,FEUDAL ,5GL& 7,P>T #a7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,FEUDAL ,5GL&2 ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOL #c1 ,NO4  #h#d1 #b ,AUGU/ #a#h#h#g1 P4 #b#f#f-#g2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN4 

,! ,NORMAN ,CONQUE/ F\ND A C]TA9 K9D ( FEUDALITY 9 EXI/5CE 
9 ,5GL&2 A FEUDALITY :I* WAS DEVELOP$ FROM ! CU/OMS ( ! 
TRIBES ) LITTLE OR NO ADMIXTURE ( ,ROMAN LAW2 & ALSO EV5 BE=E 
! ,CONQUE/ ?IS C\NTRY WAS SL[LY BEG9N+ TO BE MIX$ UP ) 
! AFFAIRS ( ! ,CONT95T ( ,EUROPE1 & ?AT NOT ONLY ) ! 
K9DR$ NATIONS ( ,SC&9AVIA1 BUT ) ! ,ROMANIZ$ C\NTRIES 
ALSO4 ,BUT ! ,CONQUE/ ( ,DUKE ,WILLIAM DID 9TRODUCE ! COMPLETE 
OR ,ROMANIZ$ ,FEUDAL SY/EM 9TO ! C\NTRY2 & IT ALSO CONNECT$ 
IT BY /RONG BONDS TO ! ,ROMANIZ$ C\NTRIES1 BUT !REBY LAID ! 
FIR/ F\NDATIONS ( NATIONAL FEEL+ 9 ,5GL&4 ,! ,5GLI% FELT 
!IR K9%IP ) ! ,NORSEM5 OR ! ,DANES1 & DID NOT FEEL !IR 
CONQUE/S :5 !Y HAD BECOME COMPLETE1 & CONSEQU5TLY M]E 
IMM$IATE VIOL5CE HAD DISAPPE>$ FROM !M2 !IR FEEL+ WAS 
TRIBAL RA!R ?AN NATIONAL2 BUT !Y C\LD HAVE NO S5SE ( CO-NATIONALITY 
) ! V>I$ POPULATIONS ( ! PROV9CES :I* M]E 
DYNA/ICAL EV5TS HAD /RUNG TOGE!R 9TO ! DOM9ION1 ! MANOR1 
ONE MAY SAY1 ( ! =EIGN PR9CES ( ,NORM&Y & ,ANJ\2 & AS 
! K+S :O RUL$ !M GRADUALLY GOT PU%$ \T ( !IR ,FR5* 
POSSESSIONS1 ,5GL& BECAME CONSCI\S ( H] SEP>ATE NATIONALITY1 
?\< /ILL ONLY 9 A FA%ION1 AS ! MANOR ( AN ,5GLI% LORD4 

,IT IS BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS >TICLE TO GIVE ANY?+ LIKE A CONNECT$ 
/ORY1 EV5 ( ! SLI<TE/1 ( ! C\RSE ( EV5TS BETWE5 
! CONQUE/ ( ,DUKE ,WILLIAM & ! FULLY DEVELOP$ M$IEVAL P]IOD 
( ! #a#d? C5TURY1 :I* IS ! ,5GL& ?AT ,I HAVE BE=E MY 
EYES AS ,M$IEVAL4 ,?AT P]IOD ( ! #a#d? C5TURY UNIT$ ! DEVELOPM5TS 
( ! ELEM5TS :I* HAD BE5 /IRR+ 9 ,EUROPE S9CE 
! F9AL FALL ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 & ,5GL& %>$ 9 ! G5]AL 
FEEL+ & SPIRIT ( ! AGE1 AL?\< FROM ITS POSITION ! C\RSE ( 
ITS HI/ORY1 & TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! LIVES ( ITS PEOPLE WAS DIFF]5T4 
,IT IS TO ?IS P]IOD1 !RE=E1 ?AT ,I WI% 9 ! LONG RUN TO CALL Y\R 
ATT5TION1 & ,I WILL ONLY SAY SO MU* AB\T ! E>LI] P]IOD AS MAY 
BE NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 H[ ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& GOT 9TO ! POSITION 
9 :I* !Y W]E F\ND BY ! /ATUTE ( LABOR]S 5ACT$ BY ,$W>D 
,I,I,I41 & ! ,PEASANT'S ,REBELLION 9 ! TIME ( HIS GR&SON & 
SUCCESSOR ,RI*>D ,I,I4 

,UND\BT$LY1 !N1 ! ,NORMAN ,CONQUE/ MADE A COMPLETE BREAK 
9 ! CONT9UITY ( ! HI/ORY ( ,5GL&4 ,:5 ! ,LONDON]S 
AFT] ! ,BATTLE ( ,HA/+S ACCEPT$ ,DUKE ,WILLIAM = !IR K+1 
NO D\BT !Y ?\<T ( HIM AS BE+ MU* 9 ! SAME POSITION ?AT 
! NEWLY SLA9 ,H>OLD HAD BE52 OR AT ANY RATE SU* A K+ AS ,KNUT 
! ,DANE1 :O HAD ALSO CONQU]$ ,5GL&2 & PROBABLY ,WILLIAM 
HIMSELF ?\<T NO O!RWISE1 BUT ! EV5T WAS QUITE DIFF]5T1 = 
ON ! ONE H& NOT ONLY WAS HE A MAN ( GREAT *>ACT]1 ABLE1 
MA/]FUL1 & A GREAT SOLDI] 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! WORD1 BUT 
HE HAD AT HIS BACK HIS WEAL?Y DUK$OM ( ,NORM&Y1 :I* HE HAD 
HIMSELF R$UC$ TO OB$I5CE & ORGANIZ$2 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 
,5GL& LAY BE=E HIM1 UNORGANIZ$1 YET /UBBORNLY REBELLI\S TO HIM2 
ITS V]Y DISORGANIZATION & WANT ( A C5T] MAK+ IT MORE DIFFICULT 
TO DEAL ) BY M]ELY OV]-RUNN+ IT ) AN >MY LEVI$ = ?AT 
PURPOSE1 & BACK$ BY A BODY ( H\SE-C>LES OR GU>DS1 :I* W\LD 
HAVE BE5 ! ME?OD ( A ,SC&9AVIAN OR NATIVE K+ 9 DEAL+ 
) HIS REBELLI\S SUBJECTS4 ,DUKE ,WILLIAM'S NECESSITIES & 9/9CTS 
COMB9$ L$ HIM 9TO A V]Y DIFF]5T C\RSE ( ACTION1 :I* DET]M9$ 
! FUTURE DE/9Y ( ! C\NTRY4 ,:AT HE DID WAS TO QU>T] 
UPON ,5GL& AN >MY ( FEUDAL VASSALS DRAWN FROM HIS OB$I5T 
DUK$OM1 & TO H& OV] TO !M ! LORD%IP ( ! L& ( ,5GL& 
9 RETURN = !IR MILIT>Y S]VICE TO HIM1 ! SUZ]A9 ( !M 
ALL4 ,!NCE=W>D1 IT WAS UND] ! RULE ( !SE =EIGN L&LORDS 
?AT ! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& HAD TO DEVELOPE4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! C\NTRY AS A ,TEUTONIC PEOPLE WAS *ECK$ 
& TURN$ ASIDE BY ?IS EV5T4 ,DUKE ,WILLIAM BR\<T1 9 FACT1 HIS 
,NORM&Y 9TO ,5GL&1 :I* WAS !REBY *ANG$ FROM A ,TEUTONIC 
PEOPLE 7!OD7 ) ! OLD TRIBAL CU/OM>Y LAW /ILL 9 USE AMONG !M1 
9TO A PROV9CE ( ,ROMANIZ$ ,FEUDAL ,EUROPE1 A PIECE ( ,FRANCE 9 %ORT2 
& ?\< 9 TIME %E DID GR[ 9TO ANO!R ,5GL& AGA91 %E 
MISS$ = EV] 9 H] LANGUAGE1 H] LIT]ATURE1 & H] LAWS1 ! *ANCE 
( DEVELOP+ 9TO A GREAT HOMOG5E\S ,TEUTONIC PEOPLE 9FUS$ USEFULLY 
) A MIXTURE ( ,CELTIC BLOOD4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS /EP :I* ,DUKE ,WILLIAM WAS =C$ TO TAKE1 FUR!R 
9FLU5C$ ! FUTURE ( ! C\NTRY BY CREAT+ ! GREAT ORD] ( 
! B>ONAGE1 & ! HI/ORY ( ! E>LY P]IOD ( ,5GL& IS PRETTY 
MU* ?AT ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! K+ ) ! B>ONAGE & ! 
*UR*4 ,= ,WILLIAM FIX$ ! TYPE ( ! SUCCESSFUL ,5GLI% M$IEVAL 
K+1 ( :OM ,H5RY ,I,I4 & ,$W>D ,I4 W]E ALSO NOTABLE EXAMPLES4 
,IT WAS1 9 FACT1 ) HIM ?AT ! /RUGGLE T[>DS MON>*ICAL BUREAUCRACY 
BEGAN1 :I* WAS *ECK$ BY ! B>ONS1 :O EXTORT$ ,MAGNA 
,*>TA FROM ,K+ ,JOHN1 & AFT]W>DS BY ! REVOLT HEAD$ BY ,SIMON 
DE ,MONT=T 9 ,H5RY4 ,I,I,I4'S REIGN2 WAS C>RI$ ON VIGOR\SLY BY 
,$W>D ,I41 & F9ALLY SUCCESSFULLY F9I%$ BY ,H5RY ,V,I,I4 AFT] ! 
LONG FACTION-FI<T ( ! ,W>S ( ! ,ROSES1 HAD WEAK5$ ! FEUDAL 
LORDS SO MU* ?AT !Y C\LD NO LONG] ASS]T !MSELVES AGA9/ ! 
MON>*Y4 

,AS TO ! CONTE/ BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! ,*UR*1 TWO ?+S 
>E TO BE NOT$3 FIR/1 ?AT AT LEA/ 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD ! ,*UR* 
WAS ON ! POPUL> SIDE4 ,?OMAS ,BECKETT WAS CANONIZ$1 IT IS TRUE1 
=MALLY & BY REGUL> DECREE2 BUT HIS MEMORY WAS HELD SO DE> BY 
! PEOPLE ?AT HE W\LD PROBABLY HAVE BE5 CANONIZ$ 9=MALLY 
BY !M IF ! HOLY SEAT AT ,ROME HAD REFUS$ TO DO SO4 ,! SECOND 
?+ TO BE NOT$ AB\T ! DISPUTE IS ?IS1 ?AT IT WAS NO CONTE/ ( 
PR9CIPLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! M$IEVAL !ORY ( LIFE & RELIGION1 ! 
,*UR* & ! ,/ATE W]E ONE3 SEP>ATE MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! ,K+DOM 
( ,GOD UPON E>? :I* WAS P>T ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD 9 
HEAV52 ! K+ WAS AN (FIC] ( ?AT REALM & A LIEGEMAN ( ,GOD4 
,! DOCTOR ( LAWS & ! DOCTOR ( PHYSIC P>TOOK 9 A DEGREE ( ! 
PRIE/LY *>ACT]4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! ,*UR* WAS NOT )DRAWN 
FROM ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( M52 ! DIVISION 9TO A WORLDLY & SPIRITUAL 
LIFE NEI!R ( :I* HAD MU* TO DO ) ! O!R1 WAS A CREATION ( 
! PROTE/ANTISM ( ! ,RE=MATION1 & HAD NO PLACE 9 ! PRACTICE 
AT LEA/ ( ! M$IEVAL ,*UR*1 :I* WE CANNOT TOO C>EFULLY REMEMB] 
IS LITTLE MORE REPRES5T$ BY MOD]N ,CA?OLICISM ?AN BY MOD]N 
,PROTE/ANTISM4 ,! CONTE/1 !RE=E1 BETWE5 ! ,CR[N & ! 
,*UR* WAS A M]E BICK]+ BETWE5 TWO BODIES1 )\T ANY ESS5TIAL 
ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !M AS TO H[ F> ! ADM9I/RATION ( 
EI!R REA*$3 NEI!R DREAM$ ( SUBORD9AT+ ONE TO ! O!R1 
F> LESS ( EXT+UI%+ ONE BY ! O!R4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,CRUSADES1 BY ! WAY1 ILLU/RATES V]Y EMPHATICALLY 
?IS POSITION ( ! ,*UR* 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! F\NDATION 
( ?AT /RANGE FEUDAL K+DOM ( ,J]USALEM1 :OSE K+ HAD PREC$5CE 
9 VIRTUE ( HIS PLACE AS LORD ( ! C5T] ( ,*RI/IANITY OV] ALL 
O!R K+S & PR9CES2 ! ORD]S ( M5-AT->MS V[$ TO POV]TY 
& *A/ITY1 LIKE ! ,TEMPL>S & ,KNI<TS ( ,/4 ,JOHN2 & ABOVE 
ALL ! UNQUE/ION+ S5SE ( DUTY ?AT URG$ M5 ( ALL CLASSES & 
K9DS 9TO ! HOLY W>1 %[ H[ /RONGLY ! IDEA ( ,GOD'S K+DOM 
ON ! E>? HAD TAK5 HOLD ( ALL M5'S M9DS 9 ! E>LY ,MIDDLE 
,AGES4 ,AS TO ! RESULT ( ! ,CRUSADES1 !Y C]TA9LY HAD !IR 
9FLU5CE ON ! SOLIDIFICATION ( ,EUROPE & ! GREAT FEUDAL SY/EM1 
AT ! HEAD ( :I*1 9 !ORY AT LEA/1 W]E ! ,POPE & ! ,KAIS>4 
,D\BTLESS1 ALSO1 ! 9T]C\RSE ) ! ,EA/ GAVE ,EUROPE AN OPPORTUNITY 
( %>+ 9 ! ME*ANICAL CIVILIZATION ( ! PEOPLES ORIG9ALLY 
DOM9AT$ BY ! ,>ABS1 & 9FUS$ BY ! >T ( ,BYZANTIUM & 
,P]SIA1 NOT )\T SOME T9CTURE ( ! CULTIVATION ( ! LAT] CLASSICAL 
P]IOD4 

,! /IR & MOVEM5T ALSO ( ! ,CRUSADES1 & ! NECESSITIES 9 
:I* !Y 9VOLV$ ! PR9CES & !IR B>ONS1 FUR!R$ ! UPW>D 
MOVEM5T ( ! CLASSES ?AT LAY BEL[ ! FEUDAL VASSALS1 GREAT & 
LITTLE2 ! PR9CIPAL OPPORTUNITY = :I* MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 9 
,5GL&1 WAS GIV5 BY ! CONT9U\S /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,CR[N 
& ! ,*UR* & ,B>ONAGE4 

,! E>LY ,NORMAN K+S1 EV5 IMM$IATELY AFT] !@<@< DEA? ( ! 
,CONQU]OR1 F\ND !MSELVES 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 & W]E =C$ 
TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! HELP ( :AT HAD N[ BECOME ! 9F]IOR 
TRIBE -- ! NATIVE ,5GLI%1 TO WIT4 ,H5RY ,I41 AN ABLE & AMBITI\S 
MAN1 UND]/OOD ?IS SO CLE>LY ?AT HE MADE A DI/9CT BID = ! 
FAVOR ( ! 9F]IOR TRIBE BY M>RY+ AN ,5GLI% PR9CESS2 & IT 
WAS BY MEANS ( ! HELP ( HIS ,5GLI% SUBJECTS ?AT BE CONQU]$ HIS 
,NORMAN SUBJECTS1 & ! FIELD ( ,T5*EBRAY1 :I* PUT ! COP+-/ONE 
ON HIS SUCCESS1 WAS FELT BY ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE AS AN ,5GLI% 
VICTORY OV] ! OPPRESS+ TRIBE ) :I* ,DUKE ,WILLIAM HAD OV]:ELM$ 
! ,5GLI% PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS K+'S REIGN & 
UND] !SE 9FLU5CES ?AT ! TRAD+ & 9DU/RIAL CLASSES BEGAN TO 
RISE SOME:AT4 ,! M]*ANT GILDS 7( :I* SUBJECT ( GILDS MORE 
H]EAFT]7 W]E N[ 9 !IR P]IOD ( GREATE/ P[]1 & HAD H>DLY 
BEGUN1 AS !Y DID LAT]1 TO DEVELOPE 9TO ! CORPORATIONS ( ! T[NS2 
BUT ! T[NS !MSELVES W]E BEG9N+ TO GA9 !IR FRE$OM & TO 
BECOME AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! SOCIETY ( ! TIME1 AS LITTLE BY 
LITTLE !Y ASS]T$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! >BITR>Y RULE ( ! FEUDAL 
LORDS1 LAY OR ECCLESIA/ICAL3 = AS TO ! LATT]1 IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ 
?AT ! ,*UR* 9CLUD$ 9 H]SELF ! ORD]S OR CLASSES 9TO :I* LAY 
SOCIETY WAS DIVID$1 & :ILE BY ITS L[] CL]GY ( ! P>I%ES & 
7AFT]W>DS7 BY ! FRI>S IT T\*$ ! PEOPLE1 ITS UPP] CL]GY W]E 
SIMPLY FEUDAL LORDS2 & AS ! RELIGI\S F]VOR ( ! 0CULTIVAT$ 
CL]GY10 :I* WAS M>K$ 5\< 9 ! E>LI] P]IOD ( ! ,MIDDLE 
,AGES 79 ,ANSELM1 = EXAMPLE71 FAD$ \T1 !Y BECAME MORE & MORE 
M]E L&LORDS1 AL?\< FROM ! CONDITIONS ( !IR L&LORDISM1 
LIV+ AS !Y DID ON !IR L& & AMID ( !IR T5ANTS1 LESS 
OPPRESSIVE ?AN ! LAY L&LORDS4 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS4 

7 ,TO HE CONT9U$4 7 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #bba 3 ,FEUDAL ,5GL& 7,P>T #a7 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,FEUDAL ,5GL& 7,P>T #a7 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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