,FI<T+ ,FASCISM3 ,LESSONS FROM ,ITALY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,! ELECTION ( ,DONALD ,TRUMP CAME AS A SURPRISE TO MANY1 GIV5 ! OBVI\S DEMAGOG]Y1 9COH]5CE & AU?ORIT>IANISM HE EXHIBIT$ AS A C&IDATE4 ,IT MATT]S LITTLE ?AT HE LO/ ! POPUL> VOTE1 ! FACT IS ?AT 5\< PEOPLE 9 SPECIFIC /ATES W]E WILL+ TO VOTE = HIM - & N[ WE ALL HAVE TO LIVE ) ! \TCOME4 ,! RESULT ( DECADES ( RI<T-W+ GLORIFICATION ( ! WEAL?Y1 CALLS TO RUN ! /ATE AS A BUS9ESS 7I4E41 AS A DICTATOR%IP71 & ! LIKE CAN N[ BE SE5 9 ALL !IR GLORY4 ,A BETT] >GUM5T = AN>*ISM W\LD BE H>D TO F9D4 

,?AT DOES NOT MEAN1 ( C\RSE1 PASSIVELY AWAIT+ ! NEXT ELECTION AS ! MY? ( DEMOCRACY W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE4 ,IT MEANS RESI/+ - & !RE HAVE BE5 PROMIS+ SIGNS ( ?AT1 SU* AS LIVELY T[N-HALL MEET+S 7:I* RAISES ! QUE/ION1 :Y NOT MAKE !M P]MAN5T & SO BECOME A P[] NO POLITICIAN CAN IGNORE874 ,IT HAS ALSO BE5 SE5 9 PROTE/S AGA9/ ! WOR/ ( ,TRUMP SUPPORT]S - ! ,K,K,K1 NEO-,NAZIS & ! RE/ ( ! SO-CALL$ 0ALT-RI<T40 

,?AT ,TRUMP C\LD NOT BR+ HIMSELF TO READ A SIMPLE PREP>$ /ATEM5T & 9/EAD AD-LIBB$ AB\T 0BO? SIDES0 %[S ?AT HE DID NOT WANT TO ALI5ATE !M4 ,SADLY1 SIGNIFICANT NUMB]S ( ,REPUBLICAN VOT]S LIKEWISE CANNOT SEE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 FASCISM & RESI/+ FASCISM4 ,A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ,AM]ICA HAS LO/ ITS MORAL COMPASS4 

,! EV5TS 9 ,*>LOTTESVILLE BR+ HOME ?AT RESI/+ FASCISM IS NOT ONLY NECESS>Y BUT ALSO DANG]\S4 ,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 SOME?+ :I* WAS NEV] 9EVITABLE & FROM :I* LESSONS CAN BE LE>N$4 

0,A ,PREV5TATIVE ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION0 

,! RISE ( ,MUSSOL9I CANNOT BE VIEW$ 9 ISOLATION4 ,AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> !RE WAS A MASSIVE RADICALIZATION ACROSS ,EUROPE & ! WORLD4 ,UNION MEMB]%IP EXPLOD$1 ) /RIKES1 DEMON/RATIONS & AGITATION REA*+ MASSIVE LEVELS4 ,?IS WAS P>TLY DUE TO ! W>1 P>TLY TO ! APP>5T SUCCESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,ACROSS ,EUROPE1 AN>*I/ IDEAS BECAME MORE POPUL> & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNIONS GREW 9 SIZE AS P>T ( A G5]AL RISE & GR[? ( ! LEFT4 

,9 ,ITALY1 ! PO/W> F]M5T GREW 9TO A NE> REVOLUTION1 ) ! RISE ( WORK]S' C\NCILS & ! OCCUPATION ( FACTORIES 9 #a#i#b4 ,! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S TOOK AN ACTIVE1 9DE$1 LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! MOVEM5T AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 :O TOOK P>T 9 !SE EV5TS1 WRITES3 

,! METAL WORK]S />T$ ! MOVEM5T OV] WAGE RATES4 ,IT WAS A /RIKE ( A NEW K9D4 ,9/EAD ( AB&ON+ ! FACTORIES1 ! IDEA WAS TO REMA9 9SIDE )\T WORK+ 444 ,?R\<\T ,ITALY !RE WAS A REVOLUTION>Y F]VOR AMONG ! WORK]S & SOON ! DEM&S *ANG$ !IR *>ACT]S4 ,WORK]S ?\<T ?AT ! MOM5T WAS RIPE TO TAKE POSSESSION ONCE .<&.> = ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,!Y >M$ = DEF5SE 444 & BEGAN TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION ON !IR [N 444 ,IT WAS ! RI<T ( PROP]TY ABOLI%$ 9 FACT4442 IT WAS A NEW REGIME1 A NEW =M ( SOCIAL LIFE ?AT WAS BE+ U%]$ 94 ,& ! GOV]NM5T /OOD BY BECAUSE IT FELT IMPOT5T TO (F] OPPOSITION4 7,]RICO ,MALATE/A3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,IDEAS .<,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#c.>1 #a#c#d7 

,! SOCIALI/S & !IR TRADE UNIONS DID NOT BACK ! MOVEM5T 9 SPITE ( HAV+ TALK$ ( BE+ REVOLUTION>Y = DECADES1 AL?\< GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS )9 ! P>TY DID 7SU* AS 9 ,TUR91 ) ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI TAK+ ! LEAD - !SE W\LD LAT] SPLIT FROM ! ,SOCIALI/S & =M ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY74 ,FAC$ ) ! HO/ILITY ( ! 0(FICIAL0 LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! OCCUPATIONS 5D$ AFT] F\R WEEKS4 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! PROMISES GIV5 BY ! EMPLOY]S & /ATE TO 5D ! OCCUPATIONS W]E NOT KEPT & 0AFT] ! FACTORIES W]E EVACUAT$0 ! GOV]NM5T 7OBVI\SLY KN[+ :O ! REAL ?REAT WAS7 0>RE/$ ! 5TIRE LEAD]%IP ( ! ,U,S,I .<,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION.> & ,U,A,I .<,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION.>4 ,! SOCIALI/S 444 MORE OR LESS IGNOR$ ! P]SECUTION ( ! LIB]T>IANS UNTIL ! SPR+ ( #aiba :5 ! AG$ ,MALATE/A & O!R IMPRISON$ AN>*I/S M\NT$ A HUNG] /RIKE FROM !IR CELLS 9 ,MILAN40 7,C>L ,LEVY1 ,GRAMSCI & ! ,AN>*I/S .<,B]G1 #a#i#i#i.>1 #b#b#a-#b7 ,!Y W]E ACQUITT$ AFT] A F\R-DAY TRIAL4 

,?IS P]IOD ( ,ITALIAN HI/ORY EXPLA9S ! GR[? ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY4 ,AS ,TOBIAS ,ABSE PO9TS \T1 0! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY CANNOT BE DETA*$ FROM ! EV5TS ( ! BI5NIO ROSSO1 ! TWO R$ YE>S ( #aiai & #a#i#b1 ?AT PREC$$ IT4 ,FASCISM WAS A PREV5TIVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION 444 LAUN*$ AS A RESULT ( ! FAIL$ REVOLUTION0 70,! ,RISE ( ,FASCISM 9 AN ,9DU/RIAL ,CITY10 ,DAVID ,=GACS 7$471 ,RE?9K+ ,ITALIAN FASCISM3 ,CAPITALISM1 POPULISM & CULTURE .<,LAWR5CE & ,WI%>T1 #a#i#h#f.>1 #e#d7 ,! T]M 0PREV5TIVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION0 WAS ORIG9ALLY CO9$ BY ! AN>*I/ ,LUIGI ,FABBRI1 :O CORRECTLY DESCRIB$ FASCISM AS 0! ORGANIZATION & AG5T ( ! VIOL5T >M$ DEF5SE ( ! RUL+ CLASS AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAT1 :I*1 TO !IR M9D1 HAS BECOME UNDULY DEM&+1 UNIT$ & 9TRUSIVE40 

,! CAPITALI/S & RI* L&[N]S BACK$ ! FASCI/S 9 ORD] TO TEA* ! WORK+ CLASS TO KN[ !IR PLACE1 AID$ BY ! /ATE4 ,!Y 5SUR$ 0?AT IT WAS GIV5 EV]Y ASSI/ANCE 9 T]MS ( FUND+ & >MS1 TURN+ A BL9D EYE TO ITS BREA*ES ( ! LAW &1 :]E NECESS>Y1 COV]+ ITS BACK ?R\< 9T]V5TION BY >M$ =CES :I*1 ON ! PRETEXT ( RE/OR+ ORD]1 W\LD RU% TO ! AID ( ! FASCI/S :]EV] ! LATT] W]E BEG9N+ TO TAKE A BEAT+ 9/EAD ( DOL+ ONE \T40 7,FABBRI7 ,TO QUOTE ,ABSE3 

,! AIMS ( ! ,FASCI/S & !IR BACK]S AMONG ! 9DU/RIALI/S & AGR>IANS 9 #a#i#b#a-#b#b W]E SIMPLE3 TO BREAK ! P[] ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK]S & PEASANTS AS COMPLETELY AS POSSIBLE1 TO WIPE \T1 ) ! BULLET & ! CLUB1 NOT ONLY ! GA9S ( ! BI5NIO ROSSO1 BUT EV]Y?+ ?AT ! L[] CLASSES HAD GA9$ 444 BETWE5 ! TURN ( ! C5TURY & ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 7#e#d7 

,! FASCI/ SQUADS ATTACK$ & DE/ROY$ AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ MEET+ PLACES1 SOCIAL C5T]S1 RADICAL PRESSES & ,CAM]A DEL ,LAVORO 7LOCAL UNION C\NCILS74 ,?\S&S ( 9DIVIDUALS W]E ATTACK$ & MURD]$4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 9 ! D>K DAYS ( FASCI/ T]ROR1 ! AN>*I/S RESI/$ ! =CES ( TOTALIT>IANISM3 

,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ! /RONGE/ WORK+-CLASS RESI/ANCE TO ,FASCISM WAS 9 444 T[NS OR CITIES 9 :I* !RE WAS QUITE A /RONG AN>*I/1 SYNDICALI/ OR AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ TRADITION4 7,ABSE1 #e#f7 

,! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 

,! AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT$ 91 & (T5 ORGANIZ$ SECTIONS (1 ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 7,! ,PEOPLE'S ,%OCK-TROOPS71 A WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION DEVOT$ TO ! SELF-DEF5SE ( WORK]S' 9T]E/S4 ,! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO ORGANIZ$ & 5C\RAG$ WORK+-CLASS RESI/ANCE TO FASCI/ SQUADS1 (T5 DEFEAT+ L>G] FASCI/ =CES3 = EXAMPLE1 0! TOTAL HUMILIATION ( ?\S&S ( ,ITALO ,BALBO'S SQUADRI/I BY A C\PLE ( HUNDR$ ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO BACK$ BY ! 9HABITANTS ( ! WORK+ CLASS DI/RICTS0 9 ! AN>*I/ /RON<OLD ( ,P>MA 9 ,AUGU/ #aibb 7,ABSE1 #e#f74 

,! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO WAS ! CLOSE/ ,ITALY GOT TO ! IDEA ( A UNIT$1 REVOLUTION>Y WORK+-CLASS FRONT AGA9/ FASCISM1 AS HAD BE5 SUGGE/$ BY ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S DUR+ ! BI5NIO ROSSA4 ,?IS MOVEM5T 0DEVELOP$ ALONG ANTI-B\RGEOIS & ANTI-FASCI/ L9ES1 & WAS M>K$ BY ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ITS LOCAL SECTIONS40 7,R$ ,YE>S1 ,BLACK ,YE>S3 ,AN>*I/ ,RESI/ANCE TO ,FASCISM 9 ,ITALY .<,A,S,P1 #a#i#h#i.>1 #b7 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ JU/ AN 0ANTI-FASCI/0 ORGANIZATION1 IT WAS 0NOT A MOVEM5T 9 DEF5SE ( 'DEMOCRACY' 9 ! AB/RACT1 BUT AN ESS5TIALLY WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATION DEVOT$ TO ! DEF5SE ( ! 9T]E/S ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 ! DOCK]S & L>GE NUMB]S ( >TISANS & CRAFTSM540 7,ABSE1 #g#e7 ,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 0APPE> TO HAVE BE5 /RONGE/ & MO/ SUCCESSFUL 9 >EAS :]E TRADITIONAL WORK+-CLASS POLITICAL CULTURE WAS LESS EXCLUSIVELY SOCIALI/ & HAD /RONG AN>*I/ OR SYNDICALI/ TRADITIONS1 = EXAMPLE1 ,B>I1 ,LIVORNO1 ,P>MA & ,ROME40 7,ANTONIO ,SONNESSA1 0,WORK+ ,CLASS ,DEF5SE ,ORGANIZATION1 ,ANTI-,FASCI/ ,RESI/ANCE & ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 9 ,TUR91 #a#i#a#i-#b#b10 ,EUROPEAN ,HI/ORY ,QU>T]LY #c#c3 #b #a#h#d7 

,H[EV]1 BO? ! SOCIALI/ & COMMUNI/ P>TIES )DREW FROM ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! SOCIALI/S SIGN$ A 0,PACT ( ,PACIFICATION0 ) ! FASCI/S 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#a4 ,! COMMUNI/S 0PREF]R$ TO )DRAW !IR MEMB]S FROM ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO RA!R ?AN LET !M WORK ) ! AN>*I/S40 7,R$ ,YE>S1 ,BLACK ,YE>S1 #a#g7 ,9DE$1 0.<O.>N ! SAME DAY AS ! ,PACT WAS SIGN$1 ,ORD9E ,NUOVO PUBLI%$ A ,P,CD',I .<,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,ITALY.> COMMUNICATION W>N+ COMMUNI/S AGA9/ 9VOLVEM5T0 9 ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO4 ,F\R DAYS LAT]1 ! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]%IP 0(FICIALLY AB&ON$ ! MOVEM5T4 ,SEV]E DISCIPL9>Y MEASURES W]E ?REAT5$ AGA9/ ?OSE COMMUNI/S :O CONT9U$ TO P>TICIPATE40 ,?US BY 0! 5D ( ! FIR/ WEEK ( ,AUGU/ #aiba ! ,P,S,I1 ,C,G,L & ! ,P,CD',I HAD (FICIALLY D5\NC$0 ! ORGANIZATION4 0,ONLY ! AN>*I/ LEAD]S1 IF NOT ALWAYS SYMPA!TIC TO ! PROGRAM ( ! .<,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO.>1 DID NOT AB&ON ! MOVEM5T40 ,9DE$1 ! LEAD+ AN>*I/ NEWSPAP]1 ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 0/RONGLY SUPPORT$0 IT 0ON ! GR\NDS IT REPRES5T$ A POPUL> EXPRESSION ( ANTI-FASCI/ RESI/ANCE & 9 DEF5SE ( FRE$OM TO ORGANIZE40 7,SONNESSA1 #a#i#e1 #a#i#d7 

,H[EV]1 9 SPITE ( ! DECISIONS BY !IR LEAD]S1 MANY RANK-&-FILE SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S TOOK P>T 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,! LATT] TOOK P>T 9 OP5 0DEFIANCE ( ! ,P,CD',I LEAD]%IP'S GR[+ AB&ONM5T0 ( IT4 ,9 ,TUR91 = EXAMPLE1 COMMUNI/S :O TOOK P>T 9 ! ,>DITI DEL ,POLOPO DID SO 0LESS AS COMMUNI/S & MORE AS P>T ( A WID]1 WORK+-CLASS SELF-ID5TIFICATION 444 ,?IS DYNAMIC WAS RE9=C$ BY AN IMPORTANT SOCIALI/ & AN>*I/ PRES5CE40 ,! FAILURE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]%IP TO SUPPORT ! MOVEM5T %[S ! BANKRUPTCY ( ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATIONAL =MS1 :I* W]E UNRESPONSIVE TO ! NE$S ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T4 ,9DE$1 !SE EV5TS %[ ! 0LIB]T>IAN CU/OM ( AUTONOMY FROM1 & RESI/ANCE TO1 AU?ORITY WAS ALSO OP]AT$ AGA9/ ! LEAD]S ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 P>TICUL>LY :5 !Y W]E HELD TO HAVE MISUND]/OOD ! SITUATION AT GRASS ROOTS LEVEL40 7,SONNESSA1 #b1 #a#i#h1 #a#i#c7 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY FAIL$ TO SUPPORT ! POPUL> RESI/ANCE TO FASCISM4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD] ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI >GU$ ?AT 0! P>TY LEAD]%IP'S ATTITUDE ON ! QUE/ION ( ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO 444 CORRESPOND$ TO A NE$ TO PREV5T ! P>TY MEMB]S FROM BE+ CONTROLL$ BY A LEAD]%IP ?AT WAS NOT ! P>TY'S LEAD]%IP40 ,GRAMSCI ADD$ ?AT ?IS POLICY 0S]V$ TO DISQUALIFY A MASS MOVEM5T :I* HAD />T$ FROM BEL[ & :I* C\LD 9/EAD HAVE BE5 EXPLOIT$ BY US POLITICALLY40 7,SELECTIONS FROM ,POLITICAL ,WRIT+S #a#i#b#a-#a#i#b#f .<,LAWR5CE & ,WI%>T1 #a#i#g#h.>1 #c#c#c7 ,:ILE LESS SECT>IAN T[>DS ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO ?AN O!R ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S1 0.<I.>N COMMON ) ALL COMMUNI/ LEAD]S1 ,GRAMSCI AWAIT$ ! =MATION ( ! ,P,CD',I-L$ MILIT>Y SQUADS40 7,SONNESSA1 #a#i#f7 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM WAS SE5 BY ! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]%IP AS A MEANS ( GA9+ MORE MEMB]S &1 :5 ! OPPOSITE WAS A POSSIBILITY1 !Y PREF]R$ DEFEAT & FASCISM RA!R ?AN RISK !IR FOLL[]S BECOM+ 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM4 

,AS ,ABSE NOTES1 0IT WAS ! )DRAWAL ( SUPPORT BY ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL ?AT CRIPPL$0 ! ,>DITI4 7#g#d7 ,?US 0SOCIAL RE=MI/ DEFEATISM & COMMUNI/ SECT>IANISM MADE IMPOSSIBLE AN >M$ OPPOSITION ?AT WAS WIDESPREAD & !RE=E EFFECTIVE2 & ! ISOLAT$ 9/ANCES ( POPUL> RESI/ANCE W]E UNABLE TO UNITE 9 A SUCCESSFUL /RATEGY40 ,& FASCISM C\LD HAVE BE5 DEFEAT$3 0,9SURRECTIONS AT ,S>ZANNA1 9 ,JULY #a#i#b#a1 & AT ,P>MA1 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#b1 >E EXAMPLES ( ! CORRECTNESS ( ! POLICIES :I* ! AN>*I/S URG$ 9 ACTION & PROPAG&A40 7,R$ ,YE>S1 ,BLACK ,YE>S1 #b-#c7 ,ABSE CONFIRMS ?IS ANALYSIS1 >GU+ ?AT 

.<W.>HAT HAPP5$ 9 ,P>MA 9 ,AUGU/ #aibb 444 C\LD HAVE HAPP5$ ELSE:]E1 IF ONLY ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,SOCIALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES ?R[N !IR WEI<T BEH9D ! CALL ( ! AN>*I/ ,MALATE/A = A UNIT$ REVOLUTION>Y FRONT AGA9/ ,FASCISM4 7#e#f7 

,AS ) LIB]T>IAN CALLS = A UNIT$ FRONT DUR+ ! NE>-REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION AFT] ! W>1 !SE CALLS W]E IGNOR$4 

,P]HAPS NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! /ATE V]BALLY D5\NC$ ! VIOL5CE 7ON BO? SIDES1 ( C\RSE67 BUT PRIM>ILY T>GET$ ?OSE OPPOS+ ! FASCI/S AS ,FABBRI NOT$3 

,ITALIAN JAILS >E FILL$ ) WORK]S & ! HEAVIE/ S5T5CES RA9 D[N ON WORK]S :O MADE ! MI/AKE 9 CLA%ES ( US+ VIOL5CE TO DEF5D !MSELVES FROM ! FASCI/S4 ,MOREOV]1 WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ! GOV]NM5T'S /ANCE AS SOON AS ! SPONTANE\S 9ITIATIVE ( ! PEOPLE CAME UP ) ! IDEA ( =M+ PROLET>IAN DEF5SE UNITS :I* W]E DUBB$ ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO4 ,\TSIDE ( ,ROME 444 ! M]E IDEA ( SETT+ UP ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO *APT]S HAS BE5 PREEMPTIVELY /AMP$ \T 9 ! MO/ VIGOR\S FA%ION - ?R\< BANS1 ?REATS1 RAIDS & >RE/S4 

,FABBRI ALSO 9DICAT$ 0! POLICE'S CLASS FUNCTION0 & H[ FASCI/ ATTACKS 0HAPP5$ UND] ! V]Y EYES ( HUGE POLICE1 C>AB9I]I1 ,ROYAL ,GU>D & CON/ABUL>Y =CES :O W\LD1 AFT] SOME 9ITIAL %AM OPPOSITION1 LET ?+S PROCE$0 :ILE 0*APT]S ( ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO >E BROK5 UP & ITS MEMB]S >RE/$ = (F5SES AGA9/ ! SECURITY ( ! /ATE - OR IS ! /ATE FASCISM1 P]HAPS8 - M]ELY = !IR 9T5TION TO (F] O!R ?AN PASSIVE RESI/ANCE TO FASCI/ VIOL5CE40 ,GOV]NM5TAL $ICTS 0TRIGG].<$.> ! IMPRISONM5T ( MANY MORE WORK]S AS SUPPOS$ ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO1 :]EAS NO ACTION WILL BE TAK5 AGA9/ ! FASCI/ ACTION SQUADS40 

,9 ! 5D1 FASCI/ VIOL5CE WAS SUCCESSFUL & CAPITALI/ P[] MA9TA9$3 

,! AN>*I/S' WILL & C\RAGE W]E NOT 5\< TO C\NT] ! FASCI/ GANGS1 P[]FULLY AID$ ) MAT]IAL & >MS1 BACK$ BY ! REPRESSIVE ORGANS ( ! /ATE4 ,AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E DECISIVE 9 SOME >EAS & 9 SOME 9DU/RIES1 BUT ONLY A SIMIL> *OICE ( DIRECT ACTION ON ! P>TS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY & ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR .<! RE=MI/ TRADE UNION.> C\LD HAVE HALT$ FASCISM4 7,R$ ,YE>S1 ,BLACK ,YE>S1 #a-#b7 

,AFT] HELP+ TO DEFEAT ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,M>XI/S HELP$ 5SURE ! VICTORY ( FASCISM4 

,CONCLUSIONS = TODAY 

,! RISE ( FASCISM CONFIRM$ ,MALATE/A'S W>N+ AT ! TIME ( ! FACTORY OCCUPATIONS3 0,IF WE DO NOT C>RY ON TO ! 5D1 WE WILL PAY ) TE>S ( BLOOD = ! FE> WE N[ 9/ILL 9 ! B\RGEOISIE40 7QUOT$ BY ,ABSE1 #f#f7 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT :5 !IR PRIVILEGES & P[] W]E 9 DANG]1 ! CAPITALI/S & ! L&[N]S TURN$ TO FASCISM TO SAVE !M4 ,?IS PROCESS IS A COMMON FEATURE 9 HI/ORY 7TO LI/ JU/ F\R EXAMPLES3 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 ,SPA9 & ,*ILI74 ,MOREOV]1 CAPITALI/S HAVE ALWAYS HIR$ PRIVATE GOONS TO BREAK /RIKES & UNIONS - ,AM]ICAN CAPITALI/S BE+ AT ! =EFRONT ( ?AT4 

,YET !RE IS NO MASS WORK+ CLASS REVOLT - NOR HAS !RE BE5 = MANY DECADES4 ,! NEO-LIB]AL ONSLAU<T />T$ BY ,C>T] & 9T5SIFI$ BY ,REAGAN HAS BE5 SUCCESSFUL - LABOR HAS BE5 DEFEAT$ TO A L>GE DEGREE & WEAL? HAS FLOOD$ UPW>DS 7RA!R ?AN 0TRICKL$ D[N074 ,AS SU*1 !RE IS NO REAL EQUIVAL5T ( ! RUL+ CLASS'S FE>S 9 ! #a#i#bS3 

,! AN>*I/ ,LUIGI ,FABBRI T]M$ FASCISM A PREV5TATIVE C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 BUT 9 HIS ESSAY HE MAKES ! IMPORTANT PO9T ?AT ! EMPLOY]S1 P>TICUL>LY 9 AGRICULTURE1 W]E NOT SO MU* MOV$ BY FE> ( A G5]AL REVOLUTION AS BY ! ]OSION ( !IR [N AU?ORITY & PROP]TY RI<TS :I* HAD ALREADY TAK5 PLACE LOCALLY3 ',! BOSSES FELT !Y W]E NO LONG] BOSSES4' 7,ADRIAN ,LYTTELTON1 0,ITALIAN ,FASCISM10 ,FASCISM3 ,A ,READ]'S ,GUIDE .<,P5GU91 #a#i#g#i.>1 #i#a7 

,! RISE ( ,TRUMP HAS BE5 SOME:AT DRIV51 IRONICALLY1 BY ?OSE MO/ SUBJECT TO ,REPUBLICAN POLICIES - POLICIES :I* ,TRUMP SEEKS TO CONT9UE 7UND] ! USUAL RHETORIC ( TAX RE=M74 ,H[EV]1 WE %\LD NOT /RESS ?AT ASPECT ( HIS SUPPORT TOO MU* - HE HAS ALWAYS BE5 MORE POPUL> ) ! TOP-5D ( ! WEAL? DI/RIBUTION4 ,MO/ ELEM5TS ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS SEEM HAPPY 5\< TO HAVE ! CRAZIES 9 (FICE SO LONG AS !Y CAN SECURE ?AT AG5DA4 ,%ORT-T]MISM1 P]HAPS1 BUT !RE IS NO POPUL> MOVEM5T TO DISABUSE !M ( SU* NOTIONS4 

,SO ! 0ALT-RI<T0 >E CURR5TLY NOT NE$$ BY ! RUL+ CLASS - BUT OBVI\SLY IT W\LD BE SUICIDAL TO IGNORE !M ON ! HOPE 7IF ?AT IS ! WORD67 ?AT !RE IS NO UPSURGE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE :I* W\LD MAKE !IR S]VICES MORE APPEAL+ TO ! ELITE4 ,LACK ( RUL+ CLASS BACK+ WILL NOT /OP !M FROM ATTACK+ BLACK PEOPLE1 FEM9I/S1 ! LEFT1 /RIK]S1 ETC4 IF !Y FEEL /RONG 5\<4 ,SO WE NE$ TO CONFRONT !M2 O!RWISE !Y WILL BE EMBOLD5$ BY ! LACK ( RESI/ANCE1 JU/ AS ! ,ITALIAN FASCI/S W]E4 ,& IF WE CONFRONT !M - EV5 V]BALLY - WE NE$ TO BE ABLE TO DEF5D \RSELVES1 JU/ AS ! MO/ =W>D-LOOK+ ( ! ,ITALIAN LEFT DID4 

,SIMIL>LY1 WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! /ATE IS NOT A NEUTRAL BODY & WILL SEEK TO DEF5D ! P[]S & PROP]TY ( ! FEW 7EV5 IF WE IGNORE ANY P]SONAL SYMPA?IES 9DIVIDUAL LAW 5=CEM5T (FIC]S HAVE ) ! RI<T74 ,ANY APPEAL TO ! /ATE TO PASS LAWS RE/RICT+ FRE$OM ( ASSEMBLY1 SPEE* & SO ON WILL SEE !M US$ PRIM>ILY AGA9/ ! LEFT & REBEL WORK]S4 ,SU* ILLUSIONS MU/ BE DISPELL$4 

,:ILE ! OBVI\S LESSON FROM ,ITALY IS ?AT WE MU/ UNITE ) ?OSE SEEK+ TO DEFEAT FASCISM1 WE MU/ BE WAT*FUL = TWO DANG]S4 

,FIR/1 ?AT ANTI-FASCISM GETS WAT]$ D[N SO MU* ?AT IT =GETS ! ROOTS ( FASCISM 9 CAPITALISM4 ,FASCISM RISES1 MO/LY1 TO DEF5D CAPITAL BUT ALSO TO SOME DEGREE BECAUSE IT (F]S FALSE SOLUTIONS TO REAL PROBLEMS4 ,ANY EFFECTIVE ANTI-FASCISM MU/ PROVIDE A CLASS ANALYSIS1 A CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM1 REAL SOLUTIONS4 ,?IS CANNOT BE DONE IF WE SEEK A POPUL> FRONT & SUBM]GE ?IS ANALYSIS4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ISOLATION1 QUITE ! REV]SE AS WE MU/ W9 O!RS TO \R VIEWS1 BUT ANY UNIT$ FRONT MU/ BE AW>E ( ! ROOTS ( FASCISM & H[ TO C\NT] ITS SCAPEGOAT+ ) G5U9E ALT]NATIVES4 ,URG+ PEOPLE TO SIMPLY VOTE = ! LESS] - BUT /ILL NEO-LIB]AL - EVIL WILL NOT DO IT4 

,SECOND1 WE MU/ BE WAT*FUL = ?OSE ON ! LEFT - PRIM>ILY ,L59I/S ( V>I\S K9DS - :O WILL VIEW ANY MILITANT ANTI-FASCI/ MOVEM5T AS M]ELY A MEANS = BUILD+ !IR P>TY4 ,AS ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/S %[S1 ?IS CAN GO SO F> AS TO UND]M9E POPUL> RESI/ANCE IF !Y ?9K ?AT IS WORK+ AGA9/ ! 9T]E/S ( ! VANGU>D4 ,POPUL> RESI/ANCE & ORGANIZATION NE$S TO BE VIEW$ AS A POSITIVE 9 & ( ITSELF1 NOT AS A MEANS ( BUILD+ A P>TY4 

,:ILE LE>N+ FROM HI/ORY1 WE MU/ BEW>E ( ME*ANICALLY APPLY+ :AT WORK$ 9 ! PA/4 ,WE >E NOT LIV+ 9 ,ITALY DUR+ ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,!RE IS NO MASS LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T ) FIRM ROOTS 9 WORKPLACES & COMMUNITIES4 ,! NE$ IS TO BUILD BO? & 9 ?IS ! ,>DITI DEL ,POPOLO %[S ! WAY =W>D4 ,IT UNIT$ ?OSE :O SAW ! ?REAT ( FASCISM & W]E WILL+ TO ACT4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS ALSO P>T ( WID] WORK+ CLASS SOCIAL MOVEM5TS - & WORK$ ) !SE TO DEFEAT ! FASCI/ GANGS4 ,)\T ?IS WID] SOCIAL BASE1 ANY MILITANT ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATION IS 9 DANG] ( BE+ ISOLAT$ & SO DEFEAT$ BY ! P[]S ( ! /ATE4 

,FUR!R ,READ+ 

,?IS >TICLE IS BAS$ ON SECTION ,A4#e4#e ( ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q VOL4 #a 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#h71 :I* COV]S ! NE> REVOLUTION 9 MORE DETAIL4 

,LUIGI ,FABBRI'S ,! ,PREV5TIVE ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION 7LIBCOM4ORG7 IS AN EXCELL5T E>LY 7#a#i#b#a7 ACC\NT ( ! RISE ( FASCISM BY A LEAD+ ,ITALIAN AN>*I/4 

,M4 ,TE/A'S ,MILITANT ,ANTI-,FASCISM3 ,A ,HUNDR$ ,YE>S ( ,RESI/ANCE 7,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a#e7 HAS A USEFUL *APT] ON ! RESI/ANCE TO ,MUSSOL9I4 

,TOM ,BEHAN'S ,! ,RESI/IBLE ,RISE ( ,B5ITO ,MUSSOL9I 7,BOOKM>KS1 #b#c7 %\LD BE AVOID$4 ,:ILE MEANT TO BE AB\T ! ,>DITO DEL ,POPOLO1 IT IS REALLY AB\T ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ITS ]RORS4 ,:ILE IT HAS SOME USEFUL MAT]IAL1 IT WAS WRITT5 BY A MEMB] ( ! ,BRITI% ,S,W,P DUR+ !IR %ORT-LIV$ RETURN TO ANTI-FASCI/ ACTIVITY 9 ! E>LY #bS & SUFF]S AS A RESULT4 ,SEE MY CRITIQUE 0,! IRRESI/IBLE CORRECTNESS ( AN>*ISM0 7AN>*ISM4PAGEABODE4COM74 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,FI<T+ ,FASCISM3 ,LESSONS FROM ,ITALY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,FI<T+ ,FASCISM3 ,LESSONS FROM ,ITALY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/