,FEUDAL ,5GL& 7,P>T #b7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,FEUDAL ,5GL&2 ,COMMONWEAL1 ,VOL #c1 ,NO4  #h#e1 #bg ,AUGU/ #a#h#h#g1 P4 #b#g#d2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,GRAHAM ,SEAMAN4 

,! ORD] & PROGRESS ( ,H5RY ,I4'S REIGN1 :I* M>KS ! TRANSITION 
FROM ! M]E MILIT>Y CAMP ( ! ,CONQU]OR TO ! ,M$IEVAL ,5GL& 
,I HAVE TO DWELL UPON1 WAS FOLL[$ BY ! P]IOD ( M]E CONFUSION 
& MIS]Y :I* ACCOMPANI$ ! ACCESSION ( ! PR9CES ( ,ANJ\ 
TO ! ?RONE ( ,5GL&4 ,9 ?IS P]IOD ! B>ONS WIDELY BECAME 
M]E VIOL5T & ILLEGAL ROBB]S2 & ! CA/LES ) :I* ! L& 
WAS DOTT$1 & :I* W]E BEGUN UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,CONQU]OR 
AS MILIT>Y PO/S1 BECAME M]E D5S ( /RONG ?IEVES4 ,NO D\BT ?IS 
MADE ! BUS9ESS ( ! NEXT ABLE K+1 ,H5RY ,I,I41 ! EASI]4 ,HE 
WAS A /AUN* MAN ( BUS9ESS1 & TURN$ HIMSELF ) HIS :OLE S\L 
T[>DS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ORD] & ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! 
MON>*Y1 :I* ACCORD+LY TOOK A GREAT /RIDE UND] HIM T[>DS ITS 
ULTIMATE GOAL ( BUREAUCRACY4 ,HE W\LD PROBABLY HAVE C>RI$ ! 
BUS9ESS /ILL FUR!R1 S9CE 9 HIS CONTE/ ) ! ,*UR*1 9 SPITE ( 
! CANONIZATION ( ,BECKETT & ! K+'S =MAL P5ANCE AT HIS TOMB1 
HE HAD REALLY GA9$ A VICTORY = ! ,CR[N1 :I* IT NEV] REALLY 
LO/ AGA92 BUT 9 HIS DAYS ,5GL& WAS ONLY A P>T ( ! VA/ 
DOM9ION ( HIS H\SE1 :I* 9CLUD$ MORE ?AN HALF ( ,FRANCE1 & 
HIS /RUGGLE ) HIS FEUDATORIES & ! ,FR5* K+1 :I* S[$ ! 
SE$ ( ! LOSS ( ?AT DOM9ION TO ! ,5GLI% ,CR[N1 TOOK UP MU* 
( HIS LIFE & F9ALLY BEAT HIM4 ,HIS TWO IMM$IATE SUCCESSORS1 ,RI*>D ,I4 
& ,JOHN1 W]E GOOD SPECIM5S ( ! *IEFS ( !IR L9E1 ALMO/ 
ALL ( :OM W]E V]Y ABLE M51 HAV+ EV5 A T\* ( G5IUS 9 
!M1 BUT !RE)AL W]E SU* WANTON BLACKGU>DS & SC\NDRELS 
?AT ONE IS ALMO/ =C$ TO APPLY ! !OLOGICAL WORD 0WICK$NESS0 
TO !M4 ,SU* *>ACT]S BELONG SPECIALLY TO !IR TIMES1 F]TILE AS 
!Y W]E BO? ( GREAT QUALITIES & ( SC\NDRELISM1 & 9 :I* 
\R [N SPECIAL VICE ( HYPOCRISY WAS 5TIRELY LACK+4 ,JOHN1 ! 
SECOND ( !SE TWO PE/S1 PUT ! COP+-/ONE ON ! VILLA9Y ( HIS 
FAMILY1 & LO/ HIS ,FR5* DOM9ION 9 ! LUMP4 ,UND] SU* RASCALS AS 
!SE CAME ! TURN ( ! B>ONAGE1 & !Y1 L$ BY ,/EPH5 ,LANGTON1 
! >*BI%OP :O HAD BE5 =C$ ON ! UNWILL+ K+ BY ! ,POPE1 
UNIT$ TOGE!R & =C$ FROM HIM HIS ASS5T TO ,MAGNA-*>TA1 ! 
GREAT1 ?OR\<LY WELL-CONSID]$ DE$1 :I* IS CONV5TIONALLY CALL$ 
! F\NDATION ( ,5GLI% ,LIB]TY1 BUT :I* CAN ONLY CLAIM TO BE SO 
ON ! GR\ND ?AT IT WAS ! CONFIRMATION & SEAL ( ! COMPLETE 
FEUDAL SY/EM 9 ,5GL&1 & PUT ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! VASSALS1 
! GREAT FEUDATORIES1 & ! K+1 ON A /ABLE BASIS1 S9CE IT CREAT$ 
OR AT LEA/ CONFIRM$ ORD] AMONG !SE PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 AMONG :OM 
9DE$ IT RECOGNIZ$ ! T[NS TO A C]TA9 EXT5T AS P>T ( ! GREAT 
FEUDAL HI]>*Y3 !Y HAD BEGUN TO ACQUIRE /ATUS 9 ?AT HI]>*Y4 

,SO ,JOHN PASS$ AWAY1 & BECAME NOT LONG AFT] AN ALMO/ MY?ICAL 
P]SONAGE1 ! TYPE ( ! BAD K+4 ,!RE >E /ILL BALLADS & PROSE 
/ORIES ( !SE 9 EXI/5CE1 :I* TELL ! TALE ( ?IS /RANGE 
MON/] AS ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE IMAG9$ IT4 ,AS !Y BELONG TO ! 
F\RTE5? C5TURY1 ! P]IOD ,I HAVE UND]TAK5 TO TELL Y\ AB\T 
SPECIALLY1 ,I WILL GIVE Y\ ONE ( ! LATT] ( !SE CONC]N+ ! DEA? 
( ,K+ ,JOHN1 = :OM ! PEOPLE IMAG9$ A MORE DRAMATIC CAUSE 
( DEA? ?AN M]E 9DIGE/ION1 ( :I* 9 ALL PROBABILITY HE REALLY DI$2 
& Y\ MAY TAKE IT = A SPECIM5 ( POPUL> LIT]ATURE ( ! F\RTE5? 
C5TURY4 ,I CAN MAKE BOLD TO QUOTE FROM MEMORY1 S9CE ! 
QUA9T WORD+ ( ! ORIG9AL1 & ! SPIRIT ( BOLD & BLUNT H]OISM 
:I* IT BREA!S1 HAVE FIX$ IT 9 MY M9D = EV]4 ,! ,K+1 Y\ 
MU/ REMEMB]1 HAD HALT$ AT ,SW9E/EAD ,ABBEY 9 ,L9COLN%IRE 9 
HIS RETREAT FROM ! HO/ILE B>ONS & !IR ,FR5* ALLIES1 & HAD 
LO/ ALL HIS BAGGAGE BY ! SURPRISE ( ! ADVANC+ TIDE 9 ! ,WA%2 
SO ?AT HE MI<T WELL BE 9 A SOME:AT S\R MOOD4 ,SAYS ! TALE3 

0,SO ! ,K+ W5T TO MEAT 9 ! HALL1 & BE=E HIM WAS A LOAF1 & 
HE LOOK$ GRIMLY ON IT & SAID1 ',= H[ MU* IS SU* A LOAF SOLD 9 
?IS REALM8' ',SIR1 = ONE P5NY1' SAID !Y4 ,!N ! ,K+ SMOTE 
! BO>D ) HIS FI/ & SAID1 ',BY ,GOD1 IF ,I LIVE = ONE YE> SU* 
A LOAF %ALL BE SOLD = TWELVE P5CE6' ,?AT HE>D ONE ( ! MONKS 
:O /OOD !REBY1 & HE ?\<T & CONSID]$ ?AT HIS H\R & 
TIME TO DIE WAS COME1 & ?AT IT W\LD BE A GOOD DE$ TO SLAY SO CRUEL 
A K+ & SO EVIL A LORD4 ,SO HE W5T 9TO ! G>D5 & PLUCK$ 
PLUMS & TOOK \T ( !M ! /ELES .</ALKS.>1 & DID V5OM 9 !M 
EA* ONE2 & HE CAME BE=E ! ,K+ & SAT ON HIS KNEE1 & SAID3 
',SIR1 BY ,/ ,AU/91 ?IS IS ! FRUIT ( \R G>D54' ,!N ! ,K+ 
LOOK$ EVILLY ON HIM & SAID1 ',ASSAY !M1 MONK6' ,SO ! MONK 
TOOK & ATE !RE(1 NOR *ANG$ C\NT5ANCE ANY :IT3 SO ! ,K+ 
ATE !REAFT]4 ,BUT PRES5TLY AFT]W>DS ! MONK SWELL$ & TURN$ 
BLUE1 & FELL D[N & DI$ BE=E ! ,K+3 !N WAX$ ! ,K+ 
SICK AT HE>T1 & HE ALSO SWELL$ & DI$1 & SO HE 5D$ HIS DAYS40 

,= A :ILE AFT] ! DEA? ( ,JOHN & ACCESSION ( ,H5RY ,I,I,I1 ! 
B>ONAGE1 /R5G!N$ BY ! GREAT ,*>T] & ) A WEAK & 
WAYW>D K+ ON ! ?RONE1 MADE !IR /EP =W>D 9 P[] & 
POPUL>ITY1 & ! FIR/ S]I\S *ECK TO ! T5D5CY TO MON>*ICAL 
BUREAUCRACY1 A K9D ( ELEM5T>Y >I/OCRATIC CON/ITUTION1 WAS IMPOS$ 
UPON ! WEAKNESS ( ,H5RY ,I,I,I4 ,UND] ?IS MOVEM5T ( ! B>ONS1 
:O 9 !IR TURN HAD TO SEEK = ! SUPPORT ( ! PEOPLE1 ! T[NS 
MADE A FRE% /EP 9 ADVANCE1 & ,SIMON DE ,MONT=T1 ! LEAD] ( 
:AT = WANT ( A BETT] WORD MU/ BE CALL$ ! POPUL> P>TY1 WAS 
=C$ BY HIS CIRCUM/ANCES TO SUMMON TO HIS P>LIAM5T CITIZ5S FROM 
! BOR\<S4 ,E>L ,SIMON WAS ONE ( ?OSE M5 ?AT COME TO ! 
FRONT 9 VIOL5T TIMES1 & HE ADD$ REAL NOBILITY ( *>ACT] TO 
/R5G? ( WILL & P]SI/5CE4 ,HE BECAME ! H]O ( ! PEOPLE1 
:O W5T NE> TO CANONIZ+ HIM AFT] HIS DEA?4 ,BUT ! MON>*Y 
WAS TOO /RONG = HIM & HIS REALLY ADVANC$ PROJECTS1 :I* BY NO 
MEANS SQU>$ ) ! HOPES ( ! ,B>ONAGE 9 G5]AL2 & :5 
,PR9CE ,$W>D1 AFT]W>DS ,$W>D ,I41 GR[N TO HIS FULL M5TAL /ATURE1 
CAME TO ! HELP ( ! ,CR[N ) HIS UNSCRUPUL\S BUS9ESS ABILITY1 
! /RUGGLE WAS SOON OV]2 & ) ,EVE%AM FIELD ! MON>*Y 
BEGAN TO TAKE A NEW /RIDE1 & ! LONGE/ YET TAK51 T[>DS 
BUREAUCRACY4 

,$W>D ,I4 IS REMEMB]$ BY US *IEFLY = ! /RUGGLE HE C>RI$ 
ON ) ! ,SCOT* B>ONAGE = ! FEUDAL SUZ]A9TY ( ?AT K+DOM1 
& ! C5TURIES ( ANIMOSITY BETWE5 ! TWO K+DOMS :I* 
?AT /RUGGLE DREW ON4 ,BUT HE HAS O!R CLAIMS TO \R ATT5TION BESIDES 
?IS4 ,AT FIR/1 & REMEMB]+ ! RU?LESSNESS ( MANY ( HIS 
ACTS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,SCOT* W>1 ONE IS APT TO LOOK UPON HIM AS A 
SOME:AT P$ANTIC TYRANT & A GOOD SOLDI]1 ) SOME?+ LIKE A 
DA% ( HYPOCRISY BEYOND HIS TIME ADD$4 ,BUT1 LIKE ! ,ANGEV9E 
,K+S ,I WAS SPEAK+ ( JU/ N[1 HE WAS A COMPLETELY *>ACT]I/IC 
PRODUCT ( HIS TIME4 ,HE WAS NOT A HYPOCRITE PROBABLY1 AFT] ALL1 9 
SPITE ( HIS TE>S %$ AFT] HE HAD IRRETRIEVABLY LO/ A GAME1 OR WON 
ONE BY /]N CRUELTY4 ,!RE WAS A DA% ( REAL ROMANCE 9 HIM1 
:I* M+L$ CURI\SLY ) C]TA9 LAWY]-LIKE QUALITIES4 ,HE WAS1 
P]HAPS1 ! MAN ( ALL M5 :O REPRES5T$ MO/ COMPLETELY ! 
F9I%$ FEUDAL SY/EM1 & :O TOOK IT MO/ TO HE>T4 ,HIS LAW1 HIS 
ROMANCE1 & HIS RELIGION1 HIS SELF-COMM&1 & HIS T]RIBLE FURY W]E 
ALL A P>T ( ?IS 9NATE FEUDALISM1 & EX]CIS$ )9 ITS LIMITS2 
& WE MU/ SUPPOSE ?AT HE ?OR\<LY FELT HIS RESPONSIBILITY AS ! 
*IEF ( HIS FEUDATORIES1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME HE HAD NO IDEA ( HIS 
HAV+ ANY RESPONSIBILITIES T[>DS ! L[] P>T ( HIS SUBJECTS4 
,SU* A MAN WAS SPECIALLY SUIT$ TO C>RY+ ON ! T5D5CY TO 
BUREAUCRATIC C5TRALIZATION1 :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! ,TUDOR MON>*Y4 
,HE HAD HIS /RUGGLE ) ! B>ONAGE1 BUT H>D AS IT WAS HE WAS SURE 
NOT TO C>RY IT BEYOND ! DUE LIMITS ( FEUDALISM2 TO ?AT HE WAS 
ALWAYS LOYAL4 ,HE HAD SLA9 ,E>L ,SIMON BE=E HE WAS K+1 :ILE HE 
WAS BUT HIS FA!R'S G5]AL2 BUT ,E>L ,SIMON'S WORK DID NOT DIE ) 
HIM1 & H5CE=W>D :ILE ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & !IR FEUDAL HI]>*Y 
LA/$1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = EI!R K+ OR B>ONS TO DO ANY?+ 
:I* W\LD S]I\SLY 9JURE EA* O!R'S POSITION2 ! /RUGGLE 
5D$ 9 HIS REIGN 9 A BALANCE ( P[] 9 ,5GL& :I*1 ON ! 
ONE H&1 PREV5T$ ANY GREAT FEUDATORY BECOM+ A RIVAL ( ! K+ 
AS HAPP5$ 9 SEV]AL 9/ANCES 9 ,FRANCE1 & ON ! O!R H& 
PREV5T$ ! K+ LAPS+ 9TO A M]E DESPOTIC MON>*4 ,I HAVE SAID 
?AT BUREAUCRACY TOOK A GREAT /RIDE 9 ,$W>D'S REIGN1 BUT IT REA*$ 
ITS LIMITS UND] FEUDALISM AS F> AS ! NOBLES W]E CONC]N$4 ,PEACE 
& ORD] WAS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T P[]S ( ! GOV]N+ 
CLASSES2 H5CE=W>D1 ! /RUGGLE IS BETWE5 !M & ! 
GOV]N$2 ?AT /RUGGLE WAS N[ TO BECOME OBVI\S2 ! L[] TRIBE 
WAS RIS+ 9 IMPORTANCE1 BECOM+ RI*] = FLEEC+1 BUT ALSO IT WAS 
BEG9N+ TO HAVE SOME P[]2 ?IS L$ ! K+ FIR/1 & AFT]W>DS 
! B>ONS1 TO ATTACK IT DEF9ITELY2 IT WAS RI* 5\< TO PAY = ! 
TR\BLE ( BE+ ROBB$1 & NOT YET /RONG 5\< TO DEF5D ITSELF 
) OP5 SUCCESS1 AL?\< ! SL[] & LESS %[Y SUCCESS ( 
GR[? DID NOT FAIL IT4 ,! 9/RUM5T ( ATTACK 9 ! H&S ( ! 
B>ONS WAS ! ORD9>Y FEUDAL PRIVILEGE1 ! LOGICAL C>RY+ \T ( 
S]FDOM2 BUT ?IS ATTACK TOOK PLACE TWO REIGNS LAT]4 ,WE %ALL COME 
TO ?AT FUR!R ON4 ,! ATTACK ON ! L[] TRIBE N[ GR[+ 9TO 
IMPORTANCE 9 ?IS REIGN WAS MADE BY ! K+2 & HIS 9/RUM5T 
WAS -- ,P>LIAM5T4 

,I HAVE TOLD Y\ ?AT ,SIMON DE ,MONT=T MADE SOME ATTEMPT TO GET 
! BURGESSES TO SIT 9 HIS ,P>LIAM5T1 BUT IT WAS LEFT TO ,$W>D ,I4 
TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS FIRMLY ( ,P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATION1 :I* 
HE US$ = ! PURPOSE ( AUGM5T+ ! P[] ( ! ,CR[N & 
CRU%+ ! RIS+ LIB]TY ( ! T[N1 ?\< ( C\RSE HIS DIRECT 
AIM WAS SIMPLY AT -- MONEY4 

,WILLIAM ,MORRIS4 

7,TO HE CONT9U$4 7 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b#b1 #bba 3 ,FEUDAL ,5GL& 7,P>T #b7 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,FEUDAL ,5GL& 7,P>T #b7 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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