,F9D+ ,! ,SUBJECT3 ,NOTES ON ,:ITEBOOK & 0,HAB]MAS ,L,T,D40 

#aiha 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TAGS 3 CIVIL SOCIETY & ! /ATE1 CRITICAL !ORY ( JURG5 HAB]MAS1 MOD]N DIVISION ( LABOR1 APORIAS ( CRITICAL !ORY1 NORMATIVE CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY1 CRISIS ( LATE CAPITALISM1 CAPITALISM & ! FUTURE1 C5TRAL EUROPEAN 9TELLECTUAL LEFTI/S1 COMMODIFICATION ( ! WORLD1 C5TRAL EUROPEAN LEFTI/ 9TELLECTUALS4 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS >TICLE APPE>S 9 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES ) ! P]MISSION ( ! AU?OR4  ,FROM3 ,TELOS1 NO4 #e 
7,W9T] #a#i#h#a-#h#b74 

,TELOS ,DISCUSSIONS3 

,F,9,D,+ ,! ,S,U,B,J,E,C,T3  
,N,O,T,E,S ,O,N ,:,I,T,E,B,O,O,K ,& 0,H,A,B,],M,A,S ,L,T,D40 

BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

     

   

  0,= A :OLE S]IES ( REASONS1 ! REPUTATION ( ,K>L ,M>X HAS BE5 REBORN 9 A NEW =M1 ! =M ( ,M>X AS A SOCIOLOGI/4  ,I BELIEVE ?AT ?IS IS ]ROR3  ?AT ,M>X NEI!R WAS -- NOR 9 A V]Y IMPORTANT S5SE 9T5D$ TO BE -- A SOCIOLOGI/4440 

    

  

  ,DONALD ,G4 ,MACRAE  7#a7 

  

,PHOTO BY DUNCAN C1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,:ITEBOOK HAS KN[N = YE>S ?AT ,I REJECT ! V]Y USE ( ! WORD 0MOD]NITY40 ,SO HIS ATTEMPT TO DISSOCIATE ME FROM IT IS QUITE GRATUIT\S4 7#b7 ,HE ALSO KN[S ?AT ,I REJECT IT = REASONS ?AT HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) A DESIRE TO RETURN TO 0PREMOD]NITY40 ,I ALSO REJECT 0SOCIOLOGY0 & MO/ ( ! REIFI$ J>GON ( ! ,HAB]MAS ,E/ABLI%M5T -- A J>GON OP5 TO ! SAME IRONY ,ADORNO DEPLOY$ AGA9/ ! ,HEIDEGG]IANS4 7#c7 ,?IS IS P>T ( MY CONSCI\S 5DEAVOR TO RETA9 ,M>X'S COMBATIVE NOM5CLATURE1 JU/ AS ,HAB]MAS' REIFI$ J>GON IS P>T ( A CONSCI\S COMMITM5T TO AN ACADEMICALLY CON=MI/ ONE1 ,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 SOCIALISM & SOCIOLOGY-- 9CLUD+ SOCIOLOGESE -- HAS BE5 CONV5I5TLY =GOTT5 BY A G5]ATION ( 0LEFTI/ 9TELLECTUALS01 :OSE IDEOLOGICAL APP>ATUS WAS PI]C$ TOGE!R 9 CLASS ROOMS1 9/ITUTES1 & ! ,NEW ,S*OOL CAFET]IA4 ,!RE IS A SICK5+ GALL 9 ,JAMESON'S REM>KS ?AT 0,M>XI/ LIT]>Y CRITICISMS444 ( ! #a#i#cS444 WAS ( A RELATIVELY UN!ORETICAL1 ESS5TIALLY DIDACTIC NATURE1 DE/9$ MORE = USE 9 ! NI<T S*OOL ?AN 9 ! GRADUATE SEM9>40 ,:I* IS TO SAY ?AT ,M>XISM G5]ALLY IS NO LONG] SULLI$ BY ! 0BURN+ ISSUES ( ?OSE DAYS -- ANTI ,NAZISM1 ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 LIT]ATURE & ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM40 7#d7 ,READ]S ( ,HAB]MAS' EXCURSION 9TO 0NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS0 CAN JUDGE :E!R ,M>XI/ 0GRADUATE SEM9>S0 HAVE MADE CONTACT ) SU* 0NI<T S*OOL0 ISSUES AS ECOLOGY1 FEM9ISM1 ! ANTI-NUCLE> MOVEM5T1 HOMOSEXUALITY1 & COMMUNALISM4 7#e7  

   ,= MY P>T1 ! T]M MOD]NITY NE$S LEGITIMATION4 ,IT CAN EASILY CONCEAL REAL PH5OM5A -- SOCIAL RELATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS1 VALUES ROOT$ 9 MAT]IAL 9T]E/S1 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIAL IDEALS1 EXI/5TIAL TRADITIONS -- 9 %ORT1 MU* ?AT CAN BE BYPASS$ BY 0RADICAL0 IDEOLOGUES4 ,IT HAS AN ONUS ( AB/RACTION ?AT R5D]S ! NEUTRALIZATION ( KEY SOCIAL & CULTURAL ISSUES POSSIBLE4 ,H[ %REWDLY MOD]NITY CAN BE /RET*$ OR CONTRACT$ IS SUGGE/$ BY ,HAB]MAS' DESCRIPTION ( ! 0,5LI<T5M5T PROJECT0 AS AN EF=T 0TO DEVELOP OBJECTIVE SCI5CE1 UNIV]SAL MORALITY & LAW1 & AUTONOM\S >T1 ACCORD+ TO !IR 9N] LOGIC4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?IS PROJECT 9T5D$ TO RELEASE ! COGNITIVE POT5TIALS ( EA* ( !SE  DOMA9S TO  SET !M FREE FROM !IR ESOT]IC =MS40 7#f7  

   ,:5 ONE TURNS TO ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 H[EV]1 IT IS A/ONI%+ :AT CRUCIAL ISSUES ,HAB]MAS' LEVEL ( AB/RACTION P]MITS HIM TO OMIT3 ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S 0PROJECT0 TO DOM9ATE NATURE :I* F$ 9TO ITS ME*ANI/IC VISION ( ! WORLD1 ITS HI<LY BEHAVIORI/IC PSY*OLOGY :I*1 9 TURN1 =M$ ! PREMISES ( ITS P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES1 & ITS MY? ( UNCEAS+ PROGRESS4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ALL ( ?IS NAIVE PROGRESSIVISM EXI/$ 9 %>P T5SION ) ITS S5TIM5TALISM1 SIMPLI/IC AN?ROPOLOGY1 & A 0COGNITIVE POT5TIAL0 = AU?ORIT>IANISM4 ,?IS MIX ( ,5LI<T5M5T FEATURES IS NOT MEANT SO MU* TO CRITICIZE ,HAB]MAS' DEF9ITION ( ! 0PROJECT0 AS TO DISQUALIFY MOD]NITY & ! PROCLIVITY ( 0LEFTI/ 9TELLECTUALS0 TO ACCEPT A T]M9OLOGY ?AT LACKS P>TICUL>ITY & CONTACT ) EXI/5TIAL CONDITIONS4  

   ,BUT H]E ONE 5C\NT]S A KEY PROBLEM 9 ,HAB]MAS' 0PROJECT10 :I* EV5 HIS MO/ TR\BL$ CRITICS %>E3 A T5D5CY TO CATEGORIZE1 S*EMATIZE1 & AB/RACT ?AT1 AS ,GILLIAN ,ROSE OBS]VES ( ,ADORNO1 0PROVIDES NO ACC\NT ( ?OSE SOCIAL =MS :I* W\LD HAVE TO BE SPECIFI$ PRIOR TO ANY ACC\NT ( CORRESPOND+ POLITICAL =MS40 ,ROSE FUR!R NOTES ?AT 0,?IS IS ALSO TRUE ( ! WORK ( ,HAB]MAS4 ,AL?\< ,HAB]MAS HAS BAS$ ?IS !ORY ( LATE CAPITALISM ON A !ORY ( ! /ATE1 HE HAS AB&ON$ ! ANALYSIS ( ! COMMODITY =M AS ! BASIC UNIT ( SOCIAL ANALYSIS4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! /ATE IS A =CE SUI  G5]IS & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 /ATE & SOCIETY IS CONCEIV$ AS R$UC+ IT1 ULTIMATELY TO ! QUE/ION ( ! LEGITIMACY ( ! /ATE4 ,?IS MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ASK IF ! SEP>ATION ( ! POLITICAL SPH]E FROM ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC1 & ! RELATIVE AUTONOMY ( ! /ATE IS REAL OR M]ELY APP>5T40 7#g7  

   ,! PROBLEM ,ROSE RAISES IS NOT SIMPLY ONE ( SOCIO-ECONOMIC R$UCTIONISM1 BUT ( A FAIL+ 9 ,HAB]MAS ?AT ,ADORNO CALL$ 0CONCEPTUAL FETI%ISM0 & A 0SURPLUS ( ME?OD0 :I*1 0COMP>$ ) ! SUB/ANCE1 IS AB/RACT & FALSE40 7#h7  ,:AT IS 0ORIG9AL0 9 ,HAB]MAS' ,LEGITIMATION ,CRISIS IS NOT A CRISIS 9 9/ITUTIONAL 0LEGITIMACY40 ,! ISSUE ( DE9/ITUTIONALIZATION PRODUC$ BY ! C\NT]-CULTURE1 BLACKS & FEM9I/S WAS RAIS$ A DECADE BE=E ,HAB]MAS BEGAN TO MUMMIFY IT4 ,NOR IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 DE9/ITUTIONALIZATION & DELEGITIMATION M]ELY T]M9OLOGICAL4 ,! =M] IS B\ND TO A LIV+ PRACTICE :ILE ! LATT] SIMPLY R$UCES ! ISSUES TO M]E SOCIOLOGY4  

   ,9 ,LEGITIMATION ,CRISIS1 ,HAB]MAS MY/IFIES DE9/ITUTIONALIZATION BY R5D]+ IT ALMO/ COMPLETELY CONCEPTUAL4 ,HE HAS 9FUS$ ! PROBLEM ( LEGITIMATION ) SY/EMS !ORY1 AB/RACT NORMATIVE CATEGORIES1 AN 0ACTION !ORY0 ?AT ITSELF BECOMES A CATEGORY ADORN$ ) FL[ DIAGRAMS1 *>TS1 & AN ANNOY+LY ABMBIGU\S J>GON1 A %ALL[ RECITATION ( EVOLUTION>Y 0SOCIAL =MATIONS10 SURPRIS+LY TRADITIONAL 0!OREMS ( ECONOMIC CRISES10 A NOTION ( 0C\NT]-CULTURE0 ?AT IS MORE ,BOHEMIAN ?AN POPULI/1 & A G5]AL ANALYTICAL /RATEGY ?AT IS B]EFT ( DIALECTIC4 ,IT LACKS SO MU* ( :AT ,ADORNO CALL$ 0NUANCE0 ?AT IT READS MORE LIKE A MANUAL ?AT A COH]5T 9T]PRETATION4 7#i7 ,:ILE ,ADORNO'S 0CONCRETE P>TICUL>0 /&S 9 DIALECTICAL OPPOSITION TO ! CONCEPT1 ,HAB]MAS' PROCLIVITY = CONCEPTUAL 0R$UCTIONISM0 T5DS TO DISSOLVE ! CONCRETE4 ,?IS FAIL+ IS AS ACUTE AS HIS DUALISM1 HIS LACK ( A NATURAL HI/ORY1 HIS 9ABILITY TO DEAL S]I\SLY ) ANY  0PRECOGNITIVE EXP]I5CE01 HIS GROSS LACK ( ES!TIC 9SI<T1& HIS REMOT5ESS TO ! P>TICUL>ITY ( SOCIAL & CULTURAL PROBLEMS4 ,HIS 0SURPLUS0 IS NOT ONLY ONE ( ME?OD BUT ( CONCEPTS AT ! EXP5SE ( CONCRET5ESS4  ,HAB]MAS CAN C]TA9LY ?9K & S*EMATIZE1 BUT HE IS SURPRIS+LY PALLID AS A G5]ALIZ]4 ,?IS MAY SEEM LIKE AN OV]/ATEM5T4 ,BUT COH]5CE IS NOT NECESS>ILY CONGRU5T ) BUILD+ SY/EMS FROM C\NTLESSLY UNRELAT$ BLOCKS2 BUILD+ SY/EMS IS NOT CONGRU5T ) FL[ DIAGRAMS & FL[ DIAGRAMS >E NOT CONGRU5T ) DIALECTICS4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ! REALITY FROM :I* ,HAB]MAS DRAWS IS SO 9TELLECTUALIZ$1 SO ?9N$ ( ITS LIV+ SUB/ANCE1 P>TICUL>ITY1 & POT5TIALITIES ?AT =MAL S*EMATA BECOME SUB/ITUTES = DIALECTIC & ORGANIC DEVELOPM5T4  

   ,HAB]MAS' /UP5D\S PROJECT IS1 9 ,MC,C>?Y'S WORDS1 TO =MULATE A CRITICAL SOCIAL !ORY ?AT WILL 0BE EMPIRICAL & SCI5TIFIC )\T BE+ R$UCIBLE TO EMPIRICAL-ANALYTIC SCI5CE1 PHILOSOPHICAL 9 ! S5SE ( CRITIQUE BUT NOT ( PRESUPPOSITIONLESS 'FIR/ PHILOSOPHY1' HI/ORICAL )\T BE+ HI/ORICAL1 & PRACTICAL 9 ! S5SE ( BE+ ORI5T$ TO AN EMANCIPATORY POLITICAL PRACTICE BUT NOT TO TE*NOLOGICAL-ADM9I/RATIVE CONTROL40 7#a7 ,! QUE/ION IS :E!R ,HAB]MAS HAS CLOS$ ! GAPS BETWE5 AN EMPIRICAL SCI5CE1 CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 & EMANCIPATORY PRACTICE OR IS M]ELY /RADDL+ !M BY REMA9+ TWICE OR ?RICE REMOV$ FROM ! REALITY ?AT ALONE CAN RELIEVE  HIM FROM SU* A T]RIBLY DEM&+ PO/URE4  ,HE USES COMMUNICATION !ORY AS HIS GR\NDWORK4 ,ONE MAY WOND] :Y SO FEW NEO-,M>XI/S EMBRAC$ ?IS WONDR\S RES\RCE A G5]ATION OR TWO AGO1 :5 EV5 0NI<T S*OOLS0 W]E TR\BL$ BY ! FAILURE ( PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM4 ,?AT WE MU/ ALL COMMUNICATE ) EA* O!R1 H[EV]1 SEEM$ ,IIKE A BANALITY & ?AT FRE$OM PRESUPPOSES ! ABS5CE ( SPEE* CON/RA9TS W\LD HAVE BE5 ASSUM$1 ,HAB]MAS' !ORY ( COMMUNICATIVE ACTION IS SO %AD[Y1 FIAT1 & PRET5TI\SLY UNFULFILL+ 9 ITS CLAIMS TO CONSEQU5CE & 9SI<T ?AT ONE IS (T5 L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT HE HAS SOME?+ TO SAY SIMPLY BECAUSE HIS D5SE PROSE IS F9ALLY P5ETRAT$4 ,! M]E RELIEF ONE FEELS FROM ! PA9 ( TRY+ TO UND]/& :AT HE HAS TO SAY IS MI/AK5 = ! BELIEF ?AT1 HE REALLY HAS SAID SOME?+ SIGNIFICANT4  

   ,HAB]MAS TOTALLY BETRAYS ! OLD ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL1 H[EV] MU* HE PR(ESSES TO DEAL ) ! UNRESOLV$ PROBLEMS ?AT HAUNT$ IT4 ,9 GIV+ ! 0L+UI/IC TURN0 9 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN POSITIVISM AN 0,EMANCIPATION 9T]E/10 HE ESS5TIALLY SEP>ATES ! PROBLEM ( COMMUNICATION FROM ! 9/ITUTIONAL ISSUES ( EMANCIPATION1 ONLY TO /RUGGLE1 ! PROBLEMS ( ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL BACK 9 A L+UI/ICALLY REIFI$ =M4 ,AFT] WE AGREE ?AT COMMUNICATIVE COMPET5CE RE/S ON UND]/&ABLE UTT]ANCES1 TRU?FUL PROPOSITIONS1 ! S9C]ITY ( SPEE* P>TN]S1 & ! APPROPRIAT5ESS ( A SPEE* P]=MANCE1 WE CANNOT EVADE ! FACT ?AT ! CONS5SUS REQUIR$ TO FULFILL !SE REQUIREM5T MU/ BE GR\ND$ NOT 9 L+UI/ICS OR COMMUNICATIVE ACTION1 BUT 9 9/ITUTIONS4 ,EI!R \R PRIORITIES MU/ BE ORD]$ 9 ?IS FA%ION OR ,HAB]MAS MU/ GR\ND ! CONDITIONS = IDEAL DISC\RSE 9 A DEP? L+UI/ICS ?AT CONTA9S NOT ONLY AN 9NATE HUMAN 0GRAMM>0 BUT ! POT5TIALITY = AN 9NATE RATIONAL SOCIETY4  

   ,HAB]MAS SEEMS TO HAVE ALREADY PRODUC$ A RA!R CONT\RLESS METAL+UI/ICS :I* M]ELY RECYCLES ! PROBLEM ( NORMATIVE VALIDITY )\T RESOLV+ IT4 ,/AT$ BALDLY1 IT IS HIS BELIEF ?AT ! CONCEPT ( TRU? SO ESS5TIAL TO AN IDEAL SPEE* SITUATION IS IMPLI$ 9 COMMUNICATION ITSELF -- A CLAIM ?AT BEGS  ! QUE/ION 7#a#a7 ,! GR\ND+ = IDEAL SPEE* LURKS LIKE A UTOPIAN POT5TIALITY 9 DI/ORT$ COMMUNICATION4  ,IT BECKONS US T[>D IDEALITY JU/ AS ! 0PLEASURE PR9CIPLE0 BECKONS US T[>D S5SUAL FULFILLM5T4 ,H]E1 ,HAB]MAS' ANALYSIS DRIFTS T[>D ! 0IDEALISM0 HIS CLAIMS TO SCI5TIFIC RIGOR PR(ESS TO TRANSC5D4 ,BUT HIS ATTEMPT  TO /RADDLE TWO CONFLICT+  1 /RATEGIES ( ANALYSIS LEADS TO A !ORETICAL LIMBO4 ,?IS UNFULFILL$ IDEALITY LAT5T 9 COMMUNICATIVE ACTION BECOMES  A M]E SE$ ?AT LIES ON CONCRETE2 IT REQUIRES A SOCIAL M$IUM 9 :I* TO SPR\T -- ONE ?AT IS REPEAT$LY DILUT$ BY ! IMPORTANCE ,HAB]MAS ASCRIBES TO SY/EMS ( IDEAS4 7#a#b7  

   ,H[ ,HAB]MAS DEALS ) 0NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS0 BELEAGU]+ HIS WORLD ( COMMUNICATIVE COMPET5CE BE>S DIRECTLY ON ! PROMISE HIS SY/EM HOLDS4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 FEW WORKS MORE CLE>LY REVEAL ! EXT5T TO :I* A CONTEMPOR>Y 0DI*OTOMY0 EXI/S 9 HIS [N M9D BETWE5 0NORMATIVE /RUCTURES0 & 0SUB/RATUM CATEGORIES0 -- ?AT IS1  ! EXT5T TO :I* HE HAS R$UC$  0ACTION !ORY0 ITSELF TO A CATEGORY -- ?AN AN 9T]VIEW DEAL+ ) 0,! ,CRISIS ( ,LATE ,CAPITALISM & ! ,FUTURE ( ,DEMOCRACY0 & ! CONCLUSION ( HIS MO/ REC5T BOOK4 7#a#c7 ,9 ! 9T]VIEW1 ! ISSUE IS JO9$ MO/ %>PLY :5 ! 9T]VIEW] QU]IES ,HAB]MAS AB\T 0APP>5TLY UNPOLITICAL PH5OM5A ( PROTE/10 MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T4 ,HAB]MAS' RESPONSE IS REVEAL+ = ITS REM>KABLE REMOT5ESS FROM REALITY4 ,! 0WOM5'S MOVEM5T 444 />TS FROM A C5TRAL PROBLEM -- EQUALITY ( RI<TS0 & IT 0BELONGS AS MU* TO ! B\RGEOIS TRADITION ( EMANCIPATION AS TO ! SOCIALI/ ONE4 ,FROM ! IDEOLOGICAL VIEWPO9T1 IT CAN BE PLAC$ AMONG ! GREAT MOVEM5TS ORI5T$ T[>D UNIV]SALI/IC VALUES1 AT LEA/ P>TLY4 ,?IS IS NOT TRUE ( ! O!R MOVEM5TS .<I4E41 ECOLOGY1 CITIZ5S' 9ITIATIVE1 ETC4 - ,M4 ,B4.>40  

   ,! 9T]VIEW] IS />TL$ 0,BUT WOM5 GO BEYOND ! DEM& = EQUALITY 7& H]E ?IS MOVEM5T MEETS CRITIQUES ( ,M>XISM AS A SIMPLE !ORY ( SOCIAL EQUALITY74 ,!Y SPEAK ( LIB]ATION40 ,HAB]MAS1 :OSE RESPONSE IS A CUT BEL[ :AT ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL W\LD HAVE ADVANC$ NE>LY A C5TURY AGO1 IS CAU<T (F GU>D4 ,HIS ELABORATION1 H[EV]1 IS EV5 WORSE ?AN HIS 9ITIAL ANSW]4 ,WE LE>N ?AT !RE 0>E OBVI\S SIMIL>ITIES .<BETWE5 ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T.> & NEO-POPULISM .<I4 E41 ! 0O!R MOVEM5TS0 -- ,M4 ,B4.>40 ,! 0CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC PROCESS0 HAS 0VIOLAT$ A  RES]VE :I* IS /ILL PROTECT$ 9 SOME WAYS BY ! FAMILY 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETIES1 & BY ! MIDDLE CLASS 9 P>TICUL>40 ,MOREOV]1 WOM5 HAVE 5T]$ 9TO 0! RES]VE >MY ( ! LABOR M>KET4 4 4 A PROCESS ?AT IS CON/ANTLY 5GULF+ L>G] B\RGEOIS /RATA40 ,H]E1 ,HAB]MAS APP>5TLY HAS A VISION ( !SE 0NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS0 ?AT IS CLOS] TO BL9DNESS ?AN MYOPIA4 

   ,9 HIS SURVEY (  0NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS10 ,HAB]MAS IS AS AU C\RANT AS HE CAN BE3 !SE MOVEM5TS >E 0SP>K$0 NOT 0BY PROBLEMS ( DI/RIBUTION'1 BUT CONC]N ! GRAMM> ( ! =MS ( LIFE40 ,HAV+ UNE>!D !IR 0GRAMM>10 ,HAB]MAS CAN N[ =MULATE HIS ,LEGITIMATION ,CRISIS 9 ITS MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y =MS4 ,TO UND]/& ! 0NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS0 WE MU/ GO BEYOND ! 0B\RGEOIS LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS0 & ! 0WORK]S' MOVEM5TS0 TO ! 0SOCIAL-ROMANTIC MOVEM5TS ( E>LY 9DU/RIALISM1 L$ BY CRAFTSM51 PLEBEIANS1 & WORK]S2 9 ! DEF5SIVE MOVEM5TS ( ! POPULI/ MIDDLE CLASS2 9 ! ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE MOTIVAT$ BY B\RGEOIS CRITIQUES ( CIVILIZATION UND]TAK5 BY RE=M]S1 ,W&]VOGEL1 & SO ON40 ,9 %ORT1 IT IS ! S\RCE ( ,:ITEBOOK'S >GUM5T AGA9/ ! 0,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN 9TELLECTUAL LEFTI/S0 7#a#d7 :O >E LITTLE MORE ?AN HI<LY 9TELLIG5T BUT ATAVI/IC ,LUDDITES4 

  ,& IF ,:ITEBOOK'S VISION ( ,HAB]MAS AS A BA/ION AGA9/ 0ANTI-MOD]NISM0 IS S\ND1 ?IS REVIVAL ( 0>*AIC0 SOCIAL & CULTURAL T5D5CIES %\LD BE DISMISS$1 NAY1 ATTACK$1 AS REACTION>Y6 ,BUT ,HAB]MAS1 POSSIBLY TR\BL$ BY ! BAD NAME HE W\LD RECEIVE1 WAFFLES3 ONLY ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T 0FOLL[S ! TRADITION ( B\RGEOIS-SOCIALI/ LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS10 A REIT]ATION ( ! POSITION HE TOOK 9 ! ,BOLAFFI 9T]VIEW4 ,! REMA9+ MOVEM5TS -- 0! ANTI-NUCLE> & 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T2 ! PEACE MOVEM5T4 4 4 ! CITIZ5S' ACTION MOVEM5T2 ! ALT]NATIVE MOVEM5TS2 M9ORITIES 7! ELD]LY1 HOMOSEXUALS1 DISABL$ PEOPLES1 ETC470 -- >E 0RECON/RUCT$0 TO 9CLUDE NOT ONLY 0SUPPORT GR\PS1 Y\? SECTS10 0RESI/ANCE TO 'MOD]NI/ RE=MS1'0 & E?NIC1 CULTURAL & L+UI/IC AUTONOMY MOVEM5TS BUT 0RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM40 ,!SE MOVEM5TS >E ESS5TIALLY 0DEF5SIVE 9 *>ACT]40 ,HAB]MAS CAN P]CEIVE ?AT FEM9ISM IS L9K$ 0P>TICUL>I/ICALLY0 TO ALL ( !SE MOVEM5TS & 9VOLVES 0! TOPPL+ ( CONCRETE LIFE/YLES DET]M9$ BY MALE MONOPOLIES10 BUT !SE RESIDUAL 0DEF5SIVE0 MOVEM5TS 0DO NOT SEEK TO CONQU] NEW T]RITORY40 ,!Y >E 0L>GELY AB/RACT & REQUIRE 0TE*NICAL & ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS ?AT MU/1 9 TURN1 BE PLANN$ GLOBALLY & IMPLEM5T$ BY ADM9I/RATIVE .<READ3 BUREAUCRATIC -- ,M4 ,B4.> MEANS40 4 ,AFT] SOME *IT-*AT AB\T PROBLEMS ( ! 0LIFE WORLD0 & 0PROBLEMS ( OV]-COMPLEXITY10 ,HAB]MAS BEG9S TO SNIPE AT 0UNDIRECT$ EXPLOSIONS ( Y\?FUL DI/URBANCES1 4 1 SURREALI/IC VIOLATIONS ( ! RULES4 4 4 VIOL5T PROVOCATIONS & 9TIMIDATIONS .<?AT.> NEGATE ! DEF9ITIONS ( ! CITIZ5S' ROLE AS WELL AS ! R\T9ES ( A GOAL-ORI5T$ REALIZATION ( 9T]E/S0 7EMPHASIS ADD$7 

   ,NEV] TO BE ACCUS$ ( HAV+ A FIRM OP9ION AB\T CONTEMPOR>Y REALITY1 ,HAB]MAS RETREATS 9TO A 0DOMA90 ( BE/ WI%ES3 0,REG>DLESS ( H[ UNREALI/IC0 ! NOTIONS ( C\NT]-9/ITUTIONS MAY BE -- NOTIONS :I* HE DRAWS FROM ,GORZ1 ( ALL PEOPLE -- ,HAB]MAS COM=TS US ) ! REFLECTION ?AT 0!Y REMA9 IMPORTANT = ! POLEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! NEW RESI/ANCE & RETREAT MOVEM5TS :I* >E REACT+ TO ! COLONIZATION ( ! LIFE-WORLD40 ,CONFUS$ BY ! 0RATIONALIZATION ( ! LIFE WORLD0 & ! 09CREAS+ COMPLEXITY ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM10 ,HAB]MAS IS 9 A POSITION TO EXPLA9 :Y 0NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS0 YIELD SU* 9T]NAL CROSS CURR5TS AS ! 0ANTI-MOD]NISM ( ! Y\NG CONS]VATIVES0 & 0! NEW CONS]VATIVE DEF5SE ( A PO/-MOD]NISM ?AT ROBS A MOD]NISM ALI5AT$ FROM ITSELF ( ITS REASONABLE CONT5T & ITS POSSIBILITIES = ! FUTURE40  

  ,:5 ,ADORNO VOIC$ HIS DESPAIR = ! FUTURE1 HE DID SO ) ELEGANCE & P]CEPTION2 :5 ,HAB]MAS VOICES HIS DESPAIR1 IT IS CLUMSY & %ALL[4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ANY ( !SE VEM5TS >E IMPORTANT TO ,HAB]MAS1 EXCEPT AS AN 9TELLECTUAL EX]CISE4 ,9DE$1 !IR 0*ALL5GES >E L>GELY AB/RACT10 :I*  IS TO SAY ?AT ,HAB]MAS1 :O CAN ONLY 0RECON/RUCT0 !M 9 T]MS ( GLOBAL PLANN+ BY BUREAUCRATIC MEANS1 HAS 9TELLECTUALIZ$ !M TO A PO9T :]E !Y >E SIMPLY  COH]5T1 9DE$1 ATAVI/IC4 ,TO 9T]MIX ! 0PEACE MOVEM5T10 ALT]NATIVE 5]GY & COMMUNITY MOVEM5TS1 HOMOSEXUALITY & ITIZ5S' 9ITIATIVE MOVEM5TS ) 0RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM0 & EV5 NEO-FASCISM REFLECTS A BREAKD[N 9 ,HAB]MAS' REALITY R9CIPLE4 ,! UNIFY+ POT5TIALITIES ?AT PROVIDE ! BE/ ( !E MOVEM5TS ) RADICAL POSSIBILITIES ELUDE ?IS MAN4 ,HAB]MAS SUFF]S FROM AN 9CURABLE 9TELLECTUAL ILLNESS3 HE HAS NO S5SE ( POT5TIALITY4 ,EV]Y PHASE ( A DEVELOPM5T MU/ BE FROZ5 ITS  FECUNDITY IGNOR$1 ITS COMPON5TS R5D]$ /ATIC & CROSS SECTIONAL4   

  ,9 PO9T ( FACT1 ! 0OLD]0 ,HAB]MAS H]E /&S V]Y MU* AT ODDS ) !   0Y\NG]0 9 MORE WAYS ?AN ,:ITEBOOK SUGGE/S AT ! CLOSE ( HIS >TICLE4 ,IF !    ,HAB]MAS ( 0,TE*NOLOGY & ,SCI5CE AS  ',IDEOLOGY'0 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS WAS TO ADVANCE    ! NE$ = 0REFLECTION0 ?AT WILL 0P5ETRATE BEYOND ! LEVEL ( P>TICUL> HI/ORICAL    CLASS 9T]E/S TO DISCLOSE ! FUNDAM5TAL 9T]E/S ( MANK9D AS SU*10 ! ,HAB]MAS    ( ! LATE #a#i#gS /IMATIZES ! V]Y G5]ALIZATION ( P>TICUL> 9T]E/S4 ,!    ABS5CE ( 0P>TICUL>ITY0 SEEMS TO E>N !M ! ODIUM ( BE+ DEF5SIVELY 0NEOPOPULI/40 ,?IS /IMATIZES !M AS A REGRESSION FROM ! PO/-,LUDDITE WORK]S'    MOVEM5T1 = ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S1 TO A UNIV]SALI/IC 0UTOPIAN0 MOVEM5T ( 0!    PEOPLE40 7#a#e7 ,HE DESIGNATES !M AS 0PLEBEIANS10 O!RS AS ! 0OPPRESS$40 ,BUT HE    CANNOT RECOGNIZE 0! FUNDAM5TAL 9T]E/S ( MANK9D0   --9CLUD+ WOMANK9D --    9 ANY =M ?AT IS NOT 0TRANSC5D5TAL40  

  ,5\< HAS BE5 WRITT5 7(T5 9ACCURATELY7 AB\T ! TURN FROM AN EMANCIPATORY    CRITICAL ANALYSIS 0( AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON EX*ANGE0 & 0BA!D 9 BITT] REALITY    ITSELF' 7! WORDS >E ,HORKHEIM]'S7 TO A /RATEGY ( ! IMMAN5T CRITIQUE ( REASON & CULTURE 9 A WORLD :]E 0IDEOLOGY MEANS SOCIETY AS APPE>ANCE0 & EV5 IMMAN5T CRITIQUE 0IS DRAGG$ 9TO ! ABYSS BY ITS OBJECT0 7#a#f7 7,ADORNO'S WORDS7 ,DALLMAYR SEES 9 ,ADORNO'S ,NEGATIVE ,DIALECTICS 0! DEBUNK+ ( AN?ROPOC5TRIC PRET5SIONS 7:I* >E NOT SYNONYM\S ) ! ELIM9ATION ( REFLECTION 9 FAVOR (    OBJECTIVISM710 A DEBUNK+ ?AT 09VOLVES AN EF=T TO BREAK OP5 SUBJECTIVITY 9 !    DIRECTION ( NON-SUBJECTIVE REALITY1 AN EF=T GUID$ NOT BY A DESIRE TO CONTROL OR    MANIPULATE ! WORLD1 BUT AN ATTITUDE ( ATT5TIVE C>E & A WILL+NESS TO RESPECT    DIV]SITY4 0 7#a#g7   

  ,SO CONCEIVCD1 IT IS NOT CLE> ?AT ,ADORNO'S P]SPECTIVE CAN BE DISMISS$ AS IRR$EEMABLY PESSIMISITIC4 ,HIS EF=T IS MU* CLOS] TO \R TIMES ?AN ,HAB]MAS' 0UNIV]SAL PRAGMATICS0 ) ITS COLLECTION ( UNR$EEM$ 0PROMISSORY NOTES40 ,REAL PESSIMISM LIES 9 SU* CASUAL DISMISSALS ( ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL'S CRITIQUE ( 09/RUM5TAL RELATIONS0 A,S AN 0EF=T TO L9K HUMAN EMANCIPATION.> TO A DUBIOS1 ES*ATOLOGICAL.> NOTION ( A RECONCILIATION ) NATURE 9 ! =M ( NEW SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY40 ,?IS >ROGANT =MULATION BY ,M5ELSOHN PRESUPPOSES ?AT ! WRIT] IS ON 9TIMATE T]MS ) SU* GREASY 0NI<T S*OOL0 SUBJECTS AS ! TE*NICS ?AT ! ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGY MOVEM5T HAS BE5 DEVELOP+4 ,TO DISMISS1 AS ,M5DLSOHN DOTS1 ?IS 0ES*ATOLOGICAL NOTION ( A RECONCILIATION ) NATURE0 AS AB/RACT1 0MORALIZ+0 7A T]RIFY+ T]M67 & 0ILL-SUIT$ = G5]AT+ A CRITIQUE ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN ELEM5TS ILL OR?ODOX SOCIALISM0 7PRESUMABLY1 ,M5DELSOHN IS /ILL J\/+ ) 0DIAMAT07 IS TO SUGGE/ ?AT \R VIRTUALLY NO S5SE ( ! FACT ?AT A S]I\S CRITIQUE ( SOCIALISM MU/ TAKE ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE FROM ! ,5LI<T5M5T ,M5DELSOHN APP>5TLY SEES NO ALT]NATIVE TO ! VISION ( A DOM9AT$ NATURE4 7#a#h7 TE*NICS1 ANIT-NATURALI/IC S5SIBILITY1 & UTIMATELY SCI5TISCIT 0AMORALITY0 ( ! /ATUS QUO1 ) ITS 9S5SITIVITY TO 0ES*ATOLOGICAL0 & UTOPIAN VISIONS4  

  ,TO SIMPLY DESIGNATE ,ADORNOO AS 0PESSIMI/IC0 IS A *EAP SNOT4  ,ADORNO WAS A TRANSITIONAL FIGURE :OSE PULSAT+ CONTR>IETY & FOCUS ON ! NONID5TITY ( ! OBJECT ) ! CONCEPT ADVANC$ A P[]FUL P]SPECTIVE = CLE>+ ! AIR ( OSSIFI$ NOTIONS (  REASON1 HI/ORY1 PROGRESS1 CON=MITY1 & CONCEPTUAL FIXITY4 ,IT IS IRONIC ?AT ?IS P]SPECTIVE HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ 9 RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY RA!R ?AN 9 ! /]ILE WORLD ( NEO-,M>XISM4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,ADORNO DID NOT ADVANCE HIS DIALECTIC ( DOM9ATION 9TO A DIALECTIC ( HI]>*Y -- = H]E HE W\LD HAVE HAD TO EMBRACE ?OSE HAUNT+ 0<O/S0 ( AN>*ISM AGA9/ :I* HE CAUTION$ ! ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,YET NO ?9K] 9 ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL WAS MORE AN>*IC4 ,! REAL !ME ( ! ,DIALECTIC  ( ,5LI<T5M5T IS SIMPLY NOT R$UCIBLC TO A SELF-NEGATION ( REASON 9TO 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY4 ,IT WAS1 ABOVE ALL1 A CRITIQUE ( 0 'PROGRESS' 9 REASON1 :I*1 FAIL+ A REVOLUTION 9 ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURE1 BEGAN TO DUPLICATE ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?AT /RUCTURE & FELL BACK 9TO MY?40 7#a#i7  

  ,IT IS P>T ( ! P]V]SITY ( \R TIME ?AT ,HAB]MAS HAS /AK$ \T A CLAIM TO ?IS WORK ( CONSUMMATION ) TEXT BOOKS 9 SOCIOLOGY & ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS4 ,GILLIAN ,ROSE HAS SUMM$ UP ?IS DESICCAT$ 5DEAVOR ) ADMIRABLE SUCC9CTNESS3 0,HAB]MAS WORK IS WELL-KN[N = (F]+ AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! %ORTCOM+S ( ,ADORNO'S ?\<T4 ,HE ACCUSES ,ADORNO ( CONFUS+ ! CRITIQUE ( IDEOLOGY ) A !ORY ( LATE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 ( MAK+ !ORY IMPOSSIBLE BY BAS+ IT ON '! :OLE IS ! FALSE1' A PROPOSITION :I* PRECLUDES ANY DET]M9ATE NEGATION4 ,HAB]MAS1 FUR!RMORE1 D5IES ! POSSIBILITY ( 'IMMAN5T CRITIQUE' BECAUSE LATE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY NO LONG] (F]S ANY NORMS1 VALUES1 OR CULTURAL =MS TO :I* AN 'IMMAN5T CRITIQUE' MI<T APPEAL4 ,HAB]MAS 9T]PRETS ,ADORNO'S CRITIQUE ( ID5TITY AS ,HEGELIAN1 & UND]/&S HIS ?\<T AS BAS$ ON IDEAS ( RECONCILIATION & '! RESURRECTION ( NATURE4' ,HE APPE>S TO HAVE TAK5 ,ADORNO'S PROPOSITION '! :OLE IS ! FALSE' TOO LIT]ALLY1 OV]LOOK+ ! DIALECTICAL PLAY 9 IT4 ,HE GRANTS NO VALIDITY TO ,ADORNO'S G5]ALIZATION ( ,M>X'S !ORY ( VALUE TO PRODUCE A SOCIOLOGY ( ILLUSION 9 LATE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,HE DOES NOT SEE ?AT ,ADORNO'S CRITIQUE ( ID5TITY IS NOT ,HEGLIAN1 & ?AT F> FROM DEF9+ A PROBLEM ( ! RESURRECT9 ( NATURE1 ,ADORNO R$EF9ES 'NATURE' TO MEAN '! HI/ORY ( CULTURE1' & EMPHATICALLY REJECTS ANY RECONCILIATION 9 HI/ORY OR ANY APO!OSIS ( NATURE40 7#b7  

  ,= ,HAB]MAS1 ! 0RESURRECTION ( FALL5 NATURE0 IS ACTUALLY AN IMPLICIT IMPUTATION RA!R ?AN AN EXPLICIT =MULATION4 ,IT IS A DESID]ATUM ?AT REFLECTS 0! MORE SECRET HOPES ( ,WALT] ,B5JAM91 ,MAX ,HORKHEIM]1 & ,!ODOR ,W4 ,ADORNO40 7#b#a7 ,ROSE'S CRITICISM ON ?IS SCORE SEEMS MORE TRU/WOR?Y ?AN ,HAB]MAS' ATTEMPT TO S*EMATIZE ,ADORNO4 ,HUMANITY'S RELATION TO NATURE IS PRIM>ILY A PROBLEM ( EVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 A SUB/ANTIVE NATURE PHILOSOPHY1 TE*NICS & S5SIBILITY -- NOT ,JEWI% & ,PROTE/ANT MY/ICISM4 ,BLO*'S MORE APPROPRIATE =MULATION -- 0?AT ! HUMAN H\SE /&S  NOT ONLY 9 HI/ORY & ON ! GR\ND ( HUMAN ACTIVITY2 IT /&S PRIM>ILY ON ! GR\ND ( A M$IAT$ NATURAL SUBJECTIVITY0 -- MORE SOLIDLY REFLECTS ! ASPIRATIONS ( A NEW SCI5CE & AN ECOLOGICAL TE*NICS ?AN ! =MLESS LANGUAGE ( ,HEBRAIC & PIETI/IC MY/ICISM 4  7#b#b7  

  ,IT IS TRAGIC ?AT ,ADORNO C\LD NOT REMOVE :AT ,BUCK-,MORSS CALLS 0! TABOO AGA9/ POSITIVITY407#b#c7 ,TO DO SO W\LD 5TAIL A 0RECON/RUCT9O0 ( HUMANITY'S RELATION )   NATURE 9 T]MS ( A RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY ACCORD+ TO :I* ! GRAD$ 7I4E4 M$IAT$7 DEVELOPM5T ( NATURAL HI/ORY 9TO SOCIAL HI/ORY CEASES TO BE TELEOLOGICALLY PREGIV5 9 ! EM]G5CE ( CAPITALISM & ! NOTION ( HUMANITY'S DOM9ATION ( NATURE -- A NOTION ( DOM9ATIONN ?AT HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN4 ,CONTR>IETY IS PRES]V$ 9 ! VISION ( AN ALT]NATIVE POSSIBILITY3 \R SEP>ATION FROM  NATURE C\LD HAVE OCCURR$ ON T]MS ?AT 9VOLV$ DIFF]5TIATION RA!R ?AN DOM9ATION1 & ) ?AT DIFF]5TIATION1 A CONCILIATORY RATIONALITY1 SUBJECTIVITY1 & UNIV]SAL HUMANITY RA!R ?AN AN ANTAGONI/IC PA?WAY ROOT$ 9 HI]>*Y4 7#b#d7 ,IT MAY HELP ,:ITEBOOK1 :O HAS ALWAYS BE5 SOME:AT PUZZL$ BY MY EMPHASIS ON UNITY 9 DIV]SITY1 TO KN[ ?AT NONID5TITY 9 A RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY F9DS ITS REAL TRU? 9 ! FACT ?AT ! CONCEPT CAN NEV] FULLY GRASP ! CONCRETE 9 ITS [N P>TICUL> UNIQU5ESS & 9 ! UNIQU5ESS ( EA* ECOSY/EM4 ,H5CE1 0ATT5TIVE C>E & A WILL+NESS TO RESPECT DIV]SITY0 IS GR\ND$ OBJECTIVELY 9 NATURAL DIV]SITY ITSELF & ! ECOLOGICAL CON/ELLATIONS IT =MS4  

  ,! PREVI\S EXAM9ATION ( ,HAB]MAS' VIEWS ON 0NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS0 IS 9DISP5SABLE = RESPOND+ TO ,:ITEBOOK4 ,CRITICAL AS HE MAY BE1 ,:ITEBOOK HAS 5T]$ 9TO A CURI\S SYMBIOTIC RELATION ) ,HAB]MAS4 ,EV] RESPECTFUL & SCRUPUL\SLY PRUD5T1 HE HAS S\<T ?US F> TO PO9T \T ! 9COMPLET5ESS ( ,HAB]MAS 0PROJECT0 RA!R ?AN SY/EMATICALLY CRITICIZ+ IT4 ,HAB]MAS HIMSELF MAY NOT REALIZE H[ CLEV] HE IS UNTIL HE HAS READ ,:ITEBOOK'S 0CRITIQUE40 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,:ITEBOOK TELLS US ?AT HE  F9DS 0A C]TA9 ONE-SID$NESS 9 ,HAB]MAS' POSITION VIS-A-VIS ! ROMANTIC CRITIQUE .<(  ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN ,JEWI% UTOPIAN ES*ATOLOGICAL & MESSIANIC LIB]T>IANS -- >RANGE ! WORDS ANYWAY Y\ LIKE -- :OM ,:ITEBOOK R$UCES TO %E] COM$IANS 9 HIS  9ITIAL ALLUSIONS TO !IR VIEW -- ,M4 ,B4.>40 ,AL?\< ,HAB]MAS 0HAS '5T]$ 9TO ! /R5G?' ( H]M5EUTICS1 SY/EMS !ORY1 POSITIVISM1 ETC4 & S\<T TO 9CORPORATE  ! RESPECTIVE TRU?S 9 ?IS POSITION10 HE 0NEV] JO9S ISSUE0 ) ! ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN ,JEWS 0ON !IR [N GR\ND SO ?AT HIS CRITIQUE ALWAYS REMA9S 9COMM5SURATE ) !IR !ORETICAL 9T5TIONS40 7#b#e7  

  ,!RE IS NO IRONY 9 ,:ITEBOOK'S TONE4 ,QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS ! ADVICE ( A FRI5D :O R$UCES ! 0!ORETICAL 9T5TIONS0 ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN ,JEWS TO A =M ( PA/ORAL NO/ALGIA4 ,ACTUALLY1 ,:ITEBOOK %[S ,HAB]MAS H[ EASILY !Y CAN BE WAYLAID1 VULG>IZ$ & DISPAT*$4 ,FOLL[+ ,L[Y'S >GUM5T -- :I* ,L[Y HIMSELF HAS S9CE PRACTICALLY REPUDIAT$ 7#b#f7 -- ,:ITEBOOK PROCE$S TO DUMP ,ROS5ZWEIG1 ,BUB]1 ,S*OLEM1 ,L&AU]1 ,KAFKA1 ,B5JAM91 ,BLO*1 ,ADORNO1 ! 0Y\NG0 ,LUKACS -- & MYSELF -- 9TO A HUGE SACK LABEL$ ! 0C\NTCR-,5LI<T5M5T40  ,:AT ALL ( !SE ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN ,JEWS HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT !Y REG>D 0MOD]NITY0 AS A 0NULLITY0 -- &1 ( C\RSE1 >E COMMITT$ TO AN 0ES*ATOLOGICAL0 & 0MESSIANIC0 RUPTURE BETWE5 ! OLD WORLD & ! NEW4 ,:ITEBOOK W>NS ?AT1 0ALL PROTE/ATIONS TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 A NO/ALGIC YE>N+ 9=MS ! UTOPIAN S5SIBILITY3 9 SOME S5SE ,GEME9%AFT BECOMES NORMATIVE40 ,BE=E ONE CAN BL9K & EYE 9 ! FACE ( ?IS NONS5SE AB\T ! 0UTOPEAN S5SIBILITY10 ,:ITEBOOK'S 0SOME  S5SE0 BECOMES 09 EV]Y S5SEE40 ,HAPPILY1 H[EV]1 0,IT IS PRECISELY ! ES*ATOLOGY ( ?AT E>LI] G5]ATION ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN ,LEFTI/S & CRITICAL !ORI/S ?AT ,HAB]MAS SEEKS TO CORRECT 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE SOCIALISM TO ! /ATUS ( A HI/ORICAL SUBJECT40 7#b#g7  

  ,:ITEBOOK'S TE*NIQUE IS DIV9ELY SIMPLE4 ,BY M]ELY DESCRIB+ A SITUATION1 HE ?9KS HE HAS PR(F]$ AN EXPLANATION -- & HIS DESCRIPTIONS ( ALMO/ EV]YONE O!R ?AT ,HAB]MAS >E CRUDE & 9S5SITIVE4 ,EV5 M]E 0NO/ALGIA0 BECOMES A SOCIAL DESID]ATUM4 ,ACCORD+LY1 :5 ,I DESCRIBE ! DE/RUCTIVE IMPACT ( !  CAPITALI/ M>KET ON ! 0HI<LY TEXTUR$ SOCIAL /RUCTURE0 (  PROCAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 ,:ITEBOOK IMM$IATELY CONCLUDES ?AT ,I WANT  TO RETURN TO ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 PRESUMABLY ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 OR  :ATEV] B\NCES >\ND HIS HEAD4 ,%\LD ,I 9SI/ ?AT NO RETURN IS  POSSIBLE1 ,:ITEBOOK ! PSY*OANALY/ REPLACES ,:ITEBOOK ! SOCIAL  !ORI/4 ,LE/ MY ASS]TIONS FAIL TO FIT CONV5I5TLY 9TO HIS  PRECONCEPTIONS1 HE GU>DS HIMSELF ) SU* CL9ICAL CAVEATS AS 0ALL PROTE/ATIONS TO ! CONTR>Y  NOT)/&+4 4 40   

  ,AS IF POP PSY*OANALYSIS W]E NOT 5\<1 ,:ITEBOOK DESC5DS TO ! LEVEL (  C>ICATURE :5 HE DISCUSSES MY NOTION ( DEC5TRALIZ$ ECOCOMMUNITIES4 ,H]E1 IT IS  IMPORTANT = ,:ITEBOOK TO CA/ MY VIEWS 9 ! MO/ ATAVI/IC T]MS HE CAN MU/]4 ,IF  HE FAILS TO TURN ME 9TO A PRIMITIVE REBEL A LA ,HOBSBAWM1 HIS :OLE CRITICISM FALLS  AP>T4 ,SO ,:ITEBOOK GOES TO WORK3 GIV5 MY BURD5SOME 0NO/ALGIA10 ,:ITEBOOK  DECL>ES 0?AT ,BOOK*9 RECOGNIZES NO NORMATIVE ADVANCE ) MOD]NITY -- NOT EV5  A DIALECTICS ( 5LI<T5M5T3 MOD]NITY IS NO?+ BUT DISSOLUTION40 ,MY WORK1 ,!  ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY1 :I* ADVANCES A PROGRESSIVI/ VIEWPO9T1 IS !REBY ]AS$ ) A  PHRASE4  7#b#h7 ,P]HAPS ?IS IS JU/ AS WELL3 ,:ITEBOOK W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY VIEW MY  PLAUDITS 9 ! BOOK = ! ,A!NIAN POLIS & MY CRITIQUE ( ! MOD]N COSMOPOLIS  SU* AS ,LOS ,ANGELES & ,NEW ,YORK AS PAT5TLY 0ATAVI/IC40 ,ONCE ,:ITEBOOK PREJUDGES  ONE AS ES*ATOLOGICAL & 0MESSIANIC0 -- PRESUMABLY ESPECIALLY IF ONE IS A ,JEW AN A  LIB]T>IAN -- EV]Y CRITIQUE ( ! /ATUS QUO IS PAT5T  EVID5CE ( 0NO/ALGIA0 & A DESIRE TO RETURN TO TRADITIONAL  ,GEME9S*AFT1 ESPECIALLY IF ONE F9DS R$EEM+ FEATURES 9 PROCAPITALI/ CULTURES4   

  ,BUT !SE >E TRIFLES4 ,:ITEBOOK SOON LEAPS = ! JUGUL>4 ,ACCORD+LY1 0,IT IS NOT  ACCID5TAL ?AT ,BOOK*9 ADVOCATES ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NETWORK ( DEC5TRALIZ$  'ECOCOMMUNITIES' AS P>T ( ! SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( ! MOD]N WORLD0 -- NO  LESS6 0,?IS AM\NTS TO GO+ BACK BEH9D ! MOD]N DIVISION ( LABOR & REE/ABLI%+ AUT>*IC COMMUNITIES -- A P]FECTLY LOGICAL RESPONSE IF  ONE CONSID]S MOD]NITY A CORRUPTION 9 ! FIR/ PLACE40 7#b#i7 ,H]E ,:ITEBOOK GROSSLY MISUND]/&S EV]Y?+ ,I HAVE WRITT5 AB\T  ECOCOMMUNITIES & DEC5TRALIZATION IF HE FAILS TO RECOGNIZE ?AT MY  DEC5TRALI/ VIEWS >E FOCUS$ NOT ONLY ON ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS BUT ON  HUMAN SCALE -- 9 %ORT1 ON A HUMAN 5VIRONM5T ?AT ! SUBJECT CAN  COMPREH5D1 MANAGE1 & !REBY GRASP AS AN 9DISP5SABLE ASPECT (  9DIVIDUATION4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T IS MEAN+LESS UNLESS IT RE/S ON A  FULLY DEVELOP$ & AUTONOM\S SELF4 ,= ,:ITEBOOK TO IGNORE ! FACT  ?AT = ME DEC5TRALIZATION IS A FUNCTION ( 9DIVIDUATION1 ( A  COMPREH5SIBLE PUBLIC SPH]E ?AT FO/]S AU!NTIC P]SONAL AUTONOMY  & EMP[]M5T1 9DICATES 9TELLECTUAL DI%ONE/Y4    

  ,HAB]MAS1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS SO WELL AJU/$ TO CONTEMPOR>Y 0SOCIAL   COMPLEXITY0 & GLOBAL C5TRALIZATION ?AT HIS SOLUTIONS TO GIGANTISM 7:ATEV] !Y  MAY BE7 BECOME A PROBLEM 9 ! SOCIOLOGY ( ORGANIZATION4 ,ONE ?+ IS C]TA9  AVOID SLIPP+ BACK 9TO ,W&]VOGEL ROMANTICISM & A 0POPULI/0 =M (   NEO-,LUDDISM1  SOLUTIONS  0MU/  BE PLANN$ GLOBALLY & IMPLEM5T$ BY  ADM9I/RATIVE MEANS40 ,HAB]MAS' RESPONSE H]E IS SIMPLY REACTION>Y4 ,NOT ?AT  ,HAB]MAS WANTS TO GO EI!R BACKW>D OR =W>D 9 TIME2 RA!R1 HE ESS5TIALLY  APPROPRIATES ! /ATUS QUO 9 9DU/RY & TE*NICS AS GIV5 -- AS A DATUM2 HE HAS  05T]$ 9TO ! /R5G?0 NOT M]ELY ( H]M5EUTICS1 SY/EMS !ORY1 POSITIVISM1  & ! LIKE1 BUT ( A DEHUMANIZ+ GIGANTISM ?AT TOTALLY DISEMP[]S ! 9DIVIDUAL1  :ILE DESIGNAT+ 0NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS0 AS 0DEF5SIVE0 & 0PETTY B\RGEOIS40  ,!  0LOGIC0 ( ?IS REASON+ APP>5TLY DOES NOT TR\BLE ,:ITEBOOK1 :OSE CONC]N  ) 0SAV+ ! SUBJECT0 IS AS F> REMOV$ FROM ! REALITY ( F9D+ ! SUBJECT AS  ,HAB]MAS IS REMOV$ FROM ,WE/ ,G]MANY'S LIV$ SOCIAL REALITY4   

  ,HAPPILY OBLIVI\S TO ,HAB]MAS' REACTION>Y ADJU/M5T TO ! /ATUS QUO1 ,:ITEBOOK >GUES ?AT ,I AM SO ATAVI/IC ?AT ,I WANT TO GO BACK BEH9D ! MOD]N  DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,! POSSIBILITY ?AT ONE C\LD WANT TO GO =W>D BEYOND !  0MOD]N DIVISION ( LABOR0 IS SIMPLY NOT 5T]TA9$ BY ,:ITEBOOK4 ,:AT R5D]S  HIS REM>K SO OBJECTIONABLE IS ?AT ONLY A FEW PAGES E>LI]1 ,:ITEBOOK MOCKS  ,M>X'S VIEWS ON 0COOP]ATION0 AS 0ESPECIALLY BIZ>RE0 & 0MISLEAD+0 = FAIL+ TO  RECOGNIZE ON ! ONE H& ?AT A HI<LY RATIONALIZ$ MOD]N OR 0SOPHI/ICAT$0  DIVISION ( LABOR CON/ITUES COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN 0REG9M5TATION10 :ILE ON !  O!R H& ,M>X BELIEV$ ?AT ! FACTORY1 BY VIRTUE ( ?IS V]Y REGIM5TATION1 0W\LD PRODUCE REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS60 ,FOLL[+ ?IS TRIUMPHANT EXCLAMATION M>K1 ,:ITEBOOK REF]S ! READ] TO ,LUKACS'  0,REIFICATION & ! ,CONSCI\SNESS  ( ! ,PROLET>IAT0 9 ,HI/ORY & ,CLASS ,CONSCI\SNESS1 A REF]5CE ?AT IS /RANGELY LACK+ 9 PAG9ATION4 7#c7  

  ,:ITEBOOK PRUD5TLY IGNORES ! FACT ?AT IT IS NONE O!R ?AN 0,BOOK*90 :O HAS TAK5 UP ?IS CONTRADICTION4  ,9DE$1 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ IT & CRITICIZ$ IT4  ,BY ! SAME TOK51 ,I RAIS$ A KEY QUE/ION :I* ,:ITEBOOK1 AGA9 9 BAD FAI?1 FAILS TO DISCUSS3 0,FROM :AT S\RCE >E WORK]S - 9DE$1 ALL DOM9AT$ PEOPLE SU* AS WOM51 Y\NG & ELD]LY PEOPLE1 E?NIC GR\PS1 & CULTURAL COMMUNITIES - TO ACQUIRE ! SUBJECTIVITY ?AT FO/]S SELF-HOOD8  ,:AT TE*NOLOGIES CAN SUPPLANT ! HI]>*ICAL MOBILIZATION ( LABOR 9TO FACTORIES80 #ca ,H]E ,I TRI$ TO GO BEYOND ! EXI/+ DIVISION ( LABOR - NOT 0BEH9D0 IT - TO ONE ?AT IS ECOLOGICAL & ES!TIC AS WELL AS 9DIVIDUAT$4  

  ,:AT IS 9T]E/+ H]E IS ! IDE LOGICAL RATIONALE ?AT GUIDES ,:ITEBOOK'S 0CRITIQUE0 ( ,HAB]MAS4  ,HE IS FAC$ ) ?REE ALT]NATIVES IF HE WI%ES TO 0SAVE ! SUBJECT0 RA!R ?AN LOSE IT COMPLETELY4  ,EI!R HE MU/ GO 0BEH9D ! MOD]N DIVISION ( LABOR0 OR SETTLE D[N ) ,HAB]MAS & LIVE ) IT BY PLANN+ IT 9 ACCORDANCE ) A VAPOR\S SOCIOLOGY ( ORGANIZATION1 OR GO BEYOND ! MOD]N DIVISION ( LABOR40  ,:ITEBOOK FOLL[S NONE ( !SE ALT]NATIVES4  ,IF HE GOES 0BEH9D ! MOD]N DIVISION ( LABOR10 HE WILL BECOME A ,PALEOLI?IC FOOD-GA!R] OR MAYBE A CONT5T$ CRAFTSMAN DEP5D5T ON ! 0MOD]N DIVISION ( LABOR0 = ! V]Y TOOLS HE USES4  ,IF HE GOES 0BEYOND ! MOD]N DIVISION ( LABOR10 HE RISKS ! POSSIBILITY ( MIR+ HIS REPUTATION 9  AN>*ISM - :I* MAY DE/ROY HIS CR$IBILITY ) ! COMMUNITY ?AT %>ES HIS V]SION ( 0CRITICAL !ORY40  ,IF HE ACCOMMODATES HIMSELF TO ! 0MOD]N DIVISION ( LABOR0 & SETTLES D[N ) ! ,HAB]MAS1 ! ECOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVE HE ACQUIR$ FROM 0,BOOK*90 WILL BECOME >ID & POSSIBLY TE*NOCRATIC4  ,HIS SOLUTION IS SIMPLE3 DI/ORTION4  

  ,:AT IS 9TRIGU+ AB\T ,:ITEBOOK'S >TICLE >E ! NUMB] ( QUE/IONS IT RAISES BUT DOES NOT ANSW]4  ,:ITEBOOK PLACES A ,HAB]MASIAN TABOO ON ALMO/ EV]Y ASPECT ( HIS COMMUNITY ?AT IS SUGGE/IVE ( MUTUALISM1 POSSIBLY EV5 COOP]ATION1 SO ?AT HIS NOTION ( ! 0SUBJECT0 IS CA/ 9 SU* NEUROTICALLY MONADIC T]MS ?AT EV5 0ID5TIFICATION0 OR 0SYMBIOSIS0 SMACKS ( ,GEME9S*AFT 9 ! PEJORATIVE S5SE ( ! T]M4  0,AUTONOMY0 IS CONT]POS$ TO ANY S5SE ( ROOT$NESS 9 A COMMUNITY3  ANYONE :O DOES NOT COLLAPSE 9TO A TORTUR$ EGO LIKE ,DO/OEVSKY'S ,IVAN ,K>AMAZOV FAILS TO QUALIFY AS 0MOD]NITY'S0 C&IDATE = AN AU!NTIC SUBJECT4  

  ,?IS RAISES ! O!R QUE/ION ( ! SUP]EGO4  ,IF 0PAT]NAL AU?ORITY0 7:I* ! DEMOCRATIC ,A!NIAN POLIS *ALL5G$ TO DISEMB$ ITS Y\NG CITIZ5S FROM P>O*IAL K9%IP TIES7 0CREATES A VACUUM :I* IS FILL$ BY \TSIDE SOCIETY10 >E ALT]NATE 0MODES ( SOCIALIZATION POSSIBLE ?R\< :I* AUTONOMY CAN BE A*IEV$ )\T R5\NC+ 0'REASON1 REFLECTION1 & 9DIVIDUATION' AS NORMS1 AS SOME ( \R MORE AVANT-G>DE CULTURE CRITICS & FEM9I/ !ORETICIANS MORE OR LESS IMPLICITLY DO08  ,H]E1 ONCE AGA91 ,:ITEBOOK BEGS ! QUE/ION ?AT HE HAS A V]Y DEM&+ - & CURI\SLY UN/AT$ - NOTION ( SUBJECTIVITY1 9DIVIDUALITY1 REASON1 REFLECTION1 EV5 PAT]NITY ?AT R5D]S ANY ALT]NATE MODE ( SOCIALIZATION ATAVI/IC4  ,! EXI/5CE ( A 0VACUUM0 CREAT$ BY ! DECL9E ( 0PAT]NAL AU?ORITY0 IS PLAC$ ON A P> ) ! R5UNCIATION ( 0REASON1 REFLECTION1 & 9DIVIDUATION40  ,FAC$ ) ?IS BOIL+ ISSUE1 A 0VACUUM0 :]E !RE WAS ONCE A 0SUP]EGO40 & 9VASIVE SOCIETY :]E !RE WAS ONCE A FA!R1 ,:ITEBOOK MOVES ON TO PROBLEMS ( 0N>CISSISM40  ,BUT ?IS PROBLEM CANNOT SIMPLY BE KEPT DANGL+ 9 ! AIR4  ,IF 0MAT]NAL AU?ORITY0 W]E TO FILL ?IS 0VACUUM10 W\LD WE CREATE SUBJECTS :O R5\NCE 0REASON1 REFLECTION1 & 9DIVIDUATION08  ,>E 0REASON1 REFLECTION & 9DIVIDUATION0 L9K$ ) TORTUR$ P]SONALITIES LIKE ,IVAN ,K>AMAZOV8  ,IS HIS C>+1 0PASSIVE-RECEPTIVE0 BRO!R ,ALYO%A A MUTE DOLT1 ! CREATURE ( A ,GEME9S*AFT TRADITION LIKE ,G]TRUDE 9 ,GOE!'S ,FAU/8  ,9DE$1 :AT W\LD HAPP5 IF A FREE1 ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY BAS$ ON REASON W]E TO FILL ! VACUUM CREAT$ BY ! DECL9E ( 0PAT]NAL AU?ORITY0 ! WAY ! ,A!NIAN DEMOCRACY DID :5 IT TRI$ TO $GE \T ! ,BRONZE-,AGE AGONI/IC & COMPETITIVE S5SIBILITY ( ! PATRI>*AL K9%IP GR\P ) A CIVIC & COOP]ATIVE S5SIBILITY8  ,:AT IF RADICAL COMMUNITIES LESS ]RATIC1 UN/ABLE & PURPOSELESS ?AN SO MANY COMMUNES ( ! ,GASK9'S 0,F>M08  ,:ITEBOOK W\LD PROBABLY EXPLOIT !SE EXTREMES AT ! EXP5SE ( CREATIVELY IMAG9ATIVE ALT]NATIVES :I* MAY ALREADY EXI/ - EV5 9 ?IS 9SANE SOCIETY4 #cb  

  ,A CASE CAN BE MADE = A CONCLUSION ?AT WE FOLL[$ A MALE-ORI5T$ SOCIAL PA?WAY1 P]HAPS %>PLY DEP>T+ AT SOME REMOTE TIME FROM A DIALECTIC ( 9DIVIDUATION N\RI%$ BY ECOLOGICAL DIFF]5TIATION TO ONE N\RI%$ BY DOM9ATION4  ,IT IS REM>KABLE H[ CLOSE ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO CAME TO AN UND]/&+ ( ?IS =GOTT5 PA/4#c#c  ,! DEVELOPM5T ( SUBJECTIVITY ?R\< DOM9ATION RA!R ?AN DIFF]5TIATION PLAC$ ! T]RIFY+ SEAL ( DOM9ATION ON HUMAN HI/ORY4  ,?AT ! 0MODEL ( EM]G+ 9DIVIDUAL IS ! ,GREEK H]O10 AS ,HORKHEIM] OBS]VES1 ! W>RIOR :OSE CALL+ C>D IS 0D>+10 SELF-RELIANCE1 & FRE$OM 0FROM TRADITION AS WELL AS ! TRIBE10 - !SE ORIG9S DESCRIBE ! AMBIGUITIES ( 9DIVIDUALITY AS WE 0NORMATIZE0 !M TODAY RA!R ?AN ! TRIUMPH ( 9DIVIDUALITY4  ,FROM ! />T1 ! H]OIC EGO WAS FRAGILE BECAUSE IT WAS ROOTLESS1 IMP]IL$ BECAUSE IT CONT9UALLY FAC$ PHYSICAL ANNIHILATION1 DANG]\S 9 ITS CAPACITY = DE/RUCTION AS WELL AS CREATION4  ,GLORI\S ,G]MANY1 :I* GAVE US ,LEIBNIZ1 ,KANT1 ,FI*TE1 ,HEGEL1 ,GOE!1 ,M>X1 ,BEE?OV51 & YES1 ,WAGN]1 ALSO GAVE US ,HITL] & ,HIMML]1 ,IT IS A PROBLEMATIC ( ! MALE'S ASC5DANCY OV] A HUMAN EVOLUTION ?AT PRECLUD$ WOMAN 9 SOCIETY'S IMAGE ( ! SUP]EGO & YIELD$ A VACUUM ?AT HAS REPLAC$ ! W>RIOR'S SPE> & ! SWORD BY ! IMP]SONAL KILL+ P[] ( ! NEUTRON BOMB4  

  ,) ! ASC5T ( CAPITALISM1 NATURE BECOMES 0/+Y10 BUT SO DOES MAN - & SO DOES ! EGO4  ,! COMRADE%IP ( ! W>RIOR'S CAMP GIVES WAY TO 0POSSESSIVE 9DIVIDUALISM10 ! 09T]SUBJECTIVITY0 ( ACCUMULATIVE COMPETITION1 MEAN-SPIRIT$ PR$ATION1 & RATIONALIZ$ SUBJUGATION4  ,ONLY REMOTE TRACES REMA9 TODAY 9 %ATT]$ PRELIT]ATE CULTURES & <O/LY MY?S ( AN ALT]NATIVE PA?WAYS = SOCIAL EVOLUTION 9 :I* P]SONALITY & AUTONOMY C\LD HAVE F\ND R\ND$ FULFILLM5T AS A RESULT ( MUTUALISM RA!R ?AN P>ASITISM1 H>MONY RA!R ?AN ANTAGONISM1 RECONCILIATION RA!R ?AN CONFLICT4  ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 :I* WAS UNKN[N TO ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL EXCEPT 9 A V]Y TE*NICAL =M1 C\LD HAVE PROVID$ ! M$IATIONS ?AT W\LD HAVE SP>$ NATURE PHILOSOPHY & A NATURALI/IC E?ICS FROM ! /IGMA IT ACQUIR$ AS A RESULT ( A /ATIC ,HELL5IC ONTOLOGY1 ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ 0FOLK PHILOSOPHY0 & ,M>XISM'S 0DIAMAT40  

  ,:ITEBOOK DOES NOT CONSID] ?IS POSSIBILITY1 EXCEPT P]HAPS1 IRONICALLY4  ,) SOME JU/IFICATION1 HE PO9TS TO MY EMPHASIS ON TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T & PO/-SC>CITY AS EVID5CE ( MY 0LAT5T ,M>XISM40  ,BUT HE COMPLETELY GLOSSES OV] ! ROLE ,I IMPUTE TO ALT]NATIVE TE*NOLOGIES AS CATALY/S 9 FUR!R+ 9DIVIDUALITY & AUTONOMY4  ,= MY [N P>T1 ,I HAVE MODIFI$ MY VIEWS ON 0PO/-SC>CITY0 9 ! S5SE ?AT CAPITALISM HAS GIV5 0SC>CITY0 A UNIQUE *>ACT]4#c#d  ,! COMMODIFICATION ( ! WORLD :I* ,LUKACS FE>$ 9 ! #a#i#bS HAS PRODUC$ A FETI%IZATION ( NE$S1 NOT ONLY ( COMMODITIES4  ,! NE$ = MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE IS MEANS TO EXORCIZE B\RGEOIS NOTIONS ( SC>CITY & 0/+Y NATURE0 FROM \R CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK1 9DE$1 TO E/ABLI% ! RI<T TO *OOSE NE$S AS ! ONLY LIB]T>IAN WAY ( DEMY/IFY+ NE$ ITSELF & !REBY R5D]+ IT RATIONAL1 NOT AS A 0NORMATIVE0 SECOND MAT]IAL =CE ?AT SEEMS TO CONTROL US4  ,9 ?IS REG>D1 ! TE*NOLOGICAL 0TELOS0 ,:ITEBOOK IMPUTES TO ME IS GROSSLY MISLEAD+4  

  ,! CRUX ( ! ,HAB]MAS PROBLEM IS ! %IFT FROM A SUB/ANTIVE TO A PROC$URAL TRADITION 9 SOCIAL !ORY - A %IFT FROM ,HEGEL & ,M>X'S PH5OM5OLOGICAL /RATEGY TO ! =MAL /RATEGY SO MU* 9 VOGUE 9 ! ACADEMY4  ,:ITEBOOK F9DS ?IS LAUDABLE EVID5CE ( ,HAB]MAS' 0MOD]NITY10 AL?\< ! 0NI<T S*OOL0 WORLD ( SOCIALISM MI<T HAVE US$ A LESS FAVORABLE & MORE JUICY T]M4  0,:]EAS ,M>CUSE1 = EXAMPLE1 EMPLOYS A SUB/ANTIVE DOCTR9E ( TRUE & FALSE NE$S1 ,HAB]MAS APPRECIATES ?AT1 ONCE ! RI<T TO SUBJECTIVE FRE$OM HAS BE5 RECOGNIZ$1 AN APPEAL TO SUB/ANTIVE DOCTR9E ( NE$S IS ILLICIT10 ,:ITEBOOK DECL>ES4  0,HIS APPROA* IS !RE= PROC$URAL1 ?AT IS1 IT HAS TO DO ) =MAL PROC$URES = ADJUDICAT+ NE$S & AB/A9S FROM DISCUSS+ ! SUB/ANTIVE CONT5T ( NE$S40#c#e  ,HAB]MAS' 0=MAL PROC$URES0 W\LD BE MORE TOL]ABLE IF !Y ACKN[L$GE ! 0SYMMETRICAL0 /ATUS ( A SUB/ANTIVE 9T]PRETATION ( 9/ITUTIONS4  ,ACTUALLY1 ,HAB]MAS' 0=MAL PROC$URES0 P]MEATE HIS 5TIRE !ORETICAL UNIV]SE1 9CLUD+ 9/ITUTIONS4  ,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 ?IS UNIV]SE CONSI/S ( A HI<LY =MALIZ$ !ORY ( PROC$URES ?AT RE/ 9 P>T ON A 0META-NORM0 CALL$ 0IDEAL-SPEE* SITUATION0 :I*1 AS ,B5HABIB OBS]VES1 DEF9ES 0! IMMAN5T PRESUPPOSITIONS ( !ORETICAL DISC\RSE AIM+ AT ! ATTA9M5T ( TRU?40#c#f  ,WE HAVE NO WAY ( KN[+ ?AT TRITE =MALIZATIONS SU* AS UND]/&ABLE UTT]ANCES1 TRU?FUL PROPOSITIONS1 ! S9C]ITY ( SPEE* P>TN]S1 & APPROPRIAT5ESS ( SPEE* P]=MANCES >E 9 FACT 09T]NALLY & EXT]NALLY FREE ( CO]CION10 ESPECIALLY IF !SE ?+S HAVE YET TO BE CLE>LY DEF9$ & WE CAN CONV9CE \RSELVES ?AT A LEVEL ( G5]ALIZATION BAS$ ON COMMUNICATIVE COMPET5CE IS ADEQUATE TO RESOLVE ! APORIAS ( CRITICAL !ORY4  

  ,:AT IS MO/ DISQUIET+ 9 ?IS :OLE 0GRADUATE SEM9>0 RIGM>OLE IS ?AT ,HAB]MAS =ECLOSES ! POSSIBILITY ( DET]M9+ ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL MAT]IALIZE ! NORMS = AN 0IDEAL-SPEE* SITUATION0 BY PRESUPPOS+ ?AT UND] EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( CON/RA9TS ( DISC\RSE IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DISCURSIVELY =MULATE ! V]Y SUB/ANTIVE DETAILS = ,HAB]MAS' EMANCIPATORY IDEALS4  ,9DE$1 0,ANY MEAN+FUL DISCUSSION ( !SE IDEALS10 ,B5HABIB OBS]VES10W\LD 5TAIL REF]5CES TO C]TA9 CONT+5T & MAT]IAL ASPECTS ( HUMAN EXI/5CE40  ,:I* LEADS US TO 9TO A MAGNIFIC5TLY QUIETI/IC IF NOT !ORETICAL IMPASSE3 0,HAB]MAS MAY CONC$E ?AT FUR!R MAT]IAL SPECIFICATION ( NORMS W\LD HAVE TO BE BAS$ ON ! ELIM9ATION (  ! CON/RA9TS ( DISC\RSE4  ,BUT :E!R HE 9T5DS TO D]IVE SUB/ANTIVE MAT]IAL NORMS FROM ! PROC$URAL LOGIC ( !ORETICAL DISC\RSE IS AN OP5 QUE/ION40  

  ,NOT)/&+ ,B5HABIB'S PRUD5T TREATM5T1 ,HAB]MAS HAS OP5$ A YAWN+ *ASM4  ,ONE WOND]S :AT HIS TRANSC5D5TAL /RATEGY & HIS 0RECON/RUCTION ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM10 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! MANY 0SUBLATIONS0 ?AT PAT* TOGE!R HIS MORE REC5T WORKS1 >E MEANT TO A*IEVE 9 SOCIAL !ORY4  

  ,:ITEBOOK'S DEFAM+ ( ! CLASSICAL TRADITION 9 SOCIAL !ORY BECOMES RELEVANT AGA9/  ?IS BACKGR\ND4  ,HE MU/ REPRES5T ! ,A!NIAN POLIS AS SUBV]SIVE ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY#c#g  IF ,HAB]MAS' PROC$URAL & =MAL 0TURN0 IS NOT TO BE *ALL5G$ BY ! POSSIBILITIES ( REAL LIFE  & 0NEW SOCIAL =MATIONS40  ,ACCORD+LY1 ,:ITEBOOK MU/ GROSSLY MISREPRES5T MY [N  POSITION ON ! POLIS1 9DE$1 ON HI/ORY AS ! BROAD EVOLUTION ( UNIV]SALITY1 SUBJECTIVITY 9 A  V>IETY ( =MS1 & YES1 HORROR ( HORRORS6 TE*NICS1 ALSO 9 A GREAT V>IETY ( =MS RA!R ?AN  M]E 9DU/RIAL RATIONALIZATION4#c#h   

  ,:ITEBOOK USES T]MS LIKE 0ES*ATOLOGY10 0MESSIANISM10 0,GEME9S*AFT0 & 0UTOPIANISM0 TO DEFAME ! V]Y CONCEPT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4  ,WAX+ = SOME TWO P>AGRAPHS ON A GROSSLY OV]ELABORAT$ QUOTATION FROM ,S*OLEM1 AS 9T]PRET$ BY ,L[Y1 ,:ITEBOOK CONJURES UP ! IMAGE ( A 0C\NT]-,5LI<T5M5T0 ?AT SEEKS TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY BY AN 0ABSOLUTE ABYSS0 BETWE5 ! OLD ORD] & ! NEW4  ,! ABSOLUTE ABYSS IS REVOLUTION - LIKE 9 ! ,FR5*1 ,AM]ICAN1 ,P>ISIAN1 ,RUSSIAN1 ,G]MAN1 ,SPANI%1 ,AU/RIAN1 ,HUNG>IAN REVOLUTIONS - :]E ! 0NI<T S*OOLS0 EMPTY \T & TO ! ANNOYANCE ( ! 0GRADUATE SEM9>S10 RU% 9TO ! /REETS1 OCCASIONALLY ?R[+ UP B>RICADES1 OCCASIONALLY P>ALYZ+ SOCIETY ) DEMON/RATIONS1 CONFRONTATIONS1 & SU* SORDID 0SUB/ANTIAL0 ?+S AS G5]AL /RIKES4  ,?IS 0DISJUNCTION0 TO :I* ,B5JAM91 ,BLO*1 & 0SOME AN>*I/S0 ADH]E1 TO USE ,HAB]MAS' PHRASEOLOGY1 DOES NOT 9VOLVE ! ,F\R ,HORSEM5 ( ! ,APOCALYPSE OR ! PROPHESIES ( ! ,BOOK ( ,REVELATION4#c#i  

  ,9 VULG>IZ+ ?IS 0DISJUNCTION10 ,MR4 ,:ITEBOOK GIVES HIS T]M9OLOGY A LIFE ( ITS [N4  ,BY ! NEXT S5T5CE1 0ABSOLUTE ABYSS0 IS TRANS=M$ 9TO AN ACT ( 0R$EMPTION10 AN UNDES]V$ EXPRESSION ( PIETY ?AT BECOMES A F]OCI\S 0REVOLUTION>Y APOCALYPSE0 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A RATIONAL UTOPIA40 HAV+ APPO9T$ HIMSELF ! CU/ODIAN ( 0REASON10 NOT TO SPEAK ( MOD]NITY10 ,:ITEBOOK DELIV]S A C\P DE GRACE AGA9/ ALL 0,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN ,LEFTI/ 9TELLECTUALS03  0,ANY TRANSC5D5CE MU/ BE AN ES*ATOLOGICAL IRRUPTION4  ,ES*ATOLOGY FOLL[S AS LOGICALLY AS RESIGNATION0 - TO :I* REM>KS ONE IS PROMPT$ TO SAY 0,AM560#d  

  ,HAB]MAS HAS ! C\RAGE TO BE =?RI<T AB\T HIS LIB]AL >?RITIS & TO PLACE HIMSELF SOME:]E BETWE5 ,$U>D ,B]N/E9 & ,WALT] ,B5JAM91 ,]N/ ,BLO* 7PLUS 0SOME AN>*I/S074  ,PRECISELY :]E ?AT LEAVES HIM 9 A POLITICAL T]RA9 COMPLETELY COV]$ BY RE=MISM & REVOLUTION MY BE WOR? 9VE/IGAT+4  ,H]E1 ,I TAKE MU* ( ,M>X'S ANALYZES ( ! DIALECTIC ( CAPITALISM V]Y S]I\SLY4  ,I %>E HIS CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM IS IRR$EEMABLY DE/RUCTIVE ( SOCIETY AS SU* & ITS T5D5CY TO TE> D[N SOCIAL LIFE CANNOT BE MITIGAT$ BY RE=MS OR HOPES ( A B5IGN EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4  ,:ITEBOOK1 LEAP+ FROM MY REVOLUTION>Y VIEWS TO AN IMAGE ( ! CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T AS A PURE 0NULLITY10 COMPLETELY RECON/RUCTS A REVOLUTION>Y APPROA* AS A TOTAL CLEAVAGE ) HI/ORY ITSELF & 0MOD]NITY0 9 P>TICUL>4  ,?IS IS PURE VULG>IZATION4  ,JOSEF ,WEB]1 DECADES AGO1 VOIC$ ! VIEW ?AT CAPITALISM MI<T HAVE FOLL[$ A MORE B5IGN DIRECTION ?AN IT DID IF ITS ORIG9S & E>LY DEVELOPM5T HAD BE5 LESS RAPID1 9DE$1 LESS EXPLOSIVE4  ,! DISCOV]Y ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 H[EV]1 BR\<T \T ! WOR/ FEATURES ( ! COMMODITY RELATION & POS$ ! FAM\S ,M>XI/ ALT]NATIVE3  B>B>ISM AS ! ONLY CONSEQU5CE ( CAPITALISM IF 0! REVOLUTION0 FAILS4  ,:ITEBOOK DEMURELY CONCEALS ! FACT ?AT HE HAS DROPP$ ! V]Y IDEA ( REVOLUTION2 H5CE HE MU/ VITIATE IT BY TURN+ 9TO A 0TELOS0 ( ,GEME9S*AFT & 0PREMOD]NITY0 - A T5D5CY ?AT IS BECOM+ FA%IONABLE AS A SUB/ITUTE = /RAI<T=W>D >GUM5T4  

  ,! FULL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS DEFAMATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ PROJECT 9 ALL ITS =MS - BE !Y ! 0MELODIES ( E?ICAL SOCIALISM0 & AN>*ISM OR ! SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM ( ,M>X - >E C>RI$ TO !IR F9AL CONCLUSION BY ,COH54  ,9 CONTRA/ TO ,LUKACS1 ,ADORNO1 ,HORKHEIM] & ,M>CUSE1 :OSE 0HATR$ ( B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS & A PECULI> BR& ( ,M>XI/ OR?ODOXY0 LEADS !M TO POLITICAL ECONOMY1 COMMODIFICATION ( ! WORLD1 & CULTURAL CRITIQUE1 ,HAB]MAS />TS ) A 0FRE% ANALYSIS0 ( CIVIL SOCIETY & ! /ATE1 :I* SP>ES HIM ! 0OLD0 ,FRANK=T ,S*OOL'S NE$ TO ACCEPT A 0ROMANTICIZ$ ABSOLUTE SUBJECT0 7! PROLET>IAT7 OR AN 0ABSOLUTE SPIRIT 7>T7 AS ! BE>] ( REASON & RECONSILIATION40#d#a  ,BY CONTRA/1 ! 0E>LY0 ,HAB]MAS FOCUS$ ON ! PUBLIC SPH]E1 !REBY YIELD+ A MU*-NEGLECT$ POSITIVE MOM5T 9 HIS !ORETICAL APPROA*4  ,HAB]MAS VIEW$ ! PUBLIC SPH]E 0AS A M$IATION BETWE5 CIVIL SOCIETY & ! /ATE .<:I*.> PROVIDES ! BASIS = BO? AS ALT]NATIVE & ! RESIGN$ POLITICAL CONCLUSIONS ( ,ADORNO & ,HORKHEIM] & AN IMPORTANT CORRECTIVE TO ,HAB]MAS' [N ANALYZES ( LATE CAPITALISM40#d#b  

  ,9 EFFECT1 ,COH5 WI%ES TO %IFT ! EMPHASIS ( ! ,HAB]MAS ,PROJECT FROM ! PROC$URAL TO ! MORE OR LESS SUB/ANTIVE1 POSSIBLY FROM ! 0MOD]N0 TO ! PRE-MOD]N10 IF WE >E TO FOLL[ ,:ITEBOOK'S L9E ( REASON+4  ,WE W\LD ?US BE 0!MATIZ+ ! PRACTICAL DIM5SION ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS0 & UNCOV] 0EXI/+ EMANCIPATORY NORMS BY :I* TO ORI5T PRAXIS40  ,PUT QUITE SIMPLY1 WE W\LD 0RESURRECT0 ! UNIV]SAL LIB]ATORY OR EV5 0UTOPIAN0 DIM5SION 9 LIB]AL B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS & UTILIZE !M C\NT]FACTUALLY TO DEVELOP A 0PRAXIS10 DYNAMIZ$ :]E POSSIBLE BY ! MODEL ( LATE CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T AS =MULAT$ 9 ! ,LEGITIMATION ,CRISIS4  ,H5CE1 WE C\LD DEVELOP & IMMAN5T CRITIQUE ) A SY/EMIC CRISIS !ORY ?AT W\LD SITUATE NORMS OBJECTIVELY - 9 %ORT1 0P]MIT A RECONCILIATION BETWE5 IMMAN5T CRITIQUE & SY/EMIC CRISIS !ORY40  ,PRECISELY H[ 0NORMS0 W\LD BE SITUAT$ OBJECTIVELY 9 A SY/EMIC CRISIS !ORY W\LD BE V]Y 9T]E/+ TO DET]M9E4  

  ,:AT IS WANT+ 9 ! PROJECT IS ! ,HAB]MAS HIMSELF1 :O WI%ES TO PRES]VE HIS =MAL APPROA* AT ! EXP5SE ( A SUB/ANTIVE ONE4  ,COH5 IS A LONE VOICE CRY+ 9 ! ACADEMIC WILD]NESS4  ,I TAKE NO EXCEPTION TO AN 0IMMAN5T0 CRITIQUE ( ! EMANCIPATORY POT5TIAL ( B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS 7AL?\< ,I DETE/ !M EV5 MORE ?AN DID ,LUKACS1 ,ADORNO1 ,HORKHEIM]1 & ,M>CUSE7 - NOTABLY1 ! ,AM]ICAN ANTI-DEC5TRALIZATION1 ! IDEAL ( 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY0 & 0SELF-MANAGEM5T10 & EV5 ! CONF$]ATIONS ( T[N & NEI<BORHOOD MEET+S ?AT >OSE FROM ! ,CONGREGATIONALI/ TRADITION ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION4  ,TO GO EV5 FUR!R - EV5 9 CONTRAV5TION TO ,COH5'S UND]/&ABLE TREPIDATIONS AB\T A ROMANTICIZ$ ABSOLUTE SUBJECT0 - ,I W\LD READILY 9VOKE ! B\RGEOIS NOTION ( 0! PEOPLE10 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ECOLOGY1 COMMUNITY1 FEM9I/1 ELD]LY1 G5D]-ORI5T$1 Y\?1 9 %ORT1 NEO-POPULI/ MOVEM5TS :I* HAVE A POT5TIAL = SUBJECTIVELY UNIV]SALIZ+ ! HI/ORIC ISSUES ( EMANCIPATION BEYOND ! HI/ORICALLY P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* HAVE ALWAYS REPRES5T$ ! NEGATIVITY ( CAPITALISM 9 ,M>XI/ !ORY 7IMMIS]ATION1 RATIONALI/IC ORGANIZATION ( LABOR1 EGOI/IC 9T]E/7 )\T YIELD+ ITS NEGATION4  ,9DE$1 IF ,M>XISM HAS SO (T5 SEEM$ TO BE ECONOMICALLY R$UCTIONI/1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE ! PROLET>IAT CAME \T ( ,M>X'S CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY1 BUT RA!R BECAUSE ,M>X1 DRAW+ UPON HIS IMAGE ( ! EM]G5CE ( ! B\RGEOISIE \T ( FEUDALISM1 UTILIZ$ ! CRITIQUE ( POLITICAL ECONOMY TO PRODUCE A DIALECTICALLY SIMIL> TYPE ( SUBJECT CALL$ ! PROLET>IAT4  

  ,FUR!RMORE1 F> FROM CONSID]+ 0HAPP9ESS AS FRE$OM0 - ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL MOTIFS 9 ! 0MELODIES ( E?ICAL SOCIALISM0 & ,HANNAH ,>5DT - ,I W\LD REG>D FRE$OM AS HAPP9ESS ) ALL ITS 0NON-ID5TITIES10 TOILS ( DEVELOPM5T1 & AUTONOMY ( SELFHOOD1 9 %ORT1 ! CREATIVE PLEASURE ?AT ACCOMPANIES SELF-GR[? & SELF-MANAGEM5T4  ,(T5 LURK+ BEH9D ! PRIORITY GIV5 TO HAPP9ESS IS ! SELF-SATISFI$ ECONOMI/IC VISION ( ! 0CONT5T$0 LIFE AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! FULFILL+ ONE1 ! SATISFACTION ( NE$ AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! /RIV+S ( DESIRE4  ,YET1 :Y ! TOILS ( DEVELOPM5T & ! AUTONOMY ( ! SELFHOOD %\LD BE ID5TIFI$ ) PR$ATION1 DOM9ATION1 & RIVALRY IS 9EXPLICABLE1 9 MY VIEW1 EXCEPT AS A KNEE-J]K REACTION ( ! ALI5AT$ B\RGEOIS SPIRIT4  

  ,BUT TO RETURN TO ,COH5'S PROJECT 9 H] 9=MATIVE ESSAY3 ONE MU/ CONSULT IT DIRECTLY TO FOLL[ ! HI<LY CONVOLUT$ DEVELOPM5T ( ,HAB]MAS FROM HIS 0E>LY0 POLITICAL !ORY 9 ! ,/RUKTURW&EL D] ,OEFF5TLI*KEIT ( #aifb TO ! ,LEGITIMATION ,CRISIS ( #a#i#g#c4  ,ACTUALLY1 ,HAB]MAS' 0PUBLIC SPH]E10 :I*1 AS HE PUTS IT1 IS 0FIR/ ( ALL A REALM ( \R SOCIAL LIFE 9 :I* SOME?+ APPROA*+ PUBLIC OP9ION CAN BE =M$10 IS /RICTLY M$IATIVE RA!R ?AN 9/ITUTIONAL1 UNLESS ONE WANTS TO CALL ! PRESS1 CAFES1 CLUBS1 & ! LIKE 9/ITUTIONS 9 ANY WAY SIMIL> TO P>LIAM5T>Y =MS4#d#c  ,HAB]MAS' HI/ORY ( ?IS PUBLIC SPH]E IS HI<LY SELECTIVE2 IT EM]GES ) ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 9 :I* CASE ONE WOND]S :AT ! ,A!NIANS W]E DO+ 9 ! AGORA1 ! ,ROMANS 9 ! ,=UM1 & CRAFTSFOLK 9 ! SQU>ES ( ! M$IEVAL COMMUNES4  

  ,! DIFFICULTY ?AT ULTIMATELY >ISES CONC]NS ! WAY 9 :I* ,HAB]MAS CONCEIVES ( ! PROBLEMS ( POLITICAL RECON/RUCTION1 NOT SIMPLY HIS NORMATIVE CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY40 ,=MAL DEMOCRACY1 :OSE UNIV]SALI/IC PR9CIPLES ,HAB]MAS WAS TO EMPHASIZE 9 CONTRA/ TO MORE TRADITIONAL ,M>XIAN !ORI/S1 REMA9S NO LESS CONF9$ TO ! CONCEPTUAL REALM ?AN HIS 0UNIV]SAL PRAGMATICS0 & EV5 HIS !ORIES ( DELEGITIMATION4  ,9 FACT1 HE IS AT PA9S TO REJECT ANY DISCUSSION ( ! 0POLITICAL APP>ATUS0 OR LEGALI/IC 0RULES ( ! GAME0 AS LIMIT$ - ?IS1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT A 0POLITICAL APP>ATUS0 7ASSEMBLIES1 C\NCILS1 DIRECT =MS ( DEMOCRACY1 REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS1 ETC47 IS 9DISSOLUBLY W$D$ TO ANY 0NORMATIVE CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY10 NOTABLY1 ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT MAT]IALLY FO/] OR VITIATE DEMOCRATIC NORMS4#d#d  

  ,PUT BLUNTLY1 ,HAB]MAS DODGES ! ISSUE ( A 0NORMATIVE CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY0 :5 HE DECL>ES ?AT1 BECAUSE DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS 0>E EMPIRICAL PROCESSES1 ALL DISC\RSES >E SUBJECT TO RE/RICTIONS ( SPACE & TIME1 PSY*OLOGICAL & SOCIAL LIMITATIONS1 CONT+5T DISCREPANCIES ( 9=MATION1 P]SONAL 9FLU5CE1 ETC40  ,HAV+ OV]LOAD$ ! ISSUE ( 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ) EV]Y?+ FROM 0PSY*OLOGICAL LIMITATIONS0 TO 0P]SONAL 9FLU5CE10 WE >E DIRELY 9 NE$ ( 0REGULATIONS10 :I* OCCUPY A 0PRAGMATIC1 BUT BY NO MEANS CONTEMPTIBLE /ATUS2 !Y >E MEANT TO MAKE PRACTICAL DISC\RSE POSSIBLE UND] GIV5 EMPIRICAL RE/RICTIONS40  ,!SE REM>KS REVEAL ! TRANSC5D5TAL QUALITIES1 9DE$1 ! NEO-,KANTIAN UND]P9N+S1 ?AT *>ACT]IZE HIS 5TIRE PROJECT4  ,MC,C>?Y1 :O IS SYMPA!TIC1 OBS]VES ?AT = ,HAB]MAS1 0DEMOCRACY1 AS A PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL ORD]1 DOES NOT S+LE \T A PRIORI ONE SPECIFIC TYPE ( ORGANIZATION 7= EXAMPLE1 A SY/EM ( SOVIETS7 AS ! CORRECT ONE4  ,NOR DOES IT EXCLUDE A PRIORI EV]Y >RANGEM5T 9VOLV+ REPRES5TATION1 DELEGATION1 & ! LIKE4  ,! PO9T IS1 RA!R1 TO F9D 9 EA* SET ( CONCRETE CIRCUM/ANCES 9/ITUTIONAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT JU/IFY ! PRESUMPTION ?AT BASIC POLITICAL DECISIONS W\LD MEET ) ! AGREEM5T ( ALL ?OSE AFFECT$ BY !M IF !Y W]E ABLE TO P>TICIPATE )\T RE/RICTION 9 DISCURSIVE WILL-=MATION40  

  ,?IS IS TUNNEL VISION ) A V5GEANCE1 DESPITE ITS LIB]T>IAN OV]TONES4  ,H]E ,HAB]MAS EXHIBITS A %ORTSI<T$NESS ?AT B>ELY RISES ABOVE ! LEVEL ( A PUBLIC ACC\NTANT4  ,ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT HE ACCEPT ! NOTION ( A 0M9IMAL /ATE0 9 A SOCIETY ?AT HAS ATTA9$ AN 0IDEAL SPEE* SITUATION10 HE ALSO REMOVES ! NORMATIVE BASES ?AT UND]P9 DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?IS /RATEGY COLLAPSES ! PR(\ND E?ICAL DISPUTES ?AT DI/+UI%1 SAY1 C\NCIL COMMUNISM FROM SOVIETISM1 LIB]T>IAN COMMUNALISM FROM SYNDICALISM1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY FROM REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY1 DEC5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL /UDIES FROM C5TRALIZ$ ONES4  ,HIS FOCUS ON ! 0LEGITIMAT+ GR\NDS ( A POLITICAL ORD]0 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! 0ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE ?AT 5T]S 9TO 0ITS 9/ITUTIONALIZATION UND] GIV5 CONDITIONS0 IS B>ELY 5\< TO SU/A9 ! NOTION ?AT ,HAB]MAS HAS ANY POLITICAL VISION AT ALL4  ,HIS CRITICISM ( ,R\SSEAU TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 ,R\SSEAU WAS P]FECTLY CORRECT = 0MIX+0 PR9CIPLES ( LEGITIMATION ) ! /RUCTURES ( POLITICAL ADM9I/RATION4  ,PURELY NORMATIVE CONCEPTS ( LEGITIMATION BECOME DANG]\SLY AB/RACT & H5CE HI<LY MANIPULATIVE AS ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION SO DRAMATICALLY REVEAL$ :5 !Y >E SO COMPLETELY SEP>AT$ FROM ! /RUCTURES ( FRE$OM4  ,9DE$1 ,HAB]MASIAN POLITICS BECOMES AS >BITR>Y OR TRITE AS HIS 0COMMUNICATIVE E?ICS40  ,!Y EXI/5TIALLY L5D !MSELVES TO ALMO/ ANY 9T]PRETATION ONE *OOSES TO GIVE !M UND] ! RUBRIC ( AN 0EMANCIPATORY 9T]E/0 - ASSUM+1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT ONE ALWAYS KN[S :AT ,HAB]MAS IS SAY+ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4  

  ,COH5 HAS ! VEX+ PROBLEM ( R5D]+ ,HAB]MAS 9TO A GUIDE ( SOCIAL PRACTICE BUILT 9TO ,HAB]MAS' V]Y 9T]PRETATION ( POLITICS4  0,IF ONE CALLS DEMOCRACIES PRECISELY ?OSE POLITICAL ORD]S ?AT SATISFY ! PROC$URAL TYPE ( LEGITIMATION10 ,HAB]MAS DECL>ES10!N QUE/IONS ( DEMOCRATIZATION CAN BE TREAT$ AS :AT !Y >E1 I4E41 AS ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/IONS40  ,?IS IS A TREM5D\S 0IF0 & PRESUPPOSES ?AT DEMOCRATIC 0POLITICAL ORD]S0 CAN BE CONF9$ TO ! 0PROC$URAL TYPE ( LEGITIMATION40  ,= ALL ,:ITEBOOK'S *ORTL+ AB\T ,L59'S DEF9ITION ( COMMUNISM1 ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]'S *OICE ( ! WORD 0SOVIETS0 IS NOT R$UCIBLE TO A SIMPLE 0ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/ION40  ,BEH9D IT LAY A 0SPECIFIC TYPE ( ORGANIZATION0 ?AT = ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE WAS ! MAT]IALIZATION ( A HI<LY NORMATIVE CONCEPT ( SELF-ADM9I/RATION1 NOT SIMPLY A CONT+5T MATT] ( PRACTICAL EXIG5CIES - 9DE$1 A CONCEPT ?AT 9VOLV$ !IR SPIRITUAL & PSY*IC ID5TITIES & MEMB]S ( A BODY POLITIC4  ,:E!R !Y W]E CORRECT 9 !IR VIEW ( SOVIETS IS BESIDE ! PO9T4  ,BUT A M]ELY 0EMPIRICAL0 PROBLEM IT SURELY WAS NOT4  

  ,IF ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL'S !ORETICAL 5DEAVORS >E REG>D$ AS AN 9VALUABLE TRANSITION AWAY FROM ,M>XIAN OR?ODOXY1 A QUE/ION >ISES3  IS !RE AN ALT]NATIVE ?AT CAN BE DEVELOP$ O!R ?AN ,HAB]MAS' PROC$URAL /RATEGY1 HIS G5]ALIZATION ( ! SO-CALL$ 0SOCIAL SCI5CES0 ON ! LEVEL ( COMMUNICATIVE ACTION1 & HIS 0SUBLATION0 ( L+UI/ICS1 POSITIVISM1 SY/EMS !ORY1 ,KOHLB]G'S /AGES ( MORAL CONSCI\SNESS1 & ,PIAGET'S ONTOG5ETIC MODEL ( COGNITIVE DEVELOPM5T AMONG ! MANY DEVELOPM5TS ?AT HAVE BE5 G5]AT$ BY ! ACADEMY & ITS HANG]S-ON8  ,SU* AN ALT]NATIVE DOES EXI/2 ONE ?AT IS AT LEA/ CONSI/5T ) ! TRADITIONS ( ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL - ITS LAT5T NATURALISM1 SOCIAL COMBATIV5ESS1 & MONI/IC ORI5TATION :I* HAVE BE5 SO FACILELY DISMISS$ AS 0ROMANTICISM40  ,?IS ALT]NATIVE IS FRANKLY SUB/ANTIVE 9 ITS EMPHASIS & CAN BE/ BE CALL$ A RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY4  ,ON ! :OLE1 ! SUBJECT HAS BE5 L>GELY IGNOR$ EV5 BY ACOLYTES ( ,HORKHEIM] & ,ADORNO4  ,AS A RESULT1 CRITICAL !ORY HAS SUFF]$ GREATLY BY ?IS 9DIFF]5CE4  ,! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL'S EXCIT+ CONC]NS ) ! DOM9ATIONS ( NATURE & ITS ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! RATIONALIZATION ( ! WORLD HAVE BE5 LEFT DANGL+ 9 ! AIR :ILE A /UP5D\S LIT]ATURE HAS DEVELOP$ >\ND ,HAB]MAS' APORIAS10/AGES ( DEVELOPM5T10 UNFULFILL$ 0PROMISS>Y NOTES10 & IRRELEVANCE TO ! REAL CONC]NS ( \R TIME4#d#e   

  ,SU* AN ALT]NATIVE IS FRANKLY SUB/ANTIVE 9 ITS EMPHASIS1 & CAN BE/ BE CALL$ A RADICAL SOCIAL ECOLOGY4  ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY ELUCIDATES ! GRAD$ 9T]FACE ( NATURE & SOCIETY )\T ! REPELL5T DOGMATISM ( 0DIAMAT02 IT TRIES TO EXPLORE ! POSSIBILITY ( AN OBJECTIVELY ROOT$ ECOLOGICAL E?ICS )\T 5T]TA9+ - 9DE$1 9 OV]T OPPOSITION TO - ! REACTION>Y CRUDITIES ( SOCIOBIOLOGY2 ! PROVIDES & ECOLOGICAL GR\ND+ = RADICAL FEM9ISM & ITS VA/ HI/ORICAL POT5TIAL2 IT SEEKS TO DEVELOP A !ORY ( COMMUNITY CONCEIV$ AS A UTOPI/IC1 HUMANLY SCAL$ CONF$]ATION ( ECOCOMMUNITIES RA!R ?AN P>O*IAL ,GEME9S*AFT51 SUBJECTIVITY AS 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY ?AT IS N\RI%$ BY DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS & 9T]RELATIONS1 & A TE*NICS ?AT IS ORI5T$ ECOLOGICALLY & HUMANI/ICALLY TO DIFF]5TIATION RA!R ?AN DOM9ATION4  ,HAB]MAS' DUALISM1 :I* HAS LIT]ALLY EXPELL$ MANY ( !SE ISSUES FROM A RADICAL DISC\RSE1 IS ?US OV]COME & ! GR\ND+ ( SOCIETY 9 NATURE IS R5D]$ COH]5T )\T NATURALI/IC R$UCTIONISM ON ! ONE H& & A 0SOCIOLOGICAL0 RUPTURE ON ! O!R4  

  ,?IS 09V5TORY0 M]ELY T\*ES ! HI< PO9TS ( SU* AN ECOLOGICAL APPROA* :OSE DETAILS CAN H>DLY BE DEVELOP$ H]E4  ,IF ! APORIAS ( ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL1 :I* >E MASSIVELY C5T]$ 9 ITS VISION ( NATURE & ITS DIALECTIC ( DOM9ATION1 >E BL&LY DISMISS$ AS A DEAD-5D1 WE WILL HAVE FAIL$ ABYSMALLY TO EXPLORE ITS 5TRANC+ 9SI<TS & !IR RADICAL POT5TIAL = PRACTICE AS WELL AS !ORY4  ,9/EAD1 WE WILL 9H]IT ! APORIAS ( ,HAB]MAS AS !IR 0LOGICAL SUCCESSOR0 & REMA9 HOPELESSLY TRAPP$ 9 A REAL CUL DE SAC4  ,TO SUPPOSE ?AT A SUB/ANTIVE APPROA* 9VOLVES M]E 9TUITION RA!R ?AN A DISCURSIVE /RATEGY IS AN ACADEMIC PREJUDICE ?AT CAN BE US$ AS MISLEAD+LY AGA9/ DIALECTIC AS IT CAN AGA9/ ! HI/ORICO-PH5OM5OLOGICAL APPROA* ( ,M>X4  

  ,I HAVE NOT DWELL$ UPON DISCREPANCIES ?AT %[ UP 9 SO MANY ACC\NTS ( ,HAB]MAS' WORK1 NOR HAVE ,I TRI$ TO EXPLORE 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS :I* SURFACE AS 0DISSATISFACTIONS0 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,MC,C>?Y1 ,B5HABIB1 ,COH51 ,ROSE1 & ,:ITEBOOK - TO SPEAK ONLY ( SOME COMM5TATORS4  ,ALL ( !M HAVE DONE SALUT>Y WORK 9 TRY+ TO DET]M9E ! PITFALLS 9 ! ,HAB]MAS CORPUS4  ,! CLOS+ PASSAGES ( ,B5-,HABIB'S 0,MOD]NITY & ! ,APORIAS ( ,CRITICAL ,!ORY0 LEAP \T TO ?OSE :O >E S5SITIVE TO ?IS FASC9AT+ ESSAY3 0,TODAY BO? ! WOM5'S & ECOLOGY MOVEM5TS >E *ALL5G+ ! CULTURAL LEGACY ( MOD]NITY 9 ! NAME ( NEW IDEALS ( AUTONOMY & 9DIVIDUATION 9 A NON-PATRI>*AL SOCIETY & = ! CREATION ( ! NEW 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES 9 :I* ! 9DU/RIAL EXPLOITATION ( NATURE CAN BE OV]COME4  ,IT IS NOT CLE> :Y A NEW SOCIALIZATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BEYOND ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY1 S*OOL & CULTURE1 & A NEW MODE ( MAT]IAL 9T]ACTION ) NATURE1 BEYOND ! 9DU/RIAL MODE ( PRODUCTION1 W\LD BE POSSIBLE4  ,NO !ORY CAN DEF9E ! LIMITS ( FUTURE POSSIBILITY1 AL?\< IT CAN 5LI<T5 US AB\T IT4  ,= ?IS POSSIBILITY IS PO/]IOR & NOT PRIOR TO ACTUALITY - ,>I/OTLE LONG AGO SAID ( PRAXIS4  ,! RESOLUTION ( ! APORIAS ( CRITICAL !ORY SEEM TO LIE 9 ! DIRECTION ( DEVELOP+ A CONCEPTION ( EMANCIPATORY POLITICS 9 ! PRES5T ?AT W\LD COMB9E ! P]SPECTIVES ( RADICAL DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( 9/ITUTIONAL LIFE ) ?AT ( A CULTURAL-MORAL CRITIQUE ( PATRI>*Y .<ONE IS TEMPT$ TO ADD ! CRUCIAL WORD1 HI]>*Y - ,M4 ,B4.> & ! 9DU/RIAL EXPLOITATION ( NATURE )9  & )\T US4  ,! IDEALS ( RADICAL DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY & UTOPIAN ,KULTURKRITIK HAVE BE5 ! POL>ITIES )9 :I* CRITICAL !ORY HAS HI!RTO S\<T TO OV]COME MOD]NITY & ITS DISCONT5TS4  ,?AT !Y CANNOT BE REUNIT$ SU* AS TO 9TEGRATE A CRISIS !ORY ( ! PRES5T ) ! ANTICIPATORY CRITIQUE ( PRES5T LIFE =MS FROM ! /&PO9T ( A UTOPIAN FUTURE IS NOT OBVI\S4  ,CRITICAL !ORY R$EEMS PA/ HOPE 9 ! NAME ( ! FUTURE BY REVEAL+ ! AS-YET UNREALIZ$ POT5TIALS ( ! PRES5T40#d#f  

  ,!RE IS MU* ?AT ONE W\LD WANT TO FLE% \T & EXT5D 9 ,B5HABIB'S ADMIRABLE ACC\NT ( ?IS PROJECT4  ,:AT IS SO REPELL5T 9 ,:ITEBOOK'S 0SURVEY0 ( ! 0,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN ,LEFTI/ 9TELLECTUALS0 IS ! CRUDE AMALGAM HE HAS MADE ( MY/ICISM ) UTOPIANISM1 ( ES*ATOLOGY ) REVOLUTION1 ( ATAVISM ) A R$EMPTIVE DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE1 ( MESSIANISM ) ! PR9CIPLE ( HOPE1 ( ,GEME9S*AFT5 ) ECOCOMMUNITIES1 ( 0MOD]NITY0 ) SUBJECTIVITY & 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY4  ,9 EFFECT1 HE DELEGITIMATES ! ECOLOGICAL PROJECT BY TRY+ TO M>RY ,S*OLEM TO ,ADORNO & BY VEIL+ ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! ECOLOGICAL PROJECT ) WISECRACKS ?AT >E LITTLE MORE ?AN VULG>IZATIONS ( IDEAS ?AT HAVE BE5 PATI5TLY SPOON-F$ TO HIM = YE>S4  ,?IS BETRAYAL ( A TRADITION & A PROJECT ?AT PROVIDES A MEAN+FUL COH]5T ALT]NATIVE TO ,HAB]MAS' APORIAS IS NOT R$EEM$ BY HIS CRITICISMS ( ! LATT] - :I*1 IRONICALLY1 >E VULN]ABLE TO DISMISSAL BECAUSE !Y TOO CAN BE SPECI\SLY *>ACT]IZ$ AS 0ROMANTIC40  

 ,PO/SCRIPT  

  ,TO 0SAVE0 ! SUBJECT1 WE MU/ FIR/ F9D IT1 OR AT LEA/ TRY TO DEF9E IT4  ,?IS IS NO EASY MATT]4  ,SU* %>PLY ET*$ P]SONALITIES LIKE ! ,GREEK M]C5>Y1 ,>*ILO*OS1 :O WAS =M$ BY ! T5SION CREAT$ BY ! TRANSITION ( ! TRIBAL 9TO A FEUDAL WORLD >E AT BE/ TRANSI5T EMBODIM5TS ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY4  ,!Y DO NOT (F] US A GUIDE TO A CLE> UND]/&+ ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY AS A BROADLY SOCIAL PH5OM5ON BECAUSE !Y >E M>G9AL EXCRESC5CES ( A TRADITION-RIDDL$ ]A ?AT LACK$ ! SELF-REFLEXIVITY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! NOTION ( 0MOD]NITY40  ,IT IS NOTABLE1 9 FACT ?AT ! LEA/ 9DIVIDUAT$ PEOPLE ( :OM WE HAVE RELIABLE RECORD - ! PEASANT FOLK ( ! GREAT 0,ASIATIC0 EMPIRES - LIV$ 9 A %AD[ WORLD ( VILLAGES ?AT EXI/$ 9 M>K$ T5SION TO ! GREAT BUREAUCRACIES1 PRIE/HOODS1 & MON>*IES ?AT EXPLOIT$ !M4  ,YET1 IF WE >E TO BELIEVE ,TOL/OY1 :O HAD A LIV$ KN[L$GE & A %>P EYE = ?IS VILLAGE SOCIETY1 A SPONTANEITY ( P]SONALITY & OP5NESS ( MANN] C\LD HAVE EASILY SATISFI$ ! MO/ DEM&+ ( 9DIVIDUALI/S4  

  ,BUT WE W\LD BE H>D PUT TO EXPLA9 A FIGURE LIKE ,P]ICLES1 :O EMBODI$ ! ,GREEK DEMOCRACY AT ITS HI< PO9T4  ,WAS HE LESS AUTONOM\S & 9DIVIDUAT$ ?AN A ,BEE?OV5 OR AUTONOM\S & 9DIVIDUAT$ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY8  ,IF WE DID NOT HAVE ! ANTI-DEMOCRATIC NOTIONS ( A ,PLATO OR ,>I/OTLE TO 0DESCRIBE0 !IR IDEAL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL'S RELATION TO ! POLIS1 ,:ITEBOOK W\LD HAVE NO?+ ON :I* TO HANG HIS HAT4  ,?AT ,HEGEL & O!RS1 9CLUD+ MEMB]S ( ! ,FRANKFURT S*OOL HAVE REPEAT$ ! SAME ]ROR ( =M+ !IR IMAGE ( ! ,A!NIAN 9DIVIDUAL FROM ! WRIT+S ( ! ,A!NIAN ELITE DOES NOT MAKE ?AT IMAGE ANY LESS ]RONE\S4  

  ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ,PAUL ,RAD9 & ,DORO?Y ,LEE ALSO GIVE US A PICTURE ( 9DIVIDUATION 9 TRIBAL COMMUNITIES ?AT IS AT V>IANCE ) ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ON ! SUBJECT4#d#g  ,:E!R !SE IMAGES >E MORE DUBI\S ?AN ! ,A!NIAN IS H>D TO SAY1 BUT CONV5TIONAL WISDOM TAKES A LACK ( 9DIVIDUALITY = GRANT$ :ILE REALIZ+ ?AT IT IS DEAL+ ) TRIBAL EXCLUSIVITY1 P>O*IALISM1 & A C]TA9 DEGREE ( 9NOC5CE 9 ! FACE ( 5C\NT]S ) TE*NICALLY ADVANC$ CULTURES4  ,! T5D5CY TO MI/AKE AWE & FE> = LACK ( 9DIVIDUALITY IS COMMONPLACE REACTION2 9DE$1 TRIBAL PEOPLES >E FIR/ 5C\NT] >E AS 0NEW0 TO ,EURO-,AM]ICANS AS ! LATT] >E TO ! =M]4  ,9 ANY CASE1 !SE >E PROBLEMS ?AT MU/ BE EXPLOR$ ON !IR [N T]MS )9 !IR [N FRAMEWORK1 NOT DISMISS$ FROM A ,EUROC5TRIC VIEWPO9T ) WORDS LIKE ,GEME9S*AFT4  ,! L9KAGE ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T ) 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY AS SU* IS AS AHI/ORICAL AS ! L9KAGE ( 0ON5ESS0 ) ORGANIC SOCIETIES4  ,IT IS AHI/ORICAL BECAUSE IT IGNORES ! DIFF]5T =MS ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY ?AT HAVE >IS5 - & HOPEFULLY WILL >ISE2 =MS ?AT %\LD APPROPRIATELY CON/ITUTE ! MULTICOLOR$ FABRIC ( 9DIVIDUALITY ITSELF4  ,:AT ,:ITEBOOK SEEMS TO MEAN BY 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY IS ! 9TROV]T$ SUBJECT1 SELF-PREOCCUPI$ & PRIVATIZ$1 :OSE ,ANG/ BR+S HIM OR H] TO ! $GE ( NEUROSIS & BEYOND4  ,9 ITS MO/ EXAGG]AT$ =M1 ALL CL9ICAL ACC\NTS ASIDE1 IT APPE>S 9 ,GOE!'S ,FAU/ 7A MORE AMBIGU\S SUBJECT ?AN ,M>%ALL ,B]MAN W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE7#d#h &1 MO/ CONSPICU\SLY1 9 ,NIETZS*E'S 0SOV]EIGN 9DIVIDUAL40  

  0,MOD]NITY0 IS ! BRIEF P]IOD BETWE5 ! TOTAL EXT9CTION ( FEUDALISM & ! RISE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM ?AT PRODUC$ HI<LY AMBIGU\S SUBJECTS4  ,WE CAN ONLY IGNORE !IR UNIQUE ROOTS AT ! EXP5SE ( EXAGG]AT+ !IR F9ALITY OR 5D+ !IR DE/9IES 9 ,NIETZS*E'S 0SOV]EIGN 9DIVIDUAL40  ,!SE ROOTS >E NO LESS 0PREMOD]N0 - ! M$IEVAL & ,B>OQUE COMMUNITIES ( A 0PREMOD]N0 WORLD - AS !Y W]E CONTEMPOR>Y1 NOTABLY1 ! DISSOLV+ =CES ( ! M>KET & 9DU/RY4  ,TO IGNORE ! =M] :ILE OV]/AT+ ! LATT] REMOVES ! T5SIONS ?AT PRODUC$ !M - & NO LESS1 ! RI* S5SE ( PUBLIC LIFE ?AT N\RI%$ !M4  ,SU* GREAT 9DIVIDUALS AS ,DID]OT & ,R\SSEAU EMBODY ! POL>ITIES ?AT CON/ITUTE ?IS T5SION & SYN!SIZE !M4  ,:Y A NEW SYN!SIS %\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE 9 A SOCIETY ?AT HAS ABOLI%$ ! M>KET - ! REAL SOCIAL HALLM>K ( 0MOD]NITY0 - IS BEYOND MY UND]/&+4  ,! NEWLY GA9$ P[] ( SELF-REFLEXIVITY ALONE ) ! RI* HI/ORICAL TREASURE UPON :I* IT CAN DRAW %\LD PROVIDE A CRUCIAL ELEM5T 9 =M+ A NEW1 AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL ?AT IS *A9$ NEI!R TO ! OV]P[]+ MEGALOMANIA ( A ,FAU/ OR ! HUMILITY ( A ,G]TRUDE4  ,TO RESOLVE ?IS PROBLEM IS NOT A MATT] ( PROC$URAL ANALYSIS BUT ( A SUB/ANTIVE !ORY4  

 ,NOTES  

   #a4 ,DONALD ,G4 ,MACRAE1 ,MAX ,WEB] 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#d71 P4 #i4  

   #b4 ,! FOLL[+ CRITIQUE ( ,HAB]MAS' V]SION ( 0CRITICAL !ORY0 -- A PROJECT ?AT HAS TURN$ 9TO A V]ITABLE 9DU/RY 9 ,EURO-,AM]ICAN 0LEFTI/0 CIRCLES -- W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 WRITT5 HAD ,I NOT BE5 0ATTACK$0 BY ,JOEL ,:ITEBOOK'S 0,SAV+ ! ,SUBJECT0 9 ,TELOS1 #e 7,W9T] #a#i#h#a-#h#b71 ,:ITEBOOK & ,I W]E ONCE 9VOLV$ 9 A CLOSE 9TELLECTUAL RELATION4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO M5TION ?IS BECAUSE IT SEEMS ?AT ,:ITEBOOK IS PRIVY TO MY 9T]MO/ ?\<TS4 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS V]Y LITTLE 9 HIS CRITICISM ( MY 0,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN ,JEWI% ES*ATOLOGICALI LIB]T>IAN MESSIANISM & UTOPIANISM0 ?AT REFLECTS MY VIEWS ON 0MOD]NITY10 0,G5E9S*AFT10 TE*NICS1 9DIVIDUALITY1 & ECOCOMMUNITIES4 ,I MU/ EI!R ACCEPT HIS EXPLANATION 9 A TELEPHONE CONV]SATION ?AT ! SILLY SUMM>Y HE ADVANCES IS MEANT PROVOCATIVELY TO 0SMOKE \T0 MY VIEWS ON 0MOD]NITY0 OR !Y >E VULG>IZATIONS COMP>ABLE TO ,ALAN ,WOLFE'S 0,LI/51 ,BOOK*910 9 ,! ,NATION 7,MAY #b#i1 #a#i#h#b74  

   #c1 ,SEE ,!ODOR ,W4 ,ADORNO1 ,! ,J>GON ( ,AU!NTICITY 7,EVAN/ON1 ,ILL41 #a#i#g#c74  

   #d4 ,FR$]IC ,JAMESON1 ,M>XISM & ,=M 7,PR9CETON1 ,N4,J41 #a#i#g#d71 P4 IX4  

   #e4 ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS 0,NEW ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS10  ,TELOS1 #di 7,FALL #a#i#h#a71 PP4 #c#c-#c#g4  

   #f4 ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS1 0,MOD]NITY V]SUS ,PO/-,MOD]NITY10  ,NEW ,G]MAN ,CRITIQUE1 #bb 7,W9T] #a#i#h#a71 P4 #h4  

   #g4 ,GILLIAN ,ROSE1 ,! ,MELAN*OLY ,SCI5CE 7,NEW ,YORK1 L#i#g#h71 P4 #a#d#a4  

   #h4 ,!ODOR ,ADORNO1 ,N>RATIVE ,DIALECTICS1 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#c71 P4 #d#h4  

   #i4 ,IBID41 P4 #d#d3 0,TO COMPREH5D A ?+ ITSELF1 NOT JU/ TO FIT & REGI/] IT 9 ITS SY/EM ( REF]5CE1 IS NO?+ BUT TO P]CEIVE ! 9DIVIDUAL MOM5T 9 ITS IMMAN5T CONNECTION ) O!RS40  

   #a4 ,?OMAS ,MC,C>?Y 9 0,TRANLATOR'S ,9TRODUCTION0 TO ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS1 ,COMMUNICATION & ! ,EVOLUTION ( ,SOCIETY 7,BO/ON1 #a#i#g#i71 P4 VII4  

   #a#a4  ,CONSID] ?IS =MULATION3 0,:AT RAISES US \T ( NATURE IS ! ONLY ?+ :OSE NATURE WE CAN KN[3 LANGUAGE4 ,?R\< ITS /RUCTURE1 AUTONOMY & RESPONSIBILITY >E POSIT$ = US4 ,\R FIR/ S5T5CE EXPRESS$ UNEQUIVOCALLY ! 9T5TION ( UNIV]SAL & UNCON/RA9$ CONS5SUS4 ,TAK5 TOGE!R1 AUTONOMY & RESPONSIBILITY CON/ITUTE ! ONLY ,IDEA WE POSSES A PRIORI 9 ! S5SE ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION40 ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS1 ,KN[L$GE & ,HUMAN ,9T]E/ 7,BO/ON1 #a#i#g#a71 P4 #c#a#d4 ,EMPHASIS ADD$4  

     #a#b4 ,?AT COMMUNICATIONS !ORY HAS ITS ORIG9 9 ! EF=T TO R$UCE PHILOSOPHY TO ME?ODOLOGY WAS ALREADY ANTICIPAT$ BY ,MAX ,HORKHEIM] 9 ,! ,ECLIPSE ( ,REASON 7,NEW ,YORK11 #a#i#d#g74 ,AL?\< WRITT5 BE=E ! EXPLOSION ( 9T]E/ 9 L+UI/ICS1 ?IS WORK ALREADY IMPLIES A DIALECTICAL CRITIQUE ( COMMUNICATION !ORY4 0,DEF9ITIONS ACQUIRE ACQUIRE FULL MEAN+S 9 ! C\RSE ( A HI/ORICAL PROCESS4 ,! CANNOT BE US$ 9TELLIG5TLY UNLESS WE HUMBLY CONC$E ?AT !IR P5UMBRAE >E NOT EASILY P5ETRAT$ BY L+UI/IC %ORTCUTS4 ,IF1 ?R\< FE> ( POSSIBLE MISUND]/&+S1 WE AGREE TO CLIM9ATE ! HI/ORICAL ELEM5TS & (F] SUPPOS$LY ATEMPORAL S5T5CES AS DEF9ITIONS1 WE D5Y \RSELVES ! 9TELLECTUAL H]ITAGE BEQUEA!D TO  PHILOSOPHY FROM ! BEG9N+S ( ?\< & EXP]I5CE4 ,! IMPOSSIBILITY ( SU* A COMPLETE DISAV[AL IS EVID5T 9 ! PROC$URE ( ! MO/ ANTI-HI/ORICAL 'PHYSICALI/' PHILOSOPHY ( \R TIMES1 LOGICAL EMPIRICISM4 ,EV5 ITS PROTAGONI/S ADMIT SOME UNDEF9ABLE T]MS ( EV]YDAY USAGE 9TO !IR DICTION>Y ( /RICTLY =MALIZ$ SCI5CE1 ?US PAY+ TRIBUTE TO ! HI/ORICAL NATURE ( LANGUAGE0 7P4 #a#f#e74 ,TO SPEAK1 AS ,HAB]MAS DOES1 ( ! A PRIORI ,IDEA WE POSSESS ( 0AUTONOMY & RESPONSIBILITY0 AS A RESULT ( LANGUAGE P] SE IS TO BYPASS ! HI/ORICAL G5ESIS ( LANGUAGE1 9DE$1 ( 0AUTONOMY & RESPONSIBILITY40  

   #a#c4 ,CF4 ,ANGELO ,BOLAFFI1 0,CRISIS ( ,LATE ,CAPITALISM & ! ,FUTURE ( ,DEMOCRACY3 9T]VIEW ) ,HAB]MAS10 ,TELOS1 #ci 7,SPR+ #a#i#g#i71 PP4 #a#f#h-#a #g#b2 & 0,NEW ,SOCIAL ,MOVEM5TS01 OP4 CIT4  

   #a#d4 ,SEE ,:ITEBOOK1 0,SAV+ ! ,SUBJECT10 OP4CIT41 P4 #i#f4  

  #a#e4 ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS1 ,T[>D A ,RATIONAL ,SOCIETY 7,BO/ON1 #a#i#g71 P4 #a#a#c4 

  #a#f4 ,MAX ,HORKHEIM]1 0,TRADITIONAL & ,CRITICAL ,!ORY10 9 ,CRITICAL ,!ORY 7,NEW ,YORK1   #a#i#g#b71 P4 #b#b#e1 & ,!ODOR ,ADORNO1 ,NEGATIVE ,DIALECTICS1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #c#h#a4 

  #a#g4 ,F]D ,R4 ,DALLMAYR1 ,TWILI<T ( ,SUBJECTIVITY 7,AMH]/1 #a#i#h#a71 P4#c#g4 

  #a#h4 ,JACK ,M5DELSOHN1 0,! ,HAB]MAS-,GADAM] ,DEBATE1 0 ,NEW ,G]MAN ,CRITIQUE1 #ah 7,FALL#a#i#g#i71 P4 #d#i4 

  #a#i4  ,SUSAN ,BUCK-,MORSS1 ,! ,ORIG9 ( ,NEGATIVE ,DIALECTICS 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#g71 PP4 #a#h#f-#h#g4 ,EMPHASIS ADD$4 

  #b4 ,ROSE1 ,! ,MELAN*OLY ,SCI5CE1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#d#f4 

  #b#a4  ,HAB]MAS1 ,T[>D A ,RATIONAL ,SOCIETY1 OP4 CIT41 P4#h#f4 ,EMPHASIS ,ADD$4  

  #b#b4 ,]N/ ,BLO*1 ,DAS ,PR9ZIP ,H(FNUNG1 ,B& ,I,I 7,FRANKFURT AM ,MA91 #a#i#f#g71 PP4 #h#f-#h#g4  ,EMPHASIS ADD$4 

  #b#c4 ,BUCK-,MORSS1 ,! ,ORIG9 ( ! ,NEGATIVE ,DIALECTIC1 OP1 CIT41 P4 #a#i4 

  #b#d4 ,FEM9I/ ,!ORY AT ITS BE/ - P>TICUL>LY FEM9I/ AN?ROPOLOGY -- HAS 5DEAVOR$ TO RECLAIM ?IS PA?WAY AS A R$EMPTIVE VISION = ! FUTURE4 ,PITIFULLY1 SO LITTLE IS KN[N ( ! TE*NICS1 !ORY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 & HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( ?IS POSSIBILITY BY 0LEFTI/ 9TELLECTUALS10 P>TICUL>LY MALE ACADEMICS4  ,SEE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91  ,! ,ECOLOGY ,FRE$OM 7,PALO ,ALTO1 #a#i#h#b74   

  #b#e4 ,:ITEBOOK1 0,SAV+ ! ,SUBJECT0 OP4 CIT41 P4 #i#d4  

  #b#f4  ,SEE ,MI*AEL ,L[Y1 0,JEWI% ,MESSIANISM & ,LIB]T>IAN ,UTOPIA 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE10 ,NEW ,G]MAN ,CRITIQUE 1 #b 7,SPR+-,SUMM]1 #a#i#h74 ,= ,L[Y'S SUB/ANTIAL RETRACTION ( HIS UNQUALIFI$ CONDEMNATION ( ROMANTICISM AS SU*1 SEE ,MI*AEL ,L[Y1 0,M>XISM & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ROMANTICISM10 ,TELOS4 #di 7,FALL #a#i#h#a71 PP4 #h#c-#i#f4  

  #b#g4  ,:ITEBOOK1 0,SAV+ ! ,SUBJECT10 OP4 CIT41 P4 #i#f4 ,ONE CAN MAKE M9CEMEAT ( SU* CRUDITIES M]ELY ON ! /R5G? ( ,L[Y'S [N >TICLE4 ,9DE$1 ASIDE FROM ,L[Y'S PRUD5CE 9 D5OT+ ! MANY DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS ! 0,C5TRAL ,EUROPEAN 9TELLECTUAL LEFTI/S0 W]E TO FOLL[1 WE KN[ ?AT ,ROS5ZWEIG WAS TO EVOLVE T[>D A ,KI]KEGA>DIAN =M ( ,JEWI% EXI/5TIALISM ) NO SYMPA?Y = ,ZIONISM2 ,BUB] & ,S*OLEM W]E TO BECOME ,ZIONI/ PACIFI/S2 ,L&AU]1 A ,BOHEMIAN AN>*I/2 ,B5JAM91 AN 0ON-AGA91 (F-AGA90 CRITICAL !ORI/2 ,BLO*1 A COMMITT$1 IF UTOPI/IC1 ,M>XI/2 ,ADORNO1 FREE ( ALL ,JEWI% MEASLES1 A HYP]CRITICAL DIALECTICIAN2 & ,LUKACS1 A ,BOL%EVIK & EV5 A ,/AL9I/4  ,AT BE/1 ,L[Y CL>IFIES SOME PO9TS AB\T !IR ORIG9S2 AT WOR/1 HE UTILIZES FRI5D%IPS1 COMMONALITIES ( BIR?1 GEOGRAPHIC AFF9ITIES1 & PO9NTS ( 9T]SECT+ 9T]E/S TO OV]/ATE SIMIL>ITIES ?AT W]E (T5 V]Y T5U\S4  

  #b#h4  ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,! ,LIMITS ( ! ,CITY 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#d74 ,SEE ESPECIALLY PP4 #c#d-#c#e4 

  #b#i4 ,:ITEBOOK1 0,SAV+ ! ,SUBJECT10 OP4 CIT41 P4 #i#g4 ,I'LL LEAVE ,:ITEBOOK'S EMPHASIS ON 0AUT>*IC0 ASIDE EXCEPT TO NOTE ?AT NO:]E DO ,I >GUE ?AT ECONOMIC AUT>*Y IS POSSIBLE4 ,9DE$1 EV5 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS WAS NEV] AUT>*IC MAT]IALLY2 ! IDEA ( SELF-SUFFICI5CY AS ! BASIS = 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY OR 9DEP5D5CE -- A CRUCIAL 9 ITS TIME = ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN IDEAL ( 9DIVIDUATION -- IS CLOS] TO :AT ! ,A!NIANS HAD 9 M9D ?AN COMPLETE MAT]IAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! CITIZ5 C\LD AVOID ! LURES ( SELF-9T]E/ & P>TICUL>ITY TO DEGREE ?AT HE WAS FREE ( DEP5D5CE UPON O!RS :O C\LD 9FLU5CE HIS JUDGM5T4   

  #c4  ,IBID41 P4 #h FN4 ,I SAY 0/RANGELY0 BECAUSE .<,PR9T+ ,ILLEGIBLE -- ,T,M,B #d4#d4#i#h.> ) SU* CONTRADICTIONS4  ,& SURELY 5\<1 HE DOES NOT4 ,:ILE ,LUKACS' SECTION PRES5TS AN ADMIRABLE ACC\NT ( ! IMPACT ( 9DU/RIAL RATIONALIZATION ON ! WORK] 7SEE PAGES #h#h-#i#a71 HE NO:]E JUXTAPOSES ! DEHUMANIZ+ FUNCTION ( 9DU/RIAL RATIONALIZATION ) ITS PRESUMABLY 0REVOLUTION>Y0 FUNCTION 9 PRODUC+ A WORK+ CLASS ?AT IS 0DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF10 TO USE ,M>X'S WRIT+S4  ,SEE ,GEORG ,LUKACS1 ,HI/ORY & ,CLASS ,CONSCI\SNESS 7,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#g#a74 

   #c#a4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 0,SELF-MANAGEM5T & ,NEW ,TE*NOLOGY10 ,TELOS1 #da 7,FALL #a#i#g#i71 PP4 #e-#a#f4  

   #c#b4  ,SOME AN>*I/ !ORI/S LIKE ,PAUL ,GOODMAN HAVE TRI$ TO ADVANCE CREATIVE ALT]NATIVES TO 0GR[+ UP ABSURD0 9 CONTRA/ TO CON/IPAT$ PSEUDO-,M>XI/S LIKE ,*RI/OPH] ,LAS*1 :OSE VULG>IZATION ( ! SO-CALL$ 0C\NT]CULTURE0 & 0CONTEMPOR>Y CULT ( S5SUALITY0 JU/IFIES 0PAT]NAL AU?ORITY0 & ! MONOGAM\S FAMILY4  ,:ITEBOOK ACCEPTS ,LAS*'S >GUM5T BUT LACKS ! =?RI<TNESS TO ADOPT HIS CONCLUSIONS4  ,SEE ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 ,GR[+ ,UP ,ABSURD 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#e#f74  

   #c#c4  ,I LEAVE ASIDE ,M>CUSE'S S5TIM5TAL1 (T5 CONTRADICTORY EXCURSIONS 9TO ?IS PROBLEM1 :I* HE WAS ALL TOO QUICK TO AB&ON 9 ! #a#i#gS4  ,! ESSAY 0,MAN & ,ANIMAL10 :I* ESS5TIALLY CLOSES ! ,DIALECTIC ( ,5LI<T5M5T1 ATTA9S A LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T 9 CRITICAL !ORY & KEEPS FAI? ) ITS EMANCIPATORY MESSAGE SU* AS FEW WORKS ( ! ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL W]E TO DO4  ,SEE ,MAX ,HORKHEIM] & ,!ODOR ,W4 ,ADORNO1 ,DIALECTIC ( ,5LI<T5M5T 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#b71 PP4 #b#d#e-#b#e#e4  

   #c#d4  ,SEE ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 OP4CIT41 PP4 #f#h-#f#i4  

   #c#e4  ,:ITEBOOK1 0,SAV+ ! ,SUBJECT10 OP4CIT41 P4 #h#gN4  ,! PRAISE ?AT ,:ITEBOOK VISITS ON ,HAB]MAS = OPPOS+ A PROC$URAL APPROA* TO ,M>CUSE'S SUB/ANTIVE ONE COMES BACK TO HAUNT HIM T[>D ! 5D ( HIS >TICLE :5 HE CRITICIZES ,HAB]MAS = FAIL+ TO SEE ! M]ITS ( ! 0OLD0 ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL'S SUB/ANTIVE APPROA* 9 DEAL+ ) 9DIVIDUALITY4  

   #c#f4  ,SEYLA ,B5HABIB1 REVIEW ( ,MC,C>?Y'S ,! ,CRITICAL ,!ORY ( ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS1 9 ,TELOS1 #d 7,SUMM] #a#i#g#i71 PP4 #a#g#i-#a#h4  

   #c#g4  ,/ILL ANO!R ISSUE RANKLES ME 9 ,:ITEBOOK'S >TICLE4  ,IS ,>I/OTLE ! MO/ AU!NTIC VOICE ( ! ,A!NIAN POLIS1 OR %\LD WE FOLL[ ,HEGEL'S ADVICE BY TURN+ 0NOT TO ,X5OPHON1 NOR EV5 TO ,PLATO0 = \R 0V]DICT ( ! ,ANCI5TS ON ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ,A!NS10 BUT RA!R 0TO ?OSE :O HAD A ?OR\< ACQUA9TANCE ) ! /ATE 9 ITS FULL VIGOR444TO ITS ,/ATESM510 MO/ NOTABLY TO ,P]ICLES10! ,ZEUS ( ! HUMAN ,PAN!ON ( ,A!NS08  ,SEE ,G4 ,W4 ,F4 ,HEGEL1 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,HI/ORY 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#e#f71 P4 #b#f#a4  ,P]ICLES' ,FUN]AL ,ORATION /&S FLATLY AT ODDS ) ,>I/OTLE'S 9SI/5CE ?AT 0! POLIS IS PRIOR TO ! 9DIVIDUAL40  ,H]E1 ,:ITEBOOK PRES]VES ! SAME >I/OCRATIC IMAGE ( ! ,A!NIAN CITIZ5 ?AT ,G\LDN] & EV5 ,HEGEL W]E TO EXHIBIT 9 !IR WRIT+S ON ,GREECE4  ,HORKHEIM] WAS C>EFUL TO NOTE ?AT :ILE 0,A!NIAN IDEOLOGY0 7:I*1 9 SUB/ANCE1 MEANS ! IDEOLOGY ( ! M5 9 ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE'S CLASS7 REG>D$ ! POLIS AS 0BO? SUP]IOR & ANTEC$5T TO ITS CITIZ5S10 ! V]Y 0PR$OM9ANCE ( ! POLIS FACILITAT$ RA!R ?AN H9D]$ ! RISE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL3 IT EFFECT$ A BALANCE BETWE5 ! /ATE & ITS MEMB]S1 BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNAL WELF>E40  ,SEE ,HORKHEIM]1 ,! ,ECLIPSE ( ,REASON1 OP4CIT41 PP4 #a#c-#a#c#a4  ,9DE$1 AS ,HORKHEIM] OBS]VES3 0,9DIVIDUALITY IS IMPAIR$ :5 EA* MAN DECIDES TO %IFT = HIMSELF4  ,:5 ! ORD9>Y MAN )DRAWS FROM P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL AFFAIRS1 SOCIETY T5DS TO REV]T TO ! LAW ( ! JUNGLE1 :I* CRU%ES ALL E/EEM$ P]SONAL QUALITIES1 SU* AS 9DEP5D5CE1 WILL TO FRE$OM1 SYMPA?Y1 & ! S5SE ( JU/ICE1 >E SOCIAL AS WELL 9DIVIDUAL VIRTUES4  ,! FULLY DEVELOP$ 9DIVIDUAL IS ! CONSUMMATION ( A FULLY DEVELOP$ SOCIETY4  ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS NOT AN EMANCIPATION FROM SOCIETY1 BUT ! DELIV]ANCE ( SOCIETY FROM ATOMIZATION1 AN ATOMIZATION ?AT MAY REA* PEAK 9 P]IODS ( COLLECTIVIZATION & MASS CULTURE40 ,IBID41 P4 #a#c#e4  ,& TO ?9K ,ADORNO & ,LUKACS1 BELONGS TO ! 0PRE-MOD]N10 PRESUMABLY ATAVI/IC1 ,GEME9S*AFT]S6  

   #c#h4  ,ONE WOND]S :Y ,:ITEBOOK /OPS ) MY 0ATAVI/IC0 9T]E/ 9 ! ,A!NIAN POLIS8 ,:AT AB\T MY 9T]E/ 9 ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONS ( #a#g#i#c1 ! ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S1 MY COMMITM5T ( MUNICIPAL CONF$]ALISM1 MY CRITIQUE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 SOVIET =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 & SYNDICALISM8  ,MY RETROSPECTIVE VIEWS MU/ BE PRES5T$ AS M]E 0NO/ALGIA0 & MY PROSPECTIVE VIEWS AS 0MESSIANIC0 & 0ES*ATOLOGICAL40  ,?AT MY PRIM>Y 9T]E/ 9 CLASSICAL ,A!NS SANS 0W9DMILLS0 IS 9/ITUTIONAL - NOTABLY1 C5T]$ ON ! POT5TIALITIES ( /RUCTURES LIKE ! ,ECCLESIA 7CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLY71 ,B\LE 7C\NCIL ( FIVE HUNDR$71 ROTATION ( CIVIL RESPONSIBILITIES1 SORTITION1 & ! PR9CIPLE ( ! MILITIA SY/EM - IS TOTALLY IGNOR$ BY ,:ITEBOOK4  ,& NOT )\T REASON3  :AT ,:ITEBOOK IS *ALL5G+ 9 MY VIEWS IS NOT NO/ALGIA10 BUT A SUB/ANTIAL APPROA* TO SOCIAL !ORY1 AN 5DEAVOR TO EXP& ! REALITY ( HI/ORY1 & ! IMPORTANCE ( RADICAL PRAXIS4  

   #c#i4  ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS1 0,! ,DIALECTICS ( ,RATIONALIZATION3  ,AN ,9T]VIEW10 ,TELOS1 #di 7,FALL1 #a#i#h#a71 P4 #a#b4  

   #d4  ,:ITEBOOK10,SAV+ ! ,SUBJECT10 OP4CIT4 P4 #i#e4  

   #d#a4  ,JEAN ,COH51 0,:Y ,MORE ,POLITICAL ,!ORY80 ,TELOS1 #d 7,SUMM] #a#i#g#i71 P4 #g#c4  

   #d#b4  ,IBID41 PP4 #g#a-#g#b4  ,9 ! PROCESS1 0NEI!R ! DISSOLUTION ( CIVIL SOCIETY NOR ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE IS ADVOCAT$ BY ,HAB]MAS10 ,COH5 NOTES 9 PASS+ & ) C]TA9 LI<!>T$NESS ?AT ONE CAN ONLY F9D ADMIRABLE6 7P4 #g#a74  

   #d#c4  ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS1 0,! ,PUBLIC ,SPH]E10 ,NEW ,G]MAN ,CRITIQUE1 #c 7,FALL #a#i#g#d71 P4 #d#i4  

   #d#d4  ,CITATIONS FROM ,HAB]MAS & ,MC,C>?Y1 UNLESS O!RWISE /AT$1 >E FROM ,! ,CRITICAL ,!ORY ( ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS1 OP4 CIT41 PP4 #c#c-#c#c#b4  

   #d#e4  ,A REC5T BIBLIOGRAPHY ( LIT]ATURE AB\T ,HAB]MAS COV]+ ! P]IOD #a#i#d#i-#a#i#h#a LI/S #ibc ITEMS - & IT MAY NOT EV5 BE EXHAU/IVE AT ?AT6  ,SEE ,]NE ,GORTZAN1 ,JURG5 ,HAB]MAS3 ,E9E ,BIBLIOGRAPHIE SE9] ,S*RIFT5 UND D] SEKUND&]LIT]ATUR #a#i#e#i-#a#i#h#a 7,FRANKFURT AM ,MA91 #a#i#h#b74  

   #d#f4  ,SEYLA ,B5HABIB1 0,MOD]NITY & ! ,APORIAS ( ,CRITICAL ,!ORY10 ,TELOS1 #di 7,FALL #a#i#c#a71 PP4 #e#h-#e#i4  

   #d#g4  ,PAUL ,RAD91 ,! ,WORLD ( ,PRIMITIVE ,MAN 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f72 & ,DORO?Y ,LEE1 ,FRE$OM & ,CULTURE 7,5GLEWOOD ,CLIFFS1 ,N4,J41 #a#i#e#i74  

   #d#h4  ,:ITEBOOK SEEMS TO ACCEPT ,M>%ALL ,B]MAN'S ,ALL ,?AT ,IS ,SOLID ,MELTS 9TO ! ,AIR 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#b7 ) ALMO/ UNQUALIFI$ 5?USIASM & DRAWS HIS 5TIRE PICTURE ( ,M>X AS AN 5?USIA/IC 0MOD]NI/0 FROM IT4  ,= A USEFUL CORRECTIVE TO ! FAULTS ?AT M> ?IS BOOK1 SEE ,ROB]T ,M4 ,ADAMS1 0,JOGG+ TO ! ,ABYSS10 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS1 ,M>* #d1 #a#i#h#b1 PP4 #b#g-#b#i4  ,FROM MY [N KN[L$GE ( ,RUSSIAN LIT]ATURE - & ! ,BRONX - !RE >E MANY O!R CRITICISMS ?AT C\LD BE MADE ( ,B]MAN'S HI<LY SELECTIVE USE ( HIS MAT]IAL4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,F9D+ ,! ,SUBJECT3 ,NOTES ON ,:ITEBOOK & 0,HAB]MAS ,L,T,D40 -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,F9D+ ,! ,SUBJECT3 ,NOTES ON ,:ITEBOOK & 0,HAB]MAS ,L,T,D40 -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,F9D+ ,! ,SUBJECT3 ,NOTES ON ,:ITEBOOK & 0,HAB]MAS ,L,T,D40 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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