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,SMALL ,9DU/RIES & ,9DU/RIAL ,VILLAGE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JON ,EVANS1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE -- ,! SMALL 9DU/RIES--,DIFF]5T TYPES -- ,PETTY TRADES 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA93  ,%EFFIELD1 ,LE$S1 ,LAKE ,DI/RICT1 ,BIRM+HAM -- ,/ATI/ICAL DATA -- ,PETTY TRADES 9 ,FRANCE3  ,WEAV+ & V>I\S O!R TRADES -- ,! ,LYONS REGION -- ,P>IS1 EMPORIUM ( PETTY TRADES --,RESULTS ( ! C5SUS ( #a#h#i#f4 

,! TWO SI/] >TS ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY W]E NOT ALWAYS SO E/RANG$ FROM ONE ANO!R AS !Y >E N[4 ,!RE WAS A TIME1 & ?AT TIME IS NOT SO F> BACK1 :5 BO? W]E ?OR\<LY COMB9$2 ! VILLAGES W]E !N ! SEATS ( A V>IETY ( 9DU/RIES1 & ! >TISANS 9 ! CITIES DID NOT AB&ON AGRICULTURE2 MANY T[NS W]E NO?+ ELSE BUT 9DU/RIAL VILLAGES4 ,IF ! M$IEVAL CITY WAS ! CRADLE ( ?OSE 9DU/RIES :I* BORD]$ UPON >T & W]E 9T5D$ TO SUPPLY ! WANTS ( ! RI*] CLASSES1 /ILL IT WAS ! RURAL MANUFACTURE :I* SUPPLI$ ! WANTS ( ! MILLION1 AS IT DOES UNTIL ! PRES5T DAY 9 ,RUSSIA1 & TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T 9 ,G]MANY & ,FRANCE4 ,BUT !N CAME ! WAT]-MOTORS1 /EAM1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MA*9]Y1 & !Y BROKE ! L9K :I* =M]LY CONNECT$ ! F>M ) ! WORK%OP4 ,FACTORIES GREW UP & !Y AB&ON$ ! FIELDS4 ,!Y GA!R$ :]E ! SALE ( !IR PRODUCE WAS EASIE/1 OR ! RAW MAT]IALS & FUEL C\LD BE OBTA9$ ) ! GREATE/ ADVANTAGE4 ,NEW CITIES ROSE1 & ! OLD ONES RAPIDLY 5L>G$2 ! FIELDS W]E DES]T$4 ,MILLIONS ( LABOR]S1 DRIV5 AWAY BY %E] =CE FROM ! L&1 GA!R$ 9 ! CITIES 9 SE>* ( LABOR1 & SOON =GOT ! BONDS :I* =M]LY ATTA*$ !M TO ! SOIL4 ,& WE1 9 \R ADMIRATION ( ! PRODIGIES A*IEV$ UND] ! NEW FACTORY SY/EM1 OV]LOOK$ ! ADVANTAGES ( ! OLD SY/EM UND] :I* ! TILL] ( ! SOIL WAS AN 9DU/RIAL WORK] AT ! SAME TIME4 ,WE DOOM$ TO DISAPPE>ANCE ALL ?OSE BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY :I* =M]LY US$ TO PROSP] 9 ! VILLAGES2 WE CONDEMN$ 9 9DU/RY ALL ?AT WAS NOT A BIG FACTORY4 

,TRUE1 ! RESULTS W]E GR& AS REG>DS ! 9CREASE ( ! PRODUCTIVE P[]S ( MAN4 ,BUT !Y PROV$ T]RIBLE AS REG>DS ! MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S :O W]E PLUNG$ 9TO MIS]Y & HAD TO RELY UPON PREC>I\S MEANS ( LIV+ 9 \R CITIES4 ,MOREOV]1 ! SY/EM1 AS A :OLE1 BR\<T AB\T ?OSE ABNORMAL CONDITIONS :I* ,I HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO SKET* 9 ! TWO FIR/ *APT]S4 ,WE W]E ?US DRIV5 9TO A CORN]2 & :ILE A ?OR\< *ANGE 9 ! PRES5T RELATIONS BETWE5 LABOR & CAPITAL IS BECOM+ AN IMP]I\S NECESSITY1 A ?OR\< REMODEL+ ( ! :OLE ( \R 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION HAS ALSO BECOME UNAVOIDABLE4 ,! 9DU/RIAL NATIONS >E B\ND TO REV]T TO AGRICULTURE1 !Y >E COMPELL$ TO F9D \T ! BE/ MEANS ( COMB9+ IT ) 9DU/RY1 & !Y MU/ DO SO )\T LOSS ( TIME4 

,TO EXAM9E ! SPECIAL QUE/ION AS TO ! POSSIBILITY ( SU* A COMB9ATION IS ! AIM ( ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE1 FROM A TE*NICAL PO9T ( VIEW8 ,IS IT DESIRABLE8 ,>E !RE1 9 \R PRES5T 9DU/RIAL LIFE1 SU* FEATURES AS MI<T LEAD US TO PRESUME ?AT A *ANGE 9 ! ABOVE DIRECTION W\LD F9D ! NECESS>Y ELEM5TS = ITS ACCOMPLI%M5T8 ,SU* >E ! QUE/IONS :I* RISE BE=E ! M9D4 ,& TO ANSW] !M1 !RE IS1 ,I SUPPOSE1 NO BETT] MEANS ?AN TO /UDY ?AT IMM5SE BUT OV]LOOK$ & UND]RAT$ BRAN* ( 9DU/RIES :I* >E DESCRIB$ UND] ! NAMES ( RURAL 9DU/RIES1 DOME/IC TRADES1 & PETTY TRADES3 TO /UDY !M1 NOT 9 ! WORKS ( ! ECONOMI/S :O >E TOO MU* 9CL9$ TO CONSID] !M AS OBSOLETE TYPES ( 9DU/RY1 BUT 9 !IR LIFE ITSELF1 9 !IR /RUGGLES1 !IR FAILURES & A*IEVEM5TS4 

,! V>IETY ( =MS ( ORGANIZATION :I* IS F\ND 9 ! SMALL 9DU/RIES IS H>DLY SUSPECT$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE NOT MADE !M A SUBJECT ( SPECIAL /UDY4 ,!RE >E1 FIR/1 TWO BROAD CATEGORIES3 ?OSE 9DU/RIES :I* >E C>RI$ ON 9 ! VILLAGES1 9 CONNECTION ) AGRICULTURE2 & ?OSE :I* >E C>RI$ ON 9 T[NS OR 9 VILLAGES1 ) NO CONNECTION ) ! L&-! WORK]S DEP5D+ = !IR E>N+S EXCLUSIVELY UPON !IR 9DU/RIAL WORK4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,AU/RIA1 & SO ON1 MILLIONS & MILLIONS ( WORK]S >E 9 ! FIR/ CASE4 ,!Y >E [N]S OR OCCUPI]S ( ! L&1 !Y KEEP ONE OR TWO C[S1 V]Y (T5 HORSES1 & !Y CULTIVATE !IR FIELDS1 OR !IR OR*>DS1 OR G>D5S1 CONSID]+ 9DU/RIAL WORK AS A BY-OCCUPATION4 ,9 ?OSE REGIONS ESPECIALLY1 :]E ! W9T] IS LONG & NO WORK ON ! L& IS POSSIBLE = SEV]AL MON?S EV]Y YE>1 ?IS =M ( SMALL 9DU/RIES IS WIDELY SPREAD4 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WE F9D ! OPPOSITE EXTREME4 ,FEW SMALL 9DU/RIES HAVE SURVIV$ 9 ,5GL& 9 CONNECTION ) L&-CULTURE2 BUT HUNDR$S ( PETTY TRADES >E F\ND 9 ! SUBURBS & ! SLUMS ( ! GREAT CITIES1 & L>GE PORTIONS ( ! POPULATIONS ( SEV]AL T[NS1 SU* AS ,%EFFIELD & ,BIRM+HAM1 F9D !IR LIV+ 9 A V>IETY ( PETTY TRADES4 ,BETWE5 !SE TWO EXTREMES !RE IS EVID5TLY A MASS ( 9T]M$IATE =MS1 ACCORD+ TO ! MORE OR LESS CLOSE TIES :I* CONT9UE TO EXI/ ) ! L&4 ,L>GE VILLAGES1 & EV5 T[NS1 >E ?US PEOPL$ ) WORK]S :O >E 5GAG$ 9 SMALL TRADES1 BUT MO/ ( :OM HAVE A SMALL G>D51 OR AN OR*>D1 OR A FIELD1 OR ONLY RETA9 SOME RI<TS ( PA/URE ON ! COMMONS1 :ILE P>T ( !M LIVE EXCLUSIVELY UPON !IR 9DU/RIAL E>N+S4 

,) REG>D TO ! SALE ( ! PRODUCE1 ! SMALL 9DU/RIES (F] ! SAME V>IETY ( ORGANIZATION4 ,H]E AGA9 !RE >E TWO GREAT BRAN*ES4 ,9 ONE ( !M ! WORK] SELLS HIS PRODUCE DIRECTLY TO ! :OLESALE DEAL]2 CAB9ETMAK]S1 WEAV]S1 & WORK]S 9 ! TOY TRADE >E 9 ?IS CASE4 ,9 ! O!R GREAT DIVISION ! WORK] WORKS = A 0MA/]0 :O EI!R SELLS ! PRODUCE TO A :OLESALE DEAL]1 OR SIMPLY ACTS AS A MIDDLEMAN :O HIMSELF RECEIVES HIS ORD]S FROM SOME BIG CONC]N4 ,?IS ! 0SWEAT+ SY/EM10 PROP]TY SPEAK+1 UND] :I* WE F9D A MASS ( SMALL TRADES4 ,P>T ( ! TOY TRADE1 ! TAILORS :O WORK = L>GE CLO?+ E/ABLI%M5TS-V]Y (T5 = ?OSE ( ! ,/ATE-! WOM5 :O SEW & EMBROID] ! 0UPP]S0 = ! BOOT & %OE FACTORIES1 & :O AS (T5 DEAL ) ! FACTORY AS ) AN 9T]M$I>Y 0SWEAT]10 & SO ON1 >E 9 ?IS CASE4 ,ALL POSSIBLE GRADATIONS ( FEUDALIZATION & SUBFEUDALISATION ( LABOR >E EVID5TLY F\ND 9 ?AT ORGANIZATION ( ! SALE ( ! PRODUCE4 

,AGA91 :5 ! 9DU/RIAL1 OR RA!R TE*NICAL ASPECTS ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES >E CONSID]$1 ! SAME V>IETY ( TYPES IS SOON DISCOV]$4 ,H]E ALSO !RE >E TWO GREAT BRAN*$3 ?OSE TRADES1 ON ! ONE SIDE1 :I* >E PURELY DOME/IC -- ?AT IS1 ?OSE :I* >E C>RI$ ON 9 ! H\SE ( ! WORK]1 ) ! AID ( HIS FAMILY1 OR ( A C\PLE ( WAGE-WORK]S2 & ?OSE :I* >E C>RI$ ON 9 SEP>ATE WORK%OPS -- ALL ! JU/-M5TION$ V>IETIES1 AS REG>DS CONNECTION ) L& & ! DIV]SE MODES ( DISPOS+ ( ! PRODUCE1 BE+ MET ) 9 BO? !SE BRAN*ES4 ,ALL POSSIBLE TRADES -- WEAV+1 WORK]S 9 WOOD1 9 METALS1 9 BONE1 9 ,9DIA-RUBB]1 & SO ON -- MAY BE F\ND UND] ! CATEGORY ( PURELY DOME/IC TRADES1 ) ALL POSSIBLE GRADATIONS BETWE5 ! PURELY DOME/IC =M ( PRODUCTION & ! WORK%OP & ! FACTORY4 

,?US1 BY ! SIDE ( ! TRADES :I* >E C>RI$ ON 5TIRELY AT HOME BY ONE OR MORE MEMB]S ( ! FAMILY1 !RE >E ! TRADES 9 :I* ! MA/] KEEPS A SMALL WORK%OP ATTA*$ TO HIS H\SE & WORKS 9 IT ) HIS FAMILY1 OR ) A FEW 0ASSI/ANTS0 -- ?AT IS1 WAGE-WORK]S4 ,OR ELSE ! >TISAN HAS A SEP>ATE WORK%OP1 SUPPLI$ ) :EEL-P[]1 AS IS ! CASE ) ! ,%EFFIELD CUTL]S4 ,OR SEV]AL WORK]S COME TOGE!R 9 A SMALL FACTORY :I* !Y MA9TA9 !MSELVES1 OR HIRE 9 ASSOCIATION1 OR :]E !Y >E ALL[$ TO WORK = A C]TA9 WEEKLY R5T4 ,& 9 EA* ( !SE CASES !Y WORK EI!R DIRECTLY = ! DEAL] OR = A SMALL MA/]1 OR = A MIDDLEMAN4 

,A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ?IS SY/EM IS ! BIG FACTORY1 ESPECIALLY ( READY-MADE CLO!S1 9 :I* HUNDR$S ( WOM5 PAY SO MU* = ! SEW+-MA*9E1 ! GAS1 ! GAS-HEAT$ IRONS1 & SO ON1 & >E PAID !MSELVES SO MU* = EA* PIECE ( ! READY-MADE CLO!S !Y SEW1 OR EA* P>T ( IT4 ,IMM5SE FACTORIES ( ?IS K9D EXI/ 9 ,5GL&1 & IT APPE>$ FROM TE/IMONY GIV5 BE=E ! 0,SWEAT+ ,COMMITTEE0 ?AT WOM5 >E FE>FULLY 0SWEAT$0 9 SU* WORK%OPS -- ! FULL PRICE ( EA* SLI<TLY SPOIL$ PIECE ( CLO?+ BE+ D$UCT$ FROM !IR V]Y L[ PIECEWORK WAGES4 

,&1 F9ALLY1 !RE IS ! SMALL WORK%OP 7(T5 ) HIR$ :EEL-P[]7 9 :I* A MA/] EMPLOYS ?REE TO T5 WORK]S1 :O >E PAID 9 WAGES1 & SELLS HIS PRODUCE TO A BIGG] EMPLOY] OR M]*ANT -- !RE BE+ ALL POSSIBLE GRADATIONS BETWE5 SU* A WORK%OP & ! SMALL FACTORY 9 :I* A FEW TIME WORK]S 7FIVE1 T5 TO TW5TY7 >E EMPLOY$ BY AN 9DEP5D5T PRODUC]4 ,9 ! TEXTILE TRADES1 WEAV+ IS (T5 DONE EI!R BY ! FAMILY OR BY A MA/] :O EMPLOYS ONE BOY ONLY1 OR SEV]AL WEAV]S1 & AFT] HAV+ RECEIV$ ! Y>N FROM A BIG EMPLOY]1 PAYS A SKILL$ WORKMAN TO PUT ! Y>N 9 ! LOOM1 9V5TS :AT IS NECESS>Y = WEAV+ A GIV51 SOMETIMES V]Y COMPLICAT$ PATT]N1 & AFT] HAV+ WOV5 ! CLO? OR ! RIBBONS 9 HIS [N LOOM OR 9 A LOOM :I* HE HIRES HIMSELF1 HE IS PAID = ! PIECE ( CLO? ACCORD+ TO A V]Y COMPLICAT$ SCALE ( WAGES AGRE$ TO BETWE5 MA/]S & WORK]S4 ,?IS LA/ =M1 WE %ALL SEE PRES5TLY1 IS WIDELY SPREAD UP TO ! PRES5T DAY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! WOOL5 & SILK TRADES2 IT CONT9UES TO EXI/ BY ! SIDE ( BIG FACTORIES 9 :I* #e1 #a1 OR #e1 WAGE-WORK]S1 AS ! CASE MAY BE1 >E WORK+ ) ! EMPLOY]S' MA*9]Y & >E PAID 9 TIME-WAGES SO MU* ! DAY OR ! WEEK4 

,! SMALL 9DU/RIES >E ?US QUITE A WORLD1#a:I*1 REM>KABLE 5\<1 CONT9UES TO EXI/ EV5 9 ! MO/ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ! BIG FACTORIES4 ,9TO ?IS WORLD WE MU/ N[ P5ETRATE TO CA/ A GLIMPSE UPON IT3 A GLIMPSE ONLY1 BECAUSE IT W\LD TAKE VOLUMES TO DESCRIBE ITS 9F9ITE V>IETY ( PURSUITS & ORGANIZATIONS1 & ITS 9DEF9ITELY V>I$ CONNECTION1 ) AGRICULTURE AS WELL AS ) O!R 9DU/RIES4 

,MO/ ( ! PETTY TRADES1 EXCEPT SOME ( ?OSE :I* >E CONNECT$ ) AGRICULTURE1 >E1 WE MU/ ADMIT1 9 A V]Y PREC>I\S POSITION4 ,! E>N+S >E V]Y L[1 & ! EMPLOYM5T IS (T5 UNC]TA94 ,! DAY ( LABOR IS BY TWO1 ?REE1 OR F\R H\RS LONG] ?AN IT IS 9 WELL-ORGANIZ$ FACTORIES1 & AT C]TA9 SEASONS IT REA*ES AN ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE L5G?4 ,! CRISES >E FREQU5T & LA/ = YE>S4 ,ALTOGE!R1 ! WORK] IS MU* MORE AT ! M]CY ( ! DEAL] OR ! EMPLOY]1 & ! EMPLOY] IS AT ! M]CY ( ! :OLESALE DEAL]4 ,BO? >E LIABLE TO BECOME 5SLAV$ TO ! LATT]1 RUNN+ 9TO DEBT TO HIM4 ,9 SOME ( ! PETTY TRADES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! FABRICATION ( ! PLA9 TEXTILES1 ! WORK]S >E 9 DREADFUL MIS]Y4 ,BUT ?OSE :O PRET5D ?AT SU* MIS]Y IS ! RULE >E TOTALLY WRONG4 ,ANYONE :O HAS LIV$ AMONG1 LET US SAY1 ! WAT*-MAK]S 9 ,SWITZ]L& & KN[S !IR 9N] FAMILY LIFE1 WILL RECOGNIZE ?AT ! CONDITION ( !SE WORK]S WAS \T ( ALL COMP>ISON SUP]IOR1 9 EV]Y RESPECT1 MAT]IAL & MORAL1 TO ! CONDITIONS ( MILLIONS ( FACTORY H&S4 ,EV5 DUR+ SU* A CRISIS 9 ! WAT* TRADE AS WAS LIV$ ?R\< 9 #a#h#g#f-#a#h#h1 !IR CONDITION WAS PREF]ABLE TO ! CONDITION ( FACTORY H&S DUR+ A CRISIS 9 ! WOOL5 OR COTTON TRADE2 & ! WORK]S P]FECTLY WELL KN[ IT !MSELVES4 

,:5EV] A CRISIS BREAKS \T 9 SOME BRAN* ( ! PETTY TRADES1 !RE IS NO LACK ( WRIT]S TO PR$ICT ?AT ?AT TRADE IS GO+ TO DISAPPE>4 ,DUR+ ! CRISIS :I* ,I WITNESS$ 9 #a#h#g#g1 LIV+ AMID ! ,SWISS WAT*MAK]S1 ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A RECOV]Y ( ! TRADE 9 ! FACE ( ! COMPETITION ( MA*9E-MADE WAT*ES WAS A CURR5T TOPIC 9 ! PRESS4 ,! SAME WAS SAID 9 #ahhb ) REG>D TO ! SILK TRADE ( ,LYONS1 &1 9 FACT1 :]EV] A CRISIS HAS BROK5 \T 9 ! PETTY TRADES4 ,& YET1 NOT)/&+ ! GLOOMY PR$ICTIONS1 & ! /ILL GLOOMI] PROSPECTS ( ! WORK]S1 ?AT =M ( 9DU/RY DOES NOT DISAPPE>4 ,EV5 :5 SOME BRAN* ( IT DISAPPE>S1 !RE ALWAYS REMA9S SOME?+ ( IT2 SOME PORTIONS ( IT CONT9UE TO EXI/ AS SMALL 9DU/RIES 7WAT*MAK+ ( A HI< QUALITY1 BE/ SORTS ( SILKS1 HI< QUALITY VELVETS1 ETC471 OR NEW CONNECT$ BRAN*ES GR[ UP 9/EAD ( ! OLD ONES1 OR ! SMALL 9DU/RY1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( A ME*ANICAL MOTOR1 ASSUMES A NEW =M4 ,WE ?US F9D IT 5D[$ ) AN A/ONI%+ VITALITY4 ,IT UND]GOES V>I\S MODIFICATIONS1 IT ADAPTS ITSELF TO NEW CONDITIONS1 IT /RUGGLES )\T LOS+ HOPE ( BETT] TIMES TO COME4 ,ANYH[1 IT HAS NOT ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A DECAY+ 9/ITUTION4 ,9 SOME 9DU/RIES ! FACTORY IS UND\BT$LY VICTORI\S2 BUT !RE >E O!R BRAN*ES 9 :I* ! PETTY TRADES HOLD !IR [N POSITION4 ,EV5 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES -- ESPECIALLY 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! WIDE USE ( ! LABOR ( *ILDR5 & WOM5 -- :I* (F] SO MANY ADVANTAGES = ! FACTORY SY/EM1 ! H&-LOOM /ILL COMPETES ) ! P[]-LOOM4 

,AS A :OLE1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! PETTY TRADES 9TO GREAT 9DU/RIES GOES ON ) A SL[NESS :I* CANNOT FAIL TO A/ONI% EV5 ?OSE :O >E CONV9C$ ( ITS NECESSITY4 ,NAY1 SOMETIMES WE MAY EV5 SEE ! REV]SE MOVEM5T GO+ ON -- OCCASIONALLY1 ( C\RSE1 & ONLY = A TIME4 ,I CANNOT =GET MY AMAZEM5T :5 ,I SAW AT ,V]VI]S1 SOME ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 ?AT MO/ ( ! WOOL5 CLO? FACTORIES -- IMM5SE B>RACKS FAC+ ! /REETS BY MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ W9D[S EA* -- W]E SIL5T1 & !IR CO/LY MA*9]Y WAS RU/+1 :ILE CLO? WAS WOV5 9 H&-LOOMS 9 ! WEAV]S' H\SES1 = ! [N]S ( ?OSE V]Y SAME FACTORIES4 ,H]E WE HAVE ( C\RSE1 BUT A TEMPOR>Y FACT1 FULLY EXPLA9$ BY ! SPASMODIC *>ACT] ( ! TRADE & ! HEAVY LOSSES SU/A9$ BY ! [N]S ( ! FACTORIES :5 !Y CANNOT RUN !IR MILLS ALL ! YE> R\ND4 ,BUT IT ILLU/RATES ! OB/ACLES :I* ! TRANS=MATION HAS TO COMPLY )4 ,AS TO ! SILK TRADE1 IT CONT9UES TO SPREAD OV] ,EUROPE 9 ITS RURAL 9DU/RY /ATE2 :ILE HUNDR$S ( NEW PETTY TRADES APPE> EV]Y YE>1 & :5 !Y F9D NOBODY TO C>RY !M ON 9 ! VILLAGES -- AS IS ! CASE 9 ?IS C\NTRY -- !Y %ELT] !MSELVES 9 ! SUBURBS ( ! GREAT CITIES1 AS WE HAVE LATELY LE>N$ FROM ! 9QUIRY 9TO ! 0SWEAT+ SY/EM40 

,N[1 ! ADVANTAGES (F]$ BY A L>GE FACTORY 9 COMP>ISON ) H& WORK >E SELF-EVID5T AS REG>DS ! ECONOMY ( LABOR1 & ESPECIALLY -- ?IS IS ! MA9 PO9T -- ! FACILITIES BO? = SALE & = HAV+ ! RAW PRODUCE AT A L[] PRICE4 ,H[ CAN WE !N EXPLA9 ! P]SI/5CE ( ! PETTY TRADES8 ,MANY CAUSES1 H[EV]1 MO/ ( :I* CANNOT BE VALU$ 9 %ILL+S & P5CE1 >E AT WORK 9 FAVOR ( ! PETTY TRADES1 & !SE CAUSES WILL BE BE/ SE5 FROM ! FOLL[+ ILLU/RATIONS4 ,I MU/ SAY1 H[EV]1 ?AT EV5 A BRIEF SKET* ( ! C\NTLESS 9DU/RIES :I* >E C>RI$ ON ON A SMALL SCALE 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & ON ! ,CONT95T1 W\LD BE F> BEYOND ! SCOPE ( ?IS *APT]4 ,:5 ,I BEGAN TO /UDY ! SUBJECT SOME ?IRTY YE>S AGO1 ,I NEV] GUESS$1 FROM ! LITTLE ATT5TION DEVOT$ TO IT BY ! OR?ODOX ECONOMI/S1 :AT A WIDE1 COMPLEX1 IMPORTANT1 & 9T]E/+ ORGANIZATION W\LD APPE> AT ! 5D ( A CLOSE 9QUIRY4 ,SO ,I SEE MYSELF COMPELL$ TO GIVE H]E ONLY A FEW TYPICAL ILLU/RATIONS1 & TO 9DICATE ! *IEF L9ES ONLY ( ! SUBJECT4 

,! ,SMALL ,9DU/RIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM 

,WE HAVE NOT = ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM SU* /ATI/ICAL DATA AS >E OBTA9$ 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY BY P]IODICAL C5SUSES ( ALL ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS1 & ! NUMB]S ( ! WORK-PEOPLE1 =EM5 & CL]KS1 EMPLOY$ ON A GIV5 DAY N EA* 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL E/ABLI%M5T4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 UP TO ! PRES5T TIME ALL ! /ATEM5TS MADE BY ECONOMI/S AB\T ! SO-CALL$ 0CONC5TRATION30 ( ! 9DU/RY 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & ! CONSEQU5T 0UNAVOIDABLE0 DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES1 HAVE BE5 BAS$ ON M]E IMPRESSIONS ( ! WRIT]S1 -- NOT ON /ATI/ICAL DATA4 ,UP TILL N[ WE CANNOT GIVE1 AS IT IS DONE FUTURE 9 !SE PAGES = ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 ! EXACT NUMB]S ( FACTORIES & WORK%OPS EMPLOY+1 LET US SAY1 FROM #a1 TO #b1 P]SONS1 FROM #e TO #a11 FROM #e TO #e1 LESS ?AN #e1 & SO ON4 ,IT IS ONLY S9CE FACTORY 9SPECTION HAS BE5 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,FACTORY ,ACT ( #ahie ?AT WE BEG9 TO F9D1 9 ! ,REPORTS PUBLI%$ S9CE #ai BY ! ,FACTORY ,9SPECTORS 7,ANNUAL ,REPORT ( ! ,*IEF ,9SPECTOR ( ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS = ! YE> #a#h#i#h3 ,LONDON1 #a#i71 9=MATION :I* P]MITS US TO GET A G5]AL IDEA AB\T ! DI/RIBUTION ( WORK+ M5 9 FACTORIES ( DIFF]5T SIZES1 & ! EXT5SION ?AT ! PETTY TRADES HAVE RETA9$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY UP TILL N[4 #b ,ONE MAY SEE IT ALREADY FROM ! FOLL[+ LITTLE TABLE = ! YE> #a#h#i#g1 :I* ,I TAKE FROM ! JU/-M5TION$ ,REPORT4 ,!SE FIGURES >E NOT YET COMPLETE1 ESPECIALLY AS REG>DS ! WORK%OPS1 BUT !Y CONTA9 ALREADY ! GREAT] P>T ( ! ,5GLI% 9DU/RIES4 

#ahig 

,NUMB] ( FACTORIES & WORK%OPS4 

,NUMB] ( OP]ATIVES ( BO? SEXES4 

,AV]AGE NUMB] ( OP]ATIVES P] E/ABLI%M5T4 

,TEXTILE FACTORIES44 

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#a1#e#a1#e#f#d 

#i#g,NON-TEXTILE FACTORIES #g#i1#e#i #b1#g#e#e1#d#f #c#e,V>I\S WORK%OPS4 #h#h1#h#a#d #f#g#f1#g#g#f #h,TOTAL444  

#a#g#h1#g#e#f  

#d1#d#h#c1#h  

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,LET ME REM>K ?AT ! ,FACTORY ,9SPECTORS CONSID] AS A WORK%OP EV]Y 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5T :I* HAS NO ME*ANICAL MOTIVE P[]1 & AS A FACTORY EV]Y E/ABLI%M5T PROVID$ ) /EAM1 GAS1 WAT]1 OR ELECTRIC P[]4 

,!SE FIGURES1 H[EV]1 >E NOT COMPLETE1 BECAUSE ONLY ?OSE WORK%OPS >E 9CLUD$ :]E WOM5 & *ILDR5 >E EMPLOY$1 AS ALSO ALL ! BAK]IES4 ,! O!RS W]E NOT SUBMITT$ TO 9SPECTION AT ! TIME :5 ?IS TABLE WAS COMPIL$4 ,!RE IS1 NEV]!LESS1 A MEANS TO F9D \T ! APPROXIMATE NUMB]S ( WORK-PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 ! WORK%OPS4 ,! NUMB] ( WOM5 & FEMALE *ILDR5 EMPLOY$ 9 ! WORK%OPS 9 #ahig WAS #c#e#f1#i#h & ! NUMB] ( M5 & BOYS WAS #c#b1#f#g#h4 ,BUT1 AS ! PROPORTION ( MALE WORK]S TO ! FEMALE 9 ALL ! FACTORIES WAS #b1#f#e#d1#g#a#f MALES TO #a1#a#e#b1#c#h FEMALES1 WE MAY ADMIT ?AT ! SAME PROPORTION PREVAILS 9 ! WORK%OPS4 ,?IS W\LD GIVE = ! LATT] SOME?+ LIKE #h#b1 MALE WORK]S & #a1#a#g#f1 P]SONS ( BO? SEXES1 EMPLOY$ 9 #a#d#g1 WORK%OPS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! GR& TOTAL ( P]SONS EMPLOY$ 9 9DU/RY 7EXCLUSIVE ( M9+7 W\LD BE #d1#i#h#c14 

,WE CAN ?US SAY ?AT NE>LY ONE-F\R? 7#b#d P]C5T7 ( ALL ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ( ?IS C\NTRY >E WORK+ 9 WORK%OPS HAV+ LESS ?AN EI<T TO T5 WORK]S P] E/ABLI%M5T4 #c 

,IT MU/ ALSO BE PO9T$ \T ?AT \T ( ! #d1#d#h#c1#h WORK-PEOPLE REGI/]$ 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ TABLES NE>LY #f1 W]E *ILDR5 :O W]E WORK+ HALF-DAYS ONLY1 #d#a1 W]E GIRLS LESS ?AN EI<TE5 YE>S OLD1 #d#f#c1 W]E BOY FROM ?IRTE5 TO EI<TE5 :O W]E MAK+ FULL WORK+ DAYS LIKE ! ADULTS1 & #a1#g#g1#a#a#e W]E CONSID]$ AS WOM5 7MORE ?AN EI<TE5 YE>S OLD74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ONE-FIF? P>T ( ALL ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ( ?IS C\NTRY W]E GIRLS & BOYS1 & MORE ?AN TWO-FIF?S 7#d#a P]C5T7 W]E EI!R WOM5 OR *ILDR54 ,ALL ! 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 ) ITS IMM5SE EXPORTS1 WAS ?US GIV+ WORK TO LESS ?AN ?REE MILLION ADULT M5--#b1#i#h#c1 \T ( A POPULATION ( #d#b111 TO :OM WE MU/ ADD #i#g#b1#b P]SONS WORK+ 9 ! M9ES4 ,AS TO ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 :I* SUPPLIES ALMO/ ONE-HALF ( ! ,5GLI% EXPORTS1 !RE >E LESS ?AN #c1 ADULT M5 :O F9D EMPLOYM5T 9 IT4 ,! REMA9D] IS ! WORK ( *ILDR51 BOYS1 GIRLS1 & WOM54 

,A FACT :I* /RIKES US IS ?AT ! #a1#e#a1#e#f#d WORK-PEOPLE--M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5--:O WORK$ 9 #ahig 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM W]E DI/RIBUT$ OV] #a1#h#h#c FACTORIES1 :I* GIVES ONLY AN AV]AGE ( N9ETY-?REE P]SONS P] FACTORY 9 ALL ?IS GREAT 9DU/RY1 NOT)/&+ ! FACT ?AT 0CONC5TRATION0 HAS PROGRESS$ MO/ 9 ?IS 9DU/RY1 & ?AT WE F9D 9 IT FACTORIES EMPLOY+ AS MANY AS #e1 & #f1 P]SONS4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,FACTORY ,9SPECTORS REPRES5T EA* SEP>ATE BRAN* ( A GIV5 9DU/RY AS A SPECIAL E/ABLISM5T4 ,?US1 IF AN EMPLOY] OR A SOCIETY [NS A SP9N+ MILL1 A WEAV+ FACTORY1 & A SPECIAL BUILD+ = DRESS+ & F9I%+1 ! ?REE >E REPRES5T$ AS SEP>ATE FACTORIES4 ,BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT IS WANT$ = GIV+ US AN EXACT IDEA AB\T ! DEGREE ( CONC5TRATION ( A GIV5 9DU/RY4 ,BESIDES1 IT IS ALSO KN[N ?AT1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY1 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,MAN*E/]1 ! SP9N+1 ! WEAV+1 ! DRESS+ & SO ON BELONG V]Y (T5 TO DIFF]5T EMPLOY]S1 :O S5D TO EA* O!R ! /UFFS AT DIFF]5T DEGREES ( FABRICATION2 ?OSE FACTORIES :I* COMB9E UND] ! SAME MANAGEM5T ALL ! ?REE OR F\R CONSECUTIVE PHASES ( ! MANUFACTURE >E AN EXCEPTION4 

,BUT IT IS ESPECIALLY 9 ! DIVISION ( ! NON-TEXTILE 9DU/RIES ?AT WE F9D AN 5ORM\S DEVELOPM5T ( SMALL FACTORIES4 ,! #b1#g#e#e1#d#f WORK-PEOPLE :O >E EMPLOY$ 9 ALL ! NON-TEXTILE BRAN*ES ) ! EXCEPTION ( M9+1 >E SCATT]$ 9 #g#i1#e#i FACTORIES1 EA* ( :I* HAS ONLY AN AV]AGE ( ?IRTY-FIVE WORK]S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,FACTORY ,9SPECTORS HAD ON !IR LI/S #f#g#f1#g#g#f WORK-PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 #h#h1#h#a#d WORK%OPS 7)\T ME*ANICAL P[]71 :I* MAKES AN AV]AGE ( EI<T P]SONS ONLY P] WORK%OP4 ,!SE LA/ FIGURES >E1 H[EV]1 AS WE SAW1 BEL[ ! REAL ONES1 AS ANO!R SIXTY ?\S& WORK%OPS OCCUPY+ HALF A MILLION MORE WORK-PEOPLE W]E NOT YET TABULAT$4 

,SU* AV]AGES AS N9ETY-?REE & ?IRTY-FIVE WORK-PEOPLE P] FACTORY1 & EI<T P] WORK%OP1 DI/RIBUT$ OV] #a#g#h1#g#e#f 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5TS1 DE/ROY ALREADY ! LEG5D ACCORD+ TO :I* ! BIG FACTORIES HAVE ALREADY ABSORB$ MO/ ( ! SMALL ONES4 ,! FIGURES %[1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 :AT AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( SMALL FACTORIES & WORK%OPS RESI/ ! ABSORPTION BY ! BIG FACTORIES1 & H[ !Y MULTIPLY BY ! SIDE ( ! GREAT 9DU/RY 9 V>I\S BRAN*ES1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( REC5T ORIG94 

,IF WE HAD = ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM FULL /ATI/ICS1 GIV+ LI/S ( ALL ! FACTORIES1 ) ! NUMB] ( WORK-PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 EA* ( !M1 AS WE HAVE = ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY 7SEE BEL[71 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 EASY TO F9D ! EXACT NUMB] ( FACTORIES EMPLOY+ MORE ?AN #a111 #e1 #a1 & #e WORKM54 ,BUT SU* LI/S >E ISSU$ ONLY = ! M9+ 9DU/RY4 ,AS TO ! /ATI/ICS PUBLI%$ BY ! ,FACTORY ,9SPECTORS1 !Y DO NOT CONTA9 SU* DATA1 P]HAPS BECAUSE ! 9SPECTORS HAVE NO TIME TO TABULATE !IR FIGURES1 OR HAVE NOT ! RI<T TO DO SO4 ,BE IT AS IT MAY1 ! ,REPORT ( ,MR4 ,:ITELEGGE = #ahig GIVES ! NUMB] ( FACTORIES 7TEXTILE & NON-TEXTILE7 & WORK%OPS = EA* ( ! #aai C\NTIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM & = EA* ( ! NE>LY HUNDR$ SUB-DIVISIONS ( ALL ! 9DU/RIES1 AS WELL AS ! NUMB] ( WORK-PEOPLE 9 EA* ( !SE MORE ?AN #a1 SUB-DIVISIONS4 ,SO ,I WAS 5ABL$ TO CALCULATE ! AV]AGES ( P]SONS EMPLOY$ 9 ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS = EA* SEP>ATE BRAN* ( 9DU/RY 9 EA* C\NTY4 ,BESIDES1 ,MR ,:ITELEGGE HAS HAD ! K9DNESS TO GIVE ME TWO V]Y IMPORTANT FIGURES--NAMELY1 ! NUMB] ( FACTORIES EMPLOY+ MORE ?AN #a1 WORK-PEOPLE1 & ! NUMB] ( ?OSE FACTORIES :]E LESS ?AN T5 WORK]S >E EMPLOY$4 

,LET US TAKE1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! ,T,E,X,T,I,L,E 9DU/RIES1 :I* 9CLUDE COTTON1 WOOL1 SILK1 L951 JUTE1 & HEMP1 AS WELL AS MA*9E-MADE LACE & KNITT+4 ,MANY ( MY READ]S WILL PROBABLY BE A/ONI%$ TO LE>N ?AT EV5 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY A GREAT NUMB] ( QUITE SMALL FACTORIES CONT9UE TO EXI/ UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 ,EV5 9 ! ,WE/ ,RID+ DI/RICT1 :I* IS SECOND ONLY TO ,LANCA%IRE = ! NUMB] ( ITS COTTON MILLS1 & :]E WE F9D NE>LY ONE-?IRD ( ALL ! WORK-PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY 7#b#c#g1#d#d#d P]SONS71 ! AV]AGE = ALL ! #c1#b#a FACTORIES ( ?IS DI/RICT IS ONLY SEV5TY-?REE P]SONS P] FACTORY4 ,& EV5 9 ,LANCA%IRE1 :]E WE F9D NE>LY ONE-HALF ( ALL ! WORK-PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 ! TEXTILES1 !SE #d#c#d1#f#i M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 >E SCATT]$ 9 #c1#a#c#b FACTORIES1 EA* ( :I* HAS ?US AN AV]AGE ( ONLY #aci WORK]S4 ,IF WE REMEMB] ?AT 9 ?IS NUMB] !RE >E FACTORIES EMPLOY+ FROM #b1 TO #f1 P]SONS1 ONE CANNOT BUT BE /RUCK BY ! QUANTITY ( SMALL FACTORIES EMPLOY+ LESS ?AN #a P]SONS1 & :I* CONT9UE TO EXI/ BY ! SIDE ( ! GREAT COTTON MILLS4 ,BUT WE %ALL JU/ SEE ?AT ! SAME IS TRUE = ALL 9DU/RIES4  

,AS TO ! ,NOTT+HAM%IRE1 :I* IS A C5T] = MA*9E-MADE LACE & KNITT+1 ITS #a#h1#d#c#d WORK-PEOPLE >E1 MO/ ( !M1 WORK+ 9 SMALL FACTORIES4 ,! AV]AGE = ! #*f E/ABLI%M5TS ( ?IS C\NTY IS ONLY =TY-EI<T P]SONS P] FACTORY4 ,! GREAT 9DU/RY IS ?US V]Y F> FROM HAV+ ABSORB$ ! SMALL ONE4 

,! DI/RIBUTION ( ! TEXTILE FACTORIES 9 ! O!R C\NTIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM IS EV5 MORE 9/RUCTIVE4 ,WE LE>N ?AT !RE >E NE>LY #b1 TEXTILE FACTORIES 9 =TY-N9E C\NTIES1 & EV]YONE ( !SE FACTORIES HAS MU* LESS ?AN #a WORK-PEOPLE2 :ILE A V]Y CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( !M EMPLOY ONLY FROM =TY TO FIFTY1 FROM T5 TO TW5TY1 & EV5 LESS ?AN T5 P]SONS4#d 

,?IS C\LD HAVE BE5 =ESE5 BY EV]YONE :O HAS SOME PRACTICAL KN[L$GE ( 9DU/RY1 BUT IT IS OV]LOOK$ BY ! !ORI/S1 :O KN[ 9DU/RY MO/LY FROM BOOKS4 ,9 EV]Y C\NTRY ( ! WORLD !RE >E BY ! SIDE ( ! L>GE FACTORIES A GREAT NUMB] ( SMALL ONES1 ! SUCCESS ( :I* IS DUE TO ! V>IETY ( !IR PRODUCE & ! FACILITIES !Y (F] TO FOLL[ ! VAG>IES ( FA%ION4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE ) REG>D TO ! WOOL5S & ! MIX$ /UFFS MADE ( WOOL & COTTON4 

,BESIDES1 IT IS WELL KN[N TO ,BRITI% MANUFACTUR]S ?AT AT ! TIME :5 ! BIG COTTON MILLS W]E E/ABLI%$1 ! MANUFACTUR]S ( SP9N+ & WEAV+ MA*9]Y1 SEE+ ?AT !Y HAD NO MORE ORD]S COM+1 AFT] !Y HAD SUPPLI$ ?IS MA*9]Y TO ! GREAT FACTORIES1 BEGAN TO (F] IT AT A R$UC$ PRICE & ON CR$IT TO ! SMALL WEAV]S4 ,!SE LA/ ASSOCIAT$--?REE1 FIVE1 OR MORE ( !M---TO BUY ! MA*9]Y1 & ?IS IS :Y WE HAVE N[ 9 ,LANCA%IRE QUITE A REGION :]E A GREAT NUMB] ( SMALL COTTON MILLS CONT9UE TO EXI/ TILL N[ADAYS1 )\T !RE BE+ ANY REASON TO =ESEE !IR DISAPPE>ANCE4 ,AT TIMES !Y >E EV5 QUITE PROSP]\S4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE1 :5 WE EXAM9E ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( TEXTILE 9DU/RY 7COTTON1 WOOL1 SILK JUTE1 ETC471 WE SEE ?AT IF ! GREAT FACTORIES DOM9ATE 9 ! SP9N+ & WEAV+ ( COTTON1 WOR/$ & FLAX1 AS WELL AS 9 ! SP9N+ ( SILK 7! RESULT BE+ ?AT ! AV]AGE = !SE BRAN*ES REA*ES #ae WORK]S P] FACTORY = COTTON1 & #bfg = ! SP9N+ ( FLAX71 ALL O!R TEXTILE 9DU/RIES BELONG TO ! DOMA9 ( ! MIDDLE-SIZ$ & ! SMALL 9DU/RY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 9 ! MANUFACTURE ( WOOL5S1 %ODDY1 HEMP1 HAIR1 MA*9E-MADE LACE1 & ME*ANICAL KNITT+1 AS ALSO 9 ! WEAV+ ( SILKS1 !RE >E1 ( C\RSE1 L>GE FACTORIES2 BUT ! MAJORITY ( !SE E/ABLI%M5TS BELONG TO ! DOMA9 ( ! SMALL 9DU/RY4 ,?US1 = ! #c1#b#g#d WOOL5 FACTORIES1 ! AV]AGE IS ONLY FROM TW5TY TO FIFTY WORK]S P] FACTORY2 IT IS ALSO FROM TW5TY-SEV5 TO ?IRTY-EI<T = %ODDY1 & ?IRTY-SEV5 TO SEV5TY-SIX = ! O!R BRAN*ES4 ,ONLY = KNITT+ DO ! AV]AGES RISE TO N9ETY-?REE P]SONS P] FACTORY2 BUT WE >E JU/ GO+ TO SEE ?AT ! SMALL 9DU/RY REAPPE>S 9 ?IS BRAN* 9 =CE UND] ! NAME ( WORK%OPS4 

,ALL !SE IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( ! ,BRITI% TEXTILE 9DU/RY1 :I* GIVE WORK TO MORE ?AN #b#d1 M5 & WOM51 HAVE ?US REMA9$ UP TILL N[ AT ! /AGE ( A SMALL & MIDDLE-SIZ$ 9DU/RY4 

,IF WE TAKE N[ ! ,N,O,N-,T,E,X,T,I,L,E 9DU/RIES1 WE F9D1 ON ! ONE SIDE1 AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( SMALL 9DU/RIES :I* HAVE GR[N UP >\ND ! GREAT ONES1 & [+ TO !M2 &1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 A L>GE P>T ( ! FUNDAM5TAL 9DU/RIES HAVE REMA9$ 9 ! /AGE ( SMALL E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,! AV]AGE = ALL !SE BRAN*ES1 :I* GIVE OCCUPATION TO ?REE-F\R?S ( ALL ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM--?AT IS1 #b1#g#e#e1#d#f WORK]S--H>DLY ATTA9S1 WE SAW1 ?IRTY-FIVE P]SONS P] FACTORY--! WORK%OPS BE+ NOT YET 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS DIVISION4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS ESPECIALLY :5 WE GO 9TO DETAILS1 & ANALYZE ! FIGURES :I* ,I HAVE CALCULAT$ = EA* SEP>ATE BRAN*1 ?AT WE FULLY REALIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! PETTY TRADES 9 ,5GL&4 ,?IS IS :AT WE >E GO+ TO DO1 M5TION+ FIR/ :AT BELONGS H]E TO ! GREAT 9DU/RY1 & /UDY+ NEXT ! SMALL ONE4 

,FOLL[+ ! CLASSIFICATION ADOPT$ BY ! ,FACTORY ,9SPECTORS1 WE SEE FIR/ ?AT ! GASWORKS BELONG TO ! DOMA9 ( ! FAIRLY BIG E/ABLI%M5TS 7SEV5TY-EI<T PEOPLE ON ! AV]AGE74 ,! 9DIA-RUBB] FACTORIES BELONG TO ! SAME CATEGORY 7#a#b#e WORK]S ON ! AV]AGE73 & AMID ! #def GLASS-WORKS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM !RE MU/ BE SOME BIG ONES1 AS ! AV]AGE IS EI<TY-SEV5 WORK-PEOPLE4 

,NEXT COME M9+ & METALLURGY1 :I* >E C>RI$ ON1 AS A RULE1 ON A GREAT SCALE2 BUT ALREADY 9 ! IRON F\NDRIES WE F9D A GREAT NUMB] ( E/ABLI%M5TS BELONG+ TO ! MIDDLE-SIZ$ & SMALL 9DU/RY4 ,?US AT ,%EFFIELD ,I SAW MYSELF SEV]AL F\NDRIES EMPLOY+ ONLY FROM FIVE TO SIX WORKM51 ,= ! MAK+ ( HUGE MA*9]Y !RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 A NUMB] ( V]Y L>GE WORKS1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ,>M/RONG1 ,:ITWOR?1 OR ?OSE ( ! ,/ATE AT ,WOOLWI*4 ,BUT IT IS V]Y 9/RUCTIVE TO SEE H[ V]Y SMALL WORKS PROSP] BY ! SIDE ( BIG ONES2 !Y >E NUM]\S 5\< TO R$UCE ! AV]AGE TO SEV5TY WORK]S P] E/ABLI%M5T = ! #e1#c#a#h WORKS ( ?IS CATEGORY4 

,%IPBUILD+ & ! MANUFACTURE ( METALLIC TUBES EVID5TLY BELONG TO ! GREAT 9DU/RY 7AV]AGES1 #bdc & #aef P]SONS P] E/ABLISM5T72 & ! SAME APPLIES TO ! TWO GREAT METALLURGICAL WORKS ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* EMPLOY BETWE5 !M #b#c1#d#e#e WORKM54 

,GO+ OV] TO ! *EMICAL WORKS1 WE F9D AGA9 A GREAT 9DU/RY 9 ! FABRICATION ( ALKALIES & ( MAT*ES 7ONLY TW5TY-FIVE WORKS72 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! FABRICATION ( SOAP & C&LES1 AS WELL AS MANURES & ALL O!R SORTS ( *EMICAL PRODUCE1 :I* REPRES5TS NE>LY #b1 FACTORIES1 BELONGS ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ! DOMA9 ( ! SMALL 9DU/RY4 ,! AV]AGE IS ONLY TW5TY-N9E WORK-PEOPLE P] FACTORY4 ,!RE >E1 ( C\RSE1 HALF A DOZ5 ( V]Y L>GE SOAP WORKS--ONE KN[S !M ONLY TOO WELL BY !IR ADV]TISEM5TS ON ! CLIFFS & 9 ! FIELDS2 BUT ! L[ AV]AGE ( TW5TY-N9E WORKM5 PROVES H[ MANY SMALL FACTORIES MU/ EXI/ BY ! SIDE ( ! SOAP K+S4 ,! #b1#e WORKS 5GAG$ 9 ! FABRICATION ( FURNITURE1 BO? 9 WOOD & 9 IRON1 BELONG AGA9 *IEFLY TO ! SMALL 9DU/RY4 ,! SMALL & V]Y SMALL FACTORIES SW>M BY ! SIDE ( A FEW GREAT ONES1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! ?\S&S ( ! /ILL SMALL] WORK%OPS4 ,! GREAT /OREH\SES ( \R CITIES >E = ! MO/ P>T M]E EXHIBITIONS ( FURNITURE MADE 9 V]Y SMALL FACTORIES & WORK%OPS4 

,9 ! FABRICATION ( FOOD PRODUCE WE F9D SEV]AL GREAT SUG>1 *OCOLATE1 & PRES]VES WORKS2 BUT BY !IR SIDE WE F9D ALSO A V]Y GREAT NUMB] ( SMALL E/ABLI%M5TS1 :I* SEEM NOT TO COMPLA9 ( ! PROXIMITY ( ! BIG ONES1 AS !Y OCCUPY NE>LY TWO-?IRDS ( ! WORK]S EMPLOY$ 9 ?IS BRAN*4 ,I DO NOT SPEAK1 ( C\RSE1 ( ! VILLAGE W9DMILLS1 BUT ONE CANNOT FAIL TO BE /RUCK BY ! IMM5SE NUMB] ( SMALL BREW]IES 7#b1#g#f BREW]IES HAVE ON ! AV]AGE ONLY TW5TY-F\R WORKM5 EA*7 & ( ! E/ABLI%M5TS 5GAG$ 9 ! FABRICATION ( A]AT$ WAT]S 7!Y NUMB] #c1#c#f#e1 & HAVE ON ! AV]AGE ONLY ELEV5 OP]ATIVES P] E/ABLI%M5T74 

,9 CALICO-PR9T+ WE 5T] ONCE MORE ! DOMA9 ( GREAT FACTORIES2 BUT BY !IR SIDE WE F9D A PRETTY L>GE NUMB] ( SMALL ONES2 SO ?AT ! AV]AGE = ALL ?IS CATEGORY IS #add WORK-PEOPLE P] FACTORY4 ,WE F9D ALSO F\RTE5 GREAT FACTORIES1 HAV+ AN AV]AGE ( #cid WORK-PEOPLE EA*1 = DYE+ 9 ,TURKEY R$4 ,BUT WE F9D ALSO BY !IR SIDE MORE ?AN #a1 WORK+-M5 EMPLOY$ 9 #b1#g#b#e SMALL E/ABLI%M5TS ( ?IS CLASS--BLEA*+1 DRESS+1 PACK+1 & SO ON--& ?IS GIVES US ONE MORE ILLU/RATION ( NUM]\S SMALL 9DU/RIES GR[+ R\ND ! MA9 ONES4 

,9 ! MAK+ ( READY-MADE CLO?+ & ! FABRICATION ( HATS1 L951 BOOTS & %OES1 & GLOVES1 WE SEE ! AV]AGES = ! FACTORIES ( ?IS DESCRIPTION GO+ UP TO #h1 #a1 & #ae P]SONS P] FACTORY4 ,BUT IT IS H]E ALSO ?AT C\NTLESS SMALL WORK%OPS COME 94 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE NOTIC$ ?AT MO/ ( ! FACTORIES ( READY-MADE CLO?+ HAVE !IR [N SPECIAL *>ACT]4 ,! FACTORY BUYS ! CLO? & MAKES ! CUTT+ BY MEANS ( SPECIAL MA*9]Y2 BUT ! SEW+ IS DONE BY WOM51 :O COME TO WORK 9 ! FACTORY4 ,!Y PAY SO MU* ! SEW+-MA*9E1 SO MU* ! MOTOR P[] 7IF !RE IS ONE71 SO MU* ! GAS1 SO MU* ! IRON1 & SO ON1 & !Y >E ON PIECE WORK4 ,V]Y (T5 ?IS BECOMES A 0SWEAT+ SY/EM0 ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,R\ND ! BIG FACTORIES A GREAT NUMB] ( SMALL WORK%OPS >E C5T]$4 

,&1 F9ALLY1 WE F9D GREAT FACTORIES = ! FABRICATION ( GUNP[D] & EXPLOSIVES 7!Y EMPLOY LESS ?AN #a#b1 WORK-PEOPLE71 /UFF BUTTONS1 & UMBRELLAS 7ONLY #f1 EMPLOYES74 ,BUT WE F9D ALSO 9 ! TABLE ( WORK%OPS ?AT 9 !SE LA/ TWO BRAN*ES !RE >E ?\S&S ( !M BY ! SIDE ( A FEW GREAT FACTORIES4 

,ALL TAK51 ,MR4 ,:ITELEGGE WRITES TO ME ?AT ( FACTORIES EMPLOY+ MORE ?AN #a1 WORK-PEOPLE EA*1 HE F9DS ONLY SIXTY-FIVE 9 ! TEXTILE 9DU/RIES7#a#b1#f WORK-PEOPLE7 & ONLY #abh 7#c#e#e1#b#h WORK-PEOPLE7 9 ALL NON-TEXTILE 9DU/RIES4 

,9 ?IS BRIEF 5UM]ATION WE HAVE GONE OV] ALL ?AT BELONGS TO ! GREAT 9DU/RY4 ,! REMA9D] BELONGS ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ! DOMA9 ( ! SMALL1 & (T5 ! V]Y SMALL 9DU/RY4 ,SU* >E ALL ! FACTORIES = WOODWORK1 :I* HAVE ON ! AV]AGE ONLY FIFTE5 M5 P] E/ABLI%M5T1 BUT REPRES5T A CONT+5T ( MORE ?AN #a1 WORKM5 & MORE ?AN #f1 EMPLOY]S4 ,! TANN]IES1 ! MANUFACTURE ( ALL SORTS ( LITTLE ?+S 9 IVORY & BONE1 & EV5 ! BRICK-WORKS & ! POTT]IES1 REPRES5T+ A TOTAL ( #b#f1 WORK-PEOPLE & #a#a1#b EMPLOY]S1 BELONG1 ) A V]Y FEW EXCEPTION1 TO ! SMALL 9DU/RY4 

,!N WE HAVE ! FACTORIES DEAL+ ) ! BURNI%+ & 5AMEL+ ( METALS1 :I* ALSO BELONG *IEFLY TO ! SMALL 9DU/RY--! AV]AGE BE+ ONLY TW5TY-EI<T WORK-PEOPLE P] FACTORY4 ,BUT :AT IS ESPECIALLY /RIK+ IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SMALL & V]Y SMALL 9DU/RY 9 ! FABRICATION ( AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y 7?IRTY-TWO WORK]S P] FACTORY71 ( ALL SORTS ( TOOLS 7TW5TY-TWO ON ! AV]AGE71 NE$LES & P9S 7=TY-?REE71 IRONMONG]Y1 SANIT>Y APP>ATUS1 & V>I\S 9/RUM5TS 7TW5TY-FIVE71 EV5 ( BOIL]S 7=TY-EI<T P] FACTORY71 *A9S1 CABLES1 & AN*ORS 79 MANY DI/RICTS ?IS WORK1 AS ALSO ! MAK+ ( NAILS1 IS MADE BY H& BY WOM574 

,NE$LESS TO SAY ?AT ! FABRICATION ( FURNITURE1 :I* OCCUPIES NE>LY #f#d1 OP]ATIVES1 BELONGS *IEFLY--MORE ?AN ?REE-F\R?S ( IT--TO ! SMALL 9DU/RY4 ,! AV]AGE = ! #a1#i#g#i FACTORIES ( ?IS BRAN* IS ONLY TW5TY-ONE WORK-PEOPLE1 ! WORK%OPS NOT BE+ 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS NUMB]4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! FACTORIES = ! CUR+ ( FI%1 MA*9E-MADE PA/RY1 & SO ON1 :I* OCCUPY #c#h1#c WORK-PEOPLE 9 MORE ?AN #b1#g FACTORIES1 HAV+ ?US AN AV]AGE ( F\RTE5 OP]ATIVES EA*4 

,JEWELRY & ! MANUFACTURE ( WAT*ES1 PHOTOGRAPHIC APP>ATUS1 & ALL SORTS ( LUXURY >TICLES1 AGA9 BELONG TO ! SMALL & V]Y SMALL 9DU/RY1 & GIVE OCCUPATION TO #e#d1 P]SONS4 

,ALL ?AT BELONGS TO PR9T+1 LI?OGRAPHY1 BOOKB9D+1 & /ATION]Y AGA9 REPRES5TS A VA/ FIELD OCCUPI$ BY ! SMALL 9DU/RY1 :I* PROSP]S BY ! SIDE ( A SMALL NUMB] ( V]Y L>GE E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,MORE ?AN #a#b1 >E EMPLOY$ 9 !SE BRAN*ES 9 MORE ?AN #f1 FACTORIES 7WORK%OPS NOT YET 9CLUD$74 

,&1 F9ALLY1 WE F9D A L>GE DOMA9 OCCUPI$ BY SADDL]Y1 BRU%-MAK+1 ! MAK+ ( SAILS1 BASKET-MAK+1 & ! FABRICATION ( A ?\S& LITTLE ?+S 9 LEA!R1 PAP]1 WOOD1 METAL1 & SO ON4 ,?IS CLASS IS C]TA9LY NOT 9SIGNIFICANT1 AS IT CONTA9S MORE ?AN #d1#c EMPLOY]S & NE>LY #a#c1 WORK-PEOPLE1 EMPLOY$ 9 A MASS ( V]Y SMALL FACTORIES BY ! SIDE ( A FEW V]Y GREAT ONES1 ! AV]AGE BE+ ONLY FROM TW5TY-FIVE TO ?IRTY-FIVE P]SONS P] FACTORY4 

,9 %ORT1 9 ! DIFF]5T NON-TEXTILE 9DU/RIES1 ! 9SPECTORS HAVE TABULAT$ #c#b1#d#b FACTORIES EMPLOY+1 EA* ( !M1 LESS ?AN T5 WORK-PEOPLE4 

,ALL TAK51 WE F9D #b#g1 WORK-PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 SMALL FACTORIES HAV+ LESS ?AN FIFTY & EV5 TW5TY WORK]S EA*1 ! RESULT BE+ ?AT ! V]Y GREAT 9DU/RY 7! FACTORIES EMPLOY+ MORE ?AN #a1 WORK-PEOPLE P] FACTORY7 & ! V]Y SMALL ONE 7LESS ?AN T5 WORK]S7 EMPLOY NE>LY ! SAME NUMB] ( OP]ATIVES4 

,! IMPORTANT P>T PLAY$ BY ! SMALL 9DU/RY 9 ?IS C\NTRY FULLY APPE>S FROM ?IS RAPID SKET*4 ,& ,I HAVE NOT YET SPOK5 ( ! WORK%OPS4 ,! ,FACTORY ,9SPECTORS M5TION$1 AS WE SAW1 9 !IR FIR/ REPORT1 #h#h1#h#a#d WORK%OPS1 9 :I* #f#g#f1#g#g#f WORK-PEOPLE 7#c#e#f1#i#h WOM57 W]E EMPLOY$ 9 #a#h#i#g4 ,BUT1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 !SE FIGURES >E 9COMPLETE4 ,! NUMB] ( WORK%OPS IS AB\T #a#d#g11 & !RE MU/ BE AB\T #a1#b1 P]SONS EMPLOY$ 9 !M 7#h#b1 M5 & AB\T #c#e#f1 WOM5 & *ILDR574 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ?IS CLASS COMPRISES A V]Y CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( BAK]S1 SMALL C>P5T]S1 TAILORS1 COBBL]S1 C>TWRI<TS1 VILLAGE SMI?S1 & SO ON4 ,BUT !RE IS ALSO 9 ?IS CLASS AN IMM5SE NUMB] ( WORK%OPS BELONG+ TO 9DU/RY1 PROP]LY SPEAK+-?AT IS1 WORK%OPS :I* MANUFACTURE = ! GREAT COMM]CIAL M>KET4 ,SOME ( !SE WORK%OPS MAY ( C\RSE EMPLOY FIFTY P]SONS OR MORE1 BUT ! IMM5SE MAJORITY EMPLOY ONLY FROM FIVE TO TW5TY WORK-PEOPLE EA*4 

,WE ?US F9D 9 ?IS CLASS #a1#c#d#h SMALL E/ABLI%M5TS1 SCATT]$ BO? 9 ! VILLAGES & ! SUBURBS ( GREAT CITIES1 :]E NE>LY #a#d1 P]SONS MAKE LACE1 KNITT+1 EMBROID]Y1 & WEAV+ 9 H&-LOOMS2 MORE ?AN #a SMALL TANN]IES1 MORE ?AN #b1 C>TWRI<TS1 & #gdf SMALL BICYCLE MAK]S4 ,9 CUTL]Y1 9 ! FABRICATION ( TOOLS & SMALL >MS1 NAILS & SCREWS1 & EV5 AN*ORS & AN*OR *A9S1 WE F9D AGA9 MANY ?\S&S ( SMALL WORK %OPS EMPLOY+ SOME?+ LIKE #f1 WORKM54 ,ALL ?AT1 LET US REMEMB]1 )\T C\NT+ ?OSE WORK%OPS :I* EMPLOY NO WOM5 OR *ILDR51 & !RE=E >E NOT SUBMITT$ TO ! ,FACTORY ,9SPECTORS4 ,AS TO ! FABRICATION ( CLO?+1 :I* GIVES WORK TO MORE ?AN #c#e1 M5 & WOM51 DI/RIBUT$ OV] NE>LY #d#e1 WORK%OPS1 LET IT BE NOT$ ?AT IT IS NOT SMALL TAILORS ?AT IS SPOK5 ( H]E1 BUT ?AT MASS ( WORK%OPS :I* SW>M 9 ,:ITE*APEL & ! SUBURBS ( ALL GREAT CITIES1 & :]E WE F9D FROM FIVE TO FIFTY WOM5 & M5 MAK+ CLO?+ = ! TAILOR %OPS1 BIG & SMALL4 ,9 !SE %OPS ! MEASURE IS TAK51 & SOMETIMES ! CUTT+ IS MADE2 BUT ! CLO?+ IS SEWN 9 ! SMALL WORK%OPS1 :I* >E V]Y (T5 SOME:]E 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,EV5 P>TS ( ! COMM&S ( L95 & CLO?+ = ! >MY F9D !IR WAY TO WORK%OPS 9 C\NTRY PLACES4 ,AS TO ! UND]CLO?+ & M]C]Y :I* >E SOLD 9 ! GREAT /ORES1 !Y >E FABRICAT$ 9 SMALL WORK%OPS1 :I* MU/ BE C\NT$ BY ! ?\S&4 

,! SAME IS TRUE ( FURNITURE1 MATTRESSES & CU%IONS1 HATS1 >TIFICIAL FL[]S1 UMBRELLAS1 SLIPP]S1 & EV5 *EAP JEWELRY4 ,! GREAT %OPS1 EV5 ! L>GE/ /ORES1 MO/LY KEEP ONLY AN ASSORTM5T ( SAMPLES4 ,ALL IS MANUFACTUR$ AT A V]Y L[ PRICE1 & DAY BY DAY1 9 ?\S&S ( SMALL WORK%OPS4 

,IT CAN ?US BE SAID ?AT IF WE EXCLUDE FROM ! CLASS ( WORK%OPS' EMPLOYES #a1 OR EV5 #b1 WORK-PEOPLE :O DO NOT WORK = 9DU/RY PROP]LY SPEAK+1 & IF WE ADD ON ! O!R SIDE ! NE>LY #e1 WORK]S :O HAVE NOT YET BE5 TABULAT$ BY ! 9SPECTORS 9 #a#h#i#g1 WE F9D A POPULATION ( MORE ?AN #a11 M5 & WOM5 :O BELONG 5TIRELY TO ! DOMA9 ( ! SMALL 9DU/RY1 & SO MU/ BE ADD$ TO ?OSE :OM WE F\ND WORK+ 9 ! SMALL FACTORIES4 ,! >TISANS :O >E1 WORK+ S+LE-H&$ W]E NOT 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS SKET*4 

,WE ?US SEE ?AT EV5 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 :I* MAY BE CONSID]$ AS REPRES5T+ ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT 9DU/RY1 ! NUMB] ( P]SONS EMPLOY$ 9 ! SMALL TRADE CONT9UES TO BE IMM5SE4 ,! SMALL 9DU/RIES >E AS MU* A DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ! ,BRITI% 9DU/RY AS ITS FEW IMM5SE FACTORIES & IRONWORKS4 

,GO+ OV] N[ TO :AT IS KN[N AB\T ! SMALL 9DU/RIES ( ?IS C\NTRY FROM DIRECT OBS]VATION1 WE F9D ?AT ! SUBURBS ( ,LONDON1 ,GLASG[1 & O!R GREAT CITIES SW>M ) SMALL WORK%OPS1 & ?AT !RE >E REGIONS :]E ! PETTY TRADES >E AS DEVELOP$ AS !Y >E4 9 ,SWITZ]L& OR 9 ,G]MANY4 ,%EFFIELD IS A WELL KN[N EXAMPLE 9 PO9T4 ,! ,%EFFIELD CUTL]Y --ONE ( ! GLORIES ( ,5GL&-IS NOT4 MADE BY MA*9]Y3 IT IS *IEFLY MADE BY H&4 ,!RE >E AT ,%EFFIELD A NUMB] ( FIRMS :I* MANUFACTURE CUTL]Y RI<T ?R\< FROM ! MAK+ ( /EEL TO ! F9I%+ ( TOOLS1 & EMPLOY WAGE WORK]S2 & YET EV5 !SE FIRMS--,I AM TOLD BY ,$W>D ,C>P5T]1 :O K9DLY COLLECT$ = ME 9=MATION AB\T ! ,%EFFIELD TRADE--LET \T SOME P>T ( !IR WORK TO ! 0SMALL MA/]S40 ,BUT BY F> ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( ! CUTL]S WORK 9 !IR HOMES ) !IR RELATIVES1 OR 9 SMALL WORK%OPS SUPPLI$ ) :EEL-P[]1 :I* !Y R5T = A FEW %ILL+S A WEEK4 ,IMM5SE Y>DS >E COV]$ ) BUILD+S1 :I* >E SUBDIVID$ 9TO NUMB]S ( SMALL WORK%OPS4 ,SOME ( !SE COV] BUT A FEW SQU>E Y>DS1 & !RE ,I SAW SMI?S HAMM]+1 ALL ! DAY LONG1 BLADES ( KNIVES ON A SMALL ANVIL1 CLOSE BY ! BLAZE ( !IR FIRES2 OCCASIONALLY ! SMI? MAY HAVE ONE HELP]1 OR TWO4 ,9 ! UPP] /ORIES1 SCORES ( SMALL WORK%OPS >E SUPPLI$ ) :EEL-P[]1 & 9 EA* ( !M1 ?REE1 F\R1 OR FIVE WORK]S & A 0MA/]0 FABRICATE1 ) ! OCCASIONAL AID ( A FEW PLA9 MA*9ES1 EV]Y DESCRIPTION ( TOOLS3 FILES1 SAWS1 BLADES ( KNIVES1 RAZORS1 & SO ON4 ,GR9D+ & GLAZ+ >E DONE 9 O!R SMALL WORK%OPS1 & EV5 /EEL IS CA/ 9 A SMALL F\NDRY1 ! WORK+ /AFF ( :I* CONSI/S ONLY ( FIVE OR SIX M54 

,:5 ,I WALK$ ?R\< !SE WORK%OPS ,I EASILY IMAG9$ MYSELF 9 A ,RUSSIAN CUTL]Y VILLAGE1 LIKE ,PAVLOVO OR ,VORSMA4 ,! ,%EFFIELD CUTL]Y HAS ?US MA9TA9$ ITS OLD5 ORGANIZATION1 & ! FACT IS ! MORE REM>KABLE AS ! E>N+S ( ! CUTL]S >E L[ AS A RULE2 BUT1 EV5 :5 !Y >E R$UC$ TO A FEW %ILL+S A WEEK1 ! CUTL] PREF]S TO VEGETATE ON HIS SMALL E>N+S ?AN TO 5T] AS A WAG$ LABOR] 9 A 0H\SE40 ,! SPIRIT ( ! OLD TRADE ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* W]E SO MU* SPOK5 ( 9 ! 'SIXTIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IS ?US /ILL ALIVE4 

,UNTIL LATELY1 ,LE$S & ITS 5VIRONS W]E ALSO ! SEAT ( EXT5SIVE DOME/IC 9DU/RIES4 ,:5 ,$W>D ,BA9ES WROTE1 9 #a#h#e#g1 HIS FIR/ ACC\NT ( ! ,YORK%IRE 9DU/RIES 79 ,?4 ,BA9ES'S ,YORK%IRE1 ,PA/ & ,PRES5T71 MO/ ( ! WOOL5 CLO? :I* WAS MADE 9 ?AT REGION WAS WOV5 BY H&4#e ,TWICE A WEEK ! H&-MADE CLO? WAS BR\<T TO ! ,CLO?I]S' ,HALL1 & BY NOON IT WAS SOLD TO ! M]*ANTS1 :O HAD IT DRESS$ 9 !IR FACTORIES4 ,JO9T-/OCK MILLS W]E RUN BY COMB9$ CLO?I]S 9 ORD] TO PREP>E & SP9 ! WOOL1 BUT IT WAS WOV5 9 ! H&-LOOMS BY ! CLO?I]S & ! MEMB]S ( !IR FAMILIES4 ,TWELVE YE>S LAT] ! H&-LOOM WAS SUP]S$$ TO A GREAT EXT5T BY ! P[]-LOOM2 BUT ! CLO?I]S1 :O W]E ANXI\S TO MA9TA9 !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 RESORT$ TO A PECULI> ORGANIZATION3 !Y R5T$ A ROOM1 OR P>T ( A ROOM1 & SOMETIMES ALSO ! P[]-LOOMS1 & !Y WORK$ 9DEP5D5TLY -- A *>ACT]I/IC ORGANIZATION P>TLY MA9TA9$ UNTIL N[1 & WELL ADAPT$ TO ILLU/RATE ! EF=TS ( ! PETTY TRAD]S TO KEEP !IR GR\ND1 NOT)/&+ ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORY4 ,& IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT ! TRIUMPHS ( ! FACTORY W]E TOO (T5 A*IEV$ ONLY BY MEANS ( ! MO/ FRAUDUL5T ADULT]ATION & ! UND]PAID LABOR ( ! *ILDR54 

,! V>IETY ( DOME/IC 9DU/RIES C>RI$ ON 9 ! ,LAKE ,DI/RICT IS MU* GREAT] ?AN MI<T BE EXPECT$11 BUT !Y /ILL WAIT = C>EFUL EXPLOR]S4 ,I WILL ONLY M5TION ! HOOP-MAK]S1 ! BASKET TRADE1 ! *>COAL-BURN]S1 ! BOBB9-MAK]S1 ! SMALL IRON FURNACES WORK+ ) *>COAL AT ,BACKB>R[1 & SO ON4#f ,AS A :OLE1 WE DO NOT WELL KN[ ! PETTY TRADES ( ?IS C\NTRY1 & !RE=E WE SOMETIMES COME ACROSS QUITE UNEXPECT$ FACTS4 ,FEW CONT95TAL WRIT]S ON 9DU/RIAL TOPICS W\LD GUESS1 9DE$1 ?AT TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO NAILS W]E MADE BY H& BY ?\S&S ( M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 9 ! ,BLACK ,C\NTRY ( ,S\? ,/AF=D%IRE1 AS ALSO 9 ,D]BY%IRE1#g & ?AT SOME ( ?IS 9DU/RY REMA9S /ILL 9 EXI/5CE1 OR ?AT ! BE/ NE$LES >E MADE BY H& AT ,R$DIT*4 ,*A9S >E ALSO MADE BY H& AT ,DUDLEY & ,CRADLEY1 & AL?\< ! ,PRESS IS P]IODICALLY MOV$ TO SPEAK ( ! WRET*$ CONDITIONS ( ! *A9-MAK]S1 M5 & WOM51 ! TRADE /ILL MA9TA9S ITSELF2 :ILE NE>LY #g1 M5 W]E BUSY 9 #ahi 9 !IR SMALL WORK%OPS 9 MAK+ LOCKS1 EV5 ( ! PLA9E/ DESCRIPTION1 AT ,WALSALL1 ,WOLV]HAMPTON1 & ,WILL5HALL4 ,! V>I\S IRONMONG]IES CONNECT$ ) HORSE-CLO?+ -- BITS1 SPURS1 BRIDLES1 & SO ON->E ALSO L>GELY MADE BY H& AT ,WALSALL4 

,! ,BIRM+HAM GUN & RIFLE TRADES1 :I* ALSO BELONG TO ! SAME DOMA9 ( SMALL 9DU/RIES1 >E WELL KN[N4 ,AS TO ! V>I\S BRAN*ES ( DRESS1 !RE >E /ILL IMPORTANT DIVISIONS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM :]E A V>IETY ( DOME/IC TRADES CONNECT$ ) DRESS IS C>RI$ ON ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,I NE$ ONLY M5TION ! COTTAGE 9DU/RIES ( ,IREL&1 AS ALSO SOME ( !M :I* HAVE SURVIV$ 9 ! %IRES ( ,BUCK+HAM1 ,OX=D1 & ,B$=D2 HOSI]Y IS A COMMON OCCUPATION 9 ! VILLAGES ( ! C\NTIES ,( ,NOTT+HAM & ,D]BY2 & SEV]AL GREAT ,LONDON FIRMS S5D \T CLO? TO BE MADE 9TO DRESS 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,SUSSEX & ,HAMP%IRE4 ,WOOL5 HOSI]Y IS AT HOME 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,LEICE/]1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ,SCOTL&2 /RAW-PLAIT+ & HAT-MAK+ 9 MANY P>TS ( ! C\NTRY2 :ILE AT ,NOR?AMPTON1 ,LEICE/]1 ,IPSWI*1 & ,/AF=D %OEMAK+ WAS1 TILL QUITE LATELY1 A WIDELY SPREAD DOME/IC OCCUPATION1 OR WAS C>RI$ ON 9 SMALL WORK%OPS2 EV5 AT ,NORWI* IT REMA9S A PETTY TRADE TO SOME EXT5T1 NOT)/&+ ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORIES4 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT ! REC5T APPE>ANCE ( L>GE BOOT & %OE FACTORIES HAS CONSID]ABLY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( GIRLS & WOM5 :O SEW ! 0UPP]S0 & EMBROID] ! SLIPP]S1 EI!R 9 !IR [N H\SES OR 9 SWEAT]S' WORK%OPS1 :ILE NEW SMALL FACTORIES HAVE DEVELOP$ ( LATE = ! MAK+ ( HEELS1 C>D-BOXES1 & SO ON4 

,! PETTY TRADES >E ?US AN IMPORTANT FACTOR ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE EV5 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA91 AL?\< MANY ( !M HAVE GA!R$ 9TO ! T[NS4 ,BUT IF WE F9D 9 ?IS C\NTRY SO MANY FEW] RURAL1 9DU/RIES ?AN ON ! ,CONT95T1 WE MU/ -NOT IMAG9E ?AT !IR DISAPPE>ANCE IS DUE ONLY TO A KE5] COMPETITION ( ! FACTORIES4 ,! *IEF CAUSE WAS ! COMPULSORY EXODUS FROM ! VILLAGES4 

,AS EV]YONE KN[S FROM ,?OROLD ,ROG]S' WORK1 ! GR[? ( ! FACTORY SY/EM 9 ,5GL& WAS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ?AT 5=C$ EXODUS4 ,:OLE 9DU/RIES1 :I* PROSP]$ TILL !N1 W]E KILL$ D[NRI<T BY ! =C$ CLE>+ ( E/ATES4#h ,! WORK%OPS1 MU* MORE EV5 ?AN ! FACTORIES1 MULTIPLY :]EV] !Y F9D *EAP LABOR2 & ! SPECIFIC FEATURE ( ?IS C\NTRY IS1 ?AT ! *EAPE/ LABOR-?AT IS1 ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( DE/ITUTE PEOPLE-IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! GREAT4 CITIES4 ,! AGITATION RAIS$ 7) NO RESULT7 9 CONNECTION ) ! 0,DWELL+S ( ! ,POOR10 ! 0,UNEMPLOY$10 & ! 0,SWEAT+ ,SY/EM10 HAS FULLY DISCLOS$ ?AT *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ,5GL& & ,SCOTL&2 & ! PA9/AK+ RESE>*ES MADE BY ,MR4 ,*>LES ,BOO? HAVE %[N ?AT ONE-QU>T] ( ! POPULATION ( ,LONDON-?AT IS1 #a11 \T ( ! #c1#h1 :O 5T]$ )9 ! SCOPE ( HIS 9QUE/-W\LD BE HAPPY IF ! HEADS ( !IR FAMILIES C\LD HAVE REGUL> E>N+S ( SOME?+ LIKE #ia A WEEK ALL ! YE> R\ND4 ,HALF ( !M W\LD BE SATISFI$ ) EV5 LESS ?AN ?AT4 ,! SAME /ATE ( ?+S WAS F\ND BY ,MR4 ,SEEBOHM ,R[NTREE AT ,YORK4#i ,*EAP LABOR IS (F]$ 9 SU* QUANTITIES 9 ! SUBURBS ( ALL ! GREAT CITIES ( ,GREAT ,BRITA91 ?AT ! PETTY & DOME/IC TRADES1 :I* >E SCATT]$ ON ! ,CONT95T 9 ! VILLAGES1 GA!R 9 ?IS C\NTRY 9 ! CITIES4 

,EXACT FIGURES AS TO ! SMALL 9DU/RIES >E WANT+1 BUT A SIMPLE WALK ?R\< ! SUBURBS ( ,LONDON -W\LD DO MU* TO REALIZE ! V>IETY ( PETTY TRADES :I* SW>M 9 ! METROPOLIS1 &1 9 FACT1 9 ALL *IEF URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS4 ,! EVID5CE GIV5 BE=E ! 0,SWEAT+ ,SY/EM ,COMMITTEE0 HAS %[N H[ F> ! FURNITURE & READY-MADE CLO?+ PALACES & ! 0,BONHEUR DES ,DAMES0 BAZA>S ( ,LONDON >E M]E EXHIBITIONS ( SAMPLES1 OR M>KETS = ! SALE ( ! PRODUCE ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,?\S&S ( SWEAT]S1 SOME ( !M HAV+ !IR [N WORK%OPS1 & O!RS M]ELY DI/RIBUT+ WORK TO SUB-SWEAT]S :O DI/RIBUTE IT AGA9 AMID ! DE/ITUTE1 SUPPLY ?OSE PALACES & BAZA>S ) GOODS MADE 9 ! SLUMS OR 9 V]Y SMALL WORK%OPS4 ,! COMM]CE IS C5TRALIZ$ 9 ?OSE BAZA>S-NOT ! 9DU/RY4 ,! FURNITURE PALACES & BAZA>S >E ?US M]ELY PLAY+ ! P>T :I* ! FEUDAL CA/LE =M]LY PLAY$ 9 AGRICULTURE3 !Y C5TRALIZE ! PR(ITS -NOT ! PRODUCTION4 

,9 REALITY1 ! EXT5SION ( ! PETTY TRADES1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ! GREAT FACTORIES1 IS NO?+ TO BE WOND]$ AT4 ,IT IS AN ECONOMIC NECESSITY4 

,! ABSORPTION ( ! SMALL WORK%OPS BY BIGG] CONC]NS IS A FACT :I* HAD /RUCK ! ECONOMI/S 9 ! '=TIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! TEXTILE TRADES4 ,IT IS CONT9U$ /ILL 9 MANY O!R TRADES1 & IS ESPECIALLY /RIK+ 9 A NUMB] ( V]Y BIG CONC]NS DEAL+ ) METALS & W> SUPPLIES = ! DIFF]5T ,/ATES4 ,BUT !RE IS ANO!R PROCESS :I* IS GO+ ON P>ALLEL ) ! =M]1 & :I* CONSI/S 9 ! CONT9U\S CREATION ( NEW 9DU/RIES1 USUALLY MAK+ !IR />T ON A SMALL SCALE4 ,EA* NEW FACTORY CALLS 9TO EXI/5CE A NUMB] ( SMALL WORK%OPS1 P>TLY TO SUPPLY ITS [N NE$S & P>TLY TO SUBMIT ITS PRODUCE TO A FUR!R TRANS=MATION4 ,?US1 TO QUOTE BUT ONE 9/ANCE1 ! COTTON MILLS HAVE CREAT$ AN IMM5SE DEM& = WOOD5 BOBB9S & REELS1 & ?\S&S ( M5 9 ! ,LAKE ,DI/RICT SET TO MANFUACTURE !M-BY H& FIR/1 & LAT] ON ) ! AID ( SOME PLA9 MA*9]Y4 ,ONLY QUITE REC5TLY1 AFT] YE>S HAD BE5 SP5T 9 9V5T+ & IMPROV+ ! MA*9]Y1 ! BOBB9S BEGAN TO BE MADE ON A L>G] SCALE 9 FACTORIES4 ,& EV5 YET1 AS ! MA*9ES >E V]Y CO/LY1 A GREAT QUANTITY ( BOBB9S >E MADE 9 SMALL WORK%OPS1 ) BUT LITTLE AID FROM MA*9ES1 :ILE ! FACTORIES !MSELVES >E RELATIVELY SMALL1 & SELDOM EMPLOY MORE ?AN FIFTY OP]ATIVES *IEFLY *ILDR54 ,AS TO ! REELS ( IRREGUL> %APE1 !Y >E /ILL MADE BY H&1 OR P>TLY ) ! AID ( SMALL MA*9ES1 CONT9UALLY 9V5T$ BY ! WORK]S4 ,NEW 9DU/RIES ?US GR[ UP TO SUPPLANT ! OLD ONES2 EA* ( !M PASSES ?R\< A PRELIM9>Y /AGE ON A SMALL SCALE BE=E REA*+ ! GREAT FACTORY /AGE2 & ! MORE ACTIVE ! 9V5TIVE G5IUS ( A NATION IS1 ! MORE IT HAS ( !SE BUDD+ 9DU/RIES4 ,! C\NTLESS SMALL BICYCLE WORKS :I* HAVE LATELY GR[N UP 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & >E SUPPLI$ ) READY-MADE P>TS ( ! BICYCLE BY ! L>G] FACTORIES1 >E AN 9/ANCE 9 PO9T4 ,! DOME/IC & SMALL WORK%OPS FABRICATION ( BOXES = MAT*ES1 BOOTS1 HATS1 CONFECTION]Y1 GROC]Y & SO ON IS ANO!R FAMILI> 9/ANCE4 

,BESIDES1 ! L>GE FACTORY /IMULATES ! BIR? ( N[ PETTY TRADES BY CREAT+ NEW WANTS4 ,! *EAPNESS ( COTTONS & WOOL5S1 ( PAP] & BRASS1 HAS CREAT$ HUNDR$S ( NEW SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,\R H\SEHOLDS >E FULL ( !IR PRODUCE--MO/LY ?+S ( QUITE MOD]N 9V5TION4 ,& :ILE SOME ( !M ALREADY >E TURN$ \T BY ! MILLION 9 ! GREAT FACTORY1 ALL HAVE PASS$ ?R\< ! SMALL WORK%OP /AGE1 BE=E ! DEM& WAS GREAT 5\< TO REQUIRE ! GREAT FACTORY ORGANIZATION1 ,! MORE WE MAY HAVE ( NEW 9V5TIONS1 ! MORE %ALL WE HAVE ( SU* SMALL 9DU/RIES2 & AGA91 ! MORE WE HAVE ( !M1 ! MORE %ALL WE HAVE ( ! 9V5TIVE G5IUS1 ! WANT ( :I* IS SO JU/LY COMPLA9$ ( 9 ?IS C\NTRY 7BY ,W4 ,>M/RONG1 AMONG MANY O!RS74 ,WE MU/ NOT WOND]1 !RE=E1 IF WE SEE SO MANY SMALL TRADES 9 ?IS C\NTRY2 BUT WE MU/ REGRET ?AT ! GREAT NUMB] HAVE AB&ON$ ! VILLAGES 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! BAD CONDITIONS ( L& T5URE1 & ?AT !Y HAVE MIGRAT$ 9 SU* NUMB]S TO ! CITIES1 TO ! DETRIM5T ( AGRICULTURE4 

,9 ,5GL&1 AS EV]Y:]E1 ! SMALL 9DU/RIES >E AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! 9DU/RIAL LIFE ( ! C\NTRY 2 & IT IS *IEFLY 9 ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( ! SMALL TRADES1 :I* UTILIZE ! HALF-FABRICAT$ PRODUCE ( ! GREAT 9DU/RIES1 ?AT 9V5TIVE G5IUS IS DEVELOP$1 & ! RUDIM5TS ( ! FUTURE GREAT 9DU/RIES >E ELABORAT$4 ,! SMALL BICYCLE WORK%OPS1 ) ! HUNDR$S ( SMALL IMPROVEM5TS :I* !Y 9TRODUC$1 HAVE BE5 UND] \R V]Y EYES ! PRIM>Y CELLS \T ( :I* ! GREAT 9DU/RY ( ! MOTOR C>S1 & LAT] ON ( ! AIRPLANES1 HAS GR[N UP4 ,! SMALL VILLAGE JAM-MAK]S W]E ! PRECURSORS & ! RUDIM5TS ( ! GREAT FACTORIES ( PRES]VES :I* N[ EMPLOY HUNDR$S ( WORK]S4 ,& SOON4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 TO AFFIRM ?AT ! SMALL 9DU/RIES >E DOOM$ TO DISAPPE>1 :ILE WE SEE NEW ONES APPE> EV]Y DAY1 IS M]ELY TO REPEAT A HA/Y G5]ALIZATION ?AT WAS MADE 9 ! E>LI] P>T ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BY ?OSE :O WITNESS$ ! ABSORPTION ( H&-WORK BY MA*9]Y WORK 9 ! COTTON 9DU/RY--A G5]ALIZATION :I*1 AS WE SAW ALREADY1 & >E GO+ /ILL BETT] TO SEE ON ! FOLL[+ PAGES1 F9DS NO CONFIRMATION FROM ! /UDY ( 9DU/RIES1 GREAT & SMALL1 & IS UPSET BY ! C5SUSES ( ! FACTORIES & WORK%OPS4 ,F> FROM %[+ A T5D5CY TO DISAPPE>1 ! SMALL 9DU/RIES %[1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A T5D5CY T[>DS MAK+ A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T1 S9CE ! MUNICIPAL SUPPLY ( ELECTRICAL P[]--SU* AS WE HAVE1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ,MAN*E/]--P]MITS ! [N] ( A SMALL FACTORY TO HAVE A *EAP SUPPLY ( MOTIVE P[]1 EXACTLY 9 ! PROPORTION REQUIR$ AT A GIV5 TIME1 & TO PAY ONLY = :AT IS REALLY CONSUM$4 

,PETTY ,TRADES 9 ,FRANCE4 

,SMALL 9DU/RIES >E MET ) 9 ,FRANCE 9 A V]Y GREAT V>IETY1 & !Y REPRES5T A MO/ IMPORTANT FEATURE ( NATIONAL ECONOMY4 IT IS E/IMAT$1 9 FACT1 ?AT :ILE ONE-HALF ( ! POPULATION ( ,FRANCE LIVE UPON AGRICULTURE1 & ONE-?IRD UPON 9DU/RY1 ?IS ?IRD P>T IS EQUALLY DI/RIBUT$ BETWE5 ! GREAT 9DU/RY & ! SMALL ONE4#a ,?IS LA/ OCCUPIES AB\T #a1#f#e1 WORK]S & SUPPORTS FROM #d11 TO #e11 P]SONS4 ,A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( PEASANTS :O RESORT TO SMALL 9DU/RIES )\T AB&ON+ AGRICULTURE W\LD HAVE TO BE ADD$ TO ! JU/-M5TION$ ITEMS1 & ! ADDITIONAL E>N+S :I* !SE PEASANTS F9D 9 9DU/RY >E SO IMPORTANT ?AT 9 SEV]AL P>TS ( ,FRANCE PEASANT PROPRIETOR%IP C\LD NOT BE MA9TA9$ )\T ! AID D]IV$ FROM ! RURAL 9DU/RIES4 

,! SMALL PEASANTS KN[ :AT !Y HAVE TO EXPECT ! DAY !Y BECOME FACTORY H&S 9 A T[N2 & SO LONG AS !Y HAVE NOT BE5 DISPOSSESS$ BY ! MONEY-L5D] ( !IR L&S & H\SES1 & SO LONG AS ! VILLAGE RI<TS 9 ! COMMUNAL GRAZ+ GR\NDS OR WOODS HAVE NOT BE5 LO/1 !Y CL+ TO A COMB9ATION ( 9DU/RY ) AGRICULTURE4 ,HAV+1 9 MO/ CASES1 NO HORSES TO PL[ ! L&1 !Y RESORT TO AN >RANGEM5T :I* IS WIDELY SPREAD1 IF NOT UNIV]SAL1 AMONG SMALL ,FR5* L&HOLD]S1 EV5 9 PURELY RURAL DI/RICTS 7,I SAW IT EV5 9 ,HAUTE,SAVOIE74 ,ONE ( ! PEASANTS :O KEEPS A PL[ & A TEAM ( HORSES TILLS ALL !1 FIELDS 9 TURN4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 [+ TO A WIDE MA9T5ANCE ( ! COMMUNAL SPIRIT1 :I* ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ ELSE:]E1#a#a FUR!R SUPPORT IS F\ND 9 ! COMMUNAL %EPH]D1 ! COMMUNAL W9E-PRESS1 & V>I\S =MS ( 0AIDS0 AMONG ! PEASANTS4 ,& :]EV] ! VILLAGE-COMMUNITY SPIRIT IS MA9TA9$1 ! SMALL 9DU/RIES P]SI/1 :ILE NO EF=T IS SP>$ TO BR+ ! SMALL PLOTS UND] HI<] CULTURE4 

,M>KET-G>D5+ & FRUIT CULTURE (T5 GO H& 9 H& ) SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,& :]EV] WELL-BE+ IS F\ND ON A RELATIVELY UNPRODUCTIVE SOIL1 IT IS NE>LY ALWAYS DUE TO A COMB9ATION ( ! TWO SI/] >TS4 

,! MO/ WOND]FUL ADAPTATIONS ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES TO NEW REQUIREM5TS1 & SUB/ANTIAL TE*NICAL PROGRESS 9 ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 CAN BE NOT$ AT ! SAME TIME4 ,IT MAY EV5 BE SAID ( ,FRANCE1 AS IT HAS BE5 SAID ( ,RUSSIA1 ?AT :5 A RURAL 9DU/RY DIES \T1 ! CAUSE ( ITS DECAY IS F\ND MU* LESS 9 ! COMPETITION ( RIVAL FACTORIES-9 HUNDR$S ( LOCALITIES ! SMALL 9DU/RY UND]GOES A COMPLETE MODIFICATION1 OR IT *ANGES ITS *>ACT] 9 SU* CASES-?AN 9 ! DECAY ( ! POPULATION AS AGRICULTURI/S4 ,CONT9UALLY WE SEE ?AT ONLY :5 ! SMALL L&HOLD]S HAVE BE5 RU9$1 AS SU*1 BY A GR\P ( CAUSES-! LOSS ( COMMUNAL MEAD[S1 OR ABNORMALLY HI< R5TS1 OR ! HAVOC MADE 9 SOME LOCALITY BY ! M>*&S DE BI5S 7SW9DL]S 5TIC+ ! PEASANTS TO BUY L& ON CR$IT71 OR ! BANKRUPTCY ( SOME %>EHOLD]S' COMPANY :OSE %>ES HAD BE5 EAG]LY TAK5 BY ! PEASANTS #a#b-ONLY !N DO !Y AB&ON BO? ! L& & ! RURAL 9DU/RY & EMIGRATE T[>DS ! T[NS4 

,O!RWISE1 A N[ 9DU/RY ALWAYS GR[S UP :5 ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORY BECOMES TOO ACUTE -- A WOND]FUL1 H>DLY SUSPECT$ ADAPTABILITY BE+ DISPLAY$ BY ! SMALL 9DU/RIES2 OR ELSE ! RURAL >TISANS RESORT TO SOME =M ( 9T5SIVE F>M+1 G>D5+1 ETC41 & 9 ! MEANTIME SOME O!R 9DU/RY MAKES ITS APPE>ANCE4 ,A CLOS] /UDY ( ,FRANCE UND] ?IS ASPECT IS 9/RUCTIVE 9 A HI< DEGREE4 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT 9 MO/ TEXTILE 9DU/RIES ! P[]-LOOM SUP]S$ES ! H&-LOOM1 & ! FACTORY TAKES1 OR HAS TAK5 ALREADY1 ! PLACE ( ! COTTAGE 9DU/RY4 ,COTTONS1 PLA9 L951 & MA*9E-MADE LACE >E N[ PRODUC$ AT SU* A L[ CO/ BY MA*9]Y ?AT H&-WEAV+ EVID5TLY BECOMES AN ANA*RONISM = ! PLA9E/ DESCRIPTIONS ( SU* GOODS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ?\< !RE W]E 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ! YE> #a#h#g#f1 #c#b#h1#c H&-LOOMS AS AGA9/ #a#b#a1#c#d P[]-LOOMS1 IT MAY SAFELY BE TAK5 ?AT ! NUMB] ( ! =M] HAS BE5 CONSID]ABLY R$UC$ )9 ! NEXT TW5TY YE>S4 ,H[EV]1 ! SL[NESS ) :I* ?IS *ANGE IS BE+ ACCOMPLI%$ IS ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURES ( ! PRES5T 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! TEXTILE TRADES ( ,FRANCE4 

,! CAUSES ( ?IS P[] ( RESI/ANCE ( H&LOOM-WEAV+ BECOME ESPECIALLY APP>5T :5 ONE CONSULTS SU* WORKS AS ,REYBAUD'S ,LE ,COTON1 :I* WAS WRITT5 9 #a#h#f#c1 NE>LY HALF A C5TURY AGO-?AT IS1 AT A TIME :5 ! COTTAGE 9DU/RIES W]E /ILL FULLY ALIVE4 ,?\< AN >D5T ADMIR] HIMSELF ( ! GREAT 9DU/RIES1 ,REYBAUD FAI?FULLY NOT$ ! /RIK+ SUP]IORITY ( WELL-BE+ 9 ! WEAV]S' COTTAGES AS COMP>$ ) ! MIS]Y ( ! FACTORY H&S 9 ! CITIES4 ,ALREADY !N1 ! CITIES ( ,/4 ,QU5T91 ,LILLE1 ,R\BAIX & ,AMI5S W]E GREAT C5T]S = COTTON-SP9N+ ,MILLS & COTTON-WEAV+ FACTORIES4 ,BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ALL SORTS ( COTTONS W]E WOV5 9 H&-LOOMS1 9 ! V]Y SUBURBS ( ,/4 ,QU5T9 & 9 A HUNDR$ VILLAGES & HAMLETS >\ND IT1 TO BE SOLD = F9I%+ 9 ! CITY4 ,& ,REYBAUD REM>K$ ?AT ! HORRIBLE DWELL+S 9 T[N1 & ! G5]AL CONDITION ( ! FACTORY H&S1 /OOD 9 A WOND]FUL CONTRA/ ) ! RELATIVE WELF>E ( ! RURAL WEAV]S4 ,NE>LY EV]Y ONE ( !SE LA/ HAD HIS [N H\SE & A SMALL FIELD :I* HE CONT9U$ TO CULTIVATE4#a#c 

,EV5 9 SU* A BRAN* AS ! FABRICATION ( PLA9 COTTON VELVETS1 9 :I* ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORIES WAS ESPECIALLY KE5LY FELT1 HOMEWEAV+ WAS WIDELY SPREAD1 9 #ahfc & EV5 9 #a#h#g#h1 9 ! VILLAGES R\ND ,AMI5S4 ,AL?\< ! E>N+S ( ! RURAL WEAV]S W]E SMALL1 AS A RULE1 ! WEAV]S PREF]R$ TO KEEP TO !IR [N COTTAGES1 TO !IR [N CROPS & TO !IR [N CATTLE2 & ONLY REPEAT$ COMM]CIAL CRISES1 AS WELL AS SEV]AL ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ CAUSES1 HO/ILE TO ! SMALL PEASANT1 COMPELL$ MO/ ( !M TO GIVE UP ! /RUGGLE1 & TO SEEK EMPLOYM5T 9 ! FACTORIES1 :ILE P>T ( !M HAVE1 BY ?IS TIME1 AGA9 RETURN$ TO AGRICULTURE OR TAK5 TO M>KET-G>D5+4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT C5T] = RURAL 9DU/RIES WAS 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,R\51 :]E NO LESS ?AN #a#a1 P]SONS W]E EMPLOY$1 9 #a#h#f#c1 9 WEAV+ COTTONS = ! F9I%+ FACTORIES ( ?AT CITY4 ,9 ! VALLEY ( ! ,&ELLE1 9 ! DEP>TM5T ( ,EURE1 EA* VILLAGE WAS AT ?AT TIME AN 9DU/RIAL BEE-HIVE2 EA* /REAMLET WAS UTILIZ$ = SETT+ 9TO WORK A SMALL FACTORY4 ,REYBAUD DESCRIB$ ! CONDITION ( ! PEASANTS :O COMB9$ AGRICULTURE ) WORK AT ! RURAL FACTORY AS MO/ SATISFACTORY1 ESPECIALLY 9 COMP>ISON ) ! CONDITION ( ! SLUM-DWELL]S AT ,R\51 & HE EV5 M5TION$ A CASE OR TWO 9 :I* ! VILLAGE FACTORIES BELONG$ TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4 

,SEV5TE5 YE>S LAT]1 ,BAUDRILL>T#a#d DEPICT$ ! SAME REGION 9 V]Y MU* ! SAME WORDS2 & AL?\< ! RURAL FACTORIES BAD HAD TO YIELD TO A GREAT EXT5T BE=E ! BIG FACTORIES1 ! RURAL 9DU/RY WAS /ILL VALU$ AS %[+ A YE>LY PRODUCTION ( #h#e11 FRANCS 7,G,B,P#b1#d174 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 ! FACTORIES MU/ HAVE MADE FUR!R PROGRESS2 BUT WE /ILL SEE FROM ! EXCELL5T DESCRIPTIONS ( ,M4 ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 :OSE WORK WILL HAVE 9 ! FUTURE ALMO/ ! SAME VALUE AS ,>?UR ,Y\NG'S ,TRAVELS1#a#e ?AT A CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( ! RURAL WEAV]S HAS /ILL SURVIV$2 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ONE 9V>IABLY MEETS1 EV5 N[ADAYS1 ) ! REM>K ?AT RELATIVE WELL-BE+ IS PROM95T 9 ! VILLAGES 9 :I* WEAV+ IS CONNECT$ ) AGRICULTURE4 

,UP TO ! PRES5T TIME1 ,M4 ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET WRITES1 0!RE IS AN 9DU/RY :I* GIVES WORK TO MANY H&-LOOMS 9 ! VILLAGES2 IT IS ! WEAV+ ( V>I\S /UFFS = UMBRELLAS & LADIES' BOOTS40 ,AMI5S IS ! *IEF C5T] = ?IS WEAV+4#a#f ,9 O!R PLACES !Y >E MAK+ DRESSES \T ( ,AMI5S VELVET & V>I\S /UFFS WOV5 AT ,R\BAIX4 ,IT IS A NEW 9DU/RY2 IT HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! OLD ONE1 :I* WAS MAK+ ( ,AMI5S A SECOND ,LYONS4 

,9 ! DI/RICT ( ,LE ,!LLE1 TO ! S\? ( ,BEAUVAIS1 !RE IS 0A MULTITUDE ( PETTY TRADES1 ( :I* ONE H>DLY IMAG9ES ! IMPORTANCE4 ,I HAVE SE510 ,M4 ,DUMAZET SAYS1 0SMALL FACTORIES ( BUTTONS MADE FROM BONE1 IVORY1 OR MO!R(-PE>L1 BRU%ES1 %OE-HORNS1 KEYS = PIANOS1 DOM9OES1 C\NT]S & DICE1 SPECTACLE-CASES1 SMALL >TICLES = ! WRIT+-TABLE1 H&LES = TOOLS1 MEASURES1 BILLI>D KEYS-:AT NOT6 

,!RE IS NOT ONE S+LE VILLAGE1 H[EV] SMALL1 ! POPULATION ( :I* %\LD NOT HAVE ITS [N 9DU/RY40#a#g ,AT ! SAME TIME IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ?\S&S ( SMALL >TICLES = ! WRIT+-TABLE & = DRAFTSM5 >E FABRICAT$ ON A L>GE SCALE 9 ! SMALL FACTORIES 9 ! SAME REGION4 ,SOME ( ! WORK%OPS >E SITUAT$ 9 PRIVATE H\SES1 & 9 SOME ( !M >TI/IC WORK IS MADE2 BUT MO/ ( !M >E LOCAT$ 9 SPECIAL H\SES7 :]E ! NECESS>Y ,P[] IS HIR$ BY ! [N] ( ! WORK%OP4 ,Y\ SEE H]E 0A FANTA/IC ACTIVITY0--! WORD IS ,M4 ,DUMAZET'S2 ! DIVISION ( LABOR IS V]Y GREAT1 & EV]Y:]E !Y 9V5T NEW MA*9E-TOOLS4 

,F9ALLY1 9 ! VILLAGES ( ! ,V]M&OIS DI/RICT 7DEP>TM5T ( ! ,AISNE71 WE F9D A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( H&-LOOMS 7MORE ?AN #c17 UPON :I* MIX$ /UFFS MADE ( COTTON1 WOOL & SILK >E ,WOV54#a#h 

,( C\RSE1 IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT1 AS A RULE1 9 NOR!RN ,FRANCE1 ,:]E COTTONS >E FABRICAT$ ON A L>GE SCALE 9 FACTORY T[NS1 H&-WEAV+ 9 ! VILLAGES IS NE>LY GONE4 ,BUT1 AS IS SE5 ALREADY FROM ! PREC$+1 NEW SMALL 9DU/RIES HAVE GR[N UP 9/EAD1 & ?IS IS ALSO ! CASE 9 MANY O!R P>TS ( ,FRANCE4 

,TAK+ ! REGION SITUAT$ BETWE5 ,R\5 9 ! NOR?-EA/1 ,ORLEANS 9 ! S\?-EA/1 ,R5NES 9 ! NOR?-WE/1 & ,NANTES 9 ! S\?-WE/--?AT IS1 ! OLD PROV9CES ( ,NORM&Y1 ,P]*E & ,MA9E1 & P>TLY ,T\RA9E & ,ANJ\1 AS !Y W]E SE5 BY ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET 9 #a#h#i#e--WE F9D !RE QUITE A V>IETY ( DOME/IC & PETTY 9DU/RIES1 BO? 9 ! VILLAGES & 9 ! T[NS4 

,AT ,LAVAL 7TO ! S\?-EA/ ( ,R5NES71 :]E DRILLS 7C\TILS7 W]E =M]LY WOV5 \T ( FLAX 9 H&-LOOMS1 & AT ,AL5CON1 =M]LY A GREAT C5T] = ! COTTAGE-WEAV+ ( L951 AS WELL AS = H&-MADE LACE1 ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET F\ND BO? ! H\SE & ! FACTORY L95 9DU/RY 9 A L+]+ /ATE4 ,COTTON TAKES ! LEAD4 ,DRILLS >E N[ MADE \T ( COTTON 9 ! FACTORIES1 & ! DEM& = FLAX GOODS IS V]Y SMALL4 ,BO? DOME/IC & FACTORY WEAV+ ( FLAX GOODS >E ACCORD+LY 9 A POOR CONDITION4 ,! COTTAG]S AB&ON$ ?AT BRAN* ( WEAV+1 & ! L>GE FACTORIES1 :I* HAD BE5 ]ECT$ AT ,AL5CON ) ! 9T5TION ( CREAT+ A FLAX & HEMP-CLO? 9DU/RY1 HAD TO BE CLOS$4 ,ONLY ONE FACTORY1 OCCUPY+ #be H&S1 REMA9S2 :ILE NE>LY #b#c1 WEAV]S1 :O F\ND OCCUPATION AT ,MANS1 ,FRESNAY & ,AL5CON 9 HEMP CLO?S & F9E L951 HAD TO AB&ON ?AT 9DU/RY4 ,?OSE :O WORK$ 9 FACTORIES HAVE EMIGRAT$ TO O!R T[NS1 :ILE ?OSE :O HAD NOT BROK5 ) AGRICULTURE REV]T$ TO IT4 ,9 ?IS /RUGGLE ( COTTON V]SUS FLAX & HEMP1 ! =M] WAS VICTORI\S4 

,AS TO LACE1 IT IS MADE 9 SU* QUANTITIES BY MA*9]Y AT ,CALAIS1 ,CAUDRY1 ,/4 ,QU5T9 & ,T>>E ?AT ONLY HI<-CLASS >TI/IC LACE-MAK+ CONT9UES ON A SMALL SCALE AT ,AL5CON ITSELF1 BUT IT /ILL REMA9S A BY-OCCUPATION 9 ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY4 ,BESIDES1 AT ,FL]S1 & AT ,F]TE ,MACE 7A SMALL T[N TO ! S\? ( ! =M]71 H&-WEAV+ IS /ILL C>RI$ ON 9 AB\T #e1#d H&-LOOMS1 AL?\< ! :OLE TRADE1 9 FACTORIES & VILLAGES ALIKE1 IS 9 A PITE\S /ATE S9CE ! ,SPANI% M>KETS HAVE BE5 LO/4 ,SPA9 HAS N[ PL5TY ( H] [N COTTON MILLS4 ,TWELVE BIG SP9N+ MILLS AT ,CONDE 7:]E #d1 TONS ( COTTON W]E SPUN 9 #a#h#h#c7 W]E AB&ON$ 9 #a#h#i#c1 & ! WORK]S W]E ?R[N 9TO A MO/ MIS]ABLE CONDITION4#a#i 

,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 AN 9DU/RY :I* SUPPLIES ! HOME M>KET-NAMELY1 9 ! FABRICATION ( L95 H&K]*IEFS1 :I* ITSELF IS ( A QUITE REC5T GR[?-WE SEE ?AT COTTAGE-WEAV+ IS1 EV5 N[1 9 FULL PROSP]ITY4 ,*OLET 79 ,MA9EET-,LOIRE1 S\?-WE/ ( ,ANG]S7 IS ! C5T] ( ?AT TRADE4 ,IT HAS ONE SP9N+ MILL & ONE WEAV+ MILL1 BUT BO? EMPLOY CONSID]ABLY FEW] H&S ?AN DOME/IC WEAV+1 :I* IS SPREAD OV] NO LESS ?AN #b VILLAGES ( ! SURR\ND+ REGION4#b ,NEI!R AT ,R\5 NOR 9 ! 9DU/RIAL CITIES ( ,NOR!RN ,FRANCE >E SO MANY L95 H&K]*IEFS FABRICAT$ AS 9 ?IS REGION 9 H&-LOOMS1 WE >E TOLD BY ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET4 

,)9 ! CURVE MADE BY ! ,LOIRE AS IT FL[S PA/ ,ORLEANS WE F9D ANO!R PROSP]\S C5T] ( DOME/IC 9DU/RIES CONNECT$ ) COTTONS4 0,FROM ,ROMORANT9 .<9 ,LOIRE-ET-,*]1 S\? ( ,ORLEANS.> TO ,>G5TON & ,LE ,BLANC10 ! SAME WRIT] SAYS1 0WE HAVE ONE IMM5SE WORK%OP :]E H&K]*IEFS >E EMBROID]$1 & %IRTS1 CUFFS1 COLL>S & ALL SORTS ( LADIES' L95 >E SEWN OR EMBROID]$4 ,!RE IS NOT ONE H\SE1 EV5 9 ! T9IE/ HAMLETS1 :]E ! WOM5 W\LD NOT BE OCCUPI$ 9 ?AT TRADE 4 4 4 & IF ?IS WORK IS A M]E PASSE-TEMPS 9 V9EGR[+ REGIONS1 H]E IT HAS BECOME ! *IEF RES\RCE ( ! POPULATION40#b#a ,EV5 AT ,ROMORANT9 ITSELF1 :]E #d WOM5 & GIRLS >E EMPLOY$ 9 ONE FACTORY1 !RE >E MORE ?AN #a1 WOM5 :O SEW L95 9 !IR H\SES4 

,! SAME MU/ BE SAID ( A GR\P ( 9DU/RIAL VILLAGES PEOPL$ ) CLO?I]S 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ANO!R ,NORM&Y CITY1 ,ELBAEUF4 ,:5 ,BAUDRILL>T VISIT$ !M 9 #a#h#g#h-#a#h#h1 HE WAS /RUCK ) ! UND\BT$ ADVANTAGES (F]$ BY A COMB9ATION ( AGRICULTURE ) 9DU/RY4 ,CLEAN H\SES1 CLEAN DRESSES1 & A G5]AL /AMP ( WELL-BE+ W]E *>ACT]I/IC ( !SE VILLAGES4 

,HAPPILY 5\<1 WEAV+ IS NOT ! ONLY SMALL 9DU/RY ( BO? ?IS REGION & ,BRITTANY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 SCORES ( O!R SMALL 9DU/RIES 5LIV5 ! VILLAGES & BURGS4 ,AT ,F\G]ES 79 ,ILLE-ET-,VILA9E1 TO ! NOR?-EA/ ( ,REIMS7 ONE SEES H[ ! FACTORY HAS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( V>I\S SMALL & DOME/IC TRADES4 ,9 #ahc ?IS T[N WAS A GREAT C5T] = ! DOME/IC FABRICATION ( ! SO-CALL$ *AUSSONS DE TRESSE4 ,! COMPETITION ( ! PRISONS KILL$1 H[EV]1 ?IS PRIMITIVE 9DU/RY2 BUT IT WAS SOON SUB/ITUT$ BY ! FABRICATION ( S(T SOCKS 9 FELT 7*AUSSONS DE FEUT]74 ,?IS LA/ 9DU/RY ALSO W5T D[N1 & !N ! FABRICATION ( BOOTS & %OES WAS 9TRODUC$1 ?IS LA/ GIV+ ORIG91 9 ITS TURN1 TO ! BOOT & %OE FACTORIES1 ( :I* !RE >E N[ ?IRTY-?REE AT ,F\G]ES1 EMPLOY+ #h1 WORK]S#b#b 7YE>LY PRODUCTION AB\T #e11 PAIRS74 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME DOME/IC 9DU/RIES TOOK A NEW DEVELOPM5T4 ,?\S&S ( WOM5 >E EMPLOY$ N[ 9 !IR H\SES 9 SEW+ ! 0UPP]S0 & 9 EMBROID]+ FANCY %OES4 ,MOREOV]1 QUITE A NUMB] ( SMALL] WORK%OPS GREW UP 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 = ! FABRICATION ( C>DBO>D BOXES1 WOOD5 HEELS1 & SO ON1 AS WELL AS A NUMB] ( TANN]IES1 BIG & SMALL4 ,& ,M4 ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET'S REM>K IS1 ?AT ONE IS /RUCK TO F9D1 [+ TO !SE 9DU/RIES1 AN UND\BT$LY HI<] LEVEL ( WELL-BE+ 9 ! VILLAGES-QUITE UN=ESE5 9 ! C5T] ( ?IS PURELY AGRICULTURAL REGION4#b#c 

,9 ,BRITTANY1 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,QUIMP]LE1 A GREAT NUMB] ( SMALL WORK%OPS = ! FABRICATION ( ! FELT HATS :I* >E WORN BY ! PEASANTS IS SCATT]$ 9 ! VILLAGES2 & RAPIDLY IMPROV+ AGRICULTURE GOES H& 9 H& ) ?AT TRADE4 ,WELL-BE+ IS A DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( !SE VILLAGES4#b#d ,AT ,H5NEBONT 7ON ! S\!RN COA/ ( ,BRITTANY7 #a1#d WORK]S >E EMPLOY$ 9 AN IMM5SE FACTORY 9 ! FABRICATION ( T9S = PRES]VES1 & EV]Y YE> TW5TY-TWO TO TW5TY-?REE TONS ( IRON >E TRANS=M$ 9TO /EEL1 & NEXT 9TO T9S1 :I* >E S5T TO ,P>IS1 ,BORDEAUX1 ,NANTES1 & SO ON4 ,BUT ! FACTORY HAS CREAT$ 0QUITE A WORLD ( T9Y WORK%OPS0 9 ?IS PURELY AGRICULTURAL REGION3 SMALL T9-W>E WORK%OPS1 TANN]IES1 POTT]IES1 & SO ON1 :ILE ! SLAGS >E TRANS=M$ 9 SMALL FACTORIES 9TO MANURE4 

,AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY >E ?US GO+ H]E H& 9 H&1 ! IMPORTANCE ( NOT SEV]+ ! UNION BE+ P]HAPS BE/ SE5 AT ,L\DEAC1 A SMALL T[N 9 ! MID/ ( ,BRITTANY 7DEP>TM5T ( ,COTES-DU-,NORD74 ,=M]LY ! VILLAGES 9 ?IS NEI<BORHOOD W]E 9DU/RIAL1 ALL HAMLETS BE+ PEOPL$ ) WEAV]S :O FABRICAT$ ! WELL-KN[N ,BRITTANY L954 ,N[1 ?IS 9DU/RY HAV+ GONE D[N V]Y MU*1 ! WEAV]S HAVE SIMPLY RETURN$ TO ! SOIL4 ,\T ( AN 9DU/RIAL T[N1 ,L\DEAC HAS BECOME AN AGRICULTURAL M>KET T[N2 #be &1 :AT IS MO/ 9T]E/+1 !SE POPULATIONS CONQU] NEW L&S = AGRICULTURE & TURN ! =M]LY QUITE UNPRODUCTIVE L&ES 9TO RI* CORN FIELDS2 :ILE ON ! NOR!RN COA/ ( ,BRITTANY1 >\ND ,DOL1 ON L& :I* BEGAN TO BE CONQU]$ FROM ! SEA 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 M>KET-G>D5+ IS N[ C>RI$ ON TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T = EXPORT TO ,5GL&4 

,ALTOGE!R1 IT IS /RIK+ TO OBS]VE1 ON P]US+ ,M4 ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET'S LITTLE VOLUMES1 H[ DOME/IC 9DU/RIES GO H& 9 H& ) ALL SORTS ( SMALL 9DU/RIES 9 AGRICULTUREG>D5+1 P\LTRY-F>M+1 FABRICATION ( FRUIT PRES]VES1 & SO ON-& H[ ALL SORTS ( ASSOCIATIONS = SALE & EXPORT >E EASILY 9TRODUC$4 ,MANS IS1 AS KN[N1 A GREAT C5T] = ! EXPORT ( GEESE & ALL SORTS ( P\LTRY TO ,5GL&4 

,P>T ( ,NORM&Y 7NAMELY1 ! DEP>TM5TS ( ,EURE & ,ORNE7 IS DOTT$ ) SMALL WORK%OPS :]E ALL SORTS ( SMALL BRASS GOODS & H>DW>E >E FABRICAT$ 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,( C\RSE1 ! DOME/IC FABRICATION ( P9S IS NE>LY GONE1 & AS = NE$LES1 POLI%+ ONLY1 9 A V]Y PRIMITIVE =M1 HAS BE5 MA9TA9$ 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,BUT ALL SORTS ( SMALL H>DW>E1 9CLUD+ NAILS1 LOCKETS1 ETC41 9 GREAT V>IETY1 >E FABRICAT$ 9 ! VILLAGES1 ESPECIALLY R\ND ,LAIGLE4 ,/AYS >E ALSO SEWN 9 SMALL WORK%OPS 9 MANY VILLAGES1 NOT)/&+ ! COMPETITION ( PRISON WORK4#b#f 

,T9*EBRAI 7TO ! WE/ ( ,FL]S7 IS A REAL C5T] = A GREAT V>IETY ( SMALL] GOODS 9 IRON1 MO!R-(-PE>L & HORN4 ,ALL SORTS ( H>DW>E & LOCKS >E FABRICAT$ BY ! PEASANTS DUR+ ! TIME !Y CAN SP>E FROM AGRICULTURE1 & REAL WORKS ( >T1 SOME ( :I* W]E MU* ADMIR$ AT ! EXHIBITION ( #a#h#h#i1 >E PRODUC$ BY !SE HUMBLE PEASANT SCULPTORS 9 HORN1 MO!R-(-PE>L & IRON4 ,F>!R S\?1 ! POLI%+ ( M>BLE GOODS IS C>RI$ ON 9 NUMB]S ( SMALL WORK%OPS1 SCATT]$ R\ND ,SOLESMES & GR\P$ R\ND ONE C5TRAL E/ABLI%M5T :]E M>BLE PIECES >E R\<LY %AP$ ) ! AID ( /EAM1 TO BE F9I%$ 9 ! SMALL VILLAGE WORK%OPS4 ,AT ,SABLE ! WORK]S 9 ?AT BRAN*1 :O ALL [N !IR H\SES & G>D5S1 5JOY A REAL WELL-BE+ ESPECIALLY NOTIC$ BY \R TRAVEL]4#b#g 

,9 ! WOODY REGIONS ( ! ,P]*E & ! ,MA9E WE F9D ALL SORTS ( WOOD5 9DU/RIES :I* EVID5TLY C\LD ONLY BE MA9TA9$ [+ TO ! COMMUNAL POSSESSION ( ! WOODS4 ,NE> ! =E/ ( ,P]SEIGNE !RE IS A SMALL BURG1 ,FRESNAYE1 :I* IS 5TIRELY PEOPL$ ) WORK]S 9 WOOD4 

0,!RE IS NOT ONE H\SE10 ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET WRITES1 09 :I* WOOD5 GOODS W\LD NOT BE FABRICAT$4 ,SOME YE>S AGO !RE WAS LITTLE V>IETY 9 !IR PRODUCE2 SPOONS1 SALT-BOXES1 %EPH]DS' BOXES1 SCALES1 V>I\S WOOD5 PIECES = WEAV]S1 FLUTES & HAUTBOYS1 SP9DLES1 WOOD5 MEASURES1 FUNNELS1 & WOOD5 B[LS W]E ONLY MADE4 ,BUT ,P>IS WANT$ TO HAVE A ?\S& ?+S 9 :I* WOOD WAS COMB9$ ) IRON3 M\SE-TRAPS1 CLOAK-PEGS1 SPOONS = JAM1 BROOMS4 4 4 4 ,& N[ EV]Y H\SE HAS A WORK%OP CONTA9+ EI!R A TURN+LA!1 OR SOME MA*9E-TOOLS = *OPP+ WOOD1 = MAK+ LATTICE-WORK1 & SO ON4 4 4 4 ,QUITE A NEW 9DU/RY WAS BORN1 & ! MO/ COQUETTI% ?+S >E N[ FABRICAT$4 ,[+ TO ?IS 9DU/RY ! POPULATION IS HAPPY4 ,! E>N+S >E NOT HI<1 BUT EA* WORK] [NS HIS H\SE & G>D51 & OCCASIONALLY A BIT ( FIELD40 #bh 

,AT ,NEUF*ATEL WOOD5 %OES >E MADE1 & ! HAMLET1 WE >E TOLD1 HAS A MO/ SMIL+ ASPECT4 ,TO EV]Y H\SE A G>D5 IS ATTA*$1& NONE ( ! MIS]Y ( BIG CITIES IS TO BE SE54 ,AT ,JUPILLES & 9 ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRY O!R V>IETIES ( WOOD5 GOODS >E PRODUC$3 TAPS1 BOXES ( DIFF]5T K9DS1 TOGE!R ) WOOD5 %OES2 :ILE AT ! =E/ ( ,VIBRAYE TWO WORK%OPS HAVE BE5 ]ECT$ = TURN+ \T UMBRELLA H&LES BY ! MILLION = ALL ,FRANCE4 ,ONE ( !SE WORK%OPS HAV+ BE5 F\ND$ BY A WORK] SCULPTOR1 HE HAS 9V5T$ & 9TRODUC$ 9 HIS WORK%OP ! MO/ +5I\S MA*9E-TOOLS4 ,AB\T #ae M5 WORK AT ?IS FACTORY2 BUT IT IS EVID5T ?AT HALF A DOZ5 SMALL] WORK%OPS1 SCATT]$ 9 ! VILLAGES1 W\LD HAVE ANSW]$ EQUALLY WELL4  

,GO+ N[ OV] TO A QUITE DIFF]5T REGION1 ! ,NIEVRE1 9 ! C5T] ( ,FRANCE1 & ,HAUTE ,M>NE1 9 ! EA/-WE F9D ?AT BO? REGIONS >E GREAT C5T]S = A V>IETY ( SMALL 9DU/RIES1 SOME ( :I* >E MA9TA9$ BY ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S1 :ILE O!RS HAVE GR[N UP 9 ! %AD[ ( FACTORIES4 ,! SMALL IRON WORK%OPS :I* =M]LY COV]$ ! C\NTRY HAVE NOT DISAPPE>$3 !Y HAVE UND]GONE A TRANS=MATION2 & N[ ! C\NTRY IS COV]$ ) SMALL WORK%OPS :]E AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 *EMICAL PRODUCE1 & POTT]Y >E FABRICAT$2 0ONE \<T TO GO AS F> AS ,GU]IGNY & ,F\R*AMBAULT TO F9D ! GREAT 9DU/RY20 #bi :ILE A NUMB] ( SMALL WORK%OPS = ! FABRICATION ( A V>IETY ( H>DW>E FL\RI% BY ! SIDE (1 & [+ TO ! PROXIMITY (1 ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 

,POTT]Y MAKES ! =TUNE ( ! VALLEY ( ! ,LOIRE AB\T ,NEV]S4 ,HI<-CLASS >T POTT]Y IS MADE 9 ?IS T[N1 :ILE 9 ! VILLAGES PLA9 POTT]Y IS FABRICAT$ & EXPORT$ BY M]*ANTS :O GO AB\T ) !IR BOATS SELL+ IT4 ,AT ,GI5 A L>GE FACTORY ( *9A BUTTONS 7MADE \T ( FELSP>-P[D] CEM5T$ ) MILK7 HAS LATELY BE5 E/ABLI%$1 & EMPLOYS #a1#e WORKM51 :O PRODUCE FROM #c1#e TO #d1#e LB4 ( BUTTONS EV]Y DAY4 ,&1 AS IS (T5 ! CASE1 P>T ( ! WORK IS DONE 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,= MANY MILES ON BO? BANKS ( ! ,LOIRE1 9 ALL VILLAGES1 OLD PEOPLE1 WOM5 & *ILDR5 SEW ! BUTTONS TO ! C>DBO>D PIECES4 ,( C\RSE1 ?AT SORT ( WORK IS WRET*$LY PAID2 BUT IT IS RESORT$ TO ONLY BECAUSE !RE IS NO O!R SORT ( 9DU/RY 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD TO :I* ! PEASANTS C\LD GIVE !IR LEISURE TIME4 

,9 ! SAME REGION ( ! ,HAUTE ,M>NE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,NOG5T1 WE F9D CUTL]Y AS A BY-OCCUPATION TO AGRICULTURE1 ,L&$ PROP]TY IS V]Y MU* SUBDIVID$ 9 ?AT P>T ( ,FRANCE1 & GREAT NUMB]S ( PEASANTS [N BUT FROM TWO TO ?REE ACRES P] FAMILY1 OR EV5 LESS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 9 ?IRTY VILLAGES R\ND ,NOG5T1 AB\T #e1 M5 >E 5GAG$ 9 CUTL]Y1 *IEFLY ( ! HI<E/ SORT 7>TI/IC KNIVES >E OCCASIONALLY SOLD AT AS MU* AS ,G,B,P#b A PIECE71 :ILE ! L[] SORTS >E FABRICAT$ 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,?I]S1 9 ,PUY-DE-,DOME 7,AUV]GNE74 ,! ,NOG5T 9DU/RY HAS DEVELOP$ SPONTANE\SLY1 ) NO AID FROM )\T1 & 9 ITS TE*NICAL P>T IT %[S CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS4 #c ,AT ,?I]S1 :]E ! *EAPE/ SORTS ( CUTL]Y >E MADE1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 ! *EAPNESS ( R5T = SMALL WORK%OPS SUPPLI$ ) MOTIVE P[] FROM ! ,DUROLLE RIV]1 OR FROM SMALL GAS MOTORS1 ! AID ( A GREAT V>IETY ( SPECIALLY 9V5T$ MA*9E-TOOLS1 & ! EXI/+ COMB9ATION ( MA*9E-WORK ) H&-WORK HAVE RESULT$ 9 SU* A P]FECTION ( ! TE*NICAL P>T ( ! TRADE ?AT IT IS CONSID]$ D\BTFUL :E!R ! FACTORY SY/EM C\LD FUR!R ECONOMIZE LABOR4 #ca ,= TWELVE MILES R\ND ,?I]S1 9 EA* DIRECTION1 ALL ! /REAMLETS >E DOTT$ ) SMALL WORK-%OPS1 9 :I* PEASANTS1 :O CONT9UE TO CULTIVATE !IR FIELDS1 >E AT WORK4 

,BASKET-MAK+ IS AGA9 AN IMPORTANT COTTAGE 9DU/RY 9 SEV]AL P>TS ( ,FRANCE1 NAMELY 9 ,AISNE & 9 ,HAUTE ,M>NE4 ,9 ?IS LA/ DEP>TM5T1 AT ,VILLA9ES1 EV]YONE IS A BASKETMAK]1 0& ALL ! BASKETMAK]S BELONG TO A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY10 ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET REM>KS4#c#b 0,!RE >E NO EMPLOY]S2 ALL ! PRODUCE IS BR\<T ONCE A =TNI<T TO ! COOP]ATIVE /ORES & !RE IT IS SOLD = ! ASSOCIATION4 ,AB\T #ae FAMILIES BELONG TO IT1 & EA* [NS A H\SE & SOME V9EY>DS40 ,AT ,FAYS-,BILLOT1 ALSO 9 ,HAUTE ,M>NE1 #a1#e BASKET-MAK]S BELONG TO AN ASSOCIATION2 :ILE AT ,?I]A*E1 :]E SEV]AL ?\S& M5 >E 5GAG$ 9 ! SAME TRADE1 NO ASSOCIATION HAS BE5 =M$1 ! E>N+S BE+ 9 CONSEQU5CE EXTREMELY L[4 

,ANO!R V]Y IMPORTANT C5T] ( PETTY TRADES IS ! ,FR5* ,JURA1 OR ! ,FR5* P>T ( ! ,JURA ,M\NTA9S1 :]E ! WAT* TRADE HAS ATTA9$1 AS KN[N1 A HI< DEVELOPM5T4 ,:5 #a VISIT$ !SE VILLAGES BETWE5 ! ,SWISS FRONTI] & ,BESANCON 9 ! YE> #a#h#g#h1 ,I WAS /RUCK BY ! HI< DEGREE ( RELATIVE WELL-BE+ :I* ,I C\LD OBS]VE1 EV5 ?\< ,I WAS P]FECTLY WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! ,SWISS VILLAGES 9 ! ,VAL DE ,SA9T ,IMI]4 ,IT IS V]Y PROBABLE ?AT ! MA*9E-MADE WAT*ES HAVE BR\<T AB\T A CRISIS 9 ,FR5* WAT*-MAK+ AS !Y HAVE 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,BUT IT IS KN[N ?AT P>T1 AT LEA/1 ( ! ,SWISS WAT*-MAK]S HAVE /R5U\SLY F\<T AGA9/ ! NECESSITY ( BE+ 5ROLL$ 9 ! FACTORIES1 & ?AT :ILE WAT* FACTORIES GREW UP AT ,G5EVA & ELSE:]E1 CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S ( ! WAT*MAK]S HAVE TAK5 TO DIV]SE O!R TRADES :I* CONT9UE TO BE C>RI$ ON AS DOME/IC OR SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,I MU/ ONLY ADD ?AT 9 ! ,FR5* ,JURA GREAT NUMB]S ( WAT*-MAK]S W]E AT ! SAME TIME [N]S ( !IR H\SES & G>D5S1 V]Y (T5 ( BITS ( FIELDS1 & ESPECIALLY ( COMMUNAL MEAD[S1 & ?AT ! COMMUNAL FRUITIEES1 OR CREAM]IES1 = ! COMMON SALE ( BUTT] & *EESE1 >E WIDELY SPREAD 9 ?AT P>T ( ,FRANCE4 

,SO F> AS ,I C\LD ASC]TA91 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MA*9E-MADE WAT* 9DU/RY HAS NOT DE/ROY$ ! SMALL 9DU/RIES ( ! ,JURA HILLS4 ,! WAT*-MAK]S HAVE TAK5 TO NEW BRAN*ES1 &1 AS 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 !Y HAVE CREAT$ V>I\S NEW 9DU/RIES4 ,FROM ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET'S TRAVELS WE CAN1 AT ANYRATE1 BORR[ AN 9SI<T 9TO ! PRES5T /ATE ( ! S\!RN P>T ( ?IS REGION4 ,9 ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,NANTUA & ,CLUSES SILKS >E WOV5 9 NE>LY ALL VILLAGES1 ! PEASANTS GIV+ TO WEAV+ !IR SP>E TIME FROM AGRICULTURE1 :ILE QUITE A NUMB] ( SMALL WORK%OPS 7MO/LY LESS ?AN TW5TY LOOMS1 ONE ( #a LOOMS7 >E SCATT]$ 9 ! LITTLE VILLAGES1 ON ! /REAMLETS RUNN+ FROM ! HILLS4 ,SCORES ( SMALL SAW-MILLS HAVE ALSO BE5 BUILT ALONG ! /REAMLET ,M]LOZ1 = ! FABRICATION ( ALL SORTS ( LITTLE PRETTY ?+S 9 WOOD4 ,AT ,OYONNAX1 A SMALL T[N ON ! ,A91 WE HAVE A BIG C5T] = ! FABRICATION ( COMBS1 AN 9DU/RY MORE ?AN #b YE>S OLD1 :I* TOOK A N[ DEVELOPM5T S9CE ! LA/ W> ?R\< ! 9V5TION ( CELLULOID4 ,NO LESS ?AN #a OR #ab 0MA/]S0 EMPLOY FROM TWO TO FIFTE5 WORK]S EA*1 :ILE OV] #a1#b P]SONS WORK 9 !IR H\SES1 MAK+ COMBS \T ( ,IRI% HORN & ,FR5* CELLULOID4 ,:EELP[] WAS =M]LY R5T$ 9 SMALL WORK%OPS1 BUT ELECTRICITY1 G5]AT$ BY A WAT]FALL1 HAS LATELY BE5 9TRODUC$1 & IS N[ DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! H\SES = BR++ 9TO MOTION SMALL MOTORS ( FROM ONEQU>T] TO TWELVE HORSEP[]4 ,& IT IS REM>KABLE TO NOTICE ?AT AS SOON AS ELECTRICITY GAVE ! POSSIBILITY TO RETURN TO DOME/IC WORK1 #c WORK]S LEFT AT ONCE ! SMALL WORK%OPS & TOOK TO WORK 9 !IR H\SES4 ,MO/ ( !SE WORK]S HAVE !IR [N COTTAGES & G>D5S1 & !Y %[ A V]Y 9T]E/+ SPIRIT ( ASSOCIATION4 ,!Y HAVE ALSO ]ECT$ F\R WORK%OPS = MAK+ C>DBO>D BOXES1 & !IR PRODUCTION IS VALU$ AT #b11 FR4 EV]Y YE>4 #cc 

,AT ,/4 ,CLAUDE1 :I* IS A GREAT C5T] = BRI] PIPES 7SOLD 9 L>GE QUANTITIES 9 ,LONDON ) ,5GLI% TRADE-M>KS1 & !RE=E EAG]LY B\<T BY ?OSE ,FR5*M5 :O VISIT ,LONDON1 AS A S\V5IR FROM ! O!R SIDE ( ! ,*ANNEL71 BO? BIG & SMALL WORK%OPS1 SUPPLI$ BY MOTIVE =CE FROM ! ,TACON /REAMLET1 PROSP] BY ! SIDE ( EA* O!R4 ,OV] #d1 M5 & WOM5 >E EMPLOY$ 9 ?IS TRADE1 :ILE ALL SORTS ( SMALL BY-TRADES HAVE GR[N BY ITS SIDE 7AMB] & HORN M\?-PIECES1 %EA?S1 ETC474 ,C\NTLESS SMALL WORK%OPS >E BUSY BESIDES1 ON ! BANKS ( ! TWO /REAMS1 ) ! FABRICATION ( ALL SORTS ( WOOD5 ?+S3 MAT*-BOXES1 BEADS1 %EA?S = SPECTACLES1 SMALL ?+S 9 HORN1 & SO ON1 TO SAY NO?+ ( A RA!R L>GE FACTORY 7#b WORK]S7 :]E METRIC MEASURES >E FABRICAT$ = ! :OLE WORLD4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?\S&S ( P]SONS 9 ,/4 ,CLAUDE1 9 ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES & 9 ! SMALLE/ M\NTA9 HAMLETS1 >E BUSY 9 CUTT+ DIAMONDS 7AN 9DU/RY ONLY FIFTE5 YE>S OLD 9 ?IS REGION71 & O!R ?\S&S >E BUSY 9 CUTT+ V>I\S LESS PRECI\S /ONES4 ,ALL ?IS IS DONE 9 QUITE SMALL WORK%OPS SUPPLI$ BY WAT]-P[]4 #cd 

,! EXTRACTION ( ICE FROM SOME LAKES & ! GA!R+ ( OAK-B>K = TANN]IES COMPLETE ! PICTURE ( !SE BUSY VILLAGES1 :]E 9DU/RY JO9S H&S ) AGRICULTURE1 & MOD]N MA*9ES & APPLIANCES >E SO WELL PUT 9 ! S]VICE ( ! SMALL WORK%OPS4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE1 AT ,BESANCON1 :I* WAS1 9 #a#h#g#h1 :5 ,I VISIT$ IT1 A GREAT C5T] = WAT*-MAK+1 0ALL TAK51 NO?+ HAS YET BE5 *ANG$ 9 ! HABITS ( ! WORK+CLASS10 ,M4 ,DUMAZET WROTE 9 #a#i#a4 ,! WAT*MAK]S CONT9U$ TO WORK 9 !IR H\SES OR 9 SMALL WORK%OPS4 #ce ,ONLY !RE WAS NO COMPLETE FABRICATION ( ! WAT* OR ! CLOCK4 ,MANY IMPORTANT P>TS-! :EELS1 ETC4--W]E IMPORT$ FROM ,SWITZ]L& OR FROM DIFF]5T T[NS ( ,FRANCE4 ,&1 AS IS ALWAYS ! CASE1 NUM]\S SMALL SECOND>Y WORK%OPS = MAK+ ! WAT*-CASES1 ! H&S1 & SO ON1 GREW UP 9 ?AT NEI<BORHOOD4 

,! SAME HAS TO BE SAID ( ,MONTBELI>D--ANO!R IMPORTANT C5T] ( ! WAT* TRADE4 ,BY ! SIDE ( ! MANUFACTURES1 :]E ALL ! P>TS ( ! ME*ANISM ( ! WAT* >E FABRICAT$ BY MA*9]Y1 !RE IS QUITE A NUMB] ( WORK%OPS :]E V>I\S P>TS ( ! WAT* >E MADE BY SKILL$ WORKM52 & ?IS 9DU/RY HAS ALREADY GIV5 BIR? TO A NEW BRAN*--! MAK+ ( V>I\S TOOLS = !SE WORK%OPS1 AS ALSO = DIFF]5T O!R TRADES4 

,9 O!R P>TS ( ! SAME REGION1 SU* AS ,H]IC\RT1 A V>IETY ( SMALL 9DU/RIES HAS GR[N BY ! SIDE ( ! GREAT IRONMONG]Y FACTORIES4 ,! CITY SPREADS 9TO ! VILLAGES1 :]E ! POPULATION >E MAK+ C(FEE-MILLS1 SPICE-MILLS1 MA*9ES = CRU%+ ! GRA9 = ! CATTLE1 AS WELL AS SADDL]Y1 SMALL IRONMONG]Y1 OR EV5 WAT*ES4 ,ELSE:]E ! FABRICATION ( DIFF]5T SMALL P>TS ( ! WAT* HAV+ BE5 MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! FACTORIES1 ! WORK%OPS BEGAN TO MANUFACTURE ! SMALL P>TS ( ! BICYCLES1 & LAT] ON ( ! MOTOR-C>S4 ,9 %ORT1 WE HAVE H]E QUITE A WORLD ( 9DU/RIES ( MOD]N ORIG91 & ) !M ( 9V5TIONS MADE TO SIMPLIFY ! WORK ( ! B&4 

,F9ALLY1 OMITT+ A MASS ( SMALL TRADES1 ,I WILL ONLY NAME ! HAT-MAK]S ( ! ,LOIRE1 ! /ATION]Y ( ! ,>DE*E1 ! FABRICATION ( H>DW>E 9 ! ,D\BS1 ! GLOVE-MAK]S ( ! ,IS]E1 ! BROOM & BRU%-MAK]S ( ! ,OISE 7VALU$ AT ,G,B,P#h1 P] ANNUM71 & ! H\SE MA*9E-KNITT+ 9 ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,TROYES4 ,BUT ,I MU/ SAY A FEW WORDS MORE AB\T TWO IMPORTANT C5T]S ( SMALL 9DU/RIES3 ! ,LYONS REGION & ,P>IS4 

,AT ! PRES5T TIME ! 9DU/RIAL REGION ( :I* ,LYONS IS ! C5T] #cf 9CLUDES ! DEP>TM5TS ( ,RHONE1 ,LOIRE1 ,DROME1 ,SAONE-ET-,LOIRE1 ,A91 ! S\!RN P>T ( ! ,JURA DEP>TM5T1 & ! WE/]N P>T ( ,SAVOY1 AS F> AS ,ANNECY1 :ILE ! SILKWORM IS RE>$ AS F> AS ! ,ALPS1 ! ,CEV5NES ,M\NTA9S1 & ! NEI<BORHOODS ( ,MACON4 ,IT CONTA9S1 BESIDES F]TILE PLA9S1 L>GE BILLY TRACKS1 ALSO V]Y F]TILE AS A RULE1 BUT COV]$ ) SN[ DUR+ P>T ( ! W9T]1 & ! RURAL POPULATIONS >E !RE=E B\ND TO RESORT TO SOME 9DU/RIAL OCCUPATION 9 ADDITION TO AGRICULTURE2 !Y F9D IT 9 SILK-WEAV+ & V>I\S SMALL 9DU/RIES4 ,ALTOGE!R IT MAY BE SAID ?AT ! REGION LYONNAISE IS *>ACT]IZ$ AS A SEP>ATE C5T] ( ,FR5* CIVILIZATION & >T1 & ?AT A REM>KABLE SPIRIT ( RESE>*1 DISCOV]Y & 9V5TION HAS DEVELOP$ !RE 9 ALL DIRECTIONS--SCI5TIFIC & 9DU/RIAL4 

,! ,CROIX ,R\SSO AT ,LYONS1 :]E ! SILKWEAV]S 7CANUTS7 HAVE !IR *IEF QU>T]S1 IS ! C5T] ( ?AT 9DU/RY1 & 9 ,I,S#i#e ! :OLE ( ?AT HILL1 ?ICKLY COV]$ ) H\SES1 FIVE1 SIX1 EI<T & T5 /ORIES HI<1 RES\ND$ ) ! NOISE ( ! LOOMS :I* W]E BUSILY GO+ 9 EV]Y DEP>TM5T ( ?AT BIG AGGLOM]ATION4 ,ELECTRICITY HAS LATELY BE5 BR\<T 9TO ! S]VICE ( ?IS DOME/IC 9DU/RY1 SUPPLY+ MOTIVE P[] TO ! LOOMS4 

,TO ! S\? ( ,LYONS1 9 ! CITY ( ,VI5NE1 H&-WEAV+ IS DISAPPE>+4 0,%ODDY0 IS N[ ! LEAD+ PRODUCE1 & TW5TY-EI<T CONC]NS ONLY REMA9 \T ( ! #ab FABRIQUES :I* EXI/$ ?IRTY YE>S AGO4 ,OLD WOOL5 RAGS1 RAGS ( C>PETS1 & ALL ! DU/ FROM ! C>D+ & SP9N+ 9 ! WOOL & COTTON FACTORIES ( ,NOR!RN ,FRANCE1 ) A SMALL ADDITION ( COTTON1 >E TRANS=M$ H]E 9TO CLO? :I* FL[S FROM ,VI5NE TO ALL ! BIG CITIES ( ,FRANCE--#b1 Y>DS ( 0%ODDY0 EV]Y DAY-TO SUPPLY ! READY-MADE CLO?+ FACTORIES1 ,H&-WEAV+ HAS EVID5TLY NO?+ TO DO 9 ?AT 9DU/RY1 & 9 #ahi ONLY #a1#c H&-LOOMS W]E AT WORK \T ( ! #d1 :I* W]E 9 MOTION 9 #a#h#g4 ,L>GE FACTORIES1 EMPLOY+ A TOTAL ( #a1#h WORK]S1 HAVE TAK5 ! PLACE ( !SE H&-WEAV]S1 :ILE 0%ODDY0 HAS TAK5 ! PLACE ( CLO?4 ,ALL SORTS ( FLANNELS1 FELT HATS1 TISSUES ( HORSE-HAIR1 & SO ON1 >E FABRICAT$ AT ! SAME TIME4 ,BUT :ILE ! GREAT FACTORY ?US CONQU]$ ! CITY ( ,VI5NE41 ITS SUBURBS & ITS NE>E/ SURR\ND+S BECAME ! C5T] ( A PROSP]\S G>D5+ & FRUIT CULTURE1 :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 M5TION$ 9 *APT] IV4 

,! BANKS ( ! ,RHONE1 BETWE5 ,AMPUIS & ,CONDRIEU1 >E ONE ( ! WEAL?IE/ P>TS1 ( ALL ,FRANCE1 [+ TO ! %RUBB]IES & NURS]IES1 M>KETG>D5+1 FRUIT-GR[+1 V9EGR[+1 & *EESE-MAK+ \T ( GOATS' MILK4 ,I-L\SE 9DU/RIES GO !RE H& 9 H& ) AN 9TELLIG5T CULTURE ( ! SOIL2 ,CONDRIEU1 = 9/ANCE1 IS A FAM\S C5T] = EMBROID]Y1 :I* IS MADE P>TLY BY H&1 AS ( OLD1 & P>TLY BY MA*9]Y4 

,9 ! WE/ ( ,LYONS1 AT ,I',>BRESLES1 FACTORIES HAVE GR[N UP = MAK+ SILKS & VELVETS2 BUT A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION /ILL CONT9UE TO WEAVE 9 !IR H\SES2 :ILE F>!R WE/1 ,PANISSI]ES IS ! C5T] ( QUITE A NUMB] ( VILLAGES 9 :I* L95 & SILKS >E WOV5 AS A DOME/IC 9DU/RY4 ,NOT ALL !SE WORK]S [N !IR H\SES1 BUT ?OSE1 AT LEA/1 :O [N OR R5T A SMALL PIECE ( L& OR G>D51 OR KEEP A C\PLE ( C[S1 >E SAID TO BE WELL (F1 & ! L&1 AS A RULE1 IS SAID TO BE ADMIRABLY CULTIVAT$ BY !SE WEAV]S4 

,! *IEF 9DU/RIAL C5T] ( ?IS P>T ( ! ,LYONS REGION IS C]TA9LY ,T>>E4 ,AT ! TIME :5 ,REYBAUD WROTE HIS ALREADY-M5TION$ WORK1 ,LE ,COTON1 IT WAS A C5T] = ! MANUFACTURE ( MUSL9S & IT OCCUPI$ 9 ?IS 9DU/RY ! SAME POSITION AS ,LE$S =M]LY OCCUPI$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY 9 ! WOOL5 CLO? TRADE4 ,! SP9N+ MILLS & ! L>GE F9I%+ FACTORIES W]E AT ,T>>E1 :ILE ! WEAV+ ( ! MUSL9S & ! EMBROID]Y ( ! SAME W]E MADE 9 ! SURR\ND+ VILLAGES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! HILLY TRACTS ( ! ,BEAUJOLAIS & ! ,=EZ4 ,EA* PEASANT H\SE1 EA* F>M & METAY]IE W]E SMALL WORK%OPS AT ?AT TIME1 & ONE C\LD SEE1 ,REYBAUD WROTE1 ! LAD ( TW5TY EMBROID]+ F9E MUSL9 AFT] HE HAD F9I%$ CLEAN+ ! F>M /ABLES1 )\T ! WORK SUFF]+ 9 ITS DELICACY FROM A COMB9ATION ( TWO SU* V>I$ PURSUITS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! DELICACY ( ! WORK & ! EXTREME V>IETY ( PATT]NS W]E A DI/9CTIVE FEATURE ( ! ,T>>E MUSL9S & A CAUSE ( !IR SUCCESS4 ,ALL TE/IMONIES AGRE$ AT ! SAME TIME 9 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT1 :ILE AGRICULTURE F\ND SUPPORT 9 ! 9DU/RY1 ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION 5JOY$ A RELATIVE WELL-BE+4 

,BY ?IS TIME ! 9DU/RY HAS UND]GONE A ?OR\< TRANS=MATION1 BUT /ILL NO LESS ?AN #f1 P]SONS1 REPRES5T+ A POPULATION ( AB\T #b#e1 S\LS1 WORK = ,T>>E 9 ! HILLY TRACTS1 WEAV+ ALL SORTS ( MUSL9S = ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD1 & !Y E>N EV]Y YE> ,G,B,P#d#h1 9 ?IS WAY4 

,AMPLEPUIS1 NOT)/&+ ITS [N FACTORIES ( SILKS & BLANKETS1 REMA9S ONE ( ! LOCAL C5T]S = SU* MUSL9S2 :ILE CLOSE BY1 ,?IZY IS A C5T] = A V>IETY ( L9+S1 FLANNELS1 0P]UVIAN S]GES10 0OX=DS10 & O!R MIX$ WOOL5-&-COTTON /UFFS :I* >E WOV5 9 ! M\NTA9S BY ! PEASANTS4 ,NO LESS ?AN #c1 H&-LOOMS >E ?US SCATT]$ 9 TW5TY-TWO VILLAGES41 & AB\T ,G,B,P#f1 WOR? ( V>I\S /UFFS >E WOV5 EV]Y YE> BY ! RURAL WEAV]S 9 ?IS NEI<BORHOOD ALONE2 :ILE #a#e1 P[] LOOMS >E AT WORK 9 BO? ,?IZY & ! GREAT CITY ( ,ROANNE1 9 :I* TWO T[NS ALL V>IETIES ( COTTONS 7L9+S1 FLANNELETTES1 APRON CLO?7 &4 SILK BLANKETS >E WOV5 9 FACTORIES BY ! MILLION Y>DS4 

,AT ,C\RS1 #a1#f WORK]S >E EMPLOY$ 9 MAK+ 0BLANKETS10 *IEFLY ( ! L[E/ SORT 7EV5 SU* AS >E SOLD AT #bS4 & EV5 #aD4 A PIECE1 = EXPORT TO ,BRAZIL72 ALL POSSIBLE & IMAG9ABLE RAGS & SWEEP+S FROM ALL SORTS ( TEXTILE FACTORIES 7JUTE1 COTTON1 FLAX1 HEMP1 WOOL & SILK7 >E US$ = ?AT 9DU/RY1 9 :I* ! FACTORY IS1 ( C\RSE1 FULLY VICTORI\S4 ,BUT EV5 AT ,ROANNE1 :]E ! FABRICATION ( COTTONS HAS ATTA9$ A GREAT DEGREE ( P]FECTION & #i1 P[]-LOOMS >E AT WORK1 PRODUC+ EV]Y YE> MORE ?AN #c11 Y>DS--EV5 AT ,ROANNE ONE F9DS ) A/ONI%M5T ?AT DOME/IC 9DU/RIES >E NOT DEAD1 BUT YIELD EV]Y YE> ! RESPECTABLE AM\NT ( MORE ?AN #a11 Y>DS ( /UFFS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ?AT BIG CITY ! 9DU/RY ( FANCYL9ITT+ HAS TAK5 )9 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S A SUDD5 DEVELOPM5T4 ,ONLY #b1 WOM5 W]E EMPLOY$ 9 IT 9 #a#h#f#d1 BUT !IR NUMB]S W]E E/IMAT$ BY ,M4 ,DUMAZET AT #b12 &1 )\T AB&ON+ !IR RURAL WORK1 !Y F9D TIME TO KNIT1 ) ! AID ( SMALL KNITT+-MA*9ES1 ALL SORTS ( FANCY >TICLES 9 WOOL1 ! ANNUAL VALUE ( :I* ATTA9S ,G,B,P#f#c#f14 #cg 

,IT MU/ NOT BE ?\<T1 H[EV]1 ?AT TEXTILES & CONNECT$ TRADES >E ! ONLY SMALL 9DU/RIES 9 ?IS LOCALITY4 ,SCORES ( V>I\S RURAL 9DU/RIES CONT9UE TO EXI/ BESIDES1 & 9 NE>LY ALL ( !M ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION >E CONT9UALLY IMPROV$4 ,?US1 :5 ! RURAL MAK+ ( PLA9 *AIRS BECAME UNPR(ITABLE1 >TICLES ( LUXURY & /YLI% *AIRS BEGAN TO BE FABRICAT$ 9 ! VILLAGES1 & SIMIL> TRANS=MATIONS >E F\ND EV]Y:]E4 

,MORE DETAILS AB\T ?IS EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ REGION WILL BE F\ND 9 ! ,APP5DIX1 BUT ONE REM>K MU/ BE MADE 9 ?IS PLACE4 ,NOT)/&+ ITS BIG 9DU/RIES & COAL M9ES1 ?IS P>T ( ,FRANCE HAS 5TIRELY MA9TA9$ ITS RURAL ASPECT1 & IS N[ ONE ( ! BE/ CULTIVAT$ P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,:AT MO/ DES]VES ADMIRATION IS-NOT SO MU* ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT 9DU/RIES1 :I*1 AFT] ALL1 H]E AS ELSE:]E1 >E TO A GREAT EXT5T 9T]NATIONAL 9 !IR ORIG9S-AS ! CREATIVE & 9V5TIVE P[]S & CAPACITIES ( ADAPTATION :I* APPE> AMONG ! GREAT MASS ( !SE 9DU/RI\S POPULATIONS4 ,AT EV]Y /EP1 9 ! FIELD1 9 ! G>D51 9 ! OR*>D1 9 ! DAIRY1 9 ! 9DU/RIAL >TS1 9 ! HUNDR$S ( SMALL 9V5TIONS 9 !SE >TS1 ONE SEES ! CREATIVE G5IUS ( ! FOLK4 ,9 !SE REGIONS ONE BE/ UND]/&S :Y ,FRANCE1 TAK+ ! MASS ( ITS POPULATION1 IS CONSID]$ ! RI*E/ C\NTRY ( ,EUROPE4#c#h 

,! *IEF C5T] = PETTY TRADES 9 ,FRANCE IS1 H[EV]1 ,P>IS4 ,!RE WE F9D1 BY ! SIDE ( ! L>GE FACTORIES1 ! GREATE/ V>IETY ( PETTY TRADES = ! FABRICATION ( GOODS ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION1 BO? = ! HOME M>KET & = EXPORT4 ,! PETTY TRADES AT ,P>IS SO MU* PREVAIL OV] ! FACTORIES ?AT ! AV]AGE NUMB] ( WORKM5 EMPLOY$ 9 ! #i#h1 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS ( ,P>IS IS LESS ?AN 1SIX1 :ILE ! NUMB] ( P]SONS EMPLOY$ 9 WORK%OPS :I* HAVE LESS ?AN FIVE OP]ATIVES IS ALMO/ TWICE AS BIG AS ! NUMB] ( P]SONS1 EMPLOY$ 9 ! L>G] E/ABLI%M5TS4 #ci ,9 FACT1 ,P>IS IS A GREAT BEE-HIVE :]E HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( M5 & WOM5 FABRICATE 9 SMALL WORK%OPS ALL POSSIBLE V>IETIES ( GOODS :I* REQUIRE SKILL1 TA/E & 9V5TION4 ,!SE SMALL WORK%OPS1 9 :I* >TI/IC F9I% & RAPIDITY ( WORK >E SO MU* PRAIS$1 NECESS>ILY /IMULATE ! M5TAL P[]S ( ! PRODUC]S2 & WE MAY SAFELY ADMIT ?AT IF ! ,P>IS WORKM5 >E G5]ALLY CONSID]$1 & REALLY >E1 MORE DEVELOP$ 9TELLECTUALLY ?AN ! WORK]S ( ANY O!R ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL1 ?IS IS DUE TO A GREAT EXT5T TO ! *>ACT] ( ! WORK !Y >E 5GAG$ 9--A WORK :I* IMPLIES >TI/IC TA/E1 SKILL1 & ESPECIALLY 9V5TIV5ESS1 ALWAYS WIDE AWAKE 9 ORD] TO 9V5T N[ PATT]NS ( GOODS & /EADILY TO 9CREASE & TO P]FECT ! TE*NICAL ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT ALSO APPE>S V]Y PROBABLE ?AT IF WE F9D A HI<LY DEVELOP$ WORK+ POPULATION 9 ,VI5NA & ,W>SAW1 ?IS DEP5DS AGA9 TO A V]Y GREAT EXT5T UPON ! V]Y CONSID]ABLE DEVELOPM5T ( SIMIL> SMALL 9DU/RIES1 :I* /IMULATE 9V5TION & SO MU* CONTRIBUTE TO DEVELOP ! WORK]'S 9TELLIG5CE4 

,! ,GAL]IE DU TRAVAIL AT ! ,P>IS EXHIBITIONS IS ALWAYS A MO/ REM>KABLE SI<T4 ,ONE CAN APPRECIATE 9 IT BO? ! V>IETY ( ! SMALL4 9DU/RIES :I* >E C>RI$ ON 9 ,FR5* T[NS & ! SKILL & 9V5T+ P[]S ( ! WORK]S4 ,& ! QUE/ION NECESS>ILY >ISES3 ,MU/ ALL ?IS SKILL1 ALL ?IS 9TELLIG5CE1 BE SWEPT AWAY BY ! FACTORY1 9/EAD ( BECOM+ A NEW F]TILE S\RCE ( PROGRESS UND] A BETT] ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION8 MU/ ALL ?IS 9DEP5D5CE & 9V5TIV5ESS ( ! WORK] DISAPPE> BE=E ! FACTORY LEVEL+8 &1 IF IT MU/1 W\LD SU* A TRANS=MATION BE A PROGRESS1 AS SO MANY ECONOMI/S :O HAVE ONLY /UDI$ FIGURES & NOT HUMAN BE+S >E READY TO MA9TA98 

,AT ANYRATE1 IT IS QUITE C]TA9 ?AT EV5 IF ! ABSORPTION ( ! ,FR5* PETTY TRADES BY ! BIG FACTORIES W]E POSSIBLE-:I* SEEMS EXTREMELY D\BTFUL-! ABSORPTION W\LD NOT BE ACCOMPLI%$ SO SOON AS ?AT4 ,! SMALL 9DU/RY ( ,P>IS FI<TS H>D = ITS MA9T5ANCE1 & IT %[S ITS VITALITY BY ! NUMB]LESS MA*9E-TOOLS :I* >E CONT9UALLY 9V5T$ BY ! WORK]S = IMPROV+ & *EAP5+ ! PRODUCE4 

,! NUMB]S ( MOTORS :I* W]E EXHIBIT$ AT ! LA/ EXHIBITIONS 9 ! ,GAL]IE DU TRAVAIL BE> A TE/IMONY TO ! FACT ?AT A *EAP MOTOR1 = ! SMALL 9DU/RY1 IS ONE ( ! LEAD+ PROBLEMS ( ! DAY4 ,MOTORS WEI<+ ONLY =TY-FIVE LB41 9CLUD+ ! BOIL]1 W]E EXHIBIT$ 9 #ahhi TO ANSW] ?AT WANT4 ,SMALL TWO-HORSEP[] 5G9ES1 FABRICAT$ BY ! 5G9E]S ( ! ,JURA 7=M]LY WAT*-MAK]S7 9 !IR SMALL WORKS-HOPS1 W]E AT ?AT TIME ANO!R ATTEMPT TO SOLVE ! PROBLEMTO SAY NO?+ ( ! WAT]1 GAS &4 ELECTRICAL MOTORS4 #d ,! TRANSMISSION ( /EAM-P[] TO #bc SMALL WORK%OPS :I* WAS MADE BY ! ,SOCIETE DES ,IMMEUBLES 9DU/RIELS WAS ANO!R ATTEMPT 9 ! SAME DIRECTION1 & ! 9CREAS+ EF=TS ( ! ,FR5* 5G9E]S = F9D+ \T ! BE/ MEANS ( TRANSMITT+ & SUBDIVID+ P[] BY MEANS ( COMPRESS$ AIR1 0TOLE-DYNAMIC CABLES10 & ELECTRICITY >E 9DICATIVE ( ! 5DEAVORS ( ! SMALL 9DU/RY TO RETA9 ITS GR\ND 9 ! FACE ( ! COMPETITION ( ! FACTORIES4 7,SEE ,APP5DIX ,V47 

,SU* >E ! SMALL 9DU/RIES 9 ,FRANCE1 AS !Y HAVE BE5 DESCRIB$ BY OBS]V]S :O SAW !M ON ! SPOT4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 MO/ 9T]E/+ TO HAVE EXACT /ATI/ICAL ITEMS CONC]N+ ! EXT5SION ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES1 & TO KN[ !IR IMPORTANCE1 9 COMP>ISON ) !1 GREAT 9DU/RY4 ,=TUNATELY 5\<1 A G5]AL C5SUS ( ! ,FR5* 9DU/RIES WAS MADE 9 ! YE> #a#h#i#f2 ITS RESULTS HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 FULL1 UND] ! TITLE ( ,RESULTATS /ATI/IQUES DU REC5SEM5T DES 9DU/RIES ET DES PR(ESSIONS1 & 9 ! F\R? VOLUME ( ?IS CAPITAL WORK WE F9D AN EXCELL5T SUMM+ UP ( ! MA9 RESULTS ( ! C5SUS1 WRITT5 BY ,M4 ,LUCI5 ,M>*4 ,I GIVE A RESUME ( !SE RESULTS 9 ! ,APP5DIX1 AS O!RWISE ,I %\LD HAVE BE5 COMPELL$1 9 SPEAK+ ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( GREAT & SMALL 9DU/RY 9 ,FRANCE1 TO REPEAT V]Y MU* :AT ,I HAVE SAID 9 ?IS SAME *APT]1 SPEAK+ ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,!RE IS SO MU* 9 COMMON 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( SMALL & L>GE FACTORIES 9 ! DIFF]5T BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY 9 BO? C\NTRIES ?AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 A T$I\S REPETITION4 ,SO ,I GIVE H]E ONLY ! MA9 ITEMS & REF] ! READ] TO ,APP5DIX ,W4 

,! G5]AL DI/RIBUTION ( ! WORK]S' POPULATION 9 L>GE1 MIDDLE-SIZ$1 & "9SMALL FACTORIES 9 ! YE> #ahif WAS AS FOLL[S4 ,FIR/ ( ALL !RE WAS ! GREAT DIVISION ( 9DEP5D5T >TISANS :O WORK$ S+LE-B&$1 & WORK+ M5 & WOM5 :O W]E )\T P]MAN5T EMPLOYM5T ON ! DAY ( ! C5SUS4 ,P>T ( ?IS L>GE DIVISION BELONGS TO AGRICULTURE BUT1 AFT] HAV+ D$UCT$ ! AGRICULTURAL E/ABLI%M5TS1 ,M4 ,M>* >RIVES AT ! FIGURES ( #d#h#c1 E/ABLI%M5TS BELONG+ TO ?IS CATEGORY 9 9DU/RY1 & #a1#d#g1 P]SONS ( BO? SEXES WORK+ 9 !SE E/ABLI%M5TS1 OR TEMPOR>ILY ATTA*$ TO SOME 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5T4 ,TO !SE WE MU/ ADD #c#g1#g#e 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5TS1 :]E NO HIR$ WORKM5 >E EMPLOY$1 BUT ! HEAD ( ! E/ABLI%M5T WORKS ) ! AID ( ! MEMB]S ( HIS [N FAMILY4 ,WE HAVE ?US1 9 !SE TWO DIVISIONS1 AB\T #e#b1#g E/ABLI%M5TS & #a1#h#d1#g P]SONS :I* ,I 9SCRIBE 9 ! FOLL[+ TABLE UND] ! HEAD ( 0,NO HIR$ OP]ATIVES40 ,! TABLE !N APPE>S AS FOLL[S3-- 

,NUMB] (  

,E/ABLISM5TS4 

,NUMB] ( OP]-  

ATIVES & CL]KS4 
,NO HIR$ OP]ATIVES 
#e#b1#g 
#a1#h#d1#g 

,FROM #a TO #a EMPLOYES  

,FROM #aa TO #e 0  

,FROM #ea TO #a 0  

,FROM #aa TO #e 0  

,FROM #ea TO #a1 0  

,MORE ?AN #a1 0 

#e#c#i1#d#d#i  

#b#h1#f#b#f  

#c1#h#f#e  

#c1#a#d#e  

#bie  

#adi 

#a1#a#c#d1#g  

#e#h#e1  

#b#f#h1  

#f#a#f1  

#a#i#e1  

#c#a#c1 

#e#g#e1#e#b#i 
#c1#a#a#a1#g 
,TOTAL 7) FIR/ DIVISION7 
#a1#i#f1#b#b#i 
#d1#a#i#f1#d 

,!SE FIGURES SPEAK = !MSELVES & %[ :AT AN IMM5SE IMPORTANCE ! SMALL 9DU/RY HAS 9 ,FRANCE4 ,MORE DETAILS1 %[+ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! GREAT1 MIDDLE-SIZ$ & SMALL 9DU/RY 9 DIFF]5T BRAN*ES WILL BE F\ND 9 ! ,APP5DIX1 & !RE ! READ] WILL ALSO SEE :AT A /RIK+ RESEMBLANCE IS (F]$ UND] ?IS ASPECT BY ! 9DU/RY ( ,FRANCE & ?AT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,9 ! NEXT *APT] IT WILL BE SE5 FROM A SIMIL> C5SUS ?AT ,G]MANY /&S 9 ABSOLUTELY ! SAME POSITION4 

,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 V]Y 9T]E/+ TO COMP>E ! PRES5T DI/RIBUTION ( 9DU/RIES 9 ,FRANCE ) :AT IT WAS PREVI\SLY4 ,BUT ,M4 ,LUCI5 ,M>* TELLS US ?AT 0NO /ATI/ICS PREVI\S TO #ahif HAVE GIV5 US A KN[L$GE ( ?AT DI/RIBUTION40 ,/ILL1 AN 9QUE/ MADE BETWE5 #ahd & #a#h#d#e1 & :I* ,M4 ,M>* CONSID]S 0V]Y COMPLETE = ! MORE IMPORTANT E/ABLI%M5TS :I* EMPLOY$ MORE ?AN FIFTY WORKM510 WAS WORK$ \T BY HIM1 & HE F\ND ?AT SU* E/ABLI%M5TS NUMB]$ #c1#c 9 #a#h#d2 9 #ahif !Y HAD ALREADY ATTA9$ ! NUMB] ( #g1#d1 & !Y OCCUPI$ MORE ?AN FIFTY-FIVE P]C5T ( ALL ! WORK-PEOPLE EMPLOY$ 9 9DU/RY4 ,AS TO ! E/ABLI%M5TS :I* EMPLOY$ MORE ?AN #e P]SONS & :I* -NUMB]$ #acc 9 #ahd 7SIX P]C5T ( ALL ! WORK-PEOPLE71 !Y ATTA9$ ! NUMB] ( #ddd 9 #a#h#i#f1 & SIXTE5 P]C5T ( ALL ! WORK-PEOPLE W]E EMPLOY$ 9 !M4 

,! CONCLUSION TO BE DRAWN FROM !SE FACT IS ?US WORD$ BY ,M4 ,M>*3 0,TO SUM UP1 DUR+ ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S A NOTABLE CONC5TRATION ( ! FACTORIES TOOK PLACE 9 ! BIG E/ABLI%M5TS2 BUT ! JU/-M5TION$ RESULTS1 SUPPORT$ BY ! /ATI/ICS ( ! PAT5TS1 P]MIT US TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS CONC5TRATION DOES NOT PREV5T ! MA9T5ANCE ( A MASS ( -SMALL 5T]PRISES1 ! AV]AGE SIZES ( :I* 9CREASE BUT V]Y SL[LY40 ,?IS LA/ IS1 9 FACT1 :AT WE HAVE JU/ SE5 FROM \R BRIEF SKET* = ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 & WE CAN ONLY ASK \RSELVES :E!R--SU* BE+ ! FACTS--! WORD 0CONC5TRATION0 IS WELL *OS54 ,:AT WE SEE 9 REALITY IS1 ! APPE>ANCE1 9 SOME BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 ( A C]TA9 NUMB] ( L>GE E/ABLI%M5TS1 & ESPECIALLY ( MIDDLE-SIZ$ FACTORIES4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT PREV5T 9 ! LEA/ ?AT V]Y GREAT NUMB]S ( SMALL FACTORIES %\LD CONT9UE TO EXI/1 EI!R 9 O!R BRAN*ES1 OR 9 ! V]Y SAME BRAN*ES :]E L>GE FACTORIES HAVE APPE>$ 7! TEXTILES1 WORK 9 METAL71 OR 9 BRAN*ES CONNECT$ ) ! MA9 ONES1 :I* TAKE !IR ORIG9 9 !SE MA9 ONES1 AS ! 9DU/RY ( CLO?+ TAKES ITS ORIG9 FROM ?AT ( ! TEXTILES4 

,?IS IS ! ONLY CONCLUSION :I* A S]I\S ANALYSIS P]MITS US TO DRAW FROM ! FACTS BR\<T TO LI<T BY ! C5SUS ( #ahif & SUBSEQU5T OBS]VATIONS4 ,AS TO ! L>GE D$UCTIONS AB\T 0CONC5TRATION0 MADE BY C]TA9 ECONOMI/S1 !Y >E M]E HYPO!SES--USEFUL1 ( C\RSE1 = /IMULAT+ RESE>*1 BUT BECOM+ QUIT OBNOXI\S :5 !Y >E REPRES5T$ AS ECONOMICAL LAWS1 :5 9 REALITY !Y >E NOT CONFIRM$ AT ALL BY ! TE/IMONY ( C>EFULLY OBS]V$ FACTS4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,?IS IS :Y ! ,G]MAN ECONOMI/S F9D SU* DIFFICULTIES 9 DELIMIT+ ! PROP] DOMA9 ( ! DOME/IC TRADES 7,HAUS9DU/RIE71 & N[ ID5TIFY ?IS WORD ) ,V]LAGSSY/EM1 :I* MEANS 0WORK+ EI!R DIRECTLY OR ?OR\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( A MIDDLEMAN EMPLOY] 7OR BUY]7 = A DEAL] OR EMPLOY]1 :O PAYS ! SMALL PRODUC] = ! GOODS HE HAS PRODUC$1 BE=E !Y HAVE REA*$ ! CONSUM]40 

#b,= MORE DETAILS AB\T ?IS SUBJECT1 SEE AN >TICLE ( M9E 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,AUGU/1 #a#i4 

#c,! ,*IEF ,9SPECTOR1 ,MR4 ,:ITELEGGE1 WROTE TO ME 9 #ai ?AT ! WORK%OPS :I* DID NOT 5T] 9TO HIS REPORTS REPRES5T$ AB\T ONE-HALF ( ALL ! WORK%OPS4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME ,MR4 ,:ITELEGGE HAS CONT9U$ TO PUBLI% HIS 9T]E/+ REPORTS ADD+ TO !M NEW GR\PS ( WORK%OPS4 ,H[EV]1 !Y /ILL REMA9 9COMPLETE TO SOME EXT5T AS REG>DS ?IS LA/ PO9T4 ,9 ! LA/ ,REPORT1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#a1 WE SEE ?AT #a#d#g1 WORK%OPS W]E REGI/]$ AT ! 5D ( #a#i#g1 & RETURNS W]E RECEIV$ FROM #a#e1 ( !M4 ,BUT AS 9 #c#b1 WORK%OPS NO WOM5 OR Y\NG P]SONS 7BEL[ #a#h7 W]E EMPLOY$1 !IR RETURNS W]E NOT PUBLI%$4 ,! ,REPORT = #aig GIVES1 !RE=E1 ONLY #i#a1#b#d#i WORK%OPS 9 :I* #f#c#h1#c#c#e P]SONS W]E EMPLOY$ 7#a#h#f1#f#d MALE & #b#h#b1#c#b#d FEMALE ADULTS1 #e#d1#f#e MALE & #a#a#c1#g#b#h FEMALE Y\NG P]SONS--?AT IS1 FULL-TIM]S FROM #ad TO #ah YE>S OLD--& #hfc MALE & #gea FEMALE *ILDR5 UND] #a#d74 

#d,FROM ! CURVE ?AT ,I COMPUT$ IT APPE>S ?AT ALL ! TEXTILE FACTORIES >E DI/RIBUT$ AS TO !IR SIZE AS FOLL[S3-- ,NOT LESS ?AN #e OP]ATIVES1 #b FACTORIES1 #b#c1#a OP]ATIVES2 FROM #dii TO #b1 #ff FACTORIES1 #b#c#a1 OP]ATIVES2 FROM #ii TO #e1 #a1#c#h FACTORIES1 #a#c1#e OP]ATIVES2 LESS ?AN #e1 #a1#d#a FACTORIES1 #d#b1#c OP]ATIVES2 TOTAL1 #f1#f#e FACTORIES1 #a1#b#b1#b OP]ATIVES4-- ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,AUGU/1#a#i1 P4 #b#f#b4  

#e,NE>LY ONE-HALF ( ! #d#c1 OP]ATIVES :O W]E EMPLOY$ AT ?AT TIME 9 ! WOOL5 TRADE ( ?IS C\NTRY W]E WEAV+ 9 H&-LOOMS4 ,SO ALSO ONE-FIF? ( ! #g#i1 P]SONS EMPLOY$ 9 ! WOR/$ TRADE4 

#f,E4 ,ROSCOE'S NOTES 9 ! ,5GLI% ,ILLU/RAT$ ,MAGAZ9E1 ,MAY1 #a#h#h#d4 

#g,BEVAN'S ,GUIDE TO ,5GLI% ,9DU/RIES4 

#h ,?OROLD ,ROG]S1 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,9T]PRETATION ( ,HI/ORY4 

#i ,POV]TY3 A ,/UDY ( ,T[N ,LIFE1 ,LONDON 7,MACMILLAN71 #a#i#a4 

#a ,!SE FIGURES1 :I* W]E F\ND DUR+ ! C5SUS ( #a#h#f#f1 HAVE NOT *ANG$ MU* S9CE1 AS MAY BE SE5 FROM ! FOLL[+ TABLE :I* GIVES ! PROPORTIONAL QUANTITIES ( ! DIFF]5T CATEGORIES ( ! ACTIVE POPULATION ( BO? SEXES 7EMPLOY]S1 WORK+ M51 & CL]KS7 9 #ahff & #a#h#i#f3-- 

#ahff 

#ahif 

  

,AGRICULTURE 

,9DU/RY 

,COMM]CE 

,TRANSPORT & V>I\S 

,LIB]AL PR(ESSIONS 

  

#eb P]C5T 

#cd 0 

#d 0 

#c 0 

#g 0 

  

#dg P]C5T 

#ce 0 

#e 0 

#e 0 

#h 0 

 ,AS HAS BE5 REM>K$ BY ,M4 ,S4 ,FONTA9E :O WORK$ \T ! RESULTS ( ! LA/ C5SUS1 0! NUMB] ( P]SONS EMPLOY$ 9 9DU/RY PROP]LY SPEAK+1 AL?\< IT HAS 9CREAS$1 HAS NEV]!LESS ABSORB$ A SMALL] P]C5TAGE ( ! LOSS SU/A9$ BY ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION ?AN ! O!R CATEGORIES4 0--,RESULTATS /ATITISQUES DU REC5SEM5T DES PR(ESSIONS1 T4 IV41 P4 #h4 

#aa ,MUTUAL ,AID3 A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION4 ,LONDON 7,HE9EMANN71 #a#i#b4 

#ab ,SEE ,BAUDRILL>T'S ,LES ,POPULATIONS AGRICOLES DE LA ,FRANCE3 ,NORM&IE4 

#ac ,LE ,COTON3 SON REGIME1 SES PROBLEMES4 ,P>IS1 #a#h#f#c1 P4 #a#g4  

#ad ,LES ,POPULATIONS AGRICOLES DE1 LA ,FRANCE3 ,NORM&IE4 

#ae ,VOYAGE 5 ,FRANCE4 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i#c-#a#i#a 7,B]GET-,LEVREAU1 PUBLI%]S71 #ef VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLI%$4 

#af ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 XVII41 P4 #b#d#b4 

#ag ,IBID41 VOL4 XVII41 PP4 #a1 #a#a4 

#ah ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 ,VOL4 XIX41 ,P4 #a4 

#ai ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 II41 P4 #a#f#g4 

#b ,9 ,MA9E-ET-,LOIRE1 LA ,V5DEE1 ,LOIRE ,9F]IEURE1 & ,DEUX-,SEVRES4 ,! SAME REVIVAL TAKES PLACE 9 ,IREL&1 :]E ! WEAV+ ( H&K]*IEFS 9 H&-LOOMS IS GR[+ 9 ! %APE ( A SMALL VILLAGE 9DU/RY4 

#ba ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 I41 P4 #aag ET SEQ4 

#bb ,TWELVE ?\S& 9 #a#i#f4 

#bc ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 V41 P4 #b#g4  

#bd ,IBID41 VOL4 V41 P4 #b#a#e4 

#be ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 V41 PP4 #b#e#i-#b#f#f4 

#bf ,I GAVE SOME 9=MATION AB\T ,FR5* PRISON WORK 9 A BOOK1 ,9 ,RUSSIAN & ,FR5* ,PRISONS1 ,LONDON1 #a#h#h#h4 

#bg ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 ,VOL4 II41 P4 #e#a4  

#bh ,IBID41 ,VOL4 I41 PP4 #c#e1 #c#f4 

#bi ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 I41 P4 #e#b4 

#c ,PR(4 ,ISSAIEFF 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,MEMOIRS ( ! ,PETTY ,TRADES ,COMMISSION 7,TRUDY ,KU/>NOI ,KOMMISSII71 VOL4 V4 

#ca ,KNIVES >E SOLD AT FROM #fS4 #dD4 TO #hS4 P] GROSS1 & RAZORS AT #cS4 #cD4 P] GROSS-0 = EXPORT40 

#cb ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 I41 P4 #bac ET SEG4 

#cb ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 I41 P4 #bac ET SEG4 

#cc ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 VIII41 P4 #d4 

#cd LNT]E/+ DETAILS AB\T ! SMALL 9DU/RIES ( ?IS REGION WILL BE F\ND 9 ! >TICLES ( ,*4 ,GUICYSSE1 9 ,PAGES LIBRES1 #a#i#b1 ,NOS4 #ff & #g#a4 

#ce ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 XXIII41 PP4 #a#e1 #a#f4 

#cf ,= FUR!R DETAILS SEE ,APP5DIX ,U4 

#cg ,>D\9 ,DUMAZET1 VOL4 VIII41 P4 #b#f#f4 

#* ,SOME FUR!R DETAILS AB\T ! ,LYONS REGION & ,/4 ,ETI5NE >E GIV5 9 ,APP5DIX ,U4 

#ci ,9 #a#h#g#c1 \T ( A TOTAL POPULATION ( #a1#h#e#a1#h 9HABIT+ ,P>IS1 #h#a#f1#d 7#d#d1#d#h M5 & #d#a#a1#f#c#b WOM57 W]E LIV+ ON 9DU/RY1 & \T ( !M ONLY #b#i#c1#f#i#a W]E CONNECT$ ) ! FACTORIES 7GR&E 9DU/RIE71 :ILE #e#b#b1#c#d#i W]E LIV+ ON ! PETTY TRADES 7PETITE 9DU#hTRIE7--,MAXIME DU ,CAMP1 ,P>IS ET SES ,ORGANES1 VOL4 VI4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ( LATE ! SMALL WORK%OPS :]E SOME ( ! F9E/ WORK IS MADE 9 METALS1 WOOD1 & SO ON1 HAVE BEGUN TO BE SCATT]$ R\ND ,P>IS4 

#d ,EV]YONE KN[S :AT AN IMM5SE PROGRESS HAS BE5 REALIZ$ S9CE BY ! MOTORS US$ 9 MOTOR C>S & AIRPLANES1 & :AT IS A*IEV$ N[ BY ! TRANSMISSION ( ELECTRICAL P[]4 ,BUT ,I LEAVE !SE L9ES AS !Y W]E WRITT51 AS A TE/IMONY ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! CONQUE/ ( AIR BEGAN1 & ( ! P>T TAK5 9 IT BY ! ,FR5* SMALL 9DU/RY4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahig 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #f -- ,ADD$4 

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