,=EWORD 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

',WE >E NOT JUDGES4 ,WE >E WITNESSES4 ,\R TASK IS TO MAKE MANK9D BE> WITNESS TO !SE T]RIBLE CRIMES & TO UNITE HUMANITY ON ! SIDE ( JU/ICE 9 ,VIETNAM4' 

,) !SE WORDS1 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL OP5$ ! SECOND SESSION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,W> ,CRIMES ,TRIBUNAL1 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#f#g4 ,! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE W]E GIV5 NO OPPORTUNITY1 AT ?AT TIME1 TO BE> WITNESS TO ! T]RIBLE CRIMES RECORD$ 9 ! PROCE$+S ( ! ,TRIBUNAL4 ,AS ,RUSSELL WRITES 9 ! 9TRODUCTION TO ! FIR/ $ITION1 '444 IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( IMP]IALISM ?AT CITIZ5S ( ! IMP]IAL P[] >E ALWAYS AMONG ! LA/ TO KN[ - OR C>E - AB\T CIRCUM/ANCES 9 ! COLONIES'4 ,! EVID5CE BR\<T BE=E ! ,TRIBUNAL WAS SUPPRESS$ BY ! SELF-C5SOR%IP ( ! MASS M$IA1 & ITS PROCE$+S1 :5 !Y APPE>$ 9 PR9T1 W]E B>ELY REVIEW$4 

,RUSSELL WROTE ?AT 'IT IS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ?AT ?IS BOOK CAN HAVE ITS MO/ PR(\ND EFFECT'4 ,HE EXPRESS$ HIS FAI? 9 ! ESS5TIAL DEC5CY ( ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE1 HIS FAI? ?AT ! ORD9>Y MAN IS NOT A GANG/] BY NATURE1 & WILL REACT 9 A CIVILIZ$ WAY :5 HE IS GIV5 ! FACTS4 ,WE HAVE YET TO %[ ?AT ?IS FAI? IS JU/IFI$4 ,RUSSELL HOP$ TO '>\SE CONSCI\SNESS 9 ORD] TO CREATE MASS RESI/ANCE 444 9 ! SMUG /REETS ( ,EUROPE & ! COMPLAC5T CITIES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA'4 ,BY N[1 !RE >E FEW :O CAN HONE/LY CLAIM TO BE UNAW>E ( ! *>ACT] ( ! ,AM]ICAN W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,!RE >E FEW1 = EXAMPLE1 :O CAN N[ CLAIM IGNORANCE ( ! 'NEW ,ORAD\RS & ,LIDICES' DESCRIB$1 9 TE/IMONY TO ! ,TRIBUNAL1 BY A ,WE/ ,G]MAN PHYSICIAN :O SP5T SIX YE>S 9 ,VIETNAM 7SEE P4#c#f74 ,BUT CONSCI\SNESS HAS YET TO CREATE MASS RESI/ANCE4 ,! /REETS ( ,EUROPE & ! CITIES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA REMA9 SMUG & COMPLAC5T - ) ! SIGNIFICANT & HONORABLE EXCEPTION ( ! /UD5T Y\?4 ,! RECORD ( ! ,TRIBUNAL /&S AS AN ELOQU5T & DRAMATIC APPEAL TO R5\NCE ! CRIME ( SIL5CE4 ,! CRIME WAS COMP\ND$ BY ! SIL5CE ?AT GREET$ ITS DETAIL$ DOCUM5TATION & C>EFUL /UDIES4 ,H[EV]1 AL?\< NO HONE/ EF=T WAS MADE TO DEAL ) ! FACTUAL RECORD MADE PUBLIC 9 ! PROCE$+S ( ! ,TRIBUNAL1 ITS WORK DID RECEIVE SOME OBLIQUE RESPONSE4 ,! ,P5TAGON WAS =C$ TO ADMIT ?AT IT WAS1 9DE$1 US+ ANTI-P]SONNEL WEAPONS 9 ITS ATTACK AGA9/ ,NOR? ,VIETNAM 7?\< IT C\LD NOT RESI/ ! F9AL LIE ?AT ! T>GETS W]E RAD> /ATIONS & ANTI-AIRCRAFT BATT]IES74 ,! HYPOCRITICAL CLAIM ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN BOMB+ POLICY WAS ONE ( MAGNIFIC5T RE/RA9T1 ?AT ITS T>GETS W]E '/EEL & CONCRETE'1 WAS F9ALLY EXPLOD$ BEYOND REPAIR4 ,A ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T FUNCTION>Y :O HAD BECOME AN OBJECT ( G5]AL CONTEMPT = HIS UN5D+ DECEIT REG>D+ ,VIETNAM DEMEAN$ HIMSELF /ILL FUR!R BY 9=M+ J\RNALI/S ?AT HE HAD NO 9T5TION ( 'PLAY+ GAMES ) A #i#d-YE>-OLD ,BRITON'1 REF]R+ TO ONE ( ! TRULY GREAT M5 ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,?OSE :O W]E PREP>$ TO GO BEYOND ! MASS M$IA = 9=MATION C\LD LE>N SOME?+ AB\T ! WORK ( ! ,TRIBUNAL FROM SU* J\RNALS AS ,LIB]ATION1 AS C\LD READ]S ( ! =EIGN PRESS1 9 P>TICUL>1 ,LE ,MONDE4 ,! ,TRIBUNAL ,PROCE$+S1 ALONG ) ! DOCUM5T>Y /UDY1 ,9 ! ,NAME ( ,AM]ICA1 :I* APPE>$ 9 ! SAME YE>1 & ! HONE/ & C\RAGE\S WORK ( MANY F9E W> CORRESPOND5TS1 HELP$ TO CRUMBLE ! DEF5SES ]ECT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ) ! P>TIAL COLLUSION ( ! M$IA1 TO KEEP ! REALITY ( ! W> FROM POPUL> CONSCI\SNESS4 

,?\< NOT REPORT$ HONE/LY1 ! ,TRIBUNAL WAS %>PLY CRITICIZ$4 ,MANY ( ! CRITICISMS >E ANSW]$1 EFFECTIVELY ,I BELIEVE1 9 ,P>T #a ( ?IS BOOK4 ,!RE >E TWO CRITICISMS ?AT RETA9 A C]TA9 VALIDITY1 H[EV]4 ,! P>TICIPANTS1 ! 'JURORS' & ! WITNESSES1 W]E UND\BT$LY BIAS$4 ,!Y MADE NO ATTEMPT1 9 FACT1 TO CONCEAL ?IS BIAS1 ?IS PR(\ND HATR$ ( MURD] & WANTON DE/RUCTION C>RI$ \T BY A BRUTAL =EIGN 9VAD] ) UNMAT*$ TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES4 

,A SECOND & LESS FRIVOL\S CRITICISM ?AT MI<T BE RAIS$ IS ?AT ! 9DICTM5T IS1 9 A S5SE1 SUP]FLU\S & R$UNDANT4 ,?IS IS A MATT] ?AT DES]VES MORE S]I\S ATT5TION4 

,! ,P5TAGON WILL GLADLY SUPPLY1 ON REQUE/1 SU* 9=MATION AS ! QUANTITY ( ORDNANCE EXP5D$ 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,FROM #aife ?R\< #aifi ?IS AM\NTS TO AB\T F\R & A HALF MILLION TONS BY A]IAL BOMB>DM5T4 ,?IS IS N9E TIMES ! TONNAGE ( BOMB+ 9 ! 5TIRE ,PACIFIC !AT] 9 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 9CLUD+ ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI - 'OV] #g TONS ( BOMBS = EV]Y SQU>E MILE ( ,VIETNAM1 ,NOR? & ,S\? 444 AB\T #e P\NDS ( BOMBS = EV]Y MAN1 WOMAN & *ILD 9 ,VIETNAM'4.<#a.> ,! TOTAL ( 'ORDNANCE EXP5D$' IS MORE ?AN D\BL$ :5 GR\ND & NAVAL ATTACK >E TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,) NO FUR!R 9=MATION ?AN ?IS1 A P]SON :O HAS NOT LO/ HIS S5SES MU/ REALIZE ?AT ! W> IS AN OV]:ELM+ ATROCITY4 

,A FEW WEEKS BE=E ! ,TRIBUNAL BEGAN ITS SECOND SESSION1 =TY-N9E VOLUNTE]S ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VICES WROTE A LETT] TO ,PRESID5T ,JOHNSON DESCRIB+ ! W> AS 'AN OV]:ELM+ ATROCITY'4 ,F\R ( ! /AFF LEAD]S RESIGN$4 ,!SE VOLUNTE]S HAD WORK$ = MANY YE>S 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,!Y W]E AMONG ! FEW ,AM]ICANS :O HAD SOME HUMAN CONTACT ) ! PEOPLE ( ,VIETNAM4 ,!IR ACTIVITIES1 & EV5 ! LETT] ( PROTE/1 9DICATE !IR BELIEF - SURPRIS+LY UNCRITICAL - 9 ! LEGITIMACY ( ! ,AM]ICAN EF=T 9 ,VIETNAM4.<#b.> ,9 ?IS LETT] !Y REF] TO '! FREE /RIKE ZONES1 ! REFUGEES1 ! SPRAY+ ( H]BICIDE ON CROPS1 ! NAPALM 444 ! DES]T$ VILLAGES1 ! /]ILE VALLEYS1 ! =E/S ) ! HUGE SWA?S CUT \T1 & ! LONG-AB&ON$ RICE *ECKS'4 ,!Y SPEAK ( ! REFUGEES '=CIBLY RESETTL$1 L&LESS1 9 ISOLAT$ DESOLATE PLACES :I* >E TURN$ 9TO COLONIES ( M5DICANTS'2 ( '! ,SAIGON SLUMS1 SECURE BUT RIDD5 ) DISEASE & ! COMPULSION T[>DS CRIME'2 ( 'REFUGEES G5]AT$ NOT BY ,VIET ,CONG T]RORISM1 BUT BY A POLICY1 AN ,AM]ICAN POLICY' - A PROCESS DESCRIB$ BY CYNICAL ,AM]ICAN S*OL>S AS 'URBANIZATION' OR 'MOD]NIZATION'4 

,SO EFFECTIVE IS URBANIZATION 9 ,VIETNAM ?AT ,SAIGON IS N[ E/IMAT$ TO HAVE A POPULATION D5SITY MORE ?AN TWICE ?AT ( ,TOKYO4 ,EXP]TS 9 PACIFICATION 7'PEACE RESE>*]S'1 TO USE ! PREF]R$ T]M7 ASSURE US ?AT '! ONLY S5SE 9 :I* .<WE HAVE DEMOLI%$ ! SOCIETY ( ,VIETNAM.> IS ! S5SE 9 :I* EV]Y MOD]NIZ+ C\NTRY AB&ONS REACTION>Y TRADITIONALISM'4.<#c.> ,! ME?ODS ( 'URBANIZATION' >E DESCRIB$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,ORVILLE & ,JONA?AN ,S*ELL3 

,WE BO? SP5T SEV]AL WEEKS 9 ,QUANG ,NGAI SOME SIX MON?S BE=E ! .<,SONG ,MY.> 9CID5T4 ,WE FLEW DAILY ) ! ,F,A,C,S 7,=W>D ,AIR ,CONTROL74 ,:AT WE SAW WAS A PROV9CE UTT]LY DE/ROY$4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#f#g1 DUR+ ,OP]ATION ,B5TON1 ! 'PACIFICATION' CAMPS BECAME SO FULL ?AT ,>MY UNITS W]E ORD]$ NOT TO 'G5]ATE' ANY MORE REFUGEES4 ,! ,>MY COMPLI$4 ,BUT SE>*-&-DE/ROY OP]ATIONS CONT9U$4 

,ONLY N[ PEASANTS W]E NOT W>N$ BE=E AN AIR/RIKE WAS CALL$ 9 ON !IR VILLAGES BECAUSE !RE WAS NO ROOM = !M 9 ! SWAMP$ PACIFICATION CAMPS4 ,! USUAL W>N+ BY HELICOPT] L\DSPEAK] OR AIR-DROPP$ LEAFLETS W]E /OPP$4 ,EV]Y CIVILIAN ON ! GR\ND WAS ASSUM$ TO BE 5EMY BY ! PILOTS BY NATURE ( LIV+ 9 ,QUANG ,NGAI1 :I* WAS L>GELY A FREE-FIRE ZONE4 

,PILOTS1 S]VICEM5 NOT UNLIKE ,CALLEY & ,MIT*ELL1 CONT9U$ TO C>RY \T !IR ORD]S4 ,VILLAGE AFT] VILLAGE WAS DE/ROY$ FROM ! AIR AS A MATT] ( DE FACTO POLICY4 ,AIR/RIKES ON CIVILIANS BECAME A MATT] ( R\T9E4 ,IT WAS UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ( (FICIAL ACQUIESC5CE TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE & ITS PEOPLE ?AT ! MASSACRE ( ,SONG ,MY OCCURR$4 

,SU* ATROCITIES W]E & >E ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CES ( A W> DIRECT$ AGA9/ AN 5EMY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! PEOPLE4.<#d.> 

,ELSE:]E1 ,ORVILLE ,S*ELL QUOTES A ,NEWSWEEK CORRESPOND5T RETURN+ FROM ,QUANG ,NGAI3 ',HAV+ HAD EXP]I5CE 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 HE SAID :AT HE HAD SE5 WAS 0MU* WORSE ?AN :AT ! ,NAZIS HAD DONE TO ,EUROPE04' ,S*ELL ADDS3 ',HAD HE WRITT5 AB\T IT 9 !SE T]MS8 ,NO4'.<#e.> ,VIETNAMESE-SPEAK+ FIELD WORK]S ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,FRI5DS ,S]VICE ,COMMITTEE DESCRIBE MORE REC5T /AGES ( MOD]NIZATION1 AS SE5 FROM ! GR\ND3 

,9 ONE SU* REMOVAL1 DUR+ ,OP]ATION ,BOLD ,M>9] 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#f#i1 #a#b1 PEASANTS FROM ! ,BATANGAN ,P59SULA W]E TAK5 TO A WAT]LESS CAMP NE> ,QUANG ,NGAI OV] :OSE GU>D$ GATE FLOAT$ A BANN] SAY+1 ',WE ?ANK Y\ = LIB]AT+ US FROM COMMUNI/ T]ROR4' ,!SE PEOPLE HAD BE5 GIV5 AN H\R TO GET \T BE=E ! ,U,S,S ,NEW ,J]SEY BEGAN TO %ELL !IR HOMES4 ,AFT] EI<T WEEKS ( IMPRISONM5T !Y W]E F]RI$ BACK TO :AT WAS LEFT ( !IR VILLAGES1 GIV5 A FEW %EETS ( CORRUGAT$ METAL & TOLD TO F5D = !MSELVES4 ,:5 ASK$ :AT !Y W\LD LIVE ON UNTIL NEW CROPS C\LD BE RAIS$1 ! ,VIETNAMESE CAMP COMM&] SAID1 ',MAYBE !Y CAN FI%4'.<#f.> 

,REPORTS BY ,WE/]N OBS]V]S >E LIMIT$ TO >EAS MORE OR LESS UND] ,AM]ICAN CONTROL4 ,! MO/ 9T5SIVE ATTACKS >E !RE=E UNREPORT$ 9 ! ,WE/4 ,WE DO1 H[EV]1 HAVE ,VIETNAMESE REPORTS1 :I* WILL1 P]HAPS1 BE GIV5 SOME:AT GREAT] CR$5CE ?AN H]ET(ORE N[ ?AT ! 9CID5T AT ,SONG ,MY1 :I* !Y DESCRIB$ ) ACCURACY AT ! TIME1 HAS F9ALLY BE5 MADE PUBLIC4 ,TO SELECT ONE SU* REPORT VIRTUALLY AT R&OM3 

,9 ,TRANG ,BANG ON ! EV5+ ( ,OCTOB] #bd .<#a#i#f#i.>1 ?REE FLI<TS ( ,B#e#bS MADE ?REE SORTIES1 KILL+ #dg PEOPLE1 W\ND+ MANY O!RS 7MO/LY *ILDR51 & OLD FOLKS71 COMPLETELY LEVEL+ #de H\SES & DEVA/AT+ #fe HECT>ES ( FIELDS4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,OCTOB] #b#e1 ,B#e#bS FLEW N9E ATTACKS 9 ,QUANG ,TRI & ,QUANG ,NAM PROV9CES1 DUMP+ MORE ?AN #a1 TONS ( BOMBS1 KILL+ #c PEOPLE1 W\ND+ #bcf O!RS1 SETT+ AFIRE #efd H\SES & DAMAG+ HUNDR$S ( HECT>ES ( FIELDS & OR*>DS4 ,9 ,PLEIKU1 A F]TILE REGION1 MANY FLI<TS ( ,B#e#bS CAME 9 ON ! MORN+ ( ,OCTOB] #ag & RELEAS$ #g TONS ( BOMBS :I* WR\<T HAVOC 9 HUNDR$S ( HECT>ES ( FIELDS & OR*>DS 444 

,9 ! >EA ( ,NUI ,BA & ! VILLAGES ( ,N9H ,?ANH1 ,HIEP ,N9H ,?ANH1 ,HIEP ,N9H ( ! ,TAY ,N9H ,CAO ,DAI P]SUASION1 ! ,U,S PUPPETS RESORT$ TO TOXIC *EMICALS TO DE/ROY ! CROPS & KILL CIVILIANS4 ,AM]ICAN HOV]CRAFT DUMP$ T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,C,S CANS :ILE HELICOPT]S DROPP$ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( TOXIC BOMBS ON ! VILLAGES4 ,MOREOV]1 5EMY GUNS & MORT>S FIR$ MORE ?AN #e1 GAS %ELLS AFFECT+ OV] #a1 PEOPLE1 ) #ac *ILDR5 UND] #ac KILL$ 7,N9H ,?ANH & ,HIEP ,N9H VILLAGES7 & MORE ?AN #a HECT>ES ( CROPS COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4.<#g.> 

,& ON & ON1 )\T 5D4 

,! FACTS >E1 ( C\RSE1 FAMILI> 9 A G5]AL WAY TO ! HI<E/ AU?ORITIES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! ,UND] ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,AIR ,=CE1 ,T[NS5D ,HOOPES1 WROTE A MEMOR&UM 9 ,M>* #aifh 9 :I* HE PO9T$ \T ?AT3 

444,>,V,N & ,U,S =CES 9 ! T[NS & CITIES >E N[ RESPOND+ TO MORT> FIRE FROM NE>BY VILLAGES BY ! LIB]AL USE ( >TILL]Y & AIR/RIKES4 ,?IS RESPONSE IS CAUS+ WIDESPREAD DE/RUCTION & HEAVY CIVILIAN CASUALTIES - AMONG PEOPLE :O W]E CONSID]$ ONLY A FEW WEEKS AGO TO BE SECURE ELEM5TS ( ! ,G,V,N CON/ITU5CY4 444 ,! PRES5T MODE & TEMPO ( OP]ATIONS 9 ,S,V,N IS ALREADY DE/ROY+ CITIES1 VILLAGES & CROPS1 & IS CREAT+ CIVILIAN CASUALTIES AT AN 9CREAS+ RATE4.<#h.> 

,HE DESCRIBES ! SAVAGE ,AM]ICAN REACTION TO ! CONQUE/ ( MANY CITIES BY ! ,N,L,F 9 ! ,TET (F5SIVE 9 ,JANU>Y #aifh - = EXAMPLE1 9 ,SAIGON1 :]E 9 AN EF=T TO DISLODGE ! #a1 SOLDI]S :O HAD TAK5 ! CITY1 '>TILL]Y & AIR/RIKES W]E REPEAT$LY US$ AGA9/ D5SELY POPULAT$ >EAS ( ! CITY1 CAUS+ HEAVY CIVILIAN CASUALTIES'2 OR 9 ,HUE1 :]E ! ,AM]ICAN REOCCUPATION LEFT 'A DEVA/AT$ & PRO/RATE CITY'4 ',EI<TY P] C5T ( ! BUILD+S HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO RUBBLE1 & 9 ! SMA%$ RU9S LAY #b1 DEAD CIVILIANS4.<#i.> 444 ,?REE QU>T]S ( ! CITY'S PEOPLE W]E R5D]$ HOMELESS & LOOT+ WAS WIDESPREAD1 MEMB]S ( ! ,>,V,N BE+ ! WOR/ (F5D]S'4 ,ELSE:]E1 ! /ORY WAS MU* ! SAME3 

,EV]Y:]E1 ! ,U,S-,>,V,N =CES M\NT$ C\NT]ATTACKS ( GREAT SEV]ITY4 ,9 ! DELTA REGION BEL[ ,SAIGON1 HALF ( ! CITY ( ,MY?O1 ) A POPULATION ( #g11 WAS DE/ROY$ BY >TILL]Y & AIR/RIKES 9 AN EF=T TO EJECT A /RONG ,V,C =CE4 ,9 ,B5 ,TRE ON #g ,FEBRU>Y1 AT LEA/ #a1 CIVILIANS W]E KILL$ & #a1#e W\ND$ 9 AN EF=T TO DISLODGE #b1#e ,V,C4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,HOOPES1 ! COMBAT PHOTOGRAPH] ,DAVID ,D\GLAS ,DUNCAN1 :OSE W> EXP]I5CE COV]S ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 ,KOREA1 ,ALG]IA & ! ,FR5* W> 9 ,VIETNAM1 'WAS APPALL$ BY ! ,U,S-,>,V,N ME?OD ( FREE+ ,HUE'4 ,HE QUOTES HIM AS SAY+3 

,! ,AM]ICANS P\ND$ ! ,CITADEL & SURR\ND+ CITY ALMO/ TO DU/ ) AIR/RIKES1 NAPALM RUNS1 >TILL]Y & NAVAL GUNFIRE1 & ! DIRECT CANNON FIRE FROM TANKS & RECOILLESS RIFLES A TOTAL EF=T TO ROOT \T & KILL EV]Y 5EMY SOLDI]4 ,! M9D REELS AT ! C>NAGE1 CO/1 & RU?LESSNESS ( IT ALL4 

,HOOPES ALSO REPORTS ?AT A 'SIZABLE P>T' ( ! ,P,A,V,N =CE ( #a1 ESCAP$4 ,COMP>E ! FIGURES ON CASUALTIES1 CIT$ ABOVE4 

,!SE EV5TS OCCURR$ TOO LATE TO BE CONSID]$ BY ! ,TRIBUNAL4 ,I NE$ NOT ELABORATE ON :AT HAS BE5 REVEAL$ S9CE4 ,SOME 9DICATIONS >E GIV5 9 MY BOOK1 ,AFT] ,P9KVILLE4 ,= F> MORE1 SEE ! BOOK BY ,$W>D ,H]MAN1 CIT$ 9 FOOTNOTE #a ON P4 #a#a4 

,I HAVE M5TION$ ALL ( ?IS 9 CONNECTION ) ! QUE/ION1 RAIS$ E>LI]1 AS TO :E!R IT IS NECESS>Y1 TODAY1 TO PUBLICIZE ! DETAIL$ REPORTS ( ! ,TRIBUNAL4 ,IS IT NOT TRUE ?AT BY N[ ! MON/R\S *>ACT] ( ! W> HAS P5ETRAT$ ! ,AM]ICAN CONSCI\SNESS SO FULLY ?AT FUR!R DOCUM5TATION IS SUP]FLU\S8 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ANSW] MU/ BE NEGATIVE4 ,TO SEE :Y1 CONSID] AGA9 ! CASE ( ,T[NS5D ,HOOPES1 :O IS N[ A LEAD+ 'DOVE'4 

,A REVIEW] ( HIS BOOK 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES DESCRIBES IT AS ! MO/ P]SUASIVE PRES5TATION ( ! CASE = ,AM]ICAN )DRAWAL FROM ,VIETNAM4 ,IT IS 9/RUCTIVE TO COMP>E HIS POSITION ) ?AT ( ! 'HAWKS' ON ! ONE H&1 & ?AT ( ! ,TRIBUNAL1 ON ! O!R4 ,SU* A COMP>ISON %[S H[ N>R[ IS ! GAP BETWE5 ! 'HAWKS' & ! 'DOVES'1 & H[ F> REMOV$ ! DOVE-HAWK POSITION /ILL REMA9S FROM ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ,RUSSELL HOP$ W\LD BE >\S$ BY ! FACTUAL RECORD & HI/ORICAL & LEGAL >GUM5T ( ! ,TRIBUNAL4 ,I WANT TO /RESS ?AT ,HOOPES'S IS ONE ( ! MO/ HUMANE & 5LI<T5$ VOICES TO BE HE>D )9 ! MA9/REAM ( ,AM]ICAN OP9ION TODAY1 SURELY AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE HAD ANY SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! =MATION & IMPLEM5TATION ( POLICY4 ,= ?IS REASON1 HIS VIEWS >E IMPORTANT & DES]VE C>EFUL CONSID]ATION4 

,AM]ICA'S E>LY /RATEGY1 AS ,HOOPES DESCRIBES IT1 WAS TO KILL AS MANY ,V,C AS POSSIBLE ) >TILL]Y & AIR/RIKES3 

,AS LATE AS ! FALL ( #a#i#f#f444 A C]TA9 AURA ( OPTIMISM SURR\ND$ ?IS /RATEGY4 ,SOME W]E READY TO BELIEVE ?AT1 9 ITS UNPREC$5T$ MOBILITY & MASSIVE FIREP[]1 ,AM]ICAN =CES HAD DISCOV]$ ! MILIT>Y ANSW] TO 5DLESS ,ASIAN MANP[] & ,ORI5TAL 9DIFF]5CE TO DEA?4 ,= A FEW WEEKS !RE HUNG 9 ! EXPECTANT ,WA%+TON AIR ! EXHIL>AT+ POSSIBILITY ?AT ! MO/ MOD]N1 MOBILE1 PR(ESSIONAL ,AM]ICAN FIELD =CE 9 ! NATION'S HI/ORY WAS GO+ TO LAY TO RE/ ! TIME-HONOR$ SUP]/ITION1 ! GNAW+ UNEASE ( MILIT>Y PLANN]S1 ?AT A MAJOR L& W> AGA9/ ,ASIAN HORDES IS BY DEF9ITION A DISA/R\S PLUNGE 9TO QUICKS& = ANY ,WE/]N >MY4 

,BUT ?IS GLORI\S HOPE WAS DA%$4 ,! 5DLESS MANP[] ( ,VIETNAM1 ! ,ASIAN HORDES ) !IR ,ORI5TAL 9DIFF]5CE TO DEA?1 CONF\ND$ \R /RATEGY4 ,& \R BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM ALSO AVAIL$ US LITTLE1 GIV5 ! NATURE ( ! 5EMY4 ,AS ,HOOPES EXPLA9S1 QUOT+ A S5IOR ,U,S ,>MY (FIC]3 ',CAUCASIANS CANNOT REALLY IMAG9E :AT ANT LABOR CAN DO4' ,9 %ORT1 \R /RATEGY WAS RATIONAL1 BUT IT PRESUPPOS$ CIVILIZ$ ,WE/]N VALUES3 

,WE BELIEVE ! 5EMY CAN BE =C$ TO BE 'REASONABLE'1 I4E4 TO COMPROMISE OR EV5 CAPITULATE1 BECAUSE WE ASSUME HE WANTS TO AVOID PA91 DEA?1 & MAT]IAL DE/RUCTION4 ,WE ASSUME ?AT IF !SE >E 9FLICT$ ON HIM ) 9CREAS+ SEV]ITY1 !N AT SOME PO9T 9 ! PROCESS HE WILL WANT TO /OP ! SUFF]+4 ,\RS IS A PLAUSIBLE /RATEGY - = ?OSE :O >E RI*1 :O LOVE LIFE & FE> PA94 ,BUT HAPP9ESS1 WEAL?1 & P[] >E EXPECTATIONS ?AT CON/ITUTE A DIM5SION F> BEYOND ! EXP]I5CE1 & PROBABLY BEYOND ! EMOTIONAL COMPREH5SION1 ( ! ,ASIAN POOR4 

,HOOPES DOES NOT TELL US H[ HE KN[S ?AT ! ,ASIAN POOR DO NOT LOVE LIFE OR FE> PA91 OR ?AT HAPP9ESS IS PROBABLY BEYOND !IR EMOTIONAL COMPREH5SION4.<#a.> ,BUT HE DOES GO ON TO EXPLA9 H[ 'IDEOLOGUES 9 ,ASIA' MAKE USE ( !SE *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,ASIAN HORDES4 ,!IR /RATEGY IS TO CONV]T ',ASIA'S CAPACITY = 5DURANCE 9 SUFF]+ 9TO AN 9/RUM5T = EXPLOIT+ A BASIC VULN]ABILITY ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,WE/'4 ,!Y DO ?IS BY 9VIT+ ! ,WE/ 'TO C>RY ITS /RATEGIC LOGIC TO ! F9AL CONCLUSION1 :I* IS G5OCIDE'4 ,! ,ASIANS ?US 'DEFY US BY A READ9ESS TO /RUGGLE1 SUFF]1 & DIE ON A SCALE ?AT SEEMS TO US BEYOND ! B\NDS ( HUMANITY4444 ,AT ?AT PO9T WE HESITATE1 =1 REMEMB]+ ,HITL] & ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI1 WE REALIZE ANEW ?AT G5OCIDE IS A T]RIBLE BURD5 TO BE>4' 

,?US BY !IR WILL+NESS TO DIE1 ! ,ASIAN HORDES1 :O DO NOT LOVE LIFE1 :O FE> NO PA9 & CANNOT CONCEIVE ( HAPP9ESS1 EXPLOIT \R BASIC WEAKNESS1 \R ,*RI/IAN VALUES :I* MAKE US RELUCTANT TO BE> ! BURD5 ( G5OCIDE1 ! F9AL CONCLUSION ( \R /RATEGIC LOGIC4 ,IS IT REALLY POSSIBLE ?AT ONE CAN READ !SE PASSAGES )\T BE+ /UNN$ BY ! CRUDITY & CALL\SNESS8 

,LET US CONT9UE4 ,SEE+ ?AT \R /RATEGY1 ?\< PLAUSIBLE1 HAS FAIL$1 ! ,AIR ,=CE ,/AFF WORK$ \T SEV]AL ALT]NATIVE /RATEGIES1 :I* !Y PRES5T$ TO ! NEW ,SECRET>Y ( ,DEF5SE1 ,CL>K ,CLIF=D1 9 ,M>* #a#i#f#h4 ,! ,AIR ,/AFF PREF]R$ ! FOLL[+3 

AN 9T5SIFI$ BOMB+ CAMPAIGN 9 ! ,NOR?1 9CLUD+ ATTACKS ON ! DOCK >EA ( ,HAIPHONG1 ON RAILROAD EQUIPM5T )9 ! ,*9ESE ,BUFF] ,ZONE1 & ON ! DIKE SY/EM ?AT CONTROLL$ IRRIGATION = ,N,V,N AGRICULTURE4 

,BUT ,HOOPES & ,AIR ,=CE ,SECRET>Y ,H>OLD ,BR[N DEMURR$4 ,:Y8 ,!Y FELT '!RE WAS LITTLE ASSURANCE SU* A CAMPAIGN C\LD EI!R =CE ,N,V,N TO ! CONF]5CE TABLE1 OR EV5 SIGNIFICANTLY R$UCE ITS W> EF=T'2 FUR!RMORE1 'IT WAS A C\RSE EMBODY+ EXCESSIVE RISKS ( CONFRONTATION ) ,RUSSIA'4 ,IF !Y HAD ANY O!R OBJECTIONS TO 9T5SIFI$ BOMB+ ( ! DIKE SY/EM ( ,N,V,N1 ,HOOPES DOES NOT 9=M US ( !M4.<#a#a.> ,HOOPES HIMSELF PREF]R$1 RA!R1 ! FOLL[+ TACTICS3 

A CAMPAIGN DESIGN$ TO SUB/ITUTE TACTICAL AIRP[] = A L>GE PORTION ( ! SE>*-&-DE/ROY OP]ATIONS CURR5TLY CONDUCT$ BY GR\ND =CES1 ?US P]MITT+ ! GR\ND TROOPS TO CONC5TRATE ON A P]IMET] DEF5SE ( ! HEAVILY POPULAT$ >EAS 444 ! ANALYSIS SEEM$ TO %[ ?AT TACTICAL AIR-P[] C\LD PROVIDE A POT5T 'LEFT JAB' TO KEEP ! 5EMY 9 ! ,S\? (F BALANCE :ILE ! ,U,S-,>,V,N GR\ND =CES ADOPT$ A MODIFI$ 5CLAVES /RATEGY1 FEATUR+ 5\< AGGRESSIVE RECONNAISSANCE TO ID5TIFY & BREAK UP DEVELOP+ ATTACKS1 BUT DESIGN$ PRIM>ILY TO PROTECT ! PEOPLE ( ,VIETNAM &1 BY POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES1 TO =CE EXPOSURE ( ! ,V,C POLITICAL CADRES4.<#a#b.> 

,9 A LETT] ( #ab ,FEBRU>Y #aifh TO ,CL>K ,CLIF=D1 ,HOOPES EXPLA9S HIS PREF]5CES 9 SIMIL> T]MS4 ,WE %\LD1 HE URGES1 /OP ! MILIT>ILY 9SIGNIFICANT BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM & UND]TAKE A LESS AMBITI\S GR\ND /RATEGY 9 ! ,S\?1 TRY+ M]ELY TO CONTROL 7! TE*NICAL T]M IS 'PROTECT'7 ! POPULAT$ >EAS4 ,?IS POLICY3 

W\LD GIVE US A BETT] *ANCE TO DEVELOP A DEF9ABLE GEOGRAPHICAL >EA ( ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC /ABILITY2 & BY R$UC+ ! 9T5SITY ( ! W> TEMPO1 IT C\LD MAT]IALLY IMPROVE ! PROSPECT ( \R /AY+ ! C\RSE = AN ADD$ NUMB] ( GR9D+ YE>S )\T R5D+ \R [N SOCIETY444 .<MY ITALICS.>4 

,COMP>E !SE RECOMM5DATIONS ) ! TACTICS N[ BE+ FOLL[$ BY ! ,NIXON ADM9I/RATION4 ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,>MY ,RESOR1 TE/IFY+ BE=E ! ,H\SE ,APPROPRIATIONS ,COMMITTEE1.<#a#c.> REFUS$ TO PR$ICT H[ LONG ! W> W\LD LA/1 BUT HE SEES TIME AS 'RUNN+ ON \R SIDE'3 

,!RE=E1 IF WE CAN JU/ BUY SOME TIME 9 ! ,U,S BY !SE P]IODIC PROGRESSIVE )DRAWALS & ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE CAN JU/ %ORE UP !IR PATI5CE & DET]M9ATION1 ,I ?9K WE CAN BR+ ?IS TO A SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION4 

,TO ?IS REM>K ,G5]AL ,WE/MOREL& ADD$3 ',I HAVE NEV] MADE ! PR$ICTION ?AT ?IS W\LD BE O!R ?AN A LONG W>4' 

,?US ! PRES5T ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,>MY AGREES ) ! ,HOOPES LETT] ( ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f#h1 ?AT WE MAY BE ABLE TO /AY ! C\RSE = 'AN ADD$ NUMB] ( GR9D+ YE>S' IF ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE WILL CONS5T1 IF ?IS POLICY WILL NOT R5D \R [N SOCIETY4 ,& ) ?IS JUDGM5T1 F9ALLY1 ,MR ,HOOPES DISAGREES3 

,VIETNAM IS NOT ( C\RSE ! ONLY S\RCE ( DIVISION 9 ,AM]ICA TODAY1 BUT IT IS ! MO/ P]VASIVE ISSUE ( \R DISCORD1 ! CATALYTIC AG5T ?AT /IMULATES & MAGNIFIES ALL O!R DIVISIVE ISSUES4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 !RE CAN BE NO REAL TRUCE BETWE5 ! G5]ATIONS - NO 5D TO ! BITT]NESS & ALI5ATION ( EV5 ! L>GE MAJORITY ( \R Y\? ?AT IS NEI!R REVOLUTION>Y NOR IRRESPONSIBLE - UNTIL ,VIETNAM IS T]M9AT$4 

,?IS IS ! PRIM>Y REASON :Y1 HE URGES1 WE MU/ )DRAW FROM ,VIETNAM4 

,SO ! HAWKS & ! DOVES DIVIDE3 CAN ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE /AY ! C\RSE UNTIL VICTORY1 OR WILL ! POL>IZATION & DISCORD 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY MAKE ?IS EF=T 9ADVISABLE1 NOT 9 \R NATIONAL 9T]E/8 

,I DO NOT WANT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! SPECTRUM FROM ,HOOPES TO ,RESOR EXHAU/S ! CONTEMPOR>Y DEBATE OV] ,VIETNAM1 BUT !RE IS LITTLE D\BT ?AT IT REPRES5TS ! RANGE ( VIEWS & ASSUMPTIONS EXPRESS$ )9 ! MA9/REAM ( 'RESPONSIBLE' ,AM]ICAN OP9ION4 ,) ?IS OBS]VATION1 WE CAN RETURN TO ! ,TRIBUNAL4 ,ITS ASSUMPTIONS1 ( C\RSE1 FALL 5TIRELY \TSIDE ( ?IS SPECTRUM4 ,IT IS UN=TUNATE1 BUT UND5IABLE1 ?AT ! C5TRAL ISSUE 9 ! ,AM]ICAN DEBATE OV] ,VIETNAM1 9 RESPECTABLE CIRCLES1 HAS BE5 ! QUE/ION3 CAN WE W9 AT AN ACCEPTABLE CO/8 ,! DOVES & ! HAWKS DISAGREE4 ,HAWKS BECOME DOVES AS !IR ASSESSM5T ( ! PROBABILITIES & CO/S %IFTS1 & IF ! ,AM]ICAN CONQUE/ W]E TO PROVE SUCCESSFUL1 !Y W\LD1 NO D\BT1 RESUME !IR =M] MILITANCY4 ,! ,TRIBUNAL IS CONC]N$ ) V]Y DIFF]5T QUE/IONS4 ,IT DOES NOT ASK :E!R ! ,U,S CAN W9 AT AN ACCEPTABLE CO/1 BUT RA!R :E!R IT %\LD W91 :E!R IT %\LD BE 9VOLV$ AT ALL 9 ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ! ,VIETNAMESE1 :E!R IT HAS ANY RI<T TO TRY TO SETTLE OR EV5 9FLU5CE !SE 9T]NAL MATT]S BY =CE4 ,UNTIL ?IS BECOMES ! UNIQUE & OV]RID+ ISSUE1 )9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! DEBATE OV] ,VIETNAM WILL NOT EV5 HAVE BEGUN4 

,9EVITABLY1 DESPITE DISCLAIM]S1 ! ,RUSSELL ,TRIBUNAL WILL EVOKE MEMORIES ( ,NUREMB]G & ,TOKYO4 ,) ! REVELATION ( ! ,SONG ,MY ATROCITIES1 ! ISSUES RAIS$ 9 ! ,W> ,CRIMES TRIALS HAVE BECOME1 AT LA/1 A MATT] ( PUBLIC CONC]N4 ,WE CAN H>DLY SUPPRESS ! MEMORY ( \R 9ITIATIVE AT ,NUREMB]G & ,TOKYO1 OR ! EXPLICIT 9SI/5CE ( ! ,U,S PROSECUTOR1 ,ROB]T ,JACKSON1 ?AT ! PR9CIPLES ( ,NUREMB]G >E TO BE REG>D$ AS UNIV]SAL 9 !IR APPLICABILITY4 ,AFT] ! TRIALS1 HE WROTE3 

,IF C]TA9 ACTS & VIOLATIONS ( TREATIES >E CRIMES1 !Y >E CRIMES :E!R ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DOES !M OR :E!R ,G]MANY DOES !M4 ,WE >E NOT PREP>$ TO LAY D[N A RULE ( CRIM9AL CONDUCT AGA9/ O!RS :I* WE W\LD NOT BE WILL+ TO HAVE 9VOK$ AGA9/ US4.<#a#d.> 

,IT MI<T BE >GU$ ?AT ! V]DICT ( ,NUREMB]G & ,TOKYO WAS M]ELY ! JUDGM5T ( VICTORS1 :O S\<T V5GEANCE & RETRIBUTION RA!R ?AN JU/ICE4 ,I ?9K !RE IS M]IT 9 ?IS ACCUSATION1 BUT - RI<T OR WRONG - IT DOES NOT AFFECT ! BROAD] QUE/ION ( ! LEGITIMACY ( ! PR9CIPLES ?AT W]E RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! ,*>T] ( ! ,W> ,CRIMES ,TRIBUNALS4 ,LEGAL NICETIES ASIDE1 ! CITIZ5 IS JU/IFI$ 9 TAK+ !SE PR9CIPLES AS HIS GUIDE4 

,A CLASSIC LIB]AL DOCTR9E HOLDS ?AT3 ',G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 IT IS ! DRAWN SWORD ( ! NATION :I* *ECKS ! PHYSICAL P[] ( ITS RUL]S4'.<#a#e.> ,IT IS ! FUNDAM5TAL DUTY ( ! CITIZ5 TO RESI/ & TO RE/RA9 ! VIOL5CE ( ! /ATE4 ,?OSE :O *OOSE TO DISREG>D ?IS RESPONSIBILITY CAN JU/LY BE ACCUS$ ( COMPLICITY 9 W> CRIMES1 :I* IS ITSELF DESIGNAT$ AS 'A CRIME UND] 9T]NATIONAL LAW' 9 ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,*>T] ( ,NUREMB]G4 ,?IS IS1 9 ESS5CE1 ! *ALL5GE POS$ TO US BY ! ,RUSSELL ,TRIBUNAL4 

,RI*>D ,A4 ,FALK HAS WRITT5 AB\T ?IS MATT] 9 AN IMPORTANT REC5T >TICLE4.<#a#f.> ,HE PO9TS \T ?AT ',SONG ,MY /&S \T AS A L&M>K ATROCITY 9 ! HI/ORY ( W>F>E1 & ITS OCCURR5CE IS A MORAL *ALL5GE TO ! 5TIRE ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY'4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT W\LD 'BE MISLEAD+ TO ISOLATE ! AWFUL HAPP5+S AT ,SONG ,MY FROM ! OV]ALL CONDUCT ( ! W>'4 ,AMONG ! W> POLICIES ?AT MI<T1 HE >GUES1 BE F\ND ILLEGAL1 >E !SE3 '7#a7 ! ,PH5IX ,PROGRAM2 7#b7 A]IAL & NAVAL BOMB>DM5T ( UNDEF5D$ VILLAGES2 7#c7 DE/RUCTION ( CROPS & =E/S2 7#d7 0SE>*-&-DE/ROY0 MISSIONS2 7#e7 0H>ASSM5T & 9T]DICTION0 FIRE2 7#f7 =CIBLE REMOVAL ( CIVILIAN POPULATION2 7#g7 RELIANCE ON A V>IETY ( WEAPONS PROHIBIT$ BY TREATY4' ,?AT !SE POLICIES HAVE BE5 FOLL[$1 ON A MASSIVE SCALE1 IS NOT 9 QUE/ION4 ,FALK >GUES ?AT3 'IF F\ND TO BE 0ILLEGAL01 SU* POLICIES %\LD BE DISCONT9U$ =?) & ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ! POLICY & ITS EXECUTION %\LD BE PROSECUT$ AS W> CRIM9ALS BY APPROPRIATE TRIBUNALS'4 ,HE ALSO NOTES H[ BROAD WAS ! CONCEPTION ( CRIM9AL RESPONSIBILITY DEVELOP$1 UND] ,AM]ICAN 9ITIATIVE1 9 ! ,W> ,CRIMES ,TRIALS4 ,9 ,FALK'S P>APHRASE1 ! MAJORITY JUDGM5T ( ! ,TOKYO ,TRIBUNAL HELD AS FOLL[S3 

,A LEAD] MU/ TAKE AFFIRMATIVE ACTS TO PREV5T W> CRIMES OR DISSOCIATE HIMSELF FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IF HE FAILS TO DO ONE OR ! O!R1 !N BY ! V]Y ACT ( REMA9+ 9 A GOV]NM5T OR A /ATE GUILTY ( W> CRIMES1 HE BECOMES A W> CRIM9AL4 

,& ,FALK EMPHASIZES ! OBLIGATION ( RESI/ANCE = ! CITIZ51 IF ! EVID5CE IS /RONG ?AT ! /ATE IS 5GAG$ 9 CRIM9AL ACTS4 

,IT IS CORRECT1 BUT IRRELEVANT1 TO /RESS ! VA/ DIFF]5CES 9 ! POLITICAL PROCESSES ( ,AM]ICA & ! FASCI/ /ATES4 ,IT IS CORRECT1 BUT H>DLY RELEVANT1 TO PO9T \T ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS /OPP$ %ORT ( C>RY+ 'ITS /RATEGIC LOGIC TO ! F9AL CONCLUSION1 :I* IS G5OCIDE' 7,HOOPES74 ,?US ONE CANNOT COMP>E ,AM]ICAN POLICY TO ?AT ( ,NAZI ,G]MANY1 AS ( #a#i#d#b4 ,IT W\LD BE MORE DIFFICULT TO >GUE ?AT ,AM]ICAN POLICY IS NOT COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( FASCI/ ,JAPAN1 OR ( ,G]MANY PRIOR TO ! 'F9AL SOLUTION'4 ,!RE MAY BE ?OSE :O >E PREP>$ TO TOL]ATE ANY POLICY LESS <A/LY ?AN CREMATORIA & DEA? CAMPS & TO RES]VE !IR HORROR = ! P>TICUL> =MS ( CRIM9AL 9SANITY P]FECT$ BY ! ,NAZI TE*NICIANS4 ,O!RS WILL NOT LI<TLY DISREG>D COMP>ISONS :I*1 ?\< H>%1 MAY WELL BE ACCURATE4 

,NAZI ,G]MANY WAS SUI G5]IS1 ( ?AT !RE IS NO D\BT4 ,BUT WE %\LD HAVE ! C\RAGE & HONE/Y TO FACE ! QUE/ION :E!R ! PR9CIPLES APPLI$ TO ,NAZI ,G]MANY & FASCI/ ,JAPAN DO NOT1 AS WELL1 APPLY TO ! ,AM]ICAN W> 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,RECALL ! OBJECTIVES ( 'D5AZIFICATION'1 AS =MULAT$ BY ?OSE :O W]E RESPONSIBLE = ?IS POLICY4 ,G5]AL ,LUCIUS ,D4 ,CLAY1 9 #a#i#e1 DESCRIB$ ! PRIM>Y OBJECTIVE AS FOLL[S3 'TO SAFEGU>D ! NEW ,G]MAN DEMOCRACY FROM ,NAZI 9FLU5CE & TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE = ANTI-,NAZI1 NON-,NAZI & \TSPOK5 DEMOCRATIC 9DIVIDUALS TO 5T] PUBLIC LIFE & REPLACE ! ,NAZI ELEM5TS :I* HAD DOM9AT$ ALL LIFE 9 ,G]MANY FROM #aicc TO #a#i#d#e'4.<#a#g.> ,HE REPORTS ?AT3 

,?IS WAS1 P]HAPS1 ! MO/ EXT5SIVE LEGAL PROC$URE ! WORLD HAD EV] WITNESS$4 ,9 ! ,U,S ,ZONE ALONE MORE ?AN #ac MILLION P]SONS HAD BE5 9VOLV$1 ( :OM OV] ?REE & TWO-?IRDS MILLION W]E F\ND *>GEABLE1 & ( !SE SOME #h1 P]SONS W]E MADE SUBJECT TO P5ALTY = !IR P>TY AFFILIATIONS OR ACTIONS4 ,ALL ?IS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 AP>T FROM ! PUNI%M5T ( W> CRIM9ALS MANY ( :OM W]E HI<-RANK+ ,NAZIS4 

,FIELD-,M>%AL ,SIR ,B]N>D ,MONTGOM]Y SAW ! OBJECTIVE ( ! ALLI$ =CES 9 ,G]MANY AS 'TO *ANGE ! HE>T1 & ! WAY ( LIFE1 ( ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE'4 ,D5AZIFICATION 9VOLV$ A CULTURAL & IDEOLOGICAL *ANGE1 TO PROCE$ SIDE-BY-SIDE ) ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION4.<#a#h.> ,WE CAN C]TA9LY ASK :E!R ?REE & TWO-?IRDS MILLION ,G]MANS 9 ! ,U,S ,ZONE W]E MORE GUILTY ( COMPLICITY 9 W> CRIMES ?AN ANY ,AM]ICANS4 ,& WE CAN ASK :E!R A CULTURAL & IDEOLOGICAL *ANGE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 IS NOT IMP]ATIVE IF MANY O!RS1 :O FE> NEI!R PA9 NOR DEA?1 >E NOT TO BE SP>$ ! FATE ( ,VIETNAM4 

,SOME ( !SE QUE/IONS >ISE 9 A REVEAL+ EX*ANGE BETWE5 ,T[NS5D ,HOOPES & TWO Y\NG J\RNALI/S :O PUBLI%$ AN 9T]VIEW ) HIM 9 ! ,VILLAGE ,VOICE 7SEE NOTE #ad ABOVE74 ,HOOPES 9SI/$ ?AT3 

,W> CRIMES TRIBUNALS W\LD BE ! WOR/ ?+ ?AT C\LD HAPP5 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,?AT W\LD AM\NT TO ,MC,C>?YISM4 ,Y\'RE PROPOS+ A SY/EM ( LEGAL GUILT = TOP ELECT$ (FICIALS4 ,! TRADITIONAL WAY TO DEAL ) !SE TOP (FICIALS IS TO ?R[ ! RASCALS \T4 

,9 AN >TICLE 9 :I* HE COMM5TS ON '! CURI\S PIECE ( REPORT+' ( ,COBURN & ,C[AN1 ,HOOPES EXPLA9S FUR!R ?AT 'A DEMOCRATIC & AN 5TIRELY ELECTIVE =M ( RETRIBUTION' HAS ALREADY BE5 VISIT$ UPON ,LYNDON ,JOHNSON1 & ?AT HIS 'CLOSE/ COLLABORATORS' MAY ALSO BE EXCLUD$ FROM HI< (FICE4.<#a#i.> ,HOOPES DOES NOT SAY :E!R ?IS =M ( 'RETRIBUTION' W\LD ALSO HAVE BE5 MORE APPROPRIATE 9 ! CASE ( ! ,JAPANESE & ,G]MAN W> CRIM9ALS %\LD ! ,WE/1 !N1 M]ELY HAVE GU>ANTE$ A DEMOCRATIC ELECTION 9 :I* !Y MI<T HAVE BE5 DEPRIV$ ( (FICE8 ,HE DOES1 H[EV]1 REJECT ! SUGGE/ION ?AT CIVILIAN (FICIALS BE HELD ACC\NTABLE = SU* 9CID5TS AS ! ,SONG ,MY MASSACRE1 OR = ! BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 OR = SU* POLICIES AS ?OSE 5UM]AT$ BY ,FALK1 CIT$ ABOVE4 ,9 FACT1 ,COBURN & ,C[AN REPORT ?AT '9 ! FRI5DLIE/ POSSIBLE T]MS1 HE ACCUS$ \R 0G5]ATION0 ( WANT+ TO IMPOSE A TOTALIT>IAN SY/EM ( MORALITY' :I* W\LD LEAD TO 'UNIV]SAL AN>*Y'4 ,COBURN & ,C[AN1 9 TURN1 ASK3 

,IF ,TOJO CAN BE S5T5C$ TO BE EXECUT$ BY AN ,AM]ICAN W> CRIMES TRIBUNAL = LEAD+ ,JAPAN 9TO A 'W> ( AGGRESSION'1 %\LD ! ONLY PUNI%M5T = AN ,AM]ICAN ,PRESID5T BE ?AT HE IS VOT$ \T ( (FICE :ILE HIS ,SECRET>Y ( ,DEF5SE S]VES A SECURE T]M AS ,PRESID5T ( ! ,WORLD ,BANK8 

,?IS SEEMS A NOT UNREASONABLE QUE/ION1 C]TA9LY NOT UNREASONABLE = ?OSE :O TAKE S]I\SLY ! /ATEM5T ( ,JU/ICE ,JACKSON1 QUOT$ E>LI]4 ,NOR DO ,COBURN & ,C[AN APPE> UNREASONABLE :5 !Y ADD ?AT3 ',! 0AN>*I/S0 :O FRI<T5 US MO/ >E ?OSE :O WIELD ! BIG BOMBS1 CONTROL ! C\RTS1 & ASSUME = !MSELVES ! P[] TO DECL>E ALL !IR 5EMIES \TLAWS4' 

,HOOPES /RONGLY DISAGREES4 ,IT IS !SE /RANGE CONCLUSIONS ?AT MAKE ! ,COBURN-,C[AN >TICLE SU* 'A CURI\S PIECE ( REPORT+'4 ,TO HIM IT IS 'CRY/AL CLE> 444 ?AT SU* VIEWS C\LD NOT CONCEIVABLY BE HELD OR EXPRESS$ BY ANYONE :O WAS A Y\NG MAN DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> OR :O WAS 5GAG$ 9 ! MORTAL /RUGGLES ( ITS AFT]MA? - 9 ,GREECE1 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,B]L91 9 ,KOREA'4 ,ONLY 'S5SITIVE1 CLEV] *ILDR5' C\LD BE MOV$ TO SU* H>% JUDGM5TS1 'UN%AP$ BY HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE & UNTEMP]$ BY ANY FIR/-H& EXP]I5CE ) ! UNRULY =CES AT WORK 9 ?IS NE>-CYCLONIC C5TURY'4 ,?OSE :O DESIGN$ \R ,VIETNAM POLICY W]E '/RUGGL+ 9 GOOD CONSCI5CE TO UPHOLD ! ,CON/ITUTION & TO S]VE ! BROAD NATIONAL 9T]E/ ACCORD+ TO !IR LI<TS'2 !Y W]E1 'ALMO/ UNI=MLY1 ?OSE CONSID]$ :5 !Y TOOK (FICE TO BE AMONG ! ABLE/1 ! BE/1 ! MO/ HUMANE & LIB]AL M5 ?AT C\LD BE F\ND = PUBLIC TRU/'1 & 'NO ONE D\BT$ !IR HONE/1 HI<-M9D$ PURSUIT ( ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( !IR C\NTRY1 & 9DE$ ( ! :OLE NON-,COMMUNI/ WORLD1 AS !Y P]CEIV$ !SE 9T]E/S'4 ,TO BE SURE1 !Y W]E DELUD$ BY ! 'T5SIONS ( ! ,COLD ,W> YE>S'4 ,! TRAG$Y ( ,VIETNAM1 AS HE SEES IT1 IS ?AT !SE GOOD M5 W]E UNABLE TO P]CEIVE ?AT ! TRIUMPH ( ! NATIONAL REVOLUTION 9 ,VIETNAM W\LD BE 'NEI!R A TRIUMPH = ,MOSC[ & ,PEK+ NOR A DISA/] = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES'4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !IR POLICIES RECEIV$ WIDE PUBLIC SUPPORT4 ',SET AGA9/ !SE FACTS1 ! EASY DESIGNATION ( 9DIVIDUALS AS DELIB]ATE OR IMPUT$ 0W> CRIM9ALS0 IS %OCK+LY GLIB1 EV5 IF ONE ALL[S = ! 9EXP]I5CE ( ! Y\NG4' ,SIMIL>LY1 IT W\LD BE 'ABSURD' EV5 TO ASK :E!R A W> CRIMES TRIBUNAL1 EV5 9 PR9CIPLE1 %\LD TRY ,NIXON & ,KISS+] AS 'W> CRIM9ALS' 7EV5 ?\< !Y CONT9UE TO 'BUY SOME TIME 9 ! ,U,S' SO ?AT ! W> CAN BE BR\<T 'TO A SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION'1 9 ! WORDS ( ! PRES5T ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,>MY74 

,ONE %\LD1 ,I BELIEVE1 AGREE ) ,T[NS5D ,HOOPES ?AT ':AT ! C\NTRY NE$S IS NOT RETRIBUTION1 BUT !RAPY 9 ! =M ( DEEP] UND]/&+ ( \R PROBLEMS & ( EA* O!R'4 ,NO ONE1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 HAS URG$ ?AT ?OSE RESPONSIBLE = ! MASSACRE ( ! PEOPLE ( ,VIETNAM1 !IR =C$ EVACUATION FROM !IR HOMES1.<#b.> & ! DE/RUCTION ( !IR C\NTRY1 BE JAIL$ OR EXECUT$1 OR EV5 ?AT 'D5AZIFICATION' PROC$URES ( ! SORT 9/ITUT$ AGA9/ ?IRTE5 MILLION ,G]MANS 9 ! ,U,S ,ZONE BE APPLI$ TO ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION4 ,LET US1 BY ALL MEANS1 TRY RA!R TO A*IEVE A DEEP] UND]/&+ ( \R PROBLEMS4 ,AMONG !SE PROBLEMS IS ! FACT ?AT ONE ( ! MO/ LIB]AL & 5LI<T5$ COMM5TATORS ON CONTEMPOR>Y AFFAIRS CAN ASSURE US ?AT ,ASIAN HORDES C>E NO?+ ( DEA?1 FE> NO PA9 & CANNOT CONCEIVE ( HAPP9ESS1 :ILE AS = US - IT IS \R ,*RI/IAN VALUES ?AT IMPEL US TO /OP %ORT ( A F9AL SOLUTION4 ,AMONG \R PROBLEMS IS ! FACT ?AT ! SAME SPOKESMAN CAN SUMMON UP ! K9D ( 'HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE' ?AT SEES \R 9T]V5TION 9 ,GREECE1 9 ! #a#i#dS1 AS A 'MORTAL /RUGGLE' 7AGA9/ :OM872 OR ! FACT ?AT ?OSE :O W]E1 QUITE POSSIBLY1 ! MO/ HUMANE & LIB]AL M5 ?AT C\LD BE F\ND = PUBLIC TRU/ C\LD SET \T TO ANNIHILATE ! ,VIETNAMESE 9 ! BELIEF 7:E!R HONE/ OR FEIGN$ - IT H>DLY MATT]S7 ?AT !Y W]E COMBAT+ A COMMUNI/ MONOLI? ?AT 9CLUD$ ',MOSC[ & ,PEK+' 79 #a#i#f#e674 ,ONE ( \R PROBLEMS IS ! DOCTR9E DEVELOP$ BY ,MR ,HOOPES1 9 ACCORDANCE ) :I* - TO TAKE HIS WORDS LIT]ALLY - NO POLICY C>RI$ \T BY ! BE/ ,AM]ICAN LEAD]S ) WIDE PUBLIC SUPPORT C\LD BE CRIM9AL1 C\LD 9 PR9CIPLE DEM& ANY RESPONSE O!R ?AN 'TO ?R[ ! RASCALS \T'4 

,9 FACT1 IS IT NOT A TRIFLE NAIVE 7OR EV5 'GLIB'7 ( ,MR ,HOOPES TO SUGGE/ ?AT WE ?R[ ! RASCALS \T8 ,DID WE VOTE ! RASCALS 98 ,RI*>D ,B>NET1 9 A REC5T /UDY1 WRITES3 

,MO/ ( ! M5 :O HAVE SET ! FRAMEWORK ( ,AM]ICA'S NATIONAL-SECURITY POLICY1 AS ,I F\ND :5 ,I /UDI$ ! BACKGR\ND ( ! TOP #d DECISION-MAK]S1 HAVE COME FROM EXECUTIVE SUITES & LAW (FICES )9 %\T+ DI/ANCE ( ONE ANO!R 9 FIFTE5 CITY BLOCKS 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,WA%+TON1 ,DETROIT1 ,*ICAGO1 & ,BO/ON4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT !Y EM]GE FROM HOMOG5E\S BACKGR\NDS & VIRTUALLY ID5TICAL C>E]S ) A /&>D WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! WORLD4 ,!Y MAY >GUE ) ONE ANO!R AB\T MEANS BUT NOT AB\T 5DS4.<#b#a.> 

,NO ONE :O CONSID]S C>EFULLY ! ROLE ( ! EXECUTIVE 9 CIVIL-MILIT>Y DECISIONS 9 ! PO/W> WORLD1 OR ! ROLE ( ! PRIVATE ECONOMIC EMPIRES 9 DET]M9+ NATIONAL POLICY 7EI!R 9 !IR [N PROTECT$ DOMA91 OR )9 ! P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM ITSELF71 OR ! K9DS ( *OICES PRES5T$ BY ! TWO COMPET+ C&IDATE-PRODUC+ ORGANIZATIONS CAN SO EASILY SPEAK ( '?R[+ ! RASCALS \T'4 ,IT W\LD REQUIRE SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 LEAD+ TO A R$I/RIBUTION ( P[] ?R\<\T ! 9DU/RIAL AS WELL AS ! POLITICAL SY/EM1 = A SIGNIFICANT *ANGE TO TAKE PLACE 9 ! TOP DECISION-MAK+ POSITIONS 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,= ?IS REASON ALONE1 ONE MU/ FULLY ACCEPT ! JUDGM5T ?AT ':AT ! C\NTRY NE$S IS NOT RETRIBUTION1 BUT !RAPY 9 ! =M ( DEEP] UND]/&+ ( \R PROBLEMS' - & APPROPRIATE ACTION TO REM$Y !SE PROBLEMS1 :I*1 GIV5 \R 5ORM\S P[]1 >E PROBLEMS ( LIFE & DEA? = A GOOD P>T ( ! WORLD4 

,!SE PROBLEMS %\LD BE ON ! AG5DA = ANY ?9K+ P]SON4 ,MORE IMM$IATE1 H[EV]1 IS ! PROBLEM ( BR++ AB\T A )DRAWAL ( ,AM]ICAN =CE FROM ,VIETNAM4 ,!RE IS NO 9DICATION ?AT ANY SU* POLICY IS 5VISION$1 AT PRES5T4 ,RA!R1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T IS HOP+ TO /AY ! C\RSE UNTIL VICTORY IS A*IEV$1 ADJU/+ TACTICS1 :]E NECESS>Y1 TO BUY SOME TIME AT HOME4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! ,PROCE$+S ( ! ,TRIBUNAL IS A DOCUM5T ( FIR/ IMPORTANCE2 ! SPIRIT & CONVICTIONS ?AT UND]LIE IT MU/1 AS ,RUSSELL HOP$1 BECOME A P>T ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ALL ,AM]ICANS4 

,RI*>D ,FALK CONCLUDES ! >TICLE ,I QUOT$ E>LI]1 WRIT+3 

,GIV5 ! P]ILS & HORRORS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD1 IT IS TIME ?AT 9DIVIDUALS EV]Y:]E CALL$ !IR GOV]NM5T TO ACC\NT = 9DULG+ OR IGNOR+ ! DAILY EVID5CES ( B>B>ISM444 ! OBSOLETE PRET5SIONS ( SOV]EIGN PR]OGATIVE & MILIT>Y NECESSITY HAD BETT] BE *ALL5G$ SOON IF LIFE ON E>? IS TO SURVIVE4 

,! ,TRIBUNAL TAKES ONE /EP - SMALL1 P]HAPS1 BUT SIGNIFICANT4 ,! ,TRIBUNAL1 OR ANO!R LIKE IT1 %\LD TURN TO ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 TO ,GREECE1 TO A DOZ5 O!R C\NTRIES ?AT >E SUFF]+ 9 ! GRIP ( ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S OR ! LOCAL =CES ?AT !Y SUPPORT & MA9TA94 ,/ILL MORE IMPORTANT1 ! WORK 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,TRIBUNAL %\LD BE C>RI$ FUR!R BY GR\PS ( CITIZ5S :O TAKE UPON !MSELVES ! DUTY ( DISCOV]+ & MAK+ PUBLIC ! DAILY EVID5CES ( B>B>ISM1 & ! /ILL MORE SEV]E DUTY ( *ALL5G+ ! P[]S - /ATE OR PRIVATE - ?AT >E RESPONSIBLE = VIOL5CE & OPPRESSION1 LOOK+ =W>D TO ! DAY :5 AN 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T = FRE$OM & SOCIAL JU/ICE WILL 5D !IR RULE4 

.<#a.> ,$W>D ,S4 ,H]MAN1 ',ATROCITIES' 9 ,VIETNAM3 ,MY?S & ,REALITIES 7,PILGRIM ,PRESS1 #a#i#g74 ,9 A C>EFUL ANALYSIS1 HE E/IMATES ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE CIVILIAN CASUALTIES AT OV] A MILLION DEAD1 OV] TWO MILLION W\ND$1 & HE NOTES ?AT TWO YE>S AGO ! TOTAL NUMB] ( REFUGEES 'G5]AT$' MA9LY BY ! ,AM]ICAN SCOR*$ E>? POLICY WAS E/IMAT$ AT ALMO/ F\R MILLION BY ! ,K5N$Y ,COMMITTEE ( ! #i? ,CONGRESS4 

.<#b.> ,! LETT] APPE>S AS AN ,APP5DIX 9 ,DON ,LUCE & ,JOHN ,SOMM]1 ,VIETNAM3 ! ,UNHE>D ,VOICES 7,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#c.> ,I?IEL ,POOL1 ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW ( ,BOOKS1 #ac ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f#i1 LETT]S4 

.<#d.> ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 LETT]1 #bf ,NOVEMB] #a#i#f#i4 ,! W> 9 ,QUANG ,NGAI & ,QUANG ,T9 PROV9CES IS DESCRIB$ 9 UN=GETTABLE DETAIL BY ,JONA?AN ,S*ELL1 ,! ,MILIT>Y ,HALF 7,V9TAGE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#e.> ',POP ME SOME D9KS'1 ,NEW ,REPUBLIC1 #c ,JANU>Y #a#i#g4 

.<#f.> ,VIETNAM3 #a#i#f#i1 ,A,F,S,C ,:ITE ,PAP]1 #e ,MAY #a#i#f#i1 #af ,N4 #a#e? ,/REET1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,P5NA4 #a#i#a#b4 

.<#g.> ,S\? ,VIET ,NAM3 ,! ,/RUGGLE1 PUBLICATION ( ! ,N,L,F ,9=MATION ,COMMISSION1 ,NO4#d#h1 #ae ,NOVEMB] #a#i#f#i4 

.<#h.> ,LIMITS ( ,9T]V5TION 7,MC,KAY1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#i.> ,! ,N,L,F CLAIMS ?AT #b1 VICTIMS ( ! ,AM]ICAN BOMB>DM5T W]E BURI$ 9 MASS GRAVES 7SEE ,WILFR$ ,BUR*ETT1 ,GU>DIAN1 #f ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#i74 ,?IS IS CONSI/5T ) ,HOOPES'S ACC\NT4 ,HOOPES /ATES ?AT1 AFT] T5 DAYS ( FI<T+1 #c LOCAL (FICIALS & PROM95T CITIZ5S W]E F\ND 9 A MASS GRAVE4 ,?IS CORRESPONDS R\<LY ) ! E/IMATE ( ,POLICE ,*IEF ,DOAN ,CONG ,LAP1 :O E/IMAT$ ! TOTAL NUMB] EXECUT$ AS #b2 HE ALSO GIVES ! FIGURE ( #c1#g#g#f CIVILIAN CASUALTIES 9 ! BATTLE ( ,HUE 7,/EW>T ,H>RIS1 ,! ,TIMES1 #bg ,M>* #a#i#f#h74 ,AP>T FROM ,H>RIS1 ,I KN[ ( ONLY ONE J\RNALI/ :O HAS GIV5 A DETAIL$ EYE-WITNESS REPORT FROM ,HUE AT ! TIME1 NAMELY ,M>C ,RIB\D4 ,U,S AU?ORITIES W]E UNABLE TO %[ HIM ! MASS GRAVES REPORT$ BY ! ,U,S MISSION4 ,RIB\D REPORTS #d1 CIVILIANS KILL$ DUR+ ! RECONQUE/ ( ! 'ASSASS9AT$ CITY' ( ,HUE 7,LE ,MONDE1 #ac ,APRIL #a#i#f#h74 ,A,F,S,C /AFF PEOPLE 9 ,HUE W]E UNABLE TO CONFIRM ! REPORTS ( MASS GRAVES1 ?\< !Y REPORT$ MANY CIVILIANS %OT & KILL$ DUR+ ! RECONQUE/ ( ! CITY 7SEE ! REPORT BY ,JOHN ,SULLIVAN ( ,A,F,S,C1 #i ,MAY #a#i#f#h74 ,= ATTEMPTS TO EVALUATE GOV]NM5T PROPAG&A ON MASS KILL+S 9 ,HUE1 SEE ,D4 ,G>E? ,PORT] & ,L5 ,E4 ,ACKL&1 ',VIETNAM3 ! BLOODBA? >GUM5T'1 ,*RI/IAN ,C5TURY1 #e ,NOVEMB] #a#i#f#i2 ,VIETNAM ,9T]NATIONAL1 ,DECEMB] #aifi 7#f ,5DSLEI< ,/REET1 ,LONDON1 ,W4,C4#a72 ,TRAN ,VAN ,D9H1 ',FE> ( A BLOODBA?'1 ,NEW ,REPUBLIC1 #f ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#i4 ,! ONLY O!R ACC\NTS ,I HAVE SE5 M]ELY CONVEY 9=MATION GIV5 \T BY ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5T S\RCES4 

.<#a.> ,?IS IS NOT QUITE ACCURATE4 ,HE DOES PROVIDE A BRIEF PHILOSOPHICAL DISCUSSION ( ,BUDDHI/ BELIEFS1 :I* T5D 'TO CREATE A POSITIVE IMPETUS T[>DS HONORABLE DEA?'4 

.<#a#a.> ,AS ,GABRIEL ,KOLKO NOTES1 9 TE/IMONY TO ! ,TRIBUNAL1 ! B>B>ISM ( ,SEYSS-,9QU>T 9 OP5+ ! DIKES 9 ,HOLL& WAS CONSID]$ ONE ( ! MO/ MON/R\S CRIMES ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 & WAS PROM95T AMONG ! *>GES ?AT L$ TO HIS DEA? S5T5CE AT ,NUREMB]G4 ,NOTE ALSO ,KOLKO'S DISCUSSION ( ! BOMB+ ( DIKES 9 ! ,KOREAN W>1 & ! TE/IMONY GIV5 REG>D+ ,AM]ICAN BOMB+ ( DIKES 9 ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,EYE-WITNESS REPORTS ( ! BOMB+ ( DIKES 9 ! ,R$ ,RIV] ,DELTA HAVE APPE>$ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN PRESS4 ,SEE ,*RI/IAN ,SCI5CE ,MONITOR1 #h ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#g1 QUOT$ 9 MY ,AM]ICAN ,P[] & ! ,NEW ,M&>9S 7,*ATTO @& ,W9DUS1 #a#i#f#i71 P4#a#e4 

.<#a#b.> ,AS WE KN[ FROM O!R S\RCES1 ! ,V,C POLITICAL CADRES ?US 'EXPOS$' W]E TO BE ELIM9AT$ BY ',OP]ATION ,PH5IX'1 :I*1 9 ! YE> #a#i#f#h1 IS CLAIM$ TO HAVE KILL$ #a#h1#c#i#c P]SONS4 ,SEE ,S5ATOR ,*>LES ,E4 ,GOODELL1 ,NEW ,REPUBLIC1 #bb ,NOVEMB] #aifi 7CIT$ 9 ,H]MAN1 OP4 CIT471 & ALSO ,JUDI? ,COBURN & ,GE(FREY ,C[AN1 ',TRA9+ = T]ROR3 A DELIB]ATE POLICY8'1 ,VILLAGE ,VOICE1 #aa ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#i4 ,ON 'POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES'1 SEE ,WILLIAM ,NI<SWONG]1 ,RURAL ,PACIFICATION 9 ,VIETNAM 7,PRAEG]1 #a#i#f#g74 ,= E>LI] PREC$5TS DUR+ ! ,JAPANESE OCCUPATION ( ,MAN*URIA1 SEE MY ,AM]ICAN ,P[] & ! ,NEW ,M&>9S1 PP4 #a#i#e-#b#c4 

.<#a#c.> #h ,OCTOB] #a#i#f#i1 RELEAS$ #b ,DECEMB]4 ,QUOT$ 9 ,I4 ,F4 ,/ONE'S ,WEEKLY1 #ae ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#i4 

.<#a#d.> ,QUOT$ 9 AN >TICLE TO :I* ,I RETURN 9 A MOM5T3 ,JUDI? ,COBURN & ,GE(FREY ,C[AN1 ',! W> CRIM9ALS H$GE !IR BETS'1 ,VILLAGE ,VOICE1 #d ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#i4 

.<#a#e.> ,WILHELM VON ,HUMBOLDT1 ,! ,LIMITS ( ,/ATE ,ACTION1 #agib 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i71 ,J4 ,W4 ,BURR[ 7$474 

.<#a#f.> ',! CIRCLE ( RESPONSIBILITY'1 ,! ,NATION1 #bf ,JANU>Y #a#i#g4 ,FALK IS ,MILBANK ,PR(ESSOR ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,LAW & ,PRACTICE1 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY4 

.<#a#g.> ,! ,PRES5T ,/ATE ( ,D5AZIFICATION1 REPR9T$ 9 ,CON/ANT9E ,FITZGIBBON1 ,D5AZIFICATION 7,NORTON1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#a#h.> ,FITZGIBBON1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#a#i.> ',! ,NUREMB]G ,SUGGE/ION'1 ,WA%+TON ,MON?LY1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#g4 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY4 

.<#b.> ,COBURN & ,C[AN REPORT ! VIEWS ( ,AMBASSADOR ,ELLSWOR? ,BUNK]1 :O SAYS 9 A /ATEM5T TO ,CONGRESS ON ! REFUGEE SITUATION ?AT ! FIGURES MAY BE MISLEAD+1 S9CE ! W>-TORN ,VIETNAMESE >E US$ TO DISRUPTION & 'HAVE BE5 MOV+ >\ND = C5TURIES'4 ,S9CE ?IS IS TRUE1 TO A F> GREAT] EXT5T1 ( ! ,AM]ICAN POPULATION1 !RE W\LD PRESUMABLY BE EV5 LESS REASON TO PROTE/1 IF !Y W]E DRIV5 FROM !IR HOMES BY A =EIGN 9VAD]4 

.<#b#a.> ,! ,ECONOMY ( ,DEA? 7,A!NEUM1 #a#i#f#i74 ,SEE ALSO ! DETAIL$ ANALYSIS BY ,GABRIEL ,KOLKO1 ,! ,ROOTS ( ,AM]ICAN ,=EIGN ,POLICY7,BEACON ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i71 ,*APT] #a4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,=EWORD -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,=EWORD -- ,UPDAT$4 

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