,=]UNN]S ( ,AN>*ISM -- ,R\SSEAU 

#ahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,$ITOR 3 ,*>LOTTE ,WILSON 

,TAGS 3 HUMAN FRE$OM1 CONTRAT SOCIAL1 COMMON GOOD1 HUMAN1 FRE$OM1 SOCIAL1 SOCIETY1 :OLE1 FREE1 R\SSEAU4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY EVANRUDEMI1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,R\SSEAU WAS NOT A ,SOCIALI/ 9 ANY SCI5TIFIC & DEF9ITE WAY1 SIMPLY BECAUSE HE WAS NOT A POLITICAL ECONOMI/4 ,YET !RE WAS 9 HIMSELF AMID TO A GREAT EXT5T 9 HIS WORKS ALSO1 ALL ! EMOTIONAL MAT]IAL ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,&1 9ASMU* AS ! ,AN>*I/ FAI? & =MULA DI/+UI% !MSELVES FROM G5]AL ,SOCIALISM1 9 ?AT !Y AFFIRM 5TIRE EQUALITY & FRE$OM 9 ASSOCIATION1 NOT M]ELY SAY+ ( ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY ?AT EA* IS = ! :OLE1 BUT ADD+ ) ! SAME EMPHASIS ?AT ! :OLE IS = EA* ONE1 & ?AT HE1 9 & ?R\< ! :OLE 9 :I* HE LIVES & MOVES & HAS HIS BE+1 IS AN 5D TO HIMSELF & NEV] M]ELY A MEANS TO ANY ALI5 5D OR GOOD ?AT DOES NOT 9CLUDE HIM & IS NOT HIS V]Y [N3 ?IS BE+ ,AN>*ISM 9 ITS DI/9CTION1 ,R\SSEAU MAY BE RI<TLY CLAIM$ AS \R PRECURSOR & H]ALD1 :E!R WE HAVE REG>D TO HIS MANN] ( /AT+ ! PROBLEM ( POLITICS OR SOCIAL LIFE1 OR TO ! LEAD+ FEATURES ( HIS SOLUTION4 

,= ! QUE/ION IS PUT BY HIM 9 ?IS FA%ION 7',CONTRAT ,SOCIAL1' ,I4 #f7 0,TO F9D A =M ( ASSOCIATION :I* GU>DS EA* ASSOCIATE ) ! :OLE COMB9$ P[]1 & 9 VIRTUE ( :I* EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 :ILE PLAC+ HIMSELF AT ONE ) ALL1 YET OBEYS HIMSELF ONLY1 & IS AS FREE AS BE=E40 

,! CONDITIONS :I* HE CONSID]S REQUISITE = ! CON/ITUTION ( SU* A SOCIETY1 ( SU* A ?OR\<LY 9DIVIDUALIZ$ SOCIAL :OLE1 AN ORGANIC UNITY1 ORGANIC ALIVE & FREE 9 ALL ITS P>TS OR MEMB]S1 >E !SE3 0,EA* ( US MU/ ?R[ 9TO ! COMMON FUND HIMSELF & ALL HIS P[]S UND] ! SUPREME GUIDANCE ( ! G5]AL 7UNANIM\S7 WILL2 EA* MEMB] BE+ ACCEPT$ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL P>T ( ! :OLE4 4 4  ,!RE IS !N A COLLECTIVE MORAL 7HUMAN7 BODY1 COMP\ND$ ( AS MANY MEMB]S AS !RE >E VOICES 9 ! MEET+1 :I* BODY GETS FROM ?IS ACT ITS UNITY1 ITS CORPORATE SELF1 ITS LIFE1 & ITS WILL40 ,! UNANIM\S ASSEMBLY DOES NOT SET UP A SOV]EIGN OR RUL+ P[]1 BUT IS ITSELF 0! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE10 & SO CONT9UES EV] AFT]1 SO LONG AS IT IS ( ONE M9D & WILL4 ,IT IS :ILE ?US SETTL$ 9 UNANIMITY1 A LAW UNTO ITSELF2 YET !RE >E NO SELF-IMPOS$ LAWS OR RULES ( JO9T CONDUCT :I* MAY NOT BE CANCEL$ AT ONCE BY ! UNIV]SAL CONS5T & WILL4 

,! POLITY OR COMMUNE IS =M$ ONLY ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ?AT FREELY UNITE TO CON/ITUTE IT1 &1 !RE=E1 CAN HAVE NO O!R 9T]E/ ?AN :AT IS !IRS4 ,! MAN OR WOMAN 5T]+ 9TO ! COMRADE%IP ( SU* A FREE SOCIETY1 BECOMES !RE & !N FREE 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( HUMAN FRE$OM1 = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,HE AT ONCE ACQUIRES RI<TS & DUTIES1 )\T :I* CORRELATIVES !RE IS NO TRUE HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,= MI<TS1 :IMS1 IMPULSES1 APPETITES1 & SELF-SEEK+ DESIRES --- 9 A WORD1 = ! PROP5SITIES & PLEASURES ( ! SUB-HUMAN ANIMAL1 :I* HE R5\NCES 9 ! ACT ( ASSOCIATION1 HE ACQUIRES ! SUB/ANTIAL & P]MAN5T DELI<TS & SATISFACTIONS ( ?AT G5U9E HUMAN FRE$OM1 :I* IS ! LOYAL OBS]VANCE ( SELF-IMPOS$ REGULATIONS = ! COMMON GOOD4 ,9 SU* S]VICE & OB$I5CE ALONE IS P]FECT FRE$OM & REAL 09DEP5D5CE40 ,ALL TRUE HUMAN 9DEP5D5CE IS 9 REALITY 9T]DEP5D5CE4 

,9 SU* COMMUNITY1 0,\<T TO10 :I* WAS BE=E CONF\ND$ )1 & WAS 9DE$ ALL ! SAME ) A M]E 0,MU/10 HAS N[ REALIZ$ 9 EA* BREA/ ITS [N TRUE CLE> & DI/9CT SIGNIFICANCE & =CE4 ,! PRACTICAL REASON ( EA* P]SON IS N[ CONSCI\SLY ! AU?OR ( ! ,I LAW :I* EA* OBEYS ) JOY & B5EFACTION4 ,?IS 5TIRELY DIS9T]E/$ CONSCI5CE ( EA* & ALL IS :AT ,R\SSEAU EVID5TLY MEANS BY ! 0VOLONTE G5]ALE40 

,ANO!R AN>*I/ FEATURE ( ,R\SSEAU'S POLITICAL DOCTR9E IS ITS D5IAL ( ! !ORY ( 0REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T40 ,! SOV]EIGNTY ( EA* & ALL 0CAN NEV] BE ALI5AT$40 0,! SOV]EIGN 4 4 4 CAN ONLY BE REPRES5T$ BY HIMSELF40 ,LA/+ & P]FECT1 OR EV5 SUB/ANTIALLY PRACTICAL AGREEM5T ( REPRES5TATIVE & REPRES5T$ P]SONS1 IS1 HE SAYS1 IMPOSSIBLE4 ,PUTT+ ?IS PO9T ANO!R WAY1 HE SAYS ! G5]AL WILL IS OBVI\SLY 09DIVISIBLE40 

,FUR!R 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN ,AN>*I/ POLITY1 IS HIS 9SI/5CE UPON FREQU5T MEET+S1 ?AT ! 9ITIAL UNANIMITY MAY NOT GET \T ( JO9T1 OR ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! UNANIM\S ASSEMBLAGE ( P]SONS MAY NOT FALL 9TO ABEYANCE 7',CONTRAT ,SOCIAL1' ,I,I,I4 #a#h74 ,)\T SU* MEET+S & CONF]R+S !RE CAN BE NO 0G5]AL WILL0 9 ACT1 & SO NO REAL FRE$OM4 ,HE TELLS ! ,5GLI% !Y VA9LY SUPPOSE !MSELVES FREE1 EXCEPT1 P]HAPS1 AT 0G5]AL ELECTION0 TIMES6 ,= ONCE TIME MEMB]S ( ! ,COMMONS >E DULY ELECT$1 ! PEOPLE LAPSE 9TO !IR CU/OM>Y BONDAGE6 7,I,I,I4 #a#e74 ,! ,BRITI% ,AN>*I/ WILL 5DORSE ?IS SATIRE1 :I* IS ONLY ! TRU?1 & ALL ! KE5] ON ?AT ACC\NT1 ) ALL HIS HE>T & FULL UND]/&+4 ,IT IS ESPECIALLY NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ,R\SSEAU'S CONDITION & CRIT]ION ( ! 0G5]ALITY0 DIS9T]E/$NESS & GOODNESS ( ! POPUL> 0WILL10 IS ,UNANIMITY4 ,! 0CITIZ5S0 >E ?OSE :O AGREE2 O!RS >E 0/RANG]S0 ,BUT HE ,I EXPECTS ?AT UNANIMITY WILL BE ATTA9$ BY EA* ?9K+ ( ! COMMON GOOD & 9T]E/ RA!R ?AN ( PRIVATE 5DS1 & BY A C]TA9 AM\NT4 ( JU/ & AMIABLE YIELD+ & MODE/Y4 0,LONG WRANGL+S %[ ?AT PRIVATE 9T]E/S >E 9 TIME ASC5DANT40 ,! GOOD-WILL ( EA* IS :AT HE TRU/S 9 TO PUT !SE P>TICUL> & CONT5TI\S 5DS 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 & KEEP !M !RE4 ,BUT ALL ?IS SUPPRESSION & R5UNCIATION MU/ BE VOLUNT>Y2 = FULL & FREE CONS5T IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE HUMAN GR\ND ( OBLIGATION & OB$I5CE4 

,N[1 IT CANNOT BE SUPPOS$ ?AT ,R\SSEAU WAS SO FOOLI% AS TO ?9K LIE WAS DESCRIB+ AN HI/ORICAL TRANSACTION 9 HIS ACC\NT ( ! CONTRAT SOCIAL1 OR SOCIAL COV5ANT4 ,HE1 EQUALLY ) ,HOOK]1 ,GROTIUS1 ,HOBBES1 ,LOCKE1 & ,SP9OZA1 KNEW P]FECTLY WELL :AT HE WAS AB\T4 ,HE WAS PROPOS+ AN IDEA61 & LAY+ D[N ! CONDITIONS1 OR PRESUPPOSITIONS & IMPLICATIONS1 ( A REALLY HUMAN SOCIETY1 /ATE1 OR COMMUNE4 ,FROM A M]E HI/ORICAL /&PO9T1 :AT ALL !SE POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]S TELL US (1 IS PURE FICTION4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT ! DEFECT ( !IR !ORY1 :5 UND]/OOD >I<T1 & ACCORD+ TO ! 9T5TION ( ! PROP\ND]S4 ,!IR PURPOSE WAS TO ANSW] A QUE/ION AS TO RI<T1 NOT AS TO FACT4 ,:AT WAS ! ONLY POSSIBLE JU/IFICATION ( SOCIETIES AS !Y F\ND !M CON/ITUT$8 ,?AT WAS ! QUE/ION4 ,! ANSW] WAS1 !RE IS NO SEMBLANCE ( JU/IFICATION TO BE DISCOV]$ UNLESS ! /ATES OR SOCIETIES WE F9D EXI/+ BE TAK5 & CONSID]$ AS IF !Y HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 AGREEM5T4 

,! FLAW ( ALL !SE !ORIES ( SOCIAL PACT OR CONTRACT IS !IR ASSUMPTION ( RI<TS1 LIB]TIES1 P]SONS1 OR HUMANITIES AP>T FROM & BE=E SOCIETY4 

,CLE>$ ( ?IS ]ROR1 & TAK5 RI<TLY AS AN IDEAL1 OR AS A /ATEM5T ( ! UNIV]SAL GR\ND IMPLI$ 9 ANY SOCIETY ?AT CAN CLAIM TO BE HUMAN & TO CONF] RI<TS1 DUTIES1 FRE$OM1 & SATISFACTION1 ! !ORY ( ,R\SSEAU IS A PRES5TM5T ( ,AN>*I/ DOCTR9E4 ,! ADAPTIVE & PLA/IC UNANIMITY :I* HE DEM&S CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ 9 SMALL COMMUNITIES4 ,HIS PR9CIPLES JU/IFY REBELLION 9 ANY CIVILIZ$ /ATE ( HIS TIME OR \RS4 ,HIS CONDITIONS ( CONJO9T HUMANE LIFE CAN ONLY F9D !IR FULFILLM5T 9 A F$]ATION ( HOME-RUL+ COMMUNES4 

,SOME:]E 9 HIS ',DISC\RS SUR L',9EGALITE' HE HAS SAID ?AT IF !RE W]E ANGELS WE MI<T ACCEPT RUL]S2 BUT !RE BE+ NONE --- ,ANY READ] CAN F9I% ! S5T5CE4 

,FRE$OM3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIALISM 

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