,PREFACE 

#ahihahih 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,>*IGEEK1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,F,I,E,L,D,S1 ,F,A,C,T,O,R,I,E,S ,& ,W,O,R,K,%,O,P,S3 OR ,9DU/RY  
,COMB9$ ) ,AGRICULTURE & ,BRA9 ,WORK ) ,MANUAL ,WORK1 BY ,P4 ,KROPOTK9 

,F\RTE5 YE>S HAVE PASS$ S9CE ! FIR/ $ITION ( ?IS BOOK WAS PUBLI%$1 & 9 REVIS+ IT = ?IS NEW $ITION ,I F\ND AT MY DISPOSAL AN IMM5SE MASS ( NEW MAT]IALS1 /ATI/ICAL & DESCRIPTIVE1 & A GREAT NUMB] ( NEW WORKS DEAL+ ) ! DIFF]5T SUBJECTS ?AT >E TREAT$ 9 ?IS BOOK4 ,I HAVE ?US HAD AN EXCELL5T OPPORTUNITY TO V]IFY H[ F> ! PREVISIONS ?AT ,I HAD =MULAT$ :5 ,I FIR/ WROTE ?IS BOOK HAVE BE5 CONFIRM$ BY ! SUBSEQU5T ECONOMICAL EVOLUTION ( ! DIFF]5T NATIONS4 

,?IS V]IFICATION P]MITS ME TO AFFIRM ?AT ! ECONOMICAL T5D5CIES ?AT ,I HAD V5TUR$ TO =E%AD[ !N HAVE ONLY BECOME MORE & MORE DEF9ITE S9CE4 ,EV]Y:]E WE SEE ! SAME DEC5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RIES GO+ ON1 NEW NATIONS CONT9UALLY 5T]+ ! RANKS ( ?OSE :I* MANUFACTURE = ! WORLD M>KET4 ,EA* ( !SE NEW-COM]S 5DEAVORS TO DEVELOP1 & SUCCE$S 9 DEVELOP+1 ON ITS [N T]RITORY ! PR9CIPAL 9DU/RIES1 & ?US FREES ITSELF FROM BE+ EXPLOIT$ BY O!R NATIONS1 MORE ADVANC$ 9 !IR TE*NICAL EVOLUTION4 ,ALL NATIONS HAVE MADE A REM>KABLE PROGRESS 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 AS WILL BE SE5 FROM ! NEW DATA ?AT >E GIV5 9 ?IS BOOK4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ONE SEES1 ) ALL ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL NATIONS1 ! GR[+ T5D5CY & NE$ ( DEVELOP+ AT HOME A MORE 9T5SIVE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY1 EI!R BY IMPROV+ ! N[ EXI/+ ME?ODS ( EXT5SIVE AGRICULTURE1 BY MEANS ( SMALL HOLD+S1 09N] COLONIZATION10 AGRICULTURAL $UCATION1 & COOP]ATIVE WORK1 OR BY 9TRODUC+ DIFF]5T NEW BRAN*ES ( 9T5SIVE AGRICULTURE4 ,?IS C\NTRY IS ESPECIALLY (F]+ US AT ?IS MOM5T A MO/ 9/RUCTIVE EXAMPLE ( A MOVEM5T 9 ! SAID DIRECTION4 ,& ?IS MOVEM5T WILL C]TA9LY RESULT1 NOT ONLY 9 A MU*-NE$$ 9CREASE ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ( ! NATION1 :I* WILL CONTRIBUTE TO FREE IT FROM ! 9T]NATIONAL SPECULATORS 9 FOOD PRODUCE1 BUT ALSO 9 AWAK5+ 9 ! NATION A FULL] APPRECIATION ( ! IMM5SE VALUE ( ITS SOIL1 & ! DESIRE ( REPAIR+ ! ]ROR ?AT HAS BE5 COMMITT$ 9 LEAV+ IT 9 ! H&S ( GREAT L&-[N]S & ( ?OSE :O F9D IT N[ MORE ADVANTAGE\S TO R5T ! L& TO BE TURN$ 9TO %OOT+ PRES]VES4 ,! DIFF]5T /EPS ?AT >E BE+ TAK5 N[ = RAIS+ ,5GLI% AGRICULTURE & = OBTA9+ FROM ! L& A MU* GREAT] AM\NT ( PRODUCE >E BRIEFLY 9DICAT$ 9 ,*APT] ,V4 

,IT IS ESPECIALLY 9 REVIS+ ! *APT]S DEAL+ ) ! SMALL 9DU/RIES ?AT ,I HAD TO 9CORPORATE ! RESULTS ( A GREAT NUMB] ( NEW RESE>*ES4 ,9 SO DO+ ,I WAS 5ABL$ TO %[ ?AT ! GR[? ( AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( SMALL 5T]PRISES BY ! SIDE ( ! V]Y GREAT C5TRALIZ$ CONC]NS IS NOT %[+ ANY SIGNS ( ABATEM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! DI/RIBUTION ( ELECTRICAL MOTIVE P[] HAS GIV5 !M A NEW IMPULSE4 ,9 ?OSE PLACES :]E WAT] P[] WAS UTILIZ$ = DI/RIBUT+ ELECTRIC P[] 9 ! VILLAGES1 & 9 ?OSE CITIES :]E ! MA*9]Y US$ = PRODUC+ ELECTRIC LI<T DUR+ ! NI<T H\RS WAS UTILIZ$ = SUPPLY+ MOTIVE P[] DUR+ ! DAY1 ! SMALL 9DU/RIES >E TAK+ A NEW DEVELOPM5T4 

,9 ?IS DOMA9 ,I AM 5ABL$ TO ADD TO ! PRES5T $ITION ! 9T]E/+ RESULTS ( A WORK AB\T ! SMALL 9DU/RIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM ?AT ,I MADE 9 #a#i4 ,SU* A WORK WAS ONLY POSSIBLE :5 ! ,BRITI% ,FACTORY ,9SPECTORS HAD PUBLI%$ 79 #a#h#i#h1 9 VIRTUE ( ! ,FACTORIES ,ACT ( #a#h#i#e7 !IR FIR/ REPORTS1 FROM :I* ,I C\LD DET]M9E ! HI!RTO UNKN[N NUM]ICAL RELATIONS BETWE5 ! GREAT & ! SMALL 9DU/RIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 

,UNTIL !N NO FIGURES :ATEV] AS REG>DS ! DI/RIBUTION ( OP]ATIVES 9 ! L>GE & SMALL FACTORIES & WORK%OPS ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 W]E AVAILABLE2 SO ?AT :5 ECONOMI/S SPOKE ( ! 0UNAVOIDABLE0 DEA? ( ! SMALL 9DU/RIES !Y M]ELY EXPRESS$ HYPO!SES BAS$ UPON A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( OBS]VATIONS1 :I* W]E *IEFLY MADE UPON P>T ( ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY & METALLURGY4 ,ONLY AFT] ,MR4 ,:ITELEGGE HAD PUBLI%$ ! FIR/ FIGURES FROM :I* RELIABLE CONCLUSIONS C\LD BE DRAWN WAS IT POSSIBLE TO SEE H[ LITTLE SU* WIDE-REA*+ CONCLUSIONS W]E CONFIRM$ BY REALITIES4 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY1 AS EV]Y:]E ! SMALL 9DU/RIES CONT9UE TO EXI/1 & NEW ONES CONT9UE TO APPE> AS A NECESS>Y GR[?1 9 MANY IMPORTANT BRAN*ES ( NATIONAL PRODUCTION1 BY ! SIDE ( ! V]Y GREAT FACTORIES & HUGE C5TRALIZ$ WORKS4 ,SO ,I ADD TO ! *APT] ON SMALL 9DU/RIES A SUMM>Y ( ! WORK ?AT ,I HAD PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY  UPON ?IS SUBJECT4 

,AS REG>DS ,FRANCE1 ! MO/ 9T]E/+ OBS]VATIONS MADE BY ,M4 ,>A\9 ,DUMAZET DUR+ HIS MANY YE>S' TRAVELS ALL OV] ! C\NTRY GIVE ME ! POSSIBILITY ( %[+ ! REM>KABLE DEVELOPM5T ( RURAL 9DU/RIES1 & ! ADVANTAGES :I* W]E TAK5 FROM !M = REC5T DEVELOPM5TS 9 AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE4 ,BESIDES1 ! PUBLICATION ( ! /ATI/ICAL RESULTS ( ! ,FR5* 9DU/RIAL C5SUS ( #ahif P]MITS ME TO GIVE N[1 = ,FRANCE1 MO/ REM>KABLE NUM]ICAL DATA1 %[+ ! REAL RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( ! GREAT & ! SMALL 9DU/RIES4 

,& F9ALLY1 ! REC5T PUBLICATION ( ! RESULT ( ! ?IRD 9DU/RIAL C5SUS MADE 9 ,G]MANY 9 #aig GIVES ME ! DATA = %[+ H[ ! ,G]MAN SMALL 9DU/RIES HAVE BE5 KEEP+ !IR GR\ND = ! LA/ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S A SUBJECT :I* ,I C\LD T\* ONLY 9 A G5]AL WAY 9 ! FIR/ $ITIONS4 ,! RESULTS ( ?IS C5SUS1 COMP>$ ) ! TWO PREC$+ ONES1 AS ALSO SOME ( ! CONCLUSIONS >RIV$ AT BY COMPET5T ,G]MAN WRIT]S1 >E 9DICAT$ 9 ! ,APP5DIX4 ,SO ALSO ! RESULTS REC5TLY >RIV$ AT 9 ,SWITZ]L& CONC]N+ ITS HOME 9DU/RIES4 

,AS TO ! NE$1 G5]ALLY FELT AT ?IS MOM5T1 ( AN $UCATION :I* W\LD COMB9E A WIDE SCI5TIFIC 9/RUCTION ) A S\ND KN[L$GE ( MANUAL WORK A QUE/ION :I* ,I TREAT 9 ! LA/ *APT]--IT CAN BE SAID ?AT ?IS CAUSE HAS ALREADY BE5 WON 9 ?IS C\NTRY DUR+ ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S4 ,! PR9CIPLE IS G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$ BY ?IS TIME1 AL?\< MO/ NATIONS1 IMPOV]I%$ AS !Y >E BY !IR >MAM5TS1 >E MU* TOO SL[ 9 APPLY+ ! PR9CIPLE 9 LIFE4 

,B,R,I,<,T,O,N1 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#a#b4 

,P4 ,K,R,O,P,O,T,K,94 

,P,R,E,F,A,C,E ,T,O ,F,I,R,/ ,$,I,T,I,O,N4 

,U,N,D,] ! NAME ( PR(ITS1 R5T1 9T]E/ UPON CAPITAL1 SURPLUS VALUE1 & ! LIKE1 ECONOMI/S HAVE EAG]LY DISCUSS$ ! B5EFITS :I* ! [N]S ( L& OR CAPITAL1 OR SOME PRIVILEG$ NATIONS1 CAN D]IVE1 EI!R FROM ! UND]-PAID WORK ( ! WAGE-LABOR]1 OR FROM ! 9F]IOR POSITION ( ONE CLASS ( ! COMMUNITY T[>D ANO!R CLASS1 OR FROM ! 9F]IOR ECONOMICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ONE NATION T[>DS ANO!R NATION4 ,!SE PR(ITS BE+ %>$ 9 A V]Y UNEQUAL PROPORTION BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T 9DIVIDUALS1 CLASSES & NATIONS 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION1 CONSID]ABLE PA9S W]E TAK5 TO /UDY ! PRES5T APPORTIONM5T ( ! B5EFITS1 & ITS ECONOMICAL & MORAL CONSEQU5CES1 AS WELL AS ! *ANGES 9 ! PRES5T ECONOMICAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY :I* MI<T BR+ AB\T A MORE EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( A RAPIDLY ACCUMULAT+ WEAL?4 ,IT IS UPON QUE/IONS RELAT+ TO ! RI<T TO ?AT 9CREM5T ( WEAL? ?AT ! HOTTE/ BATTLES >E N[ F\<T BETWE5 ECONOMI/S ( DIFF]5T S*OOLS4 

,9 ! MEANTIME ! GREAT QUE/ION 0,:AT HAVE WE TO PRODUCE1 & H[80 NECESS>ILY REMA9$ 9 ! BACKGR\ND4 ,POLITICAL ECONOMY1 AS IT GRADUALLY EM]GES FROM ITS SEMI-SCI5TIFIC /AGE1 T5DS MORE & MORE TO BECOME A SCI5CE DEVOT$ TO ! /UDY ( ! NE$S ( M5 & ( ! MEANS ( SATISFY+ !M ) ! LEA/ POSSIBLE WA/E ( 5]GY1--?AT IS1 A SORT ( PHYSIOLOGY ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT FEW ECONOMI/S1 AS YET1 HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ?IS IS ! PROP] DOMA9 ( ECONOMICS1 & HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO TREAT !IR SCI5CE FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW4 ,! MA9 SUBJECT ( SOCIAL ECONOMY - ?AT IS1 ! ECONOMY ( 5]GY REQUIR$ = ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S IS CONSEQU5TLY ! LA/ SUBJECT :I* ONE EXPECTS TO F9D TREAT$ 9 A CONCRETE =M 9 ECONOMICAL TREATISES4 

,! FOLL[+ PAGES >E A CONTRIBUTION TO A PORTION ( ?IS VA/ SUBJECT4 ,!Y CONTA9 A DISCUSSION ( ! ADVANTAGES :I* CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES C\LD D]IVE FROM A COMB9ATION ( 9DU/RIAL PURSUITS ) 9T5SIVE AGRICULTURE1 & ( BRA9 WORK ) MANUAL WORK4 

,! IMPORTANCE ( SU* A COMB9ATION HAS NOT ESCAP$ ! ATT5TION ( A NUMB] ( /UD5TS ( SOCIAL SCI5CE4 ,IT WAS EAG]LY DISCUSS$ SOME FIFTY YE>S AGO UND] ! NAMES ( 0H>MONIZ$ LABOR10 09TEGRAL $UCATION10 & SO ON4 ,IT WAS PO9T$ \T AT ?AT TIME ?AT ! GREATE/ SUM TOTAL ( WELL-BE+ CAN BE OBTA9$ :5 A V>IETY ( AGRICULTURAL1 9DU/RIAL & 9TELLECTUAL PURSUITS >E COMB9$ 9 EA* COMMUNITY2 & ?AT MAN %[S HIS BE/ :5 HE IS 9 A POSITION TO APPLY HIS USUALLY-V>I$ CAPACITIES TO SEV]AL PURSUITS 9 ! F>M1 ! WORK%OP1 ! FACTORY1 ! /UDY OR ! /UDIO1 9/EAD ( BE+ RIVET$ = LIFE TO ONE ( !SE PURSUITS ONLY4 

,AT A MU* MORE REC5T DATE1 9 ! 'SEV5TIES1 ,H]B]T ,SP5C]'S !ORY ( EVOLUTION GAVE ORIG9 9 ,RUSSIA TO A REM>KABLE WORK1 ,! ,!ORY ( ,PROGRESS1 BY ,M4 ,M4 ,MIKHAILOVSKY4 ,! P>T :I* BELONGS 9 PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION TO DIFF]5TIATION1 & ! P>T :I* BELONGS 9 IT TO AN 9TEGRATION ( APTITUDES & ACTIVITIES1 W]E DISCUSS$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN AU?OR ) DEP? ( ?\<T1 & ,SP5C]'S DIFF]5TIATION-=MULA WAS ACCORD+LY COMPLET$4 

,&1 F9ALLY1 \T ( A NUMB] ( SMALL] MONOGRAPHS1 ,I MU/ M5TION A SUGGE/IVE LITTLE BOOK BY ,J4 ,R4 ,DODGE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES /ATI/ICIAN 7,F>M & ,FACTORY3 ,AIDS D]IV$ BY ,AGRICULTURE FROM ,9DU/RIES1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#h#h#f74 ,! SAME QUE/ION WAS DISCUSS$ 9 IT FROM A PRACTICAL ,AM]ICAN PO9T ( VIEW4 

,HALF A C5TURY AGO A H>MONI\S UNION BETWE5 AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL PURSUITS1 AS ALSO BETWE5 BRA9 WORK & MANUAL WORK1 C\LD ONLY BE A REMOTE DESID]ATUM4 ,! CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! FACTORY SY/EM ASS]T$ ITSELF1 AS WELL AS ! OBSOLETE =MS ( AGRICULTURE :I* PREVAIL$ AT ?AT TIME1 PREV5T$ SU* A UNION FROM BE+ FEASIBLE4 ,SYN!TIC PRODUCTION WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,H[EV]1 ! WOND]FUL SIMPLIFICATION ( ! TE*NICAL PROCESSES 9 BO? 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 P>TLY DUE TO AN EV]-9CREAS+ DIVISION ( LABOR 9 ANALOGY ) :AT WE SEE 9 BIOLOGY HAS R5D]$ ! SYN!SIS POSSIBLE2 & A DI/9CT T5D5CY T[>DS A SYN!SIS ( HUMAN ACTIVITIES BECOMES N[ APP>5T 9 MOD]N ECONOMICAL EVOLUTION4 ,?IS T5D5CY IS ANALYZ$ 9 ! SUBSEQU5T *APT]S-- A SPECIAL WEI<T BE+ LAID UPON ! PRES5T POSSIBILITIES ( AGRICULTURE1 :I* >E ILLU/RAT$ BY A NUMB] ( EXAMPLES BORR[$ FROM DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 & UPON ! SMALL 9DU/RIES TO :I* A NEW IMPETUS IS BE+ GIV5 BY ! NEW ME?ODS ( TRANSMISSION ( MOTIVE P[]4 

,! SUB/ANCE ( !SE ESSAYS WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#h-#a#h#i 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 & ( ONE ( !M 9 ! ,=UM4 ,H[EV]1 ! T5D5CIES 9DICAT$ !RE HAVE BE5 CONFIRM$ DUR+ ! LA/ T5 YE>S BY SU* A MASS ( EVID5CE ?AT A V]Y CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( NEW MATT] HAD TO BE 9TRODUC$1 :ILE ! *APT]S ON AGRICULTURE & ! SMALL TRADES HAD TO BE WRITT5 ANEW4 

,I TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO ADDRESS MY BE/ ?ANKS TO ! $ITORS ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY & ! ,=UM = !IR K9D P]MISSION ( REPRODUC+ !SE ESSAYS 9 A NEW =M1 AS ALSO TO ?OSE FRI5DS & CORRESPOND5TS :O HAVE AID$ ME 9 COLLECT+ 9=MATION AB\T AGRICULTURE & ! PETTY TRADES4 

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