,FETI%ISM AS ,SOCIAL ,CREATIVITY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,A,B,/,R,A,C,T 

,ORIG9ALLY1 ! T]M 'FETI%ES' WAS US$ BY ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS TO REF] TO OBJECTS EMPLOY$ 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA TO MAKE & 5=CE AGREEM5TS1 (T5 BETWE5 PEOPLE ) ALMO/ NO?+ 9 COMMON4 ,!Y ?US PROVIDE AN 9T]E/+ W9D[ ON ! PROBLEM ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY - ESPECIALLY S9CE 9 CLASSIC ,M>XI/ T]MS !Y W]E SURPRIS+LY LITTLE FETI%IZ$4 ,/>T+ ) AN APPRECIATION & CRITIQUE ( ,WILLIAM ,PIETZ'S CLASSIC WORK ON ! SUBJECT1 & RECONSID]+ CLASSIC CASES ( ,TIV SPH]ES ( EX*ANGE & ,BA,KONGO SCULPTURE1 ?IS >TICLE AIMS TO REIMAG9E ,AFRICAN FETI%ES1 & FETI%ES 9 G5]AL1 AS WAYS ( CREAT+ NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,K,E,Y ,W,O,R,D,S 

,BA,KONGO O FETI%ES O FETI%ISM O SOCIAL CONTRACT !ORY O SOCIAL CREATIVITY O ,TIV 

,9 ?IS >TICLE1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO MAKE A CONTRIBUTION TO !ORIES ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,BY SOCIAL CREATIVITY1 ,I MEAN ! CREATION ( NEW SOCIAL =MS & 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS4 ,CREATIVITY ( ?IS SORT HAS BE5 ! TOPIC ( SOME DISCUSSION 9 SOCIAL !ORY ( LATE1 AL?\< UP TO N[ AN?ROPOLOGY HAS NOT PLAY$ MU* ( A ROLE 9 IT4 ,H]E ,I W\LD LIKE TO BR+ AN?ROPOLOGY 9TO AN >EA ?AT HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 SE5 AS ITS HOME TURF3 BY LOOK+ AT ! LIT]ATURE ON 'FETI%ISM' 9 ,AFRICA4 

,N[ ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT CREATIVITY ( ?IS SORT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ONE ( ! GREAT ISSUES ( SOCIAL !ORY1 BUT IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! CURR5T 9T]E/ CAN BE TRAC$ TO TWO IMPULSES4 ,OR P]HAPS MORE PRECISELY1 ! DESIRE TO WORK ONE'S WAY \T ( TWO ONGO+ DILEMMAS ?AT HAVE HAUNT$ SOCIAL !ORY = SOME TIME4 ,ONE1 MAPP$ \T MO/ CLE>LY1 P]HAPS1 BY ,ALA9 ,CAILLE 7#b71 ,FR5* SOCIOLOGI/ & ANIMATEUR ( ! ,M,A,U,S,S GR\P1 IS ! T5D5CY = !ORY TO 5DLESSLY B\NCE BACK & =? BETWE5 :AT HE CALLS 'HOLI/IC' & '9DIVIDUALI/IC' MODELS4 ,IF ONE DOES NOT WI% TO LOOK AT HUMAN BE+S SIMPLY AS ELEM5TS 9 SOME L>G] /RUCTURE 7A 'SOCIETY'1 A 'CULTURE'1 CALL IT :AT Y\ WILL71 DOOM$ TO 5DLESSLY ACT \T OR REPRODUCE IT1 & IF ONE DOES NOT WANT TO FALL BACK ON ! ECONOMI/IC 'RATIONAL-*OICE' OPTION1 :I* />TS FROM A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS SEEK+ P]SONAL SATISFACTION ( SOME SORT & TREATS L>G] 9/ITUTIONS AS M]E SIDEEFFECTS ( !IR *OICES1 !N ?IS SEEMS PRECISELY ! PO9T AT :I* TO BEG9 =MULAT+ AN ALT]NATIVE4 ,HUMAN BE+S DO CREATE NEW SOCIAL & CULTURAL =MS ALL ! TIME1 BUT !Y R>ELY DO SO JU/ 9 ORD] TO FUR!R !IR [N P]SONAL AIMS2 9 FACT1 (T5 !IR P]SONAL AIMS COME TO BE =M$ ?R\< ! V]Y 9/ITUTIONS !Y CREATE4 ,CAILLE PROPOSES ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO DEVELOP AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! CURR5TLY DOM9ANT UTILIT>IAN1 'RATIONAL-*OICE' MODELS IS BY SETT+ \T1 NOT FROM M>KET RELATIONS1 BUT 9/EAD FROM ,M>CEL ,MAUSS' FAM\S EXPOSITION ( ! GIFT1 :I* IS ALL AB\T ! CREATION ( NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,HE IS NOT ! ONLY ONE WORK+ 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,HANS ,JOAS 7#a#i#i#c1 #a#i#i#f1 #b7 HAS BE5 TRY+ TO DO SOME?+ QUITE SIMIL>1 SETT+ \T NOT FROM ,MAUSS BUT FROM ! TRADITION ( ,AM]ICAN PRAGMATISM4 ,I HAVE MYSELF BE5 TRY+ TO DO SOME?+ ALONG !SE L9ES 9 MY BOOK ,T[>DS AN ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY ( ,VALUE1 :]E1 9SPIR$ 9 P>T BY IDEAS DEVELOP$ BY MY OLD PR(ESSORS ,T]RY ,TURN] 7E4G4 #a#i#g#i1 #a#i#h#d7 & ,NANCY ,MUNN 7E4G4 #a#i#g#g1 #a#i#h#f71 ,I ATTEMPT$ TO BROAD5 ! ,M>XIAN NOTION ( PRODUCTION TO 9CLUDE ! FA%ION+ ( P]SONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,! O!R IMPULSE IS MORE EXPLICITLY POLITICAL1 & HAS TO DO ) ! CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION4 ,H]E ! PROBLEMATIC /EMS BROADLY FROM )9 ,M>XISM4 ,M>X1 P]HAPS MORE ?AN ANY O!R CLASSIC SOCIAL !ORI/1 SAW CREATIVITY & IMAG9ATION AS ! ESS5CE ( :AT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN2 BUT AS ,HANS ,JOAS AMONG O!RS HAVE REM>K$1 :5 HE GOT D[N TO CASES HE T5D$ TO WRITE AS IF ALL =MS ( CREATIVE ACTION REALLY BOIL$ D[N TO TWO3 ! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS1 & SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,= ,JOAS1 ?IS MAKES ,M>X'S APPROA* SO LIMIT$ HE PREF]S TO DISC>D IT 5TIRELY2 ,I PREF] TO KEEP :AT ,I TAKE TO BE HIS MO/ PR(\ND 9SI<TS & APPLY !M TO O!R =MS ( CREATIVITY AS WELL2 BUT :AT'S AT ISSUE H]E IS ! RELATION BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,BECAUSE !RE IS A CURI\S DISP>ITY4 ,M>X ASSUMES ?AT BO? ! HUMAN CAPACITY = CREATIVITY & HUMAN CRITICAL FACULTIES >E ULTIMATELY ROOT$ 9 ! SAME S\RCE1 :I* ONE MI<T CALL \R CAPACITY = REFLEXIVE IMAG9ATION4 ,H5CE HIS FAM\S EXAMPLE ( ! >*ITECT :O1 UNLIKE ! BEE1 RAISES H] BUILD+ 9 H] [N IMAG9ATION BE=E IT IS RAIS$ 9 REALITY4 ,IF WE CAN IMAG9E 7AS YET NON-EXI/5T7 ALT]NATIVES1 WE CAN SEE ! EXI/+ WORLD AS 9ADEQUATE2 WE CAN ALSO CAUSE ?OSE ?+S TO EXI/4 ,?IS IS ! AMBIGUITY1 ?\<3 :ILE \R ABILITY TO REVOLUTIONIZE EM]GES FROM ?IS V]Y CRITICAL FACULTY1 ! REVOLUTION>Y1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 MU/ NEV] PROCE$ 9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! >*ITECT4 ,IT WAS NOT ! TASK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TO COME UP ) BLUEPR9TS = A FUTURE SOCIETY & !N TRY TO BR+ !M 9TO BE+1 OR1 9DE$1 TO TRY TO IMAG9E DETAILS ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY AT ALL4 ,?AT W\LD BE UTOPIANISM1 :I* = ,M>X IS A FOOLI% B\RGEOIS MI/AKE4 ,SO ! TWO =MS ( CREATIVITY - ! CREATION ( H\SES1 OR O!R MAT]IAL OBJECTS1 & ! CREATION ( NEW SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 7:I* IS1 AFT] ALL1 :AT REVOLUTION ACTUALLY CONSI/S (7 - %\LD NOT WORK 9 AT ALL ! SAME WAY4 

,I HAVE WRITT5 A LITTLE AB\T ?IS P>ADOX BE=E4.<#a.> ,:AT ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE H]E IS H[ IT HAS CONTRIBUT$ TO A FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM 9 REVOLUTION>Y !ORY3 :AT PRECISELY IS ! ROLE ( CREATIVITY1 COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL1 ( ! IMAG9ATION1 9 RADICAL SOCIAL *ANGE8 ,UNLESS ONE WI%ES TO ADOPT COMPLETELY ABSURD =MULATIONS 7! REVOLUTION WILL COME AB\T BECAUSE ( ! 9EXORABLE LOGIC ( HI/ORY2 HUMAN AG5CY WILL HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) IT2 AFT]W>DS1 H[EV]1 HI/ORY WILL 5D & WE WILL 5T] A WORLD ( FRE$OM 9 :I* HUMAN AG5CY WILL BE UTT]LY UNTRAMMEL$ 4447 ?IS HAS TO BE ! KEY QUE/ION1 BUT IT'S NOT AT ALL CLE> :AT ! ANSW] IS SUPPOS$ TO BE4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y !ORI/ :O GRAPPL$ ) ! PROBLEM MO/ EXPLICITLY WAS ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 :OSE ,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE GR\P WAS PROBABLY ! S+LE MO/ IMPORTANT !ORETICAL 9FLU5CE ON ! /UD5T 9SURRECTION>IES ( ,MAY #a#i#f#h4 ,CA/ORIADIS WAS ! EFFECTIVE F\ND] ( ! ,AUTONOMI/ TRADITION1 :I* HAS COME TO BE PROBABLY ! DOM9ANT /RA9 ( ,CONT95TAL ,M>XISM1.<#b.> & EV5TUALLY TOOK ,M>X'S />T+ PO9T - HIS FAI? 9 ! CRITICAL ROLE ( ! CREATIVE IMAG9ATION &1 H5CE1 \R CAPACITY TO REVOLUTIONIZE - SO S]I\SLY ?AT HE 5D$ UP AB&ON+ MO/ O!R T5ETS ( ,M>XISM 5TIRELY4 ,= ,CA/ORIADIS1 ! GREAT QUE/ION BECAME ! EM]G5CE ( ! NEW4.<#c.> ,AFT] ALL1 MO/ ( ! REALLY BRILLIANT MOM5TS ( HUMAN HI/ORY 9VOLVE ! CREATION ( SOME?+ UNPREC$5T$1 SOME?+ ?AT HAD NEV] EXI/$ BE=E1 :E!R ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY OR ,R5AISSANCE PA9T+1 & ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT WE >E US$ TO ?9K+ ( AS 'REVOLUTION>Y' AB\T !M4 ,HI/ORY1 !N1 WAS A MATT] ( ! CON/ANT PRESSURE ( ! IMAG9>Y AGA9/ ITS SOCIAL CONTA9M5T & 9/ITUTIONALIZATION4 ,IT IS 9 ! LATT] PROCESS1 HE >GU$1 ?AT ALI5ATION 5T]S4 ,:]E ,M>X SAW \R DILEMMA 9 ! FACT ?AT WE CREATE \R PHYSICAL WORLDS1 BUT >E UNAW>E (1 & H5CE NOT 9 CONTROL (1 ! PROCESS BY :I* WE DO SO 7?IS IS :Y \R [N DE$S SEEM TO COME BACK AT US AS ALI5 P[]S71 = ,CA/ORIADIS1 ! PROBLEM WAS ?AT 'ALL SOCIETIES >E 9/ITUT$ BY !MSELVES' BUT >E BL9D TO !IR [N CREATIVITY4 ,:]EAS A TRULY 'DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY IS A SOCIETY :I* IS 9/ITUT$ BY ITSELF1 BUT 9 AN EXPLICIT WAY' 79 ,CI>AMELLI1 #a#i#i#h3 #a#c#d74 ,BY ! 5D1 ,CA/ORIADIS AB&ON$ EV5 ! T]M 'SOCIALISM'1 SUB/ITUT+ 'AUTONOMY'1 DEF9+ AUTONOM\S 9/ITUTIONS AS ?OSE :OSE MEMB]S HAVE !MSELVES1 CONSCI\SLY1 CREAT$ ! RULES BY :I* !Y OP]ATE1 & >E WILL+ TO CONT9UALLY REEXAM9E !M 7,CA/ORIADIS1 #a#i#i#a74.<#d.> 

,?IS DOES SEEM A UNIQUE PO9T ( T5SION )9 RADICAL ?\<T4 ,IT IS PROBABLY NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ,ROY ,BHASK>1 F\ND] ( ! ,CRITICAL ,REALISM S*OOL 7#a#i#g#i1 #a#i#i#c1 #a#i#i#d1 #b#a71 F\ND ?IS EXACTLY ! PO9T :]E HE HAD TO BREAK ) ! WE/]N PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION 5TIRELY4 ,AFT] >GU+ = ! NECESSITY ( A DIALECTICAL APPROA* TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 HE F\ND HIMSELF ASK+3 :5 CONTRADICTORY ELEM5TS >E SUBSUM$ 9 A HI<] LEVEL ( 9TEGRATION :I* IS MORE ?AN ! SUM ( !IR P>TS1 :5 APP>5TLY 9TRACTABLE PROBLEMS >E RESOLV$ BY SOME BRILLIANT NEW SYN!SIS :I* TAKES ?+S TO A :OLE NEW LEVEL1 :]E DOES ?AT NEWNESS ACTUALLY COME FROM8 ,IF ! :OLE IS MORE ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS1 :AT IS ! S\RCE ( ?AT 'MORE'1 ?AT TRANSC5D5T ELEM5T8 ,9 HIS CASE HE 5D$ UP TURN+ TO ,9DIAN & ,*9ESE PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS & >GU+ ?AT ! MA9 REASON :Y EXI/+ ,M>XISM HAS PRODUC$ SU* DISAPPO9T+ RESULTS HAS BE5 ITS REFUSAL TO TAKE ON SU* ISSUES1 [+ TO ITS HO/ILITY TO ANY?+ RESEMBL+ 'SPIRITUAL' QUE/IONS4 

,:AT IS IMPORTANT = PRES5T PURPOSES IS M]ELY TO UND]L9E ?AT ALL !SE AU?ORS >E1 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 DEAL+ ) ! SAME PROBLEM4 ,IF ONE DOES NOT WI% TO SEE HUMAN BE+S SIMPLY AS SIDE-EFFECTS ( SOME L>G] /RUCTURE OR SY/EM1 OR AS ATOMS PURSU+ SOME 9SCRUTABLE BLISS1 BUT AS BE+S CAPABLE ( CREAT+ !IR [N MEAN+FUL WORLDS1 !N !IR ABILITY TO CREATE NEW 9/ITUTIONS OR SOCIAL RELATIONS DOES SEEM JU/ ! PLACE TO LOOK4 ,RADICAL ?9K]S >E JU/ DEAL+ ) ! SAME ISSUES FROM A MORE PRAGMATIC P]SPECTIVE1 S9CE AS REVOLUTION>IES1 :AT !Y >E 9T]E/$ 9 IS PRECISELY ! CREATION ( NEW SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS & NEW =MS ( SOCIAL RELATION4 ,AS ,I SAY1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT PEOPLE DO1 9 FACT1 CREATE NEW 9/ITUTIONS & NEW RELATIONS ALL ! TIME4 ,YET H[ !Y DO SO REMA9S NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT TO !ORIZE4 

,CAN AN?ROPOLOGY BE ( ANY ASSI/ANCE H]E8 ,IT IS NOT OBVI\S ?AT IT C\LD4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE NOT EXACTLY BE5 GRAPPL+ ) ?IS K9D ( GR& !ORETICAL ISSUE ( LATE1 & HAVE NEV] HAD MU* TO SAY AB\T REVOLUTION4 ,ONE C\LD ( C\RSE >GUE ?AT MAYBE ?IS IS ALL = ! BE/1 ?AT HUMAN CREATIVITY CANNOT BE1 & %\LD NOT BE1 SUBJECT$ TO ANYONE'S !ORETICAL MODEL4 ,BUT A CASE C\LD EQUALLY WELL BE MADE ?AT IF !SE >E QUE/IONS WOR? ASK+1 !N AN?ROPOLOGY IS ! ONLY DISCIPL9E REALLY POSITION$ TO ANSW] !M - S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ACTUAL1 HI/ORICAL1 SOCIAL CREATIVITY HAS1 = BETT] OR WORSE1 BE5 RELEGAT$ TO \R ACADEMIC DOMA94 ,MO/ ( ! CLASSIC ISSUES EV5 ( E>LY AN?ROPOLOGY - POTLAT*ES1 ,<O/ ,DANCES1 MAGIC1 TOTEMIC RITUAL & ! LIKE - >E PRECISELY AB\T ! CREATION ( NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS & NEW SOCIAL =MS4 

,ALA9 ,CAILLE W\LD C]TA9LY AGREE ) ?IS ASSESSM5T3 ?AT IS :Y HE *OSE ,M>CEL ,MAUSS' ESSAYS ON ! GIFT AS HIS />T+ PO9T4 ,MAUSS HIMSELF SAW HIS WORK ON GIFTS AS P>T ( A MU* L>G] PROJECT1 AN 9VE/IGATION 9TO ! ORIG9S ( ! NOTION ( ! CONTRACT & ( CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION4 7,?AT IS :Y ! QUE/ION ?AT REALLY FASC9AT$ HIM WAS :Y IT WAS ?AT SOMEONE :O RECEIVES A GIFT FEELS ! OBLIGATION TO RETURN ONE47 ,?IS HAS PROV$ A HI<LY FRUITFUL APPROA* BUT 9 ?IS >TICLE ,I W\LD LIKE TO SUGGE/ ANO!R ONE1 ?AT ,I HOPE WILL BE EQUALLY PRODUCTIVE1 :I* OP5S UP A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T SET ( QUE/IONS4 ,?IS IS TO BEG9 ) ! PROBLEM ( FETI%ISM4 

,:,Y ,F,E,T,I,%,I,S,M8 

',FETI%ISM' IS ( C\RSE A MU*-DEBAT$ T]M4 ,IT WAS ORIG9ALLY CO9$ TO DESCRIBE :AT W]E CONSID]$ WEIRD1 PRIMITIVE1 & RA!R SC&AL\S CU/OMS1 & AS A RESULT MO/ ( ! F\ND]S ( MOD]N AN?ROPOLOGY - ,M>CEL ,MAUSS PROM95T AMONG !M - FELT ! T]M WAS SO LOAD$ IT W]E BETT] AB&ON$ 5TIRELY4 ,IT NO D\BT W\LD HAVE BE51 HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! FACT ?AT IT HAD BE5 SO PROM95TLY EMPLOY$ - AS A SOME:AT IRONIC TE*NICAL T]M TO DESCRIBE C]TA9 WE/]N HABITS - BY BO? ,K>L ,M>X & ,SIGMUND ,FREUD4 ,9 REC5T YE>S1 ! WORD HAS UND]GONE SOME?+ ( A REVIVAL1 MA9LY BECAUSE ( ! WORK ( A S*OL> NAM$ ,WILLIAM ,PIETZ1 :O WROTE A S]IES ( ESSAYS CALL$ ',! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,FETI%' 7#a#i#h#e1 #a#i#h#g1 #a#i#h#h71 TRAC+ ! HI/ORY ( ! T]M1 ITS EM]G5CE 9 9T]CULTURAL 5CLAVES ALONG ! ,WE/ ,AFRICAN COA/ FROM ! #a#f? ?R\< #a#h? C5TURIES ,C,E4 ,PIETZ IS ?AT MO/ UNUSUAL ( ?+S1 AN 9DEP5D5T S*OL> :O HAS HAD AN 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE ON ! ACADEMY4 ,HIS ESSAYS 5D$ UP 9SPIR+ A SMALL LIT]ATURE ( !IR [N DUR+ ! #a#i#iS1 9CLUD+ ONE L>GE & WELL-RECEIV$ 9T]DISCIPL9>Y VOLUME 9 ! ,U,S 7,APT] & ,PIETZ1 #a#i#i#c71 TWO DIFF]5T COLLECTIONS 9 ! ,NE!RL&S 7,ETN(OOR1 #a#i#i1 ,SPY]1 #a#i#i#h71 & ANY NUMB] ( ESSAYS4 ,! OV]RID+ !ME 9 ALL ?IS LIT]ATURE IS MAT]IALITY3 H[ MAT]IAL OBJECTS >E TRANS=M$ BY BECOM+ OBJECTS ( DESIRE OR VALUE1 A VALUE ?AT (T5 SEEMS SOMEH[ DISPLAC$1 9ORD9ATE1 OR 9APPROPRIATE4 ,MY [N 9T]E/ H]E IS SLI<TLY DIFF]5T4 ,:AT IS ESPECIALLY 9T]E/+ TO ME IS ,PIETZ'S >GUM5T ?AT ! IDEA ( ! 'FETI%' WAS ! PRODUCT NEI!R ( ,AFRICAN NOR ( ,EUROPEAN TRADITIONS1 BUT ( A CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! TWO3 ! PRODUCT ( M5 & WOM5 ) V]Y DIFF]5T UND]/&+S ( ! WORLD & :AT ONE HAD A RI<T TO WI% FROM IT TRY+ TO COME TO T]MS ) ONE ANO!R4 ,! FETI% WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,PIETZ1 BORN 9 A FIELD ( 5DLESS IMPROVIZATION1 ?AT IS1 ( NE> PURE SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 

,9 :AT FOLL[S1 ,I WILL FIR/ CONSID] ,PIETZ'S /ORY ( ! ORIG9 ( ! FETI%1 !N TRY TO SUPPLEM5T HIS ACC\NT 7DRAWN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY FROM WE/]N S\RCES7 ) SOME ?AT MI<T GIVE 9SI<T 9TO :AT ! ,AFRICAN *>ACT]S 9 ! /ORY MI<T HAVE ?\<T WAS GO+ ON1 & !N1 RETURN TO \R 9ITIAL PROBLEM - & TO SEE H[ ALL ?IS RELATES TO 'FETI%ISM' 9 ! MORE FAMILI> ,M>XIAN S5SE4 ,TO SUMM>IZE A LONG & COMPLEX >GUM5T1 BASICALLY :AT ,I WILL >GUE IS ?IS3 WE >E US$ TO SEE+ FETI%ISM AS AN ILLUSION4 ,WE CREATE ?+S1 & !N1 BECAUSE WE DON'T UND]/& H[ WE DID IT1 WE 5D UP TREAT+ \R [N CREATIONS AS IF !Y HAD P[] OV] US4 ,WE FALL D[N & WOR%IP ?AT :I* WE \RSELVES HAVE MADE4 ,BY ?IS LOGIC1 H[EV]1 ! OBJECTS ,EUROPEAN VISITORS TO ,AFRICA FIR/ LABEL$ 'FETI%ES' W]E1 AT LEA/ FROM ! ,AFRICAN P]SPECTIVE1 REM>KABLY LITTLE FETI%IZ$4 ,!Y W]E 9 FACT SE5 QUITE EXPLICITLY AS HAV+ BE5 CREAT$ BY HUMAN BE+S2 PEOPLE W\LD 'MAKE' A FETI% AS ! MEANS ( CREAT+ NEW SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES1 ( MAK+ CONTRACTS & AGREEM5TS1 OR =M+ NEW ASSOCIATIONS4 ,IT WAS ONLY ! ,EUROPEANS' OBSESSION ) ISSUES ( VALUE & MAT]IALITY & !IR ALMO/ COMPLETE LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS AS ?+S VALUABLE 9 !MSELVES ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = !M TO MISS ?IS4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY !Y W]E COMPLETELY UNFETI%IZ$4 ,BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT IS MO/ 9T]E/+ AB\T !M4 

,P,I,E,T,Z ,O,N ,F,E,T,I,%,I,S,M 

,IF ! READ] WILL ALL[ ME A HI<LY SIMPLIFI$ V]SION ( ,PIETZ'S COMPLEX & LAY]$ >GUM5T3 ! NOTION ( ! FETI% WAS NOT A TRADITIONAL ,EUROPEAN CONCEPT4 ,M$IEVAL ,EUROPEANS T5D$ TO 9T]PRET ALI5 RELIGIONS ?R\< V]Y DIFF]5T RUBRICS3 IDOLATRY1 APO/ASY1 A!ISM4 ,9/EAD ! IDEA SEEMS TO HAVE >IS51 9 ! M9DS ( E>LY ,ITALIAN1 ,PORTUGUESE1 & ,DUT* M]*ANTS1 SAILORS1 & M>ITIME ADV5TUR]S DO+ BUS9ESS 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA />T+ 9 ! #a#e? C5TURY1 PRIM>ILY FROM A CONFRONTATION ) ! ?REAT ( RELATIVISM4 ,!SE =EIGN M]*ANTS W]E OP]AT+ 9 AN 5VIRONM5T :I* C\LD H>DLY FAIL TO CA/ D\BT AB\T !IR EXI/+ ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( ! WORLD & ( SOCIETY3 FIR/ & =EMO/1 ) ! RELATIVITY ( ECONOMIC VALUE1 BUT ALSO ( ! LOGIC ( GOV]NM5T1 ! DYNAMICS ( SEXUAL ATTRACTION1 & ANY NUMB] ( O!R ?+S4 ,BY DESCRIB+ ,AFRICANS AS 'FETI%I/S'1 !Y W]E TRY+ TO AVOID SOME ( ! MO/ DI/URB+ IMPLICATIONS ( !IR [N EXP]I5CE4 

,! FIR/ ,PORTUGUESE M]*ANTS :O SET UP 'CA/LES' ON 9LETS & RIV] ISL&S ALONG ! ,WE/ ,AFRICAN COA/ W]E BR\<T !RE BY ONE ?+3 ! BELIEF ?AT ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD WAS :]E MO/ - IF NOT ALL - ( ! WORLD'S GOLD ORIG9ALLY CAME FROM4 ,9 ! #a#f? & #a#g? C5TURIES GOLD WAS ! MA9 PRODUCT BE+ EXTRACT$ FROM ! REGION 7IT WAS ONLY SOME:AT LAT] ?AT ATT5TION %IFT$ PRIM>ILY TO SLAVES74 ,!SE W]E EXTREMELY PRACTICALLY M9D$ 9DIVIDUALS1 5T]+ 9TO A V]Y COMPLEX WORLD FULL ( AN APP>5TLY 5DLESS V>IETY ( UNFAMILI> LANGUAGES1 RELIGIONS1 & =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 NONE ( :I*1 H[EV]1 !Y HAD ANY P>TICUL> 9T]E/ 9 UND]/&+ AS PH5OM5A 9 !IR [N RI<T4 ,!Y W]E SIMPLY AFT] ! GOLD4 ,! V]Y EXP]I5CE ( MOV+ BETWE5 SO MANY CULTURES1 ,PIETZ SUGGE/S1 5C\RAG$ A K9D ( B>E-BONES MAT]IALISM2 9 !IR WRIT+S1 HE NOTES1 E>LY M]*ANT EXPLOR]S T5D$ TO DESCRIBE A WORLD 9 :I* !Y P]CEIV$ ONLY ?REE CATEGORIES ( SIGNIFICANT OBJECT3 TOOLS1 POT5TIAL DANG]S1 & POT5TIAL COMMODITIES 7#a#i#h#e3 #h74 ,& = OBVI\S REASONS !Y ALSO T5D$ TO ASSESS ! VALUE ( JU/ AB\T EV]Y?+ BY ! PRICE !Y ?\<T IT C\LD FET* 9 ,EUROPEAN M>KETS4 

,! PROBLEM WAS ?AT 9 ORD] TO CONDUCT !IR TRADE1 !Y HAD TO CON/ANTLY CONFRONT ! FACT ?AT ! ,AFRICANS !Y MET HAD V]Y DIFF]5T /&>DS ( VALUE4 ,NOT 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4 ',GOLD IS MU* PRIZ$ BY !M'1 WROTE AN E>LY ,V5ETIAN M]*ANT NAM$ ,CADAMO/O1 '9 MY OP9ION1 MORE ?AN BY US1 = !Y REG>D IT AS V]Y PRECI\S3 NEV]!LESS !Y TRAD$ IT *EAPLY1 TAK+ 9 EX*ANGE >TICLES ( V]Y LITTLE VALUE 9 \R EYES'4 ,TO SOME EXT5T ?IS L$ TO ! FAMILI> RHETORIC ( BEADS & TR9KETS4 ,M]*ANTS W]E ALWAYS GO+ ON AB\T H[ ,AFRICANS W]E WILL+ TO ACCEPT ALL MANN] ( JUNK - 'TRIFLES'1 'TRA%'1 'TOYS' - = GOLD & O!R VALUABLE COMMODITIES4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ,AFRICANS W]E CLE>LY NOT WILL+ TO ACCEPT JU/ ANY?+1 & ONE C\LD NEV] TELL 9 ADVANCE :AT SORT ( JUNK A GIV5 GR\P W\LD FANCY4 ,ANYONE :O HAS POR$ OV] 'TRAVEL]S' ACC\NTS' FROM ?IS P]IOD WILL LIKELY HAVE NOTIC$ H[ MU* TIME & 5]GY M]*ANTS HAD TO PUT 9TO FIGUR+ \T :I* P>TICUL> V>IETY ( WOR?LESS BEADS1 :AT COLOR OR TYPE ( WOR?LESS TR9KETS W\LD BE ACCEPT$ AT ANY GIV5 PORT ( CALL4 

,SITUATIONS LIKE ?IS CAN V]Y EASILY LEAD ONE TO ?9K4 ,TO REFLECT ON ! >BITR>9ESS ( VALUE4 ,AFT] ALL1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO BE> 9 M9D ?AT !SE E>LY M]*ANT ADV5TUR]S W]E NOT ONLY SEEK+ GOLD1 !Y W]E DO+ IT AT V]Y CONSID]ABLE RISK TO !IR [N LIVES4 ,COA/AL 'CA/LES' W]E MAL>IAL PE/-HOLES3 A ,EUROPEAN :O SP5T A YE> 9 ONE HAD AB\T A #e3#e *ANCE ( COM+ BACK ALIVE4 ,IT W\LD BE V]Y EASY1 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO BEG9 TO ASK ONESELF3 :Y >E SO MANY ( US WILL+ TO RISK DEA? = ! SAKE ( A S(T YELL[ METAL1 ONE :I* ISN'T EV5 USEFUL = ANY?+ EXCEPT TO LOOK PRETTY8 ,9 :AT WAY IS ?IS REALLY DIFF]5T ?AN A DESIRE = BEADS & TR9KETS8.<#e.> ,IT WAS NOT AS IF PEOPLE ( ! TIME W]E 9CAPABLE ( SU* REFLECTIONS3 ! ABSURDITY ( SU* OV]WE5+ DESIRE = GOLD BECAME A /OCK !ME = POPUL> SATIRI/S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! AGE ( ! CONQUI/ADORS4 ,! M]*ANTS 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA1 H[EV]1 9/EAD SEEM TO HAVE COME TO ! BR9K ( SU* A CONCLUSION & !N RECOIL$4 ,9/EAD ( ACKN[L$G+ ! >BITR>9ESS UND]LY+ ALL SY/EMS ( VALUE1 !IR CONCLUSION WAS ?AT IT WAS ! ,AFRICANS :O W]E >BITR>Y4 ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES W]E UTT]LY )\T ORD]1 !IR PHILOSOPHIES UTT]LY UNSY/EMATIC1 !IR TA/ES UTT]LY :IMSICAL & CAPRICI\S3 

! MO/ NUM]\S ,SECT .<9 ,GU9EA.> >E ! ,PAGANS1 :O TR\BLE !MSELVES AB\T NO ,RELIGION AT ALL2 YET EV]Y ONE ( !M HAVE SOME ,TRIFLE OR O!R1 TO :I* !Y PAY A P>TICUL> ,RESPECT1 OR ,K9D ( ,ADORATION1 BELIEV+ IT CAN DEF5D !M FROM ALL ,DANG]S3 ,SOME HAVE A ,LION'S ,TAIL1 SOME A ,BIRD'S ,FEA!R1 SOME A ,PEBBLE1 A ,BIT ( ,RAG1 A ,DOG'S ,LEG2 OR1 9 %ORT1 ANY ?+ !Y FANCY3 ,& ?IS !Y CALL !IR ,FETI%1 :I* ,WORD NOT ONLY SIGNIFIES ! ,?+ WOR%IP$1 BUT SOMETIMES A ,SPELL1 ,*>M1 OR ,9*ANTM5T4 7,WILLIAM ,SMI?1 #a#g#d#d1 9 ,PIETZ1 #a#i#h#g3 #d#a7 

,SO ,AFRICANS W]E EVID5TLY LIKE SMALL *ILDR51 ALWAYS PICK+ UP LITTLE OBJECTS BECAUSE !Y LOOK ODD OR GROSS OR BRI<TLY COLOR$1 & !N BECOM+ ATTA*$ TO !M1 TREAT+ !M AS IF !Y HAD P]SONALITIES1 ADOR+ !M1 GIV+ !M NAMES4 ,! SAME ?+ ?AT 9SPIR$ !M TO VALUE R&OM OBJECTS 9 ! M>KETPLACES CAUS$ !M TO MAKE R&OM OBJECTS 9TO GODS4 

,! COMMONE/ EXPLANATION ( ! ORIG9 ( FETI%ES BEG9S SOME?+ LIKE ?IS4 ,AN ,AFRICAN 9T5DS TO SET \T ON SOME PROJECT1 TO GO (F TRAD+ = EXAMPLE4 ,HE HEADS \T 9 ! MORN+ & ! FIR/ ?+ HE SEES ?AT /RIKES HIM AS 9 ANY WAY UNUSUAL OR EXTRAORD9>Y1 OR JU/ ?AT R&OMLY /RIKES HIS FANCY1 HE ADOPTS AS A *>M ?AT WILL 5ABLE HIM TO C>RY \T HIS PLAN4 ,PIETZ CALLS IT ! '*ANCE CONJUNCTURE ( A MOM5T>Y DESIRE OR PURPOSE & SOME R&OM OBJECT BR\<T TO ! DESIR]'S ATT5TION'2 ,LE ,MAIRE PUT IT MORE SIMPLY3 !Y 'WOR%IP ! FIR/ ?+ !Y MEET 9 ! ,MORN+'4 ,BOSMAN WRITES ( ONE ( HIS 9=MANTS3 

,HE OBLIG$ ME ) ! FOLL[+ ,ANSW]1 ?AT ! ,NUMB] ( !IR ,GODS WAS 5DLESS & 9NUM]ABLE3 ,= 7SAID HE7 ANY ( US BE+ RESOLV$ TO UND]TAKE ANY ?+ ( ,IMPORTANCE1 WE FIR/ ( ALL SE>* \T A ,GOD TO PROSP] \R DESIGN$ ,UND]TAK+2 & GO+ \T ( ,DOORS ) ?IS DESIGN1 TAKE ! FIR/ ,CREATURE ?AT PRES5TS ITSELF TO \R ,EYES1 :E!R ,DOG1 ,CAT1 OR ! MO/ CONTEMPTIBLE ,ANIMAL 9 ! ,WORLD1 = \R ,GOD2 OR P]HAPS 9/EAD ( ?AT ANY ,9ANIMATE ?AT FALLS 9 \R WAY1 :E!R A ,/ONE1 A PIECE ( ,WOOD1 OR ANY ,?+ ELSE ( ! SAME ,NATURE4 79 ,PIETZ1 #a#i#h#g3 #d#c7 

,IT WAS NOT ! ',O!RNESS' ( ! ,WE/ ,AFRICANS ?AT ULTIMATELY DROVE ,EUROPEANS TO SU* EXTREME C>ICATURES1 !N1 BUT RA!R1 ! ?REAT ( SIMIL>ITY - :I* REQUIR$ ! MO/ RADICAL REJECTION4 ,SO TOO ) ES!TICS1 P>TICUL>LY ! ES!TICS ( SEXUAL ATTRACTION4 ,EUROPEAN S\RCES WROTE ( ! ODD PRACTICES ( ! WOM5 !Y 5C\NT]$ 9 COA/AL T[NS1 :O 'FETI%IZ$ !MSELVES' BY MAK+ UP !IR FACES ) DIFF]5T K9DS ( COLOR$ CLAYS1 OR WORE 'FETI% GOLD' 9 !IR HAIR1 9TRICATELY WORK$ ORNAM5TS1 FROGS & BIRDS ALONG ) GLASS BEADS & SIMIL> ADORNM5T4 ,! DESCRIPTIONS H]E >E NOT NORMALLY MORALLY CONDEMNATORY1 BUT !Y USUALLY ADOPT A K9D ( SNE]+ TONE1 ONE ( CONTEMPT = :AT SEEMS TO PASS AS BEAUTY 9 !SE P>TS1 :AT ,AFRICANS F\ND ALLUR+ OR ATTRACTIVE4 ,BUT AGA9 !Y OBVI\SLY PROTE/ TOO MU*4 ,IF ,EUROPEAN SOJ\RN]S W]E 5TIRELY IMMUNE TO ! *>MS ( WOM5 ) E>? ON !IR FACES & FROGS 9 !IR HAIR1 !Y W\LD NOT HAVE FA!R$ HUNDR$S ( *ILDR5 ) !M2 9DE$1 !RE IS NO P>TICUL> REASON TO ASSUME ?AT ! NUMB]S ( SU* *ILDR5 W\LD HAVE BE5 SUB/ANTIALLY HI<] HAD ! WOM5 9 QUE/ION BEHAV$ LIKE PROP] ,EUROPEAN LADIES & PUT GREASE ON !IR LIPS & GOLD R+S 9 !IR E>S 9/EAD4 

,! SAME DYNAMIC RECURS :5 ,EUROPEANS TALK$ AB\T ,AFRICAN MODES ( GOV]NM5T4 ,FIR/1 OBS]V]S W\LD 9SI/ ?AT ! BASIS ( ,AFRICAN SOCIAL LIFE WAS ESS5TIALLY *AOTIC1 ?AT IT WAS UTT]LY LACK+ 9 SY/EMATIC PUBLIC ORD]2 !Y W\LD USUALLY 5D UP BY ADMITT+ ?AT LAWS W]E1 9 FACT1 QUITE SY/EMATICALLY OBEY$4 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME1 ALMO/ MIRACUL\SLY SO4 ,! ATTITUDE IS SUMM$ UP BY A LAT] ,BRITI% ADM9I/RATOR1 ,BRODIE ,CRUICK%ANK1 ,GOV]NOR ,G5]AL ( ! ,GOLD ,COA/ 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY3 

,! LOCAL GOVT ( ! ,GOLD ,COA/ MU/ HAVE ! C&OR TO ACKN[L$GE ITS OBLIGATIONS TO ,FETI%1 AS A POLICE AG5T4 ,)\T ?IS P[]FUL ALLY1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 F\ND IMPOSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 ?AT ORD]1 :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! C\NTRY DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S1 ) ! PHYSICAL =CE ( ! GOVT4 ,! EXTRAORD9>Y SECURITY AF=D$ TO PROP]TY 9 ! MO/ REMOTE DI/RICTS1 ! GREAT SAFETY ) :I* PACKAGES ( GOLD ( GREAT VALUE >E TRANSMITT$ BY S+LE MESS5G]S = HUNDR$S ( MILES1 & ! FACILITY ) :I* LO/ OR /OL5 PROP]TY IS G5]ALLY RECOV]$1 HAVE EXCIT$ ! A/ONI%M5T ( ,EUROPEANS NEWLY >RIV$ 9 ! C\NTRY4 7,CRUICK%ANK1 #a#h#e#c1 9 ,PIETZ1 #a#i#h#e3 #b#e7 

,! REASON1 !Y CONCLUD$1 BOIL$ D[N TO ! MO/ PRIMITIVE ( 9/9CTS3 FE> ( DEA?1 OR ! T]RIBLE PUNI%M5TS FETI%ES W]E ?\<T TO BR+ D[N ON ?OSE :O VIOLAT$ !IR 7SOME:AT >BITR>Y7 PR9CIPLES4 

,AGA91 ! PROBLEM WAS NOT ?AT ! PICTURE WAS SO ALI51 BUT ?AT IT WAS SO FAMILI>4 ,?AT GOV]NM5T WAS AN 9/ITUTION PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) ?REAT5+ POT5TIAL MISCREANTS ) VIOL5CE WAS A LONG/&+ ASSUMPTION 9 WE/]N POLITICAL !ORY2 ?AT IT EXI/$ PRIM>ILY TO PROTECT PROP]TY WAS A !ME 9 ! PROCESS ( EM]G+ AT ?IS V]Y TIME4 ,TRUE1 ! FETI% WAS SAID TO OP]ATE BY 9VISIBLE1 SUP]NATURAL MEANS1 & H5CE TO FALL UND] ! SPH]E ( RELIGION & NOT GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT !SE OBS]V]S W]E ALSO1 OV]:ELM+LY1 ,*RI/IANS1 & ,*RI/IANS ( ?AT TIME 9SI/$ ?AT !IR RELIGION WAS MORALLY SUP]IOR TO ALL O!RS1 & P>TICUL>LY TO ,AFRICAN RELIGIONS1 ON ! V]Y GR\NDS ?AT !IR ,GOD ?REAT5$ WRONG-DO]S ) ! SY/EMATIC APPLICATION ( TORTURE = ALL ET]NITY1 & O!R GODS DID NOT4 ,! P>ALLELS W]E 9 FACT /RIK+1 AL?\< ?IS WAS AN >EA 9 :I* ,EUROPEANS F\ND IT P>TICUL>LY DIFFICULT TO BE RELATIVI/IC4 ,IT WAS !IR ASSUMPTION ( ! ABSOLUTE TRU? ( ! ,*RI/IAN FAI? :I* PROBABLY MADE ANY BROAD] MOVE TO A RELATIVI/IC ATTITUDE IMPOSSIBLE4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS WAS AN >EA :]E COMMON UND]/&+S MADE A GREAT DEAL ( PRACTICAL DIFF]5CE1 BECAUSE ESPECIALLY BE=E ,EUROPEANS CAME AS CONQU]ORS1 OA?S SWORN ON FETI%ES & CONTRACTS MADE BY 'MAK+' OR 'DR9K+' FETI%ES W]E ! V]Y M$IUM ( TRU/ BETWE5 ,EUROPEANS & ,AFRICANS 5GAG$ 9 TRADE4 ,IF IT W]E NOT = !IR COMMON P>TICIPATION 9 SU* RITUALS - (T5 NEWFANGL$ ONES IMPROVIS$ = ! OCCASION COMB9+ ,BIBLES & BEADS & BITS ( WOOD ALL AT ! SAME TIME - ! TRADE ITSELF W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,& ( C\RSE ?IS IS :AT ESPECIALLY 9T]E/S US H]E4 

,F,E,T,I,%,E,S ,& ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,C,O,N,T,R,A,C,T,S3 ,T,W,O ,C,A,S,E ,/,U,D,I,E,S 

,N[1 AS ! READ] MI<T HAVE NOTIC$1 ,PIETZ IS ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY CONC]N$ ) H[ ?+S SEEM$ TO ! ,EUROPEANS :O CAME TO ,AFRICA4 ,!RE IS ALMO/ NO SPECULATION AB\T :AT ANY ( ! ,AFRICANS ) :OM !Y TRAD$ MI<T HAVE ?\<T WAS GO+ ON4.<#f.> ,( C\RSE1 9 ! ABS5CE ( DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE1 C]TA9 KN[L$GE IS IMPOSSIBLE2 BUT !RE IS A PRETTY VOLUM9\S LIT]ATURE ON MORE REC5T EXAMPLES ( ! SORTS ( OBJECT !SE ,EUROPEANS LABEL$ 'FETI%ES'1 AS WELL AS ON ,AFRICAN COSMOLOGICAL SY/EMS MORE G5]ALLY1 SO ONE CAN MAKE SOME PRETTY GOOD GUESSES AS TO :AT ! ,AFRICANS :O [N$ & US$ SU* OBJECTS ?\<T !Y W]E AB\T4 ,DO+ SO DOES NOT1 9 FACT1 9VALIDATE ANY ( ,PIETZ'S L>G] PO9TS4 ,ACTUALLY1 IT SUGGE/S ?AT ! '?REAT ( RECOGNITION'1 IF ,I MAY CALL IT ?AT1 RUNS F> DEEP] ?AN ONE MI<T O!RWISE SUSPECT4 

,ALL[ ME TO BEG9 H]E ) SOME PROBABLY UNW>RANT$ G5]ALIZATIONS AB\T ! RELATION BETWE5 ,EUROPEAN & ,AFRICAN COSMOLOGIES4 ,MY 9T]E/ 9 ,PIETZ1 & 9 FETI%ISM MORE G5]ALLY1 ORIG9ALLY >OSE AS P>T ( A COMP>ATIVE /UDY ( BEADS & O!R 'CURR5CIES ( TRADE' 7,GRAEB]1 #a#i#i#e1 #b#a71 :I* 9CLUD$ CASES RANG+ FROM ,TROBRI& KULA %ELLS OR ,IROQUOIS WAMPUM TO ,KWAKIUTL COPP]S4 ,= SOMEONE BR\<T UP 9 A RELIGI\S 5VIRONM5T L>GELY %AP$ BY ,*RI/IANITY1 MOV+ FROM ! COSMOLOGICAL SY/EMS ( ,OCEANIA OR ,NOR? ,AM]ICA TO ,AFRICA IS MOV+ FROM V]Y ALI5 TO F> MORE FAMILI> T]RITORY4 ,IT IS NOT JU/ ?AT ?R\<\T ,AFRICA ONE CAN F9D MY?OLOGICAL TOPOI7! ,G>D5 ( ,$51 ! ,T[] ( ,BABEL7 FAMILI> FROM ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 ?AT JU/ DO NOT SEEM TO BE PRES5T 9 O!R TRADITIONS4 ,!RE IS A S5SE ?AT ,AFRICAN !OLOGIANS SEEM TO BE ASK+ MO/LY ! SAME EXI/5TIAL QUE/IONS4.<#g.> ,MAX ,WEB] MADE A FAM\S >GUM5T ?AT EV]Y RELIGION HAS TO COME UP ) SOME ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ( '!ODICY'1 OR ! JU/ICE ( ,GOD4 ,H[ IS IT ?AT IF ,GOD IS BO? GOOD & ALL-P[]FUL1 ?AT HUMAN BE+S MU/ SUFF]8 ,N[1 IT'S PRETTY OBVI\S ?AT1 AS A G5]ALIZATION1 ?IS IS SIMPLY UNTRUE4 ,! QUE/ION PROBABLY W\LD NOT HAVE EV5 MADE S5SE TO A ,MAORI !OLOGIAN1 LET ALONE1 SAY1 AN ,AZTEC POET OR ,TROBRI& *IEF4 ,:ILE EV]Y TRADITION DOES SEEM TO SEE ! HUMAN CONDITION AS 9H]5TLY PROBLEMATIC 9 SOME WAY1 9 MO/1 ! REASONS = HUMAN SUFF]+ IS JU/ NOT ! ISSUE4 ,! PROBLEM LIES ELSE:]E4 ,MY?IC SPECULATION 9 ,AFRICA1 ON ! O!R H&1 FOCUSES ON ! QUE/ION 5DLESSLY 7E4G4 ,ABRAHAMSSON1 #a#i#e#b7 - EV5 IF MANY ,AFRICAN !OLOGIANS CAME UP ) :AT W]E FROM ! ,*RI/IAN P]SPECTIVE V]Y DI/URB+ ANSW]S 7I4E4 :O SAYS ,GOD IS GOOD87.<#h.> 

,I SAID 'UNW>RANT$ G5]ALIZATIONS' BECAUSE1 AS ANY NUMB] ( AU?ORS HAVE REM9D$ US1 T]MS LIKE ',AFRICA'1 ',EUROPE'1 '! ,WE/'1 >E FUZZY AT BE/ & PROBABLY MEAN+LESS4 ,I CANNOT CLAIM TO KN[ :Y ,EUROPEAN & ,AFRICAN !OLOGIANS SEEM TO HAVE BE5 ASK+ ! SAME EXI/5TIAL QUE/IONS - P]HAPS IT IS BECAUSE ,EUROPE & ,AFRICA W]E1 = SO MU* ( !IR HI/ORY1 P]IPH]AL ZONES UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! GREAT URBAN CIVILIZATIONS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO /RESS1 ?\<1 IS ?AT H]E1 #a#g? OR #a#h? C5TURY ,EUROPEAN SEAF>]S F\ND !MSELVES 9 MU* MORE FAMILI> T]RITORY ?AN !Y DID :5 !Y V5TUR$ TO PLACES LIKE ,*9A OR ,BRAZIL4 ,IT WAS ! UND]LY+ AFF9ITY1 ,I SUSPECT1 :I* ACC\NT$ = ! COMMON ,EUROPEAN REACTION ( %OCK$ REVULSION & DISMAY ON BE+ EXPOS$ TO SO MANY ASPECTS ( ,AFRICAN RITUAL3 A DESP]ATE D5IAL ( RECOGNITION4 ,BECAUSE 9 MANY WAYS1 ,AFRICAN COSMOLOGICAL IDEAS SEEM$ TO TAKE ! SAME QUE/IONS & COME UP ) PRECISELY ! CONCLUSIONS ,EUROPEANS W]E MO/ ANXI\S TO AVOID3 SU* AS1 P]HAPS WE SUFF] BECAUSE ,GOD IS NOT GOOD1 OR IS BEYOND GOOD & EVIL & DOES NOT C>E2 P]HAPS ! /ATE IS A VIOL5T & EXPLOITATIVE 9/ITUTION & !RE IS NO?+ ?AT CAN BE DONE AB\T IT2 & SO ON4 

,I %ALL RETURN TO ?IS !ME 9 A MOM5T4 

,?R\<\T MU* ( ,AFRICA1 C]EMONIAL LIFE IS DOM9AT$ BY :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE LABEL$ 'RITUALS ( AFFLICTION'4 ,?OSE P[]S CONSID]$ WOR?Y ( RECOGNITION >E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY ?OSE CAPABLE ( CAUS+ HUMAN MIS]Y1 & ONE COMES 9TO CONTACT ) !M :5 !Y ATTACK ONE 9 SOME WAY4 ,A TYPICAL *A9 ( EV5TS 7,I'LL USE A ,MALAGASY EXAMPLE \T ( FAMILI>ITY7 MI<T RUN LIKE ?IS3 ONE (F5DS A P[] )\T KN[+ IT1 SAY BY BR++ PORK 9TO A SPOT 9HABIT$ BY A ,VAZIMBA SPIRIT2 ! (F5D$ SPIRIT CAUSES ONE TO BECOME ILL1 OR TO EXP]I5CE NI<TM>ES2 ONE GOES TO A LOCAL CUR] :O ID5TIFIES ! SPIRIT & TELLS ONE H[ TO PROPITIATE IT2 DO+ SO1 H[EV]1 CAUSES ONE TO BECOME P>T ( A CONGREGATION ( =M] VICTIMS ALL ( :I* N[ HAVE A SPECIAL RELATION%IP ) ! SPIRIT1 :I* CAN HELP ONE OR EV5 DIRECT ITS P[]S AGA9/ ONE'S 5EMIES4 ,SUFF]+ LEADS TO KN[L$GE1 KN[L$GE LEADS TO P[]4 ,?IS IS AN EXTREMELY COMMON PATT]N4 ,VICTOR ,TURN] = 9/ANCE E/IMATES ?AT AMONG ! ,NDEMBU ( ,ZAMBIA1 !RE >E ESS5TIALLY ONLY TWO TYPES ( RITUAL3 RITUALS ( AFFLICTION1 & 'LIFE-CRISIS RITUALS' SU* AS 9ITIATIONS & FUN]>Y RITES4 ,& HE ADDS ?AT EV5 ! LATT] ALWAYS '/RESS$ ! !ME ( SUFF]+ AS A MEANS ( 5TRY 9TO A SUP]IOR RITUAL & SOCIAL /ATUS' 7#a#i#f#g3 #a#e-#a#f72 NORMALLY1 BECAUSE 9ITIATION RITUALS PASS$ ?R\< PHYSICAL ORDEALS 7SUFF]+7 TO ! ATTA9M5T ( SOME K9D ( RITUAL KN[L$GE4 ,MO/ ( ! ,AFRICAN OBJECTS LABEL$ 'FETI%ES' W]E 5ME%$ 9 PRECISELY ?IS RITUAL LOGIC4 

,LET ME TAKE TWO REPRES5TATIVE EXAMPLES4 ,! FIR/ IS ! ,TIV ( C5TRAL ,NIG]IA1 C4#a#i-#a#i#e4 ,!Y >E A GOOD CASE TO />T ) BECAUSE !Y >E WELL DOCUM5T$ & LIV$ NOT TOO F> FROM ! REGION DEALT ) 9 ,PIETZ'S TEXTS4 ,! SECOND IS ! ,BA,KONGO ( ! C5TRAL ,AFRICAN COA/1 :O HAVE A MU* LONG] HI/ORY ( 5TANGLEM5T ) ,EUROPEAN TRADE4 ,! ,TIV >E A CLASSIC EXAMPLE ( A 'SEGM5T>Y' SOCIETY2 BE=E !Y W]E CONQU]$ BY ! ,BRITI%1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ NO C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY ( ANY SORT1 BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( A TYPICAL EXT5D$ FAMILY COMP\ND 7,L4 ,BOHANNAN1 #a#i#e#b2 ,P4 ,BOHANNAN1 #a#i#e#i2 ,BOHANNAN & ,BOHANNAN1 #a#i#e#c74 ,L>G] SOCIETY WAS 9/EAD ORGANIZ$ ON A G5EALOGICAL BASIS1 ?R\< AN ELABORATE SY/EM ( PATRIL9EAL L9EAGES1 :I*1 H[EV]1 HAD NO P]MAN5T (FICIALS OR RITUAL (FIC]S4 ,:]E ! RITUAL LIFE ( MO/ SEGM5T>Y SOCIETIES 9 ! REGION C5T]$ ON AN ELABORATE CULT ( ANCE/ORS OR ( E>? %R9ES1 ! ,TIV LACK$ !SE TOO4 ,9/EAD1 !IR RITUAL LIFE REVOLVES L>GELY >\ND W>D+ (F WIT*CRAFT1 & ! CONTROL ( OBJECTS CALL$ AKOMBO1 OR 'FETI%ES'4 

,! NAMES ( MO/ AKOMB[]E ALSO ?OSE ( DISEASE4 ,9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 ! AKOMBO QUITE SIMPLY W]E ?OSE DISEASES1.<#i.> ?\< !Y W]E ALSO EMBODI$ 9 MAT]IAL 'EMBLEMS'4 ,!SE EMBLEMS MI<T BE ALMO/ ANY?+3 A POT ( A%ES1 A :ISK BROOM1 A PIECE ( ELEPHANT BONE4 ,!SE EXI/$ 9 C]TA9 PLACES1 & W]E [N$ BY 'KEEP]S'1 & !Y W]E ALWAYS SURR\ND$ BY A HO/ ( RULES & REGULATIONS 9DICAT+ :AT C\LD & C\LD NOT BE DONE 9 ! VIC9ITY4 ,ONE CAME 9TO RELATION ) AN AKOMBO:5 ONE BROKE ONE ( ?OSE RULES - ?IS IS CALL$ 'PI]C+' IT - & BECAME SICK AS A RESULT4 ,! ONLY WAY TO SET ?+S /RAI<T WAS TO APPROA* ITS KEEP] 9 ORD] TO 'REPAIR' ! AKOMBO OR 'SET IT RI<T'4 ,AFT] VICTIMS HAVE SO FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ! EFFECTS ( ! FETI%1 !Y MI<T ALSO DECIDE TO TAKE POSSESSION ( IT1 :I* 9VOLVES A FUR!R RITUAL ( 'AGREEM5T' & SACRIFICE 9 ORD] TO GIVE ! NEW [N] ! P[] TO OP]ATE 7'REPAIR'7 IT1 SO AS TO HELP O!RS SO AFFLICT$1 & ALSO TO GA9 ACCESS TO :ATEV] O!R P[]S ! AKOMBO MI<T HAVE 7,BOHANNAN & ,BOHANNAN1 #a#i#f#i74 ,ALL ?IS IS V]Y MU* ON ! MODEL ( A TYPICAL 'CULT ( AFFLICTION'4 

,:AT ,I HAVE SAID SO F> APPLIES TO M9OR1 OR ORD9>Y1 AKOMBO4 ,!RE W]E ALSO MAJOR AKOMBO1 :I* HAD BROAD] P[]S4 ,PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE W]E ?OSE ?AT PROTECT$ M>KETS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,TIV 9=MANTS ( ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 :AT REALLY DI/+UI%$ !SE GREAT AKOMB(ROM ! ORD9>Y V>IETY WAS1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ?AT !Y C\LD PROTECT A :OLE T]RITORY FROM H>M2 SECOND1 ?AT !Y C\LD BE PASS$ ON FROM FA!R TO SON2 ?IRD1 ?AT !Y 'EI!R CONTA9 A P>T ( A HUMAN BODY AS A PORTION ( !IR EMBLEMS1 OR !Y MU/ BE REPAIR$ BY A HUMAN SACRIFICE 444 OR BO?' 7,BOHANNAN & ,BOHANNAN1 #aifi ,I,V3 #d#c#g74 

,TO UND]/& ?IS1 ONE HAS TO UND]/& SOME?+1 ,I ?9K1 AB\T TRADITIONAL ,TIV CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIAL P[] - AT LEA/ AS !Y EXI/$ 9 ! E>LY #b? C5TURY4 ,! ,TIV COMB9$ V]Y HI]>*ICAL DOME/IC >RANGEM5TS - ) H\SEHOLD COMP\NDS CON/RUCT$ >\ND SOME IMPORTANT OLD] MAN1 ALMO/ 9V>IABLY ) NUM]\S WIVES1 SURR\ND$ BY A HO/ ( FRU/RAT$ UNM>RI$ ADULT SONS - & A FI]CELY EGALIT>IAN E?OS :I* ALL[$ NEXT TO NO?+ 9 ! WAY ( POLITICAL (FICE \TSIDE ! COMP\ND4 ,C]TA9 OLD] M5 MANAGE TO GA9 A L>G] 9FLU5CE 9 COMMUNAL AFFAIRS1 BUT SU* ACCOMPLI%M5TS >E VIEW$ ) EXTREME AMBIVAL5CE4 ,SOCIAL P[]1 ! ABILITY TO IMPOSE ONE'S WILL ON O!RS1 IS REF]R$ TO AS TSAV2 IT IS SE5 9 QUITE MAT]IAL T]MS AS A FATTY YELL[ SUB/ANCE ?AT GR[S ON HUMAN HE>TS4 ,SOME PEOPLE HAVE TSAV NATURALLY4 ,!Y >E :AT WE W\LD REF] TO AS 'NATURAL LEAD]%IP TYPES'4 ,IT CAN ALSO BE CREAT$1 OR 9CREAS$1 BY EAT+ HUMAN FLE%4 ,?IS IS 'WIT*CRAFT'1 ! DEF9ITION ( EVIL3 

,TIV BELIEVE ?AT P]SONS ) TSAV =M AN ORGANIZATION CALL$ ! MBATSAV4 ,?IS GR\P IS SAID TO HAVE A DIVISION ( LABOR & A LOOSE ORGANIZATION4 ,! MBATSAV >E SAID TO MEET AT NI<T1 USUALLY = NEF>I\S PURPOSES2 !Y ROB GRAVES 9 ORD] TO EAT CORPSES2 

!Y BEWIT* PEOPLE 9 ORD] TO PUT CORPSES 9TO GRAVES :I* !Y CAN ROB4 ,!RE IS ?\<T TO BE A NETWORK ( 'FLE% DEBTS' :I* BECOME E/ABLI%$ :5 SOMEONE TRICKS Y\ 9TO EAT+ HUMAN FLE% & !N CLAIMS A RETURN 9 K9D2 ! ONLY ?+ Y\ CAN DO IS TO KILL Y\R *ILDR5 & Y\R CLOSE K9SM5 - PEOPLE OV] :OM Y\ HAVE SOME SORT ( P[] - & F9ALLY1 BECAUSE NO ONE CAN EV] W9 AGA9/ ! ORGANIZATION1 Y\ MU/ GIVE Y\RSELF TO !M AS A VICTIM BECAUSE Y\ HAVE NO K9SM5 LEFT TO GIVE4 7,P4 ,BOHANNAN1 #a#i#e#h3 #d-#e7 

,AS ,PAUL ,BOHANNAN SUCC9CTLY PUTS IT3 'M5 ATTA9 P[] BY CONSUM+ ! SUB/ANCE ( O!RS'4 ,:ILE ONE CAN NEV] BE C]TA9 ?AT ANY P>TICUL> ELD] IS ALSO AN EVIL CANNIBALI/IC WIT*1 ! CLASSES OV]LAP1 & IT W\LD SEEM ?AT 9 RECORD$ TIMES AT LEA/1 EV]Y G5]ATION OR SO1 A WIT*-F9D+ MOVEM5T W\LD SWEEP ?R\< ! C\NTRY UNMASK+ ! MO/ PROM95T FIGURES ( LOCAL AU?ORITY 7,AKIGA1 #a#i#c#i2 ,P4 ,BOHANNAN1 #a#i#e#h74.<#a.> ,?IS IS NOT QUITE A SY/EM 9 :I* POLITICAL P[] IS SE5 AS 9TR9SICALLY EVIL1 BUT IT 

IS V]Y CLOSE4 ,IT ONLY /&S TO REASON1 !N1 ?AT AKOMBO?AT HAVE P[] OV] COMMUNITIES %\LD HAVE A SIMIL> PR$ILECTION TO ABSORB HUMAN FLE%4 ,! 9=MATION WE HAVE AB\T MO/ ( !SE 'GREAT AKOMBO' IS SOME:AT LIMIT$1 BECAUSE MO/ W]E DE/ROY$ DUR+ A WIT*-F9D+ MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#bS1 BUT ! ONE SORT ?AT DID T5D TO SURVIVE W]E ! AKOMBO( M>KETS4 ,=TUNATELY1 !SE >E ! MO/ RELEVANT TO ! ISSUES UND] CONSID]ATION H]E4 

,TIV M>KETS >E DOM9AT$ BY WOM51 :O >E ALSO ! MA9 PRODUC]S4 ,OV] ! LA/ FEW C5TURIES M>KETS HAVE ALSO BE5 ! PR9CIPAL CONTEXT 9 :I* MO/ ,TIV COME 9TO CONTACT ) ?OSE ) :OM !Y CAN TRACE NO CLOSE G5EALOGICAL TIES1 & !RE=E1 T[>DS :OM !Y HAVE NO NECESS>Y MORAL OBLIGATIONS4 ,9 M>KETS1 !N1 ! DE/RUCTIVE P[]S ( AKOMBOC\LD BE US$ TO KEEP ! PEACE4 ,EV]Y SIGNIFICANT M>KET HAD ITS [N FETI% 7,BOHANNAN & ,BOHANNAN1 #a#i#f#h3 #a#d#i1 #a#e#h-#f#b71 :I* ,TIV ( ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 9T]E/+LY1 (T5 COMP>$ TO AN AU?ORIZATION C]TIFICATE FROM ! COLONIAL REGIME4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 !Y EMBODI$ PEACE AGREEM5TS BETWE5 A S]IES ( L9EAGES :O %>$ ! SAME M>KET1 BY :I* !IR MEMB]S UND]TOOK TO DEAL FAIRLY ) ONE ANO!R1 & TO AB/A9 FROM !FT1 BRAWL+1 & PR(ITE]+4 ,! AGREEM5T WAS SEAL$ ) A SACRIFICE - N[ADAYS SAID TO BE A HUMAN SACRIFICE1 ?\< ! ,BOHANNANS SUSPECT MO/ (T5 IT WAS REALLY JU/ A DOG - :OSE BLOOD WAS P\R$ OV] ! AKOMBO'S EMBLEM4 ,?IS IS ! SACRIFICE BY DAY2 9 ADDITION1 ! 7MALE7 ELD]S1 9 !IR CAPACITY AS MBATSAV1 KILL O!RS ( !IR [N L9EAGES 'BY NI<T' - ?AT IS1 BY WIT*CRAFT 7,BOHANNAN & ,BOHANNAN1 #a#i#f#h3 #a#e#i-#f74 ,H5CE=? ALL ?OSE :O VIOLAT$ ! AGREEM5T W\LD BE /RUCK D[N BY ! AKOMBO'S P[]4 ,& 9 FACT1 ! EXI/5CE ( SU* AGREEM5TS MADE IT POSSIBLE = M>KETPLACES TO BECOME MEET+ PLACES = ! REGULATION ( LOCAL AFFAIRS1 JUDGM5TS1 & ! TAK+ ( OA?S4 

,?IS GIVES SOME IDEA1 ,I ?9K1 ( ! LOGIC BY :I* 'FETI%ES' ALSO CAME TO M$IATE TRADE AGREEM5TS ) ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS 9 ! #a#f? & #a#g? C5TURIES4 ,! SIMIL>ITY ) ,EUROPEAN !ORIES ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 :I* W]E DEVELOP+ AT PRECISELY ?IS TIME1 NE$ H>DLY BE REM>K$4 ,I WILL RETURN TO !SE P>ALLELS 9 A MOM5T4 ,! ,TIV !MSELVES HAD LITTLE TO DO ) ,EUROPEANS BE=E ! ,BRITI% CONQUE/2 !Y CAME 9TO RELATION ) ! TRADE L>GELY AS VICTIMS1 BE+ RAID$ = SLAVES BY MORE P[]FUL NEI<BORS4 ,AS A RESULT !IR RECORD$ HI/ORY IS V]Y %ALL[4 ,! ,BA,KONGO1 FAM\S = !IR M9KISIOR 'FETI%ES'1 MANY CONSID]$ BRILLIANT WORKS ( >T1 ON ! O!R H& HAVE ONE ( ! LONGE/ RECORD$ HI/ORIES 9 ,AFRICA4 ,9 #adhc ! ,KONGO K+DOM 5T]$ 9TO AN ALLIANCE ) ,PORTUGAL2 ! ROYAL FAMILY CONV]T$ TO ,CA?OLICISM4 ,AT ! TIME ITS CAPITAL1 ,SAO ,SALVADOR1 WAS ! L>GE/ CITY S\? ( ! ,SAH>A4 ,)9 A C5TURY ! K+DOM WAS TORN AP>T BY ! PRESSURES ( ! SLAVE TRADE1 & 9 #af< ! CAPITAL WAS DE/ROY$2 ! K+DOM BROKE D[N 9TO A S]IES ( SMALL] SUCCESSOR /ATES1 MO/ ( :OM (FICIALLY RECOGNIZ$ ! AU?ORITY ( A NOM9AL ,KONGO MON>* /RIPP$ ( ALMO/ ALL REAL P[]3 A CLASSIC HOLL[ C5T] 7,?ORNTON1 #a#i#h#g74 ,LAT] C5TURIES WITNESS$ EV5 GREAT] FRAGM5TATION1 ! C5T]S ( MO/ ( ! SUCCESSOR /ATES HOLL[$ \T 9 SIMIL> FA%ION1 LEAV+ A HI<LY DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIAL FIELD 9 :I* =M] *IEFLY TITLES 9CREAS+LY BECAME PRIZES ?AT C\LD BE B\<T & SOLD BY SUCCESSFUL M]*ANTS & SLAVE-TRAD]S4 ,C]TA9LY ?IS WAS ! CASE BY ! #a#i? C5TURY1 DUR+ :I* P[] GRADUALLY %IFT$ TO COMM]CIAL T[NS ALONG ! COA/4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! P]IOD FROM :I* WE HAVE MO/ ( \R 9=MATION ON M9KISI1 AS RECALL$ 9 DOCUM5TS RECORD$ BY ,*RI/IAN CONV]TS1 9 ! ,KI,KONGO LANGUAGE1 AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! COLONIAL AGE4 ,9 A LOT ( WAYS ! ,BA,KONGO MI<T SEEM AS DIFF]5T FROM ,TIV AS CAN BE3 MATRIL9EAL :]E ! ,TIV W]E PATRIL9EAL1 HI]>*ICAL :]E ! ,TIV W]E EGALIT>IAN1 ) A COSMOLOGY C5T]+ ON ! ANCE/RAL DEAD :I* WAS TOTALLY ALI5 TO ,TIV CONCEPTIONS4 ,BUT ! BASIC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( P[] 9 BO? CASES >E REM>KABLY SIMIL>4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 WE F9D ! SAME LOGIC ( AFFLICTION3 H]E TOO1 ONE COMES 9TO CONTACT ) P[]S L>GELY BY (F5D+ !M2 ONCE ?AT P[] HAS CAUS$ ONE TO SUFF]1 !N ONE HAS ! OPPORTUNITY TO MA/] IT &1 TO AN EXT5T1 TO ACQUIRE IT = ONESELF4.<#a#a.> ,?IS WAS ! NORMAL WAY 9 :I* ONE CAME 9TO RELATION ) A NKISI3 ONE FIR/ APPEAL$ TO ITS KEEP] TO CURE ONE ( AN AILM5T2 AS SU*1 ONE BECAME A MEMB] ( :AT MI<T BE BROADLY CALL$ ITS CONGREGATION2 LAT]1 P]HAPS1 IF ONE WAS WILL+ TO UND]GO ! EXP5SIVE 9ITIATIONPROCESS1 ONE C\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME A KEEP] ONESELF4 

,BA,KONGO & ,TIV !ORIES ( ! RELATION ( POLITICAL P[] & WIT*CRAFT W]E ALSO REM>KABLY SIMIL>4 ,! P[] ( *IEFS WAS ASSUM$ TO BE ROOT$ 9 A PHYSICAL SUB/ANCE 9 ! BODY - 9 ?IS CASE1 CALL$ K9DOKI4 ,?IS WAS ALSO ! P[] ( WIT*ES4 ,! MA9 DIFF]5CE WAS ?AT ,KONGO WIT*ES OP]AT$ ON A LEVEL ?AT WAS SOME:AT MORE AB/RACT ?AN ,TIV WIT*ES2 :ILE !Y TOO BECAME 5TANGL$ 9 'FLE% DEBTS'1 !Y W]E MA9LY REPRES5T$ AS CONSUM+ ! SPIRITUAL SUB/ANCE ( !IR VICTIMS1 ?R\< 9VISIBLE MEANS1 SUCK+ UP !IR S\LS RA!R ?AN LIT]ALLY D9+ ON !M4 ,ALSO1 :ILE AT FIR/ WIT*ES FE$ ON !IR [N RELATIVES1 ?OSE :O HAVE SUCK$ UP1 & ?US GA9$ ! P[] (1 A L>GE NUMB] ( S\LS CAN EV5TUALLY BECOME P[]FUL 5\< TO ATTACK ALMO/ ANYONE4 ,IT IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( *IEFS TO ?W>T !IR EVIL PLANS1 US+ !IR [N NDOKI4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,WYATT ,MAC,GAFFEY EMPHASIZES 7#a#i#g#g1 #a#i#h#f1 #a#i#h#h71 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A *IEF & A WIT* IS M]ELY ONE ( MOTIVE3 WIT*ES >E SIMPLY ?OSE :O USE !IR NOCTURNAL P[]S = !IR [N SELFI% PURPOSES1 GRE$ OR 5VY RA!R ?AN ! GOOD ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,& S9CE ! LATT] IS A NOTORI\SLY SLIPP]Y CONCEPT1 :ILE NO ONE )\T K9DOKIIS ( ANY REAL PUBLIC ACC\NT1 NO ONE ) IT IS 5TIRELY ABOVE SUSPICION4 

,!RE >E TWO KEY DIFF]5CES1 ?\<1 ) ,TIV AKOMBO1 & !SE APPE> TO BE L9K$4 ,ONE IS ?AT ,KONGO M9KISIT5D TO BECOME P]SONIFI$4 ,!Y HAVE NOT ONLY NAMES & HI/ORIES1 BUT M9DS & 9T5TIONS ( !IR [N4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE !IR P[]S >E REALLY ?OSE ( ANCE/RAL <O/S3 MO/ NKISI/ATUETTES1 9 FACT1 CONTA9$ 9 !IR *E/S BO? A S]IES ( M$IC9AL +R$I5TS :I* GAVE !M !IR SPECIFIC CAPACITIES = ACTION 7CF4 ,GRAEB]1 #a#i#i#e7 & GRAVE DIRT1 :I* EFFECT$ !IR CONNECTION ) ! DEAD4 ,! SECOND DIFF]5CE IS ?AT !Y T5D TO ACT L>GELY :5 SOMEONE 9T5TIONALLY PROVOKES !M4 ,:ILE ! ,TIV MI<T SAY ?AT ONE :O UN9T5TIONALLY (F5DS AN AKOMBO'PI]CES' IT1 ) M9KISI?IS WAS NO M]E METAPHOR4 ,?OSE OP]AT+ NKISIW\LD (T5 QUITE LIT]ALLY DRIVE NAILS 9TO ! OBJECT TO PROVOKE IT 9TO ACTION4 ,?IS WAS NOT1 ,I %\LD /RESS1 AT ALL LIKE DRIV+ P9S 9TO A VOODOO DOLL1 S9CE ! IDEA WAS TO PROVOKE ! NKISITO ANG] - ?\< ,WYATT ,MAC,GAFFEY 7#a#i#h#f7 /RESSES ?AT1 9 A L>G] S5SE1 ! FIGURES REPRES5T$ BO? ! AGGRESSOR & ! VICTIM SIMULTANE\SLY1 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! 9FLICTION ( SUFF]+ CREATES A K9D ( UNITY BETWE5 ! TWO4 

,EV5 *IEFLY (FICE C\LD BE DRAWN 9TO ! SAME LOGIC4 ,9 MU* ( ,C5TRAL ,AFRICA1 LEOP>DS W]E SYMBOLS ( ROYAL P[]4 ,SO TOO H]E4 ,ONE #a#i?-C5TURY NOTEBOOK 7NO4 #d#e1 ,MAC,GAFFEY1 #a#i#h#f3 #a#e#i7 DESCRIBES H[1 %\LD SOMEONE KILL A LEOP>D1 A MAN WI%+ TO BE 9VE/$ 9 AN IMPORTANT *IEFLY TITLE MI<T RU% TO ! SC5E TO 'DESECRATE ITS TAIL' BY /EPP+ ON IT4 ,?IS WAS A P]IOD 9 :I* SU* TITLES C\LD BE ACQUIR$ FAIRLY EASILY BY M5 :O HAD GA9$ =TUNES 9 TRADE2 AFT] DESECRAT+ ! OBJECT1 ! MAN C\LD PROCE$ TO ACQUIRE ! TITLE ?R\< :AT IS A K9D ( 'PUR*ASE' :I* MI<T TYPICALLY 9VOLVE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! PAYM5T ( #a LIVES 'BY DAY' 7SLAVES DELIV]$ TO ! CURR5T HOLD]71 & #a 'BY NI<T' 7MEMB]S ( ! *IEF 'S [N K9 GR\P KILL$ BY WIT*CRAFT2 CF4 ,VANS9A1 #a#i#g#c74 

,! FOLL[+ GIVES SOME?+ ( ! FLAVOR ( !IR P[] 7NOTE ?AT A NGANGAIS CUR] & KEEP] ( M9KISI2 BANGANGAIS ! PLURAL73 

,LUNKANKA IS A NKISI 9 A /ATUE & IT IS EXTREMELY FI]CE & /RONG4 ,IT CAME FROM ,MONGO1 :]E MANY ( \R =EBE>S US$ TO GO TO COMPOSE IT1 BUT N[ ITS BANGANGA .<KEEP]S.> HAVE ALL DI$ \T4 ,:5 IT HAD A NGANGA IT WAS V]Y /RONG1 & SO IT DE/ROY$ :OLE VILLAGES4 ,ITS /R5G? LAY 9 SEIZ+ .<ITS VICTIMS.>1 CRU%+ !IR *E/S1 MAK+ !M BLE$ FROM ! NOSE & EXCRETE PUS2 DRIV+ KNIVES 9TO !IR *E/S1 TWI/+ NECKS1 BREAK+ >MS & LEGS1 KNOTT+ !IR 9TE/9ES1 GIV+ !M NI<TM>ES1 DISCOV]+ WIT*ES 9 ! VILLAGE1 /IFL+ A MAN'S BREA?+ & SO ON4 ,:5 IT WAS KN[N ?AT ,LUNKANKA WAS EXCE$+LY P[]FUL1 A GREAT MANY PEOPLE TRU/$ IT = HEAL+1 PLAC+ OA?S & CURS+ WIT*ES & MAGICIANS1 & SO ON4 79 ,MAC,GAFFEY1 #a#i#i#a3 #a#b#g7 

,! TEXT GOES ON TO EXPLA9 ?AT IF TWO M5 MAKE AN AGREEM5T - SAY1 ONE AGRE$ TO BE ! O!R'S CLI5T1 OR PAWN1 & ?US BE B\ND TO HIS VILLAGE - !Y MI<T BO? DRIVE NAILS 9TO ,LUNKANKA TO SEAL ! AGREEM5T2 ! NKISIW\LD !N ACT AS ITS P[] ( 5=CEM5T4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,WYATT ,MAC,GAFFEY 7#a#i#h#g71 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY EV]Y ASPECT ( ,BA,KONGO ECONOMIC LIFE1 FROM ! POLIC+ ( M>KETPLACES TO ! PROTECTION ( PROP]TY RI<TS TO ! 5=CEM5T ( CONTRACTS1 WAS C>RI$ \T ?R\< ! M$IUM ( NKISI1 & ! NKISISO EMPLOY$ W]E1 9 EV]Y CASE1 =MS ( CRY/ALLIZ$ VIOL5CE & AFFLICTION4 

,! UND]LY+ LOGIC SEEMS TO HAVE A REM>KABLE SIMIL>ITY TO SOCIAL CONTRACT !ORIES BE+ CREAT$ 9 ,EUROPE >\ND ! SAME TIME3 ,MAC,GAFFEY HAS EV5 F\ND ,KI,KONGO TEXTS :I* CELEBRATE ! EXI/5CE ( NKISIAS A WAY ( PREV5T+ A W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL4.<#a#b.> ,ONCE AGA91 !RE IS A /RIK+ P>ALLELISM 9 UND]LY+ ASSUMPTIONS3 9 ?IS CASE1 ! SAME BACKGR\ND ( COMPETITIVE M>KET EX*ANGE1 ! SAME ASSUMPTION ?AT 7AT LEA/ \TSIDE ( K9 RELATIONS7 SOCIAL PEACE IS !RE=E A MATT] ( AGREEM5TS1 P>TICUL> AGREEM5TS TO RESPECT ONE ANO!R'S PROP]TY1 ?AT MU/ BE 5=C$ BY AN OV]>*+ P[] ( VIOL5CE4 ,! MA9 DIFF]5CE SEEMS TO LIE 9 ! ASSUM$ REASONS :Y SU* VIOL5CE IS NECESS>Y4 ,! ,JUDEO-,*RI/IAN TRADITION GOES BACK AT LEA/ TO ,AUGU/9E 7HIMSELF AN ,AFRICAN71 HAV+ BE5 BAS$1 AS AU?ORS LIKE ,SAHL9S HAVE MU* EMPHASIZ$ 7#b71 ON AN ASSUMPTION ?AT HUMAN DESIRES >E 9 !IR ESS5CE 9SATIABLE4 ,S9CE WE CAN NEV] HAVE 5\< PLEASURE1 P[]1 OR ESPECIALLY MAT]IAL WEAL?1 & S9CE RES\RCES >E 9H]5TLY LIMIT$1 WE >E ALL NECESS>ILY 9 A /ATE ( COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R4 ,! /ATE1 ACCORD+ TO ,AUGU/9E1 EMBODIES REASON1 :I* IS DIV9E4 ,IT IS ALSO A PROVID5TIAL 9/ITUTION :I* BY ?REAT5+ PUNI%M5T TURNS \R [N BASE EGOISM - ESPECIALLY \R FE> ( PA9 - AGA9/ US TO MA9TA9 ORD]4 ,HOBBES 7#a#f#e#a7 M]ELY SECUL>IZ$ ! PICTURE1 ELIM9AT+ ! P>T AB\T ! 5DLESS DESIRES BE+ A PUNI%M5T = ORIG9AL S91 BUT KEEP+ ! BASIC /RUCTURE2 !N ,ADAM ,SMI?1 ,5LI<T5M5T OPTIMI/ ?AT HE WAS1 BR\<T DIV9E PROVID5CE BACK 9 TO >GUE ?AT ,GOD HAD ACTUALLY >RANG$ ?+S SO ?AT EV5 \R COMPETITIVE DESIRES WILL ULTIMATELY WORK = ! B5EFIT ( ALL4 ,9 EV]Y CASE1 ?\<1 ! WE/]N TRADITION SEEMS TO COMB9E TWO FEATURES3 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT HUMANS >E CORRUPT$ BY LIMITLESS DESIRES1 & AN 9SI/5T EF=T TO IMAG9E SOME =M ( P[] OR AU?ORITY 7,REASON1 ,GOD1 ! ,/ATE 4447 :I* IS NOT CORRUPT$ BY DESIRE1 & H5CE 9H]5TLY B5EVOL5T4 ,GOD MU/ BE JU/ 7DESPITE ALL APPE>ANCES TO ! CONTR>Y72 A RATIONAL MAN CAN RISE ABOVE BODILY PASSIONS2 IT %\LD AT LEA/ BE POSSIBLE TO HAVE RUL]S :O >E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 !IR [N AGGR&IZEM5T BUT ONLY AB\T ! PUBLIC WELF>E4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT ! EFFECTS ( P[] T5D TO BE 5DLESSLY EUPHEMIZ$ OR EXPLA9$ AWAY4 ,AFRICAN COSMOLOGICAL SY/EMS SEEM$ TO LACK BO? FEATURES3 PROBABLY1 BECAUSE !Y W]E LESS 9CL9$ TO SEE HUMAN MOTIVATION AS1 SAY1 A DESIRE = WEAL?1 OR PLEASURES ?AT C\LD BE AB/RACT$ FROM1 OR IMAG9$ 9DEP5D5TLY FROM1 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 :I* !Y W]E REALIZ$4 ,!Y T5D$ TO ASSUME ?AT :AT PEOPLE DESIR$ WAS P[] ITSELF4.<#a#c.> ,IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE ?US TO IMAG9E A =M ( POLITICAL P[] :I* WAS NOT - AT LEA/ P>TLY - CON/ITUT$ BY ! V]Y =M ( EVIL :I* ! WE/]N TRADITION SAW AS ! MEANS TO TRANSC5D4.<#a#d.> ,P]HAPS = ?IS REASON1 :AT ,EUROPEANS N]V\SLY EUPHEMIZ$ WAS EXACTLY :AT ,AFRICANS SEEM$ TO SELFCONSCI\SLY EXAGG]ATE4 ,ONE MI<T CONSID] H]E ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! FAM\S 'DIV9E' K+%IPS ( MU* ( ,AFRICA1 :OSE SUBJECTS 9SI/$ ?AT ANY RUL] :O BECAME WEAK OR FRAIL W\LD BE PROMPTLY KILL$1 BUT 9 :I*1 9 ACTUAL FACT1 ?IS SEEMS TO HAVE HAPP5$ ONLY R>ELY1 ) AN 9/ITUTION LIKE ,AUGU/9E'S ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 :I* CLAIM$ TO BE ! EMBODIM5T ( RATIONAL LAW & GU>DIAN ( PUBLIC ORD] BUT :OSE ACTUAL RUL]S MURD]$ ONE ANO!R ) SU* SAVAGE CONSI/5CY ?AT IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO COME UP ) AN EXAMPLE ( AN EMP]OR :O DI$ A NATURAL DEA?4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 #a#g?& #a#h?-C5TURY ,EUROPE1 ,AFRICAN /ATES DEVELOP$ A REPUTATION = BE+ EXTRAORD9>ILY BLOOD?IR/Y1 S9CE !IR REPRES5TATIVES & SUBJECTS NEV] SAW ANY PO9T 9 DISGUIS+ ! ESS5TIALLY MURD]\S NATURE ( /ATE P[]4 ,?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ACTUAL SCALE ( KILL+ EV5 BY ! ,G&A OR ,ZULU /ATES WAS NEGLIGIBLE 9 COMP>ISON ) ! DEVA/ATION WREAK$ 9 W>S )9 ,EUROPE AT ! SAME TIME - NOT EV5 TO M5TION ) :AT ,EUROPEANS W]E PREP>$ TO DO TO ANYBODY ELSE4 

,! ,M,A,T,],I,A,L,I,T,Y ,( ,P,[,] 

,ANO!R WAY TO UND]/& ! DIFF]5CE IS TO LOOK AT ! CONTRA/+ WAYS 9 :I* P[] WAS SE5 TO TAKE ON MAT]IAL SUB/ANCE OR TANGIBLE =M4 ,= ,PIETZ'S M]*ANTS1 ( C\RSE1 ! EMPHASIS WAS ON MAT]IAL VALUABLES1 BEAUTIFUL OR FASC9AT+ OBJECTS - OR SOMETIMES >TIFICIALLY BEAUTIFI$ PEOPLE - & !IR P[]S TO 5*ANT OR ATTRACT4 ,! VALUE ( AN OBJECT WAS ITS P[]4 ,9 ! ,AFRICAN CASES WE HAVE LOOK$ AT1 AT LEA/1 P[] IS IMAG9$ ABOVE ALL AS A MAT]IAL SUB/ANCE 9SIDE ! BODY3 TSAV1 NDOKI4 ,?IS IS 5TIRELY 9 KEEP+ ) ! DI/9CTIONS SKET*$ \T E>LI]1 BUT IT ALSO HAS AN 9T]E/+ COROLL>Y1 :I* IS1 9 A S5SE1 TO SY/EMATICALLY SUBV]T ?AT PR9CIPLE ( REPRES5TATION :I* IS ! V]Y LOGICAL BASIS ( ANY SY/EM ( LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY4 ,H]E ,I CAN ONLY REF] TO AN >GUM5T ,I HAVE MADE AT GREAT] L5G? 7,GRAEB]1 #a#i#i#g73 ?AT ANY SY/EM 9 :I* ONE MEMB] ( A GR\P CAN CLAIM TO REPRES5T ! GR\P AS A :OLE NECESS>ILY 5TAILS SETT+ ?AT MEMB] (F 9 A WAY RESEMBL+ ! ,DURKHEIMIAN NOTION ( ! SACR$1 AS SET AP>T FROM ! /UFFS & SUB/ANCES ( ! MAT]IAL WORLD1 EV51 TO A C]TA9 DEGREE1 AB/RACT$ FROM IT4 ,MU* ( ! ETIQUETTE SURR\ND+ FIGURES ( AU?ORITY ALWAYS T5DS TO C5T] ON D5IAL ( WAYS 9 :I* ! BODY IS CONT9U\S ) ! WORLD2 ! TACIT IMAGE IS ALWAYS ?AT ( AN AUTONOM\S BE+ :O NE$S NO?+4 ,! IDEAL ( ! RATIONAL1 DIS9T]E/$ /ATE SEEMS TO BE JU/ ONE P>TICUL> LOCAL V>IATION ( ?IS V]Y COMMON !ME1 9H]5T1 ,I HAVE >GU$1 TO ANY REAL NOTION ( HI]>*Y4 

,IT IS NOT ?AT ! LOGIC ( HI]>*Y IS NOT PRES5T - ONE MI<T WELL >GUE IT ALWAYS IS1 9 SOME =M OR ANO!R - BUT RA!R ?AT ?+S SEEM TO WORK 9 SU* A WAY AS TO CON/ANTLY SUBV]T IT4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ONE CAN'T REALLY UND]/& EV5 ! FAM\S ,TIV SY/EM ( SPH]ES ( EX*ANGE )\T TAK+ ?IS 9TO ACC\NT4 ,! SY/EM1 AS MAPP$ \T BY ,PAUL ,BOHANNAN 9 AN ESSAY 9 #aiee 7SEE ALSO ,BOHANNAN1 #a#i#e#i71 IS REALLY QUITE SIMPLE4 ,EV]Y?+ CONSID]$ WOR? EX*ANG+1 ALL ?+S ( VALUE1 FELL 9TO ONE ( ?REE CATEGORIES2 ?+S ( EA* CATEGORY C\LD1 ORD9>ILY1 BE EX*ANG$ ONLY = EA* O!R4 ,! RESULT+ SPH]ES ( EX*ANGE =M$ A HI]>*Y4 ,AT ! BOTTOM W]E EV]YDAY GOODS LIKE FOOD OR TOOLS OR COOK+ OIL1 :I* C\LD BE CONTRIBUT$ TO K9 OR FRI5DS OR SOLD 9 LOCAL M>KETS4 ,NEXT UP W]E PRE/IGE GOODS SU* AS BRASS RODS1 SLAVES1 A C]TA9 :ITE CLO?1 & MAGICAL S]VICES SU* AS ?OSE PROVID$ BY [N]S ( AKOMBO4 ,! HI<E/ CONSI/$ 9 NO?+ BUT RI<TS 9 WOM51 S9CE ALL M>RIAGES1 BE=E ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 W]E CONSID]$ EX*ANGES ( ONE WOMAN = ANO!R - OR MORE EXACTLY1 ( !IR REPRODUCTIVE P[]S - & !RE WAS A COMPLICAT$ SY/EM ( 'W>DS' :]EBY MALE HEADS ( H\SEHOLD C\LD ACQUIRE RI<TS 9 WOM5 SE5 AS [$ !M 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R & M>RY !M (F 9 EX*ANGE = NEW WIVES1 EV5 IF !Y DID NOT HAVE AN UNM>RI$ SI/] OR DAU<T] ( !IR [N4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 DIVISION BETWE5 SPH]ES WAS NEV] ABSOLUTE4 ,IT WASPOSSIBLE TO CONV]T FOOD 9TO VALUABLES1 IF ONE F\ND SOMEONE SUFFICI5TLY DESP]ATE = FOOD1 OR1 UND] O!R CIRCUM/ANCES1 VALUABLES 9TO ADDITIONAL WIVES4 ,TO DO SO TOOK A '/RONG HE>T'1 :I* ACCORD+ TO ,BOHANNAN WAS 9H]5TLY ADMIRABLE 7'MORALLY POSITIVE'71 ?\< ONE HAS TO IMAG9E SOME:AT AMBIVAL5TLY SO1 S9CE HAV+ A /RONG HE>T MEANT1 PRECISELY1 ?AT ONE HAD ?AT YELL[ SUB/ANCE ON ONE'S HE>T :I* ALSO MADE ONE A WIT*4.<#a#e.> 

,OBVI\SLY1 ! SY/EM IS ALL AB\T MALE CONTROL ( WOM54 ,! SORT ( GOODS ?AT >E L>GELY PRODUC$ & M>KET$ BY WOM5 >E RELEGAT$ TO ! MO/ HUMBLE CATEGORY2 ?OSE CONTROLL$ BY M5 RANK HI<]2 ! HI<E/ SPH]E CONSI/S SOLELY ( M5'S RI<TS 9 ! WOM5 !MSELVES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ONE C\LD SAY AS ONE MOVES UP ! SPH]ES1 M5 >E 9CREAS+LY GA9+ CONTROL ( ! CAPACITY TO CREATE SOCIAL =M 7H\SEHOLDS1 DESC5T1 G5EALOGY 44472 CONV]T+ UPW>DS FROM FOOD & TOOLS ?AT CAN M]ELY KEEP PEOPLE ALIVE1 TO OBJECTS ) ! CAPACITY TO ASSEMBLE CLI5TAGES1 & !N F9ALLY1 TO ! P[] TO CREATE DESC5T ITSELF4 ,S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 :5 ONE ASSEMBLES WIVES & W>DS ONE IS NOT1 TE*NICALLY SPEAK+1 TRAFFICK+ 9 WOM5 SO MU* AS 9 !IR REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES4 ,ALL ( ?IS ONE DOES BY MANIPULAT+ DEBT1 9 ITS V>I\S MANIFE/ATIONS1 PLAC+ O!RS 9 A POSITION ( OBLIGATION4 ,?IS 9 TURN MAKES IT EASI] TO UND]/& :AT'S REALLY GO+ ON ) /ORIES AB\T WIT*CRAFT & ! FLE% DEBT1 :AT ,I W\LD PROPOSE %\LD REALLY BE CONSID]$ ! F\R? SPH]E1 S9CE IT M>KS ! ULTIMATE FATE ( ?OSE ) '/RONG HE>TS'4 ,?IS IS :]E ! :OLE SY/EM COLLAPSES ON ITSELF1 ! DIRECTION IS UTT]LY REV]S$3 S9CE ?OSE :O >E MO/ SUCCESSFUL 9 MANIPULAT+ NETWORKS ( DEBT TO GA9 SU* P[]S OV] CREATION >E DISCOV]$1 H]E1 TO BE 9 A POSITION ( LIMITLESS DEBT !MSELVES1 & H5CE =C$ TO CONSUME ! V]Y HUMAN SUB/ANCE ! SY/EM IS O/5SIBLY CONC]N$ TO PRODUCE4 ,9 /RIK+ CONTRA/ ) ! WE/]N V]SION1 ! 9SATIABLE DESIRE = CONSUMPTION1 :5 IT DOES APPE>1 IS NOT A DESIRE = WEAL? BUT = ! DIRECT CONSUMPTION ( HUMAN BE+S1 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! POLITICAL P[] :I*1 9 ! ,EUROPEAN V]SION1 IS USUALLY IMAG9$ AS ! ONLY ?+ CAPABLE ( CONTROLL+ IT4 

,N[1 ALL ?IS MI<T SEEM APPROPRIATE TO AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY LIKE ! ,TIV1 :I* ONE W\LD EXPECT TO BE SOME:AT AMBIVAL5T AB\T ! NATURE ( SOCIAL P[] & AU?ORITY4 ,! SURPRIS+ ?+1 !N1 IS H[ MU* ( ?IS IS REPRODUC$1 ALMO/ EXACTLY UN*ANG$1 9 ! ,BA,KONGO MAT]IAL1 :]E ! POLITICAL SITUATION WAS SO DIFF]5T4 ,GRANT$ IT WAS NOT 5TIRELY DIFF]5T - ?IS WAS AN >EA :]E C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY HAD BE5 BE+ EFFECTIVELY BROK5 D[N = G5]ATIONS 7,EKHOLM ,FRI$MAN1 #a#i#i#a72 BUT ! P>ALLELS >E /RIK+1 EV5 D[N TO ! SMALL DETAILS LIKE ! PAYM5TS 'BY DAY' & 'BY NI<T'4 ,! FEW SALI5T DIFF]5CES DO SEEM TO REFLECT A GREAT] ACCEPTANCE ( SOCIAL HI]>*Y AMONG ! ,BA,KONGO 7AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE74 ,!RE IS MORE ( AN OV]T WILL+NESS TO SEE K9DOKI AS CAPABLE ( S]V+ ! COMMON GOOD1 &1 SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,I ?9K1 ALSO A T5D5CY TO TREAT ! :OLE MATT] ( WIT*CRAFT MORE AB/RACTLY4 ,:ILE !RE IS SOME OCCASIONAL TALK ( FEA/+ ON DIS9T]R$ BODIES1 ! USUAL IMAG]Y IS ( A K9D ( DISEMBODI$ VAMPIRIC P[] FE$+ (F ! S\L-/UFF ( ITS VICTIMS - :I*1 IF NO?+ ELSE1 %[S A RELUCTANCE TO *ALL5GE ! FUNDAM5TAL LOGIC ( REPRES5TATION ?R\< AB/RACTION ON :I* ANY SY/EM ( LEGITIMATE RULE MU/1 IT W\LD SEEM1 EV5TUALLY RE/4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?\<1 !SE >E M9OR DIFF]5CES4 

,D,I,F,F,],5,T ,S,O,R,T,S ,( ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,C,O,N,T,R,A,C,T 

,! FIR/ ,PORTUGUESE & ,DUT* S\RCES1 AS ,I M5TION$1 SEEM 5TIRELY OBLIVI\S TO ALL ?IS4 ,CAU<T UP AS !Y >E ) !IR [N NEWF\ND MAT]IALISM1 QUE/IONS ( ECONOMIC VALUE - & 9 P>TICUL>1 VALUE 9 EX*ANGE - W]E ! ONLY ONES ?AT REALLY CONC]N$ !M4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT1 ODDLY 5\<1 AT ! MOM5T :5 ,HOBBES WAS WRIT+ HIS FAM\S !ORY ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT 7#a#f#e#a71 HE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 5TIRELY UNAW>E ?AT1 9 ,AFRICA1 SOCIAL CONTRACTS NOT SO DIFF]5T FROM ! SORT HE IMAG9$ W]E /ILL BE+ MADE ON A REGUL> BASIS4 

,?IS BR+S ONE BACK TO ! QUE/IONS ) :I* WE BEGAN3 AB\T ! NATURE ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,! MA9 WAY ( TALK+ AB\T SU* MATT]S 9 ! WE/]N 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION1 = ! LA/ SEV]AL C5TURIES1 HAS BE5 PRECISELY ?R\< ! IDIOM ( CONTRACTS1 SOCIAL OR O!RWISE4 ,AS ,I M5TION$ AT ! />T ( ! >TICLE1 ,M>CEL ,MAUSS CLAIM$ ?AT HIS ESSAY ON ! GIFT 7#a#i#b#e71 9 FACT1 WAS REALLY P>T ( A MU* L>G] PROJECT ON ! ORIG9S ( ! NOTION ( ! CONTRACT & ( ! NOTION ( CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION4 ,HIS CONCLUSION - A RA!R /RIK+ ONE - WAS ?AT ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y =M ( SOCIAL CONTRACT WAS1 9 FACT1 COMMUNISM3 AN OP5-5D$ AGREEM5T BETWE5 TWO GR\PS1 OR EV5 TWO 9DIVIDUALS1 TO PROVIDE = ! O!R2 )9 :I*1 EV5 ACCESS TO ONE ANO!R'S POSSESSIONS FOLL[$ ! PR9CIPLE ( 'FROM EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITIES1 TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S'4 ,ORIG9ALLY1 HE >GU$1 !RE W]E TWO POSSIBILITIES3 TOTAL W>1 OR 'TOTAL RECIPROCITY'4 ,! LATT] 9=M$ EV]Y?+ FROM MOIETY /RUCTURES 7:]E ?OSE ON ONE SIDE ( A VILLAGE CAN ONLY M>RY ! DAU<T]S ( ?OSE ON ! O!R1 OR ONLY EAT FOOD GR[N ON ! O!R1 OR ONLY ! O!RS CAN BURY !IR DEAD7 TO RELATIONS ( 9DIVIDUALI/IC COMMUNISM SU* AS APPLI$ BETWE5 CLOSE FRI5DS1 OR 9-LAWS OR1 9 \R [N SOCIETY1 HUSB& & WIFE4 ,?IS LAT] GETS REFRACT$ 9TO V>I\S MORE SPECIFIC =MS ( GIFT RELATION1 & !N ( C\RSE EV5TUALLY Y\ GET ! M>KET1 BUT 'TOTAL RECIPROCITY' REMA9S ! K9D ( BASEL9E ( SOCIALITY1 EV5 TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,?IS IS :Y1 ,MAUSS SUGGE/S1 WAGE LABOR CONTRACTS SEEM SO UNSATISFY+ TO ?OSE ON ! RECEIV+ 5D2 !RE IS /ILL ?AT UND]LY+ ASSUMPTION ?AT VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5TS 7SU* AS1 SAY1 M>RIAGE7 %\LD 9VOLVE AN OP5-5D$ COMMITM5T TO RESPOND TO ONE ANO!R'S NE$S4 

,ALA9 ,CAILLE 7#b7 SUMS UP ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! FIR/ SORT ( CONTRACT1 & GIFT RELATIONS 9 G5]AL1 & ! MORE FAMILI> CONTRACT AS BETWE5 'CONDITIONAL UNCONDITIONALITY' & 'UNCONDITIONAL CONDITIONALITY'4 ,! FIR/ IS AN UNLIMIT$ COMMITM5T1 BUT EI!R P>TY IS FREE TO BREAK IT (F AT ANY TIME2 ! SECOND SPECIFIES PRECISELY :AT IS [$ BY EA* P>TY1 NO MORE & NO LESS - BUT )9 ?AT1 EA* P>TY IS ABSOLUTELY B\ND4 ,MY [N WORK ON TRADE CURR5CIES1 & 9 P>TICUL> :AT HAPP5$ TO BEADS OR %ELL CURR5CY ONCE !Y LEFT ! CIRCUITS ( ! TRADE 7,GRAEB]1 #b#a71 REVEAL$ SOME /RIK+ PATT]NS4 ,EV]Y?+ SEEM$ TO TURN ON ! PRES5CE OR ABS5CE ( AN 9T]NAL M>KET4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 BELTS ( WAMPUM1 ORIG9ALLY ACQUIR$ 9 ! FUR TRADE1 W]E NEV] US$ AS MONEY BY 9DIG5\S PEOPLE :5 DEAL+ ) EA* O!R 79 FACT !RE W]E NO M>KET RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIG5\S PEOPLE ( ANY K9D AT ALL72 9/EAD !Y BECAME A KEY ELEM5T 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( SOCIAL PEACE4 ,! ,IROQUOIS ,CONF$]ATION1 = EXAMPLE1 SAW !MSELVES AS EM]G+ FROM A K9D ( ,HOBBESIAN P]IOD ( W> ( ALL AGA9/ ALL1 BUT IT WAS CAUS$ NOT BY COMPETITION OV] WEAL? & P[] BUT BY ! P[] ( GRIEF & M\RN+1 :I* TWI/$ HUMANS 9TO MON/R\S CREATURES CRAV+ V5GEANCE & DE/RUCTION4 ,WAMPUM1 9 COMP>ISON1 WAS NEV] SE5 AS CAUS+ ANYONE TO HURT ANYBODY ELSE4 ,WAMPUM WAS CRY/ALLIZ$ PEACE1 A SUB/ANCE ( LI<T & BEAUTY ) ! P[] TO HEAL & OP5 ?OSE W\ND$ & CRAMP$ BY RAGE2 GIFTS ( WAMPUM CLE>$ ! WAY TO OP5-5D$ RELATIONS ( MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITY ( JU/ ! SORT ,MAUSS SEEM$ TO HAVE 9 M9D 7#a#i#d#g74 ,9 ,MADAGASC>1 9 CONTRA/1 :]E BUY+ & SELL+ WAS EV]Y:]E1 TRADE BEADS &1 LAT]1 ORNAM5TS MADE ( MELT$ SILV] CO9S1 BECAME ELEM5TS 9 *>MS 7ODY1 SAMPY1 & SO ON7 ?AT OP]AT$ V]Y MU* LIKE ,WE/ ,AFRICAN FETI%ES3 !Y MI<T NOT HAVE EMBODI$ DISEASES1 QUITE1 BUT !Y W]E CAPABLE ( BE+ HI<LY PUNITIVE 9 !IR EFFECTS4 ,IF ANY?+1 9 ,MADAGASC> ! ,HOBBESIAN LOGIC BECOMES MU* MORE EXPLICIT1 BECAUSE ?IS WAS ALSO ! WAY ONE CREAT$ SOV]EIGN P[] & ! /ATE4 

,H]E AGA9 ,I CAN ONLY SUMM>IZE A MU* MORE ELABORATE >GUM5T 7,GRAEB]1 #a#i#i#e1 #b#a71 BUT ! GI/ GOES SOME?+ LIKE ?IS4 ,SILV] CO9S1 :I* CAME 9TO ,MADAGASC> L>GELY ?R\< ! SLAVE TRADE1 & :I* W]E MELT$ D[N TO CREATE ORNAM5TS & BROK5 UP TO CREATE SMALL] D5OM9ATIONS ( CURR5CY :I* PEOPLE ACTUALLY US$ 9 DAILY LIFE1 W]E ALSO US$1 9 ,IM]9A1 TO CREATE ! P[] ( K+S4 ,EV]Y MAJOR EV5T AT :I* ! RUL] APPE>$ WAS M>K$ BY 'GIV+ HAS9A'1 ! PRES5TATION ( UNBROK5 SILV] CO9S BY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE TO ! K+ - UNBROK5 TO REPRES5T ! UNITY ( ! K+DOM CREAT$ BY ?IS ACT ( RECOGNITION4 ,! ULTIMATE MESSAGE WAS ?AT BY DO+ SO1 ! PEOPLE CREAT$ ROYAL P[]1 9 EXACTLY ! WAY ?AT ONE CREAT$ A *>M OR FETI%4 ,EV5 MORE CRITICALLY1 9 ! ,M]9A K+DOM1 EV]Y TIME TWO PEOPLE CAME TO ANY SORT ( BUS9ESS AGREEM5T1 OR = ?AT MATT] EV]Y TIME MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY CAME TO AGREEM5T ON ! DISPOSAL ( PROP]TY OR ! MA9T5ANCE ( IRRIGATION WORKS1 !Y 9V>IABLY SEAL$ ! CONTRACT BY 'GIV+ HAS9A' TO ! K+ 7,GRAEB]1 #a#i#i#e3 #i#f-#a#i71 RECREAT+ ?AT P[] ( VIOL5CE :I* B\ND !M TO !IR CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS4.<#a#f.> ,IT IS NOT ?AT CONTRACTS ( ! MORE OP5-5D$1 ,MAUSSIAN V>IETY1 DID NOT EXI/ 9 ,MADAGASC> OR = ?AT MATT] 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA4 ,MO/ (T51 !Y >E REF]R$ TO 9 ! LIT]ATURE UND] ! RUBRIC ( 'RITUALS ( BLOOD BRO!RHOOD'4 ,9 ,MALAGASY !SE >E CALL$ FATIDRA4 ,9 #a#i?-C5TURY TEXTS GA!R$ BY MISSION>IES - ! ,TANT>A NY ,&RIANA 7,CALLET1 #a#i#h3 #h#e#a7 OR ,FOMBA ,GASY 7,C\S9S1 #a#i#f#h3 #i#c-#d2 SEE ALSO ,ELLIS1 #a#h#c#h1 VOL4 #a3 #a#h#g-#i2 ,SIBREE1 #a#h#g#e1 #a#h#i#g7 - !Y >E 9DE$ TREAT$ AS ! MO/ BASIC1 EV5 PRIMORDIAL1 =M ( CONTRACT 7MO/ BUS9ESS P>TN]S1 = 9/ANCE1 SEEM TO HAVE BE5 B\ND TOGE!R 9 ?IS WAY74 ,! TWO P>TIES W\LD EA* PUT A LITTLE ( !IR BLOOD TOGE!R 9 A PIECE ( LIV]1 EAT ! LIV]1 & !N W\LD SWE> ALWAYS TO BE RESPONSIVE TO ONE ANO!R'S NE$S1 NEV] REFUSE HELP 9 A CRISIS1 NEV] REFUSE FOOD :5 ! O!R IS HUNGRY1 & SO ON4 ,H[EV]1 ! ACTUAL BODY ( ! OA? TAKES ! =M ( IMPRECATIONS1 9VOK+ AN 9VISIBLE SPIRIT CREAT$ BY ! RITUAL & CALL+ ON IT TO WREAK EV]Y SORT ( DISA/] & HAVOC UPON !M %\LD !Y EV] FAIL TO LIVE UP TO !SE OBLIGATIONS4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! CREATION ( COMMUNAL TIES3 PEOPLE 9SI/$ 79 FACT1 !Y /ILL 9SI/7 ?AT EV5 BE=E !RE W]E K+S1 ?OSE CREAT+ NEW COMMUNITIES W\LD BEG9 BY 'GIV+ HAS9A' TO SOME /ONE OR TREE OR O!R OBJECT :I* W\LD !N HAVE ! P[] TO 5=CE !IR COMMUNAL OBLIGATIONS1 TO PUNI% OR AT LEA/ EXPEL ?OSE :O DID NOT RESPECT ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 

,:5 ,MAUSS DESCRIB$ 'TOTAL RECIPROCITY' HE WAS ?9K+ ( ! SORT ( AGREEM5TS ?AT W\LD BE MADE 9 ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( M>KET 9/ITUTIONS3 H]E1 WE >E DEAL+ ) SOCIETIES DEEPLY 5TANGL$ 9 M>KET RELATIONS2 9 FACT1 (T51 RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE HAD LITTLE ELSE 9 COMMON4 ,IT IS H>D TO ESCAPE ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! G5]IC P[] ( MONEY - AS ! ONE ?+ ALREADY B9D+ ! P>TIES TOGE!R - ITSELF BECAME ! MODEL = ?AT 9VISIBLE P[] :I* WAS1 AS IT W]E1 TURN$ BACK AGA9/ ITSELF TO MA9TA9 COMMITM5TS EV5 :5 IT MI<T HAVE BE5 9 ONE P>TY'S %ORT-T]M F9ANCIAL 9T]E/ NOT TO4 ,H5CE1 EV5 ! '9DIVIDUALI/IC COMMUNISM' ( BLOOD BRO!RHOOD 5DS UP SUBSUM$ UND] ?AT SAME LOGIC4 

,! COMP>ISON ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,MADAGASC> IS TELL+1 ,I ?9K1 BECAUSE 9 BO? CASES /UFF :I* IS AN EMBODIM5T ( PURE VALUE1 & :I* IS SE5 AS COM+ FROM V]Y F> AWAY1 BECOMES ! BASIC M$IUM = ! CREATION ( NEW SOCIAL TIES - = SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,! ,IROQUOIS ( ! ,SIX ,NATIONS US$ WAMPUM TO CREATE PEACE1 BUT 9 FACT :AT WE CALL SOCIETY WAS1 = !M1 PEACE3 ! ',LEAGUE ( ! ,IROQUOIS' WAS CALL$ ',! ,GREAT ,PEACE'1 & ! PRES5TATION ( WAMPUM BECAME ! M$IUM = CREAT+ ALL SORTS ( CONTRACTS1 MUTUAL AGREEM5TS & NEW 9/ITUTIONAL =MS 7SEE ,GRAEB]1 #b#a3 #a#b#e-#f1 #a#c#b-#d74 ,9 ! ,MALAGASY - & ALSO ,AFRICAN - CASES WE >E LOOK+ AT ! M$IA = ! CREATION ( AGREEM5TS1 COMMUNITIES1 EV5 K+DOMS4 

,?AT ?IS %\LD SO (T5 9VOLVE MANIPULATION ( OBJECTS ( ALI51 & APP>5TLY UNIV]SAL1 VALUE %\LD P]HAPS COME AS NO SURPRISE4 ,NO D\BT WE >E JU/ DEAL+ ) ! FAMILI> /RUCTURAL PR9CIPLE ?AT A SOCIAL FIELD1 OR LOGICAL DOMA91 CANNOT BE CON/ITUT$ EXCEPT 9 RELATION TO SOME?+ :I* IS NOT P>T ( IT1 SOME?+ TRANSC5D5T OR ANYWAY ALI54 ,A CON/ITUTION CANNOT BE CREAT$ BY CON/ITUTIONAL MEANS2 BE+S CAPABLE ( E/ABLI%+ A SY/EM ( JU/ICE CANNOT !MSELVES BE B\ND BY ?AT SY/EM ( JU/ICE2 ALWAYS ONE NE$S SOME?+ ELSE4 ,?IS MU* IS /RAI<T=W>D 5\<4 ,BUT IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT TO /RESS ?AT !SE OBJECTS W]E1 ULTIMATELY1 ONLY ! M$IUM4 ,H5CE :AT !Y >E IS ULTIMATELY SOME:AT >BITR>Y3 ONE CAN USE VALUABLE OBJECTS FROM F>AWAY L&S1 OR ONE CAN1 9 FACT1 USE PRETTY MU* ANY R&OM OBJECT ONE LAYS ONE'S H&S ON1 'A ,LION'S ,TAIL 444 A ,BIRD'S ,FEA!R 444 A ,PEBBLE1 A ,BIT ( ,RAG'4 ,9 ?IS1 ,PIETZ'S S\RCES HAD A PO9T1 BECAUSE ?IS IS EXACTLY ! MOM5T :]E ! >BITR>9ESS ( VALUE COMES FULLY 9TO FOCUS4 ,BECAUSE REALLY1 CREATIVITY IS NOT AN ASPECT ( ! OBJECTS AT ALL1 IT'S A DIM5SION ( ACTION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ! NEW DOES 9 FACT EM]GE FROM ! OLD1 & ! NUM9\S1 ALI5 NATURE ( ! OBJECT IS REALLY ! DEGREE TO :I* IT REFLECTS ON ?AT ASPECT ( \R [N ACTIONS ?AT IS1 9 A S5SE1 ALI5 TO \RSELVES4 

,\,R ,[,N ,A,C,T,I,O,N,S ,C,O,M,+ ,B,A,C,K ,A,T ,U,S 

,H]E ( C\RSE IS :]E WE />T1 F9ALLY1 MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,M>XIAN NOTION ( ! FETI%3 OBJECTS :I* SEEM TO TAKE ON HUMAN QUALITIES :I* >E1 ULTIMATELY1 REALLY D]IV$ FROM ! ACTORS !MSELVES4 

,NOT ?AT WE >E SPEAK+ ( PURE MY/IFICATION H]E4 ,AS ,I HAVE TRI$ TO DEMON/RATE 9 MY ANALYSIS ( ! ,M]9A ,ROYAL ,BA? C]EMONY 7#b#a3 #b#c#b-#i71 & HAS9A RITUAL 9 G5]AL1 PEOPLE W]E NOT 5TIRELY UNAW>E ?AT IT WAS ! RITUAL ?AT MADE ! K+1 ?AT :AT CON/RUCT$ ROYAL P[] WAS NOT ! CO91 BUT ! ACTION ( GIV+ IT4 ,?IS WAS TACIT 9 ! RITUAL ITSELF1 & /AT$ EXPLICITLY JU/ (F-/AGE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,MALAGASY *>MS 9VOLV$ ! GIV+ ( AN OA? OR PL$GE BY ?OSE PROTECT$ BY !M1 OR OV] :OM !Y HAD P[]2 )\T ?AT1 IT WAS SIMPLY A P[]LESS OBJECT4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ONCE GIV51 ! OBJECT WAS TREAT$ AS HAV+ A P[] ( ITS [N4 ,SOME?+ SIMIL> SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 WIDELY RECOGNIZ$ BY ,WE/ ,AFRICAN 'FETI%I/S'4 ,9 FACT1 IF ONE LOOKS OV] ! LIT]ATURE SURVEY$ BY ,PIETZ1 ONE SEES ! EXACT SAME EMPHASIS ON ACTION3 H]E1 TAK+ A COLLECTIVE OA? C\LD BE CALL$ 'MAK+' OR 'DR9K+' OR 'EAT+' FETI%1 PHRASES :I* APPE> TO BE DIRECT TRANSLATIONS FROM ,AFRICAN LANGUAGES4 ,A FETI% IS SOME?+ ONE MAKES1 OR DOES3 

,OBLIGATORY ,SWE>+ !Y ALSO CALL1 MAK+ ( ,FETI*E'S2 ,IF ANY ,OBLIGATION IS TO BE CONFIRM$1 !IR ,PHRASE IS1 LET US AS A F>!R ,CONFIRMATION MAKE ,FETI*E'S4 ,:5 !Y DR9K ! ,OA?-,DRAFT1 'TIS USUALLY ACCOMPANI$ ) AN ,IMPRECATION1 ?AT ! ,FETI*E MAY KILL !M IF !Y DO NOT P]=M ! ,CONT5TS ( !IR ,OBLIGATION4 7,BOSMAN1 #aifg .<#a#g#e.>3 #a#d#i7 

,! BASIC SEQU5CE H]E - PEOPLE CREATE 7'MAKE'7 SOME?+2 !N !Y ACT AS IF ?AT ?+ HAS P[] OV] !M - IS ( C\RSE JU/ ! SORT ( ?+ ,M>X WAS ?9K+ ( :5 HE SPOKE ( 'FETI%ISM'4 ,!RE >E TWO CURI\S ?+S H]E4 ,ONE IS ?AT ?OSE 9VOLV$ SEEM$ NOT 5TIRELY UNAW>E ?AT ?IS WAS HAPP5+3 BO? ?AT !SE OBJECTS W]E CON/RUCT$ &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ?AT !Y CAME TO HAVE SOME K9D ( P[] OV] ?OSE :O CON/RUCT$ !M4 ,?IS IS V]Y IMPORTANT ,I ?9K & ,I WILL TRY TO CONSID] ! FULL IMPLICATIONS 9 A MOM5T4 ,! O!R CURI\S ?+ IS ?AT ,PIETZ DOES NOT EV5 CONSID] ANY ( ?IS4 ,9 FACT1 EV5 :5 HE TURNS TO LOOK AT ,M>X'S [N WORK 7,PIETZ1 #a#i#i#c71 ,PIETZ CONSID]S EV]Y DEF9ITION ( FETI%ISM1 EV]Y ASPECT1 O!R ?AN ! SIMPLE/ & MO/ COMMON ONE3 ?AT 'FETI%ISM' OCCURS :5 HUMAN BE+S 5D UP B[+ D[N BE=E & WOR%IP+ ?AT :I* !Y HAVE !MSELVES CREAT$4.<#a#g.> 

,N[1 ?IS IS A PECULI> OV]SI<T4 

,! REASON SEEMS TO LIE 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ,PIETZ'S >GUM5T3 ?AT '! FETI%' IS A CONCEPT ?AT EM]G$ )9 A PECULI> 9T]CULTURAL SPACE 9 :I* NEI!R EXI/+ ,EUROPEAN1 NOR EXI/+ ,AFRICAN CATEGORIES REALLY APPLI$4 ,HE CALLS IT A 'SPACE ( CULTURAL REVOLUTION'1.<#a#h.> 9 :I* ! 'CONCEPTUALITIES1 HABITS & LIFE =MS1 & VALUE SY/EMS' ( A NUMB] ( RADICALLY DIFF]5T SOCIAL SY/EMS 7FEUDAL ,*RI/IANITY1 PROTO-CAPITALI/ M]CANTILISM1 ,AFRICAN L9EAGE SY/EMS & SO ON7 W]E SUDD5LY JUXTAPOS$ & =C$ TO COME TO T]MS ) ONE ANO!R4 ,IT WAS !RE=E A SPACE ( CONT9UAL 9NOVATION & CULTURAL CREATIVITY1 AS EA* SIDE F\ND !IR EXI/+ PRACTICES & CATEGORIES 9ADEQUATE 9 DEAL+ ) ! O!RS1 ?AT A K9D ( PIDG9 CULTURE EM]G$1 P>TICUL>LY AMONG FIGURES LIKE ! TANGOMAOS1 ',PORTUGUESE SPEAK+ ADV5TUR]S & TRAD]S :O MADE !IR HOME ON ! ,GU9EA MA9L&1 9 DEFIANCE ( ! ORD]S ( ! CR[N1 & :O M>RI$ !RE & E/ABLI%$ MULATTO FAMILIES' 7,DONELHA 9 ,PIETZ1 #a#i#h#g3 #c#i74 

,9 ?IS SITUATION1 ,PIETZ >GUES1 ! /&>D ,*RI/IAN RUBRICS = DEAL+ ) ALI5 RELIGI\S PRACTICES JU/ DIDN'T SEEM TO WORK4 ,! MO/ COMMON ( !SE HAD BE5 'IDOLATRY'4 ,PAGANS WOR%IP$ IDOLS4 ,IDOLS W]E MAT]IAL IMAGES1 MADE BY HUMAN BE+S1 ?AT REPRES5T$ 9VISIBLE P[]S - CONCEIV$ AS A GOD1 A SPIRIT1 ?\< ! ,*RI/IAN KNEW !M TO BE REALLY DEMONS - ) :OM ! WOR%IP] CAME 9TO RELATION BY SOME K9D ( V]BAL COMPACT4 ,H]E WAS ! KEY DIFF]5CE ) FETI%ISM4 ,FETI%ES - AT LEA/ 9 ! DESCRIPTIONS ( ! FIR/ ,PORTUGUESE & ,DUT* TRAD]S - DID NOT REPRES5T ANY?+2 !Y W]E MAT]IAL OBJECTS SE5 AS HAV+ P[] 9 & ( !MSELVES2 IMAG9>Y PRODUCTS1 9 EFFECT1 ( ! M]*ANTS' [N MAT]IALI/IC COSMOLOGY4 ,AS ,WYATT ,MAC,GAFFEY NOT$ E>LY ON 7#a#i#i#d71 ?IS MAT]IALI/IC EMPHASIS WAS PRECISELY :AT WAS MISS+ FROM ! WAY ,AFRICANS TALK$ AB\T !SE ?+S 7MAK+ ONE WOND] H[ MU* ONE IS REALLY TALK+ AB\T A 'PIDG9 CULTURE' AT ALL74 ,SOME ( ! ITEMS LABEL$ 'FETI%ES' TOOK ! =M ( IMAGES1 MANY DID NOT2 BUT V]BAL COMPACTS & 9VISIBLE SPIRITS W]E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY 9VOLV$4 ,! =EIGN MISSION>IES :O W]E ! FIR/ TO E/ABLI% !MSELVES 9 ,IM]9A1 = 9/ANCE1 DID NOT HESITATE TO LABEL !IR ,M]9A EQUIVAL5TS 'IDOLS' 9/EAD ( 'FETI%ES'1 EV5 ?\< SAMPYONLY R>ELY TOOK REPRES5TATIONAL =M4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,MALAGASY 'IDOLS' & ,WE/ ,AFRICAN 'FETI%ES' SEEMS TO BE QUITE SIMPLY ?AT ! =M] W]E FIR/ NAM$ BY MISSION>IES & ! LATT] MA9LY BY M]*ANTS1 M5 REALLY ONLY CONC]N$ ) EX*ANGE & QUE/IONS ( MAT]IAL VALUE4 ,QUE/IONS ( PRODUCTION1 CREATION1 LET ALONE ! PRODUCTION OR CREATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 W]E SIMPLY ( LITTLE 9T]E/ TO ,PIETZ'S S\RCES4 ,AS A RESULT1 :AT IS TO ME1 AT LEA/1 ! MO/ FASC9AT+ ASPECT ( ! :OLE COMPLEX ( IDEAS DROPS AWAY3 ?AT IS1 ! NOTION ( 'MAK+ FETI%' 

 ?AT BY A =M ( COLLECTIVE 9VE/M5T ONE CAN1 9 EFFECT1 CREATE A NEW GOD ON ! SPOT 

 EV5 ?\< ?IS SEEMS TO BE :AT REALLY />TL$ ,EUROPEAN NEWCOM]S TO ,AFRICA1 & ULTIMATELY CAUS$ !M TO LAUN* 9TO PECULI> FANTASIES AB\T PEOPLE :O WOR%IP ! FIR/ ?+ !Y SEE 9 ! MORN+4 ,IT WAS ! IMPROVIZATIONAL QUALITY ( ! RITUAL SURR\ND+ FETI%ES :I* MADE IT APPE> TO !M ?AT 9 MANY ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES1 AT LEA/1 IT WAS P>TICUL>LY 9 ! DOMA9 ( RELIGION - :AT %\LD HAVE BE5 ! DOMA9 ( ET]NAL V]ITIES - ?AT EV]Y?+ WAS UP = GRABS1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ?IS WAS ALSO ! MA9 LOCUS = SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 AS WE WILL SEE1 ! ISSUE IS NOT SO MU* ?AT !SE W]E OBJECTS ?AT EXI/$ 9 A 'SPACE ( REVOLUTION'1 BUT RA!R ?AT !Y W]E !MSELVES REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTS4 

,N,E,C,E,S,S,>,Y ,I,L,L,U,S,I,O,N,S8 

,SO :AT IS A FETI%1 !N8 

,A FETI% IS A GOD UND] PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION4 

,AT LEA/1 IF 'FETI%' CAN /ILL BE US$ AS A TE*NICAL T]M 9 ?IS CONTEXT - & ( C\RSE !RE IS NO CONS5SUS ON ?IS PO9T - ?IS IS :AT ,I W\LD SUGGE/4 

,FETI%ES EXI/ PRECISELY AT ! PO9T :]E CONV5TIONAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 'MAGIC' & 'RELIGION' BECOME MEAN+LESS1 :]E *>MS BECOME DEITIES4 ,FRAZ] ( C\RSE >GU$ ?AT MAGIC IS A TE*NIQUE1 A WAY ( HUMANS TRY+ TO %APE ! WORLD TO !IR WILL - IF ONLY BY MI/AK5 TE*NIQUES - :ILE RELIGION WAS 9/EAD A MATT] ( SUBMITT+ TO AN EXT]NAL AU?ORITY4.<#a#i.> ,= ,DURKHEIM1 MAGIC WAS RITUAL PURSU$ = PURELY 9DIVIDUAL 5DS2 IT BECOMES RELIGION :5 IT ACQUIRES A *UR*1 A CONGREGATION1 BECAUSE RELIGION IS AB\T SOCIETY4 ,FETI%ISM !N IS ! PO9T :]E EA* SLIPS 9TO ! O!R3 :]E OBJECTS WE HAVE CREAT$ OR APPROPRIAT$ = \R [N PURPOSES SUDD5LY COME TO BE SE5 AS P[]S IMPOS$ ON US1 PRECISELY AT ! MOM5T :]E !Y COME TO EMBODY SOME NEWLY CREAT$ SOCIAL BOND4 

,?IS MAY S\ND RA!R AB/RACT BUT IF ONE LOOKS C>EFULLY AT ! E?NOGRAPHIC EVID5CE1 ?IS IS EXACTLY :AT HAPP5S4 ,ORD9>Y LIFE 9 RURAL ,MADAGASC> IS /ILL FULL ( DIFF]5T SORTS ( 'M$IC9E' 7FANAFODY71 A T]M :I* COV]S EV]Y?+ FROM H]BAL 9FUSIONS TO *>MS ) ! P[] TO BR+ BOLTS ( LI<TN+ D[N ON AN 5EMY'S HEAD4 ,MO/ PEOPLE KN[ H[ TO MAKE OR WORK ONE OR TWO SORTS1 OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 >E WILL+ TO ALL[ O!RS TO SPECULATE ?AT !Y MI<T4 ,! SIMPLE/ *>MS >E IMPROVIS$ = A SPECIFIC OCCASION1 O!RS >E MORE P]MAN5T3 V]Y IMPORTANT1 OLD] *>MS :I* AFFECT :OLE COMMUNITIES - *>MS :I* GU>D ! CROPS AGA9/ HAIL1 OR PROTECT VILLAGES FROM ?IEVES - :I* HAVE NAMES & HI/ORIES & KEEP]S1 OR EV5 HAVE TO BE R5EW$ 7LIKE K+S7 BY P]IODIC SACRIFICE4 ,9 E>LI] C5TURIES1 C]TA9 ( !SE W5T ON TO TAKE ON A MORE G5]AL ROLE AS PROTECTORS ( COMMUNITIES1 & !SE CAME TO BE KN[N AS 'SAMPY'4 ,!Y W]E ULTIMATELY COLLECTIONS ( BITS ( R>E WOOD1 BEADS & SILV] ORNAM5TS1 KEPT HIDD5 UND] CLO? OR 9 BOXES1 USUALLY ) LITTLE H\SES ( !IR [N2 SOMETIMES !Y SPOKE ?R\< !IR KEEP]S2 !Y HAD NAMES & /ORIES1 WILLS & DESIRES1 !Y RECEIV$ HOMAGE1 GAVE BLESS+S1 IMPOS$ TABOOS4 ,!Y W]E1 9 O!R WORDS1 V]Y MU* LIKE GODS4 ,ESPECIALLY SO :5 !Y CAME TO BE ADOPT$ 9TO ! ROYAL PAN!ON3 AT ANY GIV5 TIME1 ! K+ W\LD ADOPT #ab OR SO TO BE ! GU>DIANS ( ! K+DOM1 & !SE W\LD BE BORNE BE=E ! ROYAL >MY DUR+ CAMPAIGNS2 !Y W]E PRES5T AT IMPORTANT RITUALS2 !IR RITUAL DAYS W]E NATIONAL HOLIDAYS2 !IR KEEP]S A DE FACTO PRIE/HOOD4 ,!SE W]E ALSO ! 'IDOLS' - ) NAMES LIKE ,KELIMALAZA1 ,MANJAKATSIROA1 ,RAVOLOLONA - ?AT SO (F5D$ ! ,5GLI% MISSION>IES 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,YET ?IS WAS ALSO A V]Y UN/ABLE PAN!ON4 ,IF !SE W]E GODS - & 9 FACT !Y W]E CALL$ 'GODS' 7,&RIAMANITRA1 ! SAME WORD US$ = ! ,CREATOR1 OR LAT] ! ,*RI/IAN ,GOD7 - !IR HOLD ON GODHOOD SEEM$ REM>KABLY T5U\S4 ,NEW ONES W\LD APPE>2 OLD] ONES MI<T SLIP 9TO OBSCURITY1 OR ELSE BE EXPOS$ AS FRAUDS OR WIT*CRAFT & PURG$ FROM ! PAN!ON4 ,!RE LIT]ALLY WAS NO CLE> L9E BETWE5 ORD9>Y 'MAGIC' & DEITIES1 BUT = ?AT REASON1 ! DEITIES W]E A CON/ANT PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION4 ,!Y W]E NOT SE5 AS REPRES5T+ TIMELESS ESS5CES1.<#b.> BUT P[]S ?AT HAD PROV$1 AT LEA/ = ! MOM5T1 EFFECTIVE & B5EVOL5T4 

,WE/ ,AFRICAN 'FETI%ES' W]E NOT EXACTLY ! SAME AS ,M]9A SAMPY - !Y T5D$ TO BE MORE DE/RUCTIVE 9 !IR P[]S1 MORE CAU<T UP 9 ! LOGIC ( AFFLICTION2 !RE W]E O!R SUBTLE DIFF]5CES - BUT !RE TOO WE F9D ! SAME CONT9UUM BETWE5 CASUAL *>MS & QUASI-DEITIES1 ! SAME S5SE ( OBJECTS CREAT$ ?R\< HUMAN ACTIONS1 PROP]TY ?AT C\LD BE POSSESS$1 9H]IT$1 EV5 B\<T & SOLD2 TOOLS1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME OBJECTS ( OBEISANCE & ADORATION1 CAPABLE ( ACT+ ) POT5TIALLY DEVA/AT+ AUTONOMY4 

,SO :AT DOES ALL ?IS /RANGE !OLOGY HAVE TO DO ) SOCIAL CREATIVITY P] SE8 ,H]E ,I ?9K WE CAN F9ALLY RETURN TO ,M>X4 

,= ,M>X1 ! 'FETI%ISM ( COMMODITIES' WAS ONE P>TICUL> 9/ANCE ( A MU* MORE G5]AL PH5OM5ON ( 'ALI5ATION'4 ,COLLECTIVELY1 HUMAN BE+S CREATE !IR WORLDS1 BUT [+ TO ! EXTRAORD9>Y COMPLEXITY ( H[ ALL ?IS CREATIVE ACTIVITY IS COORD9AT$ SOCIALLY1 NO ONE CAN REALLY KEEP TRACK ( ! PROCESS1 LET ALONE TAKE CONTROL ( IT4 ,AS A RESULT1 WE >E CON/ANTLY CONFRONT+ \R [N ACTIONS & CREATIONS AS IF !Y W]E ALI5 P[]S4 ,FETI%ISM IS SIMPLY :5 ?IS HAPP5S TO MAT]IAL OBJECTS4 ,LIKE ,AFRICAN FETI%I/S1 ! >GUM5T GOES1 WE 5D UP MAK+ ?+S & !N TREAT+ !M LIKE GODS4 

,! ACTUAL >GUM5T 9 ,CAPITAL7#a#i#f#g .<#a#h#f#g.>3 *P4 #b7 IS ( C\RSE MU* MORE COMPLICAT$4 ,9 IT1 ,M>X IS MA9LY MAK+ A PO9T AB\T VALUE4.<#b#a.> ,= ,M>X1 VALUE ALWAYS COMES FROM LABOR1 OR1 TO BE MORE PRECISE1 VALUE IS ! SYMBOLIC =M ?R\< :I* \R LABORS BECOME MEAN+FUL TO US BY BECOM+ P>T ( SOME L>G] SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,YET 9 CAPITALISM1 CONSUM]S T5D TO SEE ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES AS SOMEH[ 9H]+ 9 ! OBJECTS !MSELVES1 RA!R ?AN 9 ! HUMAN EF=TS REQUIR$ TO PUT ?OSE QUALITIES 9 !M4 ,WE >E SURR\ND$ BY OBJECTS DESIGN$ & PRODUC$ = \R PLEASURE OR CONV5I5CE4 ,!Y EMBODY ! 9T5TIONS ( PEOPLE :O ANTICIPAT$ \R NE$S & DESIRES & SANK !IR 5]GIES 9TO CREAT+ OBJECTS ?AT W\LD SATISFY !M2 BUT [+ TO ! WORK+S ( ! M>KET SY/EM1 WE NORMALLY DO NOT HAVE ! SLI<TE/ IDEA :O ANY ( ?OSE PEOPLE >E OR H[ !Y W5T AB\T IT4 ,!RE=E1 ALL ?OSE 9T5TIONS SEEM AS IF !Y >E PROP]TIES ( ! OBJECT ITSELF2 OBJECTS !RE=E SEEM TO BE ?+S WE CAN 5T] 9TO P]SONAL RELATIONS )2 WE BECOME 9DIGNANT1 HIT !M OR KICK !M :5 !Y DON'T WORK1 & SO ON4 ,ACTUALLY1 CAPITALISM SEEMS RIFE ) SU* SUBJECT_/OBJECT REV]SALS3 CAPITAL GR[S1 MONEY IS ALWAYS FLEE+ ONE M>KET & SEEK+ \T ANO!R1 PORK BELLIES DO+ ?IS1 ! BOND M>KET DO+ ?AT 444 ,9 EV]Y CASE1 :AT IS HAPP5+ IS ?AT WE >E OP]AT+ 9 A SY/EM SO COMPLICAT$ WE C\LD NOT POSSIBLY SEE ALL ( IT1 SO WE MI/AKE \R [N P>TICUL> P]SPECTIVE ON ! :OLE1 ?AT LITTLE W9D[ WE HAVE ON IT1 ) ! NATURE ( ! TOTALITY ITSELF4 ,BECAUSE FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! CONSUM]1 PRODUCTS MI<T AS WELL HAVE SIMPLY JUMP$ \T 9TO ! M>KET ) A P]SONAL COMMITM5T TO PLAY !IR ,D,V,DS OR VACUUM !IR AP>TM5TS2 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! BUS9ESSMAN1 MONEY MI<T AS WELL BE FLEE+ SOME M>KETS1 & SO ON4.<#b#b.> 

,N[1 ALL ?IS JUMBL+ ( AG5CY MI<T SEEM 9NOC5T 5\<2 P>TICUL>LY S9CE IF REALLY *ALL5G$ ON ! MATT]1 FEW W\LD DEF5D ! PREMISE ?AT COMMODITIES REALLY HAVE M9DS ( !IR [N1 OR ?AT MONEY REALLY FLEES M>KETS ALL ( ITS [N ACCORD4 ,= ,M>X ?IS BECOMES DANG]\S = TWO REASONS4 ,FIR/1 BECAUSE IT OBSCURES ! PROCESS ( H[ VALUE IS PRODUC$1 :I* IS ( C\RSE V]Y CONV5I5T TO ?OSE :O MI<T WI% TO EXTRACT VALUE4 ,MONEY REPRES5TS ! VALUE ( LABOR1 BUT WAGE LABOR]S WORK TO GET MONEY2 IT ?US BECOMES A REPRES5TATION ?AT BR+S 9TO BE+ :AT IT REPRES5TS2 IT IS !RE=E EASY TO SEE IT AS ! S\RCE ( ?AT VALUE1 OR ASVALUE 7S9CE AGA91 FROM ! LABOR]'S P]SPECTIVE1 IT MI<T AS WELL BE74 ,9 ! SAME WAY TOK5S ( HONOR 7RA!R ?AN HONORABLE ACTIONS7 CAN COME TO SEEM ! S\RCE ( PRE/IGE2 TOK5S ( GRACE 7RA!R ?AN ACTS ( DEVOTION7 ! S\RCE ( DIV9E FAVOR2 TOK5S ( CONVIVIALITY BECOME ! S\RCE ( FUN2 & SO ON4 ,SECOND1 ALL ( ?IS MAKES IT MU* EASI] TO TREAT ! 'LAWS ( ! M>KET'1 OR T5D5CIES ( :ATEV] SY/EM IT MAY BE1 AS NATURAL1 IMMUTABLE1 & !RE=E COMPLETELY \TSIDE ANY POSSIBILITY ( HUMAN 9T]V5TION4 ,?IS IS ( C\RSE EXACTLY :AT HAPP5S 9 ! CASE ( CAPITALISM1 EV5 - P]HAPS ESPECIALLY - :5 ONE /EPS \T ( ONE'S IMM$IATE SITUAT$ P]SPECTIVE & TRIES TO TALK AB\T ! SY/EM AS A :OLE4 ,NOT ONLY >E ! LAWS ( ! M>KET TAK5 TO BE IMMUTABLE1 ! CREATION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS IS ASSUM$ TO BE ! :OLE PO9T1 ! COMMODITIES !MSELVES ! ONLY HUMAN VALUE1 SO ?AT 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,AFRICA1 = EXAMPLE1 ONE CAN WITNESS ! BIZ>RE SPECTACLE ( GOV]NM5T (FICIALS & !IR ,WORLD ,BANK ADVIS]S DECL>+ ?AT ! FACT ?AT 9 SOME >EAS HALF ( ! POPULATION IS DY+ ( ,A,I,D,S IS A REAL PROBLEM BECAUSE IT IS GO+ TO HAVE DEVA/AT+ EFFECTS ON '! ECONOMY' - APP>5TLY OBLIVI\S TO ! FACT ?AT UNTIL FAIRLY REC5TLY '! ECONOMY' WAS UNIV]SALLY ASSUM$ TO BE ! WAY WE DI/RIBUTE MAT]IAL GOODS SO AS TO KEEP PEOPLE ALIVE4 

,! EMPHASIS ON VALUE !ORY MAKES IT EASI] TO UND]/& ! /RANGE DISP>ITY - ) :I* ,I BEGAN - BETWE5 ,M>X'S VIEW ( MAT]IAL PRODUCTION & ! WAY HE TALKS AB\T :AT ,I HAVE BE5 CALL+ SOCIAL CREATIVITY1 OR REVOLUTION4 ,9 PRODUC+ A H\SE OR A *AIR1 ONE FIR/ IMAG9ES SOME?+ & !N TRIES TO BR+ IT 9TO BE+4 ,9 FOM5T+ REVOLUTION1 ONE MU/ NEV] DO ?IS4.<#b#c.> ,! MA9 REASON = ! DISP>ITY SEEMS TO BE ?AT1 AS ,HANS ,JOAS PO9TS \T1 ,M>X DOES SEEM TO R$UCE HUMAN CREATIVITY TO TWO MODALITIES3 PRODUCTION 7:I* HAPP5S ALL ! TIME71 OR REVOLUTION 7:I* HAPP5S ONLY OCCASIONALLY74 ,NOT 9 PR9CIPLE3 9 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY7#a#i#g .<#a#h#d#f.>71 = EXAMPLE1 ,M>X /ATES V]Y CLE>LY ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( MAT]IAL GOODS WAS ALWAYS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! PRODUCTION ( PEOPLE & SOCIAL RELATIONS1 & ALL ?IS WAS A CREATIVE PROCESS & !RE=E 9 CON/ANT TRANS=MATION4 ,BUT ,JOAS IS RI<T TO SAY ?AT 9 ,M>X'S CONCRETE ANALYZES ( EV5TS ( HIS [N DAY1 ALL ( ?IS DOES RA!R T5D TO FADE AWAY4 ,SOCIAL CREATIVITY T5DS TO GET R$UC$ TO POLITICAL ACTION1 EV51 TO DRAMATIC1 REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 

,ONE REASON IS ?AT 9 C>RY+ \T ?IS K9D ( VALUE ANALYSIS1 ONE HAS TO ASSUME ?AT ! SOCIAL SY/EM SURR\ND+ PRODUCTION IS PRETTY MU* /ABLE4 ,LET ME ILLU/RATE4 ,TO SAY ?AT 9 FETI%IZ+ COMMODITIES1 OR MONEY1 ONE IS CONFUS+ ONE'S P>TIAL P]SPECTIVE ON A SY/EM ) ! NATURE ( ! SY/EM AS A :OLE1 DOES AT ! V]Y LEA/ IMPLY ?AT A :OLE SY/EM EXI/S & ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO KN[ SOME?+ AB\T IT4 ,9 ! CASE ( A M>KET SY/EM ?IS IS A P]FECTLY REASONABLE CLAIM3 ALL ECONOMIC /UDY IS PREMIS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT !RE >E ?+S CALL$ 'M>KETS' & ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO UND]/& SOME?+ AB\T H[ !Y WORK4 ,PRESUMABLY ! KN[L$GE REQUIR$ IS NOT COMPREH5SIVE3 ONE NE$ NOT KN[ EXACTLY :O DESIGN$ & PRODUC$ ! PACK ( CIG>ETTES OR PALM PILOT 9 ONE'S POCKET 9 ORD] TO AVOID FETI%IZ+ IT4.<#b#d.> ,ONE SIMPLY NE$S TO KN[ H[ !SE ?+S G5]ALLY T5D TO WORK1 ! LOGIC ( ! SY/EM1 H[ HUMAN 5]GIES >E MOBILIZ$1 ORGANIZ$1 & 5D UP EMBODI$ 9 OBJECTS4 ,BUT ?IS1 9 TURN1 IMPLIES ! SY/EM T5DS TO WORK R\<LY ! SAME WAY OV] TIME4 ,:AT IF IT DOESN'T8 ,:AT IF IT IS 9 A PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION8 ,:AT IF1 TO TAKE AN EXTREME EXAMPLE1 ! SY/EM 9 QUE/ION DOES NOT YET EXI/1 BECAUSE Y\ >E1 9 FACT1 TRY+ TO BR+ IT 9TO BE+ ?R\< ?AT V]Y ACT ( FETI%ISM8 

,9 ! CASE ( MANY ( !SE ,AFRICAN FETI%ES1 ?IS WAS EXACTLY :AT WAS HAPP5+4 ,M]*ANTS :O 'DRANK' OR 'MADE FETI%' TOGE!R MI<T NOT HAVE BE5 CREAT+ A VA/ M>KET SY/EM1 BUT ! PO9T WAS USUALLY TO CREATE A SMALL ONE3 /IPULAT+ T]MS & RATES ( EX*ANGE1 RULES ( CR$IT & REGIMES ( PROP]TY ?AT C\LD !N BE ! BASIS ( ONGO+ TRANSACTIONS4 ,EV5 :5 FETI%ES W]E NOT EXPLICITLY AB\T E/ABLI%+ CONTRACTS ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R1 !Y W]E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY ! BASIS = CREAT+ SOME?+ NEW3 CONGREGATIONS1 NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS1 NEW COMMUNITIES4 ,H5CE ANY 'TOTALITY' 9VOLV$ WAS1 AT LEA/ AT FIR/1 VIRTUAL1 IMAG9>Y1 & PROSPECTIVE4 ,:AT IS MORE - & ?IS IS ! REALLY CRUCIAL PO9T - IT WAS AN IMAG9>Y TOTALITY ?AT C\LD ONLY COME 9TO REAL EXI/5CE IF EV]YONE ACT$ AS IF ! FETI% OBJECT ACTUALLY DID HAVE SUBJECTIVE QUALITIES4 ,9 ! CASE ( CONTRACTS1 ?IS MEANS3 ACT AS IF IT REALLY WILL PUNI% !M = BREAK+ ! RULES4 

,!SE W]E1 9 O!R WORDS1 REVOLUTION>Y MOM5TS4 ,!Y 9VOLV$ ! CREATION ( SOME?+ NEW4 ,!Y MI<T NOT HAVE BE5 MOM5TS ( TOTAL TRANS=MATION1 BUT REALI/ICALLY1 IT IS NOT AS IF ANY TRANS=MATION IS EV] REALLY TOTAL4 ,EV]Y ACT ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY IS TO SOME DEGREE REVOLUTION>Y1 UNPREC$5T$3 FROM E/ABLI%+ A FRI5D%IP TO NATIONALIZ+ A BANK+ SY/EM4 ,NONE >E COMPLETELY SO4 ,!SE ?+S >E ALWAYS A MATT] ( DEGREE4.<#b#e.> 

,YET ?IS IS PRECISELY :]E WEF9D ! LOGIC ( FETI%ISM CROPP+ UP - EV5 ! ORIG9 ( ! WORD 'FETI%' - & IT DOESN'T SEEM TO BE MISREPRES5T+ ANY?+4 ,( C\RSE IT W\LD ALSO BE GO+ TOO F> TO SAY ?AT ! FETI%I/IC VIEW IS SIMPLY TRUE3 ,LUNKANKA CANNOT REALLY TIE ANYONE'S 9TE/9ES 9TO KNOTS2 ,RAVOLOLONA CANNOT REALLY PREV5T HAIL FROM FALL+ ON ANYONE'S CROPS4 ,AS ,I HAVE REM>K$ ELSE:]E 7,GRAEB]1 #b#a71 ULTIMATELY WE >E PROBABLY JU/ DEAL+ H]E ) ! P>ADOX ( P[]1 P[] BE+ SOME?+ :I* EXI/S ONLY IF O!R PEOPLE ?9K IT DOES2 A P>ADOX ?AT ,I HAVE ALSO >GU$ LIES ALSO AT ! CORE ( MAGIC1 :I* ALWAYS SEEMS TO BE SURR\ND$ BY AN AURA ( FRAUD1 %[MAN%IP1 & *ICAN]Y4 ,BUT ONE C\LD >GUE IT IS NOT JU/ ! P>ADOX ( P[]4 ,IT IS ALSO ! P>ADOX ( CREATIVITY4 ,?IS HAS ALWAYS BE5 ONE ( ! IRONIES ( ,M>XISM4 ,M>X ULTIMATELY WANT$ TO LIB]ATE HUMAN BE+S FROM EV]Y?+ ?AT HELD BACK OR D5I$ !M CONTROL ( !IR CREATIVE CAPACITIES1 BY :I* HE MEANTFIR/ & =EMO/1 ALL =MS ( ALI5ATION4 ,BUT :AT EXACTLY W\LD A FREE1 NON-ALI5AT$ PRODUC] LOOK LIKE8 ,IT IS NEV] CLE> 9 ,M>X'S [N WORK4 ,NOT EXACTLY LIKE AN 9DEP5D5T CRAFTSP]SON1 PRESUMABLY1 S9CE ! LATT] >E USUALLY CAU<T 9 ! %ACKLES ( TRADITION4 ,PROBABLY MORE LIKE AN >TI/1 OR A MUSICIAN1 OR A POET1 OR EV5 AN AU?OR 7LIKE ,M>X HIMSELF74 ,BUT :5 >TI/S1 MUSICIANS1 POETS1 OR AU?ORS DESCRIBE !IR [N EXP]I5CE ( CREATIVITY1 !Y ALMO/ 9V>IABLY BEG9 EVOK+ JU/ ! SORT ( SUBJECT_/OBJECT REV]SALS :I* ,M>X SAW AS TYPICAL ( FETI%ISM3 ALMO/ NEV] DO !Y SEE !MSELVES AS ANY?+ LIKE AN >*ITECT RATIONALLY CALCULAT+ DIM5SIONS & IMPOS+ !IR WILL ON ! WORLD4 ,9/EAD ONE ALMO/ 9V>IABLY HE>S H[ !Y FEEL !Y >E VEHICLES = SOME K9D ( 9SPIRATION COM+ FROM \TSIDE1 H[ !Y LOSE !MSELVES1 FRAGM5T !MSELVES1 LEAVE PORTIONS ( !MSELVES 9 !IR PRODUCTS4 ,ALL ! MORE SO ) SOCIAL CREATIVITY3 IT SEEMS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ,MAUSS' WORK ON ! 'ORIG9S ( ! IDEA ( ! CONTRACT' 9 ,! ,GIFT7#a#i#f#e7 L$ HIM TO M$ITATE 5DLESSLY ON EXACTLY !SE K9D ( SUBJECT_/OBJECT REV]SALS1 ) GIFTS & GIV]S BECOM+ HOPELESSLY 5TANGL$4 ,PUT ?IS WAY1 IT MI<T SEEM TO LEAD TO A G5U9E DILEMMA4 ,IS NON-FETI%IZ$ CONSCI\SNESS POSSIBLE8 ,IF SO1 W\LD WE EV5 WANT IT8 

,9 FACT1 ! DILEMMA IS ILLUSORY4 ,IF FETI%ISM IS1 AT ROOT1 \R T5D5CY TO SEE \R [N ACTIONS & CREATIONS AS HAV+ P[] OV] US1 H[ CAN WE TREAT IT AS AN 9TELLECTUAL MI/AKE8 ,\R ACTIONS & CREATIONS DO HAVE P[] OV] US4 ,?IS IS SIMPLY TRUE4 ,EV5 = A PA9T]1 EV]Y /ROKE ONE MAKES IS A COMMITM5T ( A SORT4 ,IT AFFECTS :AT %E CAN DO AFT]W>DS4 ,9 FACT ?IS BECOMES ALL ! MORE TRUE ! LESS ONE BECOMES CAU<T 9 ! %ACKLES ( TRADITION4 ,EV5 9 ! FREE/ ( SOCIETIES WE W\LD PRESUMABLY FEEL B\ND BY \R COMMITM5TS TO O!RS4 ,EV5 UND] ,CA/ORIADIS' IDEAL ( AUTONOMY1 :]E NO ONE W\LD HAVE TO OP]ATE )9 9/ITUTIONS :OSE RULES !Y HAD NOT !MSELVES1 COLLECTIVELY1 CREAT$1 WE >E /ILL CREAT+ RULES & !N ALL[+ !M TO HAVE P[] OV] US4 ,IF DISCUSSION ( SU* MATT]S T5DS T[>DS METAPHORIC 9V]SIONS1 IT IS BECAUSE IT 9VOLVES A JUXTAPOSITION ( SOME?+ ?AT 7ON SOME LEVEL7 EV]YONE UND]/&S - ?AT WE T5D TO BECOME ! SLAVES ( \R [N CREATIONS - & SOME?+ NO ONE REALLY UND]/&S1 H[ EXACTLY IT IS WE >E ABLE TO CREATE NEW ?+S TO BEG9 )4 

,IF SO1 ! REAL QUE/ION IS H[ ONE GETS FROM ?IS P]FECTLY 9NOCU\S LEVEL TO ! K9D ( COMPLETE 9SANITY :]E ! BE/ REASON ONE CAN COME UP ) TO REGRET ! DEA? ( MILLIONS IS BECAUSE ( ITS EFFECTS ON ! ECONOMY4 ,! KEY FACTOR W\LD APPE> TO BE1 NOT :E!R ONE SEES ?+S AS A BIT TOPSY-TURVY FROM ONE'S IMM$IATE P]SPECTIVE - SOME?+ LIKE ?IS SEEMS 9EVITABLE1 BO? 9 ! REALIZATION ( VALUE1 :I* ALWAYS SEEMS TO OP]ATE ?R\< CONCRETE SYMBOLIC =MS1 & ESPECIALLY 9 MOM5TS ( TRANS=MATION OR CREATIVITY - BUT RA!R1 :E!R ONE HAS ! CAPACITY TO AT LEA/ OCCASIONALLY /EP 9TO SOME OV]>*+ P]SPECTIVE FROM :I* ! MA*9]Y IS VISIBLE1 & ONE CAN SEE ?AT ALL !SE APP>5TLY FIX$ OBJECTS >E REALLY P>T ( AN ONGO+ PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION4 ,OR AT ! V]Y LEA/1 :E!R ONE IS NOT TRAPP$ 9 AN OV]>*+ P]SPECTIVE :I* 9SI/S !Y >E NOT4 ,! DANG] COMES :5 FETI%ISM GIVES WAY TO !OLOGY1 ! ABSOLUTE ASSURANCE ?AT ! GODS >E REAL4 

,CONSID] AGA9 ! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ,PIETZ'S ,EUROPEAN M]*ANT ADV5TUR]S 9 ! #a#f? & #a#g? C5TURIES1 & !IR ,WE/ ,AFRICAN C\NT]P>TS - MANY BE+ M]*ANTS !MSELVES4 ,I HAVE ALREADY >GU$ ?AT :ILE BO? >RIV$ ) A NUMB] ( BROADLY %>$ COSMOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS - = 9/ANCE1 ?AT WE LIVE 9 A FALL5 WORLD1 ?AT ! HUMAN CONDITION IS FUNDAM5TALLY ONE ( SUFF]+ - !RE W]E ALSO A NUMB] ( PR(\ND DIFF]5CES :I* ! ,EUROPEANS F\ND DEEPLY DI/URB+4 7,:E!R !IR ,AFRICAN P>TN]S W]E EQUALLY DI/URB$ BY ! 5C\NT] WE >E NOT 9 A POSITION TO KN[47 ,TO R$UCE ! MATT] TO SOME?+ ( A C>ICATURE3 ! ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS W]E1 AS ,PIETZ /RESS$1 BUDD+ MAT]IALI/S4 ,!Y W]E ,*RI/IANS1 BUT = ! MO/ P>T !IR 9T]E/ 9 !OLOGICAL QUE/IONS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 NEGLIGIBLE2 ! MA9 EFFECT ( !IR ,*RI/IAN FAI? WAS TO GU>ANTEE ! ABSOLUTE ASSURANCE ?AT1 :ATEV] SPIRITUAL IDEAS ,AFRICANS HAD1 9S(> AS !Y W]E NOT ,*RI/IAN1 !Y HAD TO BE PR(\NDLY MI/AK54 ,?IS 9 TURN HAD AN EFFECT :5 !Y CONFRONT$ :AT !Y REALLY C>$ AB\T3 MATT]S ( TRADE1 MAT]IAL WEAL?1 & ECONOMIC VALUE4 ,CONFRONT$ ) ABUNDANT EVID5CE ( ! >BITR>9ESS ( VALUE1 !Y 9/EAD FELL BACK ON ! POSITION ?AT ,AFRICANS !MSELVES W]E >BITR>Y3 !Y W]E FETI%I/S1 WILL+ TO ASCRIBE DIV9E /ATUS TO A COMPLETELY R&OM COLLECTION ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS4 

,9 ! ,EUROPEAN ACC\NTS1 SOCIAL RELATIONS T5D TO DISAPPE>4 ,!Y W]E SIMPLY ( NO 9T]E/4 ,= !M !RE WAS !RE=E VIRTUALLY NO?+ 9 BETWE5 ,GOD & ! WORLD ( MAT]IAL OBJECTS4 ,BUT ! ,EUROPEANS C\LD AT LEA/ COMPLIM5T !MSELVES ?AT1 UNLIKE ,AFRICANS1 !Y MANAG$ TO KEEP ! TWO AP>T4 ,( C\RSE !Y W]E WRONG2 ! :OLE ?+ WAS L>GELY A PROJECTION2 !Y W]E 9 FACT ALREADY WELL ON ! WAY TO ! K9D ( FETI%ISM DESCRIB$ BY ,M>X :]E SOCIAL RELATIONS1 = ! V]Y REASON ?AT !Y >E MADE TO DISAPPE>1 5D UP GETT+ PROJECT$ ONTO OBJECTS4 ,ALL ?IS WAS 9 DRAMATIC CONTRADI/9CTION ) ! ,AFRICANS1 = :OM SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E EV]Y?+4 ,AS ,JANE ,GUY] 7#a#i#i#c1 ,GUY] & ,BEL+A1 #a#i#i#e7 HAS PO9T$ \T1 CONV5TIONAL ECONOMIC CATEGORIES >E H>D TO APPLY 9 SU* CONTEXTS1 BECAUSE PEOPLE 7RI<TS 9 WOM5'S F]TILITY1 AU?ORITY OV] *ILDR51 ! LOYALTY ( FOLL[]S1 DISCIPLES1 RECOGNITION ( TITLES1 OR /ATUS1 OR ACCOMPLI%M5T7 W]E ! ULTIMATE =M ( WEAL?4 ,MAT]IAL OBJECTS W]E 9T]E/+ MA9LY 9S(> AS !Y BECAME 5TANGL$ 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS1 OR 5ABL$ ONE TO CREATE NEW ONES4 ,S9CE WEAL? & P[] C\LD NOT1 ULTIMATELY1 BE DI/+UI%$1 !RE WAS NO WAY TO IDEALIZE GOV]NM5T 7:I* DI/URB$ ,EUROPEANS72 IT ALSO MADE = AN 5*ANT$ WORLD - ONE 9 :I*1 = ?AT V]Y REASON1 ! ME*ANICS ( 5*ANTM5T W]E NEV] V]Y F> FROM ! SURFACE 7:I* DI/URB$ !M EV5 MORE74 ,IT WAS AS IF EV]Y?+ EXI/$ 9 ?AT MIDDLE ZONE :I* ! ,EUROPEANS W]E TRY+ TO EVACUATE2 EV]Y?+ WAS SOCIAL1 NO?+ WAS FIX$1 !RE=E EV]Y?+ WAS BO? MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL SIMULTANE\SLY4 

,?IS WAS ! ZONE 9 :I* WE 5C\NT] ! 'FETI%'4 ,N[1 IT IS PROBABLY TRUE ?AT MO/ GODS HAVE ALWAYS BE5 9 ! PROCESS ( CON/RUCTION4 ,!Y EXI/ AT SOME PO9T ALONG ! PASSAGE FROM AN IMAG9>Y LEVEL ( PURE MAGIC - :]E ALL P[]S >E HUMAN P[]S1 :]E ALL ! TRICKS & MIRRORS >E VISIBLE - TO PURE !OLOGY1 ) AN ABSOLUTE COMMITM5T TO ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! CON/RUCTIVE APP>ATUS DOES NOT EXI/4 ,BUT OBJECTS LIKE AKOMBO1 M9KISI1 SAMPY- OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ! IMPROVIS$ 'FETI%ES' MADE ( ,BIBLES & BITS ( WOOD ?R\< :I* HALF-,PORTUGUESE TANGOMAOS NEGOTIAT$ BUS9ESS DEALS - SEEM TO HAVE EXI/$ AT A MIDPO9T ALMO/ EXACTLY 9 BETWE54 ,!Y W]E BO? HUMAN CREATIONS & ALI5 P[]S1 AT ! SAME TIME4 ,9 ,M>XI/ T]MS1 !Y W]E FETI%ES FROM ONE P]SPECTIVE &1 FROM ANO!R1 NOT FETI%IZ$ AT ALL4 ,BO? P]SPECTIVES W]E SIMULTANE\SLY AVAILABLE4 ,BUT !Y W]E ALSO MUTUALLY DEP5D5T4 ,! REM>KABLE ?+ IS H[ MU*1 EV5 :5 ! ACTORS SEEM P]FECTLY AW>E ?AT !Y W]E CON/RUCT+ AN ILLUSION1 !Y ALSO SEEM$ AW>E ?AT ! ILLUSION WAS /ILL REQUIR$4 ,IT RA!R REM9DS ONE ( ! PRACTICE ( %AD[ PUPPETRY 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA3 ! :OLE PO9T IS TO CREATE AN ILLUSION1 ! PUPPETS !MSELVES >E SUPPOS$ TO BE 9VISIBLE1 M]E %AD[S ON ! SCRE51 BUT IF Y\ OBS]VE ACTUAL P]=MANCES1 Y\ USUALLY F9D ! AUDI5CE IS RANG$ >\ND 9 A BIG CIRCLE SO ?AT MANY ( !M CAN ONLY SEE ! PUPPETS & CANNOT ACTUALLY SEE ! ILLUSION AT ALL4 ,!RE DOESN'T SEEM TO BE A FEEL+ ?AT !Y >E MISS+ \T ON MU*4 ,NONE!LESS1 IT W\LD NOT BE A P]=MANCE IF ! ILLUSION DID NOT TAKE PLACE4 

,?IS IS :AT ONE MI<T EXPECT 9 A WORLD ( ALMO/ CON/ANT SOCIAL CREATIVITY2 9 :I* FEW >RANGEM5TS W]E FIX$ & P]MAN5T1 &1 EV5 MORE1 :]E !RE WAS LITTLE FEEL+ ?AT !Y REALLY %\LD BE FIX$ & P]MAN5T2 9 :I*1 9 %ORT1 PEOPLE W]E 9DE$ 9 A CON/ANT PROCESS ( IMAG9+ NEW SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS & !N TRY+ TO BR+ !M 9TO BE+4 ,GODS C\LD BE CREAT$1 & DISC>D$ OR FADE AWAY1 BECAUSE SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS !MSELVES W]E NEV] ASSUM$ TO BE IMMUTABLE4 

,:AT DOES ?IS TEA* US AB\T ! GR& !ORETICAL ISSUES RAIS$ AT ! BEG9N+8 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 ?AT IF ONE TAKES S]I\SLY ! IDEA ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY1 ONE WILL PROBABLY HAVE TO AB&ON SOME ( ! DREAMS ( C]TA9TY ?AT HAVE SO 5*ANT$ ! P>TISANS BO? ( HOLI/IC & 9DIVIDUALI/IC MODELS4 ,NO D\BT PROCESSES ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY >E1 TO SOME DEGREE1 UN*>TABLE4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY ALL = ! BE/4 ,MAK+ IT ! C5T]PIECE ( A SOCIAL !ORY REG>DLESS SEEMS LIKE IT W\LD BE AN 9CREAS+LY IMPORTANT GE/URE1 AT A TIME :5 ! HEIRS ( ,PIETZ'S M]*ANTS HAVE MANAG$ TO IMPOSE !IR /RANGE1 MAT]IALI/ !OLOGY ON NOT JU/ ,AFRICANS BUT ALMO/ EV]YONE1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT HUMAN LIFE ITSELF CAN BE SE5 AS HAV+ NO VALUE EXCEPT AS A MEANS TO PRODUCE FETI%IZ$ COMMODITIES4 

,A,C,K,N,[,L,$,G,M,5,T,S 

,DAVID ,GRAEB] W\LD LIKE TO ?ANK ! FOLL[+ PEOPLE3 ,ALA9 ,CAILLE1 ,LAUR5 ,LEVE1 ,/U>T ,ROCKEFELL]1 ,J5NIF] ,JACKSON1 ,MI*AEL ,DUNCAN1 ,MASSIMO DE ,ANGELIS1 ,HYLTON ,:ITE1 ,ILANA ,G]%ON1 ,SYLVIA ,F$]ICI1 ,GEORGE ,CAFF5TZIS1 ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S1 ,RUP]T ,/AS*1 ,NHU ,LE1 ,ANNE ,RAWLS1 ,YVONNE ,LIU1 ,/EPH5 ,%UKHAITIS1 ,&REJ ,GRUBACIC1 ,T]5CE ,TURN]1 ,MI*AEL ,TAUSSIG1 ,MIKE ,M5S]1 ,HEA!R ,GAUTNEY4 

,R,E,F,],5,C,E,S 

,ABRAHAMSSON1 ,HANS 7#a#i#e#b7 ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,DEA?3 ,/UDIES 9 ,AFRICAN ,MY?OLOGY4 ,/UDIA E?NOGRAPHICA ,UPSALI5SIA2 ,I,I,I4 ,UPPSALA3 ,ALMQUI/4 

,AKIGA 7#a#i#c#i7 ,AKIGA'S ,/ORY3 ,! ,TIV ,TRIBE AS ,SE5 BY ONE ( ITS ,MEMB]S7TRANSLAT$ & ANNOTAT$ BY ,RUP]T ,EA/74 ,LONDON_/,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS 7PUBLI%$ = ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AFRICAN ,9/ITUTE74 

,APT]1 ,EMILY & ,WILLIAM ,PIETZ1 $S 7#a#i#i#c7 ,FETI%ISM AS ,CULTURAL ,DISC\RSE4 ,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BAUDRILL>D1 ,JEAN 7#a#i#g#b7 ,P\R UN CRITIQUE DE L'ECONOMIE DU ,SIGNE4 ,P>IS3 ,GALLIM>D4 ,BHASK>1 ,ROY 7#a#i#h#i .<#a#i#g#i.>7 ,! ,POSSIBILITY ( ,NATURALISM4 ,HEMEL ,HEMP/EAD3 ,H>VE/] ,:EAT%AFT4 

,BHASK>1 ,ROY 7#a#i#i#c7 ,DIALECTIC3 ,! ,PULSE ( ,FRE$OM4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO4 ,BHASK>1 ,ROY 7#a#i#i#d7 ,PLATO ,ETC4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO4 

,BHASK>1 ,ROY 7#b#a7 ,REFLECTIONS ON ,META-,REALITY3 ,TRANSC5D5CE1 ,EMANCIPATION1 & ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE4 ,NEW ,DELHI & ,?\S& ,OAKS1 ,C,A3 ,SAGE ,PUBLICATIONS4 

,BOHANNAN1 ,LAURA 7#a#i#e#b7 ',A ,G5EALOGICAL ,*>T]'1 ,AFRICA#b#b3 #c#a-#a#e4 

,BOHANNAN1 ,PAUL 7#a#i#e#e7 ',SOME ,PR9CIPLES ( ,EX*ANGE & ,9VE/M5T AMONG ! ,TIV'1 ,AM]ICAN ,AN?ROPOLOGI/#e#g3 #f-#g4 

,BOHANNAN1 ,PAUL 7#a#i#e#g7 ,JU/ICE & ,JUDGM5T AMONG ! ,TIV4 ,LONDON3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BOHANNAN1 ,PAUL 7#a#i#e#h7 ',EXTRA-,PROCESSUAL ,EV5TS 9 ,TIV ,POLITICAL ,9/ITUTIONS'1 ,AM]ICAN ,AN?ROPOLOGI/#f3 #a-#a#b4 

,BOHANNAN1 ,PAUL 7#a#i#e#i7 ',! ,IMPACT ( ,MONEY ON AN ,AFRICAN ,SUBSI/5CE ,ECONOMY'1 ,J\RNAL ( ,ECONOMIC ,HI/ORY#a#i3 #d#i#a-#e#c4 

,BOHANNAN1 ,PAUL & ,LAURA ,BOHANNAN 7#a#i#e#c7 ,! ,TIV ( ,C5TRAL ,NIG]IA4 ,LONDON3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,AFRICAN ,9/ITUTE4 

,BOHANNAN1 ,PAUL & ,LAURA ,BOHANNAN 7#a#i#f#h7 ,TIV ,ECONOMY4 ,EVAN/ON1 ,I,L3 ,NOR?WE/]N ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,BOHANNAN1 ,PAUL & ,LAURA ,BOHANNAN 7#a#i#f#i7 ,A ,S\RCE ,NOTEBOOK ON ,TIV ,RELIGION1 #e VOLUMES4 ,NEW ,HAV51 ,C,T3 ,HUMAN ,RELATIONS ,>EA ,FILES4 

,BOSMAN1 ,WILLEM 7#a#i#f#g .<#a#g#e.>7 ,A ,NEW & ,ACCURATE ,DESCRIPTION ( ! ,COA/ ( ,GU9EA1 ,DIVID$ 9TO ! ,GOLD1 ! ,SLAVE1 & ! ,IVORY ,COA/S4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,B>NES @& ,NOBLE4 

,CAILLE1 ,ALA9 7#b7 ,AN?ROPOLOGIE DU ,DON3 LE ,TI]S ,P>ADIGME4 ,P>IS3 ,DESCELEE DE ,BR\W]4 

,CALLET1 ,R4,P4 7#a#i#h7 ,TANT>A NY ,&RIANA ETO ,MADAGASC>4 ,TANAN>IVE3 ,ACADEMIE ,MALGA*E4 

,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS 7#a#i#h#g7 ,! ,IMAG9>Y ,9/ITUTION ( ,SOCIETY7TRANS4 ,KA?LE5 ,BLAMEY74 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

,CA/ORIADIS1 ,CORNELIUS 7#a#i#i#a7 ,PHILOSOPHY1 ,POLITICS1 ,AUTONOMY3 ,ESSAYS 9 ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY7$4 ,DAVID ,AMES ,CURTIS74 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,CI>AMELLI1 ,FABIO 7#a#i#i#h7 ',! ,CIRCLE ( ! ,ORIG9'1 9 ,L5ORE ,LANGSDORF & ,/EPH5 ,L4 ,WATSON ) ,K>5 ,A4 ,SMI? 7$S7 ,RE9T]PRET+ ! ,POLITICAL3 ,CONT95TAL ,PHILOSOPHY & ,POLITICAL ,!ORY4 ,ALBANY3 ,/ATE ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS4 

,C\S9S1 ,WILLIAM ,E4 7#a#i#f#h7,FOMBA ,GASY7$4 ,H4 ,R&ZAVOLA74 ,TANAN>IVE3 ,IM>IVOLANITRA4 ,EKHOLM ,FRI$MAN1 ,KAJSA 7#a#i#i#a7 ,CATA/ROPHE & ,CREATION3 ,! ,TRANS=MATION ( AN ,AFRICAN ,CULTURE4 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,P,A3 ,H>WOOD ,ACADEMIC ,PUBLI%]S4 

,ELLIS1 ,WILLIAM 7#a#h#c#h7 ,HI/ORY ( ,MADAGASC>1 #b VOLS4 ,LONDON3 ,FI%] @& ,SON4 

,ETN(OOR7#a#i#i7 ,SPECIAL ISSUE ON ',FETI%ISM'1 ,ETN(OOR#c7#a74 

,GRAEB]1 ,DAVID 7#a#i#i#e7 ',CATA/ROPHE3 ,MAGIC & ,HI/ORY 9 ,RURAL ,MADAGASC>'1 5DLESSLY UNPUBLI%$ MANUSCRIPT4 

,GRAEB]1 ,DAVID 7#a#i#i#g7 ',MANN]S1 ,DEF]5CE & ,PRIVATE ,PROP]TY3 ,! ,G5]ALIZATION ( ,AVOIDANCE 9 ,E>LY ,MOD]N ,EUROPE'1 ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIETY & ,HI/ORY #c#i7#d73 #f#i#d-#g#b#h4 

,GRAEB]1 ,DAVID 7#b#a7 ,T[>D AN ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY ( ,VALUE3 ,! ,FALSE ,CO9 ( ,\R ,[N ,DREAMS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,PALGRAVE4 

,GRAEB]1 ,DAVID 7=?COM+7 ',TURN+ ,MODES ( ,PRODUCTION ,9SIDE ,\T3 ,OR1 ,:Y ,CAPITALISM IS A ,TRANS=MATION ( ,SLAV]Y 7%ORT V]SION7'1 ,CRITIQUE ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY S*$UL$ #b#f4 

,GUY]1 ,JANE ,I4 7#a#i#i#c7 ',WEAL? 9 ,PEOPLE & ,SELF-,REALIZATION 9 ,EQUATORIAL ,AFRICA'1 ,MAN #b#h7#b73 #b#d#c-#f#e4 

,GUY]1 ,JANE ,I4 & ,SAMUEL ,M4 ,5O ,BEL+A 7#a#i#i#e7 ',WEAL? 9 ,PEOPLE AS ,WEAL? 9 ,KN[L$GE3 ,ACCUMULATION & ,COMPOSITION 9 ,EQUATORIAL ,AFRICA'1 ,J\RNAL ( ,AFRICAN ,HI/ORY#c#f3 #i#a-#a#b4 

,HOBBES1 ,?OMAS 7#a#f#e#a7 ,LEVIA?AN4 ,LONDON4 

,JAMESON1 ,FR$RIC 7#a#i#h#a7 ,! ,POLITICAL ,UNCONSCI\S3 ,N>RATIVE AS A ,SOCIALLY ,SYMBOLIC ,ACT4 ,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,JOAS1 ,HANS 7#a#i#i#c7 ',9/ITUTIONALIZATION AS A ,CREATIVE ,PROCESS3 ,! ,SOCIOLOGICAL ,IMPORTANCE ( ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS' ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY'1 9 ,HANS ,JOAS ,PRAGMATISM & ,SOCIAL ,!ORY1 PP4 #a#e#d-#g#a4 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,JOAS1 ,HANS 7#a#i#i#f7 ,! ,CREATIVITY ( ,ACTION4 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L 3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 ,JOAS1 ,HANS 7#b7 ,! ,G5ESIS ( ,VALUES4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,POLITY ,PRESS4 

,MAC,GAFFEY1 ,WYATT 7#a#i#g#g7 ',FETI%ISM ,REVISIT$3 ,KONGO NKISI 9 ,SOCIOLOGICAL ,P]SPECTIVE'1 ,AFRICA#d#g7#b73 #a#g#b-#a#h#d4 

,MAC,GAFFEY1 ,WYATT 7#a#i#h#f7 ,RELIGION & ,SOCIETY 9 ,C5TRAL ,AFRICA4 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS4 

,MAC,GAFFEY1 ,WYATT 7#a#i#h#g7 ',LUL5DO3 ,! ,RECOV]Y ( A ,KONGO ,NKISI'1,E?NOS#e#b3 #c#c#i-#d#i4 ,MAC,GAFFEY1 ,WYATT 7#a#i#h#h7 ',COMPLEXITY1 ,A/ONI%M5T & ,P[]3 ,! ,VISUAL 

,VOCABUL>Y ( ,KONGO ,MIKISI'1 ,J\RNAL ( ,S\!RN ,AFRICAN ,/UDIES#a#d7#b73 #a#h#h-#b#c4 ,MAC,GAFFEY1 ,WYATT 7#a#i#i#a7 ,>T & ,HEAL+ ( ! ,BAKONGO ,COMM5T$ BY ,!MSELVES3 ,M9KISI FROM ! ,LAMAN ,COLLECTION4 ,/OCKHOLM3 ,FOLK5S ,MUSEUM - ,ETNOGRAFISKA4 

,MAC,GAFFEY1 ,WYATT 7#a#i#i#d7 ',AFRICAN ,OBJECTS & ! ,IDEA ( ! ,FETI%'1 ,RES#b#e3 #a#b#c-#c#a4 ,MAK>1 ,TESEM*I 7#a#i#i#d .<#a#i#c#f.>7 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ,POLITICAL ,*ANGE AMONG ! ,TIV 9 ! #a#i? & #b? ,C5TURIES7=EWORD BY ,A4,P4 ,ANYEBE74 ,5UGU1 ,NIG]IA3 ,F\R? ,DIM5SION4 

,M>X1 ,K>L 7#a#i#g .<#a#h#d#f.>7 ,! ,G]MAN ,IDEOLOGY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S4 ,M>X1 ,K>L 7#a#i#g#c .<#a#h#e#g-#h.>7 ,! ,GRUNDRISSE4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] & ,R[4 

,M>X1 ,K>L 7#a#i#f#e .<#a#h#e#h.>7 ,PRE-,CAPITALI/ ,ECONOMIC ,=MATIONS7TRANS4 ,JACK ,COH574 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S4 

,M>X1 ,K>L 7#a#i#g .<#a#h#e#i.>7 ,CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,CRITIQUE ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S4 

,M>X1 ,K>L 7#a#i#f#g .<#a#h#f#g.>7 ,CAPITAL1 #c VOLUMES4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,NEW ,WORLD ,PAP]BACKS4 

,MAUSS1 ,M>CEL 7#a#i#b#e7 ',ESSAI SUR LE DON4 ,=ME ET RAISON DE L'E*ANGE DANS LES SOCIETES >*AIQUES'1 ,ANNEE SOCIOLOGIQUE1 S]IES #b1 #a3 #c-#a#h#f4 

,MAUSS1 ,M>CEL 7#a#i#d#g7 ,MANUEL D'E?NOGRAPHIE4 ,P>IS3 ,PAYOT4 

,MAUSS1 ,M>CEL 7#a#i#f#e7 ,! ,GIFT3 ,=MS & ,FUNCTIONS ( ,EX*ANGE 9 ,>*AIC ,SOCIETIES 7TRANS4 ,I4 ,CUNNISON74 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,NORTON4 

,MAUSS1 ,M>CEL 7#a#i#f#h-#f#i7 ,OEUVRES1 #c VOLUMES4 ,P>IS3 ,$ITIONS DE ,M9UIT4 

,MUNN1 ,NANCY 7#a#i#g#g7 ',! ,SPATIOTEMPORAL ,TRANS=MATIONS ( ,GAWAN CANOES'1 ,J\RNAL DE LA ,SOCIETE DES ,OCEANI/ES#c#c7#e#d-#e#e73 #c#i-#e#c4 

,MUNN1 ,NANCY 7#a#i#h#f7 ,! ,FAME ( ,GAWA3 ,A ,SYMBOLIC ,/UDY ( ,VALUE ,TRANS=MATION 9 A ,MASSIM 7,PAPUA ,NEW ,GU9EA7 ,SOCIETY4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,NEGRI1 ,ANTONIO 7#a#i#i#i7 ,9SURG5CIES3 ,CON/ITU5T ,P[] & ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE7TRANS4 

,MAURIZIA ,BOSCAGLI74 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,NEGRI1 ,ANTONIO & ,MI*AEL ,H>DT 7#b7 ,EMPIRE4 ,CAMBRIDGE1 ,M,A3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,PIETZ1 ,WILLIAM 7#a#i#h#e7 ',! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,FETI% ,I'1 ,R,E,S3 ,J\RNAL ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ,ES!TICS#i3 #e-#a#g4 

,PIETZ1 ,WILLIAM 7#a#i#h#g7 ',! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,FETI% ,I,I3 ,! ,ORIG9 ( ! ,FETI%'1 ,R,E,S3 ,J\RNAL ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ,ES!TICS#a#c3 #b#c-#d#e4 

,PIETZ1 ,WILLIAM 7#a#i#h#h7 ',! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,FETI% ,I,I,IA3 ,BOSMAN'S ,GU9EA & ! ,5LI<T5M5T ,!ORY ( ,FETI%ISM'1 ,R,E,S3 ,J\RNAL ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ,ES!TICS#a#f3 #a#e-#b#c4 

,PIETZ1 ,WILLIAM 7#a#i#i#c7 ',FETI%ISM & ,MAT]IALISM3 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,!ORY 9 ,M>X'1 9 ,EMILY ,APT] & ,WILLIAM ,PIETZ 7$S7 ,FETI%ISM AS ,CULTURAL ,DISC\RSE4 ,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,PIETZ1 ,WILLIAM 7#a#i#i#eA7 ',! ,SPIRIT ( ,CIVILIZATION3 ,BLOOD ,SACRIFICE & ,MONET>Y ,DEBT'1 ,R,E,S3 ,J\RNAL ( ,AN?ROPOLOGY & ,ES!TICS#b#h3 #b#c-#c#h4 

,PIETZ1 ,WILLIAM 7#a#i#i#eB7 ',DEA? & ! ,DEOD&3 ,ACCURS$ ,OBJECTS & ! ,MONEY ,VALUE ( ,HUMAN ,LIFE'1 9 ,JUDI? ,F>QU>1 ,TOMOKO ,MASUZAWA1 & ,C>OL ,MAVOR 7$S7 7,UN7,FIX+ ,REPRES5TATION4 ,M9NEAPOLIS3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,M9NESOTA ,PRESS4 

,SAHL9S1 ,M>%ALL 7#a#i#g#b7 ,/ONE ,AGE ,ECONOMICS4 ,*ICAGO1 ,I,L3 ,ALD9E4 

,SAHL9S1 ,M>%ALL 7#b7 ',! ,SADNESS ( ,SWEETNESS3 ,! ,NATIVE ,AN?ROPOLOGY ( ,WE/]N ,COSMOLOGY'1 9 ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S ,CULTURE & ,PRACTICE3 ,SELECT$ ,ESSAYS4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,ZONE ,BOOKS4 

,SIBREE1 ,JAMES 7#a#h#g#e7 ,MADAGASC>3 ,! ,GREAT ,AFRICAN ,ISL&4 ,LONDON3 ,TRUBN] @& ,CO4 ,SIBREE1 ,JAMES 7#a#h#i#g7 ',! ,MALAGASY ,CU/OM ( 0,BRO!RHOOD BY ,BLOOD0'1 ,ANTANAN>IVO ,ANNUAL & ,MALAGASY ,MAGAZ9E#b#a3 #a-#f4 

,SPY]1 ,PATRICIA1 $4 7#a#i#i#h7 ,BORD] ,FETI%ISMS3 ,MAT]IAL ,OBJECTS 9 ,UN/ABLE ,SPACES4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,R\TL$GE4 

,?ORNTON1 ,JOHN 7#a#i#h#g7 ',! ,K+DOM ( ,KONGO1 CA4 #a#c#i-#a#f#g#h3 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( AN ,AFRICAN ,SOCIAL ,=MATION'1 ,CAHI]S D',ETUDES ,AFRICA9ES#b#b3 #c#b#e-#d#b4 

,TSEAYO1 ,JU/9 ,IYORBEE 7#a#i#g#e7 ,CONFLICT & ,9CORPORATION 9 ,NIG]A3 ,! ,9TEGRATION ( ! ,TIV4 ,Z>IA1 ,NIG]IA3 ,GASKIYA4 

,TURN]1 ,T]5CE 7#a#i#g#i7 ',AN?ROPOLOGY & ! ,POLITICS ( ,9DIG5\S ,PEOPLES' ,/RUGGLES'1 ,CAMBRIDGE ,AN?ROPOLOGY#e3 #a-#d#c4 

,TURN]1 ,T]5CE 7#a#i#h#d7 ',VALUE1 ,PRODUCTION & ,EXPLOITATION 9 ,NON-,CAPITALI/ ,SOCIETIES'1 UNPUBLI%$ ESSAY1 BAS$ ON A PAP] PRES5T$ 9 ! ,A,A,A #h#bND ,ANNUAL ,MEET+1 ,D5V]1 ,COLORADO4 ,O/5SIBLY TO APPE> 9 ,CRITIQUE ( ,PURE ,CULTURE 7=?COM+74 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,B]G ,PRESS4 

,TURN]1 ,T]5CE 7#a#i#h#g7 ',! ,KAYAPO ( ,S\!A/]N ,P>A'1 UNPUBLI%$ MONOGRAPH PREP>$ = ,C,$,I1 ,POVOS ,9DIG5AS DO ,BRAZIL1 ,VOL4 ,V,I,I,I1 ,SUL DO ,P>A1 ,P>T ,I,I4 

,TURN]1 ,VICTOR 7#a#i#f#g7 ,! ,=E/ ( ,SYMBOLS3 ,ASPECTS ( ,NDEMBU ,RITUAL4 ,I?ACA1 ,N,Y3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

,VANS9A1 ,JAN 7#a#i#g#c7 ,! ,TIO ,K+DOM ( ! ,MIDDLE ,CONGO #a#h#h-#a#h#i#b4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS4 

.<#a.> ,9 ! LA/ *APT] ( ,T[>DS AN ,AN?ROPOLOGICAL ,!ORY ( ,VALUE7,GRAEB]1 #b#a71 SUBTITL$ ',! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,FETI%1 ,I,I,IB'4 ,:AT FOLL[S 9 ?IS >TICLE WAS1 9 L>GE P>T1 ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 = ?AT *APT] BUT 5D$ UP HAV+ TO BE CUT = REASONS ( SPACE4 ,I WAS TEMPT$ TO CALL IT ',! ,PROBLEM ( ! ,FETI%1 ,I,I,IC' BUT IT SEEM$ UNLIKELY MANY READ]S W\LD GET ! JOKE4 

.<#b.> ,ESPECIALLY 9 ,ITALY4 ,! MO/ FAMILI> REPRES5TATIVE = MO/ READ]S 9 ! ,ANGLOPHONE WORLD IS ,TONI ,NEGRI1 BUT MO/ ( ! IDEAS PRES5T$ 9 ,EMPIRE7,NEGRI & ,H>DT1 #b7 >E ! PRODUCTS ( A LONG TRADITION 9VOLV+ MANY O!R WRIT]S & ACTIVI/S4 

.<#c.> ,= ,CA/ORIADIS1 HI/ORY IS NO LONG] A MATT] ( ! DEVELOPM5T OR PLAY ( PRODUCTIVE OR CLASS =CES BUT ! WORK ( '! IMAG9>Y1 :I* IS CREATION EX NIHILO'1 SU* ?AT *ANGE IS '! POSIT+ ( A NEW TYPE ( BEHAVIOR 444 ! 9/ITUTION ( A NEW SOCIAL RULE 444 ! 9V5TION ( A NEW OBJECT OR A NEW =M' ?AT IS 'AN EM]G5CE OR A PRODUCTION :I* CANNOT BE D$UC$ ON ! BASIS ( A PREVI\S SITUATION' 7,CA/ORIADIS1 #a#i#h#g3 #c1 #d#d74 

.<#d.> ,! TIE TO ! ,AUTONOMI/ S*OOL CAN BE SE5 BY LOOK+ AT ! E>LY WORK ( ,TONI ,NEGRI1 ON CON/ITU5T P[] 7#a#i#i#i74 ,ESS5TIALLY HE IS TRY+ TO WORK \T EXACTLY ! SAME PROBLEMS3 :AT IS ?AT POPUL> P[] ( CREATIVITY ?AT EM]GES DUR+ MOM5TS ( REVOLUTION & H[ W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE IT8 

.<#e.> ,ACTUALLY !RE IS NO P>TICUL> REASON :Y GOLD %\LD BE A BETT] M$IUM ( EX*ANGE ?AN BEADS4 ,ECONOMI/S ( C\RSE MI<T MAKE ! >GUM5T ?AT ! SUPPLY ( GOLD 9 ! WORLD IS 9H]5TLY LIMIT$1 :ILE GLASS BEADS CAN BE MANUFACTUR$ 9 5DLESS NUMB]2 H[EV]1 !RE IS NO WAY ?AT ,EUROPEAN M]*ANTS ( ?AT DAY C\LD HAVE HAD ! SLI<TE/ IDEA H[ MU* ( ! E>?'S CRU/ WAS COMPOS$ ( GOLD2 !Y SAW IT AS PRECI\S BECAUSE !Y GOT IT ) DIFFICULTY FROM V]Y F> AWAY1 JU/ AS ,AFRICANS DID BEADS4 

.<#f.> ,AT LEA/1 !RE IS NONE 9 HIS FIR/ ?REE1 BE/-KN[N >TICLES 7,PIETZ1 #a#i#h#e1 #a#i#h#g1 #a#i#h#h74 ,HE DOES ADDRESS ,WE/ ,AFRICAN IDEAS 9 TWO LAT] >TICLES CONC]N$ ) DEBT & HUMAN SACRIFICE 7#a#i#i#eA1 #a#i#i#eB72 !SE ESSAYS1 H[EV]1 >E CONC]N$ ) A LAT] HI/ORICAL P]IOD1 & SOME:AT DIFF]5T SORTS ( QUE/IONS4 

.<#g.> ,?IS W\LD BE ONE REASON :Y ,AFRICANS HAVE BE51 FROM SU* AN E>LY P]IOD1 COMP>ATIVELY RECEPTIVE TO RELIGIONS LIKE ,*RI/IANITY & ,ISLAM4 

.<#h.> ,MO/ ,AFRICAN COSMOLOGIES POSIT ! CREATOR AS 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R BEYOND GOOD & EVIL1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 AN OTIOSE CREATOR :O HAS AB&ON$ ! WORLD1 OR A =CE ( VIOL5CE BEYOND ALL MORAL ACC\NT+ :OSE V]Y >BITR>9ESS DEMON/RATES HIS LOCAL PRIORITY TO1 & H5CE ABILITY TO CON/ITUTE1 ANY SY/EM ( HUMAN JU/ICE4 

.<#i.> ,MORE PRECISELY1 SYMPTOMS4 

.<#a.> ,BOHANNAN 9T]PRETS !SE MOVEM5TS AS REGUL> FEATURES ( ,TIV SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,MORE REC5TLY ,NIG]IAN SOCIOLOGI/S 7,TSEAYO1 #a#i#g#e7 & HI/ORIANS 7,MAK>1 #aiid .<#a#i#c#f.>7 HAVE PLAC$ !M 9 ! COLONIAL CONTEXT1 AS A RESULT ( ,BRITI% EF=TS TO =CE A HI<LY EGALIT>IAN GR\P 9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( A /ATE BAS$ ON 9DIRECT RULE4 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS NO REAL WAY TO KN[ :E!R SU* MOVEM5TS DID OCCUR E>LI]1 BUT IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO ASSUME SOME SU* ME*ANISM EXI/$1 AT LEA/1 = AS LONG AS ,TIV EGALIT>IANISM ITSELF DID4 

.<#a#a.> ,MAC,GAFFEY 7#a#i#h#f7 SUGGE/S ! >*ETYPAL ,BA,KONGO RITUAL CYCLE LEADS FROM AFFLICTION TO SACRIFICE TO RETREAT TO RECEIV+ GIFTS TO NEW /ATUS4 

.<#a#b.> ,P]SONAL COMMUNICATION1 ,M>* #b4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,HOBBES1 BY CREAT+ SOME OV]>*+ P[] ( VIOL5CE1 :I* CAN 5SURE PEOPLE FULFILL !IR CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS & RESPECT ONE ANO!R'S PROP]TY RI<TS4 ,:I* IF WE LOOK AGA9 AT ,PIETZ'S MAT]IAL1 BECOMES ESPECIALLY IRONIC4 ,H]E WE HAVE ,EUROPEAN M]*ANT ADV5TUR]S SWE>+ OA?S & MAK+ AGREEM5TS ) ,AFRICANS OV] OBJECTS !Y CALL$ 'FETI%ES'1 AT EXACTLY ! SAME TIME AS AU?ORS SU* AS ,HOBBES W]E 9V5T+ SOCIAL CONTRACT !ORY BACK HOME1 BUT IT WAS APP>5TLY ! ,AFRICANS :O W]E SEE+ ! ACT AS CREAT+ A SORT ( SOCIAL CONTRACT2 ! ,EUROPEANS SEEM TO HAVE HAD O!R FI% TO FRY4 ,ALL ?IS OBVI\SLY RAISES ! QUE/ION ( :E!R !RE IS ANY REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ,HOBBES1 AMONG O!RS1 WAS AW>E ( :AT WAS GO+ ON 9 ,AFRICA AT ! TIME2 9 ,HOBBES' CASE AT LEA/1 ?\<1 ,I HAVE MANAG$ TO F9D NO CONCRETE EVID5CE4 ,:ILE ,HOBBES GREW UP 9 A M]*ANT H\SEHOLD1 9 HIS 5TIRE CORPUS HIS ONLY M5TIONS ( ,AFRICA1 AS F> AS ,I AM AW>E1 >E VIA ,CLASSICAL REF]5CES4 

.<#a#c.> ,CLE>LY1 :AT ,I AM SUGGE/+ H]E C\LD BE CONSID]$ A V>IANT ( ! FAM\S 'WEAL? 9 PEOPLE' >GUM5T 7SEE = 9/ANCE ,GUY]1 #a#i#i#c1 ,GUY] & ,BEL+A1 #a#i#i#e74 

.<#a#d.> ,OBVI\SLY1 ?IS IS A BIT ( A SIMPLIFICATION4 

.<#a#e.> ,BOHANNAN & ,BOHANNAN 7#a#i#f#h3 #b#c#c73 HAV+ A '/RONG HE>T' MEANS Y\ HAVE 'BO? C\RAGE & ATTRACTIV5ESS'4 

.<#a#f.> ,?IS IS BY NO MEANS UNIQUE TO ,MADAGASC>4 ,9 ! ,BA,KONGO CASE1 TOO1 ROYAL P[] WAS SE5 AS CREAT$ ?R\< ! SAME MEANS AS FETI%ES4 

.<#a#g.> ,9 FACT1 ! WORD 'FETI%' D]IVES FROM A ,PORTUGUESE T]M MEAN+ 'SOME?+ MADE'1 OR EV5 '>TIFICIAL'2 ?IS IS :Y ! T]M WAS ALSO US$ = COSMETICS - 'MAKE-UP' - 7,BAUDRILL>D1 #a#i#g#b3 #i#a74 

.<#a#h.> ,! PHRASE IS ADOPT$ FROM ,FR$RIC ,JAMESON4 ,JAMESON'S NOTION ( 'CULTURAL REVOLUTION' 7#a#i#h#a3 #i#e-#g71 9 TURN1 GOES BACK TO A C]TA9 /RA9 ( ,AL?USS]IAN ,M>XISM3 ! IDEA IS ?AT AS ONE RUL+ CLASS IS 9 ! GRADUAL PROCESS ( REPLAC+ ANO!R1 ! CONFLICT BETWE5 !M CAN BECOME A CRISIS ( MEAN+1 AS RADICALLY DIFF]5T 'CONCEPTUALITIES1 HABITS & LIFE =MS1 & VALUE SY/EMS' EXI/ ALONGSIDE ONE ANO!R4 ,! ,5LI<T5M5T1 = EXAMPLE1 C\LD BE SE5 AS ONE DRAMATIC MOM5T 9 A LONG CULTURAL REVOLUTION 9 :I* ?OSE ( ! OLD FEUDAL >I/OCRACY W]E 'SY/EMATICALLY DISMANTL$' & REPLAC$ ) ?OSE ( AN EM]G+ B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 ! CASE ( ! ,WE/ ,AFRICAN COA/ ONE IS ( C\RSE SPEAK+ NOT ( ONE CLASS REPLAC+ ANO!R BUT A CONFRONTATION ( DIFF]5T CULTURAL WORLDS4 

.<#a#i.> ,?IS IS :Y1 AS ,I HAVE SUGGE/$ 7#b#a3 #b#c#i-#d#g71 ,M>XI/S HAVE SU* A DIFFICULTY FIGUR+ \T :AT TO ?9K AB\T MAGIC4 

.<#b.> ,?AT IS TO SAY !RE WAS NO?+ LIKE ! FIX$1 MY?OLOGICAL PAN!ON ONE F9DS AMONG ! ,GREEKS1 OR ,BABYLONIANS1 OR ,YORUBA1 :]E OBJECTS ( CULT C\LD BE ID5TIFI$ ) SOME 5DUR+ FIGURE LIKE ,ZEUS1 ,A!NA1 ,%ANGO1 OR ,M>DUK4 

.<#b#a.> ,VALUE BE+1 AS ,I HAVE PREVI\SLY DEF9$ IT1 ! WAY \R CREATIVE ACTIONS TAKE ON MEAN+ = US1 BY BE+ PLAC$ 9 SOME L>G]1 SOCIAL1 FRAMEWORK1 BY BE+ EMBODI$ 9 SOME SOCIAL '=M' LIKE MONEY OR COMMODITIES 7,GRAEB]1 #b#a74 

.<#b#b.> ,AS ,T]RY ,TURN] & O!RS HAVE >GU$ AT SOME L5G? 7SEE ,GRAEB]1 #b#a3 #f#d-#f71 ALL ?IS IS PRETTY MU* EXACTLY :AT ,PIAGET WAS TALK+ AB\T :5 HE DESCRIB$ *ILDI% 'EGOC5TRISM'3 ! 9ABILITY TO UND]/& ?AT ONE'S [N P]SPECTIVE ON A SITUATION IS NOT ID5TICAL TO REALITY ITSELF1 BUT JU/ ONE ( AN 5DLESS V>IETY ( POSSIBLE P]SPECTIVES1 :I* 9 *ILDHOOD TOO LEADS TO TREAT+ OBJECTS AS IF !Y HAD SUBJECTIVE QUALITIES4 

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.<#b#e.> ,FROM A ,M>XIAN P]SPECTIVE IT MI<T BE RA!R DI/URB+ TO SEE BUS9ESS DEALS AS A PROTOTYPE = REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY2 BUT ONE MU/ BE> 9 M9D IT COMES ) ! >GUM5T ?AT ! PROTOTYPICAL =M ( CONTRACT1 EV5 BETWE5 BUS9ESS P>TN]S1 IS COMMUNISM4 

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