ALSO ! SMALL S*OOLS & 9VITE !IR TEA*]S TO COME TO SEE HIM2 BUT ! DUTY ( WAT*+ ! M9OR TEA*]S IS IMPOS$ ON ! OLD] TEA*]S1 :O JU/ 9 ! SAME WAY VISIT !IR DI/RICT & 9VITE ?OSE TEA*]S TO COME TO SEE !M ON ,SUNDAYS & ON WEEK-DAYS4 ,! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL EI!R PAYS ! TEA*]S = TRAVEL+1 OR1 9 ADD+ ITS PORTION TO :AT ! ,COMMUNES LEVY1 MAKES IT A CONDITION ?AT ! ,COMMUNES FURNI% TRANSPORTATION4 ,! MEET+S ( ! TEA*]S & ! VISITS 9 SIMIL> OR BETT] S*OOLS >E ONE ( ! *IEF CONDITIONS = ! SUCCESSFUL CONDUCT ( ! BUS9ESS ( $UCATION1 & SO ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL \<T TO DIRECT ITS MA9 ATT5TION TO ! ORGANIZATION ( !SE MEET+S1 & NOT SP>E ANY MONEY = !M4 

,BESIDES1 9 ! L>GE S*OOLS1 :]E !RE WILL BE MORE ?AN FIFTY PUPILS1 !RE \<T TO BE *OS51 9/EAD ( ! ASSI/ANTS :I* !Y N[ HAVE1 SU* ( ! PUPILS1 ( EI!R SEX1 AS %[ M>K$ ABILITY = A TEA*]'S CALL+1 & !Y %\LD BE MADE ASSI/ANTS1 TWO OR ?REE 9 EA* S*OOL4 ,!SE ASSI/ANTS %\LD RECEIVE A SAL>Y ( FIFTY KOPECKS TO ONE RUBLE P] MON?1 & ! TEA*] %\LD WORK ) !M SEP>ATELY 9 ! EV5+S1 SO ?AT !Y MAY NOT FALL BEH9D ! O!RS4 ,!SE ASSI/ANTS1 *OS5 FROM AMONG ! BE/1 >E TO =M ! FUTURE TEA*]S1 TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! L[E/ 9 ! M9OR S*OOLS4 

,NATURALLY ! ORGANIZATION ( !SE TEA*]S' MEET+S1 BO? = ! SMALL] & ! L>G] S*OOLS1 & ! HEAD TEA*]'S VISITS ( 9SPECTION1 & ! =MATION ( TEA*]S FROM PUPILS ACT+ AS ASSI/ANTS MAY TAKE PLACE 9 A L>GE V>IETY ( WAYS2 ! MA9 PO9T IS ?AT ! SURVEILLANCE ( ANY NUMB] ( S*OOLS 7EV5 ?\< IT MAY REA* ! NORM ( ONE S*OOL TO EV]Y ONE HUNDR$ S\LS7 IS POSSIBLE 9 ?IS MANN]4 ,) SU* AN >RANGEM5T ! TEA*]S ( BO? ! L>GE & ! SMALL S*OOLS WILL FEEL ?AT !IR LABORS >E APPRECIAT$1 ?AT !Y HAVE NOT BURI$ !MSELVES 9 ! BACKWOODS )\T HOPE ( SALVATION1 ?AT !Y HAVE COMPANIONS & GUIDES1 & ?AT 9 ! MATT] ( 9/RUCTION1 BO? = !IR [N FUR!R $UCATION & = ! IMPROVEM5T ( !IR SITUATION1 !Y HAVE MEANS = ADVANCEM5T4 ,) SU* AN >RANGEM5T1 ! DEVOTEE & ! SEXTON :O >E ABLE TO LE>N WILL LE>N2 :ILE ?OSE :O >E UNABLE OR UNWILL+ TO DO SO WILL BE REPLAC$ BY SOME ONE ELSE4 

,! TIME ( 9/RUCTION \<T TO BE1 AS IS ! WI% ( ALL PEASANTS1 DUR+ ! SEV5 W9T] MON?S1 & SO ! SAL>Y IS TO BE DET]M9$ BY ! MON?4 ,) SU* AN >RANGEM5T1 LEAV+ \T ! RAPIDITY & ! EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( $UCATION1 ! ADVANTAGE WILL BE ?IS1 ?AT ! S*OOLS WILL BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ?OSE C5T]S :]E ! NECESSITY = !M IS FELT BY ! MASSES1 :]E !Y >E E/ABLI%$ SPONTANE\SLY &1 !RE=E1 FIRMLY4 ,:]E ! *>ACT] ( ! POPULATION DEM&S $UCATION IT WILL BE P]MAN5T4 ,JU/ LOOK3 9 ! T[NS1 ! *ILDR5 ( ! 9NKEEP]S & WELL-TO-DO PEASANTS LE>N TO READ 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R & NEV] =GET :AT !Y HAVE LE>N$2 BUT 9 ! BACKWOODS1 :]E A L&$ PROPRIETOR F\NDS A S*OOL1 ! *ILDR5 LE>N WELL1 BUT 9 T5 YE>S ALL IS =GOTT51 & ! POPULATION IS AS ILLIT]ATE AS EV]4 ,= ?IS REASON ! C5T]S1 L>GE OR SMALL1 :]E ! S*OOLS >E E/ABLI%$ SPONTANE\SLY1 >E P>TICUL>LY PRECI\S4 ,:]E SU* A S*OOL HAS G]M9AT$1 NO MATT] H[ POOR IT BE1 IT WILL ?R[ \T ROOTS1 & SOON] OR LAT] ! POPULATION WILL BE ABLE TO READ & WRITE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !SE SPR\TS \<T TO BE DEEM$ PRECI\S1 & NOT BE TREAT$1 AS !Y >E EV]Y:]E1--!Y \<T NOT TO BE =BIDD51 BECAUSE ! S*OOLS >E NOT ACCORD+ TO \R TA/E1 ?AT IS1 ! SPR\TS \<T NOT TO BE KILL$1 & BRAN*ES /UCK 9 ! GR\ND :]E !Y WILL NOT TAKE ROOT4 

,) M]ELY SU* AN >RANGEM5T1 )\T ! E/ABLI%M5T ( CO/LY & >TIFICIAL SEM9>IES1 ! *OS5 ONES--?OSE SELECT$ FROM ! BE/ ( ! PUPILS !MSELVES1 & ?OSE :O >E $UCAT$ 9 ! S*OOLS--WILL =M ?AT CONT+5T ( *EAP POPUL> TEA*]S :O WILL TAKE ! PLACE ( ! SOLDI]S & SEXTONS & WILL FULLY SATISFY ALL ! DEM&S ( ! MASSES & ( ! $UCAT$ CLASSES4 ,! *IEF ADVANTAGE ( SU* AN >RANGEM5T IS ?AT IT ALONE GIVES ! DEVELOPM5T ( POPUL> $UCATION A FUTURE1 ?AT IS1 TAKES US \T FROM ?AT BL9D ALLEY 9TO :I* ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCILS HAVE GONE1 ?ANKS TO ! EXP5SIVE S*OOLS & TO ! ABS5CE ( NEW S\RCES = ! 9CREASE ( !IR NUMB]S4 ,ONLY :5 ! MASSES !MSELVES *OOSE ! C5T]S = ! S*OOLS1 !MSELVES *OOSE TEA*]S1 DET]M9E ! AM\NT ( ! REMUN]ATION1 & DIRECTLY 5JOY ! ADVANTAGES ( ! S*OOLS1 WILL !Y BE READY TO ADD MEANS = ! S*OOLS IF SU* %\LD BECOME NECESS>Y4 ,I KN[ ,COMMUNES ?AT PAID FIFTY KOPECKS A S\L = A S*OOL 9 EA* ( !IR VILLAGES2 BUT IT IS DIFFICULT TO COMPEL ! PEASANTS TO PAY FIFTE5 KOPECKS = A S*OOL 9 ! T[N%IP1 IF NOT ALL ( !M CAN MAKE USE ( IT4 ,= ! :OLE C\NTY1 = ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL1 ! PEASANTS WILL NOT ADD A S+LE KOPECK1 BECAUSE !Y FEEL ?AT !Y WILL NOT 5JOY ! ADVANTAGES ( !IR MONEY4 ,ONLY ) SU* AN >RANGEM5T WILL BE F\ND SOON ! MEANS = ! PROP] MA9T5ANCE ( ALL S*OOLS1 ( ONE TO EA* ONE HUNDR$ S\LS1 :I* SEEMS SO IMPOSSIBLE 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 

,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 ) ! >RANGEM5T :I* ,I PROPOSE1 ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEASANT ,COMMUNES & ( ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL1 AS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ! LOCALITY1 WILL 9DISSOLUBLY BE CONNECT$4 ,LET US SAY ?AT ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL GIVES ONE-?IRD ( :AT ! PEASANTS GIVE4 ,9 FURNI%+ ?IS AM\NT1 IT WILL EVID5TLY1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 SEE TO IT ?AT ! MONEY IS NOT WA/$1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 WILL ALSO KEEP AN EYE ON ! TWO-?IRDS GIV5 BY ! PEASANT ,COMMUNES4 ,! PEASANT ,COMMUNE SEES ?AT ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL GIVES ITS P>T1 & SO ADMITS ! RI<T ( ! ,C\NCIL TO FOLL[ ! PROGRESS ( ! 9/RUCTION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT HAS AN OBJECT-LESSON 9 ! DIFF]5CE :I* EXI/S BETWE5 A S*OOL MA9TA9$ AT A SMALL] & ?AT MA9TA9$ AT A GREAT] EXP5SE1 & *OOSES ! ONE :I* IT NE$S OR :I* IS MORE ACCESSIBLE TO IT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS MEANS4 

,I WILL AGA9 TAKE ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY1 ) :I* ,I AM FAMILI>1 TO %[ :AT DIFF]5CE ! PROPOS$ >RANGEM5T W\LD MAKE4 ,I CANNOT HAVE ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT ! MOM5T P]MISSION IS GRANT$ TO OP5 S*OOLS1 :]EV] WANT$ & ( ANY DESCRIPTION DESIR$1 !RE WILL AT ONCE APPE> V]Y MANY S*OOLS4 ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT 9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY1 9 :I* !RE >E FIFTY P>I%ES1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE A S*OOL 9 EA* P>I%1 BECAUSE ! P>I%ES >E ALWAYS C5T]S ( POPULATION1 & BECAUSE AMONG ! *UR* S]VANTS !RE WILL ALWAYS BE F\ND ONE :O IS CAPABLE ( TEA*+1 LIKES TO TEA*1 & WILL F9D HIS ADVANTAGE 9 IT4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! S*OOLS MA9TA9$ BY ! *UR* S]VANTS !RE WILL BE OP5$ ?OSE =TY S*OOLS ?AT HAVE BE5 CLOS$ 7MORE CORRECTLY ?IRTY1 BECAUSE T5 ( !M W]E *UR* S*OOLS71 & !RE WILL BE OP5$ V]Y MANY NEW S*OOLS1 SO ?AT 9 A V]Y %ORT TIME !RE WILL BE NOT F> FROM F\R HUNDR$ 9/EAD ( ! TW5TY AT PRES5T4 

,I MAY BE BELIEV$ OR NOT1 BUT ,I WILL ASSUME ?AT 9 ,KRAPIV5SK ,C\NTY #* ADDITIONAL S*OOLS WILL BE OP5$1 ! MOM5T !Y >E GIV5 OV] TO ! MASSES1 SO ?AT !RE WILL BE F\R HUNDR$ 9 ALL1 & ,I WILL TRY TO DET]M9E :E!R ! EXI/5CE ( !SE F\R HUNDR$ S*OOLS1 ?AT IS1 ( TW5TY TIMES AS MANY AS AT PRES5T1 IS POSSIBLE UND] ! CONDITIONS :I* ,I HAVE ASSUM$ 9 DISCUSS+ ! EXI/+ ORD]4 

,ASSUM+ ?AT ALL PEASANTS PAY FIFTE5 KOPECKS P] S\L1 & ! ,C\NTY ,C\NCIL GIVES ?REE ?\S& RUBLES1 !RE WILL BE N9E ?\S& RUBLES1 :I* WILL SUFFICE ONLY = ?IRTY S*OOLS ) ! =M] >RANGEM5T4 ,BUT ) ! NEW >RANGEM5T3 

,I ASSUME ?AT T5 ( ! OLD S*OOLS >E LEFT 9TACT2 9 !SE S*OOLS ! TEA*]S GET TW5TY RUBLES P] MON?1 :I*1 = ! SEV5 W9T] MON?S1 AM\NTS TO F\RTE5 HUNDR$ RUBLES4 

,I ASSUME ?AT 9 EV]Y P>I% !RE WILL BE E/ABLI%$ A S*OOL ) ! TEA*]'S SAL>Y AT FIVE RUBLES P] MON?1 :I*1 = FIFTY S*OOLS1 AM\NTS TO #a1#g#e RUBLES4 

,I ASSUME ! REMA9+ #cd S*OOLS >E ( ! *EAP *>ACT]1 AT TWO RUBLES P] MON?2 FIFTE5 RUBLES = EA* ( ! #cd S*OOLS MAKES #e1#a RUBLES4 

,?US ! F\R HUNDR$ S*OOLS WILL DEM& AN EXP5DITURE 9 SAL>IES AM\NT+ TO #h1#b#e RUBLES4 ,!RE >E /ILL LEFT #ge RUBLES = S*OOL APPLIANCES & TRANSPORTATION4 

,! FIGURES = ! TEA*]S' WAGES >E NOT *OS5 >BITR>ILY BY ME3 ON ! O!R H&1 ! EXP5SIVE TEA*]S >E GIV5 A L>G] SAL>Y ?AN !Y N[ GET BY ! MON? = ! :OLE YE>4 ,EV5 SO1 ! AM\NT APPORTION$ TO ! *UR* S]VANTS IS :AT !Y N[ RECEIVE 9 ! MAJORITY ( CASES4 ,BUT ! *EAP S*OOLS AT TWO RUBLES P] MON? >E ASSUM$ BY ME AT A HI<] RATE ?AN :AT ! PEASANTS 9 REALITY PAY1 SO ?AT ! CALCULATION MAY BOLDLY BE ACCEPT$4 ,9 ?IS CALCULATION IS 9CLUD$ ! K]NEL ( T5 *IEF TEA*]S & T5 OR MORE *UR* S]VANT TEA*]S4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ONLY ) SU* A CALCULATION WILL ! S*OOL BUS9ESS BE PLAC$ ON A S]I\S & POSSIBLE BASIS & HAVE A CLE> & DEF9ITE FUTURE4 

,IF :AT ,I HAVE PO9T$ \T DOES NOT CONV9CE ANYBODY ?AT WILL MEAN ?AT ,I DID NOT EXPRESS CLE>LY :AT ,I WANT$ TO SAY1 & DO NOT WI% TO 5T] 9TO ANY DISPUTES ) ANYBODY4 ,I KN[ ?AT NO DEAF PEOPLE >E SO HOPELESS AS ?OSE :O DO NOT WANT TO HE>4 ,I KN[ H[ IT IS ) F>M]S4 ,A NEW ?RE%+-MA*9E HAS BE5 B\<T AT A GREAT EXP5SE1 & IT IS PUT UP & />T$ ?RE%+4 ,IT ?RE%ES MIS]ABLY1 NO MATT] H[ Y\ SET ! SCREW2 IT ?RE%ES BADLY1 & ! GRA9 FALLS 9TO ! /RAW4 ,!RE IS A LOSS1 & IT IS AS CLE> AS CAN BE ?AT ! MA*9E \<T TO BE AB&ON$ & ANO!R MEANS BE EMPLOY$ = ?RE%+1 BUT ! MONEY HAS BE5 SP5T & ! ?RE%+-MA*9E IS PUT UP4 0,LET H] ?RE%10 SAYS ! MA/]4 ,PRECISELY ! SAME ?+ WILL HAPP5 ) ?IS MATT]4 ,I KN[ ?AT = A LONG TIME TO COME !RE WILL FL\RI% ! OBJECT 9/RUCTION1 & CUBES1 & BUTTONS 9/EAD ( >I?METIC1 & HISS+ & SPUTT]+1 9 TEA*+ ! LETT]S1 & TW5TY EXP5SIVE S*OOLS ( ! ,G]MAN PATT]N1 9/EAD ( ! NE$$ F\R HUNDR$ POPUL>1 *EAP S*OOLS4 ,BUT ,I KN[ JU/ AS SURELY ?AT ! COMMON S5SE ( ! ,RUSSIAN NATION WILL NOT P]MIT ?IS FALSE1 >TIFICIAL SY/EM ( 9/RUCTION TO BE FOI/$ UPON IT4 

,! MASSES >E ! *IEF 9T]E/$ P]SON & ! JUDGE1 & N[ DO NOT PAY A P>TICLE ( ATT5TION TO \R MORE OR LESS +5I\S DISCUSSIONS AB\T ! MANN] 9 :I* ! SPIRITUAL FOOD ( $UCATION IS BE/ TO BE PREP>$ = !M4 ,!Y DO NOT C>E1 BECAUSE !Y >E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT 9 ! GREAT BUS9ESS ( !IR M5TAL DEVELOPM5T !Y WILL NOT MAKE A FALSE /EP & WILL NOT ACCEPT :AT IS BAD1--& IT W\LD BE LIKE MAK+ PEASE /ICK TO ! WALL TO ATTEMPT TO $UCATE1 DIRECT1 & TEA* !M 9 ! ,G]MAN FA%ION4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aic 3 ,P>T #f1 ,SECTION #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,MAY #a#c1 #bba 3 ,P>T #f1 ,SECTION #b -- ,ADD$4 

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