,F>EWELL TO ,H]MANN ,GORT] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 8 
,PUBLI%$3 #aibg 
,TRANSCRIB]3 ,COLLECTIVE ,ACTION ,NOTES 7,C,A,N7 
,H,T,M,L3 ,JONAS ,HOLMGR5 

,9 ! P]SON ( ,H]MANN ,GORT]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT 
HAS JU/ LO/ ONE ( ITS MO/ FAI?FUL FRI5DS & ONE ( ITS MO/ NOTABLE 
COMRADES 9 >MS4 ,HE FIGUR$ AMONG ! GREATE/ EXP]TS 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY & 
WAS ONE ( ! V]Y FEW :O1 ?R\< CONFLICTS & SPLITS1 REMA9$ 9V>IABLY 
DEVOT$ TO REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNISM4 

,GORT] WAS BORN ON ,NOVEMB] #b#f1 #a#h#f#d1 ! SON ( A WELL-KN[N 
WRIT]2 UPON COMPLET+ HIS /UDIES 9 ! HUMANITIES1 HE WAS APPO9T$ 
9/ITUTE PR(ESSOR ( SECOND>Y $UCATION4 ,:ILE /ILL Y\NG HE COMPOS$ ,MEI 
70,MAY071 A WORK ( POETRY :I* HAD AN EXPLOSIVE IMPACT ON ! WORLD ( LETT]S 
9 ,HOLL& & WAS IMM$IATELY CONSID]$ A MA/]PIECE4 ,! DECADE ( ! #a#h#hS 
WAS A V]ITABLE LIT]>Y GOLD5 AGE2 A :OLE CON/ELLATION ( WRIT]S & POETS 
>OSE DUR+ ?AT P]IOD4 ,REBELL+ AGA9/ ! =MAL TRADITION :I* HAD BE5 
]ECT$ 9TO A CANON ( BEAUTY1 TRU? & ! EXPRESSION ( FEEL+1 ?IS S*OOL 
MADE ! E>? %AKE B5EA? ! FEET ( ,DUT* LANGUAGE & LETT]S4 ,9 ! 
#a#h#iS1 H[EV]1 ! WELL PROGRESSIVELY RAN DRY3 EV]YONE W5T !IR [N WAYS4 
,GORT]1 TOO1 HAD TO WAT* 9 AMAZEM5T AS ! MOVEM5T ( ! 0EI<TIES0 WAS 
/RUCK D[N BY /]ILITY4 ,HE IMM]S$ HIMSELF 9 ! GREAT WORKS ( LIT]ATURE3 
! ,GREEKS ( ANTIQUITY1 ! ,ITALIANS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! ,5GLI% ( ! 
E>LY MOD]N ]A1 9 AN EF=T TO DISCOV] ! S\RCE ( !IR P[]4 ,HE APPLI$ 
HIMSELF TO PHILOSOPHY1 HE TRANSLAT$ ,SP9OZA1 HE /UDI$ ,KANT1 BUT ?IS DID NOT 
GIVE HIM ANY ANSW]S OR NEW IMPULSES4 ,HE !N TURN$ TO ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X1 
& F\ND :AT HE WAS LOOK+ =3 A CLE> UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 
AS ! BASIS = M5'S SPIRITUAL PRODUCTION4 ,:5EV] A NEW CLASS HAS ]UPT$ 9 
HI/ORY1 :5EV] ITS EF=TS HAVE BORNE FRUIT1 ONE WITNESSES A NEW 5]GY1 A 
NEW FEEL+ ( P[]1 & A NEW 5?USIASM LEAD TO A FL[]+ 9 LETT]S2 & 
?IS WAS C]TA9LY ! CASE ) ! MOVEM5T ( :I* ,GORT] HIMSELF WAS P>T2 
AN 9TELLECTUAL BUOYANCY ACCOMPANI$ ! TAKE-(F ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 
,HOLL&4 ,BUT ,M>X ALSO %[$ HIM ! LIMITATIONS ( ! B\RGEOIS DEVELOPM5T 
:I* HAD TAK5 PLACE1 HE TAU<T HIM TO UND]/& ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,& FROM 
?AT PO9T ON ,GORT] D$ICAT$ HIMSELF BODY & S\L TO ! CAUSE ( ! 
FI<T+ PROLET>IAT4 ,9 A S]IES ( >TICLES 5TITL$ ,CRITIQUE ( ! ,LIT]>Y 
,MOVEM5T ( ! #a#h#hS 9 ,HOLL& 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i7 HE DREW UP A BALANCE %EET ( HIS 
PA/ 9 ORD] TO SET =? ! SELF-UND]/&+ :I* HE HAD ACQUIR$ DUR+ 
?AT P]IOD4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE HE TURN$ ONCE AGA9 TO !SE 
QUE/IONS1 EXAM9+ ! MA/]PIECES ( WORLD LIT]ATURE 9 ! LI<T ( SOCIAL 
EVOLUTION1 BUT WAS UN=TUNATELY UNABLE TO BR+ HIS LABORS TO A CONCLUSION4 

,GORT] JO9$ ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WORK]S P>TY ( ,HOLL& 
DUR+ ! LATE #a#h#iS4 ,! CLE> SIMPLICITY ) :I* HE EXP\ND$ ITS 
PR9CIPLES SOON MADE HIM ONE ( ! MO/ POPUL> ORATORS ( ?IS RAPIDLY GR[+ 
MOVEM5T4 ,HE ALSO PUBLI%$ SOME EXCELL5T PROPAG&A PAMPHLETS4 ,LAT]1 H[EV]1 
HE 5T]$ 9TO OP5 CONFLICT ) ! P>TY LEAD]S :O1 ) ! GR[? ( ! 
MOVEM5T1 HAD 9CREAS+LY GRAVITAT$ T[>DS RE=MISM4 ,TOGE!R ) ,VAN D] 
,GES & ,H5RIETTE ,ROL&-,HOL/1 HE F\ND$ ! J\RNAL ,DE ,NIEUWE ,TIJD 70,! ,NEW 
,]A071 AN ORGAN ( ,M>XI/ !ORY & PR9CIPL$ CRITIQUE4 ,9 REG>D TO EV]Y 
ONE ( ! CRUCIAL QUE/IONS :I* W]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT ISSUES ( ! DAY--! 
AGR>IAN QUE/ION1 $UCATION1 ! RAIL WORK]S /RIKE1 ELECTIONS--HE WAS 9 ! 
FRONT RANKS ( ?OSE COMBAT+ OPPORTUNISM4 ,HE WAS NONE!LESS A MEMB] ( ! 
P>TY'S LEAD]%IP = A :ILE1 BUT F9ALLY HIS 5TIRE GR\P WAS R$UC$ TO A 
M9ORITY FACTION BY ! RE=MI/ POLITICIANS & WAS D5\NC$ AS A ?REAT TO 
! P>TY 7#a#i#f74 ,!SE CONFRONTATIONS 7SIMIL> TO ?OSE ?AT W]E COM+ TO A 
HEAD 9 EV]Y C\NTRY7 L$ HIM TO FOCUS HIS ATT5TION ON =G+ CLOSE CONTACTS 
) ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,AL?\< HE ONLY R>ELY CONTRIBUT$ >TICLES TO 
,NEUE ,ZEIT 70,NEW ,]A071 ! !ORETICAL ORGAN ( ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ,GORT] 
E/ABLI%$ FRI5DLY RELATIONS ) ,KAUTSKY1 RELATIONS :I* LAT] COOL$ :5 
! TWO M5 W5T !IR SEP>ATE WAYS BUT W]E NEV] COMPLETELY QU5*$4 ,NOR WAS 
?IS ! ONLY TIME ?AT1 AS A RESULT ( !IR OP5 M9DS & BROAD \TLOOKS1 AS 
WELL AS BECAUSE ( ! RIGOR\S OBJECTIVITY ( !IR MILITANT ACTIVITIES1 
FRI5DS GA9$ 9 ! COMMON /RUGGLE REMA9$ FRI5DS LAT]1 AL?\< ! 
C\RSE ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T HAD TURN$ !M 9TO POLITICAL ADV]S>IES4 

,! CONFLICT )9 ! P>TY REA*$ A PO9T ( NO RETURN DUR+ 
! FOLL[+ YE> :5 SOME Y\NG] MILITANTS1 ,WIJNKOOP & ,VAN ,RAV5/EYN1 
LAUN*$ !IR [N ATTACK ON ! P>LIAM5T>Y PRACTICE ( ! P>TY LEAD]S & 
BEGAN PUBLI%+ AN OPPOSITION WEEKLY1 ,DE ,TRIBUNE4 ,AFT] AN EXT5D$ P]IOD ( 
FUR!R DEBATE1 !Y W]E EXPELL$ 9 #aii & F\ND$ A NEW P>TY1 ! ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 :I* LAT] BECAME ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,GORT] JO9$ !M & 
BECAME ! P>TY'S MO/ \T/&+ LEAD]1 AL?\< HE WAS CON/RA9$ TO LEAVE 
TO O!RS ! JOB ( DET]M9+ PRACTICAL POLICY4 ,HE WAS ALSO PHYSICALLY 9 A 
QUITE WEAK5$ /ATE4 ,GIFT$ ) AN IRON CON/ITUTION1 HE WAS CAPABLE ( 
CONSID]ABLE EF=TS &1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE WAS TEA*+ SEV]AL 
DIFF]5T CLASSES1 HE 9DEFATIGABLY D$ICAT$ HIMSELF TO POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,BUT 
:5 /RIFE BROKE \T 9 ! RANKS ( ! NEW P>TY1 HE BURN$ ! C&LE AT 
BO? 5DS1 SOMETIMES WORK+ TW5TY-F\R H\RS A DAY2 AS A RESULT HE SUFF]$ 
FROM EXHAU/ION1 :I* S]V$ TO REM9D HIM ( ! LIMITS ( HUMAN P[]S4 

,GORT] WAS A POET AT HE>T1 ?AT IS1 A BE+ :O P]CEIVES 
DIRECTLY & ) CL>ITY :AT !RE IS ( IMM5SITY1 ( ! TRULY UNIV]SAL 9 
! WORLD1 & KN[S H[ TO EXPRESS ?IS 9 A LANGUAGE ( TOTAL BEAUTY OR1 TO 
PUT IT ANO!R WAY1 9 A LANGUAGE ( TOTAL TRU?4 ,!SE YE>S ( TIRELESS 
ACTIVITY & !ORETICAL /UDIES HAD ! EFFECT ( LEAD+ HIM TO 9CREAS+LY 
TRANSCRIBE ! NEW SOCIALI/ CONCEPT ( ! WORLD 9 T]MS ( IMM$IATE 
FEEL+S4 ,FIR/1 HE BR\<T \T ,E9 KLE9 HELD5DI*T 70,A ,LITTLE ,EPIC ,POEM071 
:I* DESCRIBES ! AWAK5+ ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS 9 TWO WORK]S1 A MAN & A 
WOMAN2 IT WAS ! EPIC POEM ( ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT 9 A MORE RE/RICT$ 
FRAMEWORK & 9 A MORE PEACEFUL 5VIRONM5T4 ,LAT]1 9 #a#i#a#b1 ,PAN APPE>$ 9 
ITS FIR/ V]SION 7IT WAS TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY EXP&$ LAT]71 :I* DESCRIBES 
9 A SYMBOLIC =M ! EMANCIPATION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES ?R\< ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE4 ,COMP>$ TO ,MEI1 :I* IS A LIMPID1 LUM9\S VISION ( ! WORLD :I* 
EM]G$ FROM ! ILLUSIONS *>ACT]I/IC ( C>EFREE Y\?1 ,PAN APPE>S AS ! 
EPIC POEM1 RI* 9 CONT5T1 ) P[]FULLY CONTRA/$ NUANCES1 ( ! F9ALLY 
MATURE ,WELTANS*AUNG 7,WORLD ,CONCEPT7 ( CONSCI\S MAN4 

,!N1 AFT] #a#i#a#d1 ! BLACK P]IOD ( HIS LIFE BEGAN2 ! DECL9E 
( ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S MOVEM5T AFFECT$ HIS PR(\NDLY S5SITIVE SPIRIT4 
,NOT ALL[+ HIMSELF TO BECOME DEJECT$1 ,GORT] C>RI$ ON ! FI<T4 ,HE WAS 
UND\BT$LY AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! SITUATION C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE BUT1 
LIKE SO MANY ( US1 HE WAS NONE!LESS CONSUM$ BY SADNESS4 ,:5 ! W> BROKE 
\T1 BR++ 9 ITS WAKE ! COLLAPSE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 HE PUBLI%$ ,D] 
,IMP]IALISMUS1 D] ,WELTKRIEG UND DIE ,SOZIALDEMOKRATIE 70,IMP]IALISM1 ! ,WORLD 
,W> & ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY07 :]E HE PROV$ ?AT ?IS COLLAPSE HAD ITS ORIG9 9 
! RE=MISM ( ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF4 ,! TEXT WAS PR9T$ 9 ,G]MAN 9 
,AM/]DAM2 ! /ATE ( EM]G5CY1 H[EV]1 ALMO/ TOTALLY PREV5T$ ITS 
CIRCULATION 9 ,G]MANY4 ,BUT EV5 DUR+ !SE MOM5TS ( MAXIMALLY ACC5TUAT$ 
REGRESSION HE DID NOT LOSE HIS FAI? 9 ! PROLET>IAT & ITS CAPACITY = 
5G5D]+ A NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,& :5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION BROKE 
\T &1 ONE YE> LAT]1 A REVOLUTION>Y WAVE SWEPT OV] ,EUROPE1 HE DEVOT$ 
HIMSELF :OLEHE>T$LY TO ! MOVEM5T4 ,9 ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E HE WAS LIV+ = 
REASONS ( HEAL?1 HE WAS 9 P]MAN5T CONTACT ) ! ,RUSSIAN EMBASSY2 IT WAS 
!RE ?AT HE WROTE HIS WORK ,DIE ,WELTREVOLUTION 70,! ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION07 9 
#a#i#a#h4 ,:5 ! /AFF ( ! ,RUSSIAN EMBASSY WAS EXPELL$ FROM ,SWITZ]L& 9 
,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 HE LEFT ) !M = ,B]L91 :]E HE MADE CONTACT ) ! 
EM]G+ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,FROM !N ON HE NEV] CEAS$ TO COOP]ATE ) 
! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T2 ON REPEAT$ OCCASIONS HE CL&E/9ELY CROSS$ 
! BORD] TO GO TO ,B]L9 TO P>TICIPATE 9 CONF]5CES & DEBATES4 

,HIS PRES5CE 9 ,G]MANY WAS R5D]$ ALL ! MORE NECESS>Y BY 
! FACT ?AT ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 :I* HE SUPPORT$ ) HE>T & 
S\L1 WAS ! ORIG9 ( YET ANO!R DISAPPO9TM5T EV5 MORE S]I\S ?AN ! 
ONE HE SUFF]$ 9 ! ,DUT* P>TY1 BECAUSE IT WAS NOT EXPECT$ ?IS TIME1 & 
ALSO BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION :I* HAD BEGUN WAS DE/ROY$ NOT 
SO MU* BY ! BL[S ( AN EXT]NAL P[] AS BY AN 9T]NAL WEAKNESS1 A 
DEVIATION FROM ITS [N PR9CIPLES4 ,GORT] WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ PEOPLE TO DISC]N 
! DANG] ( OPPORTUNISM 9H]5T 9 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' TACTICS = WE/]N 
,EUROPE1 :OSE ]RONE\S NATURE HE PROV$ 9 AN ,OP5 ,LETT] TO ,COMRADE ,L594 
,AFT] A HAZ>D\S J\RNEY MADE ALL ! MORE RISKY DUE TO HIS POOR HEAL?1 HE 
>RIV$ 9 ,RUSSIA :]E1 DUR+ ! C\RSE ( P]SONAL 9T]VIEWS ) ,L59 & 
MEET+S ) ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 HE TRI$ TO 
CONV9CE !M ( ! ]RORS ( !IR WAYS4 ,BUT IT DID NOT TAKE LONG = HIM TO 
SEE & TO UND]/& :Y HIS EF=TS W]E 9 VA93 ,RUSSIA C\LD NOT BECOME 
ANY?+ BUT A B\RGEOIS ,/ATE4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T1 ,GORT] (F]$ HIS S]VICES TO 
! ,K,A,P4 ,ON ! OCCASION ( ! 9T]NAL CONFLICTS ?AT TORE ! ,K,A,P AP>T1 HE 
OPT$ = ! ,ESS5 T5D5CY1 TO :I* HE CONTRIBUT$ A GREAT DEAL AS ITS 
SPOKESMAN2 H[EV]1 HE (T5 HAD TO ADMIT ?AT ! ,B]L9 T5D5CY ACT$ 9 AN 
ALMO/ EXEMPL>Y WAY 9 PRACTICE & HE ASSI/$ BO? FRACTIONS4 ,CONSID]+ 
!IR DIFF]5CES AS ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE & !IR QU>RELS AS OBSOLETE1 HE 
MADE ACTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO EF=TS TO A*IEVE !IR REUNIFICATION4 

,HIS HEAL? S]I\SLY DET]IORAT$ DUR+ !SE LAT] YE>S4 ,AS A 
CONSEQU5CE ( REPEAT$ ORDEALS ( OV]EX]TION1 TO :I* WAS ADD$ ! T]RIBLE 
BL[ ( HIS WIFE'S DEA? 9 #a#i#a#f1 & DUE ALSO TO ! DEPRESSION HE SUFF]$ AS 
A RESULT ( ! DISAPPO9T+ EVOLUTION ( ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 HE WAS 
AFFLICT$ ) *RONIC BRON*IAL A/HMA1 ( A N]V\S ORIG91 :I* PHYSICALLY 
EXHAU/$ HIM4 ,BUT ! P[] ( HIS SPIRIT RAIS$ HIM TO AN EV] HI<] /ATE ( 
LUCIDITY & AN 9CREAS+LY BROAD & P5ETRAT+ VISION ( ! WORLD4 ,GORT] 
WORK$ TIRELESSLY TO GIVE EXPRESSION TO ! NEW BEAUTY :I* HE FELT2 HE PLUNG$ 
9TO AN 9-DEP? /UDY ( ,M>XISM1 ! GREAT POETS ( ! PA/1 COMMUNISM &1 
9 HIS F9AL DAYS1 HE SAID ?AT HE FELT CAPABLE ( CREAT+ AN EV5 MORE P]FECT 
WORK ?AN ANY?+ HE HAD WRITT5 BE=E4 ,BUT HIS ILLNESS SUDD5LY TOOK A TURN 
= ! WORSE DUR+ A VISIT TO ,SWITZ]L&1 & HE DI$ DUR+ HIS RETURN TO 
,BRUSSELS ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#b#g4 

,GORT] WAS A =CE ( NATURE1 FULL ( Y\?FUL FRE%NESS1 A BE+ 
9 TOTAL H>MONY BO? PHYSICALLY AS WELL AS MORALLY4 ,DUR+ HIS Y\? HE 
>D5TLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ALMO/ EV]Y SPORT2 CRICKET1 T5NIS & SAIL+ HELD NO 
SECRETS FROM HIM &1 EV5 DUR+ HIS LA/ YE>S1 HE PROV$ TO BE AN 
9DEFATIGABLE WALK]4 ,EV]Y PAGE ( HIS POETIC WORK IS TE/IMONY TO ! DEP? ( 
HIS LOVE = ,NATURE4 ,HE C\LD PLOD = H\RS1 9 FALL & W9T]1 ACROSS 
DES]T$ BEA*ES1 ABSORB$ 9 ! 9F9ITE BEAUTY ( ! WAVES & ! /R&2 
9 ,SWITZ]L& HE SP5T 5TIRE DAYS EXPLOR+ M\NTA9S1 EAG] = ! SOLITUDE 
( SN[-COV]$ SUMMITS4 ,A CLASSICI/ & MAN ( LETT]S BY HIS NATURAL GIFTS1 A 
NOTABLE EXP]T 9 PHILOSOPHICAL MATT]S1 HE WAS LAT] CAPABLE ( KEEP+ ABREA/ 
( ! DIFFICULT QUE/IONS ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES 9 ORD] TO DEVELOP HIS 
CONCEPT ( ! WORLD FROM EV]Y ANGLE4 ,SU* A MAN NECESS>ILY WAS COMPELL$ TO 
SUBSCRIBE TO SOCIALISM 9 ORD] TO BE 9 P]FECT H>MONY ) ! WORLD4 
,H5CE=? HE DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO ! WORK+ CLASS & TO COMMUNISM4 ,HIS POETIC 
WORK1 ! MO/ COMPLETE EXPRESSION ( HIS BE+1 UN=TUNATELY CAN ONLY BE READ 
BY WORK]S :O UND]/& ,DUT*4 ,BUT AMONG ! ,DUT* WORK]S1 !RE >E MANY :O 
PR(ESS A F]V5T ADMIRATION = ,GORT]'S POETRY4 ,9 ?IS REC5T P]IOD ( ! 
WORK]S MOVEM5T1 ,GORT] /&S \T AS A LUM9\S FIGURE1 AN EXAMPLE ( ! NEW 
HUMANITY 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS TRANS=MATION4 

,NOTES3 

.<#a.> ,A4 ,PANNEKOEK3 0,E9 
,K_?#b#b#h2MPF]LEB54 ,ABS*I$ VON ,H]MANN ,GORT]10 ,KOMMUNI/IS*E ,>BEIT] ,ZEITUNG 
7,B]L971 ,V,I,I,I1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b#g1 ,NO4 #gd & ,KOMMUNI/IS*E ,>BEIT] ,ZEITUNG 
7,ESS571 ,V,I1 #a#i#b#g1 ,NO4 #i4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,F>EWELL TO ,H]MANN ,GORT] -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,F>EWELL TO ,H]MANN ,GORT] -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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