,=CE1 ,VIOL5CE & ,DICTATOR%IP 9 ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,COMMUNI/ ,PROGRAM1 N4#a1 #a#i#g#e1 N4#c1 #a#i#g#g1 N4#d1 #a#i#g#h1 N4#e1 #a#i#g#i4 ,?IS TEXT ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ 9 ,ITALIAN 9 \R REVIEW ,PROMETEO1 NOS #b & #d 7#a#i#d#f71 NOS #e & #h 7#a#i#d#g7 & NOS #i & #a 7#a#i#d#h74 
,I4 ,ACTUAL & ,POT5TIAL ,VIOL5CE 

,9 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIAL AGGREGATES WE RECOGNIZE ! USE ( MAT]IAL =CE 
& VIOL5CE 9 AN OV]T =M :5EV] WE OBS]VE CONFLICTS & CLA%ES AMONG 
9DIVIDUALS & AMONG GR\PS :I* RESULT1 ?R\< MANY DIFF]5T =MS1 9 ! 
MAT]IAL 9JURY & DE/RUCTION ( PHYSICAL 9DIVIDUALS4 

,:5EV] ?IS ASPECT COMES TO ! SURFACE 9 ! C\RSE ( SOCIAL HI/ORY1 
IT IS RECEIV$ BY ! MO/ V>I$ REACTIONS ( ABOM9ATION OR ( EXALTATION 
:I* 9 TURN FURNI% ! MO/ BANAL F\NDATIONS ( ! V>I\S SUCCESSIVE 
MY/ICAL DOCTR9ES ?AT FILL & 5CUMB] ! ?\<T ( ! 
COLLECTIVITIES4 

,EV5 ! MO/ OPPOS+ CONCEPTIONS >E 9 AGREEM5T ?AT VIOL5CE AMONG 
HUMANS IS NOT ONLY AN ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( SOCIAL 5]GETICS BUT ALSO AN 
9TEGRAL FACTOR1 IF NOT ALWAYS A DECISIVE ONE1 ( ALL ! TRANS=MATIONS ( 
HI/ORICAL =MS4 

,9 ORD] TO AVOID FALL+ 9TO RHETORIC & METAPHYSICS - SU* AS 
?OSE NUM]\S CONFESSIONS & PHILOSOPHIES :I* OSCILLATE BETWE5 EI!R ! 
APRIORISMS ( ! WOR%IP ( =CE1 ( ! 0SUP]MAN0 OR ( ! 
SUP]IOR PEOPLE1 OR ELSE ! APRIORISMS ( RESIGNATION1 NONRESI/ANCE & 
PACIFISM - IT IS NECESS>Y TO GO BACK TO ! BASIS ( ?AT MAT]IAL 
RELATION%IP1 PHYSICAL VIOL5CE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO RECOGNIZE ITS FUNDAM5TAL 
ROLE 9 ALL =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION EV5 :5 IT ACTS ONLY 9 ITS LAT5T 
/ATE1 ?AT IS ?R\< PRESSURE1 ?REAT & >M$ PREP>ATION :I* PRODUCE ! 
MO/ WIDESPREAD HI/ORICAL EFFECTS EV5 BE=E !RE HAS BE5 BLOOD%$1 AFT] 
IT1 OR )\T IT4 

"9 "9 "9 

,! BEG9N+ ( ! MOD]N AGE1 :I* IS SOCIALLY *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! 
GIGANTIC DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE TE*NIQUES & ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 WAS 
ACCOMPANI$ BY A FUNDAM5TAL CONQUE/ ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE ( ! PHYSICAL 
UNIV]SE ?AT IS B\ND TO ! NAMES ( ,GALILEO & ,NEWTON4 

,IT BECAME CLE> ?AT TWO FIELDS ( PH5OM5A :I* ,>I/OTELIAN & 
S*OLA/IC PHYSICS HAD HELD AS ABSOLUTELY SEP>ATE & EV5 METAPHYSICALLY 
OPPOSITE - ! FIELD ( T]RE/RIAL ME*ANICS & ! FIELD ( CELE/IAL 
ME*ANICS - W]E 9 REALITY ONE & ! SAME & HAD TO BE 9VE/IGAT$ 
& REPRES5T$ ) ! SAME !ORETICAL S*EME4 

,9 O!R WORDS IT WAS UND]/OOD = ! FIR/ TIME ?AT ! =CE :I* A 
BODY EX]TS ON ! GR\ND ON :I* IT RE/S1 OR ON \R H& :I* SUPPORTS IT1 
NOT ONLY IS ! SAME =CE :I* PUTS ! BODY 9 MOTION :5 IT IS LEFT FREE 
TO FALL BUT IT IS ALSO ! SAME =CE :I* GOV]NS ! MOVEM5TS ( ! 
PLANETS 9 SPACE1 !IR REVOLUTIONS 9 APP>5TLY IMMUTABLE ORBITS1 & !IR 
POSSIBLE COLLISIONS ) EA* O!R4 

,IT WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( A M]ELY QUALITATIVE & PHILOSOPHICAL ID5TITY BUT 
( A SCI5TIFIC & PRACTICAL ONE1 S9CE ! SAME K9D ( MEASUREM5T C\LD 
E/ABLI% ! DIM5SIONS ( ! FLY-:EEL ( A MA*9E & DET]M9E1 = 
9/ANCE1 ! WEI<T & ! VELOCITY ( ! MOON4 

,! GREAT CONQUE/S ( KN[L$GE - AS C\LD BE %[N BY A /UDY ( 
GNOSEOLOGY CONDUCT$ ) ! ,M>XI/ ME?OD - DO NOT CONSI/ 9 
E/ABLI%+ NEW ET]NAL & IRREVOCABLE TRU?S BY MEANS ( REVEAL+ 
DISCOV]IES1 S9CE ! ROAD ALWAYS REMA9S OP5 TO FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS & TO 
RI*] SCI5TIFIC & MA!MATICAL REPRES5TATIONS ( ! PH5OM5A ( A GIV5 
FIELD4 ,9/EAD1 !Y CONSI/ ESS5TIALLY 9 DEF9ITIVELY BREAK+ D[N ! 
PREMISES ( ANCI5T ]RORS1 9CLUD+ ! BL9D+ =CE ( TRADITION :I* 
PREV5T$ \R KN[L$GE FROM REA*+ A REPRES5TATION ( ! REAL 
RELATION%IPS ( ?+S4 

,9 FACT1 EV5 9 ! FIELD ( ME*ANICS SCI5CE HAS & WILL MAKE 
DISCOV]IES :I* GO BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ,GALILEO'S & ,NEWTON'S 
LAWS & =MULAS4 ,BUT ! HI/ORICAL FACT REMA9S ?AT !Y DEMOLI%$ ! 
OB/ACLE ( ! ,>I/OTELIAN CONCEPTION ACCORD+ TO :I* AN IDEAL SPH]E1 
CONC5TRIC TO ! E>?1 SEP>AT$ TWO 9COMPATIBLE WORLDS - ! E>?LY 
WORLD ( \RS1 ?AT ( CORRUPTION & WRET*$ MORTAL LIFE1 & ! CELE/IAL 
WORLD ( 9CORRUPTIBILITY & ( ! ICY1 SPL5DID IMMUTABILITY4 ,?IS 
CONCEPTION WAS PR(ITABLY UTILIZ$ BY ! E?ICAL & MY/ICAL CON/RUCTIONS ( 
*RI/IANITY & WAS P]FECTLY ADAPTABLE AS A SOCIAL P>ALLEL ( ! 
RELATION%IPS 9 A HUMAN WORLD BAS$ ON ! PRIVILEGES ( >I/OCRACIES4 

,! ID5TIFICATION ( ! FIELD ( ME*ANICAL FACTS REVEAL$ BY \R 
IMM$IATE EXP]I5CE ) ! FIELD ( COSMIC FACTS ALL[$ = IT TO BE 
SIMULTANE\SLY E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! 5]GY A BODY POSSESSES IS ID5TICAL 9 
SUB/ANCE :E!R ITS MOVEM5T ) RESPECT TO US & ITS IMM$IATE 
SURR\ND+S IS EMPIRICALLY EVID5T OR :E!R ?IS BODY ITSELF IS APP>5TLY 
AT RE/4 

,! TWO CONCEPTS ( POT5TIAL 5]GY 75]GY ) RESPECT TO POSITION OR 
POSITIONAL 5]GY7 & ( K9ETIC 5]GY 7! 5]GY ( MOTION7 :5 APPLI$ TO 
MAT]IAL BODIES WILL BE & HAVE ALREADY BE5 SUBJECT$ TO MORE & MORE 
COMPLEX 9T]PRETATIONS4 ,!SE 9T]PRETATIONS WILL LEAD TO ! PO9T :]E ! 
QUANTITIES ( MATT] & 5]GY :I* APPE>$ 9V>IABLE 9 ! =MULATIONS 
( ! CLASSICAL PHYSICS TEXTS 7& :I* >E /ILL ADEQUATE TO CALCULATE & 
CON/RUCT /RUCTURES ON ! HUMAN SCALE ?AT UTILIZE NON-ATOMIC =MS ( 
5]GY7 WILL PROVE TO BE TRANSMUTABLE ?R\< AN 9CESSANT EX*ANGE :OSE 
RADIUS ( ACTION EXT5DS TO ! 5TIRE COSMOS4 

,H[EV]1 IT /ILL REMA9S ?AT ! RECOGNITION ( ! ID5TITY 9 !IR 
ACTION BETWE5 ! POT5TIAL RES]VES & ! K9ETIC MANIFE/ATIONS ( 5]GY 
WAS A HI/ORICALLY DECISIVE /EP 9 ! =MATION ( SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE4 

,?IS SCI5TIFIC CONCEPT HAS BECOME FAMILI> TO EV]YONE LIV+ 9 ! MOD]N 
WORLD4 ,WAT] CONTA9$ 9 AN ELEVAT$ TANK IS /ILL & APPE>S MOTIONLESS & 
LIFELESS4 ,LET US OP5 ! VALVES ( ! PIPEL9E ) A TURB9E SITUAT$ BEL[ 
& ! TURB9E WILL BE SET 9 MOTION YIELD+ US MOTIVE P[]4 ,! AM\NT ( 
AVAILABLE P[] WAS ALREADY KN[N BE=E WE OP5$ ! VALVE S9CE IT DEP5DS 
ON ! MASS ( ! WAT] & ON ITS HEI<T3 ?AT IS TO SAY IT IS POSITIONAL 
5]GY4 

,:5 ! WAT] FL[S & MOVES1 ! SAME 5]GY MANIFE/S ITSELF AS MOTION1 
I4E4 AS K9ETIC 5]GY4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 ANY *ILD ( TODAY KN[S ?AT IF WE DO NOT T\* ! TWO 
/ILL1 COLD WIRES ( AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT1 NO EX*ANGE WILL TAKE PLACE BETWE5 
!M2 BUT IF WE 9TRODUCE A CONDUCTOR1 SP>KS1 HEAT & LI<T >E EMITT$ ) 
VIOL5T EFFECTS ON MUSCLES & N]VES IF ! CONDUCTOR IS \R BODY4 

,! TWO H>MLESS WIRES HAD A C]TA9 POT5TIAL1 BUT WOE TO :OMEV] 
TRANS=MS ?IS 5]GY 9TO A K9ETIC /ATE4 ,TODAY ALL ?IS IS KN[N EV5 BY 
! ILLIT]ATE BUT IT W\LD HAVE GREATLY BAFFL$ ! SEV5 SAGES ( ANCI5T 
,GREECE & ! DOCTORS ( ! *UR*4 

"9 "9 "9 

,LET US N[ PASS FROM ! FIELD ( ME*ANICS TO ?AT ( ORGANIC LIFE4 ,AMONG 
! MU* MORE COMPLEX MANIFE/ATIONS & TRANS=MATIONS ( BIOPHYSICS & 
BIO*EMI/RY :I* GOV]N ! BIR?1 N\RI%M5T1 GR[?1 MOTION & 
REPRODUCTION ( ANIMALS1 WE F9D ! USE ( MUSCUL> P[] 9 ! /RUGGLE 
AGA9/ ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T AS WELL AS AGA9/ O!R LIV+ BE+S ( ! 
SAME OR ( DIFF]5T SPECIES4 

,9 !SE MAT]IAL CONTACTS & 9 !SE BRUTAL CLA%ES ! P>TS & ! 
TISSUES ( ! ANIMALS >E HURT & LAC]AT$ & 9 ! CASES ( ! MO/ 
S]I\S 9JURIES1 ! ANIMAL DIES4 

,! 9T]V5TION ( ! FACTOR ( VIOL5CE IS COMMONLY RECOGNIZ$ ONLY :5 
AN 9JURY TO AN ORGANISM RESULTS FROM ! USE ( MUSCUL> P[] BY ONE ANIMAL 
AGA9/ ANO!R4 ,WE DO NOT SEE VIOL5CE1 9 COMMON LANGUAGE1 :5 A L&SLIDE 
OR A HURRICANE KILLS ANIMALS BUT ONLY :5 ! CLASSIC WOLF DEV\RS ! LAMB OR 
COMES TO BL[S ) ANO!R WOLF :I* CLAIMS A %>E ( IT4 

,GRADUALLY ! COMMON 9T]PRETATION ( !SE FACTS SLIPS D[N 9TO ! 
DECEITFUL FIELD ( E?ICAL & MY/ICAL CON/RUCTIONS4 ,ONE HATES ! WOLF BUT 
ONE WEEPS = ! LAMB4 ,LAT] ON MAN WILL LEGITIMIZE )\T QUE/ION ! 
KILL+ ( ! SAME LAMB = HIS MEAL BUT WILL SCREAM ) HORROR AGA9/ 
CANNIBALS2 MURD]]S WILL BE CONDEMN$ BUT W>RIORS WILL BE EXALT$4 ,ALL !SE 
CASES ( ! CUTT+ & TE>+ ( LIV+ FLE% CAN BE F\ND 9 AN 9F9ITE 
GAMUT ( TONES :I* FURNI% ! PROLIFIC SOIL = 5DLESS LIT]>Y V>IATIONS4 
,AMONG !M WE ALSO C\LD 9CLUDE - TO GIVE AN E?ICAL PROBLEM TO ?OSE 
:O W\LD JUDGE \R ACTIONS - ! 9CISION ( ! SURGICAL KNIFE ON ! 
CANC]\S TUMOR4 

,! E>LY HUMAN REPRES5TATIONS1 ) ! 9ADEQUACY :I* *>ACT]IZ$ 
!M1 9VE/IGAT$ ! PH5OM5A ( ME*ANICAL NATURE &1 DUE TO AN 9FANTILE 
AN?ROPOMORPHISM1 APPLI$ MORAL CRIT]IA TO !SE PH5OM5A4 

,E>? RETURN$ TO ! E>?1 WAT] RETURN$ TO ! SEA & AIR & FIRE ROSE 
BECAUSE EA* ELEM5T S\<T ITS [N ELEM5T1 ITS NATURAL POSITION1 & %UNN$ 
ITS OPPOSITES1 S9CE LOVE & HATR$ W]E ! MOV+ =CES ( ?+S4 

,IF WAT] OR M]CURY DID NOT DROP D[N 9 ! OV]TURN$ VESSEL IT WAS 
BECAUSE NATURE ABHORR$ A VACUUM4 ,AFT] ,TORRICELLI HAD C>RI$ \T A B>OMETRIC 
VACUUM1 IT BECAME POSSIBLE TO MEASURE ! WEI<T ( ! AIR1 :I* ALSO IS A 
HEAVY BODY & T5DS D[NW>D ) SU* VIOL5CE ?AT IT W\LD CRU% US TO ! 
GR\ND IF WE W]E NOT SURR\ND$ & P5ETRAT$ ALL OV] BY IT4 ,AIR !RE=E 
DOES LOVE ITS OPPOSITES AFT] ALL & %\LD BE CONDEMN$ = AN ADULT]\S 
VIOLATION ( ITS DUTIES4 

,9 EV]Y FIELD1 TO ONE EXT5T OR ANO!R1 VOLUNT>ISM & E?ICISM LEAD MAN 
TO BELIEVE 9 ! SAME /UPIDITIES4 

,GO+ BACK TO ! VIOL5T /RUGGLE ( ! ANIMAL AGA9/ ADV]SITIES OR TO 
! /RUGGLE = ! SATISFACTION ( HIS NE$S ?R\< ! USE ( HIS MUSCUL> 
/R5G? 7& LEAV+ ASIDE ! B\RGEOIS ,D>W9IAN DISC\RSE ON ! /RUGGLE 
= SURVIVAL1 NATURAL SELECTION & SIMIL> REFRA9S7 WE %ALL PO9T \T ?AT 
H]E TOO ! SAME MOTIVES & EFFECTS ( ! USE ( =CE CAN PRES5T 
!MSELVES AS POT5TIAL OR VIRTUAL ON ONE SIDE1 & AS K9ETIC OR ACTUAL ON ! 
O!R4 

,! ANIMAL :O HAS EXP]I5C$ ! DANG]S ( FIRE1 ICE & FLOOD WILL LE>N 
?AT 9/EAD ( CONFRONT+ !M IT IS BE/ TO FLEE AS SOON AS HE P]CEIVES ! 
DANG] SIGNS4 ,9 ! SAME WAY VIOL5CE BETWE5 TWO LIV+ BE+S CAN EX]CISE 
ITS EFFECTS 9 MANY CASES )\T BE+ PHYSICALLY MANIFE/$4 

,! WILD DOG WILL NEV] CONT5D ) ! LION = ! KILL$ ROE-BUCK S9CE 
HE KN[S ?AT HE W\LD FOLL[ ! SAME DE/9Y AS ! VICTIM4 ,MANY TIMES ! 
PREY SUCCUMBS FROM T]ROR BE=E BE+ ACTUALLY SEIZ$ BY ! C>NIVORE2 
SOMETIMES A GLANCE IS 5\< TO IMMOBILIZE IT & DEPRIVE IT NOT ONLY ( ! 
POSSIBILITY ( /RUGGLE BUT ALSO ( FLI<T ITSELF4 

,9 ALL !SE CASES ! SUPREMACY ( =CE HAS A POT5TIAL EFFECT )\T 
NE$ ( BE+ MAT]IALLY C>RI$ \T4 

,IF \R E?ICAL JUDGE %\LD PASS S5T5CE ON ! MATT]1 WE D\BT ?AT HE 
W\LD ACQUIT ! C>NIVORE ON ! SOLE GR\ND ?AT HIS PREY HAD FREELY *OS5 
TO BE DEV\R$4 

"9 "9 "9 

,9 ! PRIMITIVE HUMAN AGGREGATES ! NETWORK ( ! RELATION%IPS AMONG 
9DIVIDUALS GR[S & EXT5DS ITSELF PROGRESSIVELY4 ,! GREAT] V>IETY ( 
NE$S & ( ! MEANS TO SATISFY !M1 9 ADDITION TO ! POSSIBILITY ( 
COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ONE BE+ & ANO!R DUE TO ! DIFF]5TIATIONS ( 
LANGUAGE1 ALL GIVE RISE TO A SPH]E ( RELATION%IPS & 9FLU5CES :I* 9 
! ANIMAL WORLD W]E ONLY R\<LY \TL9$4 

,EV5 BE=E IT IS POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( A TRUE PRODUCTION ( OBJECTS ( USE 
?AT CAN BE EMPLOY$ = ! SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S & NECESSITIES ( HUMAN 
LIFE1 A DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS & ( APTITUDES TO C>RY !M \T IS E/ABLI%$ 
AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! FIR/ GR\PS1 :O DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! TASKS ( 
H>VE/+ WILD VEGETABLES1 ( HUNT+1 ( FI%+ & ( ! FIR/ RUDIM5T>Y 
ACTIVITY 9 ! CON/RUCTION & CONS]VATION ( %ELT]S & 9 ! 
PREP>ATION ( FOOD4 

,AN ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY BEG9S TO =M ITSELF & ) IT >ISES ! PR9CIPLE 
( ORD] & AU?ORITY4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE A SUP]IOR PHYSICAL /R5G? 
& N]V\S 5]GY NO LONG] RESORT ONLY TO MUSCUL> /R5G? TO IMPOSE FIX$ 
LIMITS ON O!RS 9 ! USE ( !IR TIME & !IR LABOR & 9 ! 5JOYM5T 
( ! USEFUL GOODS ?AT HAVE BE5 ACQUIR$4 ,RULES BEG9 TO BE E/ABLI%$ TO 
:I* ! COMMUNITY ADAPTS ITSELF4 ,RESPECT ( !SE RULES IS IMPOS$ )\T 
! NE$S ( US+ PHYSICAL CO]CION EV]Y TIME2 IT SUFFICES TO ?REAT5 ! 
W\LD-BE TRANSGRESSOR ) FI]CE PUNI%M5T & 9 EXTREME CASES ) 
DEA?4 

,! 9DIVIDUAL :O1 DRIV5 BY HIS PRIMITIVE ANIMALITY1 MI<T WANT TO ELUDE 
SU* IMPOSITIONS MU/ EI!R 5GAGE 9 A H&-TO-H& COMBAT ) ! LEAD] 
7& PROBABLY ALSO ) ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! COLLECTIVITY :O W\LD BE 
ORD]$ TO BACK !IR LEAD] 9 EX]CIS+ ! PUNI%M5T7 OR ELSE ! 
9DIVIDUAL MU/ FLEE FROM ! COLLECTIVITY4 ,BUT 9 ?IS LA/ CASE HE W\LD BE 
COMPELL$ TO SATISFY HIS MAT]IAL NE$S LESS ABUNDANTLY & ) MORE RISKS 
S9CE HE W\LD BE DEPRIV$ ( ! ADVANTAGES ( ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY1 
H[EV] PRIMITIVE IT MI<T BE4 

,! HUMAN ANIMAL BEG9S TO TRACE HIS EVOLUTION>Y CYCLE1 A CYCLE :I* 
C]TA9LY IS NEI!R UNI=M & CONT9U\S NOR )\T CRISES & REV]SALS 
BUT :I*1 9 A G5]AL S5SE1 IS UNRE/RA9ABLE4 ,FROM HIS ORIG9AL CONDITION 
( UNLIMIT$ P]SONAL FRE$OM1 ( TOTAL AUTONOMY ( ! S+LE 9DIVIDUAL1 HE 
BECOMES MORE & MORE SUBJECT$ TO AN 9CREAS+LY D5SE NETWORK ( BONDS :I* 
TAKES ! FEATURES & ! NAMES ( ORD]1 AU?ORITY1 & LAW4 

,! G5]AL TR5D ( ?IS EVOLUTION IS ! LESS5+ ( ! FREQU5CY ( 
CASES 9 :I* VIOL5CE AMONG M5 IS CONSUM$ 9 ITS K9ETIC =M1 I4E4 ) 
/RUGGLE1 CORPORAL PUNI%M5T & EXECUTION4 ,BUT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! CASES 
9 :I* AU?ORIT>IAN ORD]S >E EXECUT$ )\T RESI/ANCE BECOME D\BLY 
MORE FREQU5T1 S9CE ?OSE :OM ! ORD]S >E ADDRESS$ TO KN[ BY EXP]I5CE 
?AT IT W\LD NOT PAY TO ELUDE !SE DICTATES4 

,A SIMPLI/IC S*EMATIZATION & IDEALIZATION ( SU* A PROCESS LEADS TO AN 
AB/RACT CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY :I* SEES ONLY TWO 5TITIES1 ! 9DIVIDUAL & 
! COLLECTIVITY1 & >BITR>ILY ASSUMES ?AT ALL ! RELATION%IPS ( EA* 
9DIVIDUAL TO ! ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVITY >E EQUIVAL5T 7SU* AS 9 ! 
ILLUSORY P]SPECTIVE ( ! 0,SOCIAL ,CONTRACT074 ,?IS !ORY 
PO/ULATES ! ONGO+ M>* ( ! HUMAN COLLECTIVITY AS BE+ CONDUCT$ 
EI!R BY AN OBLIG+ GOD :O LEADS ! DRAMA T[>DS A HAPPY 5D+ OR ELSE BY 
A R$EEM+ 9SPIRATION1 MORE MY/]I\S /ILL1 :I* IS PLAC$ :O KN[S H[ 
9 EA* P]SON'S M9D & IS IMMAN5T TO HIS WAY ( ?9K+1 FEEL+1 
& BEHAV+4 ,IT IS PRES5T$ AS A M>* :I* LEADS TO A IDYLLIC EQUILIBRIUM 
9 :I* AN EGALIT>IAN ORD] ALL[S EV]YBODY TO 5JOY ! B5EFITS ( ! 
COMMON WORK1 :ILE ! DECISIONS ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL >E FREE & FREELY 
WILL$4 

,DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM ON ! CONTR>Y1 SCI5TIFICALLY SETS 9TO RELIEF ! 
IMPORTANCE ( ! FACTOR ( =CE & ITS 9FLU5CE NOT ONLY :5 IT IS OV]TLY 
MANIFE/$1 SU* AS 9 W>S AMONG PEOPLES & CLASSES1 BUT ALSO :5 IT IS 
APPLI$ 9 A POT5TIAL /ATE BY MEANS ( ! FUNCTION+ ( ! MA*9]Y ( 
AU?ORITY1 ( LAW1 ( CON/ITUT$ ORD] & ( >M$ P[]4 ,IT EXPLA9S ?AT 
! ORIG9 & ! EXT5SION ( ! USE ( =CE SPR+S FROM ! RELATION%IPS 
9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E PLAC$ AS A RESULT ( ! /RIV+ & ! POSSIBILITY 
TO SATISFY !IR NE$S4 

,IF WE ANALYZE ! WAYS & MEANS BY :I* HUMAN AGGREGATES S9CE PREHI/ORY 
HAVE PROCUR$ !IR MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 AS WELL AS ! FIR/ RUDIM5T>Y 
DEVICES1 >MS & TOOLS ?AT EXT5D ! REA* ( ! LIMB ( ANIMAL MAN TO ACT 
OV] EXT]NAL BODIES1 WE WILL BE L$ TO ! DISCOV]Y ( AN EXTREMELY RI* 
V>IETY ( RELATION%IPS & 9T]M$IATE POSITIONS BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & 
! TOTALITY ( ! COLLECTIVITY :I* >E ! BASIS ( A DIVISION ( ?IS 
COLLECTIVITY 9TO MANY DIV]SE GR\PS1 ACCORD+ TO ATTRIBUTIONS1 FUNCTIONS & 
SATISFACTIONS4 ,?IS 9VE/IGATION FURNI%ES US ! KEY TO ! PROBLEM ( 
=CE4 

,! ESS5TIAL ELEM5T ( ?AT :I* IS COMMONLY CALL$ CIVILIZATION IS ?IS3 
! /RONG] 9DIVIDUAL CONSUMES MORE ?AN ! WEAK] ONE 7& UP UNTIL ?IS 
PO9T WE REMA9 )9 ! FIELD ( ! RELATION%IPS ( ANIMAL LIFE &1 IF WE 
WANT1 WE CAN ALSO ADD H]E ?AT SO-CALL$ 0NATURE01 :I* B\RGEOIS 
!ORIES CONCEIVE ( AS A CLEV] SUP]VISOR1 PROVID$ = ! FACT ?AT MORE 
MUSCLES MEANS MORE /OMA* & MORE FOOD72 BUT ! /RONG] ALSO >RANGES 
?+S 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! MAJOR %>E ( ! WORKLOAD FALLS ON ! WEAK] 
ONE4 ,IF ! WEAK] REFUSES TO GRANT ! RI*E/ MEAL & ! EASIE/ JOB 7OR NO 
JOB AT ALL7 TO ! /RONG]1 !N MUSCUL> SUP]IORITY SUBDUES HIM & 9FLICTS 
ON HIM ! ?IRD HUMILIATION ( BE+ /RUCK4 

,! DI/9CTIVE ELEM5T ( CIVILIZATION1 AS WE SAID1 IS ?AT ?IS SIMPLE 
RELATION%IP EXPLA9$ ABOVE IS MAT]IALIZ$ 9NUM]ABLE TIMES 9 ALL ! ACTS 
( SOCIAL LIFE ) NO NE$ TO USE CO]CIVE =CE 9 ITS ACTUAL1 K9ETIC 
=M4 

,! DIVISION ( M5 9TO GR\PS :I* >E SO DISSIMIL> 9 !IR MAT]IAL 
SITUATION ( LIFE HAS ITS BASIS 9ITIALLY 9 A DI/RIBUTION ( TASKS4 ,IT IS 
?IS :I*1 9 A GREAT COMPLEXITY ( MANIFE/ATIONS1 ASSURES ! PRIVILEG$ 
9DIVIDUAL1 FAMILY1 GR\P1 OR CLASS A RECOGNITION ( ITS POSITION4 ,?IS 
RECOGNITION1 :I* HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 A REAL CONSID]ATION ( ! 9ITIAL 
UTILITY ( ! PRIVILEG$ ELEM5TS1 LEADS TO ! =MATION ( AN ATTITUDE ( 
SUBMISSION AMONG ! VICTIMIZ$ ELEM5TS & GR\PS4 ,?IS ATTITUDE IS H&$ 
D[N 9 TIME & BECOMES P>T ( TRADITION S9CE SOCIAL =MS HAVE AN 9]TIA 
:I* IS ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( ! PHYSICAL WORLD2 DUE TO ?IS 9]TIA !SE 
SOCIAL =MS T5D TO TRACE ! SAME ORBITS & TO P]PETUATE ! SAME 
RELATION%IPS IF SUP]IOR CAUSES DO NOT 9TRODUCE A DISRUPTION4 

,LET US CONT9UE \R ANALYSIS1 :I* EV5 ! READ] :O IS UNFAMILI> ) 
! ,M>XI/ ME?OD WILL UND]/& TO BE A S*EMATIC EXPLANATION = ! SAKE 
( BREVITY4 ,:5 = ! FIR/ TIME ! M9US HAB5S 7! HAVE-NOT7 NOT ONLY 
DOES NOT CON/RA9 HIS EXPLOIT] TO USE =CE 9 ORD] TO COMPEL HIM TO EXECUTE 
! ORD]S1 BUT ALSO LE>NS TO REPEAT ?AT REBELLION IS A GREAT DISGRACE S9CE 
IT JEOP>DIZES ! RULES & ORD] ON :I* EV]YBODY'S SALVATION DEP5DS 
- AT ?IS PO9T1 HATS (F PLEASE1 ! ,LAW IS BORN4 

,! FIR/ K+S W]E CLEV] HUNT]S1 VALIANT W>RIORS :O RISK$ !IR LIFE 
& %$ !IR BLOOD = ! DEF5SE ( ! TRIBE2 ! FIR/ WIZ>DS W]E 
9TELLIG5T 9VE/IGATORS ( ! SECRETS ( NATURE USEFUL = CUR+ ILLNESSES 
& = ! WELL-BE+ ( ! TRIBE2 ! FIR/ MA/]S ( SLAVES OR ( WAGE 
LABOR]S W]E CAPABLE ORGANIZ]S ( ! PRODUCTIVE EF=TS = ! BE/ YIELD 
9 ! CULTIVATION ( ! L& OR 9 ! USE ( ! FIR/ TE*NOLOGIES4 ,! 
9ITIAL RECOGNITION ( ! USEFUL FUNCTION !Y FULFILL$ L$ !M TO BUILD ! 
APP>ATUS ( AU?ORITY & P[]4 ,?IS APP>ATUS P]MITT$ ?OSE :O W]E AT 
! TOP ( ! NEW & MORE PR(ITABLE =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE TO APPROPRIATE1 = 
!IR [N 5JOYM5T1 A L>GE PORTION ( ! 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION ?AT HAD BE5 
REALIZ$4 

,MAN FIR/ SUBMITT$ ! ANIMALS ( O!R SPECIES TO SU* A RELATION%IP4 ,! 
WILD OX WAS SUBJUGAT$ TO ! YOKE = ! FIR/ TIME ONLY AFT] A H>% 
/RUGGLE & ) ! SACRIFICE ( ! BOLDE/ TAM]S4 ,LAT]1 ACTUAL VIOL5CE 
WAS NO LONG] NECESS>Y 9 ORD] TO MAKE ! ANIMAL L[] HIS HEAD4 ,! 
P[]FUL EF=T ( ! OX MULTIPLI$ ! QUANTITY ( GRA9 AT ! 
MA/]'S DISPOSAL & ! OX1 = ITS N\RI%M5T & = ! 
PRES]VATION ( ITS MUSCUL> EFFICI5CY1 RECEIV$ A FRACTION ( ! CROPS4 

,! EVOLV$ HOMO SAPI5S DID NOT WAIT LONG TO APPLY ?IS SAME RELATION%IP 
TO HIS FELL[-MAN ) ! RISE ( SLAV]Y4 ,! ADV]S>Y1 DEFEAT$ 9 A 
P]SONAL OR 9 A COLLECTIVE CONFLICT1 ! PRISON] ( W>1 CRU%$ & HURT1 IS 
=C$ ) FUR!R VIOL5CE TO WORK ) ! SAME ECONOMIC CONTRACTS AS ! 
OX4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ HE MAY HAVE REVOLT$1 R>ELY BE+ ABLE TO OV]:ELM ! 
OPPRESSOR & ESCAPE HIS GRIP2 9 ! LONG RUN ! NORMAL SITUATION IS ?AT ! 
SLAVE1 EV5 IF SUP]IOR TO HIS MA/] 9 MUSCUL> /R5G? JU/ AS IS ! OX1 
SUFF]S UND] HIS YOKE & FUNCTIONS LIKE ! ANIMAL - ONLY PROVID+ A 
MU* WID] RANGE ( S]VICES ?AN ! BEA/4 

,C5TURIES PASS & ?IS SY/EM BUILDS ITS [N IDEOLOGY1 IT IS !ORIZ$2 ! 
PRIE/ JU/IFIES IT 9 ! NAME ( ! GODS & ! JUDGE ) HIS P5ALTIES 
PROHIBITS IT FROM BE+ VIOLAT$4 ,!RE IS A DIFF]5CE1 & A SUP]IORITY ( 
! MAN ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASS OV] ! OX3 NO ONE C\LD EV] TEA* ! OX TO 
RECITE 9 A MO/ SPONTANE\S WAY1 A DOCTR9E ACCORD+ TO :I* ! DRAG ( ! 
PL[ IS AN IMM5SE ADVANTAGE = HIM1 A HEAL?Y & CIVILIZ$ JOY1 A 
FULFILLM5T ( ,GOD'S WILL & AN ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! SANCTITY ( ! 
LAW1 NOR WILL IT EV] HAPP5 ?AT ! OX (FICIALLY ACKN[L$GES ALL ?IS BY 
CA/+ VOTES 9 A BALLOT BOX4 

,\R LONG DISC\RSE ON SU* AN ELEM5T>Y SUBJECT AIMS AT ?IS RESULT3 TO 
CR$IT ! FUNDAM5TAL FACTOR ( =CE ) ! SUM-TOTAL ( EFFECTS :I* >E 
D]IV$ FROM IT NOT ONLY :5 =CE IS EMPLOY$ 9 ITS ACTUAL /ATE1 ) 
VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! PHYSICAL P]SON1 BUT ALSO & ABOVE ALL :5 IT ACTS 9 
ITS POT5TIAL OR VIRTUAL /ATE )\T ! UPRO> ( ! FI<T & ! %$D+ 
( BLOOD4 

,CROSS+ ! C5TURIES 7& AVOID+ A REPETITION ( ! ANALYSIS ( ! 
SUCCESSIVE HI/ORICAL =MS ( PRODUCTIVE RELATION%IPS1 ( CLASS PRIVILEGES1 
& ( POLITICAL P[]7 WE MU/ COME TO AN APPLICATION ( ?IS RESULT & ?IS 
CRIT]ION TO PRES5T-DAY CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 

,IT IS ?US POSSIBLE TO DEFEAT ! TREM5D\S CONTEMPOR>Y MOBILIZATION ( 
DECEIT1 ! BIG UNIV]SAL PRODUCTION :I* PROVIDES = ! IDEOLOGICAL 
SUBJUGATION ( ! MASSES TO ! S9I/] DICTATES ( ! DOM9ANT M9ORITIES4 
,! FUNDAM5TAL TRICK ( ALL ?IS MA*9]Y IS 0ATROCITISM03 ?AT 
IS1 ! EXHIBITION 7:I* 9CID5TALLY IS (T5 CORROBORAT$ BY P[]FUL 
FALSIFICATIONS ( FACTS7 ( ALL ! EPISODES ( MAT]IAL AGGRESSION 9 :I* 
SOCIAL VIOL5CE1 AS A RESULT ( ! RELATION%IPS ( =CE1 IS MANIFE/$ & 
CONSUM$ 9 BL[S1 GUN%OTS1 9 KILL+S & 9 ATOMIC MASSACRES - & 
?IS LA/ W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE APPE>$ AS ! MO/ 9FAM\S IF ! PRODUC] ( 
?IS %[ HAD NOT HAD TREM5D\S SUCCESS 9 /UPEFY+ ! WORLD4 

,IT WILL ?US BE POSSIBLE TO GIVE ! PROP] CONSID]ATION1 ! 
QUANTITATIVELY & QUALITATIVELY PREPOND]ANT IMPORTANCE1 TO ! C\NTLESS 
CASES 9 :I* AGGRESSION1 RESULT+ ALWAYS 9 MIS]Y1 SUFF]+ & 
DE/RUCTION ( HUMAN LIFE ON A TREM5D\S SCALE1 IS EX]CIS$ )\T 
RESI/ANCE1 )\T CLA%ES & - AS WE SAID AT ! BEG9N+ - 
)\T BLOOD%$ EV5 9 TIMES & PLACES 9 :I* SOCIAL PEACE & ORD] SEEM 
TO BE DOM9ANT4 ,?IS IS ! SOCIAL PEACE & ORD] ?AT IS BOA/$ ( BY ! 
PR(ESSIONAL PIMPS ( SPOK5 & WRITT5 PROPAG&A AS BE+ ! FULL 
REALIZATION ( CIVILIZATION1 ORD]1 & FRE$OM4 

,9 COMP>+ ! IMPORTANCE ( BO? FACTORS - VIOL5CE 9 AN ACTUAL 
/ATE & VIOL5CE 9 A POT5TIAL /ATE - IT WILL BE EVID5T ?AT DESPITE 
( ALL ! HYPOCRISIES & SC&ALMONG]+S1 ! SECOND FACTOR IS ! 
PR$OM9ANT ONE4 ,IT IS ONLY ON SU* A BASIS ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO BUILD A 
DOCTR9E & TO WAGE A /RUGGLE CAPABLE ( BREAK+ ! LIMITS ( ! PRES5T 
WORLD ( EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION4 

,I,I4 ,! ,B\RGEOIS ,REVOLUTION 

,! RESE>* WE HAVE 5GAG$ 9 REG>D+ ! 0DOSAGE0 ( 
VIOL5CE EX]CIS$ 9 ITS ACTUAL /ATE 7?R\< PHYSICAL BEAT+S & 9JURIES7 
& VIOL5CE LEFT AT ITS POT5TIAL /ATE 7BY SUBDU+ ! DOM9AT$ TO ! WILL 
( ! DOM9ATORS ?R\< ! COMPLEX PLAY ( P5ALTIES ?REAT5$ BUT NOT 
EX]CIS$7 IF APPLI$ TO ALL SOCIAL =MS :I* PREC$$ ! B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTION W\LD PROVE TO BE TOO L5G?Y4 ,= ?IS REASON WE %ALL CONSID] ! 
QUE/ION BY />T+ FROM A COMP>ISON ( ! SOCIAL WORLD ( ! 0ANCI5 
REGIME0 :I* PREC$$ ! GREAT REVOLUTION ) ?AT ( CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY 9 :I* WE HAVE ! GREAT JOY TO BE LIV+4 

,ACCORD+ TO A FIR/ & WELL KN[N 9T]PRETATION1 ! REVOLUTION :I* 
C>RI$ 9TO EFFECT ! PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM1 EQUALITY & FRAT]NITY1 AS 
EXPRESS$ 9 ! ELECTIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 WAS A UNIV]SAL & F9AL CONQUE/ = 
MANK9D4 ,?IS WAS CLAIM$ ON ! BASIS 

#a7 ?AT IT RADICALLY IMPROV$ ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE ( ALL 
! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY BY FREE+ !M FROM ! OLD OPPRESSIONS & BY OP5+ 
UP = !M ! JOY ( A NEW WORLD & 

#b7 ?AT IT ELIM9AT$ ! HI/ORICAL EV5TUALITY ( ANY 
FUR!R SOCIAL CONFLICT :I* C\LD VIOL5TLY %ATT] ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ 
9/ITUTIONS & RELATION%IPS4 

,A SECOND 9T]PRETATION :I* IS LESS NAIVE & LESS IMPUD5TLY 
APOLOGETIC AB\T ! DELI<TFULNESS ( ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM1 RECOGNIZES ?AT IT 
/ILL H>BORS L>GE DIFF]5CES ( SOCIAL CONDITIONS & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION 
TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ?AT FUR!R TRANS=MATIONS ( 
SOCIETY MU/ BE C>RI$ \T ?R\< MORE OR LESS BRUSQUE OR GRADUAL MEANS4 
,H[EV] IT MA9TA9S ) ABSOLUTE OB/9ACY ?AT ! CONQUE/S ( ! 
REVOLUTION ?AT BR\<T ! CAPITALI/ CLASS TO P[] REPRES5T$ A SUB/ANTIAL 
ADVANCEM5T ALSO = ! O!R CLASSES :I*1 ?ANKS TO IT1 GA9$ ! 
9E/IMABLE ADVANTAGE ( LEGAL & CIVIL LIB]TIES4 ,!RE=E1 IT ALLEGES ?AT 
! QUE/ION IS ONLY ?AT ( PROCE$+ ON ! ROAD ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 
OP5$ UP2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 IT IS CLAIM$ ?AT ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y IS TO 
ELIM9ATE ! REMA9+ =MS ( DESPOTISM & EXPLOITATION - AFT] 
HAV+ ELIM9AT$ ! MO/ SEV] & ATROCI\S ONES - ALL ! :ILE 
KEEP+ HOLD ( ?OSE FIR/ FUNDAM5TAL CONQUE/S4 ,?IS WORN \T 9T]PRETATION 
IS S]V$ TO US 9 MANY =MS4 ,?IS IS ! CASE :5 ,ROOSEVELT1 FROM ! SUMMIT 
( ! PYRAMID ( P[]1 DEIGN$ TO ADD NEW LIB]TIES1 FRE$OM FROM NE$ & 
FRE$OM FROM FE>1 TO ! WELL KN[N LIB]TIES ( ! OLD LIT]ATURE 7& ?IS 
AT A TIME :5 A W> ( UNPREC$5T$ VIOL5CE WAS RAG+1 BR++ AN 
EXT]M9ATION & />VATION ( HUMAN BE+S BEYOND ANY PREVI\S LIMIT74 ,?IS 
IS ALSO ! CASE :51 FROM ! BASE ( ! PYRAMID1 A NAIVE 
REPRES5TATIVE ( ! VULG> POPUL> POLITICK+ =MULATES1 ) NEW WORDS1 
! OLD CONCOCTION ( DEMOCRACY & SOCIALISM BY *ATT]+ AB\T SOCIAL 
LIB]TIES :I* %\LD BE ADD$ TO ?OSE ?AT HAVE ALREADY BE5 A*IEV$4 

,WE %\LD NOT NE$ TO RECALL ?AT ! ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS ( ! HI/ORICAL 
PROCESS ( ! RISE ( CAPITALISM HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ! TWO 
9T]PRETATIONS WE HAVE M5TION$4 

,9 FACT1 ,M>X NEV] SAID ?AT ! DEGREE ( EXPLOITATION1 OPPRESSION & 
ABUSE 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WAS 9F]IOR TO ?AT ( FEUDAL SOCIETY BUT1 ON ! 
CONTR>Y1 HE EXPLICITLY PROV$ ! OPPOSITE4 

,LET US SAY RI<T N[1 9 ORD] TO AVOID ANY S]I\S MISUND]/&+1 ?AT 
,M>X PROCLAIM$ ?AT IT WAS A HI/ORICAL NECESSITY = ! ,F\R? ,E/ATE TO 
FI<T SIDE BY SIDE ) ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! MON>*Y1 ! 
>I/OCRACY1 & ! CL]GY4 ,HE CONDEMN$ ! DOCTR9ES ( 
0REACTION>Y0 SOCIALISM ACCORD+ TO :I* ! WORK]S - 
W>N$ 9 TIME ( ! WILD EXPLOITATION TO :I* !Y W\LD BE SUBJECT$ BY ! 
CAPITALI/S 9 ! MANUFACTUR+ & 9DU/RIAL PLANTS - %\LD HAVE 
BLOCK$ ) ! LEAD+ FEUDAL CLASS AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S4 ,! MO/ 
OR?ODOX & LEFT-W+ ,M>XISM RECOGNIZES ?AT 9 ! FIR/ HI/ORICAL PHASE 
:I* FOLL[S ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 ! /RATEGY ( ! PROLET>IAT C\LD 
NOT BE O!R ?AN ?AT ( A RESOLUTE ALLIANCE ) ! Y\NG ,JACOBEAN 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,!SE CLE>-CUT CLASSICAL POSITIONS >E NOT D]IV$ AT ALL FROM 
! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM IS LESS BE/IAL & OPPRESSIVE ?AN 
! PREVI\S ONE4 ,!Y RESULT 9/EAD FROM ! DIALECTICAL CONCEPTION ( 
HI/ORY :I* EXPLA9S ! SUCCESSION ( EV5TS AS BE+ DET]M9$ BY ! 
PRODUCTIVE =CES :I*1 ?R\< CON/ANT EXPANSION & UTILIZATION ( ALWAYS 
NEW RES\RCES1 WEI< D[N UPON ! 9/ITUTIONAL =MS & ! E/ABLI%$ 
SY/EMS ( P[]1 ?US CAUS+ CRISES & CATA/ROPHES4 

,?US REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/S HAVE BE5 FOLL[+ ! VICTORIES ( MOD]N 
CAPITALISM = MORE ?AN A C5TURY 9 ITS IMPRESSIVE EXPANSION ALL OV] ! 
WORLD & !Y CONSID] ?IS AS USEFUL CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS 
IS SO BECAUSE ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( CAPITALISM 7SU* AS ! 
CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTIVE =CES1 MA*9ES & M5 9TO P[]FUL UNITS1 ! 
TRANS=MATION ( ALL USE VALUES 9TO EX*ANGE VALUES & ! 9T]CONNECTION 
( ALL ! ECONOMIES ( ! WORLD7 CON/ITUTE ! ONLY PA? ?AT LEADS1 AFT] 
NEW GIGANTIC SOCIAL CONFLICTS HAVE TAK5 PLACE1 TO ! REALIZATION ( ! NEW 
COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,ALL ?IS REMA9S TRUE & NECESS>Y AL?\< WE KN[ 
P]FECTLY WELL ?AT ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ SOCIETY IS WORSE & MORE 
F]OCI\S ?AN ?OSE :I* PREC$$ IT4 

,( C\RSE1 IT IS DIFFICULT = ?IS CONCLUSION TO BE DIGE/$ BY M9DS :I* 
HAVE BE5 %AP$ BY B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY & :I* HAVE BE5 +RA9$ ) ! 
IDEALISMS PULLULAT+ FROM ! ROMANTIC P]IOD ( ! LIB]AL DEMOCRATIC 
REVOLUTIONS4 ,9 FACT IF \R !SIS IS JUDG$ ACCORD+ TO S5TIM5TALI/1 
LIT]>Y & RHETORICAL CRIT]IA1 IT CANNOT BUT >\SE ! BANAL 9DIGNATION 
FROM ?OSE RI<TE\S PEOPLE :O W\LD NOT FAIL TO CONFRONT US ) !IR 
JUMBL$ ]UDITION AB\T ! CRUELTIES ( ! OLD DESPOTISMS - ! 
AUTOS-DA-FE1 ! ,HOLY ,9QUISITION1 ! CORVEES ( ! S]FS1 ! 
RI<T ( ! K+ AS WELL AS ! LA/ FEUDAL SQUIRE TO DISPOSE ( ! LIFE & 
DEA? ( !IR SUBJECTS1 ! JUS PRIMAE NOCTIS & SO =? - ?US 
%[+ US ?AT PRE-B\RGEOIS SOCIETIES W]E ! !AT] = DAILY 9CESSANT 
VIOL5CE & ?AT !IR 9/ITUTIONS W]E DRIPP$ ) BLOOD4 

,BUT IF ! RESE>* IS F\ND$ ON A SCI5TIFIC & /ATI/ICAL BASIS & IF 
WE CONSID] ! AM\NT ( HUMAN WORK EXTORT$ )\T COMP5SATION 9 ORD] TO 
ALL[ A PRIVILEG$ 5JOYM5T ( WEAL?2 IF WE CONSID] ! POV]TY & MIS]Y 
( ! L[] SOCIAL /RATA2 IF WE CONSID] ! LIVES :I* >E SACRIFIC$ & 
BROK5 AS A RESULT ( ECONOMIC H>D%IPS & ( ! CRISES & CLA%ES :I* 
BREAK \T 9 ! =M ( PRIVATE FEUDS1 CIVIL W>S1 OR MILIT>Y CONFLICTS AMONG 
/ATES2 IF WE CONSID] ALL ?IS1 ! HEAVIE/ 9DEX %ALL HAVE TO BE COMPUT$ 
& ATTRIBUT$ TO ?IS CIVILIZ$1 DEMOCRATIC & P>LIAM5T>IAN B\RGEOIS 
SOCIETY4 

,9 RESPONSE TO ! SC&ALIZ$ ACCUSATION ( ?OSE :O REPROA* ! 
COMMUNI/S = AIM+ AT ! DE/RUCTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 ,M>X ANSW]$ 
- & IT IS A FUNDAM5TAL PO9T - ?AT ONE ( ! BASIC ASPECTS ( 
! SOCIAL UPHEAVAL BR\<T =? BY CAPITALISM WAS ! VIOL5T1 9HUMAN 
EXPROPRIATION ( ! >TISAN LABOR]4 ,BE=E ! RISE ( ! L>GE 
MANUFACTURES & ME*ANIZ$ FACTORIES1 ! ISOLAT$ CRAFTSMAN 7OR ONE :O 
WORK$ 9 ASSOCIATION ) A FEW RELATIVES & APPR5TICES7 WAS B\ND TO HIS 
TOOLS AS WELL AS TO ! PRODUCTS ( HIS WORK BY A FACTUAL1 TE*NICAL & 
ECONOMIC TIE4 ,! RI<T ( [N]%IP OV] HIS FEW IMPLEM5TS & OV] ! 
LIMIT$ AM\NT ( COMMODITIES PRODUC$ 9 HIS %OP WAS1 9 FACT1 LEGALLY 
RECOGNIZ$ ) NO LIMITATION4 ,! COM+ ( CAPITALISM CRU%ES ?IS 
PATRI>*AL & ALMO/ IDYLLIC SY/EM4 ,IT DEFRAUDS ! 9TELLIG5T 9DU/RI\S 
CRAFTSMAN ( HIS MODE/ POSSESSIONS & DRAGS HIM1 DISPOSSESS$ & />V+1 
9TO ! =C$ LABOR CAMPS ( ! MOD]N B\RGEOIS 5T]PRISE4 ,:ILE ?IS 
UPHEAVAL UNFOLDS1 (T5 ) OP5 VIOL5CE & ALWAYS UND] ! PRESSURE ( 
9EXORABLE ECONOMIC =CES1 ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGI/S DEF9E ITS LEGAL ASPECTS 
AS A CONQUE/ ( LIB]TY :I* FREES ! WORK+ CITIZ5 FROM ! FETT]S ( 
! M$IEVAL GUILDS & TRADE RULES1 TRANS=M+ HIM 9TO A FREE MAN 9 A FREE 
/ATE4 

,SU* WAS ! PROCESS :I* MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY UND]W5T ON ! :OLE1 
& ! PRES5TATION1 9 ,M>XI/ T]MS1 ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURAL 
PRODUCTION IS NOT MU* DIFF]5T4 ,TO BE SURE1 ! SY/EM ( FEUDAL S]VITUDE 
OBLIG$ ! LABOR] ( ! SOIL TO GIVE UP A L>GE PORTION ( HIS PRODUCTION 
= ! B5EFIT ( ! DOM9ANT CLASSES1 I4E4 ! NOBILITY & ! CL]GY4 ,BUT 
! S]F :O WAS B\ND TO ! SOIL MA9TA9$ A TE*NICAL & PRODUCTIVE TIE 
) ! E>? ITSELF & ) A P>T ( ! PRODUCTS1 A TIE :I* 9DIRECTLY 
(F]$ HIM A GU>ANTEE ( A SECURE1 QUIET LIFE 7A SITUATION :I* WAS ALSO DUE 
TO ! L[ POPULATION D5SITY & TO ! LIMIT$ EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS ) ! 
L>GE URBAN C5T]S74 

,! CAPITALI/ REVOLUTION BREAKS ?OSE RELATION%IPS & CLAIMS TO FREE ! 
S]F-PEASANT FROM A :OLE S]IES ( ABUSES4 ,H[EV] ! L& LABOR]1 R$UC$ 
TO A PURE PROLET>IAN1 FOLL[S ! DE/9Y ( ! SLAVE->MY ( 9DU/RIAL 
LABOR]S1 OR ELSE HE IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A FULLY LEGAL MANAG] OR [N] ( A 
SMALL PLOT ( L&1 ONLY TO BE DISPOSSESS$ BY ! CAPITALI/ USUR]1 ! TAX 
COLLECTOR1 OR ?R\< ! MELT+ AWAY ( ! VALUE ( MONEY4 

,IT IS NOT 9 ! SCOPE ( ?IS WORK TO GO 9TO A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( ?IS 
PROCESS4 ,H[EV] ! ELEM5T>Y CONSID]ATIONS WE HAVE MADE WILL BE 5\< TO 
ANSW] ?OSE :O PRET5D !Y HAVE NEV] HE>D BE=E ?AT ,M>X CONSID]$ ! 
NEW B\RGEOIS SOCIETY TO BE MORE 9FAM\S ?AN FEUDAL SOCIETY4 

,! ESS5TIAL PO9T TO E/ABLI% IS ?IS3 ! DIFF]5TIAT+ CRIT]ION 
:I* MU/ BE US$ 9 ORD] TO KN[ IF A NEW HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T %\LD BE 
SUPPORT$ OR COMBAT$ IS NOT :E!R OR NOT ?IS MOVEM5T HAS REALIZ$ & 
ACCORD$ MORE EQUALITY1 JU/ICE & FRE$OM1 :I* W\LD BE AN 9CONSI/5T & 
TRIVIALLY LIT]>Y CRIT]ION4 ,9/EAD IT IS ! TOTALLY DIFF]5T & ALMO/ 
ALWAYS OPPOSITE CRIT]ION ( ASK+ :E!R ! NEW SITUATION HAS PROMOT$ & 
BR\<T =? ! DEVELOPM5T ( MORE P[]FUL & COMPLEX PRODUCTIVE =CES AT 
SOCIETY'S DISPOSAL4 

,!SE MORE HI<LY DEVELOP$ =CES >E ! 9DISP5SABLE CONDITION = ! 
FUTURE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ITSELF 9 ! S5SE ( A MORE EFFICI5T 
UTILIZATION ( LABOR :I* WILL BE ABLE TO PROVIDE A L>G] AM\NT ( CONSUM] 
GOODS = ! B5EFIT ( ALL4 

,IT WAS NOT ONLY USEFUL BUT ALSO ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! B\RGEOISIE1 BY 
MEANS ( CIVIL W>1 TO DEMOLI% ! 9/ITUTIONAL OB/ACLES :I* HAMP]$ ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( L>GE FACTORIES & ! MOD]N EXPLOITATION ( ! L&4 ,IF WE 
CONSID] !SE RESULTS1 IT DOES NOT MATT] ?AT ! FIR/ & IMM$IATE 
CONSEQU5CE1 A TRANSITORY ONE ON A L>G] HI/ORICAL SCALE1 WAS ?AT ( MAK+ 
! *A9S ( ! SOCIAL DISP>ITY & ! EXPLOITATION ( ! LABOR =CE 
HEAVI] & MORE HIDE\S4 

"9 "9 "9 

,! CRITIQUE ( SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM HAS CLE>LY %[N ?AT ! GREAT SOCIAL 
TRANS=MATION A*IEV$ BY CAPITALISM 7A TRANS=MATION :I* HI/ORICALLY HAS 
FULLY MATUR$ & :I* 9 TURN IS F]TILE ) FUR!R GREAT DEVELOPM5TS7 
CANNOT BE DEF9$ EI!R AS A RADICAL LIB]ATION ( ! VA/ MASSES OR AS A 
MEAN+FUL LEAP =W>D 9 !IR /&>D ( LIV+4 ,! TRANS=MATION ( ! 
9/ITUTIONS CONC]NS ONLY ! MODE 9 :I* ! SMALL1 DOM9ANT1 PRIVILEG$ 
M9ORITY ALIGNS & ORGANIZES ITSELF 9 SOCIETY4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! PRE-B\RGEOIS PRIVILEG$ CLASSES =M$ A SY/EM ( 
COMPLEX HI]>*IES4 ,! HI<-RANK+ ECCLESIA/ICS BELONG$ TO ! ORD]$ & 
WELL-ORGANIZ$ NETWORK ( ! *UR*2 ! NOBLEM51 :O ALSO OCCUPI$ ! 
HI<E/ CIVIL & MILIT>Y (FICES1 W]E HI]>*ICALLY >RANG$ 9 ! FEUDAL 
SY/EM :I* HAD AT ITS SUMMIT ! ,K+4 

,IT IS QUITE DIFF]5T 9 ! NEW TYPE ( SOCIETY 7& IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD 
?AT WE >E REF]R+ H]E TO ! FIR/ & CLASSICAL TYPE ( B\RGEOIS 
ECONOMIC SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE & 
LEAV+ ASIDE ! GREAT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! V>I\S NATIONS & HI/ORICAL 
PHASES74 ,9 ?IS SOCIETY ! MEMB]S ( ! HI<] & PRIVILEG$ /RATUM >E 
ALMO/ TOTALLY FREE FROM TIES ( 9T]DEP5D5CE S9CE EA* FACTORY [N] HAS 
NO P]SONAL OBLIGATIONS T[>DS HIS COLLEAGUES & COMPETITORS 9 ! 
MANAGEM5T ( HIS COMPANY & 9 ! *OICE ( HIS 9ITIATIVES4 ,?IS TE*NICAL 
& SOCIAL *ANGE1 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL FIELD1 TAKES ! APPE>ANCE ( A 
HI/ORICAL TURN FROM ! REALM ( AU?ORITY TO ?AT ( FRE$OM4 

,IT IS CLE> H[EV] ?AT ?IS CONQUE/1 ?IS S5SATIONAL *ANGE ( SC5]Y1 
DID NOT TAKE PLACE ON ! !AT] ( ! 5TIRE SOCIAL COLLECTIVITY BUT ONLY 
)9 ! N>R[ CIRCLES ( ! =TUNATE /RATUM ( FULL & GILD$ BELLIES1 
TO :I* WE MAY ADD ! SMALL FOLL[+ ( ACCOMPLICES & DIRECT AG5TS1 I4E4 
POLITICIANS1 J\RNALI/S1 PRIE/S1 TEA*]S1 HI< (FICIALS & ! RE/4 

,! MASS ( HALF-EMPTY BELLIES >E NOT ABS5T 9 ?IS GIGANTIC TRAG$Y 
- ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y P>TICIPATE 9 IT FI<T+ ) ! SACRIFICE ( 
!IR LIVES & BLOOD4 ,:AT !Y >E EXCLUD$ FROM IS ! P>TICIPATION 9 ! 
B5EFITS ( ?IS TRANS=MATION4 

,! CONQUE/ ( LEGAL FRE$OM1 :I* ALL *>T]S & CON/ITUTIONS CLAIM TO 
BE ! H]ITAGE ( ALL CITIZ5S DOES NOT CONC]N ! MAJORITY :O >E EV5 MORE 
EXPLOIT$ & />V$ ?AN BE=E2 9 REALITY ?IS CONQUE/ IS ONLY ! 
9T]NAL AFFAIR ( A M9ORITY4 ,ALL ! CONTEMPOR>Y & HI/ORICAL QUE/IONS 
:I* HAVE BE5 PLAC$ AGA9 BE=E ! NAUSEAT+ PO/ULATE ( FRE$OM & 
DEMOCRACY MU/ BE RESOLV$ 9 LI<T ( ?IS APPROA*4 

,ON ! SCALE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! MAT]IALI/ !SIS /ATES ?AT S9CE ! 
M9D FUNCTIONS ONLY :5 ! /OMA* IS N\RI%$1 ! !ORETICAL RI<T TO 
FREELY ?9K & TO FREELY EXPRESS ONE'S ?\<T 9 FACT CONC]NS ONLY HE 
:O ACTUALLY HAS ! POSSIBILITY ( SU* SUP]IOR ACTIVITY4 ,( C\RSE IT IS 
P]FECTLY CONTE/ABLE :E!R ?OSE :O CON/ANTLY BOA/ ( HAV+ ATTA9$ 
?IS SUP]IOR ACTIVITY ACTUALLY %\LD BE CR$IT$ ) IT1 BUT 9 ANY CASE IT 
IS C]TA9LY PRECLUD$ = ! MASS ( POORLY-F$ BELLIES4 

,! H>%NESS ( ?IS !SIS CU/OM>ILY UN*A9S A SEQU5CE ( BITT] 
REPROA*ES AGA9/ ! 0VULG> OBSC5E MAT]IALISM04 ,?IS 
MAT]IALISM IS ACCUS$ ( TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ONLY ! FACTOR ( ECONOMICS & 
N\RI%M5T1 IGNOR+ ! GLORI\S REALM ( SPIRITUAL LIFE & REFUS+ TO 
ACKN[L$GE ?OSE SATISFACTIONS :I* >E NOT R$UCIBLE TO PHYSICAL S5SATIONS1 
I4E4 ?OSE :I* MAN IS SUPPOS$ TO DRAW FROM ! USE ( REASON1 FROM ! 
EX]CISE ( CIVIL LIB]TIES1 & FROM ! 5JOYM5T ( ELECTORAL RI<TS BY 
:I* ! CITIZ5 *OOSES HIS REPRES5TATIVES & ! HEADS ( /ATE4 

,H]E WE HAVE NO?+ NEW TO PRES5T & AT ! MO/ WE WILL ONLY V]IFY 
WELL-KN[N !ORIES ) REC5T FACTS4 ,!RE=E 9 REG>D TO !SE REPROA*ES 
IT IS NECESS>Y ONCE AGA9 TO E/ABLI% ! REAL SCOPE ( ! ECONOMIC 
DET]M9ISM PR(ESS$ BY ,M>XI/S AS OPPOS$ TO A COMMON DE=MATION :I* IS 
MORE OB/9ATE 9 REFUS+ TO DISAPPE> ?AN SCABIES OR O!R CONTAGI\S 
DISEASES4 ,?IS DE=MATION R$UCES ! PROBLEM TO ! PETTY 9DIVIDUAL SCALE 
& PRET5DS ?AT ! POLITICAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL OR RELIGI\S OP9IONS ( EA* 
9DIVIDUAL >E D]IV$ FROM HIS ECONOMIC RELATION%IPS 9 SOCIETY & 
ME*ANICALLY SPR+ =? FROM HIS DESIRES & 9T]E/S4 ,H5CE ! L>GE 
L&[N] WILL BE A RI<T-W+ REACTION>Y BIGOT2 ! B\RGEOIS BUS9ESSMAN 
WILL BE A CONS]VATIVE 9 REG>DS TO ECONOMICS BUT SOMETIMES1 AT LEA/ UNTIL 
REC5TLY1 VAGUELY LEFTI/ 9 PHILOSOPHY & POLITICS2 ! PETTY B\RGEOIS WILL 
BE MORE OR LESS DEMOCRATIC2 & ! WORK] WILL BE A MAT]IALI/1 A SOCIALI/ 
& A REVOLUTION>Y4 

,SU* A ,M>XISM1 CU/OM-MADE = ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATS1 IS V]Y CONV5I5T 
= OPTIMI/ICALLY DECL>+ ?AT S9CE ! ECONOMICALLY OPPRESS$ WORK]S 
CON/ITUTE ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 IT WILL NOT BE LONG BE=E 
!Y HAVE CONTROL ( ! REPRES5TATIVE & EXECUTIVE ORGANS &1 LAT] ON1 ALL 
WEAL? & CAPITAL4 ,NATURALLY = ! RAPID MOVEM5T ( ?IS M]RY-GO-R\ND IT 
WILL BE ( GREAT ADVANTAGE TO SW+ ! POLITICAL OP9IONS1 BELIEFS & 
MOVEM5TS T[>DS ! LEFT1 =M+ BLOCS & JUMBL$ CONGLOM]ATIONS ) ALL 
! SLIME ( ! MIDDLE /RATA :I* SUPPOS$LY >E PROGRESSIVELY EVOLV+ & 
TAK+ A POSITION AGA9/ ! POLITICS & PRIVILEGES ( ! UPP] CLASSES4 

,9 PLACE ( ?IS /UPID C>ICATURE1 ,M>XISM DRAWS A TOTALLY DIFF]5T 
PICTURE4 ,:ILE SPEAK+ ( ! IDEOLOGICAL1 POLITICAL & MY/ICAL 
SUP]/RUCTURES :I* F9D !IR EXPLANATION 9 ! UND]LY+ ECONOMIC 
CONDITIONS & RELATION%IPS1 ,M>XISM E/ABLI%ES A LAW & A ME?OD :I* HAVE 
A G5]AL & SOCIAL RELEVANCE4 ,9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! 
IDEOLOGY :I*1 9 A GIV5 HI/ORICAL EPO*1 PREVAILS AMONG A PEOPLE :O >E 
GOV]N$ ?R\< A GIV5 REGIME1 WE MU/ BASE \R ANALYSIS ON DATA CONC]N+ 
! PRODUCTIVE TE*NIQUES & ! RELATION%IPS ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS 
& PRODUCTS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE MU/ BASE IT ON ! CLASS RELATION%IPS 
BETWE5 ! PRIVILEG$ GR\PS & ! COLLECTIVITIES ( PRODUC]S4 

,BRIEFLY1 & 9 PLA9 WORDS1 ! LAW ( ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM /ATES ?AT 9 
EA* EPO* ! G5]AL PREVAIL+ OP9IONS1 ! POLITICAL1 PHILOSOPHICAL & 
RELIGI\S IDEAS :I* >E %>$ & FOLL[$ BY ! GREAT MAJORITY >E ?OSE 
:I* CORRESPOND TO ! 9T]E/S ( A DOM9ANT M9ORITY :O HOLDS ALL P[] 
& PRIVILEGE 9 ITS H&S4 ,H5CE ! PRIE/S & WISEM5 ( ! ANCI5T 
ORI5TAL PEOPLES JU/IFY DESPOTISM & HUMAN SACRIFICE1 ?OSE ( ! PAGAN 
CIVILIZATIONS PREA* ?AT SLAV]Y IS JU/ & B5EFICIAL1 ?OSE ( ! 
*RI/IAN AGE EXALT PROP]TY & MON>*Y1 & ?OSE ( ! EPO* ( DEMOCRACY 
& ! ,5LI<T5M5T CANONIZE ! ECONOMIC & JURIDICAL SY/EMS SUITABLE TO 
CAPITALISM4 

,:5 A P>TICUL> TYPE ( SOCIETY & PRODUCTION 5T]S 9TO A CRISIS & 
:5 =CES >ISE 9 ! TE*NICAL & PRODUCTIVE DOMA9 :I* T5D TO BREAK 
ITS LIMITS1 CLASS CONFLICTS BECOME MORE ACUTE & >E REFLECT$ 9 ! RISE ( 
NEW DOCTR9ES ( OPPOSITION & SUBV]SION :I* >E CONDEMN$ & ATTACK$ BY 
! DOM9ANT 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:5 A SOCIETY IS 9 CRISIS1 ONE ( ! 
*>ACT]I/ICS ( ! PHASE :I* OP5S UP IS ! CONT9U\S RELATIVE DECREASE 
9 ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O B5EFIT FROM ! EXI/+ REGIME2 NEV]!LESS1 ! 
REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY DOES NOT PREVAIL 9 ! MASSES BUT IS CRY/ALLIZ$ ONLY 
9 A VANGU>D M9ORITY ?AT IS JO9$ EV5 BY ELEM5TS ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS4 
,! MASSES WILL *ANGE IDEOLOGICALLY1 PHILOSOPHICALLY & RELIGI\SLY ?R\< 
! =CE ( 9]TIA & ?R\< ! =MIDABLE MEANS UTILIZ$ BY EV]Y 
DOM9ANT CLASS = ! MOLD+ ( OP9IONS1 BUT ?IS TRANS=MATION WILL OCCUR 
ONLY AFT] A LONG P]IOD FOLL[+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! OLD /RUCTURES ( 
DOM9ATION4 ,WE CAN EV5 /ATE ?AT A REVOLUTION IS TRULY MATURE :5 ! ACTUAL 
PHYSICAL FACT ( ! 9ADEQUACY ( ! SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION PLACES !SE 
SY/EMS 9TO CONFLICT EV5 ) ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( A L>GE SECTION ( 
! PRIVILEG$ CLASS ITSELF4 ,& ?IS IS TRUE 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ! OLD 
TRADITIONAL DICTATES ( ! DOM9ANT OP9IONS1 ) !IR TREM5D\S 
REACTION>Y 9]TIA1 CONT9UE TO BE 5DLESSLY REPEAT$ BY ! MASS :I* IS ! 
VICTIM ( IT AS WELL AS BY ! SUP]IOR LAY]S :I* >E ! DEPOSITORIES ( 
! REGIME4 

,?US SLAV]Y DEF9ITIVELY COLLAPS$1 9 SPITE ( AN OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE ON 
! LEVEL ( IDEOLOGY & ?AT ( =CE1 :5 IT PROV$ TO BE A SY/EM :I* 
WAS SC>CELY PR(ITABLE = ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & :I* WAS ( LITTLE 
ADVANTAGE = ! SLAVE-MA/]S4 

,TO SAY IT BRIEFLY1 ! LIB]ATION ( AN OPPRESS$ CLASS DOES NOT PROCE$ 
FIR/ FROM ! LIB]ATION ( ! SPIRIT & !N ( ! BODY BUT IT MU/ 
EMANCIPATE ! /OMA* WELL BE=E IT CAN AFFECT ! BRA94 

,! =CES = DECEPTIVELY MOBILIZ+ ! OP9IONS ( ! MASSES 9 A WAY 
:I* CON=MS TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS >E1 9 CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY1 MU* MORE P[]FUL ?AN 9 PRE-B\RGEOIS SOCIETIES4 ,S*OOLS1 ! 
PRESS1 PUBLIC SPEE*ES1 RADIOS1 MOTION PICTURES1 & ASSOCIATIONS ( ALL K9DS 
REPRES5T MEANS :I* >E A HUNDR$ TIMES MORE P[]FUL ?AN ?OSE ?AT W]E 
AVAILABLE TO SOCIETIES 9 ! PA/4 ,9 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME1 ?\<T IS A 
COMMODITY & IT IS MADE TO ORD] BY UTILIZ+ ! NECESS>Y EQUIPM5T & 
ECONOMIC MEANS = ITS MASS PRODUCTION4 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY HAD !IR ,M9I/RIES 
( ,PROPAG&A & ,PEOPLE'S ,CULTURE1 & ,GREAT ,BRITA91 9 TURN1 
9/ITUT$ ITS ,M9I/RY ( ,9=MATION AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I 9 
ORD] TO MONOPOLIZE & CONTROL ! :OLE FL[ ( NEWS4 ,9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 
! TWO ,WORLD ,W>S1 ! DISPAT* ( NEWS WAS ALREADY A MONOPOLY ( ! P[]FUL 
NETWORK ( ! ,BRITI% PRESS AG5CIES2 TODAY SU* A MONOPOLY OBVI\SLY HAS 
CROSS$ ! ,ATLANTIC4 ,?US AS LONG AS MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS W]E FAVORABLE = 
! ,G]MANS ! DAILY PRODUCTION ( TALL TALES & LIES FROM ! ,5GLI% 
9=MATION FACTORY ATTA9$ A LEVEL ?AT ! FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS C\LD ONLY 
5VY4 ,TO GIVE ONE EXAMPLE1 AT ! TIME ( ! 9CR$IBLE ,G]MAN MILIT>Y 
OP]ATION TO CONQU] ,NORWAY 9 #dh H\RS1 ! ,BRITI% RADIO BROADCA/$ ! 
DETAILS ( A DISA/R\S DEFEAT ( ! ,G]MAN FLEET 9 ! ,SKAG]RAK6 

,! SOCIAL FACTOR ( ! MANIPULATION ( IDEAS1 :I* RANGES FROM ! 
FALSIFICATION ( ! NEWS TO ! FABRICATION ( READY-MADE CRITICS & 
OP9IONS1 IS ( NO SMALL IMPORTANCE 79 FACT1 9 ! NEWS 9DU/RY TODAY ! 
V>I\S V]SIONS ( AN EV5T >E ALREADY COMPIL$ BE=E ! EV5T ACTUALLY 
HAPP5S1 SO EV5 IF A REPORT] SEEMS TO TELL IT LIKE IT IS1 IT /ILL REMA9S A 
FALSEHOOD - ! EV5T ?AT IS REPORT$ IS ALWAYS ! EV5T :I* MU/ 
TAKE PLACE ACCORD+ TO ?IS OR ?AT /ATE OR ?IS OR ?AT P>TY74 ,?IS 
MANIPULATION ( IDEAS IS A COMPON5T ( ?AT MASS ( VIRTUAL VIOL5CE1 ?AT IS 
TO SAY1 ( VIOL5CE :I* DOES NOT TAKE ! =M ( A BRUTAL IMPOSITION C>RI$ 
\T ) CO]CIVE MEANS BUT :I* NONE!LESS IS ! RESULT & ! 
MANIFE/ATION ( REAL =CES ?AT DE=M & MODIFY ! ACTUAL SITUATION4 

,! MOD]N TYPE ( DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOIS SOCIETY DOES NOT JOKE ) ! 
ADM9I/RATION ( ACTUAL 7OR K9ETIC7 VIOL5CE ?R\< ITS POLICE & MILIT>Y 
APP>ATUS - & 9 REALITY IT EXCE$S ! LEVEL ( K9ETIC VIOL5CE US$ 
BY ! OLD REGIMES :I* >E SO SL&]$ BY B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT ALONGSIDE 
( ?IS1 IT BR+S ! VOLUME ( ?AT APPLICATION ( VIRTUAL VIOL5CE TO A 
LEVEL NEV] KN[N BE=E1 A LEVEL :I* IS COMP>ABLE TO ! UNPREC$5T$ 
LEVEL ( PRODUCTION & ! CONC5TRATION ( WEAL?4 ,DUE TO ?IS1 SECTIONS ( 
! MASSES APPE> :I*1 \T ( APP>5TLY FREE *OICES ( CONFESSIONS1 
OP9IONS1 & BELIEFS1 ACT AGA9/ !IR [N OBJECTIVE 9T]E/S & ACCEPT ! 
!ORETICAL JU/IFICATIONS ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & EV5TS :I* CAUSE !IR 
MIS]Y & EV5 !IR DE/RUCTION4 

,! PASSAGE FROM ! PRE-B\RGEOIS =MS TO ! PRES5T SOCIETY HAS ?US 
9CREAS$ & NOT DIM9I%$ ! 9T5SITY & ! FREQU5CY ( ! FACTOR ( 
OPPRESSION & CO]CION4 

,& :5 ,M>XISM1 = ALL !SE REASONS WE HAVE EXPLA9$1 ADVOCATES ! 
FULL COMPLETION ( ?AT FUNDAM5TAL HI/ORICAL /EP1 WE C]TA9LY DO NOT 9T5D 
TO =GET OR TO CONTRADICT ?IS FUNDAM5TAL POSITION4 

,IT IS ONLY ) CRIT]IA :I* >E CONSI/5T ) ?OSE WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ 
ABOVE1 ?AT WE CAN JUDGE & UNRAVEL ONE ( ! BURN+ QUE/IONS ( TODAY1 
I4E4 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! B\RGEOIS ME?OD ( ADM9I/RATION & 
GOV]NM5T CORRESPOND+ TO ! RISE ( ! DICTATORIAL & FASCI/ 
TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES4 

,SU* A TRANS=MATION DOES NOT REPRES5T A *ANGE ( ONE RUL+ CLASS = 
ANO!R1 OR EV5 LESS A REVOLUTION>Y RUPTURE ( ! MODES ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT 
:ILE MAK+ ?IS CRITIQUE IT IS NECESS>Y TO AVOID ! BANAL ]RORS :I*1 9 
L9E ) ! DEVIATIONS ( ,M>XISM WE HAVE BE5 REFUT+1 W\LD LEAD TO 
ATTRIBUT+ TO ! DEMOCRATIC-P>LIAM5T>Y =M & PHASE A LESS] 9T5SITY 
& D5SITY ( CLASS VIOL5CE4 

,?IS CRIT]ION1 EV5 IF IT W]E 9 KEEP+ ) ! FACTS1 W\LD NOT 9 ANY 
CASE BE SUFFICI5T TO 9DUCE US TO SUPPORT & DEF5D ! 
DEMOCRATIC-P>LIAM5T>Y PHASE1 = ! SAME DIALECTICAL REASONS ?AT WE HAVE 
US$ 9 EVALUAT+ ! PREVI\S HI/ORICAL *ANGES4 ,BUT AN ANALYSIS ( ?IS 
QUE/ION CAN DEMON/RATE ?AT TO REFUSE ! TEMPTATION ( CONSID]+ ONLY 
ACTUAL VIOL5CE & TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! :OLE VOLUME ( 
POT5TIAL VIOL5CE :I* IS 9H]5T TO ! LIFE & DYNAMICS ( SOCIETY1 IS 
! ONLY WAY TO AVOID FALL+ 9TO ! DECEPTION ( PREF]R+ 7EV5 IF IT IS 
9 A SUBORD9ATE & RELATIVE MANN]7 ! HYPOCRITICAL ME?OD & ! NOXI\S 
ATMOSPH]E ( LIB]AL DEMOCRACY4 

,I,I,I4 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,=M & ! ,FASCI/ ,=M ( ,B\RGEOIS 
,RULE 

,?IS WORK EXAM9ES ! EXT5T TO :I* =CE IS US$ 9 SOCIAL 
RELATION%IPS1 DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 ! TWO =MS 9 :I* VIOL5CE IS 
MANIFE/$3 ! OP5 MANIFE/ATIONS :I* >E C>RI$ \T UP TO ! PO9T ( 
MASSACRE2 & ! ME*ANISM ( SOCIAL RULES :I* >E OBEY$ BY ! AFFECT$ 
9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P )\T PHYSICAL RESI/ANCE1 DUE TO ! ?REAT ( 
PUNI%M5T 9FLICT$ ON (F5D]S OR1 9 ANY CASE1 DUE TO ! PR$ISPOSITION ( 
! VICTIMS TO ACCEPT ! NORMS :I* RULE OV] !M4 

,9 ! FIR/ *APT] WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ A COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! TWO TYPES 
( MANIFE/ATION ( 5]GY 9 ! SOCIAL DOMA9 & ! TWO =MS 9 :I* 
5]GY IS MANIFE/$ 9 ! PHYSICAL WORLD3 ! ACTUAL OR K9ETIC =M 7OR 
5]GY ( MOTION7 :I* ACCOMPANIES ! COLLISIONS & EXPLOSIONS ( ! MO/ 
V>I$ AG5TS2 & ! VIRTUAL OR POT5TIAL =M 7OR 5]GY ( POSITION7 :I* 
EV5 IF IT DOES NOT PRODUCE SU* EFFECTS PLAYS JU/ AS GREAT A ROLE 9 ! 
COLLECTION ( EV5TS & RELATION%IPS UND] CONSID]ATION4 

,?IS COMP>ISON - DEVELOP$ FROM ! FIELD ( PHYSICS TO ?AT ( 
BIOLOGY1 !N TO ?AT ( HUMAN SOCIETY - HAS BE5 C>RI$ \T ) BRIEF 
REF]5CES TO ! C\RSE ( HI/ORICAL EPO*S4 ,>RIV+ AT ! PRES5T 
B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ P]IOD WE HAVE %[N ?AT 9 ?IS P]IOD ! PLAY ( =CE 
& VIOL5CE 9 ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL RELATION%IPS BETWE5 
9DIVIDUALS & ABOVE ALL BETWE5 CLASSES NOT ONLY HAS AN 5ORM\S & 
FUNDAM5TAL ROLE BUT - 9ASMU* AS WE CAN MEASURE IT - BECOMES MU* 
MORE FREQU5T & WIDESPREAD ?AN 9 PREVI\S EPO*S & PRE-CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETIES4 

,9 A MORE EXHAU/IVE /UDY WE C\LD USE A SOCIAL-ECONOMIC MEASUREM5T IF WE 
TRY TO TRANSLATE 9TO FIGURES ! VALUE ( HUMAN LABOR EXTORT$ TO ! B5EFIT 
( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES FROM ! GREAT MASSES :O WORK & PRODUCE4 ,9 MOD]N 
SOCIETY !RE IS A CON/ANT DECREASE 9 ! PROPORTION ( 9DIVIDUALS & 
ECONOMIC GR\P+S :I* SUCCE$ 9 LIV+ 9 !IR [N AUTONOM\S CYCLE1 
CONSUM+ :AT !Y PRODUCE )\T EXT]NAL RELATION%IPS4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY 
!RE HAS BE5 AN 5ORM\S 9CREASE 9 ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O WORK = O!RS 
& :O RECEIVE A REMUN]ATION ?AT COMP5SATES !M = ONLY A P>T ( !IR 
WORK2 LIKEWISE !RE HAS BE5 AN 5ORM\S 9CREASE 9 ! SOCIAL GAP BETWE5 
! LIV+ /&>D ( ! GREAT PRODUCTIVE MAJORITY & ?AT ( ! MEMB]S ( 
! POSSESS+ CLASSES4 ,9 FACT :AT IS IMPORTANT IS NOT ! 9DIVIDUAL 
EXI/5CE ( ONE OR ONLY A FEW TYCOONS :O LIVE 9 LUXURY1 BUT ! MASS ( 
WEAL? :I* A SOCIAL M9ORITY CAN USE = ITS PLEASURES ( ALL K9DS :ILE ! 
MAJORITY RECEIVES ONLY A LITTLE MORE ?AN IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = 
EXI/5CE4 

,S9CE \R SUBJECT DEALS MORE ) ! POLITICAL ASPECT ( ! QUE/ION ?AN 
! ECONOMIC1 ! QUE/ION WE MU/ POSE 9 REG>D TO ! REGIME ( CAPITALI/ 
PRIVILEGE & RULE IS ?AT ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! USE ( BRUTE 
VIOL5CE & ?AT ( POT5TIAL =CE :I* COMPELS ! IMPOV]I%$ TO SUBMIT 
TO ! RULES & LAWS 9 =CE )\T VIOLAT+ !M OR REVOLT+4 

,?IS RELATION%IP V>IES GREATLY ACCORD+ TO ! V>I\S PHASES ( ! 
HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM & ACCORD+ TO ! V>I\S C\NTRIES :]E CAPITALISM 
HAS BE5 9TRODUC$4 ,WE CAN CITE EXAMPLES ( NEUTRAL & IDYLLIC ZONES :]E 
! P[] ( ! /ATE IS EXALT$ AS BE+ FREELY ACCEPT$ BY ALL ! CITIZ5S2 
:]E !RE IS ONLY A SMALL POLICE =CE & :]E EV5 ! SOCIAL CONFLICTS 
BETWE5 WORK]S & EMPLOY]S >E SOLV$ ?R\< PEACEFUL MEANS4 ,BUT !SE 
,SWITZ]L&S T5D1 9 TIME & SPACE1 TO BECOME MORE & MORE R>E OASES 9 ! 
WORLD-WIDE CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,AT ITS BIR? CAPITALISM C\LD NOT CONQU] ITS GR\ND )\T OP5 & BLOODY 
/RUGGLE S9CE ! %ACKLES ( ! /ATE ORGANIZATION ( ! OLD REGIME C\LD 
ONLY BE BROK5 ?R\< =CE4 ,ITS EXPANSION 9 ! NON-,EUROPEAN CONT95TS ) 
ITS COLONIAL EXP$ITIONS & W>S ( CONQUE/ & PILLAGE WAS NO LESS BLOODY1 
BECAUSE ONLY ?R\< MASSACRE C\LD ! MODE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ( ! 
NATIVE POPULATION BE REPLAC$ BY ?AT ( CAPITALISM1 & 9 SOME CASES ?IS 
MEANT ! EXT]M9ATION ( 5TIRE HUMAN RACES1 SOME?+ UNKN[N 9 
PREB\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION4 

,9 G5]AL1 AFT] ?IS VIRUL5T PHASE ( ! BIR? & F\NDATION ( 
CAPITALISM1 AN 9T]M$IATE P]IOD ( ITS DEVELOPM5T BEG9S4 ,AL?\< ?IS 
P]IOD IS M>K$ BY CON/ANT SOCIAL CLA%ES1 BY ! REPRESSION ( REVOLTS ( 
! EXPLOIT$ CLASSES1 & BY W>S BETWE5 /ATES :I* H[EV] DO NOT EMBRACE 
ALL ! KN[N WORLD1 IT IS ! ONE :I* HAS MORE ?AN ANY O!R GIV5 RISE TO 
! LIB]AL & DEMOCRATIC APOLOGIA ?AT FALSELY DEPICTS A WORLD 9 :I* 
- EXCEPT = EXCEPTIONAL & PA?OLOGICAL CASES - ! RELATION%IPS 
BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & BETWE5 SOCIAL /RATA >E SUPPOS$ TO HAVE TAK5 PLACE 
) A MAXIMUM ( ORD]1 PEACE1 SPONTANE\S CONS5T & FREE ACCEPTANCE4 

,LET US SAY 9CID5TALLY ?AT 9 !SE COLONIAL OR NATIONAL W>S1 REVOLTS1 
9SURRECTIONS1 OR REPRESSIONS - :I* CON/ITUTE1 EV5 9 ! SMOO!R 
& CALM] PHASES ( B\RGEOIS HI/ORY1 ! >EAS 9 :I* OP5 VIOL5CE IS 
UNLEA%$ - ! BLOOD%$ & ! NUMB] ( VICTIMS 9 !SE CRISES T5D 
TO 9CREASE1 ALL ! O!R CONDITIONS BE+ EQUAL1 ) RESPECT TO ! CRISES 
( ! PA/1 & = ?IS WE CAN ?ANK 0PROGRESSIVE0 B\RGEOIS 
TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 FACT1 9 P>ALLEL ) ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! 
MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! MEANS ( ATTACK & DE/RUCTION >E MADE MORE & MORE 
POT5T1 MORE P[]FUL WEAPONS >E CREAT$1 & ! CASUALTIES :I* 
,CES>'S PRETORIANS C\LD 9FLICT BY PUTT+ REBELS TO ! SWORD W]E A 
JOKE COMP>$ TO ?OSE :I* MA*9E-GUN FIRE CAN 9FLICT AGA9/ ! 
9SURG5TS ( ! MOD]N EPO*4 

,BUT \R AIM IS TO %[ ?AT EV5 9 LONG PHASES ( BLOODLESS 5=CEM5T ( 
CAPITALI/ RULE1 CLASS =CE DOES NOT CEASE TO BE PRES5T1 & ITS 9FLU5CE 9 
ITS POT5TIAL /ATE AGA9/ ! POSSIBLE DEVIATIONS ( ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS1 
ORGANIZ$ GR\PS OR P>TIES REMA9S ! PRIM>Y FACTOR 9 CONS]V+ ! 
PRIVILEGES & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY CIT$ AMONG 
! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS CLASS =CE NOT ONLY ! 5TIRE /ATE APP>ATUS1 
) ITS >M$ =CES & ITS POLICE1 EV5 :5 ITS WEAPONS >E KEPT AT RE/1 
BUT ALSO ! :OLE >S5AL ( IDEOLOGICAL 9DOCTR9ATION :I* JU/IFIES 
B\RGEOIS EXPLOITATION & IS C>RI$ \T BY MEANS ( ! S*OOLS1 ! PRESS1 
! *UR* & ALL ! O!R WAYS BY :I* ! OP9IONS ( ! MASSES >E 
MOLD$4 ,?IS EPO* ( APP>5T TRANQUILITY IS ONLY DI/URB$ OCCASIONALLY BY 
UN>M$ DEMON/RATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS ORGANIZATIONS2 & ! 
B\RGEOIS ONLOOK]S CAN SAY1 AFT] ! ,MAYDAY M>*1 AS 9 ! V]SES ( ! 
POET3 0,ONCE MORE1 ?ANKS TO ,*RI/ & TO ! POLICE *IEF1 WE HAVE HAD 
NO TR\BLE04 

,:5 SOCIAL UNRE/ RUMBLES MORE ?REAT5+LY1 ! B\RGEOIS /ATE BEG9S TO 
%[ ITS P[] BY TAK+ MEASURES TO MA9TA9 ORD]4 ,A TE*NICAL POLICE 
EXPRESSION GIVES A GOOD IDEA ( ! USE ( POT5TIAL VIOL5CE3 0! 
POLICE & ! TROOPS >E /&+ BY04 ,?IS MEANS ?AT !RE IS NO 
/REET FI<T+ YET1 BUT ?AT IF ! B\RGEOIS ORD] & ! BOSSES' 
0RI<TS0 W]E ?REAT5$ ! >M$ =CES W\LD LEAVE !IR 
QU>T]S & OP5 FIRE4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y CRITIQUE HAS NEV] LET ITSELF BE HYPNOTIZ$ BY ! 
APPE>ANCES ( CIVILITY & S]5E EQUILIBRIUM ( ! B\RGEOIS ORD]4 ,IT LONG 
AGO E/ABLI%$ ?AT EV5 9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC ! POLITICAL /ATE 
CON/ITUTES ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! RUL+ CLASS2 & ?US IT DECISIVELY 
DEMOLI%$ ! /UPID !ORIES :I* W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE ?AT AFT] ! 
DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD FEUDAL1 CL]ICAL & AUTOCRATIC /ATE A NEW =M ( 
/ATE >ISES 9 :I*1 ?ANKS TO ELECTIVE DEMOCRACY1 ALL ! ELEM5TS ( 
SOCIETY1 :ATEV] !IR ECONOMIC CONDITION MAY BE1 >E REPRES5T$ & 
PROTECT$ ) EQUAL RI<TS4 ,! POLITICAL /ATE1 EV5 & PRIM>ILY ?AT 
REPRES5TATIVE & P>LIAM5T>Y ONE1 CON/ITUTES AN APP>ATUS ( OPPRESSION4 
,IT CAN BE COMP>$ TO AN 5]GY RES]VOIR :I* /ORES ! =CES ( DOM9ATION 
( ! ECONOMICALLY PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,?IS RES]VOIR IS SU* ?AT !SE =CES 
>E KEPT 9 ! POT5TIAL /ATE 9 SITUATIONS :]E SOCIAL REVOLT DOES NOT NE> 
! PO9T ( EXPLOD+1 BUT IT UNLEA%ES !M 9 ! =M ( POLICE REPRESSION 
& BLOODY VIOL5CE AS SOON AS REVOLUTION>Y TREMORS RISE FROM ! SOCIAL 
DEP?S4 

,?IS IS ! S5SE ( ! CLASSICAL ANALYSIS ( ,M>X & ,5GELS ON ! 
RELATION%IP BETWE5 SOCIETY & /ATE1 OR 9 O!R WORDS BETWE5 SOCIAL 
CLASSES & ! /ATE4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS TO %AKE ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PO9T ( ! 
PROLET>IAT'S CLASS DOCTR9E HAVE BE5 CRU%$ 9 ! RE/ORATION ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES C>RI$ \T BY ,L591 ,TROTSKY & ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,9T]NATIONAL IMM$IATELY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 

,!RE IS NO SCI5TIFIC S5SE 9 E/ABLI%+ ! EXI/5CE ( A QUANTUM ( 
POT5TIAL 5]GY IF IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO =ESEE ?AT1 9 SUBSEQU5T 
SITUATIONS1 IT WILL BE LIB]AT$ 9 ! K9ETIC /ATE4 ,LIKEWISE ! ,M>XI/ 
DEF9ITION ( ! *>ACT] ( ! B\RGEOIS POLITICAL /ATE W\LD REMA9 
MEAN+LESS & 9CONSI/5T IF IT DID NOT CON=M TO ! C]TA9TY ?AT 9 ! 
CULM9AT+ PHASE ?IS ORGAN ( P[] ( CAPITALISM WILL 9EVITABLY UNLEA% ALL 
ITS RES\RCES 9 ! K9ETIC /ATE AGA9/ ! ]UPTION ( ! PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION4 

,MOREOV]1 ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! ,M>XI/ !SIS ON ! 9CREASE ( POV]TY1 
& ON ! ACCUMULATION & CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL C\LD1 9 ! SPH]E ( 
POLITICS1 BE NO?+ O!R ?AN ! CONC5TRATION & 9CREASE ( ! 5]GY 
CONTA9$ )9 ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,9 FACT ONCE ! DECEITFULLY PEACEFUL 
PHASE ( CAPITALI/ ]A HAD BE5 CLOS$ ) ! \TBUR/ ( ! W> ( #aiad 
& ) ! ECONOMIC *>ACT]I/ICS EVOLV+ T[>DS MONOPOLY & T[>DS ! 
ACTIVE 9T]V5TION ( ! /ATE 9 ! ECONOMY & 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 IT 
BECAME EVID5T - ABOVE ALL 9 ! CLASSICAL ANALYSIS ( ,L59 - 
?AT ! POLITICAL /ATE ( B\RGEOIS REGIMES WAS TAK+ ON MORE & MORE 
DECID$ =MS ( /RICT DOM9ATION & POLICE OPPRESSION4 ,WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ 
9 O!R WORKS ?AT ! ?IRD & MO/ MOD]N PHASE ( CAPITALISM IS 
ECONOMICALLY DEF9$ AS MONOPOLI/1 9TRODUC+ ECONOMIC PLANN+1 & 
POLITICALLY DEF9$ AS TOTALIT>IAN & FASCI/4 

,:5 ! FIR/ FASCI/ REGIMES APPE>$ !Y W]E CONSID]$ 9 ! MORE 
IMM$IATE & COMMONPLACE 9T]PRETATIONS AS A RE/RICTION & AN ABOLITION ( 
! SO-CALL$ P>LIAM5T>Y & LEGAL 0GU>ANTE$0 RI<TS4 ,9 
ACTUALITY IT WAS SIMPLY A QUE/ION1 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 ( A PASSAGE ( ! 
POLITICAL 5]GY ( DOM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS FROM ! POT5TIAL /ATE 
TO ! K9ETIC /ATE4 

,IT WAS CLE> TO EV]Y FOLL[] ( ! ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE - A 
P]SPECTIVE DEF9$ AS CATA/ROPHIC BY ! /UPID CA/RATORS ( ?AT 
DOCTR9E'S REVOLUTION>Y /R5G? - ?AT ! 9CREAS+ SEV]ITY ( 
! CLASS ANTAGONISMS W\LD MOVE ! CONFLICTS ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S TO ! 
LEVEL ( AN ]UPT+ REVOLUTION>Y ATTACK LAUN*$ BY ! PROLET>IAN 
ORGANIZATIONS AGA9/ ! CITADEL ( CAPITALI/ /ATE1 & ?AT ! LATT] 
W\LD UNCOV] ITS >TILL]Y & 5GAGE 9 ! SUPREME /RUGGLE = ITS 
SURVIVAL4 

,9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES & 9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,ITALY 9 #aibb 
& 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#c#c1 ! T5SIONS ( ! SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ! 9/ABILITY 
( CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC FABRIC & ! CRISIS ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS ITSELF DUE 
TO ! W> BECAME SO ACUTE ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS C\LD SEE ?AT ! 9EVITABLE 
MOM5T WAS AT H& :]E1 ) ALL ! LIES ( DEMOCRATIC PROPAG&A BE+ 
EXHAU/$1 ! ONLY SOLUTION WAS ! VIOL5T CLA% BETWE5 ! ANTAGONI/IC 
SOCIAL CLASSES4 

,!N !RE OCCURR$ :AT WAS CORRECTLY DEF9$ AS A CAPITALI/S' 
(F5SIVE4 ,UNTIL !N ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 ) ITS ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION 9 
VIGOR\S DEVELOPM5T1 HAD SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 SLUMB]+ BEH9D ! APP>5T 
K9DL9ESS & TOL]ANCE ( ITS REPRES5TATIVE & P>LIAM5T>Y 9/ITUTIONS4 
,HAV+ SUCCE$$ 9 MA/]+ A V]Y SIGNIFICANT DEGREE ( HI/ORICAL /RATEGY1 
IT BROKE ! HESITATIONS & TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE1 ?9K+ ?AT RA!R ?AN A 
SUPREME DEF5SE ( ! /ATE'S =TRESS AGA9/ ! ASSAULT ( REVOLUTION 
7:I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X'S & ,L59'S TEA*+1 DOES NOT AIM AT 
TAK+ OV] ! /ATE BUT AT TOTALLY SMA%+ IT7 IT WAS PREF]ABLE TO LAUN* 
AN (F5SIVE ACTION AIM+ AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! BASES ( ! PROLET>IAN 
ORGANIZATION4 

,?US A SITUATION :I* WAS CLE>LY =ESE5 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE 
WAS ACCEL]AT$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T4 ,9 EFFECT1 ,M>XI/ COMMUNI/S HAVE NEV] 
?\<T ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO C>RY \T !IR PROGRAM )\T ?IS SUPREME 
CLA% BETWE5 ! OPPOS+ CLASS =CES2 & MOREOV]1 ! ANALYSIS ( ! MO/ 
REC5T EVOLUTION ( CAPITALISM & ( ! MON/R\S 5L>GEM5T ( ITS /ATE 
MA*9]IES ) !IR 5ORM\S FRAMEWORK CLE>LY 9DICAT$ ?AT SU* A 
DEVELOPM5T WAS 9EVITABLE4 

,! GREAT ]ROR ( JUDGM5T1 TACTICS1 & /RATEGY :I* FAVOR$ ! 
VICTORY ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION WAS ?AT ( DEPLOR+ CAPITALISM'S 
P[]FUL %IFT FROM ! DEMOCRATIC HYPOCRISY TO OP5 VIOL5CE1 AS IF IT WAS A 
MOVEM5T ?AT C\LD BE HI/ORICALLY REV]S$4 ,9/EAD ( C\NT]POS+ TO ?IS 
MOVEM5T ! NECESSITY ( ! DE/RUCTION ( CAPITALI/ P[]1 ONE C\NT]POS$ 
9/EAD ! /UPID PACIFI/ PRET5SION ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD GO 9 REV]SE1 
BACKW>DS ALONG ITS PA?1 9 A DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO ! ONE :I* WE ,M>XI/S 
HAVE ALWAYS ASCRIB$ TO IT1 & ?AT = ! P]SONAL CONV5I5CE ( SOME 
C[>DLY ROGUE POLITICIANS1 CAPITALISM W\LD BE K9D 5\< NOT TO UN%EA! 
ITS CLASS WEAPONS & RETURN TO ! 9CONSI/5T & OBSOLETE POSITION ( 
MOBILIZATION )\T W> :I* CON/ITUT$ ! 0PLEASANT0 ASPECT ( 
! PREVI\S P]IOD4 

,! BASIC MI/AKE IS TO HAVE BE5 A/ONI%$1 TO HAVE :9$ OR TO HAVE 
DEPLOR$ ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE C>RI$ \T ITS TOTALIT>IAN DICTATOR%IP )\T 
MASK1 :]EAS WE KNEW V]Y WELL ?AT ?IS DICTATOR%IP HAD ALWAYS EXI/$1 ?AT 
! /ATE APP>ATUS HAD ALWAYS HAD1 POT5TIALLY IF NOT 9 ACTUALITY1 ! 
SPECIFIC FUNCTION ( WIELD+1 PRES]V+ & DEF5D+ ! P[] & PRIVILEGE 
( ! B\RGEOIS M9ORITY AGA9/ REVOLUTION4 ,! ]ROR CONSI/$ 9 PREF]R+ 
A B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC ATMOSPH]E TO A FASCI/ ONE2 9 %IFT+ ! BATTLE 
FRONT FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! PROLET>IAN CONQUE/ ( P[] TO ?AT ( AN 
ILLUSORY RE/ORATION ( A DEMOCRATIC ME?OD ( CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5T 9 ! 
PLACE ( ! FASCI/ ONE4 

,! FATAL MI/AKE WAS ( NOT UND]/&+ ?AT 9 ANY CASE ! EVE ( ! 
REVOLUTION :I* HAD BE5 AWAIT$ = SO MANY DECADES W\LD REVEAL A B\RGEOIS 
/ATE DRAWN UP = ! >M$ DEF5SE AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAN ADVANCE1 & ?AT 
!RE=E SU* A SITUATION MU/ APPE> AS A PROGRESS1 & NOT AS A REGRESSION1 
9 COMP>ISON ) ! YE>S ( APP>5T SOCIAL PEACE & ( LIMIT$ IMPETUS 
FROM ! CLASS =CE ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! DAMAGE DONE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( 
! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES & TO ! PROSPECTS ( ! REALIZATION ( A 
SOCIALI/ SOCIETY DOES NOT /EM FROM ! FACT ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE ORGANIZ$ 9 
A FASCI/ =M IS SUPPOS$LY MORE P[]FUL & MORE EFFICI5T 9 DEF5D+ ITS 
PRIVILEGE ?AN A B\RGEOISIE /ILL ORGANIZ$ 9 A DEMOCRATIC =M4 ,ITS CLASS 
P[] & 5]GY IS ! SAME 9 BO? CASES4 ,9 ! DEMOCRATIC PHASE IT IS 9 
ITS POT5TIAL /ATE3 OV] ! MUZZLE ( ! CANNON !RE IS ! 9NOCU\S 
PROTECTION ( A COV]+4 ,9 ! FASCI/ PHASE 5]GY IS MANIFE/$ 9 ! 
K9ETIC /ATE3 ! HOOD IS TAK5 (F & ! %OT IS FIR$4 ,! DEFEATI/ & 
IDIOTIC REQUE/ :I* ! TRAITOR\S LEAD]S ( ! PROLET>IAT MAKE TO 
EXPLOITATIVE & OPPRESSIVE CAPITALISM IS ?AT IT PUT BACK ! DECEITFUL 
COV]+ OV] ! MUZZLE ( ! WEAPON4 ,IF ?IS W]E DONE ! EFFICI5CY ( ! 
DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION W\LD NOT HAVE DIM9I%$ BUT ONLY 9CREAS$ ?ANKS 
TO ! REVITALIZ$ EXP$I5T ( LEGALI/IC DECEPTION4 

,S9CE IT W\LD BE EV5 MORE 9SANE TO ASK ! 5EMY TO DIS>M1 WE MU/ 
GLADLY WELCOME ! FACT ?AT1 COMPELL$ BY ! URG5CIES ( ! SITUATION1 IT 
UNVEILS ITS [N WEAPONS1 = !N !SE WEAPONS WILL BE LESS DIFFICULT TO FACE 
& TO DEFEAT4 

,!RE=E ! B\RGEOIS REGIME ( OP5 DICTATOR%IP IS AN 9EVITABLE & 
PR$ICT$ PHASE ( ! HI/ORICAL LIFE ( CAPITALISM & IT WILL NOT DIE 
)\T HAV+ GONE ?R\< ?IS PHASE4 ,TO FI<T TO PO/PONE ?IS UNMASK+ ( 
! 5]GIES ( ! ANTAGONI/IC SOCIAL CLASSES1 TO C>RY ON A VA9 & 
RHETORICAL PROPAG&A 9SPIR$ BY A /UPID HORROR ( DICTATOR%IP 9 PR9CIPLE1 
ALL ?IS WORK CAN ONLY FAVOR ! SURVIVAL ( CAPITALI/ REGIME & ! 
PROLONG$ SUBJECTION & OPPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

"9 "9 "9 

,& ) JU/ AS MU* C]TA9TY WE CAN CONCLUDE ! FOLL[+1 ?\< IT IS 
QUITE LIKELY TO CAUSE AN UPRO> FROM ALL ! GEESE ( ! B\RGEOIS LEFT3 ! 
COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! DEMOCRATIC PHASE ( CAPITALISM & ! TOTALIT>IAN 
PHASE %[S ?AT ! AM\NT ( CLASS OPPRESSION IS GREAT] 9 ! FIR/ 
7AL?\< IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS ALWAYS T5DS TO *OOSE ! ME?OD 
:I* IS MORE USEFUL = ITS CONS]VATION74 ,FASCISM UND\BT$LY UNLEA%ES A 
GREAT] MASS ( POLICE & REPRESSIVE VIOL5CE1 9CLUD+ BLOODY REPRESSION4 
,BUT ?IS ASPECT ( K9ETIC 5]GY PRIM>ILY & GRAVELY AFFECTS ! V]Y FEW 
AU!NTIC LEAD]S & REVOLUTION>Y MILITANTS ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T1 
TOGE!R ) A /RATUM ( MIDDLE B\RGEOIS PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS :O 
PRET5D TO BE PROGRESSIVE & FRI5DS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT :O >E NO?+ 
BUT ! MILITIA SPECIALLY TRA9$ BY ! CAPITALI/S = USE 9 ! P]IODS ( 
! P>LIAM5T>Y COM$Y4 ,?OSE :O DO NOT *ANGE !IR /YLE & !IR CO/UME 
9 TIME >E \/$ ) A KICK 9 ! ASS - :I* IS ! MA9 REASON = 
!IR \TCRIES4 

,AS = ! MASS ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 IT CONT9UES TO BE EXPLOIT$ AS IT HAS 
ALWAYS BE5 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD4 ,& ! VANGU>D ELEM5TS :I* =M )9 
! CLASS = ! ASSAULT AGA9/ ! PRES5T REGIME CONT9UE AS ALWAYS TO 
RECEIVE - AS SOON AS !Y TAKE ! CORRECT ANTI-LEGALI/IC WAY ( ACTION 
- ! LEAD :I* IS RES]V$ = !M EV5 BY ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC 
GOV]NM5TS4 ,?IS WE CAN SEE 9 C\NTLESS EXAMPLES1 ON ! P>T ( ! 
REPUBLICANS 9 ,FRANCE 9 #ahdh & #a#h#g#a1 ON ! P>T ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9 
,G]MANY 9 #a#i#a#i1 ETC4 

,BUT ! NEW ME?OD 9TRODUC+ PLANN+ 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( CAPITALI/ 
ECONOMY - :I* 9 RELATION TO ! ANTIQUAT$ UNLIMIT$ CLASSICAL 
LIB]ALISM ( ! PA/ CON/ITUTES A =M ( SELF-LIMITATION ( CAPITALISM 
- LEADS TO A LEVEL+ ( ! EXTORTION ( SURPLUS VALUE >\ND AN 
AV]AGE4 ,! RE=MI/ MEASURES :I* ! RI<T-W+ SOCIALI/S HAD ADVOCAT$ 
= MANY DECADES >E ADOPT$4 ,9 SU* A WAY ! %>PE/ & EXTREME $GES ( 
CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION >E EAS$1 :ILE =MS ( PUBLIC ASSI/ANCE 
DEVELOP4 

,ALL ?IS AIMS AT DELAY+ ! CRISES ( CLASS CONFLICTS & ! 
CONTRADICTIONS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT UND\BT$LY IT W\LD 
BE IMPOSSIBLE TO REA* ?IS AIM )\T HAV+ SUCCE$$ 9 RECONCIL+1 TO A 
C]TA9 DEGREE1 ! OP5 REPRESSION AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D ) A 
RELIEF ( ! MO/ PRESS+ ECONOMIC NE$S ( ! GREAT MASSES4 ,!SE TWO 
ASPECTS ( ! HI/ORICAL DRAMA 9 :I* WE LIVE >E A CONDITION = ONE 
ANO!R4 ,*UR*ILL 9 HIS LATT] DAYS SAID ) GOOD REASON TO ! ,LABORITES3 
Y\ WON'T BE ABLE TO F\ND A /ATE-RUN ECONOMY )\T A POLICE /ATE4 
,MORE 9T]V5TIONS1 MORE REGULATIONS1 MORE CONTROLS1 MORE POLICE4 ,FASCISM 
CONSI/S ( ! 9TEGRATION ( >TFUL SOCIAL RE=MISM ) ! OP5 >M$ 
DEF5SE ( /ATE P[]4 

,NOT ALL ! EXAMPLES ( FASCISM >E AT ! SAME LEVEL4 ,NEV]!LESS ! 
,G]MAN ONE1 AS PITILESS 9 ! ELIM9ATION ( ITS 5EMIES AS ONE MAY SAY1 HAS 
A*IEV$ A V]Y HI< AV]AGE /&>D ( LIV+ ECONOMICALLY SPEAK+ & AN 
ADM9I/RATION ?AT TE*NICALLY WAS EXCELL5T1 & :5 IT HAS IMPOS$ W> 
RE/RICTIONS !SE EV5 FELL ON ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES & ?IS TO AN 
UNPREC$5T$ EXT5T4 

,!RE=E1 EV5 ?\< B\RGEOIS CLASS OPPRESSION1 9 ! TOTALIT>IAN 
PHASE1 9CREASES ! PROPORTION ( ! K9ETIC USE ( VIOL5CE ) RESPECT TO 
! POT5TIAL ONE1 ! TOTAL PRESSURE ON ! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT 9CREASE BUT 
DIM9I%ES4 ,IT IS PRECISELY = ?IS REASON ?AT ! F9AL CRISIS ( ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE HI/ORICALLY UND]GOES A DELAY4 

,! DEA? ( REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES LIES 9 CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,DEMOCRACY 
IS CLASS COLLABORATION ?R\< LOTS ( TALK1 FASCISM IS PLA9 CLASS 
COLLABORATION 9 FACT4 ,WE >E LIV+ 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS LATT] HI/ORICAL 
PHASE4 ,! REK9DL+ ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE WILL DIALECTICALLY >ISE FROM A 
LAT] PHASE1 BUT = ! TIME BE+ LET US E/ABLI% ?AT IT CANNOT PROCE$ 
?R\< RALLY+ ! WORK+ CLASSES BEH9D ! SLOGAN ( ! RETURN TO 
LIB]ALISM1 9 :I* !Y HAVE NO?+ TO GA91 NOT EV5 RELATIVELY4 

"9 "9 "9 

,?IS SECTION DEALS MA9LY ) ! USE ( =CE1 VIOL5CE & DICTATOR%IP 
BY ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,IT DOES NOT EXHAU/ ! SUBJECT ( ! USE ( !SE 
5]GIES BY ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! CONQUE/ ( P[] & 9 
! EX]CISE ( P[]1 AN IMPORTANT QUE/ION ?AT WILL BE RES]V$ = 
FOLL[+ SECTIONS4 ,BUT /ILL REMA9+ )9 ! FIELD ( ! /UDY ( ! 
B\RGEOIS =MS ( DICTATOR%IP1 IT W\LD DO WELL TO SPECIFY ?AT :5 WE SPEAK 
AB\T ! FASCI/1 TOTALIT>IAN & DICTATORIAL CAPITALI/ ME?OD WE ALWAYS 
REF] TO COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS & ACTIONS4 ,WE DO NOT SEE ! PREVAIL+ 
FACTOR ( ! HI/ORICAL SC5E TO BE 9DIVIDUAL DICTATORS1 :O SO GREATLY 
OCCUPY ! ATT5TION ( A PUBLIC ?AT HAS BE5 >TFULLY 5?RALL$1 :E!R IT 
IS BY !IR SUPPORT]S OR !IR ADV]S>IES4 

,DUR+ ! LA/ WORLD W>1 TWO ( ! ,BIG ,?REE HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$3 
,ROOSEVELT & ,*UR*ILL4 ,BUT NO?+ HAS SUB/ANTIALLY *ANG$ 9 ! C\RSE ( 
EV5TS4 ,WE WILL LEAVE ,ITALY ASIDE BECAUSE H]E ! EXAMPLES ( FASCISM & 
ANTI-FASCISM HAVE HAD A V]Y CL[NI% *>ACT] 7! FIR/ MODELS ( AN 
9NOVATION ALWAYS MAKE ONE LAU<1 AS ! E>LY AUTOMOBILES :I* CAN BE SE5 9 
A MUSEUM COMP>$ ) A MOD]N MASS PRODUC$ ONE74 ,9 ,G]MANY ! P]SON ( 
,HITL] REPRES5T$ A SUP]FLU\S FACTOR ( ! P[]FUL ,NAZI ORGANIZATION ( 
=CES4 ,! ,SOVIET REGIME WILL DO V]Y WELL )\T ,/AL9 :5 HIS TIME HAS 
COME4 ,! O!R IMPRESSIVE MA*9]Y ( DOM9ATION1 ?AT ( ,JAPAN1 WAS BAS$ 
UPON CA/ES & CLASSES )\T A P]SONAL LEAD]4 

,WE CAN ESCAPE FROM ! OV]:ELM+ TIDE ( LIES :I* GORGES MOD]N PUBLIC 
OP9ION ONLY IF WE REL5TLESSLY DRIVE AWAY BO? ! FETI% ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS 
A PROTAGONI/ ( HI/ORY1 MEAN+ NOT ONLY ! ORD9>Y P]SON1 ! MAN 9 ! 
/REET1 BUT ALSO ! ONE 9 ! C5T] ( ! /AGE1 ! ,LEAD]1 ! ,GREAT 
,MAN4 

,?AT WE LIVE 9 AN EPO* ( SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! PEOPLES1 NOT EV5 ! 
SIMPLETONS BELIEVE444 

,BUT WE >E NOT 9 ! H&S ( A FEW GREAT M5 EI!R4 ,WE >E 9 ! H&S 
( A V]Y FEW GREAT CLASS ,MON/]S1 ( ! GREATE/ /ATES ( ! WORLD1 
MA*9ES ( DOM9ATION :OSE 5ORM\S P[] WEI<S UPON EV]YBODY & 
EV]Y?+4 ,!IR OP5 ACCUMULATION ( POT5TIAL 5]GIES =E%AD[S1 9 ALL 
CORN]S ( ! E>?1 ! K9ETIC USE ( IMM5SE & CRU%+ =CES :5 ! 
CONS]VATION ( ! PRES5T 9/ITUTIONS WILL REQUIRE IT4 ,& !SE =CES WILL 
BE UNLEA%$ )\T ! SLI<TE/ HESITATION ON ANY SIDE 9 ! FACE ( CIVIL1 
MORAL & LEGAL SCRUPLES1 ?OSE IDEAL PR9CIPLES :I* >E CROAK$ AB\T FROM 
MORN+ TILL NI<T BY ! 9FAM\S1 PUR*AS$1 HYPOCRITICAL PROPAG&AS4 

,I,V4 ,PROLET>IAN ,/RUGGLE & ,VIOL5CE 

,! FIR/ ?REE P>TS ( ?IS >TICLE HAVE BRIEFLY \TL9$ ! HI/ORICAL 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLES UP TO PRES5T-DAY B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!Y 
PRES5T$ ! P]SPECTIVE :I* ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM HAS LONG GIV5 ON ?IS 
SUBJECT BUT :I* NEV]!LESS CONT9UES TO BE AN OBJECT ( DEVIATION & 
CONFUSION4 

,TO CL>IFY ! QUE/ION WE MADE ! FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 5]GY 
9 ! POT5TIAL /ATE 75]GY :I* IS CAPABLE ( 5T]+ 9TO ACTION BUT IS 
NOT YET ACT+7 & 5]GY 9 ! ACTUAL OR K9ETIC /ATE 75]GY :I* HAS 
ALREADY BE5 SET 9TO MOTION & IS PRODUC+ ITS V>I\S EFFECTS74 ,WE 
EXPLA9$ ! NATURE ( ?IS DI/9CTION 9 ! PHYSICAL WORLD & EXT5D$ IT 
9 A V]Y SIMPLE WAY TO ! FIELD ( ORGANIC LIFE & HUMAN SOCIETY4 

,! PROBLEM WAS !N TO ID5TIFY ?IS 5]GY1 I4E4 VIOL5CE & CO]CIVE 
=CE1 9 ! EV5TS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,WE HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ?IS IS OP]AT+ 
NOT ONLY :5 !RE IS A BRUTAL PHYSICAL ACT AGA9/ ! HUMAN BODY SU* AS 
PHYSICAL RE/RA9T1 BEAT+1 & KILL+1 BUT ALSO 9 ?AT MU* L>G] FIELD 
:]E ! ACTIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS >E CO]C$ ?R\< ! SIMPLE ?REAT & 
UND] ! P5ALTY ( VIOL5CE4 ,?IS CO]CION >ISES 9SEP>ABLY ) ! FIR/ 
=MS ( COLLECTIVE PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY & ?US ( :AT IS CONSID]$ TO BE 
CIVILIZ$ & POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,CO]CION IS AN 9DISP5SABLE FACTOR 9 ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! :OLE C\RSE ( HI/ORY & 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
SUCCESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS & CLASSES4 ,! QUE/ION IS NOT TO EXALT OR CONDEMN 
IT1 BUT TO RECOGNIZE & CONSID] IT 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL 
EPO*S & ! V>I\S SITUATIONS4 

,! SECOND SECTION COMP>$ FEUDAL SOCIETY ) B\RGEOIS CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY4 ,ITS AIM WAS TO ILLU/RATE ! !SIS1 :I* ( C\RSE IS NOT NEW1 ?AT 
! PASSAGE FROM FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM - AN EV5T FUNDAM5TAL 9 ! 
EVOLUTION ( ! TE*NOLOGY ( PRODUCTION AS WELL AS 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! 
ECONOMY - HAS NOT BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY A DECREASE 9 ! USE ( =CE1 
VIOL5CE1 & SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 

,= ,M>X1 ! CAPITALI/ =M ( ECONOMY & SOCIETY IS ! MO/ 
ANTAGONI/IC ?AT HI/ORY HAS PRES5T$ UNTIL N[4 ,9 ITS BIR?1 ITS 
DEVELOPM5T1 & ITS RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ITS [N DE/RUCTION1 CAPITALISM REA*ES 
A LEVEL ( EXPLOITATION1 P]SECUTION1 & HUMAN SUFF]+ UNKN[N BE=E4 ,?IS 
LEVEL IS SO HI< 9 QUALITY & QUANTITY1 9 POT5TIAL & MASS1 9 SEV]ITY 
& RANGE & - IF WE TRANSLATE IT 9TO ! E?ICAL-LIT]>Y T]MS :I* 
>E NOT \RS - 9 F]OCITY & IMM5SITY1 ?AT IT HAS REA*$ ! MASSES1 
! PEOPLES1 & ! RACES ( ALL CORN]S ( ! E>?4 

,F9ALLY ! ?IRD SECTION DEALT ) ! COMP>ISON BETWE5 ! 
LIB]AL-DEMOCRATIC & ! FASCI/-TOTALIT>IAN =MS ( B\RGEOIS RULE1 
%[+ ?AT IT IS AN ILLUSION TO CONSID] ! FIR/ TO BE LESS OPPRESSIVE & 
MORE TOL]ANT ?AN ! SECOND4 ,IF WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION NOT VIOL5CE AS IT 
IS OP5LY MANIFE/$1 BUT 9/EAD ! ACTUAL POT5TIAL ( ! MOD]N /ATE 
APP>ATUSES1 ?AT IS TO SAY !IR ABILITY & CAPACITY TO RESI/ ALL 
ANTAGONI/IC1 REVOLUTION>Y ASSAULTS1 WE CAN EASILY SUB/ITUTE ! BL9D 
COMMON-PLACE PRES5T-DAY ATTITUDE1 ONE ?AT REJOICES BECAUSE TWO WORLD W>S 
SUPPOS$LY DROVE BACK ! =CES ( REACTION & TYRANNY1 & REPLACE IT BY ! 
OBVI\S & CLE> V]IFICATION ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM HAS MORE ?AN D\BL$ 
ITS /R5G?1 A /R5G? CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! GREAT /ATE MON/]S & 9 ! 
WORLD ,LEVIA?AN ( CLASS RULE N[ BE+ CON/RUCT$4 ,\R PRO( ( ?IS IS NOT 
BAS$ ON AN EXAM9ATION ( ! JURIDICAL HYPOCRISY OR ( ! WRITT5 OR 
ORATORICAL DEMAGOGY ( TODAY1 :I* ANYWAY >E MORE REVOLT+ ?AN !Y W]E 
UND] ! DEFEAT$ REGIMES ( ! ,AXIS P[]S4 ,9/EAD IT IS BAS$ ON ! 
SCI5TIFIC CALCULATION ( ! F9ANCIAL1 MILIT>Y1 & POLICE =CES1 9 ! 
MEASUREM5T ( ! FRANTIC ACCUMULATION & CONC5TRATION ( PRIVATE OR PUBLIC1 
BUT ALWAYS B\RGEOIS1 CAPITAL4 

,9 COMP>ISON TO #a#i#a#d1 #a#i#a#i1 #a#i#b#b1 #a#i#c#c1 & #a#i#d#c1 ! CAPITALI/ REGIME ( 
#aidg WEI<S D[N MORE1 ALWAYS MORE1 9 ITS ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & 9 ITS 
POLITICAL OPPRESSION ( ! WORK+ MASSES & ( EV]YONE & EV]Y?+ ?AT 
CROSSES ITS PA?4 ,?IS IS TRUE = ! 0,GREAT ,P[]S0 AFT] !IR 
TOTALIT>IAN SUPPRESSION ( ! ,G]MAN & ,JAPANESE /ATE MA*9ES4 ,IT IS ALSO 
& NO LESS TRUE EV5 = ! ,ITALIAN /ATE3 AL?\< DEFEAT$1 D]ID$1 =C$ 
9TO VASSALAGE1 SALABLE & SOLD 9 ALL DIRECTION1 IT IS NEV]!LESS MORE 
>M$ ) POLICE & MORE REACTION>Y N[ ?AN UND] ,GIOLITTI & ,MUSSOL9I1 
& IT WILL BE EV5 MORE REACTION>Y IF IT PASSES FROM ! H&S ( ,DE 
,GASP]I.<#a.> TO ?OSE ( ! LEFT 
P>TIES4 

,HAV+ SUMM>IZ$ ! FIR/ ?REE P>TS1 WE MU/ N[ DEAL ) ! QUE/ION 
( ! USE ( =CE & VIOL5CE 9 ! SOCIAL /RUGGLE :5 !SE ME?ODS ( 
ACTION >E TAK5 UP BY ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ( ! PRES5T EPO*1 ! MOD]N 
PROLET>IAT4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( AB\T A C5TURY1 ! ME?OD ( CLASS /RUGGLE HAS BE5 
ACCEPT$ 9 WORDS BY SO MANY & SU* V>I\S MOVEM5TS & S*OOLS ?AT ! 
MO/ WIDELY DIFF]+ 9T]PRETATIONS HAVE CLA%$ 9 VIOL5T POLEMICS1 
REFLECT+ ! UPS & D[NS & ! TURN+ PO9TS ( ! HI/ORY ( 
CAPITALISM & ( ! ANTAGONISMS TO :I* IT GIVES RISE4 

,! POLEMIC HAS BE5 CL>IFI$ 9 A CLASSIC WAY 9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 ,WORLD 
,W> ,I & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 & ! LEFT-W+ COMMUNI/ 
GR\PS .<#b.> :O GA!R$ 9 
,MOSC['S ,9T]NATIONAL SETTL$ ! QUE/IONS ( =CE1 VIOL5CE1 ! 
CONQUE/ ( P[]1 ! /ATE1 & ! DICTATOR%IP 9 A WAY WE MU/ CONSID] AS 
DEF9ITIVE ON ! !ORETICAL & PROGRAMMATIC LEVEL4 

,OPPOS$ TO !M W]E ! C\NTLESS DE=MATIONS ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC 
OPPORTUNISM4 ,IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO REPEAT \R REFUTATION ( !SE POSITIONS 
BUT IT IS USEFUL TO SIMPLY RECALL SOME PO9TS :I* CL>IFY ! CONCEPTS :I* 
DI/+UI% US4 ,MOREOV]1 MANY ( !SE FALSE POSITIONS1 :I* W]E !N 
TRAMPL$ TO ! GR\ND & :I* SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 DISP]S$ =EV]1 HAVE 
REAPPE>$ 9 ALMO/ ID5TICAL =MS 9 ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T TODAY4 

,REVISIONISM PRET5D$ TO %[ ?AT ! PR$ICTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y CLA% 
BETWE5 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! DEF5SIVE NETWORK ( B\RGEOIS P[] WAS AN 
OBSOLETE P>T ( ! ,M>XI/ SY/EM4 ,FALSIFY+ & EXPLOIT+ ! ,M>XI/ 
TEXTS 79 ?IS CASE A FAM\S PREFACE & LETT] ( ,5GELS7 .<#c.> IT MA9TA9$ ?AT ! PROGRESS ( 
MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY PRECLUD$ ANY P]SPECTIVE ( A VICTORI\S >M$ 
9SURRECTION4 ,IT CLAIM$ 9/EAD ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD A*IEVE P[] 
V]Y %ORTLY ?R\< LEGAL & PEACEFUL MEANS DUE TO ! DEVELOPM5T & 
/R5G!N+ ( WORK+ CLASS UNIONS & ( P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICAL 
P>TIES4 

,REVISIONISM S\<T TO SPREAD ?R\<\T ! RANKS ( ! WORK+ CLASS ! 
FIRM CONVICTION ?AT IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO OV]?R[ ! P[] ( ! 
CAPITALI/ CLASS BY =CE &1 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO REALIZE 
SOCIALISM AFT] CONQU]+ ! EXECUTIVE ORGANS ( ! /ATE BY MEANS ( A 
MAJORITY 9 ! REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,LEFT ,M>XI/S W]E ACCUS$ ( A 
WOR%IP ( VIOL5CE1 ELEVAT+ IT FROM A MEANS TO AN 5D & 9VOK+ IT ALMO/ 
SADI/ICALLY EV5 :5 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO SP>E IT & ATTA9 ! SAME RESULT 
9 A PEACEFUL WAY4 ,BUT 9 ! FACE ( ! ELOQU5CE ( ! HI/ORICAL 
DEVELOPM5TS ?IS POLEMIC SOON UNVEIL$ ITS CONT5T4 ,IT WAS A MY/IQUE NOT SO 
MU* ( NONVIOL5CE AS IT WAS AN APOLOGY ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ! B\RGEOIS 
ORD]4 

,AFT] ! >M$ REVOLUTION TRIUMPH$ 9 ,L5+RAD OV] ! RESI/ANCE ( 
BO? ! ,CZ>I/ REGIME & ! ,RUSSIAN B\RGEOIS CLASS1 ! >GUM5T ?AT IT 
WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO CONQU] P[] ) >MS *ANG$ 9TO ! >GUM5T ?AT IT 
MU/ NOT BE DONE1 EV5 IF IT IS POSSIBLE4 ,?IS WAS COMB9$ ) ! IDIOTIC 
PREA*+ ( A G5]AL HUMANIT>IANISM & SOCIAL PACIFISM :I* ( C\RSE 
REPUDIATES ! VIOL5CE UTILIZ$ = ! VICTORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS 
REVOLUTIONS1 BUT DOES NOT D5\NCE ! VIOL5CE US$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE = ITS 
HI/ORICAL REVOLUTIONS1 NOT EV5 ! EXTREME T]RORI/IC MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS 
VIOL5CE4 ,MOREOV]1 9 ALL ! CONTROV]SIAL DEBATES1 9 HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS 
:I* W]E DECISIVE = ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 :5 ! RI<T CONTE/$ ! 
PROPOSITIONS ( DIRECT ACTION1 IT ADMITT$ ?AT IT W\LD HAVE AGRE$ ) ! 
NECESSITY ( RESORT+ TO 9SURRECTION IF IT W]E = O!R OBJECTIVES4 ,= 
EXAMPLE1 ! ,ITALIAN RE=MI/ SOCIALI/S 9 ,MAY #aiae OPPOS$ ! PROPOSAL = 
A G5]AL /RIKE AT ! MOM5T ( W> MOBILIZATION1 US+ IDEOLOGICAL & 
POLITICAL >GUM5TS 9 ADDITION TO A TACTICAL EVALUATION ( ! RELATION ( 
=CES2 BUT !Y ADMITT$ ?AT IF ,ITALY 9T]V5$ 9 ! W> ON ! SIDE ( 
,AU/RIA & ,G]MANY !Y W\LD CALL ! PEOPLE TO 9SURRECTION4 

,9 ! SAME WAY1 ?OSE :O !ORIZE ! 0UTILIZATION0 ( LEGAL 
& DEMOCRATIC WAYS >E READY TO ADMIT ?AT POPUL> VIOL5CE IS LEGITIMATE & 
NECESS>Y :5 !RE IS AN ATTEMPT FROM ABOVE TO ABOLI% CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS4 
,BUT 9 SU* A CASE H[ CAN IT BE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( MILIT>Y 
TE*NOLOGY 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE IS NO LONG] AN 9SURM\NTABLE OB/ACLE8 
,H[ CAN IT BE =ESE51 9 ! EV5T ( A PEACEFUL CONQUE/ ( ! MAJORITY1 
?AT ! B\RGEOISIE WILL NOT USE ?OSE MILIT>Y MEANS 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 
P[]8 ,H[ CAN ! PROLET>IAT 9 !SE SITUATIONS VICTORI\SLY USE ! 
VIOL5CE :I* IS CRITICIZ$ & CONDEMN$ AS A CLASS MEANS8 ,! SOCIAL 
DEMOCRATS CANNOT ANSW] ?IS BECAUSE 9 DO+ SO !Y W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO 
CONFESS ?AT !Y >E PURE & SIMPLE ACCOMPLICES 9 PRES]V+ B\RGEOIS 
RULE4 

,A SY/EM ( TACTICAL SLOGANS SU* AS !IRS CAN 9 FACT BE RECONCIL$ ONLY 
) A CLE>LY ANTI-,M>XI/ APOLOGY ( B\RGEOIS CIVILIZATION :I* PRECISELY 
IS ! ESS5CE ( ! POLITICS ( ?OSE P>TIES :I* HAVE RIS5 FROM ! 
DE=M$ TRUNK ( ANTI-FASCISM4 

,! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC !SIS CONT5DS ?AT ! LA/ HI/ORICAL SITUATION 
:]E ! REC\RSE TO VIOL5CE & =MS ( CIVIL W> WAS NECESS>Y WAS 
PRECISELY ?AT SITUATION :I* 5ABL$ ! B\RGEOIS ORD] TO RISE FROM ! 
RU9S ( ! OLD FEUDAL & DESPOTIC REGIMES4 ,) ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL 
LIB]TIES AN ]A ( CIVILIZ$ & PEACEFUL /RUGGLES IS SUPPOS$LY OP5$ 9 
:I* ALL O!R CONQUE/S1 SU* AS ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 CAN BE 
REALIZ$ )\T FUR!R BLOODY CONFLICTS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ?IS IGNOBLE FALSIFICATION1 ! HI/ORICAL MOVEM5T ( ! 
MOD]N PROLET>IAT & SOCIALISM >E NO LONG] ! MO/ RADICAL BATTLE ( 
HI/ORY4 ,!Y >E NO LONG] ! DE/RUCTION ( AN 5TIRE WORLD D[N TO ITS 
F\NDATIONS1 FROM ITS ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK & ITS LEGAL & POLITICAL SY/EM TO 
ITS IDEOLOGIES /ILL IMPREGNAT$ ) ALL ! LIES TRANSMITT$ BY PREVI\S 
=MS ( OPPRESSION & /ILL POISON+ EV5 ! V]Y AIR WE BREA!4 

,SOCIALISM IS R$UC$ TO A /UPID & IRRESOLUTE COMB9ATION ( SUPPOS$ 
LEGAL & CON/ITUTIONAL CONQUE/S BY :I* ! CAPITALI/ =M HAS PRET5D$LY 
5RI*$ & 5LI<T5$ SOCIETY & VAGUE SOCIAL PO/ULATES :I* CAN BE 
GRAFT$ & TRANSPLANT$ ONTO ! TRUNK ( ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM4 

,M>X MEASUR$ ! IRRESI/IBLE & 9CREAS+ PRESSURES 9 ! SOCIAL DEP?S 
:I* WILL CAUSE ! MANTLE ( ! B\RGEOIS =MS ( PRODUCTION TO EXPLODE1 
JU/ AS GEOLOGICAL CATACLYSMS BREAK ! CRU/ ( ! PLANET4 ,HIS =MIDABLE 
HI/ORICAL VISION ( SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS IS REPLAC$ BY ! CONTEMPTIBLE 
DECEPTION ( A ,ROOSEVELT :O ADDS TO ! %ORT LI/ ( B\RGEOIS LIB]TIES 
?OSE ( FRE$OM FROM FE> & FRE$OM FROM NE$1 OR ( A ,PIUS ,X,I,I :O1 AFT] 
BLESS+ ONCE AGA9 ! ET]NAL PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY 9 ITS MOD]N CAPITALI/ 
=M1 PRET5DS TO WEEP OV] ! ABYSS :I* EXI/S BETWE5 ! POV]TY ( ! 
MULTITUDE & ! MON/R\S ACCUMULATIONS ( WEAL?4 

,L59'S !ORETICAL RE/ORATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DOCTR9E 
REE/ABLI%$ ! DEF9ITION ( ! /ATE AS A MA*9E :I* ONE SOCIAL CLASS 
USES TO OPPRESS O!R CLASSES4 ,?IS DEF9ITION ABOVE ALL IS FULLY VALID = ! 
MOD]N B\RGEOIS1 DEMOCRATIC1 & P>LIAM5T>Y /ATE4 ,BUT AS A CR[N+ PO9T 
( ! HI/ORICAL POLEMIC1 IT MU/ BE MADE CLE> ?AT ! PROLET>IAN CLASS 
=CE CANNOT TAKE OV] ?IS MA*9E & USE IT = ITS [N PURPOSES2 9/EAD ( 
CONQU]+ IT1 IT MU/ SMA% IT & BREAK IT TO PIECES4 

,! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE IS NOT A /RUGGLE ?AT TAKES PLACE )9 ! /ATE 
& ITS ORGANS BUT A /RUGGLE \TSIDE ! /ATE1 AGA9/ IT1 & AGA9/ ALL 
ITS MANIFE/ATIONS & =MS4 

,! PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE DOES NOT AIM AT SEIZ+ OR CONQU]+ ! /ATE AS 
IF IT W]E A =TRESS :I* ! VICTORI\S >MY SEEKS TO OCCUPY4 ,ITS AIM 
9/EAD IS TO DE/ROY IT & TO RAZE ITS DEFEAT$ DEF5SES & =TIFICATIONS 
TO ! GR\ND4 

,YET AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE A =M ( POLITICAL /ATE 
BECOMES NECESS>Y1 I4E4 ! NEW ORGANIZ$ CLASS P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS 
IS DUE TO ! NECESSITY ( DIRECT+ ! USE ( AN ORGANIZ$ CLASS VIOL5CE BY 
MEANS ( :I* ! PRIVILEGES ( CAPITAL >E ROOT$ \T & ! ORGANIZATION ( 
! FRE$ PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 ! NEW1 NON-PRIVATE1 NON-COMMODITY COMMUNI/ 
=MS IS MADE POSSIBLE4 

,CONSEQU5TLY IT IS CORRECT TO SPEAK ( ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 MEAN+ A 
NON-LEGAL1 NON-PEACEFUL1 BUT VIOL5T1 >M$1 REVOLUTION>Y CONQUE/4 ,IT IS 
CORRECT TO SPEAK ( ! PASSAGE ( P[] FROM ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO 
?OSE ( ! PROLET>IAT PRECISELY BECAUSE \R DOCTR9E CONSID]S P[] NOT 
ONLY AU?ORITY & LAW BAS$ ON ! WEI<T ( ! TRADITION ( ! PA/ BUT 
ALSO ! DYNAMICS ( =CE & VIOL5CE ?RU/ 9TO ! FUTURE1 SWEEP+ AWAY 
! B>RI]S & OB/ACLES ( 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE EXACT TO SPEAK ( 
! CONQUE/ ( ! /ATE OR ! PASSAGE ( ! /ATE FROM ! ADM9I/RATION 
( ONE CLASS TO ?AT ( ANO!R PRECISELY BECAUSE ! /ATE ( A RUL+ CLASS 
MU/ P]I% & BE %ATT]$ AS A CONDITION = ! VICTORY ( ! =M]LY 
SUBJECT$ CLASS4 ,TO VIOLATE ?IS ESS5TIAL PO9T ( ,M>XISM1 OR TO MAKE ! 
SLI<TE/ CONCESSION TO IT 7= 9/ANCE ALL[+ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ! 
PASSAGE ( P[] CAN TAKE PLACE )9 ! SCOPE ( A P>LIAM5T>Y ACTION1 
EV5 ONE ACCOMPANI$ BY /REET FI<T+ & BATTLES1 & BY ACTS ( W> BETWE5 
/ATES7 LEADS TO ! UTMO/ CONS]VATISM4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE SU* A CONCESSION IS 
TANTAM\NT TO CONC$+ ?AT ! /ATE /RUCTURE IS A =M :I* IS OP5$ TO 
TOTALLY DIFF]5T & OPPOS$ CONT5TS & !RE=E /&S ABOVE ! OPPOS+ 
CLASSES & !IR HI/ORICAL CONFLICT4 ,?IS CAN ONLY LEAD TO ! REV]5TIAL 
RESPECT ( LEGALITY & ! VULG> APOLOGY = ! EXI/+ ORD]4 

,IT IS NOT ONLY A QUE/ION ( AN ]ROR ( SCI5TIFIC EVALUATION BUT ALSO ( A 
REAL DEG5]ATIVE HI/ORICAL PROCESS :I* TOOK PLACE BE=E \R EYES4 ,IT IS 
?IS PROCESS :I* HAS L$ ! EX-COMMUNI/ P>TIES D[N HILL1 TURN+ !IR 
BACKS ON ,L59'S !SES & >RIV+ AT ! COALITION ) ! 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC TRAITORS1 ! 0WORK]'S GOV]NM5T01 & 
!N ! DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T1 ?AT IS TO SAY A DIRECT COLLABORATION ) ! 
B\RGEOISIE & AT ITS S]VICE4 

,) ! UNEQUIVOCALLY CLE> !SIS ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! /ATE1 ,L59 
REE/ABLI%$ ! !SIS ( ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE4 ,! 
SECOND !SIS DOES NOT PLEASE ! AN>*I/S :O1 ?\< !Y HAD ! M]IT ( 
ADVANC+ ! FIR/1 HAD ! ILLUSION ?AT IMM$IATELY AFT] B\RGEOIS P[] 
WAS SMA%$ SOCIETY C\LD DISP5SE ) ALL =MS ( ORGANIZ$ P[] & 
!RE=E ) ! POLITICAL /ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ) A SY/EM ( SOCIAL 
VIOL5CE4 ,S9CE ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ECONOMY FROM PRIVATE TO SOCIALI/ 
CANNOT BE 9/ANTANE\S1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! ELIM9ATION ( ! NON-LABOR+ 
CLASS CANNOT BE 9/ANTANE\S & CANNOT BE ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< ! PHYSICAL 
ELIM9ATION ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,?R\<\T ! F> FROM BRIEF P]IOD DUR+ :I* 
! CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC =MS P]SI/ :ILE CON/ANTLY DIM9I%+1 ! 
ORGANIZ$ REVOLUTION>Y /ATE MU/ FUNCTION1 :I* MEANS - AS ,L59 
UNHYPOCRITICALLY SAID - MA9TA9+ SOLDI]S1 POLICE =CES1 & 
PRISONS4 

,) ! PROGRESSIVE R$UCTION ( ! SECTOR ( ! ECONOMY /ILL ORGANIZ$ 
9 PRIVATE =MS1 !RE IS A CORRESPOND+ R$UCTION ( ! >EA 9 :I* IT IS 
NECESS>Y TO USE POLITICAL CO]CION1 & ! /ATE T5DS TO PROGRESSIVELY 
DISAPPE>4 

,! PO9TS :I* WE HAVE RECALL$ H]E 9 A S*EMATIC WAY >E 5\< TO 
DEMON/RATE H[ BO? A MAGNIFIC5T POLEMICAL CAMPAIGN RIDICUL+ & CRU%+ 
ITS OPPON5TS &1 ABOVE ALL1 H[ ! GREATE/ EV5T UP TO N[ 9 ! HI/ORY 
( ! CLASS /RUGGLE HAVE BR\<T \T 9 ALL !IR CL>ITY ! CLASSICAL 
!SES ( ,M>X & ,5GELS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 & ! CONCLUSIONS :I* 
HAVE BE5 DRAWN FROM ! DEFEAT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,!SE >E ! !SES ( 
! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL P[]1 ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 ! DESPOTIC 
9T]V5TION 9 ! B\RGEOIS RELATION%IPS ( PRODUCTION1 & ! F9AL 
WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE4 ,! RI<T ( SPEAK+ ( HI/ORICAL CONFIRMATIONS 
P>ALLEL TO ! BRILLIANT !ORETICAL CON/RUCTION SEEMS TO CEASE :5 ?IS 
LA/ PHASE IS ATTA9$ S9CE WE HAVE NOT YET WITNESS$ - 9 ,RUSSIA OR 
ANY:]E ELSE - ! PROCESS ( ! WI!R+ AWAY1 ! DY+ D[N ( 
ITSELF1 ! DISSOLV+ AWAY 7,AUFLOSUNG 9 ,5GELS7 ( ! /ATE4 ,! 
QUE/ION IS IMPORTANT & DIFFICULT S9CE A S\ND DIALECTIC CAN DEMON/RATE 
NO?+ ) C]TA9TY ON ! BASIS ( A MORE OR LESS BRILLIANT S]IES ( 
SPOK5 OR WRITT5 WORDS4 ,CONCLUSIONS CAN ONLY BE BAS$ ON FACTS4 

,! B\RGEOIS /ATES1 9 :ATEV] ATMOSPH]ES & IDEOLOGICAL CLIMATES1 
9FLATE 9 A MORE & MORE T]RIBLE WAY BE=E \R EYES4 ,! ONLY /ATE :I* 
.<9 #aidg - ,$4.> IS PRES5T$1 ?R\< TREM5D\S PROPAG&A1 AS A WORK+ 
CLASS /ATE1 EXP&S ITS APP>ATUS & ITS BUREAUCRATIC1 LEGAL1 POLICE1 & 
MILIT>Y FUNCTIONS BEYOND ALL LIMITS4 

,SO IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! PR$ICTION ( ! %RIVEL+ UP & 
ELIM9ATION ( ! /ATE1 AFT] IT HAS FULFILL$ ITS DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE1 IS GREET$ ) A WIDESPREAD SKEPTICISM4 

,COMMON OP9ION SEEMS TO SAY TO US3 0,Y\ CAN ALWAYS WAIT1 Y\ :O 
!ORIZE EV5 R$ DICTATOR%IPS6 ,! /ATE ORGAN1 LIKE A TUMOR 9 ! BODY ( 
SOCIETY1 WILL NOT REGRESS & WILL 9/EAD 9VADE ALL ITS TISSUES & ALL ITS 
9N]MO/ RECESSES UNTIL SUFFOCAT+ IT04 ,IT IS ?IS COMMONPLACE ATTITUDE 
:I* 5C\RAGES ALL ! 9DIVIDUALI/1 LIB]AL1 & AN>*I/ IDEOLOGIES1 & 
EV5 ! OLD & NEW DE=M$ HYBRIDS BETWE5 ! CLASS ME?OD & ! LIB]AL 
ONE1 ALL ( :I* >E S]V$ TO US BY SOCIALISMS BAS$ ON NO?+ LESS ?AN ! 
P]SONALITY & ON ! PL5ITUDE ( ITS MANIFE/ATION4 

,IT IS QUITE REM>KABLE ?AT EV5 ! FEW GR\PS 9 ! COMMUNI/ CAMP :I* 
REACT$ TO ! OPPORTUNI/ DEG5]ATION ( ! P>TIES ( ! N[ DISSOLV$ 
,9T]NATIONAL ( ,MOSC[1 T5D TO DISPLAY A HESITATION ON ?IS PO9T4 ,9 !IR 
PREOCCUPATION ) FI<T+ AGA9/ ! SUFFOCAT+ C5TRALIZATION ( ! 
,/AL9I/ BUREAUCRACY1 !Y HAVE BE5 L$ TO CA/ D\BTS ON ! ,M>XI/ 
PR9CIPLES REE/ABLI%$ BY ,L591 & !Y REVEAL !Y BELIEVE ?AT ,L59 
- & ALONG ) HIM ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/S 9 ! GLORI\S 
P]IOD ( #a#i#a#g-#b - W]E GUILTY ( AN IDOLISM ( ! /ATE4 

,WE MU/ FIRMLY & CLE>LY /ATE ?AT ! CURR5T ( ! ,ITALIAN ,M>XI/ 
LEFT1 ) :I* ?IS REVIEW IS L9K$1 DOES NOT HAVE ! SLI<TE/ HESITANCE 
OR REP5TANCE ON ?IS PO9T4 ,IT REJECTS ANY REVISION ( ,M>X & ,L59'S 
FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ?AT ! REVOLUTION1 AS IT IS A VIOL5T PROCESS P> 
EXCELL5CE1 IS ?US A HI<LY AU?ORIT>IAN1 TOTALIT>IAN1 & C5TRALIZ+ 
ACT4 

,\R CONDEMNATION ( ! ,/AL9I/ ORI5TATION IS NOT BAS$ ON ! AB/RACT1 
S*OLA/IC1 & CON/ITUTIONALI/ ACCUSATION ?AT IT COMMITT$ ! S9FUL ACTS 
( ABUS+ BUREAUCRATISM1 /ATE 9T]V5TION1 & DESPOTIC AU?ORITY4 ,IT IS 
BAS$ 9/EAD ON QUITE DIFF]5T EVALUATIONS1 I4E4 ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & 
POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ,RUSSIA & ! WORLD1 ( :I* ! MON/R\S SWELL+ 
( ! /ATE MA*9E IS NOT ! S9FUL CAUSE BUT ! 9EVITABLE 
CONSEQU5CE4 

,! HESITATION AB\T ACCEPT+ & DEF5D+ ! DICTATOR%IP IS ROOT$ NOT 
ONLY 9 VAGUE & /UPID MORALIZ+ AB\T ! PRET5D$ RI<T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 
OR ! GR\P NOT TO BE PRESSUR$ BY OR =C$ TO YIELD TO A GREAT] =CE1 BUT 
ALSO 9 ! DI/9CTION - UND\BT$LY V]Y IMPORTANT - MADE BETWE5 
! CONCEPT ( A DICTATOR%IP ( ONE CLASS OV] ANO!R & ! RELATION%IPS 
( ORGANIZATION & P[] )9 ! WORK+ CLASS :I* CON/ITUTES ! 
REVOLUTION>Y /ATE4 

,) ?IS PO9T WE HAVE REA*$ ! AIM ( ! PRES5T >TICLE4 ,HAV+ 
RE/AT$ ! BASIC FACTS 9 !IR CORRECT T]MS1 WE ( C\RSE DO NOT PRET5D TO 
HAVE EXHAU/$ !SE QUE/IONS1 :I* IS SOME?+ ?AT ONLY HI/ORY CAN DO 7AS 
WE CONSID] IT TO HAVE DONE ) ! QUE/ION ( ! NECESSITY ( VIOL5CE 9 
! CONQUE/ ( P[]74 ,! TASK ( ! P>TY'S !ORETICAL WORK & 
MILITANCY IS SOME?+ O!R3 IT IS TO AVOID1 9 ! SE>* = A SOLUTION TO 
!SE QUE/IONS1 ! UNCONSCI\S UTILIZATION ( >GUM5TS :I* >E DICTAT$ OR 
9FLU5C$ BY 5EMY IDEOLOGIES1 & ?US BY ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5EMY 
CLASS4 

,DICTATOR%IP IS ! SECOND & DIALECTICAL ASPECT ( REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 
,?IS =CE1 9 ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 ACTS FROM BEL[ & 
CONC5TRATES 9NUM]ABLE EF=TS 9 ! ATTEMPTS TO SMA% ! LONG-E/ABLI%$ 
/ATE =M4 ,AFT] ! SUCCESS ( SU* AN ATTEMPT1 ?IS SAME CLASS =CE 
CONT9UES TO ACT BUT 9 AN OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 I4E4 FROM ABOVE1 9 ! EX]CISE 
( P[] 5TRU/$ TO A NEW /ATE BODY FULLY CON/ITUT$ 9 ITS :OLE & ITS 
P>TS & EV5 MORE ROBU/1 MORE RESOLUTE &1 IF NECESS>Y1 MORE PITILESS & 
T]RORI/IC ?AN ?AT :I* WAS DEFEAT$4 

,! \TCRIES AGA9/ ! CALL = ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP 7A CLAIM ?AT 
EV5 ! POLITICIANS ( ! IRON ,MOSC[ REGIME >E HYPOCRITICALLY HID+ TODAY7 
AS WELL AS ! CRIES ( AL>M AGA9/ ! PRET5D$ IMPOSSIBILITY ( CURB+ 
! LU/ = P[] & CONSEQU5TLY = MAT]IAL PRIVILEGE ON ! P>T ( ! 
BUREAUCRATIC P]SONNEL CRY/ALLIZ$ 9TO A NEW RUL+ CLASS OR CA/E1 ALL ?IS 
CORRESPONDS TO ! VULG> & METAPHYSICAL POSITION :I* TREATS SOCIETY & 
! /ATE AS AB/RACT 5TITIES4 ,SU* A POSITION IS 9CAPABLE ( F9D+ ! KEY 
TO PROBLEMS ?R\< AN 9VE/IGATION 9TO ! FACTS ( PRODUCTION & 9TO ! 
TRANS=MATION ( ALL RELATION%IPS1 :I* ! COLLISION BETWE5 CLASSES WILL 
GIVE BIR? TO4 

,?US IT IS A BANAL CONFUSION TO EQUATE ! CONCEPT ( DICTATOR%IP ?AT WE 
,M>XI/S CALL =1 ) ! VULG> CONCEPTION ( TYRANNY1 DESPOTISM1 & 
AUTOCRACY4 ,! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP IS ?US CONFUS$ ) P]SONAL P[]1 
& ON ! BASIS ( ! SAME /UPIDITIES1 ,L59 IS CONDEMN$ JU/ LIKE ,HITL]1 
,MUSSOL9I1 OR ,/AL94 

,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS COMPLETELY DISCLAIMS ! 
ASS]TION ?AT ! /ATE MA*9ES ACT UND] ! IMPULSE ( ! WILL ( !SE 
CONTEMPOR>Y 0,DUCES04 ,!SE 0,DUCES0 >E NO?+ BUT 
*ESSM51 HAV+ ONLY SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE1 :I* >E MOV$ ON ! *ESSBO>D ( 
HI/ORY BY =CES FROM :I* !Y CANNOT ESCAPE4 

,FUR!RMORE WE HAVE %[N MANY TIMES ?AT ! B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGI/S DO NOT 
HAVE ! RI<T TO BE %OCK$ BY A ,FRANCO1 A ,TITO1 OR ! VIGOR\S ME?ODS US$ 
BY ! /ATES :I* PRES5T !M AS !IR LEAD]S1 S9CE !SE IDEOLOGI/S DO 
NOT HESITATE TO JU/IFY ! DICTATOR%IP & T]ROR TO :I* ! B\RGEOISIE 
RESORT$ PRECISELY 9 ! P]IOD FOLL[+ ITS CONQUE/ ( P[]4 ,?US NO 
RI<T-M9D$ HI/ORIAN CLASSIFIES ! DICTATOR ( ,NAPLES 9 #a#h#f1 ,GIUSEPPE 
,G>IBALDI1 AS A POLITICAL CRIM9AL BUT ON ! CONTR>Y EXALTS HIM AS A TRUE 
*AMPION ( HUMANITY4 

,! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 !RE=E1 IS NOT MANIFE/$ 9 ! P[] ( A 
MAN1 EV5 IF HE HAS EXCEPTIONAL P]SONAL QUALITIES4 

,DOES ?IS DICTATOR%IP !N HAVE AS ITS ACT+ AG5T A POLITICAL P>TY :I* 
ACTS 9 ! NAME & 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,\R CURR5T ANSW]S 
?IS QUE/ION1 TODAY AS WELL AS AT ! TIME ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ) AN 
UNCONDITIONAL 0YES04 

,S9CE IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT ! P>TIES :I* PRET5D TO REPRES5T ! 
PROLET>IAN CLASS HAVE UND]GONE PR(\ND CRISES & HAVE REPEAT$LY BROK5 UP 
OR UND]GONE SPLITS1 \R DECID$LY AFFIRMATIVE ANSW] RAISES ! FOLL[+ 
QUE/ION3 IS IT POSSIBLE TO DET]M9E :I* P>TY HAS 9 EFFECT SU* A 
REVOLUTION>Y PR]OGATIVE1 & :AT CRIT]ION IS TO BE US$ TO DET]M9E IT8 
,! QUE/ION IS ?US TRANSF]R$ TO ! EXAM9ATION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 
! BROAD CLASS BASE & ! MORE LIMIT$ & WELL DEF9$ ORGAN :I* IS ! 
P>TY4 

,9 ANSW]+ ! QUE/IONS ON ?IS PO9T WE MU/ NOT LOSE SI<T ( ! 
DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]I/IC ( ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,AS IS ALWAYS ! CASE ) \R 
ME?OD1 BE=E CONCRETE HI/ORICAL EV5TS REVEAL ! POSITIVE ASPECTS ( ?IS 
DICTATOR%IP1 WE %ALL DEF9E IT BY ITS NEGATIVE ASPECT4 

,A REGIME 9 :I* ! DEFEAT$ CLASS /ILL EXI/S PHYSICALLY & CON/ITUTES 
FROM A /ATI/ICAL VIEWPO9T A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ! SOCIAL AGGLOM]ATE BUT 
IS KEPT \TSIDE ( ! /ATE BY =CE1 IS A DICTATOR%IP4 ,MOREOV] ?IS 
DEFEAT$ CLASS IS KEPT 9 CONDITIONS :I* MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE TO ATTEMPT A 
RECONQUE/ ( P[] BECAUSE IT IS D5I$ ! RI<TS ( ASSOCIATION1 PROPAG&A1 
& ! PRESS4 

,IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO DET]M9E FROM ! />T :O MA9TA9S ! DEFEAT$ 
CLASS 9 ?IS /RICT /ATE ( SUBJUGATION3 ! V]Y C\RSE ( ! HI/ORICAL 
/RUGGLE ITSELF WILL TELL US4 ,PROVID$ ?AT ! CLASS WE FI<T IS R$UC$ TO 
?IS /ATE ( A SOCIAL M9ORITY1 UND]GO+ ?IS SOCIAL DEA? P5D+ ITS 
/ATI/ICAL ONE1 WE WILL ADMIT = A MOM5T ?AT ! ACT+ AG5T CAN BE EI!R 
! 5TIRE VICTORI\S SOCIAL MAJORITY 7AN EXTREME HYPO!SIS :I* IS 
UNREALIZABLE71 OR A P>T ( ?AT MAJORITY1 OR A SOLID VANGU>D GR\P 7EV5 IF 
IT IS A /ATI/ICAL M9ORITY71 OR F9ALLY1 9 A BRIEF CRISIS1 EV5 A S+LE MAN 
7ANO!R EXTREME HYPO!SIS1 :I* WAS CLOSE TO BE+ REALIZ$ 9 ONLY ONE 
HI/ORICAL EXAMPLE - ?AT ( ,L591 :O 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#g1 ALONE AGA9/ ! 
5TIRE ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE & ! OLD ,BOL%EVIKS1 WAS ABLE TO READ 9 ADVANCE 9 
! M>* ( EV5TS & TO DET]M9E 9 HIS !SES ! NEW C\RSE ( ! 
HI/ORY ( ! P>TY & ( ! REVOLUTION1 JU/ AS 9 ,NOVEMB] HE HAD ! 
,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY DISSOLV$ BY ! ,R$ ,GU>D74 

,AS ! ,M>XI/ ME?OD IS NOT A REVELATION1 A PROPHECY1 OR A S*OLA/ICISM1 
IT A*IEVES FIR/ ( ALL ! UND]/&+ ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! HI/ORICAL 
=CES ACT & DET]M9ES !IR RELATION%IPS & !IR COLLISIONS4 ,!N1 ) 
!ORETICAL RESE>* & PRACTICAL /RUGGLE CONT9U+1 IT DET]M9ES ! 
*>ACT]I/ICS ( ! MANIFE/ATION ( !SE =CES & ! NATURE ( ! 
MEANS BY :I* !Y ACT4 

,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAS CONFIRM$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAN =CES MU/ SMA% ! 
OLD /ATE 9/EAD ( 5T]+ IT & TAK+ IT OV]2 ITS MEANS MU/ NOT BE 
LEGALITY BUT 9SURRECTION4 

,! V]Y DEFEAT ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ?AT CLASS BATTLE & ! ,OCTOB] 
VICTORY AT ,L5+RAD HAVE %[N ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO ORGANIZE A NEW =M ( 
>M$ /ATE :OSE 0SECRET0 IS 9 ! FOLL[+3 IT D5IES POLITICAL 
SURVIVAL TO ! MEMB]S ( ! DEFEAT$ CLASS & TO ALL ITS V>I\S 
P>TIES4 

,ONCE ?IS DECISIVE SECRET HAS BE5 DRAWN FROM HI/ORY1 WE /ILL HAVE NOT 
CL>IFI$ & /UDI$ ALL ! PHYSIOLOGY & ! DYNAMICS ( ! NEW ORGAN ?AT 
HAS BE5 PRODUC$4 ,UN=TUNATELY AN EXTREMELY DIFFICULT >EA1 ITS PA?OLOGY1 
REMA9S OP54 

,ABOVE ALL ELSE ! DET]M9+ NEGATIVE *>ACT]I/IC IS ! EXCLUSION ( 
! DEFEAT$ CLASS FROM ! /ATE ORGAN 7REG>DLESS ( :E!R OR NOT IT HAS 
MULTIPLE 9/ITUTIONS3 ! REPRES5TATIVE1 EXECUTIVE1 JUDICIAL & 
BUREAUCRATIC74 ,?IS RADICALLY DI/+UI%ES \R /ATE FROM ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 
:I* PRET5DS TO WELCOME ALL SOCIAL /RATA 9 ITS BODIES4 

,YET ?IS *ANGE CANNOT SEEM ABSURD TO ! DEFEAT$ B\RGEOISIE4 ,ONCE IT 
SUCCE$$ 9 BR++ D[N ! OLD /ATE BAS$ ON TWO ORD]S - ! 
NOBILITY & ! CL]GY - IT UND]/OOD ?AT IT HAD MADE A MI/AKE BY 
ONLY DEM&+ TO 5T] AS ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE 9 ! NEW /ATE BODY4 ,UND] ! 
,CONV5TION & UND] ! ,T]ROR IT *AS$ ! >I/OCRATS \T ( ! /ATE4 ,IT 
WAS EASY = IT TO HI/ORICALLY CLOSE UP ! PHASE ( OP5 DICTATOR%IP S9CE 
! PRIVILEGES ( ! TWO ORD]S :I* W]E BAS$ ON LEGAL PR]OGATIVES RA!R 
?AN ON ! PRODUCTIVE ORGANIZATION C\LD RAPIDLY BE DE/ROY$ & !REBY ! 
PRIE/ & ! NOBLE C\LD RAPIDLY BE R$UC$ TO SIMPLE ORD9>Y CITIZ5S4 

,9 ?IS >TICLE WE HAVE DEF9$ :AT FUNDAM5TALLY DI/+UI%ES ! 
HI/ORICAL =M ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,9 ! NEXT >TICLE ( ?IS 
S]IES WE WILL EXAM9E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! V>I\S ORGANS & 
9/ITUTIONS ?R\< :I* ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP IS EX]CIS$3 ! CLASS 
P>TY1 WORK]S C\NCILS1 UNIONS1 & FACTORY C\NCILS4 

,9 O!R WORDS WE WILL CONCLUDE BY DISCUSS+ ! PROBLEM ( ! SO-CALL$ 
PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY 7AN EXPRESSION UTILIZ$ BY SOME TEXTS ( ! ,?IRD 
,9T]NATIONAL BUT :I* IT W\LD BE GOOD TO ELIM9ATE7 :I* IS SUPPOS$LY TO 
BE 9/ITUT$ AFT] ! DICTATOR%IP HAS HI/ORICALLY BURI$ B\RGEOIS 
DEMOCRACY4 

,V4 ,! ,DEG5]ATION ( ! ,PROLET>IAN ,P[] 9 ,RUSSIA & 
! ,QUE/ION ( ! ,DICTATOR%IP 

,! DIFFICULT PROBLEM ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! PROLET>IAN P[] CAN BE 
SUMM>IZ$ BRIEFLY4 ,9 A L>GE C\NTRY ! WORK+ CLASS CONQU]$ P[] 
FOLL[+ ! PROGRAM :I* CALL$ = >M$ 9SURRECTION & ! ANNIHILATION 
( ALL 9FLU5CE ( ! DEFEAT$ CLASS ?R\< PRESSURE ( ! PROLET>IAN 
CLASS DICTATOR%IP4 ,9 ! O!R C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD1 H[EV]1 ! WORK+ 
CLASS EI!R DID NOT HAVE ! /R5G? TO 9ITIATE ! REVOLUTION>Y ATTACK OR 
ELSE WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ! ATTEMPT4 ,9 !SE C\NTRIES1 P[] REMA9$ 9 ! 
H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE CONT9U$ ACCORD+ TO 
! LAWS ( CAPITALISM :I* DOM9AT$ ALL ! RELATION%IPS ( ! WORLD 
M>KET4 

,9 ! C\NTRY :]E ! REVOLUTION TRIUMPH$1 ! DICTATOR%IP HELD FIRM 
POLITICALLY & MILIT>ILY AGA9/ EV]Y C\NT]-ATTACK4 ,IT BR\<T ! CIVIL 
W> TO A CLOSE 9 A FEW %ORT & VICTORI\S YE>S1 & =EIGN CAPITALISM DID 
NOT 5GAGE 9 A G5]AL ACTION TO CRU% IT4 

,A PROCESS ( 9T]NAL DEG5]ATION ( ! NEW POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE 
APP>ATUS BEGAN TO DEVELOP H[EV]4 ,A PRIVILEG$ CIRCLE BEGAN TO =M1 
MONOPOLIZ+ ! ADVANTAGES & PO/S 9 ! BUREAUCRATIC HI]>*Y :ILE 
CONT9U+ TO CLAIM TO REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! GREAT LABOR+ 
MASSES4 

,9 ! O!R C\NTRIES1 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS 
9TIMATELY L9K$ TO ?IS SAME POLITICAL HI]>*Y1 NOT ONLY DID NOT SUCCE$ 9 
! VICTORI\S OV]?R[ ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATES1 BUT PROGRESSIVELY LO/ & 
DI/ORT$ ! :OLE S5SE ( ITS [N ACTION BY PURSU+ O!R NON-REVOLUTION>Y 
OBJECTIVES4 

"9 "9 "9 

,?IS T]RIBLE PROBLEM 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE GIVES RISE TO A 
CRUCIAL QUE/ION3 H[ CAN SU* A D\BLE CATA/ROPHE BE PREV5T$8 ,! QUE/ION 
ACTUALLY IS BADLY POS$4 ,= ?OSE :O FOLL[ ! DET]M9I/ ME?OD ! 
QUE/ION ACTUALLY IS ONE ( DET]M9+ ! TRUE *>ACT]I/ICS & LAWS ( 
?IS DEG5]ATIVE PROCESS1 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% :5 & H[ WE CAN RECOGNIZE 
! CONDITIONS :I* W\LD ALL[ US TO EXPECT & PURSUE A REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE 
FREE FROM ?IS PA?OLOGICAL REV]SION4 

,H]E WE WILL NOT CONC]N \RSELVES ) REFUT+ ?OSE :O D5Y ! 
EXI/5CE ( SU* A DEG5]ATION & :O MA9TA9 ?AT 9 ,RUSSIA !RE IS A 
TRUE REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS P[]1 AN ACTUAL EVOLUTION ( ! ECONOMIC 
=MS T[>DS COMMUNISM1 & A COORD9ATION ) ! O!R PROLET>IAN P>TIES 
( ! WORLD :I* WILL ACTUALLY LEAD TO ! OV]?R[ ( WORLD CAPITALISM4 

,NOR WILL WE CONC]N \RSELVES H]E ) A /UDY ( ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC 
ASPECTS ( ! PROBLEM1 = ?IS W\LD NECESSITATE A DETAIL$ & C>EFUL 
ANALYSIS ( ! ME*ANISM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION 9 ,RUSSIA & ( ! 
ACTUAL RELATION%IPS :I* ,RUSSIA HAS ) =EIGN CAPITALI/ ECONOMIES4 

,9/EAD1 AT ! 5D ( ?IS HI/ORICAL EXPOSITION ON ! QUE/ION ( 
VIOL5CE & =CE1 WE WILL RESPOND TO ?OSE :O CLAIM ?AT SU* AN OPPRESSIVE 
& BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION IS A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( 9FR++ & 
VIOLAT+ ! CANNONS & PR9CIPLES ( ELECTIVE DEMOCRACY4 

,?IS DEMOCRATIC CRITIQUE HAS TWO ASPECTS1 ) ! LESS RADICAL BE+ 9 
FACT ! MORE 9SIDI\S4 ,! FIR/ IS OV]TLY B\RGEOIS & IS DIRECTLY L9K$ 
TO ! 5TIRE WORLD CAMPAIGN TO DEFAME ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,?IS CAMPAIGN1 
:I* HAS BE5 GO+ ON S9CE #a#i#a#g1 HAS BE5 L$ BY ALL ! LIB]ALS1 DEMOCRATS 
& SOCIAL DEMOCRATS ( ! WORLD :O HAVE BE5 T]RORIZ$ AS MU* BY ! 
MAGNIFIC5T & C\RAGE\S !ORETICAL PROCLAMATION ( ! ME?OD ( ! 
PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP AS BY ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION4 

,AFT] EV]Y?+ ?AT HAS BE5 SAID WE WILL CONSID] ?IS FIR/ ASPECT ( 
! DEMOCRATIC LAM5TATION TO HAVE BE5 REFUT$4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT1 
H[EV]1 /ILL REMA9S ( PRIM>Y IMPORTANCE TODAY S9CE ! CON=MI/ DEM& 
( :AT ,L59 CALL$ 0DEMOCRACY 9 G5]AL0 7& :I* 9 ! BASIC 
COMMUNI/ WORKS REPRES5TS ! DIALECTICAL OPPOSITE1 ! ANTI!SIS ( ! 
REVOLUTION>Y POSITION7 IS /ILL DISGU/+LY P>AD$ BY ! V]Y P>TIES :O 
CLAIM TO BE L9K$ TO ! PRES5T REGIME 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS V]Y REGIME1 AL?\< 
MAK+ DANG]\S & CONDEMNABLE CONCESSIONS TO ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC 
ME*ANISM AT HOME 9 ! >EA ( =MAL RI<TS1 NOT ONLY CONT9UES TO BE BUT 
BECOMES 9CREAS+LY A /RICTLY TOTALIT>IAN & POLICE /ATE4 

,!RE=E WE CAN NEV] 9SI/ 5\< ON \R CRITIQUE ( DEMOCRACY 9 ALL ! 
HI/ORICAL =MS 9 :I* IT HAS APPE>$ UNTIL N[4 ,DEMOCRACY HAS ALWAYS BE5 
AN 9T]NAL ME?OD ( ORGANIZATION ( ! OPPRESSOR CLASS1 :E!R ?IS CLASS 
IS OLD OR NEW4 ,IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 A TE*NIQUE1 :E!R OLD OR NEW1 ?AT IS 
UTILIZ$ 9 ! 9T]NAL RELATIONS AMONG ! ELEM5TS & GR\PS ( ! 
EXPLOIT+ CLASS4 ,9 ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS IT WAS ALSO ! NECESS>Y & 
VITAL 5VIRONM5T = ! EM]G5CE ( CAPITALISM4 

,! OLD DEMOCRACIES W]E BAS$ ON ELECTORAL PR9CIPLES1 ASSEMBLIES1 
P>LIAM5TS OR C\NCILS4 ,:ILE DECEITFULLY PRET5D+ ?AT !IR AIM WAS TO 
REALIZE A WELL-BE+ = ALL & ! EXT5SION ( ! SPIRITUAL OR MAT]IAL 
CONQUE/S TO ALL ( SOCIETY1 !IR ACTUAL FUNCTION WAS TO 5=CE & MA9TA9 
! EXPLOITATION ( A MASS ( HEA!NS1 SLAVES & HELOTS1 ( :OLE PEOPLES :O 
HAD BE5 OPPRESS$ BECAUSE !Y W]E LESS ADVANC$ OR LESS W>-LIKE1 & ( A 
:OLE MASS :O HAD BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM ! TEMPLE1 ! S5ATE1 ! CITY & ! 
ASSEMBLIES4 

,WE CAN SEE ! REALITY ( ! MULTITUDE ( BANAL !ORIES BAS$ ON ! 
PR9CIPLE ( EGALIT>IANISM3 IT IS ! COMPROMISE1 AGREEM5T1 & CONSPIRACY 
AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY TO ! DETRIM5T ( ! L[] 
CLASSES4 ,\R APPRAISAL ( ! MOD]N DEMOCRATIC =M1 :I* IS BAS$ ON ! 
HOLY *>T] ( ! ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 & ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTIONS1 IS NO DIFF]5T4 
,MOD]N DEMOCRACY IS A TE*NIQUE :I* PROVIDES ! BE/ POLITICAL CONDITIONS 
= ! CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S4 ,IT REPLACES ! 
OLD NETWORK ( FEUDAL OPPRESSION BY :I* CAPITALISM ITSELF WAS SUFFOCAT$1 BUT 
ONLY TO EXPLOIT 9 A WAY :I* IS NEW & DIFF]5T1 BUT NO LESS 9T5SE OR 
EXT5SIVE4 

,\R 9T]PRETATION ( ! PRES5T TOTALIT>IAN PHASE ( ! B\RGEOIS EPO* 
IS FUNDAM5TAL 9 REG>D TO ?IS PO9T4 ,9 ?IS PHASE ! P>LIAM5T>Y =MS1 
HAV+ PLAY$ \T !IR ROLE1 T5D TO DISAPPE> & ! ATMOSPH]E ( MOD]N 
CAPITALISM BECOMES ANTI-LIB]AL & ANTI-DEMOCRATIC4 ,! TACTICAL CONSEQU5CE 
( ?IS CORRECT EVALUATION IS ?AT ANY CALL TO RETURN TO ! OLD B\RGEOIS 
DEMOCRACY *>ACT]I/IC ( RIS+ CAPITALISM IS OPPOS$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( 
! WORK+ CLASS2 IT IS REACTION>Y & EV5 
0ANTI-PROGRESSIVE04 

"9 "9 "9 

,WE WILL N[ TAKE UP ! SECOND ASPECT ( ! DEMOCRATIC CRITIQUE4 ,?IS 
ASPECT IS NOT 9SPIR$ BY ! DOGMAS ( AN 9T]-CLASS & ABOVE-CLASS 
DEMOCRACY BUT 9/EAD SAYS BASICALLY ! FOLL[+3 IT IS WELL & GOOD TO 
E/ABLI% ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP & TO DO AWAY ) ANY SCRUPLES 9 ! 
REPRESSION ( ! RI<TS ( ! DEFEAT$ B\RGEOIS M9ORITY2 H[EV] ONCE ! 
B\RGEOISIE 9 ,RUSSIA WAS DEPRIV$ ( ALL RI<TS1 ! DEG5]ATION ( ! 
PROLET>IAN /ATE OCCURR$ BECAUSE ! RULES ( REPRES5TATION W]E VIOLAT$ 
0)90 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,IF AN ELECTIVE SY/EM TRULY FUNCTION+ 
ACCORD+ TO ! MAJORITY PR9CIPLE HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ & RESPECT$ 9 ! 
BASE ORGANIZATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT 7! SOVIETS1 ! UNIONS & ! 
POLITICAL P>TY71 ) EV]Y DECISION MADE ON ! BASIS ( ! NUM]ICAL 
\TCOME ( A 0TRULY FREE0 VOTE1 !N ! TRUE REVOLUTION>Y PA? 
W\LD HAVE BE5 AUTOMATICALLY MA9TA9$ & IT W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO 
W>D (F ANY DEG5]ATION & ANY DANG] ( ! ABUSIVE1 SUFFOCAT+ DOM9ATION 
BY ! IGNOBLE 0,/AL9I/ CLIQUE04 

,AT ! HE>T ( ?IS WIDELY ACCEPT$ VIEWPO9T IS ! IDEA ?AT EA* 
9DIVIDUAL1 SOLELY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT HE OR %E BELONGS TO AN ECONOMIC CLASS 
7I4E4 ?AT HE F9DS HIMSELF 9 P>TICUL> RELATION%IPS 9 COMMON ) MANY 
O!RS ) RESPECT TO PRODUCTION7 IS CONSEQU5TLY PR$ISPOS$ TO ACQUIRE A 
CLE> CLASS 0CONSCI\SNESS01 9 O!R WORDS TO ACQUIRE ?AT BODY ( 
IDEAS & UND]/&+S :I* REFLECT ! 9T]E/S1 ! HI/ORICAL PA? & 
! FUTURE ( HIS CLASS4 ,?IS IS A FALSE WAY ( UND]/&+ ,M>XI/ 
DET]M9ISM BECAUSE ! =MATION ( CONSCI\SNESS IS SOME?+ :I*1 AL?\< 
C]TA9LY L9K$ TO ! BASIC ECONOMIC CONDITIONS1 LAGS BEH9D !M AT A GREAT 
DI/ANCE 9 TIME & HAS A FIELD ( ACTION ?AT IS MU* MORE RE/RICT$4 

,= EXAMPLE1 MANY C5TURIES BE=E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! HI/ORICAL 
CONSCI\SNESS ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS1 ! B\RGEOIS1 ! TRADESMAN1 ! BANK]1 
& ! SMALL MANUFACTUR] EXI/$ & FULFILL$ ESS5TIAL ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS1 
BUT HAD ! M5TALITY ( S]VANTS & ACCOMPLICES ( ! FEUDAL LORDS4 ,A 
REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CY & IDEOLOGY SL[LY =M$ AMONG !M H[EV] & AN 
AUDACI\S M9ORITY BEGAN TO ORGANIZE ITSELF 9 ORD] TO ATTEMPT TO CONQU] 
P[]4 

,JU/ AS IT IS TRUE ?AT SOME MEMB]S ( ! >I/OCRACY F\<T = ! 
B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT !RE W]E MANY MEMB]S ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE :O1 AFT] ! CONQUE/ ( P[] 9 ! GREAT DEMOCRATIC 
REVOLUTIONS1 NOT ONLY RETA9$ A WAY ( ?9K+ BUT ALSO A C\RSE ( ACTION 
CONTR>Y TO ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( !IR [N CLASS1 & MILITAT$ & F\<T 
) ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y P>TY4 

,SIMIL>LY1 :ILE ! OP9IONS & CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK] >E =M$ 
UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS OR H] WORK+ & MAT]IAL LIV+ CONDITIONS1 !Y 
>E ALSO =M$ 9 ! 5VIRONM5T ( ! :OLE TRADITIONAL CONS]VATIVE 
IDEOLOGY 9 :I* ! CAPITALI/ WORLD 5VELOPES ! WORK]4 

,?IS CONS]VATIVE 9FLU5CE IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY /RONG] 9 ! PRES5T 
P]IOD4 ,IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO LI/ AGA9 ! RES\RCES :I* >E AVAILABLE NOT 
ONLY = ! SY/EMATIC ORGANIZATION ( PROPAG&A ?R\< MOD]N TE*NIQUES1 
BUT ALSO = ! ACTUAL C5TRALIZ$ 9T]V5TION 9 ECONOMIC LIFE ?R\< ! 
ADOPTION ( NUM]\S RE=MI/ MEASURES & /ATE 9T]V5TION :I* >E 
9T5D$ TO SATISFY C]TA9 SECOND>Y NE$S ( ! WORK]S & :I* 9 FACT 
(T5 HAVE A CONCRETE EFFECT ON !IR ECONOMIC SITUATION4 

,= ! CRUDE & UN$UCAT$ MASSES1 ! OLD >I/OCRATIC & FEUDAL REGIMES 
NE$$ ONLY ! *UR* TO FABRICATE S]VILE IDEOLOGIES4 ,!Y ACT$ ON ! 
RIS+ B\RGEOISIE1 H[EV]1 PRIM>ILY ?R\< !IR MONOPOLY OV] ! S*OOL 
& CULTURE4 ,! Y\NG B\RGEOISIE WAS CONSEQU5TLY COMPELL$ TO SU/A9 A 
GREAT & COMPLEX IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE :I* ! LIT]ATURE PRES5TS AS A 
/RUGGLE = ! FRE$OM ( ?\<T BUT :I* 9 FACT CONC]N$ ! 
SUP]/RUCTURE & A FI]CE CONFLICT BETWE5 TWO =CES :O W]E ORGANIZ$ TO 
DEFEAT ONE ANO!R4 

,TODAY WORLD CAPITALISM 9 ADDITION TO ! *UR* & S*OOLS1 DISPOSES ( AN 
5DLESS NUMB] ( O!R =MS ( IDEOLOGICAL MANIPULATION & C\NTLESS ME?ODS 
= =M+ A SO-CALL$ 0CONSCI\SNESS04 

,IT SURPASSES ! OLD REGIMES1 BO? QUANTITATIVELY & QUALITATIVELY1 9 ! 
FABRICATION ( FALSEHOODS & DECEITS4 ,?IS IS TRUE NOT ONLY 9 ?AT IT 
BROADCA/S ! MO/ ABSURD DOCTR9ES & SUP]/ITIONS BUT ALSO 9 ?AT IT 
9=MS ! MASSES 9 A TOTALLY FALSE WAY AB\T ! C\NTLESS EV5TS 9 ! 
COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N LIFE4 

,9 SPITE ( ?IS TREM5D\S >S5AL ( \R CLASS 5EMY WE HAVE ALWAYS 
MA9TA9$ ?AT )9 ! OPPRESS$ CLASS AN ANTAGONI/IC IDEOLOGY & 
DOCTR9E W\LD =M & W\LD A*IEVE A GREAT] & GREAT] CL>ITY AS ! 
ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ITSELF %>P5S ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! PRODUCTIVE =CES 
& ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION & AS ! FI]CE /RUGGLE BETWE5 DIFF]5T 
CLASS 9T]E/S SPREADS4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE IS NOT F\ND$ ON ! >GUM5T ?AT 
GIV5 ! FACT ?AT ! PROLET>IANS \TNUMB] ! B\RGEOIS1 ! SUM TOTAL ( 
!IR 9DIVIDUAL VIEWS & CONCEPTIONS W\LD PREVAIL OV] ?AT ( ! 5EMY DUE 
TO !IR GREAT] NUM]ICAL WEI<T4 

,WE HAVE ALWAYS MA9TA9$ ?AT ?IS CL>ITY & CONSCI\SNESS IS NOT 
REALIZ$ 9 AN AMORPH\S MASS ( ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT IS REALIZ$ 9/EAD 
9 ORGANIZATIONS :I* EM]GE FROM ! UNDIFF]5TIAT$ MASS1 9 RESOLUTE 
M9ORITIES :O JO9 TOGE!R BEYOND NATIONAL B\ND>IES FOLL[+ ! L9E ( 
! G5]AL HI/ORICAL CONT9UITY ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,!SE M9ORITIES ASSUME ! 
FUNCTION ( LEAD+ ! /RUGGLE ( ! MASSES2 ! GREAT] P>T ( ! MASSES 
ON ! O!R H& >E PU%$ 9TO ?IS /RUGGLE BY ECONOMIC FACTORS WELL BE=E 
!Y DEVELOP ! SAME /R5G? & CL>ITY ( IDEAS ?AT IS CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 ! 
GUID+ P>TY4 

,?IS IS :Y A C\NT ( ! VOTES CA/ BY ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS MASS 
7SUPPOS+ SU* A ?+ W]E POSSIBLE7 W\LD NOT EXCLUDE AN \TCOME FAVORABLE 
TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION EV5 9 A SITUATION :I* W\LD BE CONDUCIVE TO A 
=W>D ADVANCE & A /RUGGLE UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! VANGU>D M9ORITY4 
,EV5 A G5]AL & WIDESPREAD POLITICAL /RUGGLE :I* 5DS ) ! VICTORI\S 
CONQUE/ ( P[] IS NOT SUFFICI5T = ! IMM$IATE ELIM9ATION ( ! :OLE 
COMPLEX ( TRADITIONAL 9FLU5CES ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 ,! LATT] NOT ONLY 
CONT9UES TO SURVIVE ?R\<\T ! :OLE SOCIAL /RUCTURE )9 ! C\NTRY 
( ! VICTORI\S REVOLUTION ITSELF1 BUT CONT9UES TO ACT FROM \TSIDE ) A 
MASSIVE DEPLOYM5T ( ALL ! MOD]N MEANS ( PROPAG&A ( :I* WE HAVE 
SPOK5 BE=E4 

,IT IS1 ( C\RSE1 ( GREAT ADVANTAGE TO BREAK ! /ATE MA*9]Y1 TO 
DE/ROY ALL ! OLD /RUCTURES = ! SY/EMATIC FABRICATION ( B\RGEOIS 
IDEOLOGY 7SU* AS ! *UR*1 ! S*OOL & O!R C\NTLESS ASSOCIATIONS7 & 
TO TAKE CONTROL OV] ALL ! MAJOR MEANS ( DIFFUS+ IDEAS1 SU* AS ! PRESS1 
! RADIO1 ! !AT]1 ETC4 ,H[EV] ALL ?IS IS NOT 5\<4 ,IT MU/ BE 
COMPLET$ BY A SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION3 ! RAPID & SUCCESSFUL ]ADICATION 
( ! B\RGEOIS =M ( PRODUCTION4 ,L59 WAS WELL AW>E ?AT ! NECESSITY ( 
P]MITT+ ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE 7& 9 A C]TA9 S5SE ! FL\RI%+7 ( 
! FAMILY MANAGEM5T ( ! SMALL PEASANT F>MS MEANT ?AT A :OLE >EA W\LD 
BE LEFT OP5 TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! SELFI% & M]CANTILE B\RGEOIS 
PSY*OLOGY1 TO ! ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A ( ! PRIE/1 & 9 %ORT TO 
! PLAY ( C\NTLESS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y SUP]/ITIONS4 ,! UNFAVORABLE 
RELATION%IP ( =CES1 H[EV]1 LEFT NO O!R *OICE4 ,ONLY 9 CONS]V+ ! 
=CE1 /R5G? & FIRMNESS ( ! >M$ P[] ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT 
WAS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE USE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS ( ! PEASANT ALLIES 
AGA9/ ! %ACKLES ( ! AGR>IAN FEUDAL REGIME & AT ! SAME TIME GU>D 
AGA9/ ! DANG] ( A POSSIBLE REVOLT BY ! MIDDLE PEASANTS1 SU* AS 
OCCURR$ DUR+ ! CIVIL W> UND] ,D5IK9 & ,KOL*AK4 

,! ]RONE\S POSITION ( ?OSE :O WANT TO SEE ! APPLICATION ( 
>I?METIC DEMOCRACY )9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 OR )9 C]TA9 CLASS 
ORGANIZATIONS1 CAN ?US BE TRAC$ BACK TO A FALSE APPRECIATION ( ,M>XI/ 
DET]M9ISM4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY %[N ?AT IT IS 9CORRECT TO BELIEVE ?AT 9 EA* 
HI/ORICAL P]IOD EA* ( ! OPPOS+ CLASSES HAS CORRESPOND+ GR\PS :I* 
PR(ESS !ORIES OPPOS$ TO ! O!R CLASSES4 ,9/EAD ! CORRECT !SIS IS 
?AT 9 EA* HI/ORICAL EPO* ! DOCTR9AL SY/EM BAS$ ON ! 9T]E/S ( 
! RUL+ CLASS T5DS TO BE PR(ESS$ BY ! OPPRESS$ CLASS1 MU* TO ! 
ADVANTAGE ( ! =M]4 ,HE :O IS A SLAVE 9 ! BODY IS ALSO A SLAVE 9 ! 
M9D4 ,! OLD B\RGEOIS LIE IS PRECISELY TO PRET5D ?AT WE MU/ BEG9 ) ! 
LIB]ATION ( ! 9TELLECT 7A ME?OD :I* LEADS TO NO?+ & CO/S NO?+ 
= ! PRIVILEG$ CLASS71 :ILE 9/EAD WE MU/ />T ) ! PHYSICAL 
LIB]ATION ( ! BODY4 

,IT IS ALSO ]RONE\S TO E/ABLI% ! FOLL[+ PROGRESSION ( DET]M9ISMS 
) RESPECT TO ! FAM\S PROBLEM ( CONSCI\SNESS3 9FLU5CE ( ECONOMIC 
FACTORS1 CLASS CONSCI\SNESS1 CLASS ACTION4 ,! PROGRESSION 9/EAD IS ! 
REV]SE3 9FLU5CE ( ECONOMIC FACTORS1 CLASS ACTION1 CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 
,CONSCI\SNESS COMES AT ! 5D &1 9 G5]AL1 AFT] ! DECISIVE VICTORY4 
,ECONOMIC NECESSITY UNITES & FOCUSES ! PRESSURE & 5]GY ( ALL ?OSE :O 
>E OPPRESS$ & SUFFOCAT$ BY ! =MS ( A GIV5 PRODUCTIVE SY/EM4 ,! 
OPPRESS$ REACT1 !Y FI<T1 !Y HURL !MSELVES AGA9/ !SE =MS4 ,9 ! 
C\RSE ( ?IS CLA% & ?IS BATTLE !Y 9CREAS+LY DEVELOP AN UND]/&+ 
( ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( ! /RUGGLE AS WELL AS ITS LAWS & PR9CIPLES1 
& A CLE> COMPREH5SION ( ! PROGRAM ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE DEVELOPS4 

,= DECADES WE HAVE BE5 REPROA*$ = WANT+ A REVOLUTION C>RI$ \T BY 
?OSE :O >E UNCONSCI\S4 

,WE C\LD HAVE RESPOND$ ?AT PROVID$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION SWEEPS AWAY ! 
MASS ( HORRORS CREAT$ BY ! B\RGEOIS REGIME & PROVID$ ?AT ! T]RIBLE 
5CIRCLEM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE MASSES BY B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS :I* OPPRESS 
& SUFFOCATE !M IS BROK51 !N IT W\LD NOT BO!R US 9 ! LEA/ IF ! 
DECISIVE BL[S W]E DELIV]$ EV5 BY ?OSE :O >E NOT YET CONSCI\S ( ! 
AIM ( ! /RUGGLE4 

,9/EAD1 WE LEFT ,M>XI/S HAVE ALWAYS CLE>LY & EMPHATICALLY 9SI/$ ON 
! IMPORTANCE ( !ORY 9 ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T1 & WE CONSEQU5TLY 
HAVE CON/ANTLY D5\NC$ ! ABS5CE ( PR9CIPLES & ! BETRAYAL ( !SE 
BY ! RI<T OPPORTUNI/S4 ,WE HAVE ALWAYS MA9TA9$ ! VALIDITY ( ! 
,M>XI/ CONCEPTION :I* CONSID]S ! PROLET>IAT EV5 AS ! TRUE 9H]ITOR 
( MOD]N CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY4 ,LET US EXPLA94 ,! /RUGGLE ( ! B\RGEOIS 
USUR]S1 COLONIAL SETTL]S & M]*ANTS WAS P>ALLEL$ BY AN ATTACK BY ! 
CRITICAL ME?OD AGA9/ ! DOGMAS ( ! *UR* & ! IDEOLOGY ( ! 
AU?ORITY ( DIV9E RI<T2 !RE WAS A REVOLUTION :I* APPE>$ TO BE 
COMPLET$ 9 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY BE=E IT WAS COMPLET$ 9 SOCIETY4 ,?IS 
RESULT$ FROM ! FACT ?AT1 ( ?OSE =MS :I* HAD TO BE DE/ROY$ 9 ORD] 
= ! CAPITALI/ PRODUCTIVE =CES TO DEVELOP1 NOT ! LEA/ DIFFICULT TO 
BREAK D[N WAS ! S*OLA/IC & !OCRATIC IDEOLOGICAL SY/EM ( ! MIDDLE 
AGES4 ,H[EV]1 AFT] ITS POLITICAL & SOCIAL VICTORY1 ! B\RGEOISIE BECAME 
CONS]VATIVE4 ,IT HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 DIRECT+ ! WEAPON ( ! CRITIQUE1 :I* 
IT HAD US$ AGA9/ ! LIES ( ,*RI/IAN COSMOLOGY1 TO ! >EA ( ! MU* 
MORE PRESS+ & HUMAN PROBLEM ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,?IS SECOND TASK 9 
! EVOLUTION ( ! !ORETICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( SOCIETY FELL TO A NEW CLASS 
:I* WAS PU%$ BY ITS [N 9T]E/S TO LAY B>E ! LIES ( B\RGEOIS 
CIVILIZATION4 ,?IS NEW CLASS1 9 ! P[]FUL DIALECTICAL VISION ( ,M>X1 WAS 
! CLASS ( ! 0WRET*$ >TISANS01 EXCLUD$ FROM CULTURE 9 ! 
MIDDLE AGES & SUPPOS$LY ELEVAT$ TO A POSITION ( LEGAL EQUALITY BY ! 
LIB]AL REVOLUTION2 IT WAS ! CLASS ( MANUAL LABOR]S ( BIG 9DU/RY1 
UN$UCAT$ & ALL BUT ILLIT]ATE4 

,! KEY TO \R CONCEPTION LIES PRECISELY 9 ! FACT ?AT WE DO NOT CONSID] 
! SEAT ( CONSCI\SNESS TO BE ! N>R[ >EA ( ! 9DIVIDUAL P]SON & 
?AT WE WELL KN[ ?AT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! ELEM5TS ( ! MASS :O >E 
PU%$ 9TO /RUGGLE CANNOT POSSESS 9 !IR M9DS ! G5]AL !ORETICAL 
\TLOOK4 ,TO REQUIRE SU* A CONDITION W\LD BE PURELY ILLUSORY & 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,NEI!R DOES ?IS TASK ( ELABORAT+ ! !ORETICAL 
CONSCI\SNESS FALL TO A B& OR GR\P ( SUP]IOR 9DIVIDUALS :OSE MISSION IS 
TO HELP HUMANITY4 ,IT FALLS 9/EAD TO AN ORGANISM1 TO A ME*ANISM 
DIFF]5TIAT$ )9 ! MASS1 UTILIZ+ ! 9DIVIDUAL ELEM5TS AS CELLS ?AT 
COMPOSE ! TISSUE & ELEVAT+ !M TO A FUNCTION MADE POSSIBLE ONLY BY ?IS 
COMPLEX ( RELATION%IPS4 ,?IS ORGANISM1 ?IS SY/EM1 ?IS COMPLEX ( ELEM5TS 
EA* ) ITS [N FUNCTION1 7ANALOG\S TO ! ANIMAL ORGANISM ) ITS 
EXTREMELY COMPLICAT$ SY/EMS ( TISSUES1 NETWORKS1 VESSELS1 ETC47 IS ! CLASS 
ORGANISM1 ! P>TY1 :I* 9 A C]TA9 WAY DEF9ES ! CLASS FAC$ ) ITSELF 
& GIVES ! CLASS ! CAPACITY TO MAKE ITS [N HI/ORY4 

,?IS :OLE PROCESS IS REFLECT$ 9 ! MO/ DIV]SE WAYS ) RESPECT TO ! 
DIFF]5T 9DIVIDUALS :O /ATI/ICALLY BELONG TO ! CLASS4 ,TO BE MORE 
SPECIFIC1 WE >E NOT SURPRIS$ TO F9D SIDE BY SIDE 9 A GIV5 SITUATION ! 
REVOLUTION>Y & CONSCI\S WORK]1 ! WORK] :O IS /ILL A TOTAL VICTIM ( 
! CONS]VATIVE POLITICAL 9FLU5CES & :O P]HAPS EV5 M>*ES 9 ! RANKS 
( ! 5EMY1 ! WORK] :O FOLL[S ! OPPORTUNI/ CURR5TS ( ! MOVEM5T1 
ETC4 

,& WE W\LD HAVE NO CONCLUSIONS TO AUTOMATICALLY DRAW FROM A VOTE AMONG ! 
WORK+ CLASS ?AT W\LD 9DICATE ! FOLL[+ ( EA* ( !SE V>I\S 
POSITIONS - ASSUM+ ?AT SU* A VOTE WAS ACTUALLY POSSIBLE4 

"9 "9 "9 

,IT IS ONLY TOO WELL E/ABLI%$ ?AT ! CLASS P>TY1 BO? BE=E & AFT] 
! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( DEG5]ATION 9 ITS FUNCTION AS A 
REVOLUTION>Y 9/RUM5T4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y TO SE>* BO? = ! CAUSES ( ?IS 
S]I\S PH5OM5ON ( SOCIAL PA?OLOGY & = ! MEANS TO FI<T IT4 ,H[EV] 
IT ONLY FOLL[S FROM :AT HAS BE5 SAID ABOVE ?AT ! ME?OD ( VOT+ CANNOT 
GU>ANTEE ! CORRECTNESS ( ! ,P>TY'S ORI5TATION & DIRECTIVES1 
REG>DLESS ( :E!R ?IS VOT+ IS DONE BY MILITANTS ( ! P>TY OR BY A 
MU* WID] CIRCLE 5COMPASS+ ! WORK]S :O BELONG TO ! UNIONS1 ! 
FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS OR EV5 ! REPRES5TATIVE ORGANS ( A POLITICAL NATURE1 
SU* AS ! SOVIETS OR WORK]S C\NCILS4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T %[S CONCRETELY ?AT SU* A 
ME?OD HAS NEV] L$ TO ANY GOOD & HAS NEV] PREV5T$ ! DISA/R\S 
VICTORIES ( OPPORTUNISM4 ,9 ALL ! CONFLICTS BETWE5 T5D5CIES )9 ! 
TRADITIONAL SOCIALI/ P>TIES BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ! RI<T-W+ REVISIONI/S 
ALWAYS >GU$ AGA9/ ! RADICAL ,M>XI/S ( ! LEFT ?AT !Y 7! RI<T 
W+7 W]E MU* MORE CLOSELY TI$ TO ! WIDE /RATA ( ! WORK+ CLASS ?AN 
! N>R[ CIRCLE ( ! LEAD]%IP ( ! POLITICAL P>TY4 ,! OPPORTUNI/ 
CURR5TS HAD !IR MA9 SUPPORT 9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y LEAD]S ( ! P>TY :O 
DISOBEY$ ! P>TY'S POLITICAL DIRECTIVES & DEM&$ A FREE H& TO 
COLLABORATE ) ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,!Y DID SO UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT !Y 
HAD BE5 ELECT$ BY ! MASS ( PROLET>IAN VOT]S :O F> \TNUMB]$ ! 
PROLET>IANS :O BELONG$ TO ! P>TY & ELECT$ ! P>TY'S POLITICAL 
LEAD]%IP4 ,! UNION LEAD]S :O BELONG$ TO ! P>TY PRACTIC$ ! SAME 
COLLABORATION ON ! UNION LEVEL AS ! P>LIAM5T>Y LEAD]S DID ON ! 
POLITICAL LEVEL4 ,!Y REFUS$ ! DISCIPL9E ( ! CLASS P>TY1 US+ ! 
JU/IFICATION ?AT !Y REPRES5T$ ALL ! UNIONIZ$ WORK]S :O GREATLY 
\TNUMB]$ ! P>TY'S MILITANTS4 ,9 !IR HA/E TO ALLY ) CAPITALISM 
7SOME?+ :I* CULM9AT$ 9 !IR SUPPORT = ! FIR/ IMP]IALI/ W>7 
NEI!R ! P>LIAM5T>Y POSSIBILI/S NOR ! UNION BUREAUCRATS HESITAT$1 9 
! NAME ( ! WORK]ISM & LABORISM !Y PR\DLY FLAUNT$1 TO D]IDE ?OSE 
GR\PS :O BR\<T =W>DS ! TRUE CLASS POLITICS )9 ! P>TY & TO 
BR& !SE GR\PS AS 9TELLECTUALS & SOMETIMES EV5 AS NON-PROLET>IANS4 

,! HI/ORY ( ,SORELIAN SYNDICALISM ALSO %[S ?AT ! ME?OD ( DIRECT 
REPRES5TATION ( ! RANK & FILE WORK] DOES NOT HAVE LEFT RESULTS & DOES 
NOT LEAD TO ! PRES]VATION ( A TRULY REVOLUTION>Y ORI5TATION4 ,AT A C]TA9 
P]IOD ?IS S*OOL ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM HAD SEEM$ TO SOME TO BE A TRUE 
ALT]NATIVE TO ! DEG5]ATION ( ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TY :I* HAD TAK5 
! ROAD ( R5\NC+ DIRECT ACTION & CLASS VIOL5CE4 ,! ,M>XI/ GR\PS 
:I* LAT] CONV]G$ 9 ! ,L59I/ RECON/RUCTION ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 
RI<TLY CRITICIZ$ & CONDEMN$ ?IS SEEM+LY RADICAL ORI5TATION4 ,!Y 
D5\NC$ IT = AB&ON+ ! ONLY UNIFY+ CLASS ME?OD :I* C\LD SURM\NT 
! N>R[NESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TRADE & ( ! EV]YDAY CONFLICTS LIMIT$ TO 
ECONOMIC DEM&S4 ,EV5 IF PHYSICALLY VIOL5T MEANS ( /RUGGLE W]E US$1 ?IS 
ORI5TATION LEADS TO ! D5IAL ( ! POSITION ( REVOLUTION>Y ,M>XISM1 
BECAUSE = ,M>XISM EV]Y CLASS /RUGGLE IS A POLITICAL /RUGGLE & ! 
9DISP5SABLE 9/RUM5T ( ?IS /RUGGLE IS ! P>TY4 

,! JU/NESS ( ?IS !ORETICAL POLEMIC WAS CONFIRM$ BY ! FACT ?AT EV5 
REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM SANK 9 ! CRISIS ( ! W> & PASS$ 9TO ! 
RANKS ( SOCIAL PATRIOTISM 9 ! V>I\S C\NTRIES4 

,N[1 9 REG>DS TO ! ACTION ( ! P>TY AFT] ! REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY1 
WE WILL TURN TO ! MAJOR EPISODES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION :I* %$ ! 
GREATE/ LI<T & PROVIDE US ) ! BE/ EXP]I5CE4 

,WE REJECT ! CRITIQUE :I* CLAIMS ?AT ! DISA/R\S DEG5]ATION ( 
,L59I/ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS 9TO ! PRES5T ,/AL9I/ POLICIES WAS BR\<T 
AB\T 9 ! BEG9N+ BY ! EXCESSIVE PR$OM9ANCE ( ! P>TY & ITS 
C5TRAL COMMITTEE OV] ! O!R WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,WE REJECT ! 
ILLUSORY VIEWPO9T ?AT ! :OLE DEG5]ATIVE PROCESS C\LD HAVE BE5 
CONTA9$ IF A VOTE AMONG ! V>I\S BASE ORGANIZATIONS HAD BE5 US$ AS ! 
MEANS TO DECIDE BO? ! MAKE-UP ( ! HI]>*Y & ! MAJOR *ANGES 9 ! 
POLITICS ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE4 ,! PROBLEM ( ! DEG5]ATION CANNOT BE 
COMPREH5D$ )\T CONNECT+ IT TO ! QUE/ION ( ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE 
( ! V>I\S WORK+ CLASS ORGANS 9 ! PROCESS ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 
OLD ECONOMY & ( ! CON/RUCTION ( ! NEW4 

,UNIONS UND\BT$LY CON/ITUTE & = A LONG P]IOD HAVE CON/ITUT$ A BASIC 
>EA ( /RUGGLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 5]GY ( ! 
PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ?IS HAS BE5 POSSIBLE ) SUCCESS ONLY :5 ! CLASS P>TY 
HAS C>RI$ ON A S]I\S WORK )9 ! UNIONS 9 ORD] TO %IFT ! 
CONC5TRATION ( 5]GY FROM N>R[ 9T]M$IATE OBJECTIVES TO G5]AL CLASS 
AIMS4 ,! TRADE UNION1 EV5 AS IT EVOLV$ 9TO ! 9DU/RIAL UNION1 F9DS 
LIMITS TO ITS DYNAMIC BECAUSE )9 IT !RE EXI/ DIFF]5T 9T]E/S BETWE5 
! V>I\S CATEGORIES & GR\PS ( WORK]S4 ,!RE >E EV5 GREAT] LIMITS TO 
ITS ACTION AS CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & ! CAPITALI/ /ATE PASS ?R\< ! 
?REE SUCCESSIVE HI/ORICAL PHASES3 ! PROHIBITION ( TRADE ORGANIZATIONS & 
/RIKES2 ! TOL]ATION ( AUTONOM\S TRADE ORGANIZATIONS2 & F9ALLY ! 
CONQUE/ ( ! TRADE UNIONS & !IR IMPRISONM5T 9 ! B\RGEOIS 
SY/EM4 

,EV5 UND] A SOLIDLY E/ABLI%$ PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 ! UNION CANNOT 
BE CONSID]$ AS AN ORGAN :I* REPRES5TS ! WORK]S 9 A FUNDAM5TAL & 
/ABLE WAY4 ,9 ?IS SOCIAL P]IOD CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! V>I\S TRADES 9 ! 
WORK+ CLASS CAN /ILL EXI/4 ,! BASIC PO9T IS ?AT ! WORK]S ONLY HAVE 
REASON TO MAKE USE ( ! UNION AS LONG AS ! WORK+ CLASS P[] IS COMPELL$ 
TO TOL]ATE1 9 C]TA9 SECTIONS1 ! TEMPOR>Y PRES5CE ( EMPLOY]S2 ) ! 
DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! LATT] DUE TO ! ADVANCE ( SOCIALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 ALL 
CONT5T ( UNION ACTION IS LO/4 ,\R CONCEPTION ( SOCIALISM IS NOT ! 
SUB/ITUTION ( ! /ATE BOSS = ! PRIVATE BOSS4 ,H[EV] IF ! 
RELATION%IP W]E SU* 9 ! TRANSITION P]IOD1 !N 9 ! SUPREME 9T]E/S 
( REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS IT C\LD NOT BE ADMITT$ AS A PR9CIPLE ?AT ! 
EMPLOY] /ATE MU/ ALWAYS GIVE 9 TO ! ECONOMIC PRESSURE ( ! 
WORK]S' UNIONS4 

,WE WON'T GO FUR!R 9 ?IS 9VOLV$ ANALYSIS1 = AT ?IS PO9T WE 
HAVE ALREADY SUFFICI5TLY EXPLA9$ :Y WE LEFT ,COMMUNI/S DO NOT ADMIT ?AT 
! UNIONIZ$ MASS W\LD BE ALL[$ TO EX]T AN 9FLU5CE ON REVOLUTION>Y 
POLITICS ?R\< A MAJORITY VOTE4 

,N[ LET US CONSID] ! FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ?IS =M ( 
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 :I* AT FIR/ APPE>$ TO BE MU* MORE RADICAL ?AN ! 
UNION1 W5T ON TO LOSE ALWAYS MORE ITS PRET5SE ( REVOLUTION>Y DYNAMISM2 
TODAY ! IDEA ( FACTORY C\NCILS IS COMMON TO ALL POLITICAL CURR5TS1 EV5 
! FASCI/S4 ,! CONCEPTION ( FACTORY C\NCILS AS AN ORGANIZATION :I* 
P>TICIPATES FIR/ 9 ! SUP]VIS+ & LAT] ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION1 
& 9 ! 5D :I* IS CAPABLE ( TAK+ OV]1 FACTORY BY FACTORY1 ! 
MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION 9 ITS TOTALITY1 HAS PROV$ TO BE TOTALLY 
COLLABORATIONI/4 ,IT HAS PROV$ TO BE ANO!R WAY1 NO LESS EFFECTIVE ?AN ! 
OLD SYNDICALISM1 ( PREV5T+ ! MASSES FROM BE+ *ANNEL$ 9 ! 
DIRECTION ( ! GREAT UNIT$ & C5TRALIZ$ /RUGGLE = P[]4 ,! POLEMIC 
SURR\ND+ ?IS QUE/ION CAUS$ A GREAT /IR 9 ! Y\NG ,COMMUNI/ P>TIES 
:5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,BOL%EVIKS W]E COMPELL$ TO TAKE FIRM & EV5 DRA/IC 
MEASURES TO COMBAT ! WORK]S' T5D5CY T[>DS AUTONOM\S TE*NICAL & 
ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES 9 :I* !Y WORK$4 ,SU* AN AUTONOM\S 
MANAGEM5T NOT ONLY IMP$$ ! REALIZATION ( A TRUE SOCIALI/ PLAN BUT ALSO 
HAD ! DANG] ( S]I\SLY H>M+ ! EFFICI5CY ( ! PRODUCTIVE MA*9]Y 
- SOME?+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES W]E C\NT+ ON4 ,9 FACT ! 
FACTORY C\NCIL1 EV5 MORE SO ?AN ! UNION1 CAN ACT AS AN EXPON5T ( V]Y 
N>R[ 9T]E/S :I* CAN COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! G5]AL CLASS 
9T]E/S4 

,CONSEQU5TLY ! FACTORY C\NCILS ALSO CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS A BASIC & 
DEF9ITIVE ORGAN ( ! WORK+ CLASS /ATE4 ,:5 A TRUE COMMUNI/ ECONOMY IS 
E/ABLI%$ 9 C]TA9 SECTORS ( PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION - ?AT IS TO 
SAY :5 WE HAVE GONE F> BEYOND ! SIMPLE EXPULSION ( ! CAPITALI/ [N] 
FROM 9DU/RY & ! MANAGEM5T ( ! 5T]PRISE BY ! /ATE - !N IT 
WILL BE PRECISELY AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON AUTONOM\S 5T]PRISES :I* HAVE TO HAVE 
DISAPPE>$4 ,ONCE WE HAVE GONE BEYOND ! M]CANTILI/ =M ( PRODUCTION1 ! 
LOCAL PLANT WILL ONLY BE A TE*NICAL NODE 9 ! GREAT NETWORK GUID$ 
RATIONALLY BY A UNIT>Y PLAN4 ,! FIRM WILL NO LONG] HAVE A BALANCE %EET ( 
9COME & EXP5DITURES2 CONSEQU5TLY IT WILL NO LONG] BE A FIRM AT ALL & 
! PRODUC] WILL NO LONG] BE A WAGE LABOR]4 ,?US ! FACTORY C\NCIL1 LIKE 
! UNION1 HAS NATURAL LIMITS ( FUNCTION+ :I* PREV5T IT FROM BE+1 UP TO 
! 5D ! REAL FIELD = CLASS PREP>ATION :]E ! PROLET>IAT CAN BUILD 
ITS WILL & CAPACITY TO /RUGGLE UNTIL IT COMPLETELY A*IEVES ITS F9AL GOAL4 
,?IS IS ! REASON :Y !SE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS CANNOT BE A BODY :I* 
OV]SEES ! P>TY HOLD+ /ATE P[] & :I* JUDGES :E!R OR NOT ! 
P>TY HAS /RAY$ FROM ! BASIC HI/ORICAL PA?4 

,IT REMA9S = US TO EXAM9E ! NEW ORGANIZATIONS :I* W]E BR\<T TO 
LIFE BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,!SE W]E ! WORK]S1 PEASANTS &1 AT ! 
BEG9N+1 SOLDI]S SOVIETS4 

,SOME CLAIM$ ?AT ?IS SY/EM REPRES5T$ A NEW PROLET>IAN CON/ITUTIONAL 
=M C\NT]POS$ TO ! TRADITIONAL CON/ITUTIONAL =MS ( ! B\RGEOIS 
/ATE4 ,! SOVIET SY/EM REA*$ FROM ! SMALLE/ VILLAGE TO ! HI<E/ 
BODIES ( ! /ATE ?R\< SUCCESSIVE HORIZONTAL /RATA4 ,FUR!RMORE IT HAD 
! TWO FOLL[+ *>ACT]I/ICS3 #a7 IT EXCLUD$ ALL ELEM5TS ( ! OLD 
PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 9 O!R WORDS IT WAS ! ORGANIZATIONAL MANIFE/ATION ( 
! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 & #b7 IT CONC5TRAT$ ALL REPRES5TATIVE1 
EXECUTIVE &1 9 !ORY1 EV5 JUDICIAL P[]S 9 ITS N]VE C5T]S4 ,IT HAS 
BE5 SAID ?AT BECAUSE ( !SE *>ACT]I/ICS ! SOVIET SY/EM IS A P]FECT 
ME*ANISM ( 9T]NAL CLASS DEMOCRACY :I*1 ONCE DISCOV]$1 W\LD ECLIPSE ! 
TRADITIONAL P>LIAM5TS ( B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM4 

,H[EV]1 S9CE ! EM]G5CE ( SOCIALISM FROM ITS UTOPIAN PHASE1 EV]Y 
,M>XI/ HAS KN[N ?AT ! 9V5TION ( A CON/ITUTIONAL =M IS NOT 5\< TO 
DI/+UI% ! GREAT SOCIAL =MS & ! GREAT HI/ORICAL EPO*S4 ,! 
CON/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES >E TRANSITORY REFLECTIONS ( ! RELATION%IP ( 
=CES2 !Y >E NOT D]IV$ FROM UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES FROM :I* WE C\LD 
D$UCE AN 9H]5T MODE ( /ATE ORGANIZATION4 

,SOVIETS 9 !IR ESS5CE >E ACTUAL CLASS ORGANIZATIONS & >E NOT1 AS SOME 
BELIEV$1 CONGLOM]ATIONS ( TRADE OR CRAFT ORGANIZATIONS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y DO 
NOT SUFF] FROM ! N>R[NESS ( ! PURELY ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,= US 
!IR IMPORTANCE LIES ABOVE ALL 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y >E ORGANS ( /RUGGLE4 
,WE DO NOT TRY TO VIEW !M 9 T]MS ( IDEAL /RUCTURAL MODELS BUT 9 T]MS ( 
! HI/ORY ( !IR REAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,?US IT WAS A DECISIVE MOM5T 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION :51 %ORTLY AFT] 
! ELECTION ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ! SOVIETS ROSE UP AGA9/ ! 
LATT] AS ITS DIALECTICAL OPPOSITE & ,BOL%EVIK P[] DISSOLV$ ! 
P>LIAM5T>Y ASSEMBLY BY =CE4 ,?IS WAS ! REALIZATION ( ! BRILLIANT 
HI/ORICAL SLOGAN 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS04 

,H[EV]1 ALL ?IS WAS NOT SUFFICI5T = US TO ACCEPT ! IDEA ?AT ONCE 
SU* A =M ( CLASS REPRES5TATION IS BORN 7& LEAV+ ASIDE H]E ! 
FLUCTUATIONS1 9 EV]Y S5SE1 ( ITS REPRES5TATIVE COMPOSITION :I* WE >E 
NOT ABLE TO EXAM9E H]E71 A MAJORITY VOTE1 AT :ATEV] MOM5T & TURN 9 ! 
DIFFICULT /RUGGLE WAG$ BY ! REVOLUTION BO? DOME/ICALLY & EXT]NALLY IS 
A RELIABLE & EASY ME?OD = SOLV+ EV]Y QUE/ION & EV5 AVOID+ ! 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y DEG5]ATION4 

,WE MU/ ADMIT ?AT ! SOVIET SY/EM1 DUE TO ! V]Y COMPLEXITY ( ITS 
HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION>Y CYCLE 7:I* 9CID5TALLY MU/ 5D 9 ! MO/ 
OPTIMI/IC HYPO!SIS ) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! SOVIETS ALONG ) ! 
WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE71 IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( FALL+ UND] 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CE JU/ AS IT IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( BE+ A 
REVOLUTION>Y 9/RUM5T4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 WE DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS ANY 
CON/ITUTIONAL =M :I* CAN IMMUNIZE US AGA9/ SU* A DANG] - ! 
ONLY GU>ANTEE1 IF ANY1 LIES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! DOME/IC & 
9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS ( SOCIAL =CES4 

,S9CE WE WANT TO E/ABLI% ! SUPREMACY ( ! P>TY1 :I* 9CLUDES ONLY A 
M9ORITY ( ! CLASS1 OV] ! O!R =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 IT C\LD BE 
POSSIBLE = SOMEONE TO OBJECT ?AT WE SEEM TO ?9K ?AT ! P>TY IS ET]NAL1 
9 O!R WORDS ?AT IT WILL SURVIVE ! WI!R+ AWAY ( ! /ATE ( :I* 
,5GELS SPOKE4 

,H]E WE DO NOT WANT TO GO 9TO A DISCUSSION ON ! FUTURE TRANS=MATION ( 
! P>TY4 ,JU/ AS ! /ATE1 9 ! ,M>XI/ DEF9ITION1 WI!RS AWAY & IS 
TRANS=M$1 FROM A POLITICAL APP>ATUS ( CO]CION1 9TO A L>GE & ALWAYS 
MORE RATIONAL TE*NICAL ADM9I/RATION1 SO ! P>TY EVOLVES 9TO A SIMPLE 
ORGANIZATION = SOCIAL RESE>* & /UDY CORRESPOND+ TO ! L>GE 
9/ITUTIONS = SCI5TIFIC RESE>* 9 ! NEW SOCIETY4 

,! DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]I/IC ( ! P>TY FOLL[S FROM ITS ORGANIC NATURE4 
,ONE DOES NOT JO9 ! P>TY BECAUSE ONE HAS A P>TICUL> POSITION 9 ! 
ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,NO ONE IS AUTOMATICALLY A P>TY MILITANT BECAUSE 
HE IS A PROLET>IAN1 A VOT]1 A CITIZ51 ETC4 

,JURISPRUD5TS W\LD SAY ?AT ONE JO9S ! P>TY BY FREE 9DIVIDUAL 
9ITIATIVE4 ,WE ,M>XI/S SAY O!RWISE3 ONE JO9S ! P>TY ALWAYS DUE TO 
FACTORS BORN \T ( RELATION%IPS ( SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T1 BUT !SE FACTORS CAN 
BE L9K$ 9 A MORE G5]AL WAY TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! CLASS P>TY1 TO 
ITS PRES5CE 9 ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD1 TO ! FACT ?AT IT IS MADE UP ( 
WORK]S ( ALL TRADES & 5T]PRISES &1 9 PR9CIPLE1 EV5 ( ?OSE :O >E 
NOT WORK]S1 & TO ! CONT9UITY ( ITS WORK ?R\< ! SUCCESSIVE /AGES ( 
PROPAG&A1 ORGANIZATION1 PHYSICAL COMBAT1 SEIZURE ( P[]1 & ! 
CON/RUCTION ( A NEW ORD]4 

,\T ( ALL ! PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS1 IT IS CONSEQU5TLY ! POLITICAL 
P>TY :I* LEA/ SUFF]S FROM ?OSE /RUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL LIMITS :I* 
5ABLE ! ANTI-PROLET>IAN 9FLU5CES - ! G]MS :I* CAUSE ! 
DISEASE ( OPPORTUNISM - TO =CE !IR WAY 94 ,WE HAVE SAID MANY TIMES1 
?\<1 ?AT ?IS DANG] ALSO EXI/S = ! P>TY4 ,! CONCLUSION ?AT WE DRAW 
IS NOT ?AT IT CAN BE W>D$ (F BY SUBORD9AT+ ! P>TY TO ! O!R 
ORGANIZATIONS ( ?AT CLASS :I* ! P>TY REPRES5TS - A SUBORD9ATION 
:I* IS (T5 DEM&$ UND] FALSE PRETEXTS1 O!R TIMES SIMPLY \T ( NAIVETY 
) ! REASON ?AT A GREAT] NUMB] ( WORK]S BELONG TO O!R CLASS 
ORGANIZATIONS4 

"9 "9 "9 

,\R CONCEPTION ( ?IS QUE/ION ALSO CONC]NS ! SUPPOS$ NECESSITY ( 
9T]NAL P>TY DEMOCRACY4 ,WE DO NOT D5Y ?AT !RE UN=TUNATELY HAVE BE5 
NUM]\S & DISA/R\S EXAMPLES ( ]RORS COMMITT$ BY ! C5TRAL LEAD]%IP 
( ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES4 ,H[EV] CAN !SE ]RORS BE AVOID$ ?R\< COMPUT+ 
! VOTES ( ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS8 

,WE DO NOT ATTRIBUTE ! DEG5]ATION :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 
TO ! FACT ?AT ! ASSEMBLIES & CONGRESSES ( ! MILITANTS HAD LITTLE 
VOICE ) RESPECT TO ! 9ITIATIVES TAK5 BY ! C5T]4 

,AT MANY HI/ORICAL TURN+ PO9TS WE HAVE SE5 ! RANK & FILE SMO!R$ 
BY ! C5T] = C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y PURPOSES4 ,TO ?IS 5D EV5 ! 
9/RUM5TS ( ! /ATE MA*9E1 9CLUD+ ! MO/ BRUTAL1 HAVE BE5 
EMPLOY$4 ,BUT ALL ?IS IS NOT ! ORIG9 ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! P>TY BUT 
AN 9EVITABLE MANIFE/ATION ( IT1 A SIGN ?AT ! P>TY HAS YIELD$ TO 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CES4 

,! POSITION ( ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT ON :AT WE C\LD CALL 0! 
QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION>Y GU>ANTEES0 WAS FIR/ ( ALL ?AT NO 
CON/ITUTIONAL OR CONTRACTUAL PROVISION CAN PROTECT ! P>TY AGA9/ 
DEG5]ATION EV5 ?\< ! P>TY1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS WE 
HAVE /UDI$1 HAS ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A CONTRACTUAL ORGANIZATION 7& WE USE 
! T]M NOT AS IT IS US$ 9 JURISPRUD5CE NOR EV5 AS IT WAS US$ BY ,J4,J4 
,R\SSEAU74 ,AT ! BASE ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! MILITANT & ! P>TY 
!RE IS AN OBLIGATION :I*1 9 ORD] TO RID \RSELVES ( ! UNDESIRABLE 
ADJECTIVE 0CONTRACTUAL01 WE CAN SIMPLY CALL A DIALECTICAL 
OBLIGATION4 ,! RELATION%IP IS D\BLE & FL[S 9 TWO DIRECTIONS3 FROM ! 
C5T] TO ! BASE & FROM ! BASE TO ! C5T]4 ,IF ! ACTION ( ! C5T] 
GOES 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! GOOD FUNCTION+ ( ! DIALECTICAL RELATION%IP1 
IT IS MET BY HEAL?Y RESPONSES FROM ! BASE4 

,! CELEBRAT$ PROBLEM ( DISCIPL9E ?US CONSI/S 9 E/ABLI%+ A SY/EM 
( LIMITS = ! BASE :I* IS ! PROP] REFLECTION ( ! LIMITS SET = ! 
ACTION ( ! LEAD]%IP4 ,CONSEQU5TLY WE HAVE ALWAYS MA9TA9$ ?AT ! 
LEAD]%IP MU/ NOT HAVE ! RI<T1 9 ! GREAT TURN+ PO9TS 9 ! 
POLITICAL SITUATION1 TO DISCOV]1 9V5T & IMPOSE PRET5D$LY NEW PR9CIPLES1 
NEW =MULATIONS & NEW GUIDEL9ES = ! ACTION ( ! P>TY4 ,!SE SUDD5 
%IFTS MAKE UP ! HI/ORY ( OPPORTUNISM4 ,:5 SU* A CRISIS OCCURS 7& ?IS 
CAN HAPP5 PRECISELY BECAUSE ! P>TY IS NOT AN IMM$IATE & AUTOMATIC 
ORGANIZATION7 IT IS FOLL[$ BY AN 9T]NAL /RUGGLE1 ! =MATION ( 
T5D5CIES1 & SPLITS4 ,9 SU* A CASE !SE >E USEFUL DEVELOPM5TS1 JU/ AS A 
FEV]1 = FREE+ AN ORGANISM ( DISEASE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 
0CON/ITUTIONALLY0 !Y CANNOT BE ACCEPT$1 5C\RAG$ OR 
TOL]AT$4 

,!RE IS NO RULE OR RECIPE = PREV5T+ ! P>TY FROM FALL+ 9TO ! 
CRISIS ( OPPORTUNISM OR = PREV5T+ IT FROM NECESS>ILY REACT+ BY =M+ 
FACTIONS4 ,H[EV] WE HAVE ! EXP]I5CE ( MANY DECADES ( PROLET>IAN 
/RUGGLE :I* 5ABLES US TO E/ABLI% SOME NECESS>Y1 OPTIMUM CONDITIONS ( 
:I* ! RESE>*1 ! DEF5SE & ! REALIZATION MU/ BE ! CON/ANT TASK 
= \R MOVEM5T4 ,WE CONCLUDE BY LAY+ D[N ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE4 

#a7 ,! P>TY MU/ DEF5D & ADVOCATE ALL ! CL>ITY & 
CONT9UITY ( ! COMMUNI/ DOCTR9E ?R\<\T ITS SUCCESSIVE HI/ORICAL 
APPLICATIONS4 ,IT MU/ NOT TOL]ATE ! PROCLAMATION ( PR9CIPLES :I* >E 9 
EV5 P>TIAL CONFLICT ) ITS !ORETICAL CORN]/ONES4 

#b7 ,9 EV]Y HI/ORICAL SITUATION ! P>TY MU/ OP5LY 
PROCLAIM ! COMPLETE CONT5T ( ITS ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL PROGRAM1 
ABOVE ALL 9 REG>DS TO ! QUE/ION ( P[]1 ITS CONQUE/ BY MEANS ( >M$ 
=CE1 & ITS EX]CISE ?R\< DICTATOR%IP4 ,?OSE DICTATOR%IPS :I* 
DEG5]ATE 9TO REGIMES ( PRIVILEGES = A SMALL CIRCLE ( BUREAUCRATS HAVE 
ALWAYS BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY HYPOCRITICAL IDEOLOGICAL PROCLAMATIONS ?AT >E 
MASK$ BEH9D BASICALLY POPULI/ SLOGANS1 SOMETIMES DEMOCRATIC1 SOMETIMES 
NATIONALI/ 9 NATURE1 & BY ! PRET5SION ( HAV+ ! SUPPORT ( ! 
POPUL> MASSES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNI/ P>TY ON ! O!R H& DOES NOT 
HESITATE TO DECL>E ITS 9T5TION ( ATTACK+ ! /ATE & ITS 9/ITUTIONS 
& ( HOLD+ ! DEFEAT$ CLASS UND] ! DESPOTIC WEI<T ( ! 
DICTATOR%IP1 EV5 :5 IT ADMITS ?AT ONLY AN ADVANC$ M9ORITY ( ! 
OPPRESS$ CLASS HAS REA*$ ! PO9T ( UND]/&+ !SE NECESSITIES ( ! 
/RUGGLE4 0,COMMUNI/S DISDA9 TO CONCEAL !IR VIEWS & AIMS0 7! 
,MANIFE/O74 ,ONLY R5EGADES PRIDE !MSELVES ON A SUPPOS$ ABILITY TO ATTA9 
!SE AIMS :ILE CLEV]LY HID+ !M4 

#c7 ,! P>TY MU/ OBS]VE A /RICT ORGANIZATIONAL RIGOR3 IT 
DOES NOT ACCEPT ! IDEA ( 9CREAS+ ITS RANKS BY MAK+ COMPROMISES ) 
GR\PS OR GR\PLETS1 OR WORSE /ILL ( B>GA9+ TO W9 OV] ! MEMB]%IP ( 
! RANK & FILE BY MAK+ CONCESSIONS TO ALLEG$ LEAD]S4 

#d7 ,! P>TY MU/ WORK TO 9/ILL CLE> HI/ORICAL 
UND]/&+ ( ! ANTAGONI/IC NATURE ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,COMMUNI/S DEM& ! 
9ITIATIVE ( ATTACK AGA9/ A :OLE WORLD ( RULES & REGULATIONS1 & 
TRADITIONS4 ,!Y KN[ ?AT !Y CON/ITUTE A DANG] = ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 
,!Y CALL ! MASSES TO ! (F5SIVE & NOT TO ! DEF5SIVE AGA9/ ! 
PRET5D$ DANG] ( LOS+ SUPPOS$ GA9S & IMPROVEM5TS WON UND] 
CAPITALISM4 ,COMMUNI/S DO NOT L5D & LEASE !IR P>TY = CAUSES NOT !IR 
[N & = NON-PROLET>IAN OBJECTIVES SU* AS LIB]TY1 C\NTRY1 DEMOCRACY & 
O!R SU* LIES4 0,PROLET>IANS HAVE NO?+ TO LOOSE BUT !IR 
*A9S04 

#e7 ,COMMUNI/S R5\NCE ! :OLE GAMUT ( TACTICAL 
EXP$I5TS :I* W]E ADVOCAT$ UND] ! PRETEXT ( HA/5+ ! PROCESS ( 
W9N+ OV] L>GE /RATA ( ! MASSES TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 ,SU* 
EXP$I5TS >E ! POLITICAL COMPROMISE1 ! ALLIANCE & UNIT$ FRONT ) 
O!R P>TIES1 & ! V>I\S SLOGANS CONC]N+ ! /ATE :I* W]E US$ AS 
SUB/ITUTES = ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 7SU* AS WORK]S' & 
PEASANTS' GOV]NM5T1 PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRACY74 

,COMMUNI/S RECOGNIZE1 HI/ORICALLY1 ?AT ! USE ( !SE TACTICAL MEANS IS 
ONE ( ! MA9 FACTORS :I* HA/5$ ! DECOMPOSITION ( ! PROLET>IAN 
MOVEM5T & COMMUNI/ SOVIET RULE4 ,!Y MA9TA9 ?AT ?OSE :O DEPLORE ! 
OPPORTUNI/ SYPHILIS ( ! ,/AL9I/ MOVEM5T BUT :O AT ! SAME TIME 
*AMPION ! TACTICAL WEAPONS ( ! OPPORTUNI/ 5EMY >E MORE DANG]\S ?AN 
! ,/AL9I/S !MSELVES4 

,PO/SCRIPT 

,! WORK ,=CE1 ,VIOL5CE1 & ,DICTATOR%IP 9 ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE1 :I* WE 
HAVE PUBLI%$ 9 FIVE P>TS1 DEALS ) ! QUE/IONS ( ! USE ( =CE 9 
SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DICTATOR%IP 
ACCORD+ TO ! CORRECT ,M>XI/ 9T]PRETATION4 ,WE DID NOT 9T5TIONALLY GO 
9TO ! QUE/ION ( ! ORGANIZATION ( ! CLASS & ! P>TY1 H[EV] 9 
! F9AL P>T ( ! DISCUSSION ON ! CAUSES ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! 
DICTATOR%IP1 WE W]E L$ /RAI<T TO ?IS PO9T S9CE MANY PEOPLE HAVE 
ATTRIBUT$ ! DEG5]ATION TO ]RORS 9 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION & TO ! 
VIOLATION ( A DEMOCRATIC & ELECTIVE PROCESS )9 BO? ! P>TY & ! 
O!R CLASS ORGANIZATIONS4 

,9 REFUT+ ?IS !SIS1 H[EV]1 WE HAVE NEGLECT$ TO M5TION AN IMPORTANT 
POLEMIC :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#i#b#e-#b#f ON ! 
SUBJECT ( *ANG+ ! ORGANIZATIONAL BASE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO FACTORY 
CELLS OR FACTORY NUCLEI4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT WAS PRACTICALLY ALONE 9 RESOLUTELY 
OPPOS+ ?IS *ANGE & 9 9SI/+ ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONAL BASE MU/ REMA9 
T]RITORIAL4 

,?IS POSITION WAS EXHAU/IVELY EXP\ND$ AT ! TIME1 H[EV] ! C5TRAL 
PO9T WAS ?IS3 ! ORGANIC FUNCTION ( ! P>TY1 A FUNCTION :I* NO O!R 
ORGANIZATION CAN FULFILL1 IS TO LEAD ! /RUGGLE FROM ! LEVEL ( ! 
9DIVIDUAL ECONOMIC /RUGGLE ON ! LOCAL & TRADE BASIS TO ! UNIT$1 
G5]AL PROLET>IAN CLASS /RUGGLE :I* IS SOCIAL & POLITICAL4 ,SU* A TASK1 
CONSEQU5TLY1 CANNOT BE S]I\SLY UND]TAK5 BY AN ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT :I* 
9CLUDES ONLY WORK]S ( ! SAME TRADE OR CONC]N4 ,?IS MILIEU WILL ONLY BE 
RECEPTIVE TO N>R[ TRADE 9T]E/S1 ! C5TRAL DIRECTIVES ( ! P>TY WILL 
SEEM AS SOME?+ COM+ FROM ABOVE1 SOME?+ =EIGN1 & ! P>TY (FICIALS 
WILL NEV] MEET ) ! RANK & FILE ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ & 9 A C]TA9 
S5SE !Y WILL NO LONG] BELONG TO ! P>TY S9CE !Y >E NOT EMPLOY$ BY A 
CONC]N4 

,T]RITORIAL GR\PS BY NATURE1 H[EV]1 PLACE WORK]S ( EV]Y TRADE & 
WORK]S EMPLOY$ BY DIFF]5T EMPLOY]S ON ! SAME LEVEL AS ! O!R 
MILITANTS FROM SOCIAL /RATA :I* >E NOT /RICTLY PROLET>IAN - & ! 
P>TY OP5LY ACCEPTS ! LATT] AS RANK & FILE MEMB]S1 & 9ITIALLY ONLY AS 
RANK & FILE MEMB]S1 IF NECESS>Y KEEP+ !M 9 QU>ANT9E = SOME TIME 
BE=E CALL+ !M1 IF SU* A ?+ IS W>RANT$1 TO ORGANIZATIONAL 
POSITIONS4 

,IT HAD BE5 CLAIM$ ?AT ! FACTORY CELL W\LD PROVIDE A CLOS] L9K 
BETWE5 ! P>TY ORGANIZATION & ! GREAT MASSES4 ,H[EV] WE DEMON/RAT$ AT 
! TIME ?AT ! CONCEPT ( FACTORY CELLS CONTA9$ ! SAME OPPORTUNI/ & 
DEMAGOGIC DEFECTS AS RI<T-W+ WORK]ISM & ,LABORISM & C\NT]POS$ ! 
P>TY (FICIALS TO ! RANK & FILE 9 A TRUE C>ICATURE ( ,L59'S 
CONCEPTION ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES4 

,! ,LEFT REPLAC$ ! IDIOTIC MAJORIT>Y CRIT]ION1 :I* IS COPI$ AFT] 
B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 ) A HI<]1 DIALECTICAL CRIT]ION :I* H+ES 
EV]Y?+ ON ! SOLID L9K ( BO? ! RANK & FILE MILITANTS & ! 
LEAD]%IP TO ! /RICT & OBLIGATORY CONT9UITY ( !ORY1 PROGRAM & 
TACTICS4 ,IT REJECT$ ANY IDEA ( DEMAGOGICALLY WOO+ ?OSE WIDE LAY]S ( ! 
MASSES :I* >E SO EASILY MANEUV]ABLE4 ,! ,LEFT'S CONCEPTION ( ! 
ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TY IS1 9 REALITY1 ! ONLY ONE :I* CAN PROVIDE 
PROTECTION AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRATIC DEG5]ATION ( ! LEAD+ /RATA ( ! 
P>TY & AGA9/ ! SUFFOCATION ( ! P>TY'S RANK & FILE BY ! 
LEAD]%IP1 BO? ( :I* LEAD TO A SITUATION :]E ! 5EMY CLASS GA9S A 
DEVA/AT+ 9FLU5CE4 

,NOTES3 

#a4 ,! 
,*RI/IAN-,DEMOCRATIC ,PRIME ,M9I/] 9 #aidg - ,$ 

#b4 ,?IS 
EXPRESSION REF]S TO ! LEFT CURR5TS HEAD$ BY ,L59 & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG :O 
/RUGGL$ 9SIDE ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL AGA9/ REVISIONISM & 
SOCIAL-PACIFISM4 ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I & AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION !Y W]E 
VIOL5TLY ATTACK$ BY ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS & ! C5TRI/S1 NOTABLY ,KAUTSKY 
- ,$4 

#c4 ,?IS 
REF]S TO ,5GELS' 9TRODUCTION TO A RE$ITION ( ,M>X'S 
0,CLASS ,/RUGGLES 9 ,FRANCE0 9 #a#h#i#e4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL 
,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY C5SOR$ ,5GELS' 9TRODUCTION SO ?AT IT APPE>$ AS AN 
APOLOGY ( LEGALITY AT ALL CO/S & A DEMON/RATION ?AT 9SURRECTION WAS 
IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT ,5GELS PROTE/$ ?IS 9 A LETT] TO 
,KAUTSKY1 ! LATT] DID NOT PUBLI% ! ORIG9AL 9TRODUCTION4 ,5GELS WAS TO 
DIE SOME MON?S LAT]4 ,! ORIG9AL TEXT WAS DISCOV]$ ONLY 9 #aibe - 
,$4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,=CE1 ,VIOL5CE & ,DICTATOR%IP 9 ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,=CE1 ,VIOL5CE & ,DICTATOR%IP 9 ! ,CLASS ,/RUGGLE -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/