,FRAGM5TS ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,AN?ROPOLOGY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,AN>*ISM3 

,! NAME GIV5 TO A PR9CIPLE OR !ORY ( LIFE & CONDUCT UND] :I* SOCIETY IS CONCEIV$ )\T GOV]NM5T--H>MONY 9 SU* A SOCIETY BE+ OBTA9$1 NOT BY SUBMISSION TO LAW1 OR BY OB$I5CE TO ANY AU?ORITY1 BUT BY FREE AGREEM5TS CONCLUD$ BETWE5 ! V>I\S GR\PS1 T]RITORIAL & PR(ESSIONAL1 FREELY CON/ITUT$ = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 AS ALSO = ! SATISFACTION ( ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ( A CIVILIZ$ BE+4 

,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITTANICA7 

,BASICALLY1 IF Y\'RE NOT A UTOPIANI/1 Y\'RE A S*MUCK4 

,JONO?ON ,FELDMAN 7,9DIG5\S ,PLANN+ ,TIMES7 

,:AT FOLL[S >E A S]IES ( ?\<TS1 SKET*ES ( POT5TIAL !ORIES1 & T9Y MANIFE/OS--ALL MEANT TO (F] A GLIMPSE AT ! \TL9E ( A BODY ( RADICAL !ORY ?AT DOES NOT ACTUALLY EXI/1 ?\< IT MI<T POSSIBLY EXI/ AT SOME PO9T 9 ! FUTURE4 

,S9CE !RE >E V]Y GOOD REASONS :Y AN AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGY REALLY \<T TO EXI/1 WE MI<T />T BY ASK+ :Y ONE DOESN'T--OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 :Y AN AN>*I/ SOCIOLOGY DOESN'T EXI/1 OR AN AN>*I/ ECONOMICS1 AN>*I/ LIT]>Y !ORY1 OR AN>*I/ POLITICAL SCI5CE4 

,:Y >E !RE SO FEW AN>*I/S 9 ! ACADEMY8 

,IT'S A P]T95T QUE/ION BECAUSE1 AS A POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY1 AN>*ISM IS V]ITABLY EXPLOD+ RI<T N[4 ,AN>*I/ OR AN>*I/-9SPIR$ MOVEM5TS >E GR[+ EV]Y:]E2 TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES--AUTONOMY1 VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 SELF-ORGANIZATION1 MUTUAL AID1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY--HAVE GONE FROM ! BASIS = ORGANIZ+ )9 ! GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T1 TO PLAY+ ! SAME ROLE 9 RADICAL MOVEM5TS ( ALL K9DS EV]Y:]E4 ,REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,MEXICO1 ,>G5T9A1 ,9DIA1 & ELSE:]E HAVE 9CREAS+LY AB&ON$ EV5 TALK+ AB\T SEIZ+ P[]1 & BEGUN TO =MULATE RADICALLY DIFF]5T IDEAS ( :AT A REVOLUTION W\LD EV5 MEAN4 ,MO/1 ADMITT$LY1 FALL %Y ( ACTUALLY US+ ! WORD 0AN>*I/40 ,BUT AS ,B>B>A ,EP/E9 HAS REC5TLY PO9T$ \T AN>*ISM HAS BY N[ L>GELY TAK5 ! PLACE ,M>XISM HAD 9 ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ! '#fS3 EV5 ?OSE :O DO NOT CONSID] !MSELVES AN>*I/S FEEL !Y HAVE TO DEF9E !MSELVES 9 RELATION TO IT1 & DRAW ON ITS IDEAS4 

,YET ALL ?IS HAS F\ND ALMO/ NO REFLECTION 9 ! ACADEMY4 ,MO/ ACADEMICS SEEM TO HAVE ONLY ! VAGUE/ IDEA :AT AN>*ISM IS EV5 AB\T2 OR DISMISS IT ) ! CRUDE/ /]EOTYPES4 70,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION6 ,BUT ISN'T ?AT A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS807 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES !RE >E ?\S&S ( ACADEMIC ,M>XI/S ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R1 BUT H>DLY A DOZ5 S*OL>S WILL+ OP5LY TO CALL !MSELVES AN>*I/S4 

,SO >E ACADEMICS JU/ BEH9D ! CURVE H]E8 ,IT'S POSSIBLE4 ,P]HAPS 9 A FEW YE>S ! ACADEMY WILL BE OV]RUN BY AN>*I/S4 ,BUT ,I'M NOT HOLD+ MY BREA?4 ,IT DOES SEEM ?AT ,M>XISM HAS AN AFF9ITY ) ! ACADEMY ?AT AN>*ISM NEV] WILL4 ,IT WAS1 AFT] ALL1 ! ONLY GREAT SOCIAL MOVEM5T ?AT WAS 9V5T$ BY A ,PH4,D41 EV5 IF AFT]W>DS1 IT BECAME A MOVEM5T 9T5D+ TO RALLY ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,MO/ ACC\NTS ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM ASSUME IT WAS BASICALLY SIMIL>3 AN>*ISM IS PRES5T$ AS ! BRA9*ILD ( C]TA9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY ?9K]S--,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 ETC4--IT !N W5T ON TO 9SPIRE WORK+-CLASS ORGANIZATIONS1 BECAME 5ME%$ 9 POLITICAL /RUGGLES1 DIVID$ 9TO SECTS444 ,AN>*ISM1 9 ! /&>D ACC\NTS1 USUALLY COMES \T AS ,M>XISM'S POOR] C\S91 !ORETICALLY A BIT FLAT-FOOT$ BUT MAK+ UP = BRA9S1 P]HAPS1 ) PASSION & S9C]ITY4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 ! ANALOGY IS /RA9$ AT BE/4 ,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY 0F\ND+ FIGURES0 DID NOT ?9K ( !MSELVES AS HAV+ 9V5T$ ANY?+ P>TICUL>LY NEW4 ,! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM-- SELF-ORGANIZATION1 VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 MUTUAL AID-- REF]R$ TO =MS ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR !Y ASSUM$ TO HAVE BE5 >\ND AB\T AS LONG AS HUMANITY4 ,! SAME GOES = ! REJECTION ( ! /ATE & ( ALL =MS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 9EQUALITY1 OR DOM9ATION 7AN>*ISM LIT]ALLY MEANS 0)\T RUL]S071 EV5 ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ALL !SE =MS >E SOMEH[ RELAT$ & RE9=CE EA* O!R4 ,NONE ( IT WAS PRES5T$ AS SOME />TL+ NEW DOCTR9E4 ,& 9 FACT IT WAS NOT3 ONE CAN F9D RECORDS ( PEOPLE MAK+ SIMIL> >GUM5TS ?R\<\T HI/ORY1 DESPITE ! FACT !RE IS EV]Y REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT 9 MO/ TIMES & PLACES1 SU* OP9IONS W]E ! ONES LEA/ LIKELY TO BE WRITT5 D[N4 ,WE >E TALK+ LESS AB\T A BODY ( !ORY1 !N1 ?AN AB\T AN ATTITUDE1 OR P]HAPS ONE MI<T EV5 SAY A FAI?3 ! REJECTION ( C]TA9 TYPES ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ! CONFID5CE ?AT C]TA9 O!RS W\LD BE MU* BETT] ONES ON :I* TO BUILD A LIVABLE SOCIETY1 ! BELIEF ?AT SU* A SOCIETY C\LD ACTUALLY EXI/4 

,EV5 IF ONE COMP>ES ! HI/ORICAL S*OOLS ( ,M>XISM1 & AN>*ISM1 ONE CAN SEE WE >E DEAL+ ) A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORT ( PROJECT4 ,M>XI/ S*OOLS HAVE AU?ORS4 ,JU/ AS ,M>XISM SPRANG FROM ! M9D ( ,M>X1 SO WE HAVE ,L59I/S1 ,MAOI/S1 ,TROTKSYITES1 ,GRAMSCIANS1 ,AL?USS]IANS444 7,NOTE H[ ! LI/ />TS ) HEADS ( /ATE & GRADES ALMO/ SEAMLESSLY 9TO ,FR5* PR(ESSORS47 ,PI]RE ,B\RDIEU ONCE NOT$ ?AT1 IF ! ACADEMIC FIELD IS A GAME 9 :I* S*OL>S /RIVE = DOM9ANCE1 !N Y\ KN[ Y\ HAVE WON :5 O!R S*OL>S />T WOND]+ H[ TO MAKE AN ADJECTIVE \T ( Y\R NAME4 ,IT IS1 PRESUMABLY1 TO PRES]VE ! POSSIBILITY ( W9N+ ! GAME ?AT 9TELLECTUALS 9SI/1 9 DISCUSS+ EA* O!R1 ON CONT9U+ TO EMPLOY JU/ ! SORT ( ,GREAT ,MAN !ORIES ( HI/ORY !Y W\LD SC(F AT 9 JU/ AB\T ANY O!R CONTEXT3 ,F\CAULT'S IDEAS1 LIKE ,TROTSKY'S1 >E NEV] TREAT$ AS PRIM>ILY ! PRODUCTS ( A C]TA9 9TELLECTUAL MILIEU1 AS SOME?+ ?AT EM]G$ FROM 5DLESS CONV]SATIONS & >GUM5TS 9VOLV+ HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE1 BUT ALWAYS1 AS IF !Y EM]G$ FROM ! G5IUS ( A S+LE MAN 7OR1 V]Y OCCASIONALLY1 WOMAN74 ,IT'S NOT QUITE EI!R ?AT ,M>XI/ POLITICS ORGANIZ$ ITSELF LIKE AN ACADEMIC DISCIPL9E OR ?AT IT HAS BECOME A MODEL = H[ RADICAL 9TELLECTUALS1 OR 9CREAS+LY1 ALL 9TELLECTUALS1 TREAT$ ONE ANO!R2 RA!R1 ! TWO DEVELOP$ SOME:AT 9 T&EM4 ,FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! ACADEMY1 ?IS L$ TO MANY SALUT>Y RESULTS--! FEEL+ !RE %\LD BE SOME MORAL C5T]1 ?AT ACADEMIC CONC]NS %\LD BE RELEVANT TO PEOPLE'S LIVES--BUT ALSO1 MANY DISA/R\S ONES3 TURN+ MU* 9TELLECTUAL DEBATE 9TO A K9D ( P>ODY ( SECT>IAN POLITICS1 ) EV]YONE TRY+ TO R$UCE EA* O!RS' >GUM5TS 9TO RIDICUL\S C>ICATURES SO AS TO DECL>E !M NOT ONLY WRONG1 BUT ALSO EVIL & DANG]\S--EV5 IF ! DEBATE IS USUALLY TAK+ PLACE 9 LANGUAGE SO >CANE ?AT NO ONE :O C\LD NOT AF=D SEV5 YE>S ( GRAD S*OOL W\LD HAVE ANY WAY ( KN[+ ! DEBATE WAS GO+ ON4 

,N[ CONSID] ! DIFF]5T S*OOLS ( AN>*ISM4 ,!RE >E ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/S1 ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/S1 ,9SURRECTIONI/S1 ,COOP]ATIVI/S1 ,9DIVIDUALI/S1 ,PLAT=MI/S444 ,NONE >E NAM$ AFT] SOME ,GREAT ,?9K]2 9/EAD1 !Y >E 9V>IABLY NAM$ EI!R AFT] SOME K9D ( PRACTICE1 OR MO/ (T51 ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLE4 7,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ?OSE ,M>XI/ T5D5CIES :I* >E NOT NAM$ AFT] 9DIVIDUALS1 LIKE ,AUTONOMISM OR ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNISM1 >E ALSO ! ONES CLOSE/ TO AN>*ISM47 ,AN>*I/S LIKE TO DI/+UI% !MSELVES BY :AT !Y DO1 & H[ !Y ORGANIZE !MSELVES TO GO AB\T DO+ IT4 ,& 9DE$ ?IS HAS ALWAYS BE5 :AT AN>*I/S HAVE SP5T MO/ ( !IR TIME ?9K+ & >GU+ AB\T4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE NEV] BE5 MU* 9T]E/$ 9 ! K9DS ( BROAD /RATEGIC OR PHILOSOPHICAL QUE/IONS ?AT HAVE HI/ORICALLY PREOCCUPI$ ,M>XI/S--QUE/IONS LIKE3 ,>E ! PEASANTS A POT5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y CLASS8 7,AN>*I/S CONSID] ?IS SOME?+ = ! PEASANTS TO DECIDE47 ,:AT IS ! NATURE ( ! COMMODITY =M8 ,RA!R1 !Y T5D TO >GUE ) EA* O!R AB\T :AT IS ! TRULY DEMOCRATIC WAY TO GO AB\T A MEET+1 AT :AT PO9T ORGANIZATION /OPS BE+ EMP[]+ & />TS SQUEL*+ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM4 ,OR1 ALT]NATELY1 AB\T ! E?ICS ( OPPOS+ P[]3 ,:AT IS DIRECT ACTION8 ,IS IT NECESS>Y 7OR RI<T7 TO PUBLICLY CONDEMN SOMEONE :O ASSASS9ATES A HEAD ( /ATE8 ,OR CAN ASSASS9ATION1 ESPECIALLY IF IT PREV5TS SOME?+ T]RIBLE1 LIKE A W>1 BE A MORAL ACT8 ,:5 IS IT OKAY TO BREAK A W9D[8 

,TO SUM UP !N3 

,M>XISM HAS T5D$ TO BE A !ORETICAL OR ANALYTICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY4 

,AN>*ISM HAS T5D$ TO BE AN E?ICAL DISC\RSE AB\T REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 

,OBVI\SLY1 EV]Y?+ ,I'VE SAID HAS BE5 SOME?+ ( A C>ICATURE 7!RE HAVE BE5 WILDLY SECT>IAN AN>*I/ GR\PS1 & PL5TY ( LIB]T>IAN1 PRACTICEORI5T$ ,M>XI/S 9CLUD+1 >GUABLY1 MYSELF74 ,/ILL1 EV5 SO /AT$1 ?IS DOES SUGGE/ A GREAT DEAL ( POT5TIAL COMPLEM5T>ITY BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,& 9DE$ !RE HAS BE53 EV5 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 = ALL HIS 5DLESS BATTLES ) ,M>X OV] PRACTICAL QUE/IONS1 ALSO P]SONALLY TRANSLAT$ ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL 9TO ,RUSSIAN4 ,BUT IT ALSO MAKES IT EASI] TO UND]/& :Y !RE >E SO FEW AN>*I/S 9 ! ACADEMY4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT AN>*ISM DOES NOT T5D TO HAVE MU* USE = HI< !ORY4 ,IT'S ?AT IT IS PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) =MS ( PRACTICE2 IT 9SI/S1 BE=E ANY?+ ELSE1 ?AT ONE'S MEANS MU/ BE CONSONANT ) ONE'S 5DS2 ONE CANNOT CREATE FRE$OM ?R\< AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS2 9 FACT1 AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ONE MU/ ONESELF1 9 ONE'S RELATIONS ) ONE'S FRI5DS & ALLIES1 EMBODY ! SOCIETY ONE WI%ES TO CREATE4 ,?IS DOES NOT SQU>E V]Y WELL ) OP]AT+ )9 ! UNIV]SITY1 P]HAPS ! ONLY ,WE/]N 9/ITUTION O!R ?AN ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* & ,BRITI% MON>*Y ?AT HAS SURVIV$ 9 MU* ! SAME =M FROM ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 DO+ 9TELLECTUAL BATTLE AT CONF]5CES 9 EXP5SIVE HOTELS1 & TRY+ TO PRET5D ALL ?IS SOMEH[ FUR!RS REVOLUTION4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ONE W\LD IMAG9E BE+ AN OP5LY AN>*I/ PR(ESSOR W\LD MEAN *ALL5G+ ! WAY UNIV]SITIES >E RUN--& ,I DON'T MEAN BY DEM&+ AN AN>*I/ /UDIES DEP>TM5T1 EI!R--& ?AT1 ( C\RSE1 IS GO+ TO GET ONE 9 F> MORE TR\BLE ?AN ANY?+ ONE C\LD EV] WRITE4 

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN AN>*I/ !ORY IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,?IS DOESN'T MEAN AN>*I/S HAVE TO BE AGA9/ !ORY4 ,AFT] ALL1 AN>*ISM IS1 ITSELF1 AN IDEA1 EV5 IF A V]Y OLD ONE4 ,IT IS ALSO A PROJECT1 :I* SETS \T TO BEG9 CREAT+ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A NEW SOCIETY 0)9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD10 TO EXPOSE1 SUBV]T1 & UND]M9E /RUCTURES ( DOM9ATION BUT ALWAYS1 :ILE DO+ SO1 PROCE$+ 9 A DEMOCRATIC FA%ION1 A MANN] :I* ITSELF DEMON/RATES ?OSE /RUCTURES >E UNNECESS>Y4 ,CLE>LY ANY SU* PROJECT HAS NE$ ( ! TOOLS ( 9TELLECTUAL ANALYSIS & UND]/&+4 ,IT MI<T NOT NE$ ,HI< ,!ORY1 9 ! S5SE FAMILI> TODAY4 ,C]TA9LY IT WILL NOT NE$ ONE S+LE1 ,AN>*I/ ,HI< ,!ORY4 ,?AT W\LD BE COMPLETELY 9IMICAL TO ITS SPIRIT4 ,MU* BETT]1 ,I ?9K1 SOME?+ MORE 9 ! SPIRIT ( AN>*I/ DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES1 EMPLOY$ 9 ANY?+ FROM T9Y AFF9ITY GR\PS TO GIGANTIC SPOKESC\NCILS ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE4 ,MO/ AN>*I/ GR\PS OP]ATE BY A CONS5SUS PROCESS :I* HAS BE5 DEVELOP$1 9 MANY WAYS1 TO BE ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( ! HI<H&$1 DIVISIVE1 SECT>IAN /YLE SO POPUL> AMONG O!R RADICAL GR\PS4 ,APPLI$ TO !ORY1 ?IS W\LD MEAN ACCEPT+ ! NE$ = A DIV]SITY ( HI< !ORETICAL P]SPECTIVES1 UNIT$ ONLY BY C]TA9 %>$ COMMITM5TS & UND]/&+S4 ,9 CONS5SUS PROCESS1 EV]YONE AGREES FROM ! />T ON C]TA9 BROAD PR9CIPLES ( UNITY & PURPOSES = BE+ = ! GR\P2 BUT BEYOND ?AT !Y ALSO ACCEPT AS A MATT] ( C\RSE ?AT NO ONE IS EV] GO+ TO CONV]T ANO!R P]SON COMPLETELY TO !IR PO9T ( VIEW1 & PROBABLY %\LDN'T TRY2 & ?AT !RE=E DISCUSSION %\LD FOCUS ON CONCRETE QUE/IONS ( ACTION1 & COM+ UP ) A PLAN ?AT EV]YONE CAN LIVE ) & NO ONE FEELS IS 9 FUNDAM5TAL VIOLATION ( !IR PR9CIPLES4 ,ONE C\LD SEE A P>ALLEL H]E3 A S]IES ( DIV]SE P]SPECTIVES1 JO9$ TOGE!R BY !IR %>$ DESIRE TO UND]/& ! HUMAN CONDITION1 & MOVE IT 9 ! DIRECTION ( GREAT] FRE$OM4 ,RA!R ?AN BE BAS$ ON ! NE$ TO PROVE O!RS' FUNDAM5TAL ASSUMPTIONS WRONG1 IT SEEKS TO F9D P>TICUL> PROJECTS ON :I* !Y RE9=CE EA* O!R4 ,JU/ BECAUSE !ORIES >E 9COMM5SURABLE 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS DOES NOT MEAN !Y CANNOT EXI/ OR EV5 RE9=CE EA* O!R1 ANY MORE ?AN ! FACT ?AT 9DIVIDUALS HAVE UNIQUE & 9COMM5SURABLE VIEWS ( ! WORLD MEANS !Y CANNOT BECOME FRI5DS1 OR LOV]S1 OR WORK ON COMMON PROJECTS4 

,EV5 MORE ?AN ,HI< ,!ORY1 :AT AN>*ISM NE$S IS :AT MI<T BE CALL$ ,L[ ,!ORY3 A WAY ( GRAPPL+ ) ?OSE REAL1 IMM$IATE QUE/IONS ?AT EM]GE FROM A TRANS=MATIVE PROJECT4 ,MA9/REAM SOCIAL SCI5CE ACTUALLY ISN'T MU* HELP H]E1 BECAUSE NORMALLY 9 MA9/REAM SOCIAL SCI5CE ?IS SORT ( ?+ IS G5]ALLY CLASSIFI$ AS 0POLICY ISSUES10 & NO SELF-RESPECT+ AN>*I/ W\LD HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) !SE4 

AGA9/ POLICY 7A T9Y MANIFE/O73 

,! NOTION ( 0POLICY0 PRESUMES A /ATE OR GOV]N+ APP>ATUS :I* IMPOSES ITS WILL ON O!RS4 0,POLICY0 IS ! NEGATION ( POLITICS2 POLICY IS BY DEF9ITION SOME?+ CONCOCT$ BY SOME =M ( ELITE1 :I* PRESUMES IT KN[S BETT] ?AN O!RS H[ !IR AFFAIRS >E TO BE CONDUCT$4 ,BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 POLICY DEBATES ! V]Y BE/ ONE CAN A*IEVE IS TO LIMIT ! DAMAGE1 S9CE ! V]Y PREMISE IS 9IMICAL TO ! IDEA ( PEOPLE MANAG+ !IR [N AFFAIRS4 

,SO 9 ?IS CASE1 ! QUE/ION BECOMES3 ,:AT SORT ( SOCIAL !ORY W\LD ACTUALLY BE ( 9T]E/ TO ?OSE :O >E TRY+ TO HELP BR+ AB\T A WORLD 9 :I* PEOPLE >E FREE TO GOV]N !IR [N AFFAIRS8 

,?IS IS :AT ?IS PAMPHLET IS MA9LY AB\T4 

,= />T]S1 ,I W\LD SAY ANY SU* !ORY W\LD HAVE TO BEG9 ) SOME 9ITIAL ASSUMPTIONS4 ,NOT MANY4 ,PROBABLY JU/ TWO4 ,FIR/1 IT W\LD HAVE TO PROCE$ FROM ! ASSUMPTION ?AT1 AS ! ,BRAZILIAN FOLK SONG PUTS IT1 0ANO!R WORLD IS POSSIBLE40 ,?AT 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! /ATE1 CAPITALISM1 RACISM & MALE DOM9ANCE >E NOT 9EVITABLE2 ?AT IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO HAVE A WORLD 9 :I* !SE ?+S W\LD NOT EXI/1 & ?AT WE'D ALL BE BETT] (F AS A RESULT4 ,TO COMMIT ONESELF TO SU* A PR9CIPLE IS ALMO/ AN ACT ( FAI?1 S9CE H[ CAN ONE HAVE C]TA9 KN[L$GE ( SU* MATT]S8 ,IT MI<T POSSIBLY TURN \T ?AT SU* A WORLD IS NOT POSSIBLE4 ,BUT ONE C\LD ALSO MAKE ! >GUM5T ?AT IT'S ?IS V]Y UNAVAILABILITY ( ABSOLUTE KN[L$GE :I* MAKES A COMMITM5T TO OPTIMISM A MORAL IMP]ATIVE3 ,S9CE ONE CANNOT KN[ A RADICALLY BETT] WORLD IS NOT POSSIBLE1 >E WE NOT BETRAY+ EV]YONE BY 9SI/+ ON CONT9U+ TO JU/IFY1 & REPRODUCE1 ! MESS WE HAVE TODAY8 ,& ANYWAY1 EV5 IF WE'RE WRONG1 WE MI<T WELL GET A LOT CLOS]4 

AGA9/ ANTI-UTOPIANISM 7ANO!R T9Y MANIFE/O73 

,H]E ( C\RSE ONE HAS TO DEAL ) ! 9EVITABLE OBJECTION3 ?AT UTOPIANISM HAS LEAD TO UNMITIGAT$ HORROR1 AS ,/AL9I/S1 ,MAOI/S1 & O!R IDEALI/S TRI$ TO C>VE SOCIETY 9TO IMPOSSIBLE %APES1 KILL+ MILLIONS 9 ! PROCESS4 

,?IS >GUM5T BELIES A FUNDAM5TAL MISCONCEPTION3 ?AT IMAG9+ BETT] WORLDS WAS ITSELF ! PROBLEM4 ,/AL9I/S & !IR ILK DID NOT KILL BECAUSE !Y DREAM$ GREAT DREAMS--ACTUALLY1 ,/AL9I/S W]E FAM\S = BE+ RA!R %ORT ON IMAG9ATION--BUT BECAUSE !Y MI/OOK !IR DREAMS = SCI5TIFIC C]TA9TIES4 ,?IS L$ !M TO FEEL !Y HAD A RI<T TO IMPOSE !IR VISIONS ?R\< A MA*9]Y ( VIOL5CE4 ,AN>*I/S >E PROPOS+ NO?+ ( ! SORT1 ON EI!R C\NT4 ,!Y PRESUME NO 9EVITABLE C\RSE ( HI/ORY & ONE CAN NEV] FUR!R ! C\RSE ( FRE$OM BY CREAT+ NEW =MS ( CO]CION4 ,9 FACT ALL =MS ( SY/EMIC VIOL5CE >E 7AMONG O!R ?+S7 ASSAULTS ON ! ROLE ( ! IMAG9ATION AS A POLITICAL PR9CIPLE1 & ! ONLY WAY TO BEG9 TO ?9K AB\T ELIM9AT+ SY/EMATIC VIOL5CE IS BY RECOGNIZ+ ?IS4 

,& ( C\RSE ONE C\LD WRITE V]Y LONG BOOKS AB\T ! ATROCITIES ?R\<\T HI/ORY C>RI$ \T BY CYNICS & O!R PESSIMI/S444 

,SO ?AT'S ! FIR/ PROPOSITION4 ,! SECOND1 ,I'D SAY1 IS ?AT ANY AN>*I/ SOCIAL !ORY W\LD HAVE TO REJECT SELF-CONSCI\SLY ANY TRACE ( VANGU>DISM4 ,! ROLE ( 9TELLECTUALS IS MO/ DEF9ITIVELY NOT TO =M AN ELITE ?AT CAN >RIVE AT ! CORRECT /RATEGIC ANALYZES & !N LEAD ! MASSES TO FOLL[4 ,BUT IF NOT ?AT1 :AT8 ,?IS IS ONE REASON ,I'M CALL+ ?IS ESSAY 0,FRAGM5TS ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,AN?ROPOLOGY0--BECAUSE ?IS IS ONE >EA :]E ,I ?9K AN?ROPOLOGY IS P>TICUL>LY WELL POSITION$ TO HELP4 ,& NOT ONLY BECAUSE MO/ ACTUALLY-EXI/+ SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITIES1 & ACTUALLY-EXI/+ NON-M>KET ECONOMIES 9 ! WORLD HAVE BE5 9VE/IGAT$ BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S RA!R ?AN SOCIOLOGI/S OR HI/ORIANS4 ,IT IS ALSO BECAUSE ! PRACTICE ( E?NOGRAPHY PROVIDES AT LEA/ SOME?+ ( A MODEL1 IF A V]Y R\<1 9CIPI5T MODEL1 ( H[ NONVANGU>DI/ REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUAL PRACTICE MI<T WORK4 ,:5 ONE C>RIES \T AN E?NOGRAPHY1 ONE OBS]VES :AT PEOPLE DO1 & !N TRIES TO TEASE \T ! HIDD5 SYMBOLIC1 MORAL1 OR PRAGMATIC LOGICS ?AT UND]LIE !IR ACTIONS2 ONE TRIES TO GET AT ! WAY PEOPLE'S HABITS & ACTIONS MAKES S5SE 9 WAYS ?AT !Y >E NOT !MSELVES COMPLETELY AW>E (4 ,ONE OBVI\S ROLE = A RADICAL 9TELLECTUAL IS TO DO PRECISELY ?AT3 TO LOOK AT ?OSE :O >E CREAT+ VIABLE ALT]NATIVES1 TRY TO FIGURE \T :AT MI<T BE ! L>G] IMPLICATIONS ( :AT !Y >E 7ALREADY7 DO+1 & !N (F] ?OSE IDEAS BACK1 NOT AS PRESCRIPTIONS1 BUT AS CONTRIBUTIONS1 POSSIBILITIES--AS GIFTS4 ,?IS IS MORE OR LESS :AT ,I WAS TRY+ TO DO A FEW P>AGRAPHS AGO :5 ,I SUGGE/$ ?AT SOCIAL !ORY C\LD REFA%ION ITSELF 9 ! MANN] ( DIRECT DEMOCRATIC PROCESS4 ,& AS ?AT EXAMPLE MAKES CLE>1 SU* A PROJECT W\LD ACTUALLY HAVE TO HAVE TWO ASPECTS1 OR MOM5TS IF Y\ LIKE3 ONE E?NOGRAPHIC1 ONE UTOPIAN1 SUSP5D$ 9 A CON/ANT DIALOGUE4 

,NONE ( ?IS HAS MU* TO DO ) :AT AN?ROPOLOGY1 EV5 RADICAL AN?ROPOLOGY1 HAS ACTUALLY BE5 LIKE OV] ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S OR SO4 ,/ILL1 !RE HAS BE5 A /RANGE AFF9ITY1 OV] ! YE>S1 BETWE5 AN?ROPOLOGY & AN>*ISM :I* IS 9 ITSELF SIGNIFICANT4 

,GRAVES1 ,BR[N1 ,MAUSS1 ,SOREL 

,IT'S NOT SO MU* ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S EMBRAC$ AN>*ISM1 OR EV51 W]E CONSCI\SLY ESP\S+ AN>*I/ IDEAS2 IT'S MORE ?AT !Y MOV$ 9 ! SAME CIRCLES1 !IR IDEAS T5D$ TO B\NCE (F ONE ANO!R1 ?AT !RE WAS SOME?+ AB\T AN?ROPOLOGICAL ?\<T 9 P>TICUL>--ITS KE5 AW>5ESS ( ! V]Y RANGE ( HUMAN POSSIBILITIES--?AT GAVE IT AN AFF9ITY TO AN>*ISM FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+4 

,LET ME />T ) ,SIR ,JAMES ,FRAZ]1 EV5 ?\< HE WAS ! FUR!/ ?+ FROM AN AN>*I/4 ,FRAZ]1 *AIR ( AN?ROPOLOGY 9 ,CAMBRIDGE AT ! TURN ( ! 7LA/7 C5TURY1 WAS A CLASSIC /ODGY ,VICTORIAN :O WROTE ACC\NTS ( SAVAGE CU/OMS1 BAS$ MA9LY ON ! RESULTS ( QUE/IONNAIRES S5T \T TO MISSION>IES & COLONIAL (FICIALS4 ,HIS O/5SIBLE !ORETICAL ATTITUDE WAS UTT]LY CONDESC5D+--HE BELIEV$ ALMO/ ALL MAGIC1 MY? & RITUAL WAS BAS$ ON FOOLI% LOGICAL MI/AKES--BUT HIS MAGNUM OPUS1 ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\<1 CONTA9$ SU* FLORID1 FANCIFUL1 & /RANGELY BEAUTIFUL DESCRIPTIONS ( TREE SPIRITS1 EUNU* PRIE/S1 DY+ VEGETATION GODS1 & ! SACRIFICE ( DIV9E K+S1 ?AT HE 9SPIR$ A G5]ATION ( POETS & LIT]ATI4 ,AMONG !M WAS ,ROB]T ,GRAVES1 A ,BRITI% POET :O FIR/ BECAME FAM\S = WRIT+ BIT+LY SATIRICAL V]SE FROM ! TR5*ES ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! W>1 ,GRAVES 5D$ UP 9 A HOSPITAL 9 ,FRANCE :]E HE WAS CUR$ ( %ELL %OCK BY ,W4 ,H4 ,R4 ,RIV]S1 ! ,BRITI% AN?ROPOLOGI/ FAM\S = ! ,TORRES ,/RAITS ,EXP$ITION1 :O D\BL$ AS A PSY*IATRI/4 ,GRAVES WAS SO IMPRESS$ BY ,RIV]S ?AT HE WAS LAT] TO SUGGE/ PR(ESSIONAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S BE PLAC$ 9 *>GE ( ALL WORLD GOV]NM5TS4 ,NOT A P>TICUL>LY AN>*I/ S5TIM5T1 C]TA9LY--BUT ,GRAVES T5D$ TO D>T AB\T BETWE5 ALL SORTS ( ODD POLITICAL POSITIONS4 ,9 ! 5D1 HE WAS TO AB&ON 0CIVILIZATION0--9DU/RIAL SOCIETY--5TIRELY & SP5D ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S OR SO ( HIS LIFE 9 A VILLAGE ON ! ,SPANI% ISL& ( ,MAJORCA1 SUPPORT+ HIMSELF BY WRIT+ NOVELS1 BUT ALSO PRODUC+ NUM]\S BOOKS ( LOVE POETRY1 & A S]IES ( SOME ( ! MO/ SUBV]SIVE ESSAYS EV] WRITT54 

,GRAVES' !SIS WAS1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ?AT GREATNESS WAS A PA?OLOGY2 0GREAT M50 W]E ESS5TIALLY DE/ROY]S & 0GREAT0 POETS NOT MU* BETT] 7HIS >*-5EMIES W]E ,VIRGIL1 ,MILTON & ,P\ND71 ?AT ALL REAL POETRY IS & HAS ALWAYS BE5 A MY?IC CELEBRATION ( AN ANCI5T ,SUPREME ,GODDESS1 ( :OM ,FRAZ] HAD ONLY CONFUS$ GLIMM]+S1 & :OSE MATRI>*AL FOLL[]S W]E CONQU]$ & DE/ROY$ BY ,HITL]'S BELOV$ ,>YAN HO>DS :5 !Y EM]G$ FROM ! ,UKRA9IAN ,/EPPES 9 ! E>LY ,BRONZE ,AGE 7?\< !Y SURVIV$ A BIT LONG] 9 ,M9OAN ,CRETE74 ,9 A BOOK CALL$ ,! ,:ITE ,GODDESS3 ,AN ,HI/ORICAL ,GRAMM> ( ,POETIC ,MY?1 HE CLAIM$ TO MAP \T ! RUDIM5TS ( H] CAL5D> RITES 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,EUROPE1 FOCUS+ ON ! P]IODIC RITUAL MURD] ( ! ,GODDESS' ROYAL CONSORTS1 AMONG O!R ?+S A SUREFIRE WAY ( GU>ANTEE+ W\LD-BE GREAT M5 DO NOT GET \T ( H&1 & 5D+ ! BOOK ) A CALL = AN EV5TUAL 9DU/RIAL COLLAPSE4 ,I SAY 0CLAIM$0 ADVIS$LY H]E4 ,! DELI<TFUL1 IF ALSO CONFUS+1 ?+ AB\T ,GRAVES' BOOKS IS ?AT HE'S OBVI\SLY HAV+ SO MU* FUN WRIT+ !M1 ?R[+ \T ONE \TRAGE\S !SIS AFT] ANO!R1 ?AT IT'S IMPOSSIBLE TO TELL H[ MU* ( IT IS MEANT TO BE TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,OR :E!R ?AT'S EV5 A MEAN+FUL QUE/ION4 ,9 ONE ESSAY1 WRITT5 9 ! '#eS1 ,GRAVES 9V5TS ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 0REASONABL5ESS0 & 0RATIONALITY0 LAT] MADE FAM\S BY ,/EPH5 ,T\LM9 9 ! '#hS1 BUT HE DOES IT 9 ! C\RSE ( AN ESSAY WRITT5 TO DEF5D ,SOCRATES' WIFE1 ,XAN?IPPE1 FROM H] REPUTATION AS AN ATROCI\S NAG4 7,HIS >GUM5T3 IMAG9E Y\ HAD BE5 M>RI$ TO ,SOCRATES47 

,DID ,GRAVES REALLY BELIEVE ?AT WOM5 >E ALWAYS SUP]IOR TO M58 ,DID HE REALLY EXPECT US TO BELIEVE HE HAD SOLV$ ONE MY?ICAL PROBLEM BY FALL+ 9TO AN 0ANALEPTIC TRANCE0 & OV]HE>+ A CONV]SATION AB\T FI% BETWE5 A ,GREEK HI/ORIAN & ,ROMAN (FICIAL 9 ,CYPRUS 9 #$ ,C,E8 ,IT'S WOR? WOND]+1 BECAUSE = ALL !IR CURR5T OBSCURITY1 9 !SE WRIT+S1 ,GRAVES ESS5TIALLY 9V5T$ TWO DIFF]5T 9TELLECTUAL TRADITIONS :I* W]E LAT] TO BECOME MAJOR !ORETICAL /RA9S 9 MOD]N AN>*ISM--IF ADMITT$LY1 G5]ALLY CONSID]$ TWO ( ! MO/ \TRE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! CULT ( ! ,GREAT ,GODDESS HAS BE5 REVIV$ & BECOME A DIRECT 9SPIRATION = ,PAGAN ,AN>*ISM1 HIPPYI% P]=M]S ( SPIRAL DANCES :O >E ALWAYS WELCOME AT MASS ACTIONS BECAUSE !Y DO SEEM TO HAVE RA!R A KNACK = 9FLU5C+ ! WEA!R2 ON ! O!R1 ,PRIMITIVI/S1 :OSE MO/ FAM\S 7& EXTREME7 AVAT> IS ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN1 :O HAS TAK5 ,GRAVES' REJECTION ( 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION & HOPES = G5]AL ECONOMIC COLLAPSE EV5 FUR!R1 >GU+ ?AT EV5 AGRICULTURE WAS A GREAT HI/ORICAL MI/AKE4 ,BO? ! ,PAGANS & ! ,PRIMITIVI/S1 CURI\SLY1 %>E EXACTLY ?AT 9EFFABLE QUALITY :I* MAKES ,GRAVES' WORK SO DI/9CTIVE3 IT'S REALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO KN[ ON :AT LEVEL ONE IS SUPPOS$ TO READ IT4 ,IT'S BO? RIDICUL\S SELF-P>ODY1 & T]RIBLY S]I\S1 AT ! SAME TIME4 

,!RE HAVE ALSO BE5 AN?ROPOLOGI/S--AMONG !M1 SOME ( ! F\ND+ FIGURES ( ! DISCIPL9E-- :O HAVE !MSELVES DABBL$ ) AN>*I/1 OR AN>*I/IC1 POLITICS4 

,! MO/ NOTORI\S CASE WAS ?AT ( A TURN ( ! C5TURY /UD5T NAM$ ,AL ,BR[N1 KN[N TO HIS COLLEGE FRI5DS AS 0,AN>*Y ,BR[N40 ,BR[N WAS AN ADMIR] ( ! FAM\S AN>*I/ ,PR9CE 7HE ( C\RSE R5\NC$ HIS TITLE71 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 >CTIC EXPLOR] & NATURALI/1 :O HAD ?R[N SOCIAL ,D>W9ISM 9TO A TUMULT FROM :I* IT /ILL HAS NEV] QUITE RECOV]$ BY DOCUM5T+ H[ ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL SPECIES T5D TO BE ?OSE :I* COOP]ATE ! MO/ EFFECTIVELY4 7,SOCIOBIOLOGY = 9/ANCE WAS BASICALLY AN ATTEMPT TO COME UP ) AN ANSW] TO ,KROPOTK947 ,LAT]1 ,BR[N WAS TO BEG9 AFFECT+ A CLOAK & A MONOCLE1 ADOPT+ A FANCY MOCK->I/OCRATIC HYPH5AT$ NAME 7,A4 ,R4 ,RADCLIFFE-,BR[N71 & ULTIMATELY1 9 ! #a#i#bS & '#cS1 BECOM+ ! MA/] !ORI/ ( ,BRITI% SOCIAL AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,! OLD] ,BR[N DIDN'T LIKE TO TALK TOO MU* AB\T HIS Y\?FUL POLITICS1 BUT IT'S PROBABLY NO CO9CID5CE ?AT HIS MA9 !ORETICAL 9T]E/ REMA9$ ! MA9T5ANCE ( SOCIAL ORD] \TSIDE ! /ATE4 

,P]HAPS ! MO/ 9TRIGU+ CASE ?\< IS ?AT ( ,M>CEL ,MAUSS1 ,RADCLIFFE-,BR[N'S CONTEMPOR>Y1 & ! 9V5TOR ( ,FR5* AN?ROPOLOGY4 ,MAUSS WAS A *ILD ( ,OR?ODOX ,JEWI% P>5TS :O HAD ! MIX$ BLESS+ ( ALSO BE+ ! NEPHEW ( ,EMILE ,DURKHEIM1 ! F\ND] ( ,FR5* SOCIOLOGY4 ,MAUSS WAS ALSO A REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/4 ,= MU* ( HIS LIFE1 HE MANAG$ A CONSUM] COOP 9 ,P>IS1 & WAS CON/ANTLY WRIT+ SCRE$S = SOCIALI/ NEWSPAP]S1 C>RY+ \T PROJECTS ( RESE>* ON COOPS 9 O!R C\NTRIES1 & TRY+ TO CREATE L9KS BETWE5 COOPS 9 ORD] TO BUILD AN ALT]NATIVE1 ANTI-CAPITALI/1 ECONOMY4 ,HIS MO/ FAM\S WORK WAS WRITT5 9 RESPONSE TO ! CRISIS ( SOCIALISM HE SAW 9 ,L59'S RE9TRODUCTION ( ! M>KET 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ! '#bS3 ,IF IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO SIMPLY LEGISLATE ! MONEY ECONOMY AWAY1 EV5 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! LEA/ MONET>IZ$ SOCIETY 9 ,EUROPE1 !N P]HAPS REVOLUTION>IES NE$$ TO />T LOOK+ AT ! E?NOGRAPHIC RECORD TO SEE :AT SORT ( CREATURE ! M>KET REALLY WAS1 & :AT VIABLE ALT]NATIVES TO CAPITALISM MI<T LOOK LIKE4 ,H5CE HIS 0,ESSAY ON ! ,GIFT10 WRITT5 9 #a#i#b#e1 :I* >GU$ 7AMONG O!R ?+S7 ?AT ! ORIG9 ( ALL CONTRACTS LIES 9 COMMUNISM1 AN UNCONDITIONAL COMMITM5T TO ANO!R'S NE$S1 & ?AT DESPITE 5DLESS ECONOMIC TEXTBOOKS TO ! CONTR>Y1 !RE HAS NEV] BE5 AN ECONOMY BAS$ ON B>T]3 ?AT ACTUALLY-EXI/+ SOCIETIES :I* DO NOT EMPLOY MONEY HAVE 9/EAD BE5 GIFT ECONOMIES 9 :I* ! DI/9CTIONS WE N[ MAKE BETWE5 9T]E/ & ALTRUISM1 P]SON & PROP]TY1 FRE$OM & OBLIGATION1 SIMPLY DID NOT EXI/4 

,MAUSS BELIEV$ SOCIALISM C\LD NEV] BE BUILT BY /ATE FIAT BUT ONLY GRADUALLY1 FROM BEL[1 ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO BEG9 BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY BAS$ ON MUTUAL AID & SELF-ORGANIZATION 09 ! %ELL ( ! OLD02 HE FELT ?AT EXI/+ POPUL> PRACTICES PROVID$ ! BASIS BO? = A MORAL CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM & POSSIBLE GLIMPSES ( :AT ?AT FUTURE SOCIETY W\LD BE LIKE4 ,ALL ( !SE >E CLASSIC AN>*I/ POSITIONS4 ,/ILL1 HE DID NOT CONSID] HIMSELF AN AN>*I/4 ,9 FACT1 HE NEV] HAD ANY?+ GOOD TO SAY AB\T !M4 ,?IS WAS1 IT APPE>S1 BECAUSE HE ID5TIFI$ AN>*ISM MA9LY ) ! FIGURE ( ,GEORGES ,SOREL1 AN APP>5TLY QUITE P]SONALLY DI/A/EFUL ,FR5* AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ & ANTI-,SEMITE1 N[ MA9LY FAM\S = HIS ESSAY ,REFLECTIONS SUR LE ,VIOL5CE4 ,SOREL >GU$ ?AT S9CE ! MASSES W]E NOT FUNDAM5TALLY GOOD OR RATIONAL1 IT WAS FOOLI% TO MAKE ONE'S PRIM>Y APPEAL TO !M ?R\< REASON$ >GUM5TS4 ,POLITICS IS ! >T ( 9SPIR+ O!RS ) GREAT MY?S4 ,= REVOLUTION>IES1 HE PROPOS$ ! MY? ( AN APOCALYPTIC ,G5]AL ,/RIKE1 A MOM5T ( TOTAL TRANS=MATION4 ,TO MA9TA9 IT1 HE ADD$1 ONE W\LD NE$ A REVOLUTION>Y ELITE CAPABLE ( KEEP+ ! MY? ALIVE BY !IR WILL+NESS TO 5GAGE 9 SYMBOLIC ACTS ( VIOL5CE--AN ELITE :I*1 LIKE ! ,M>XI/ VANGU>D P>TY 7(T5 SOME:AT LESS SYMBOLIC 9 ITS VIOL5CE71 ,MAUSS DESCRIB$ AS A K9D ( P]PETUAL CONSPIRACY1 A MOD]N V]SION ( ! SECRET POLITICAL M5'S SOCIETIES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ,MAUSS SAW ,SOREL1 & H5CE AN>*ISM1 AS 9TRODUC+ AN ELEM5T ( ! IRRATIONAL1 ( VIOL5CE1 & ( VANGU>DISM4 ,IT MI<T SEEM A BIT ODD ?AT AMONG ,FR5* REVOLUTION>IES ( ! TIME1 IT %\LD HAVE BE5 ! TRADE UNIONI/ EMPHASIZ+ ! P[] ( MY?1 & ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ OBJECT+1 BUT 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! '#bS & '#cS1 ) FASCI/ /IRR+S EV]Y:]E1 IT'S UND]/&ABLE :Y A ,EUROPEAN RADICAL---ESPECIALLY A ,JEWI% ONE---MI<T SEE ALL ?IS AS JU/ A LITTLE CREEPY4 ,CREEPY 5\< TO ?R[ COLD WAT] EV5 ON ! O!RWISE RA!R APPEAL+ IMAGE ( ! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE--:I* IS AFT] ALL AB\T ! LEA/ VIOL5T POSSIBLE WAY TO IMAG9E AN APOCALYPTIC REVOLUTION4 ,BY ! '#dS1 ,MAUSS CONCLUD$ HIS SUSPICIONS HAD PROV$ ALTOGE!R JU/IFI$4 

,TO ! DOCTR9E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y VANGU>D1 HE WROTE1 ,SOREL ADD$ A NOTION ORIG9ALLY CULL$ FROM ,MAUSS' [N UNCLE ,DURKHEIM3 A DOCTR9E ( CORPORATISM1 ( V]TICAL /RUCTURES GLU$ TOGE!R BY TE*NIQUES ( SOCIAL SOLID>ITY4 ,?IS HE SAID WAS A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ,L591 BY ,L59'S [N ADMISSION4 ,FROM !RE IT WAS ADOPT$ BY ! ,RI<T4 ,BY ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ,SOREL HIMSELF HAD BECOME 9CREAS+LY SYMPA!TIC ) FASCISM2 9 ?IS HE FOLL[$ ! SAME TRAJECTORY AS ,MUSSOL9I 7ANO!R Y\?FUL DABBL] ) AN>*O-SYNDICALISM7 & :O1 ,MAUSS BELIEV$1 TOOK !SE SAME ,DURKHEIMIAN_/,SORELIAN_/,L59I/ IDEAS TO !IR ULTIMATE CONCLUSIONS4 ,BY ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ,MAUSS BECAME CONV9C$ EV5 ,HITL]'S GREAT RITUAL PAGEANTS1 TOR*-LIT P>ADES ) !IR *ANTS ( 0,SEIG ,HEIL610 W]E REALLY 9SPIR$ BY ACC\NTS HE & HIS UNCLE HAD WRITT5 AB\T TOTEMIC RITUALS ( ,AU/RALIAN ABORIG9ES4 0,:5 WE W]E DESCRIB+ H[ RITUAL CAN CREATE SOCIAL SOLID>ITY1 ( SUBM]G+ ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! MASS10 HE COMPLA9$1 0IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO US ?AT ANYONE W\LD APPLY SU* TE*NIQUES 9 ! MOD]N DAY60 7,9 FACT1 ,MAUSS WAS MI/AK54 ,MOD]N RESE>* HAS %[N ,NUREMB]G RALLIES W]E ACTUALLY 9SPIR$ BY ,H>V>D PEP RALLIES4 ,BUT ?IS IS ANO!R /ORY47 ,! \TBREAK ( W> DE/ROY$ ,MAUSS1 :O HAD NEV] COMPLETELY RECOV]$ FROM LOS+ MO/ ( HIS CLOSE/ FRI5DS 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,:5 ! ,NAZIS TOOK ,P>IS HE REFUS$ TO FLEE1 BUT SAT 9 HIS (FICE EV]Y DAY ) A PI/OL 9 HIS DESK1 WAIT+ = ! ,GE/APO TO >RIVE4 ,!Y NEV] DID1 BUT ! T]ROR1 & WEI<T ( HIS FEEL+S ( HI/ORICAL COMPLICITY1 F9ALLY %ATT]$ HIS SANITY4 

,! AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT ALMO/ ALREADY DOES EXI/ 

,9 ! 5D1 ?\<1 ,M>CEL ,MAUSS HAS PROBABLY HAD MORE 9FLU5CE ON AN>*I/S ?AN ALL ! O!R ONES COMB9$4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE HE WAS 9T]E/$ 9 ALT]NATIVE MORALITIES1 :I* OP5$ ! WAY TO ?9K+ ?AT SOCIETIES )\T /ATES & M>KETS W]E ! WAY !Y W]E BECAUSE !Y ACTIVELY WI%$ TO LIVE ?AT WAY4 ,:I* 9 \R T]MS MEANS1 BECAUSE !Y W]E AN>*I/S4 ,9S(> AS FRAGM5TS ( AN AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGY DO1 ALREADY1 EXI/1 !Y L>GELY D]IVE FROM HIM4 

,BE=E ,MAUSS1 ! UNIV]SAL ASSUMPTION HAD BE5 ?AT ECONOMIES )\T MONEY OR M>KETS HAD OP]AT$ BY MEANS ( 0B>T]02 !Y W]E TRY+ TO 5GAGE 9 M>KET BEHAVIOR 7ACQUIRE USEFUL GOODS & S]VICES AT ! LEA/ CO/ TO !MSELVES1 GET RI* IF POSSIBLE44471 !Y JU/ HADN'T YET DEVELOP$ V]Y SOPHI/ICAT$ WAYS ( GO+ AB\T IT4 ,MAUSS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT 9 FACT1 SU* ECONOMIES W]E REALLY 0GIFT ECONOMIES40 ,!Y W]E NOT BAS$ ON CALCULATION1 BUT ON A REFUSAL TO CALCULATE2 !Y W]E ROOT$ 9 AN E?ICAL SY/EM :I* CONSCI\SLY REJECT$ MO/ ( :AT WE W\LD CONSID] ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ( ECONOMICS4 ,IT WAS NOT ?AT !Y HAD NOT YET LE>N$ TO SEEK PR(IT ?R\< ! MO/ EFFICI5T MEANS4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE F\ND ! V]Y PREMISE ?AT ! PO9T ( AN ECONOMIC TRANSACTION--AT LEA/1 ONE ) SOMEONE :O WAS NOT Y\R 5EMY--WAS TO SEEK ! GREATE/ PR(IT DEEPLY (F5SIVE4 

,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! ONE 7( ! FEW7 OV]TLY AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S ( REC5T MEMORY1 ANO!R ,FR5*MAN1 ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES1 BECAME FAM\S = MAK+ A SIMIL> >GUM5T ON ! POLITICAL LEVEL4 ,HE 9SI/$ POLITICAL AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAD /ILL NOT COMPLETELY GOTT5 OV] ! OLD EVOLUTIONI/ P]SPECTIVES ?AT SAW ! /ATE PRIM>ILY AS A MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AN :AT HAD COME BE=E2 /ATELESS PEOPLES1 SU* AS ! ,AMAZONIAN SOCIETIES ,CLA/RES /UDI$1 W]E TACITLY ASSUM$ NOT TO HAVE ATTA9$ ! LEVEL ( SAY1 ! ,AZTECS OR ! ,9CA4 ,BUT :AT IF1 HE PROPOS$1 ,AMAZONIANS W]E NOT 5TIRELY UNAW>E ( :AT ! ELEM5T>Y =MS ( /ATE P[] MI<T BE LIKE--:AT IT W\LD MEAN TO ALL[ SOME M5 TO GIVE EV]YONE ELSE ORD]S :I* C\LD NOT BE QUE/ION$1 S9CE !Y W]E BACK$ UP BY ! ?REAT ( =CE--& W]E = ?AT V]Y REASON DET]M9$ TO 5SURE SU* ?+S NEV] CAME AB\T8 ,:AT IF !Y CONSID]$ ! FUNDAM5TAL PREMISES ( \R POLITICAL SCI5CE MORALLY OBJECTIONABLE8 

,! P>ALLELS BETWE5 ! TWO >GUM5TS >E ACTUALLY QUITE /RIK+4 ,9 GIFT ECONOMIES !RE >E1 (T51 V5UES = 5T]PRIS+ 9DIVIDUALS3 ,BUT EV]Y?+ IS >RANG$ 9 SU* A WAY !Y C\LD NEV] BE US$ AS A PLAT=M = CREAT+ P]MAN5T 9EQUALITIES ( WEAL?1 S9CE SELF-AGGR&IZ+ TYPES ALL 5D UP COMPET+ TO SEE :O CAN GIVE ! MO/ AWAY4 ,9 ,AMAZONIAN 7OR ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN7 SOCIETIES1 ! 9/ITUTION ( ! *IEF PLAY$ ! SAME ROLE ON A POLITICAL LEVEL3 ! POSITION WAS SO DEM&+1 & SO LITTLE REW>D+1 SO H$G$ AB\T BY SAFEGU>DS1 ?AT !RE WAS NO WAY = P[]-HUNGRY 9DIVIDUALS TO DO MU* ) IT4 ,AMAZONIANS MI<T NOT HAVE LIT]ALLY :ACK$ (F ! RUL]'S HEAD EV]Y FEW YE>S1 BUT IT'S NOT AN 5TIRELY 9APPROPRIATE METAPHOR4 

,BY !SE LI<TS !SE W]E ALL1 9 A V]Y REAL S5SE1 AN>*I/ SOCIETIES4 ,!Y W]E F\ND$ ON AN EXPLICIT REJECTION ( ! LOGIC ( ! /ATE & ( ! M>KET4 

,!Y >E1 H[EV]1 EXTREMELY IMP]FECT ONES4 ,! MO/ COMMON CRITICISM ( ,CLA/RES IS TO ASK H[ HIS ,AMAZONIANS C\LD REALLY BE ORGANIZ+ !IR SOCIETIES AGA9/ ! EM]G5CE ( SOME?+ !Y HAVE NEV] ACTUALLY EXP]I5C$4 ,A NAIVE QUE/ION1 BUT IT PO9TS TO SOME?+ EQUALLY NAIVE 9 ,CLA/RES' [N APPROA*4 ,CLA/RES MANAGES TO TALK BLI!LY AB\T ! UNCOMPROMIS$ EGALIT>IANISM ( ! V]Y SAME ,AMAZONIAN SOCIETIES1 = 9/ANCE1 FAM\S = !IR USE ( GANG RAPE AS A WEAPON TO T]RORIZE WOM5 :O TRANSGRESS PROP] G5D] ROLES4 ,IT'S A BL9D SPOT SO GL>+ ONE HAS TO WOND] H[ HE C\LD POSSIBLY MISS \T ON IT2 ESPECIALLY CONSID]+ IT PROVIDES AN ANSW] TO JU/ ?AT QUE/ION4 ,P]HAPS ,AMAZONIAN M5 UND]/& :AT >BITR>Y1 UNQUE/IONABLE P[]1 BACK$ BY =CE1 W\LD BE LIKE BECAUSE !Y !MSELVES WIELD ?AT SORT ( P[] OV] !IR WIVES & DAU<T]S4 ,P]HAPS = ?AT V]Y REASON !Y W\LD NOT LIKE TO SEE /RUCTURES CAPABLE ( 9FLICT+ IT ON !M4 

,IT'S WOR? PO9T+ \T BECAUSE ,CLA/RES IS1 9 MANY WAYS1 A NAIVE ROMANTIC4 ,FOM ANO!R P]SPECTIVE1 ?\<1 !RE'S NO MY/]Y H]E AT ALL4 ,AFT] ALL1 WE >E TALK+ AB\T ! FACT ?AT MO/ ,AMAZONIANS DON'T WANT TO GIVE O!RS ! P[] TO ?REAT5 !M ) PHYSICAL 9JURY IF !Y DON'T DO AS !Y >E TOLD4 ,MAYBE WE %\LD BETT] BE ASK+ :AT IT SAYS AB\T \RSELVES ?AT WE FEEL ?IS ATTITUDE NE$S ANY SORT ( EXPLANATION4 

T[>D A !ORY ( IMAG9>Y C\NT]P[] 

,?IS IS :AT ,I MEAN BY AN ALT]NATIVE E?ICS1 !N4 ,AN>*I/IC SOCIETIES >E NO MORE UNAW>E ( HUMAN CAPACITIES = GRE$ OR VA+LORY ?AN MOD]N ,AM]ICANS >E UNAW>E ( HUMAN CAPACITIES = 5VY1 GLUTTONY1 OR SLO?2 !Y W\LD JU/ F9D !M EQUALLY UNAPPEAL+ AS ! BASIS = !IR CIVILIZATION4 ,9 FACT1 !Y SEE !SE PH5OM5A AS MORAL DANG]S SO DIRE !Y 5D UP ORGANIZ+ MU* ( !IR SOCIAL LIFE >\ND CONTA9+ !M4 

,IF ?IS W]E A PURELY !ORETICAL ESSAY ,I W\LD EXPLA9 ?AT ALL ?IS SUGGE/S AN 9T]E/+ WAY ( SYN!SIZ+ !ORIES ( VALUE & !ORIES ( RESI/ANCE4 ,= PRES5T PURPOSES1 SUFFICE IT TO SAY ?AT ,I ?9K ,MAUSS & ,CLA/RES HAVE SUCCE$$1 SOME:AT DESPITE !MSELVES1 9 LAY+ ! GR\NDWORK = A !ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y C\NT]P[]4 

,I'M AFRAID ?IS IS A SOME:AT COMPLICAT$ >GUM5T4 ,LET ME TAKE IT ONE /EP AT A TIME4 

,9 TYPICAL REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE A 0C\NT]P[]0 IS A COLLECTION ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS SET 9 OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE & CAPITAL3 FROM SELFGOV]N+ COMMUNITIES TO RADICAL LABOR UNIONS TO POPUL> MILITIAS4 ,SOMETIMES IT IS ALSO REF]R$ TO AS AN 0ANTI-P[]40 ,:5 SU* 9/ITUTIONS MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 ! FACE ( ! /ATE1 ?IS IS USUALLY REF]R$ TO AS A 0DUAL P[]0 SITUATION4 ,BY ?IS DEF9ITION MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY IS ACTUALLY *>ACT]IZ$ BY DUAL P[] SITUATIONS1 S9CE FEW HI/ORICAL /ATES HAD ! MEANS TO ROOT SU* 9/ITUTIONS \T1 EV5 ASSUM+ ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE WANT$ TO4 ,BUT ,MAUSS & ,CLA/RES' >GUM5T SUGGE/S SOME?+ EV5 MORE RADICAL4 ,IT SUGGE/S ?AT C\NT]P[]1 AT LEA/ 9 ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y S5SE1 ACTUALLY EXI/S :]E ! /ATES & M>KETS >E NOT EV5 PRES5T2 ?AT 9 SU* CASES1 RA!R ?AN BE+ EMBODI$ 9 POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS :I* POSE !MSELVES AGA9/ ! P[] ( LORDS1 OR K+S1 OR PLUTOCRATS1 !Y >E EMBODI$ 9 9/ITUTIONS :I* 5SURE SU* TYPES ( P]SON NEV] COME AB\T4 ,:AT IT IS 0C\NT]0 TO1 !N1 IS A POT5TIAL1 A LAT5T ASPECT1 OR DIALECTICAL POSSIBILITY IF Y\ PREF]1 )9 ! SOCIETY ITSELF4 

,?IS AT LEA/ W\LD HELP EXPLA9 AN O!RWISE PECULI> FACT2 ! WAY 9 :I* IT IS (T5 P>TICUL>LY ! EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES :I* >E TORN BY T]RIBLE 9N] T5SIONS1 OR AT LEA/1 EXTREME =MS ( SYMBOLIC VIOL5CE4 

,( C\RSE1 ALL SOCIETIES >E TO SOME DEGREE AT W> ) !MSELVES4 ,!RE >E ALWAYS CLA%ES BETWE5 9T]E/S1 FACTIONS1 CLASSES & ! LIKE2 ALSO1 SOCIAL SY/EMS >E ALWAYS BAS$ ON ! PURSUIT ( DIFF]5T =MS ( VALUE :I* PULL PEOPLE 9 DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS4 ,9 EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES1 :I* T5D TO PLACE AN 5ORM\S EMPHASIS ON CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ COMMUNAL CONS5SUS1 ?IS (T5 APPE>S TO SP>K A K9D ( EQUALLY ELABORATE REACTION =MATION1 A SPECTRAL NI<TWORLD 9HABIT$ BY MON/]S1 WIT*ES OR O!R CREATURES ( HORROR4 ,& IT'S ! MO/ PEACEFUL SOCIETIES :I* >E ALSO ! MO/ HAUNT$1 9 !IR IMAG9ATIVE CON/RUCTIONS ( ! COSMOS1 BY CON/ANT SPECT]S ( P]5NIAL W>4 ,! 9VISIBLE WORLDS SURR\ND+ !M >E LIT]ALLY BATTLEGR\NDS4 ,IT'S AS IF ! 5DLESS LABOR ( A*IEV+ CONS5SUS MASKS A CON/ANT 9N] VIOL5CE-- OR1 IT MI<T P]HAPS BE BETT] TO SAY1 IS 9 FACT ! PROCESS BY :I* ?AT 9N] VIOL5CE IS MEASUR$ & CONTA9$--& IT IS PRECISELY ?IS1 & ! RESULT+ TANGLE ( MORAL CONTRADICTION1 :I* IS ! PRIME FONT ( SOCIAL CREATIVITY4 ,IT'S NOT !SE CONFLICT+ PR9CIPLES & CONTRADICTORY IMPULSES !MSELVES :I* >E ! ULTIMATE POLITICAL REALITY1 !N2 IT'S ! REGULATORY PROCESS :I* M$IATES !M4 

,SOME EXAMPLES MI<T HELP H]E3 

,CASE #a3 ,! ,PI>OA1 A HI<LY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY LIV+ ALONG TRIBUT>IES ( ! ,OR9OCO :I* E?NOGRAPH] ,JOANNA ,OV]+ H]SELF DESCRIBES AS AN>*I/S4 ,!Y PLACE 5ORM\S VALUE ON 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & AUTONOMY1 & >E QUITE SELFCONSCI\S AB\T ! IMPORTANCE ( 5SUR+ ?AT NO ONE IS EV] AT ANO!R P]SON'S ORD]S1 OR ! NE$ TO 5SURE NO ONE GA9S SU* CONTROL OV] ECONOMIC RES\RCES ?AT !Y CAN USE IT TO CON/RA9 O!RS' FRE$OM4 ,YET !Y ALSO 9SI/ ?AT ,PI>OA CULTURE ITSELF WAS ! CREATION ( AN EVIL GOD1 A TWO-HEAD$ CANNIBALI/IC BUFFOON4 ,! ,PI>OA HAVE DEVELOP$ A MORAL PHILOSOPHY :I* DEF9ES ! HUMAN CONDITION AS CAU<T BETWE5 A 0WORLD ( ! S5SES10 ( WILD1 PRE-SOCIAL DESIRES1 & A 0WORLD ( ?\<T40 ,GR[+ UP 9VOLVES LE>N+ TO CONTROL & *ANNEL 9 ! =M] ?R\< ?\<TFUL CONSID]ATION = O!RS1 & ! CULTIVATION ( A S5SE ( HUMOR2 BUT ?IS IS MADE 9F9ITELY MORE DIFFICULT BY ! FACT ?AT ALL =MS ( TE*NICAL KN[L$GE1 H[EV] NECESS>Y = LIFE >E1 DUE TO !IR ORIG9S1 LAC$ ) ELEM5TS ( DE/RUCTIVE MADNESS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 :ILE ! ,PI>OA >E FAM\S = !IR PEACEABL5ESS--MURD] IS UNHE>D (1 ! ASSUMPTION BE+ ?AT ANYONE :O KILL$ ANO!R HUMAN BE+ W\LD BE 9/ANTLY CONSUM$ BY POLLUTION & DIE HORRIBLY--!Y 9HABIT A COSMOS ( 5DLESS 9VISIBLE W>1 9 :I* WIZ>DS >E 5GAG$ 9 F5D+ (F ! ATTACKS ( 9SANE1 PR$ATORY GODS & ALL DEA?S >E CAUS$ BY SPIRITUAL MURD] & HAVE TO BE AV5G$ BY ! MAGICAL MASSACRE ( :OLE 7DI/ANT1 UNKN[N7 COMMUNITIES4 

,CASE #b3 ,! ,TIV1 ANO!R NOTORI\SLY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY1 MAKE !IR HOMES ALONG ! ,B5UE ,RIV] 9 C5TRAL ,NIG]IA4 ,COMP>$ TO ! ,PI>OA1 !IR DOME/IC LIFE IS QUITE HI]>*ICAL3 MALE ELD]S T5D TO HAVE MANY WIVES1 & EX*ANGE ) ONE ANO!R ! RI<TS TO Y\NG] WOM5'S F]TILITY2 Y\NG] M5 >E ?US R$UC$ TO SP5D+ MO/ ( !IR LIVES *ILL+ !IR HEELS AS UNM>RI$ DEP5D5TS 9 !IR FA!RS' COMP\NDS4 ,9 REC5T C5TURIES ! ,TIV W]E NEV] 5TIRELY 9SULAT$ FROM ! RAIDS ( SLAVE TRAD]S2 ,TIVL& WAS ALSO DOTT$ ) LOCAL M>KETS2 M9OR W>S BETWE5 CLANS W]E OCCASIONALLY F\<T1 ?\< MORE (T5 L>GE DISPUTES W]E M$IAT$ 9 L>GE COMMUNAL 0MOOTS40 ,/ILL1 !RE W]E NO POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS L>G] ?AN ! COMP\ND2 9 FACT1 ANY?+ ?AT EV5 BEGAN TO LOOK LIKE A POLITICAL 9/ITUTION WAS CONSID]$ 9TR9SICALLY SUSPECT1 OR MORE PRECISELY1 SE5 AS SURR\ND$ BY AN AURA ( OCCULT HORROR4 ,?IS WAS1 AS E?NOGRAPH] ,PAUL ,BOHANNAN SUCC9CTLY PUT IT1 BECAUSE ( :AT WAS SE5 TO BE ! NATURE ( P[]3 0M5 ATTA9 P[] BY CONSUM+ ! SUB/ANCE ( O!RS40 ,M>KETS W]E PROTECT$1 & M>KET RULES 5=C$ BY *>MS :I* EMBODI$ DISEASES & W]E SAID TO BE P[]$ BY HUMAN BODY P>TS & BLOOD4 ,5T]PRIS+ M5 :O MANAG$ TO PAT* TOGE!R SOME SORT ( FAME1 WEAL?1 OR CLI5TELE W]E BY DEF9ITION WIT*ES4 ,!IR HE>TS W]E COAT$ BY A SUB/ANCE CALL$ TSAV1 :I* C\LD ONLY BE AUGM5T$ BY ! EAT+ ( HUMAN FLE%4 ,MO/ TRI$ TO AVOID DO+ SO1 BUT A SECRET SOCIETY ( WIT*ES WAS SAID TO EXI/ :I* W\LD SLIP BITS ( HUMAN FLE% 9 !IR VICTIMS' FOOD1 ?US 9CURR+ A 0FLE% DEBT0 & UNNATURAL CRAV+S ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY DRIVE ?OSE AFFECT$ TO CONSUME !IR 5TIRE FAMILIES4 ,?IS IMAG9>Y SOCIETY ( WIT*ES WAS SE5 AS ! 9VISIBLE GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,P[] WAS ?US 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ EVIL1 & EV]Y G5]ATION1 A WIT*-F9D+ MOVEM5T W\LD >ISE TO EXPOSE ! CULPRITS1 ?US1 EFFECTIVELY1 DE/ROY+ ANY EM]G+ /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY4 

,CASE #c3 ,HI<L& ,MADAGASC>1 :]E ,I LIV$ BETWE5 #aihi & #a#i#i#a1 WAS A RA!R DIFF]5T PLACE4 ,! >EA HAD BE5 ! C5T] ( A ,MALAGASY /ATE-- ! ,M]9A K+DOM--S9CE ! E>LY N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & AFT]W>DS 5DUR$ MANY YE>S ( H>% COLONIAL RULE4 ,!RE WAS A M>KET ECONOMY &1 9 !ORY1 A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T--DUR+ ! TIME ,I WAS !RE1 L>GELY DOM9AT$ BY :AT WAS CALL$ ! 0,M]9A B\RGEOISIE40 ,9 FACT ?IS GOV]NM5T HAD EFFECTIVELY )DRAWN FROM MO/ ( ! C\NTRYSIDE & RURAL COMMUNITIES W]E EFFECTIVELY GOV]N+ !MSELVES4 ,9 MANY WAYS !SE C\LD ALSO BE CONSID]$ AN>*I/IC3 MO/ LOCAL DECISIONS W]E MADE BY CONS5SUS BY 9=MAL BODIES1 LEAD]%IP WAS LOOK$ ON AT BE/ ) SUSPICION1 IT WAS CONSID]$ WRONG = ADULTS TO BE GIV+ ONE ANO!R ORD]S1 ESPECIALLY ON AN ONGO+ BASIS2 ?IS WAS CONSID]$ TO MAKE EV5 9/ITUTIONS LIKE WAGE LABOR 9H]5TLY MORALLY SUSPECT4 ,OR TO BE MORE PRECISE1 UNMALAGASY--?IS WAS H[ ! ,FR5* BEHAV$1 OR WICK$ K+S & SLAVEHOLD]S LONG AGO4 ,SOCIETY WAS OV]ALL REM>KABLY PEACEABLE4 ,YET ONCE AGA9 IT WAS SURR\ND$ BY 9VISIBLE W>F>E2 JU/ AB\T EV]YONE HAD ACCESS TO DANG]\S M$IC9E OR SPIRITS OR WAS WILL+ TO LET ON !Y MI<T2 ! NI<T WAS HAUNT$ BY WIT*ES :O DANC$ NAK$ ON TOMBS & RODE M5 LIKE HORSES2 JU/ AB\T ALL SICKNESS WAS DUE TO 5VY1 HATR$1 & MAGICAL ATTACK4 ,:AT'S MORE1 WIT*CRAFT BORE A /RANGE1 AMBIVAL5T RELATION TO NATIONAL ID5TITY4 ,:ILE PEOPLE MADE RHETORICAL REF]5CE TO ,MALAGASY AS EQUAL & UNIT$ 0LIKE HAIRS ON A HEAD10 IDEALS ( ECONOMIC EQUALITY W]E R>ELY1 IF EV]1 9VOK$2 H[EV]1 IT WAS ASSUM$ ?AT ANYONE :O BECAME TOO RI* OR P[]FUL W\LD BE DE/ROY$ BY WIT*CRAFT1 & :ILE WIT*CRAFT WAS ! DEF9ITION ( EVIL1 IT WAS ALSO SE5 AS PECULI>LY ,MALAGASY 7*>MS W]E JU/ *>MS BUT EVIL *>MS W]E CALL$ 0,MALAGASY *>MS074 ,9S(> AS RITUALS ( MORAL SOLID>ITY DID OCCUR1 & ! IDEAL ( EQUALITY WAS 9VOK$1 IT WAS L>GELY 9 ! C\RSE ( RITUALS HELD TO SUPPRESS1 EXPEL1 OR DE/ROY ?OSE WIT*ES :O1 P]V]SELY1 W]E ! TWI/$ EMBODIM5T & PRACTICAL 5=CEM5T ( ! EGALIT>IAN E?OS ( ! SOCIETY ITSELF4 

,NOTE H[ 9 EA* CASE !RE'S A /RIK+ CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! COSMOLOGICAL CONT5T1 :I* IS NO?+ IF NOT TUMULTU\S1 & SOCIAL PROCESS1 :I* IS ALL AB\T M$IATION1 >RIV+ AT CONS5SUS4 ,NONE ( !SE SOCIETIES >E 5TIRELY EGALIT>IAN3 !RE >E ALWAYS C]TA9 KEY =MS ( DOM9ANCE1 AT LEA/ ( M5 OV] WOM51 ELD]S OV] JUNIORS4 ,! NATURE & 9T5SITY ( !SE =MS V>Y 5ORM\SLY3 9 ,PI>OA COMMUNITIES ! HI]>*IES W]E SO MODE/ ?AT ,OV]+ D\BTS ONE CAN REALLY SPEAK ( 0MALE DOM9ANCE0 AT ALL 7DESPITE ! FACT ?AT COMMUNAL LEAD]S >E 9V>IABLY MALE72 ! ,TIV APPE> TO BE QUITE ANO!R /ORY4 ,/ILL1 /RUCTURAL 9EQUALITIES 9V>IABLY EXI/1 & AS A RESULT ,I ?9K IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT !SE AN>*IES >E NOT ONLY IMP]FECT1 !Y CONTA9 ) !M ! SE$S ( !IR [N DE/RUCTION4 ,IT IS H>DLY A CO9CID5CE ?AT :5 L>G]1 MORE SY/EMATICALLY VIOL5T =MS ( DOM9ATION DO EM]GE1 !Y DRAW ON PRECISELY !SE IDIOMS ( AGE & G5D] TO JU/IFY !MSELVES4 

,/ILL1 ,I ?9K IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO SEE ! 9VISIBLE VIOL5CE & T]ROR AS SIMPLY A WORK+ \T ( ! 09T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS0 CREAT$ BY ?OSE =MS ( 9EQUALITY4 ,ONE C\LD1 P]HAPS1 MAKE ! CASE ?AT MO/ REAL1 TANGIBLE VIOL5CE IS4 ,AT LEA/1 IT IS A SOME:AT NOTORI\S ?+ ?AT1 9 SOCIETIES :]E ! ONLY NOTABLE 9EQUALITIES >E BAS$ 9 G5D]1 ! ONLY MURD]S ONE IS LIKELY TO OBS]VE >E M5 KILL+ EA* O!R OV] WOM54 ,SIMIL>LY1 IT DOES SEEM TO BE ! CASE1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ?AT ! MORE PRON\NC$ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 MALE & FEMALE ROLES 9 A SOCIETY1 ! MORE PHYSICALLY VIOL5T IT T5DS TO BE4 ,BUT ?IS H>DLY MEANS ?AT IF ALL 9EQUALITIES VANI%$1 !N EV]Y?+1 EV5 ! IMAG9ATION1 W\LD BECOME PLACID & UNTR\BL$4 ,TO SOME DEGREE1 ,I SUSPECT ALL ?IS TURBUL5CE /EMS FROM ! V]Y NATURE ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,!RE W\LD APPE> TO BE NO SOCIETY :I* DOES NOT SEE HUMAN LIFE AS FUNDAM5TALLY A PROBLEM4 ,H[EV] MU* !Y MI<T DIFF] ON :AT !Y DEEM ! PROBLEM TO BE1 AT ! V]Y LEA/1 ! EXI/5CE ( WORK1 SEX1 & REPRODUCTION >E SE5 AS FRAU<T ) ALL SORTS ( QU&>IES2 HUMAN DESIRES >E ALWAYS FICKLE2 & !N !RE'S ! FACT ?AT WE'RE ALL GO+ TO DIE4 ,SO !RE'S A LOT TO BE TR\BL$ BY4 ,NONE ( !SE DILEMMAS >E GO+ TO VANI% IF WE ELIM9ATE /RUCTURAL 9EQUALITIES 7MU* ?\< ,I ?9K ?IS W\LD RADICALLY IMPROVE ?+S 9 JU/ AB\T EV]Y O!R WAY74 ,9DE$1 ! FANTASY ?AT IT MI<T1 ?AT ! HUMAN CONDITION1 DESIRE1 MORTALITY1 CAN ALL BE SOMEH[ RESOLV$ SEEMS TO BE AN ESPECIALLY DANG]\S ONE1 AN IMAGE ( UTOPIA :I* ALWAYS SEEMS TO LURK SOME:]E BEH9D ! PRET5TIONS ( ,P[] & ! /ATE4 ,9/EAD1 AS ,I'VE SUGGE/$1 ! SPECTRAL VIOL5CE SEEMS TO EM]GE FROM ! V]Y T5SIONS 9H]5T 9 ! PROJECT ( MA9TA9+ AN EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY4 ,O!RWISE1 ONE W\LD AT LEA/ IMAG9E ! ,TIV IMAG9ATION W\LD BE MORE TUMULTU\S ?AN ! ,PI>OA4 

,?AT ! /ATE EM]G$ FROM IMAGES ( AN IMPOSSIBLE RESOLUTION ( ! HUMAN CONDITION WAS ,CLA/RES' PO9T AS WELL4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT HI/ORICALLY1 ! 9/ITUTION ( ! /ATE C\LD NOT HAVE POSSIBLY EM]G$ FROM ! POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ( AN>*I/ SOCIETIES1 :I* W]E DESIGN$ TO 5SURE ?IS NEV] HAPP5$4 ,9/EAD1 IT C\LD ONLY HAVE BE5 FROM RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS3 HE PO9T$ TO ! ,TUP9AMBA PROPHETS :O L$ ! :OLE POPULATION ON A VA/ MIGRATION 9 SE>* ( A 0L& )\T EVIL40 ,( C\RSE1 9 LAT] CONTEXTS1 :AT ,PET] ,LAMBORN ,WILSON CALLS 0! ,CLA/RIAN MA*9E10 ?AT SET ( ME*ANISMS :I* OPPOSE ! EM]G5CE ( DOM9ATION1 :AT ,I'M CALL+ ! APP>ATUS ( C\NT]P[]1 CAN ITSELF BECOME CAU<T 9 SU* APOCALYPTIC FANTASIES4 

,N[1 AT ?IS PO9T ! READ] MAY BE OBJECT+1 0,SURE1 BUT :AT DOES ANY ( ?IS HAVE TO DO ) ! K9D ( 9SURRECTION>Y COMMUNITIES :I* REVOLUTION>Y !ORI/S >E NORMALLY REF]R+ TO :5 !Y USE ! WORD 'C\NT]P[]'80 

,H]E IT MI<T BE USEFUL TO LOOK AT ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! FIR/ TWO CASES & ! ?IRD-- BECAUSE ! ,MALAGASY COMMUNITIES ,I KNEW 9 #aii W]E LIV+ 9 SOME?+ :I* 9 MANY WAYS RESEMBL$ AN 9SURRECTION>Y SITUATION4 ,BETWE5 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! TW5TIE?1 !RE HAD BE5 A REM>KABLE TRANS=MATION ( POPUL> ATTITUDES4 ,JU/ AB\T ALL REPORTS FROM ! LA/ C5TURY 9SI/$ ?AT1 DESPITE WIDESPREAD RES5TM5T AGA9/ ! CORRUPT & (T5 BRUTAL ,MALAGASY GOV]NM5T1 NO ONE QUE/ION$ ! LEGITIMACY ( ! MON>*Y ITSELF1 OR P>TICUL>LY1 !IR ABSOLUTE P]SONAL LOYALTY TO ! ,QUE54 ,NEI!R W\LD ANYONE EXPLICITLY QUE/ION ! LEGITIMACY ( SLAV]Y4 ,AFT] ! ,FR5* CONQUE/ ( ! ISL& 9 #a#h#i#e1 FOLL[$ IMM$IATELY BY ! ABOLITION ( BO? ! MON>*Y & SLAV]Y1 ALL ?IS SEEMS TO HAVE *ANG$ EXTREMELY QUICKLY4 ,BE=E A G5]ATION WAS \T1 ONE BEGAN TO 5C\NT] ! ATTITUDE ?AT ,I F\ND TO BE WELL-NI< UNIV]SAL 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE A HUNDR$ YE>S LAT]3 SLAV]Y WAS EVIL1 & MON>*S W]E SE5 AS 9H]5TLY IMMORAL BECAUSE !Y TREAT$ O!RS LIKE SLAVES4 ,9 ! 5D1 ALL RELATIONS ( COMM& 7MILIT>Y S]VICE1 WAGE LABOR1 =C$ LABOR7 CAME TO BE FUZ$ TOGE!R 9 PEOPLE'S M9DS AS V>IATIONS ON SLAV]Y2 ! V]Y 9/ITUTIONS :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 SE5 AS BEYOND *ALL5GE W]E N[ ! DEF9ITION ( ILLEGITIMACY1 & ?IS1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ?OSE :O HAD ! LEA/ ACCESS TO HI<] $UCATION & ,FR5* ,5LI<T5M5T IDEAS4 ,BE+ 0,MALAGASY0 CAME TO BE DEF9$ AS REJECT+ SU* =EIGN WAYS4 ,IF ONE COMB9ES ?IS ATTITUDE ) CON/ANT PASSIVE RESI/ANCE TO /ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 & ! ELABORATION ( AUTONOM\S1 & RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN MODES ( SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ONE C\LD SEE :AT HAPP5$ AS A REVOLUTION4 ,AFT] ! F9ANCIAL CRISIS ( ! '#hS1 ! /ATE 9 MU* ( ! C\NTRY EFFECTIVELY COLLAPS$1 OR ANYWAY DEVOLV$ 9TO A MATT] ( HOLL[ =M )\T ! BACK+ ( SY/EMATIC CO]CION4 ,RURAL PEOPLE C>RI$ ON MU* AS !Y HAD BE=E1 GO+ TO (FICES P]IODICALLY TO FILL \T =MS EV5 ?\< !Y W]E NO LONG] PAY+ ANY REAL TAXES1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS H>DLY PROVID+ S]VICES1 & 9 ! EV5T ( !FT OR EV5 MURD]1 POLICE W\LD NO LONG] COME4 ,IF A REVOLUTION IS A MATT] ( PEOPLE RESI/+ SOME =M ( P[] ID5TIFI$ AS OPPRESSIVE1 ID5TIFY+ SOME KEY ASPECT ( ?AT P[] AS ! S\RCE ( :AT IS FUNDAM5TALLY OBJECTIONABLE AB\T IT1 & !N TRY+ TO GET RID ( ONE'S OPPRESSORS 9 SU* A WAY AS TO TRY TO ELIM9ATE ?AT SORT ( P[] COMPLETELY FROM DAILY LIFE1 !N IT IS H>D TO D5Y ?AT1 9 SOME S5SE1 ?IS WAS 9DE$ A REVOLUTION4 ,IT MI<T NOT HAVE 9VOLV$ AN ACTUAL UPRIS+1 BUT IT WAS A REVOLUTION NONE!LESS4 

,H[ LONG IT W\LD LA/ IS ANO!R QUE/ION2 IT WAS A V]Y FRAGILE1 T5U\S SORT ( FRE$OM4 ,MANY SU* 5CLAVES HAVE COLLAPS$--9 ,MADAGASC> AS ELSE:]E4 ,O!RS 5DURE2 NEW ONES >E BE+ CREAT$ ALL ! TIME4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD IS RIDDL$ ) SU* AN>*IC SPACES1 & ! MORE SUCCESSFUL !Y >E1 ! LESS LIKELY WE >E TO HE> AB\T !M4 ,IT'S ONLY IF SU* A SPACE BREAKS D[N 9TO VIOL5CE ?AT !RE'S ANY *ANCE \TSID]S WILL EV5 F9D \T ?AT IT EXI/S4 

,! PUZZL+ QUE/ION IS H[ SU* PR(\ND *ANGES 9 POPUL> ATTITUDES C\LD HAPP5 SO FA/8 ,! LIKELY ANSW] IS ?AT !Y REALLY DIDN'T2 !RE W]E PROBABLY ?+S GO+ ON EV5 UND] ! N9ETE5?C5TURY K+DOM ( :I* =EIGN OBS]V]S 7EV5 ?OSE LONG RESID5T ON ! ISL&7 W]E SIMPLY UNAW>E4 ,BUT CLE>LY1 TOO1 SOME?+ AB\T ! IMPOSITION ( COLONIAL RULE ALL[$ = A RAPID RE%UFFL+ ( PRIORITIES4 ,?IS1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 IS :AT ! ONGO+ EXI/5CE ( DEEPLY EMB$D$ =MS ( C\NT]P[] ALL[S4 ,A LOT ( ! IDEOLOGICAL WORK1 9 FACT1 ( MAK+ A REVOLUTION WAS CONDUCT$ PRECISELY 9 ! SPECTRAL NI<TWORLD ( SORC]]S & WIT*ES2 9 R$EF9ITIONS ( ! MORAL IMPLICATIONS ( DIFF]5T =MS ( MAGICAL P[]4 ,BUT ?IS ONLY UND]L9ES H[ !SE SPECTRAL ZONES >E ALWAYS ! FULCRUM ( ! MORAL IMAG9ATION1 A K9D ( CREATIVE RES]VOIR1 TOO1 ( POT5TIAL REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,IT'S PRECISELY FROM !SE 9VISIBLE SPACES--9VISIBLE1 MO/ ( ALL1 TO P[]--:5CE ! POT5TIAL = 9SURRECTION1 & ! EXTRAORD9>Y SOCIAL CREATIVITY ?AT SEEMS TO EM]GE \T ( NO:]E 9 REVOLUTION>Y MOM5TS1 ACTUALLY COMES4 

,TO SUM UP ! >GUM5T SO F>1 !N3 

#a7 ,C\NT]P[] IS FIR/ & =EMO/ ROOT$ 9 ! IMAG9ATION2 IT EM]GES FROM ! FACT ?AT ALL SOCIAL SY/EMS >E A TANGLE ( CONTRADICTIONS1 ALWAYS TO SOME DEGREE AT W> ) !MSELVES4 ,OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 IT IS ROOT$ 9 ! RELATION BETWE5 ! PRACTICAL IMAG9ATION REQUIR$ TO MA9TA9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON CONS5SUS 7AS ANY SOCIETY NOT BAS$ ON VIOL5CE MU/1 ULTIMATELY1 BE7--! CON/ANT WORK ( IMAG9ATIVE ID5TIFICATION ) O!RS ?AT MAKES UND]/&+ POSSIBLE--& ! SPECTRAL VIOL5CE :I* APPE>S TO BE ITS CON/ANT1 P]HAPS 9EVITABLE COROLL>Y4 

#b7 ,9 EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES1 C\NT]P[] MI<T BE SAID TO BE ! PR$OM9ANT =M ( SOCIAL P[]4 ,IT /&S GU>D OV] :AT >E SE5 AS C]TA9 FRI<T5+ POSSIBILITIES )9 ! SOCIETY ITSELF3 NOTABLY AGA9/ ! EM]G5CE ( SY/EMATIC =MS ( POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC DOM9ANCE4 

#bA7 ,9/ITUTIONALLY1 C\NT]P[] TAKES ! =M ( :AT WE W\LD CALL 9/ITUTIONS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 CONS5SUS & M$IATION2 ?AT IS1 WAYS ( PUBLICLY NEGOTIAT+ & CONTROLL+ ?AT 9EVITABLE 9T]NAL TUMULT & TRANS=M+ IT 9TO ?OSE SOCIAL /ATES 7OR IF Y\ LIKE1 =MS ( VALUE7 ?AT SOCIETY SEES AS ! MO/ DESIRABLE3 CONVIVIALITY1 UNANIMITY1 F]TILITY1 PROSP]ITY1 BEAUTY1 H[EV] IT MAY BE FRAM$4 

#c7 ,9 HI<LY UNEQUAL SOCIETIES1 IMAG9ATIVE C\NT]P[] (T5 DEF9ES ITSELF AGA9/ C]TA9 ASPECTS ( DOM9ANCE ?AT >E SE5 AS P>TICUL>LY OBNOXI\S & CAN BECOME AN ATTEMPT TO ELIM9ATE !M FROM SOCIAL RELATIONS COMPLETELY4 ,:5 IT DOES1 IT BECOMES REVOLUTION>Y4 

#cA7 ,9/ITUTIONALLY1 AS AN IMAG9ATIVE WELL1 IT IS RESPONSIBLE = ! CREATION ( NEW SOCIAL =MS1 & ! REVALORIZATION OR TRANS=MATION ( OLD ONES1 & ALSO1 

#d7 9 MOM5TS ( RADICAL TRANS=MATION--REVOLUTIONS 9 ! OLD-FA%ION$ S5SE--?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ALL[S = ! NOTORI\S POPUL> ABILITY TO 9NOVATE 5TIRELY NEW POLITICS1 ECONOMIC1 & SOCIAL =MS4 ,H5CE1 IT IS ! ROOT ( :AT ,ANTONIO ,NEGRI HAS CALL$ 0CON/ITU5T P[]10 ! P[] TO CREATE CON/ITUTIONS4 

,MO/ MOD]N CON/ITUTIONAL ORD]S SEE !MSELVES AS HAV+ BE5 CREAT$ BY REBELLIONS3 ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION1 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION1 & SO ON4 ,?IS HAS1 ( C\RSE1 NOT ALWAYS BE5 ! CASE4 ,BUT ?IS LEADS TO A V]Y IMPORTANT QUE/ION1 BECAUSE ANY REALLY POLITICALLY 5GAG$ AN?ROPOLOGY WILL HAVE TO />T BY S]I\SLY CONFRONT+ ! QUE/ION ( :AT1 IF ANY?+1 REALLY DIVIDES :AT WE LIKE TO CALL ! 0MOD]N0 WORLD FROM ! RE/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 TO :I* FOLKS LIKE ! ,PI>OA1 ,TIV OR ,MALAGASY >E NORMALLY RELEGAT$4 ,?IS IS AS ONE MI<T IMAG9E A PRETTY VEX$ QUE/ION BUT ,I AM AFRAID IT CAN'T BE AVOID$1 S9CE O!RWISE1 MANY READ]S MI<T NOT BE CONV9C$ !RE'S ANY REASON TO HAVE AN AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGY TO BEG9 )4 

,BL[+ ,UP ,WALLS 

,AS ,I REM>K$1 AN AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGY DOESN'T REALLY EXI/4 ,!RE >E ONLY FRAGM5TS4 ,9 ! FIR/ P>T ( ?IS ESSAY ,I TRI$ TO GA!R SOME ( !M1 & TO LOOK = COMMON !MES2 9 ?IS P>T ,I WANT TO GO FUR!R1 & IMAG9E A BODY ( SOCIAL !ORY ?AT MI<T EXI/ AT SOME TIME 9 ! FUTURE4 

OBVI\S OBJECTIONS 

,BE=E BE+ ABLE TO DO SO ,I REALLY DO NE$ TO ADDRESS ! USUAL OBJECTION TO ANY PROJECT ( ?IS NATURE3 ?AT ! /UDY ( ACTUALLY-EXI/+ AN>*I/ SOCIETIES IS SIMPLY IRRELEVANT TO ! MOD]N WORLD4 ,AFT] ALL1 >5'T WE JU/ TALK+ AB\T A BUN* ( PRIMITIVES8 

,= AN>*I/S :O DO KN[ SOME?+ AB\T AN?ROPOLOGY1 ! >GUM5TS >E ALL TOO FAMILI>4 ,A TYPICAL EX*ANGE GOES SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 

,SKEPTIC3 ,WELL1 ,I MI<T TAKE ?IS :OLE AN>*ISM IDEA MORE S]I\SLY IF Y\ C\LD GIVE ME SOME REASON TO ?9K IT W\LD WORK4 ,CAN Y\ NAME ME A S+LE VIABLE EXAMPLE ( A SOCIETY :I* HAS EXI/$ )\T A GOV]NM5T8 

,AN>*I/3 ,SURE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 ?\S&S4 ,I C\LD NAME A DOZ5 JU/ (F ! TOP ( MY HEAD3 ! ,BORORO1 ! ,BA9+1 ! ,ONONDAGA1 ! ,W9TU1 ! ,EMA1 ! ,TALL5SI1 ! ,VEZO444 

,SKEPTIC3 ,BUT ?OSE >E ALL A BUN* ( PRIMITIVES6 ,I'M TALK+ AB\T AN>*ISM 9 A MOD]N1 TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,AN>*I/3 ,OKAY1 !N4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 ALL SORTS ( SUCCESSFUL EXP]IM5TS3 EXP]IM5TS ) WORK]'S SELF-MANAGEM5T1 LIKE ,MONDRAGON2 ECONOMIC PROJECTS BAS$ ON ! IDEA ( ! GIFT ECONOMY1 LIKE ,L9UX2 ALL SORTS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS BAS$ ON CONS5SUS & DIRECT DEMOCRACY444 

,SKEPTIC3 ,SURE1 SURE1 BUT !SE >E SMALL1 ISOLAT$ EXAMPLES4 ,I'M TALK+ AB\T :OLE SOCIETIES4 

,AN>*I/3 ,WELL1 IT'S NOT LIKE PEOPLE HAV5'T TRI$4 ,LOOK AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! REVOLUTION 9 ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9444 

,SKEPTIC3 ,YEAH1 & LOOK :AT HAPP5$ TO ?OSE GUYS6 ,!Y ALL GOT KILL$6 

,! DICE >E LOAD$4 ,Y\ CAN'T W94 ,BECAUSE :5 ! SKEPTIC SAYS 0SOCIETY10 :AT HE REALLY MEANS IS 0/ATE10 EV5 0NATION-/ATE40 ,S9CE NO ONE IS GO+ TO PRODUCE AN EXAMPLE ( AN AN>*I/ /ATE--?AT W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS--:AT WE'RE REALLY BE+ ASK$ = IS AN EXAMPLE ( A MOD]N NATION-/ATE ) ! GOV]NM5T SOMEH[ PLUCK$ AWAY3 A SITUATION 9 :I* ! GOV]NM5T ( ,CANADA1 TO TAKE A R&OM EXAMPLE1 HAS BE5 OV]?R[N1 OR = SOME REASON ABOLI%$ ITSELF1 & NO NEW ONE HAS TAK5 ITS PLACE BUT 9/EAD ALL =M] ,CANADIAN CITIZ5S BEG9 TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO LIB]T>IAN COLLECTIVES4 ,OBVI\SLY ?IS W\LD NEV] BE ALL[$ TO HAPP54 ,9 ! PA/1 :5EV] IT EV5 LOOK$ LIKE IT MI<T--H]E1 ! ,P>IS COMMUNE & ,SPANI% CIVIL W> >E EXCELL5T EXAMPLES--! POLITICIANS RUNN+ PRETTY MU* EV]Y /ATE 9 ! VIC9ITY HAVE BE5 WILL+ TO PUT !IR DIFF]5CES ON HOLD UNTIL ?OSE TRY+ TO BR+ SU* A SITUATION AB\T HAD BE5 R\ND$ UP & %OT4 

,!RE IS A WAY \T1 :I* IS TO ACCEPT ?AT AN>*I/ =MS ( ORGANIZATION W\LD NOT LOOK ANY?+ LIKE A /ATE4 ,?AT !Y W\LD 9VOLVE AN 5DLESS V>IETY ( COMMUNITIES1 ASSOCIATIONS1 NETWORKS1 PROJECTS1 ON EV]Y CONCEIVABLE SCALE1 OV]LAPP+ & 9T]SECT+ 9 ANY WAY WE C\LD IMAG9E1 & POSSIBLY MANY ?AT WE CAN'T4 ,SOME W\LD BE QUITE LOCAL1 O!RS GLOBAL4 ,P]HAPS ALL !Y W\LD HAVE 9 COMMON IS ?AT NONE W\LD 9VOLVE ANYONE %[+ UP ) WEAPONS & TELL+ EV]YONE ELSE TO %UT UP & DO :AT !Y W]E TOLD4 ,& ?AT1 S9CE AN>*I/S >E NOT ACTUALLY TRY+ TO SEIZE P[] )9 ANY NATIONAL T]RITORY1 ! PROCESS ( ONE SY/EM REPLAC+ ! O!R WILL NOT TAKE ! =M ( SOME SUDD5 REVOLUTION>Y CATACLYSM--! /ORM+ ( A ,BA/ILLE1 ! SEIZ+ ( A ,W9T] ,PALACE--BUT WILL NECESS>ILY BE GRADUAL1 ! CREATION ( ALT]NATIVE =MS ( ORGANIZATION ON A WORLD SCALE1 NEW =MS ( COMMUNICATION1 NEW1 LESS ALI5AT$ WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ LIFE1 :I* WILL1 EV5TUALLY1 MAKE CURR5TLY EXI/+ =MS ( P[] SEEM /UPID & BESIDE ! PO9T4 ,?AT 9 TURN W\LD MEAN ?AT !RE >E 5DLESS EXAMPLES ( VIABLE AN>*ISM3 PRETTY MU* ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION W\LD C\NT AS ONE1 SO LONG AS IT WAS NOT IMPOS$ BY SOME HI<] AU?ORITY1 FROM A KLEZM] B& TO ! 9T]NATIONAL PO/AL S]VICE4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS K9D ( >GUM5T DOES NOT SEEM TO SATISFY MO/ SKEPTICS4 ,!Y WANT 0SOCIETIES40 ,SO ONE IS R$UC$ TO SC\R+ ! HI/ORICAL & E?NOGRAPHIC RECORD = 5TITIES ?AT LOOK LIKE A NATION-/ATE 7ONE PEOPLE1 SPEAK+ A COMMON LANGUAGE1 LIV+ )9 A B\ND$ T]RITORY1 ACKN[L$G+ A COMMON SET ( LEGAL PR9CIPLES44471 BUT :I* LACK A /ATE APP>ATUS 7:I*1 FOLL[+ ,WEB]1 ONE CAN DEF9E R\<LY AS3 A GR\P ( PEOPLE :O CLAIM ?AT1 AT LEA/ :5 !Y >E >\ND & 9 !IR (FICIAL CAPACITY1 !Y >E ! ONLY ONES ) ! RI<T TO ACT VIOL5TLY74 ,!SE1 TOO1 ONE CAN F9D1 IF ONE IS WILL+ TO LOOK AT RELATIVELY SMALL COMMUNITIES F> AWAY 9 TIME OR SPACE4 ,BUT !N ONE IS TOLD !Y DON'T C\NT = JU/ ?IS REASON4 

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

,LET ME TAKE UP ! >GUM5T ,I BEGAN TO SKET* \T 9 ! LA/ SECTION & TRY TO EXPLA9 :Y ,I ?9K ?IS IS TRUE3 

A FAIRLY BRIEF MANIFE/O CONC]N+ ! CONCEPT ( REVOLUTION3 

,! T]M 0REVOLUTION0 HAS BE5 SO REL5TLESSLY *EAP5$ 9 COMMON USAGE ?AT IT CAN MEAN ALMO/ ANY?+4 ,WE HAVE REVOLUTIONS EV]Y WEEK N[3 BANK+ REVOLUTIONS1 CYB]NETIC REVOLUTIONS1 M$ICAL REVOLUTIONS1 AN 9T]NET REVOLUTION EV]Y TIME SOMEONE 9V5TS SOME CLEV] NEW PIECE ( S(TW>E4 

,?IS K9D ( RHETORIC IS ONLY POSSIBLE BECAUSE ! COMMONPLACE DEF9ITION ( REVOLUTION HAS ALWAYS IMPLI$ SOME?+ 9 ! NATURE ( A P>ADIGM %IFT3 A CLE> BREAK1 A FUNDAM5TAL RUPTURE 9 ! NATURE ( SOCIAL REALITY AFT] :I* EV]Y?+ WORKS DIFF]5TLY1 & PREVI\S CATEGORIES NO LONG] APPLY4 ,IT IS ?IS :I* MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO1 SAY1 CLAIM ?AT ! MOD]N WORLD IS D]IV$ FROM TWO 0REVOLUTIONS03 ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION & ! ,9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! TWO HAD ALMO/ NO?+ ELSE 9 COMMON O!R ?AN SEEM+ TO M>K A BREAK ) ALL ?AT CAME BE=E4 ,ONE ODD RESULT IS ?AT1 AS ,ELL5 ,MESK9S ,WOOD HAS NOT$1 WE >E 9 ! HABIT ( DISCUSS+ :AT WE CALL 0MOD]NITY0 AS IF IT 9VOLV$ A COMB9ATION ( ,5GLI% LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS1 & ,FR5* ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! TWO NEV] REALLY OCCURR$ TOGE!R3 ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION HAPP5$ UND] A BIZ>RE1 ANTIQUAT$1 /ILL L>GELY M$IEVAL ,5GLI% CON/ITUTION1 & N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,FRANCE WAS ANY?+ BUT LAISSEZ FAIRE4 

7,! ONE-TIME APPEAL ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION = ! 0DEVELOP+ WORLD0 SEEMS TO D]IVE FROM ! FACT IT'S ! ONE EXAMPLE :]E BO? SORTS ( REVOLUTION DID SEEM TO CO9CIDE3 A SEIZURE ( NATIONAL P[] :I* !N L$ TO RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,AS A RESULT ALMO/ EV]Y TW5TIE?-C5TURY GOV]NM5T 9 ! GLOBAL S\? DET]M9$ TO PLAY ECONOMIC CAT*-UP ) ! 9DU/RIAL P[]S HAD ALSO TO CLAIM TO BE A REVOLUTION>Y REGIME47 

,IF !RE IS ONE LOGICAL ]ROR UND]LY+ ALL ?IS1 IT RE/S ON IMAG9+ ?AT SOCIAL OR EV5 TE*NOLOGICAL *ANGE TAKES ! SAME =M ( :AT ,?OMAS ,KUHN HAS CALL$ 0! /RUCTURE ( SCI5TIFIC REVOLUTIONS40 ,KUHN IS REF]R+ TO EV5TS LIKE ! %IFT FROM A ,NEWTONIAN TO ,E9/E9IAN UNIV]SE3 SUDD5LY !RE IS AN 9TELLECTUAL BREAK?R\< & AFT]W>DS1 ! UNIV]SE IS DIFF]5T4 ,APPLI$ TO ANY?+ O!R ?AN SCI5TIFIC REVOLUTIONS1 IT IMPLIES ?AT ! WORLD REALLY WAS EQUIVAL5T TO \R KN[L$GE ( IT1 & ! MOM5T WE *ANGE ! PR9CIPLES ON :I* \R KN[L$GE IS BAS$1 REALITY *ANGES TOO4 ,?IS IS JU/ ! SORT ( BASIC 9TELLECTUAL MI/AKE DEVELOPM5TAL PSY*OLOGI/S SAY WE'RE SUPPOS$ TO GET OV] 9 E>LY *ILDHOOD1 BUT IT SEEMS FEW ( US REALLY DO4 

,9 FACT1 ! WORLD IS UND] NO OBLIGATION TO LIVE UP TO \R EXPECTATIONS1 & 9S(> AS 0REALITY0 REF]S TO ANY?+1 IT REF]S TO PRECISELY ?AT :I* CAN NEV] BE 5TIRELY 5COMPASS$ BY \R IMAG9ATIVE CON/RUCTIONS4 ,TOTALITIES1 9 P>TICUL>1 >E ALWAYS CREATURES ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,NATIONS1 SOCIETIES1 IDEOLOGIES1 CLOS$ SY/EMS444 NONE ( !SE REALLY EXI/4 ,REALITY IS ALWAYS 9F9ITELY MESSI] ?AN ?AT--EV5 IF ! BELIEF ?AT !Y EXI/ IS AN UND5IABLE SOCIAL =CE4 ,= ONE ?+1 ! HABIT ( ?\<T :I* DEF9ES ! WORLD1 OR SOCIETY1 AS A TOTALIZ+ SY/EM 79 :I* EV]Y ELEM5T TAKES ON ITS SIGNIFICANCE ONLY 9 RELATION TO ! O!RS7 T5DS TO LEAD ALMO/ 9EVITABLY TO A VIEW ( REVOLUTIONS AS CATACLYSMIC RUPTURES4 ,S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 H[ ELSE C\LD ONE TOTALIZ+ SY/EM BE REPLAC$ BY A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T ONE ?AN BY A CATACLYSMIC RUPTURE8 ,HUMAN HI/ORY ?US BECOMES A S]IES ( REVOLUTIONS3 ! ,NEOLI?IC REVOLUTION1 ! ,9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 ! ,9=MATION REVOLUTION1 ETC41 & ! POLITICAL DREAM BECOMES TO SOMEH[ TAKE CONTROL ( ! PROCESS2 TO GET TO ! PO9T :]E WE CAN CAUSE A RUPTURE ( ?IS SORT1 A MOM5T\S BREAK?R\< ?AT WILL NOT JU/ HAPP5 BUT RESULT DIRECTLY FROM SOME K9D ( COLLECTIVE WILL4 0,! REVOLUTION10 PROP]LY SPEAK+4 

,IF SO IT'S NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! MOM5T RADICAL ?9K]S FELT !Y HAD TO GIVE UP ?IS DREAM1 !IR FIR/ REACTION WAS TO R$\BLE !IR EF=TS TO ID5TIFY REVOLUTIONS HAPP5+ ANYWAY1 TO ! PO9T :]E 9 ! EYES ( SOMEONE LIKE ,PAUL ,VIRILIO1 RUPTURE IS \R P]MAN5T /ATE ( BE+1 OR = SOMEONE LIKE ,JEAN ,BAUDRILL>D1 ! WORLD N[ *ANGES COMPLETELY EV]Y C\PLE YE>S1 :5EV] HE GETS A NEW IDEA4 

,?IS IS NOT AN APPEAL = A FLAT-\T REJECTION ( SU* IMAG9>Y TOTALITIES--EV5 ASSUM+ ?IS W]E POSSIBLE1 :I* IT PROBABLY ISN'T1 S9CE !Y >E PROBABLY A NECESS>Y TOOL ( HUMAN ?\<T4 ,IT IS AN APPEAL TO ALWAYS BE> 9 M9D ?AT !Y >E JU/ ?AT3 TOOLS ( ?\<T4 ,= 9/ANCE1 IT IS 9DE$ A V]Y GOOD ?+ TO BE ABLE TO ASK 0AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 H[ WILL WE ORGANIZE MASS TRANSPORTATION810 0:O WILL FUND SCI5TIFIC RESE>*810 OR EV51 0AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 DO Y\ ?9K !RE WILL /ILL BE FA%ION MAGAZ9ES80 ,! PHRASE IS A USEFUL M5TAL H+E2 EV5 IF WE ALSO RECOGNIZE ?AT 9 REALITY1 UNLESS WE >E WILL+ TO MASSACRE ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 7& PROBABLY EV5 !N71 ! REVOLUTION WILL ALMO/ C]TA9LY NOT BE QUITE SU* A CLEAN BREAK AS SU* A PHRASE IMPLIES4 

,:AT WILL IT BE1 !N8 ,I HAVE ALREADY MADE SOME SUGGE/IONS4 ,A REVOLUTION ON A WORLD SCALE WILL TAKE A V]Y LONG TIME4 ,BUT IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO RECOGNIZE ?AT IT IS ALREADY />T+ TO HAPP54 ,! EASIE/ WAY TO GET \R M9DS >\ND IT IS TO /OP ?9K+ AB\T REVOLUTION AS A ?+--0!0 REVOLUTION1 ! GREAT CATACLYSMIC BREAK--& 9/EAD ASK 0:AT IS REVOLUTION>Y ACTION80 ,WE C\LD !N SUGGE/3 REVOLUTION>Y ACTION IS ANY COLLECTIVE ACTION :I* REJECTS1 & !RE=E CONFRONTS1 SOME =M ( P[] OR DOM9ATION & 9 DO+ SO1 RECON/ITUTES SOCIAL RELATIONS--EV5 )9 ! COLLECTIVITY--9 ?AT LI<T4 ,REVOLUTION>Y ACTION DOES NOT NECESS>ILY HAVE TO AIM TO TOPPLE GOV]NM5TS4 ,ATTEMPTS TO CREATE AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES 9 ! FACE ( P[] 7US+ ,CA/ORIADIS' DEF9ITION H]E3 ONES ?AT CON/ITUTE !MSELVES1 COLLECTIVELY MAKE !IR [N RULES OR PR9CIPLES ( OP]ATION1 & CONT9UALLY REEXAM9E !M71 W\LD1 = 9/ANCE1 BE ALMO/ BY DEF9ITION REVOLUTION>Y ACTS4 ,& HI/ORY %[S US ?AT ! CONT9UAL ACCUMULATION ( SU* ACTS CAN *ANGE 7ALMO/7 EV]Y?+4 

,I'M H>DLY ! FIR/ TO HAVE MADE AN >GUM5T LIKE ?IS--SOME SU* VISION FOLL[S ALMO/ NECESS>ILY ONCE ONE IS NO LONG] ?9K+ 9 T]MS ( ! FRAMEWORK ( ! /ATE & SEIZURE ( /ATE P[]4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE H]E IS :AT ?IS MEANS = H[ WE LOOK AT HI/ORY4 

A ?\<T EXP]IM5T1 OR1 BL[+ UP WALLS 

,:AT ,I AM PROPOS+1 ESS5TIALLY1 IS ?AT WE 5GAGE 9 A K9D ( ?\<T EXP]IM5T4 ,:AT IF1 AS A REC5T TITLE PUT IT1 0WE HAVE NEV] BE5 MOD]N08 ,:AT IF !RE NEV] WAS ANY FUNDAM5TAL BREAK1 & !RE=E1 WE >E NOT LIV+ 9 A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T MORAL1 SOCIAL1 OR POLITICAL UNIV]SE ?AN ! ,PI>OA OR ,TIV OR RURAL ,MALAGASY8 

,!RE >E A MILLION DIFF]5T WAYS TO DEF9E 0MOD]NITY40 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME IT MA9LY HAS TO DO ) SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY1 = O!RS IT'S A MATT] ( 9DIVIDUALISM2 O!RS1 CAPITALISM1 OR BUREAUCRATIC RATIONALITY1 OR ALI5ATION1 OR AN IDEAL ( FRE$OM ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,H[EV] !Y DEF9E IT1 ALMO/ EV]YONE AGREES ?AT AT SOME:]E 9 ! SIXTE5?1 OR SEV5TE5?1 OR EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 A ,GREAT ,TRANS=MATION OCCURR$1 ?AT IT OCCURR$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ITS SETTL] COLONIES1 & ?AT BECAUSE ( IT1 WE BECAME 0MOD]N40 ,& ?AT ONCE WE DID1 WE BECAME A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORT ( CREATURE ?AN ANY?+ ?AT HAD COME BE=E4 

,BUT :AT IF WE KICK$ ?IS :OLE APP>ATUS AWAY8 ,:AT IF WE BLEW UP ! WALL8 ,:AT IF WE ACCEPT$ ?AT ! PEOPLE :O ,COLUMBUS OR ,VASCO DA ,GAMA 0DISCOV]$0 ON !IR EXP$ITIONS W]E JU/ US8 ,OR C]TA9LY1 JU/ AS MU* 0US0 AS ,COLUMBUS & ,VASCO DA ,GAMA EV] W]E8 

,I'M NOT >GU+ ?AT NO?+ IMPORTANT HAS *ANG$ OV] ! LA/ FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S1 ANY MORE ?AN ,I'M >GU+ ?AT CULTURAL DIFF]5CES >E UNIMPORTANT4 ,9 ONE S5SE EV]YONE1 EV]Y COMMUNITY1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL = ?AT MATT]1 LIVES 9 !IR [N UNIQUE UNIV]SE4 ,BY 0BL[+ UP WALLS10 ,I MEAN MO/ ( ALL1 BL[+ UP ! >ROGANT1 UNREFLECT+ ASSUMPTIONS :I* TELL US WE HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON ) #i#h.0 ( PEOPLE :O EV] LIV$1 SO WE DON'T REALLY HAVE TO ?9K AB\T !M4 ,S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 IF Y\ ASSUME ! FUNDAM5TAL BREAK1 ! ONLY !ORETICAL QUE/ION Y\ CAN ASK IS SOME V>IATION ON 0:AT MAKES US SO SPECIAL80 ,ONCE WE GET RID ( ?OSE ASSUMPTIONS1 DECIDE TO AT LEA/ 5T]TA9 ! NOTION WE >5'T QUITE SO SPECIAL AS WE MI<T LIKE TO ?9K1 WE CAN ALSO BEG9 TO ?9K AB\T :AT REALLY HAS *ANG$ & :AT HASN'T4 

,AN EXAMPLE3 

,!RE HAS LONG BE5 A RELAT$ DEBATE OV] :AT P>TICUL> ADVANTAGE 0! ,WE/10 AS ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ITS SETTL] COLONIES HAVE LIK$ TO CALL !MSELVES1 HAD OV] ! RE/ ( ! WORLD ?AT ALL[$ !M TO CONQU] SO MU* ( IT 9 ! F\R HUNDR$ YE>S BETWE5 #ae & #a#i4 ,WAS IT A MORE EFFICI5T ECONOMIC SY/EM8 ,A SUP]IOR MILIT>Y TRADITION8 ,DID IT HAVE TO DO ) ,*RI/IANITY1 OR ,PROTE/ANTISM1 OR A SPIRIT ( RATIONALI/IC 9QUIRY8 ,WAS IT SIMPLY A MATT] ( TE*NOLOGY8 ,OR DID IT HAVE TO DO ) MORE 9DIVIDUALI/IC FAMILY >RANGEM5TS8 ,SOME COMB9ATION ( ALL !SE FACTORS8 ,TO A L>GE EXT5T1 ,WE/]N HI/ORICAL SOCIOLOGY HAS BE5 D$ICAT$ TO SOLV+ ?IS PROBLEM4 ,IT IS A SIGN ( H[ DEEPLY EMB$D$ ! ASSUMPTIONS >E ?AT IT IS ONLY QUITE REC5TLY ?AT S*OL>S HAVE COME TO EV5 SUGGE/ ?AT P]HAPS1 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE DIDN'T REALLY HAVE ANY FUNDAM5TAL ADVANTAGE AT ALL4 ,?AT ,EUROPEAN TE*NOLOGY1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS1 /ATE ORGANIZATION1 & ! RE/ 9 #ade W]E 9 NO WAY MORE 0ADVANC$0 ?AN :AT PREVAIL$ 9 ,EGYPT1 OR ,B5GAL1 OR ,FUJIAN1 OR MO/ ANY O!R URBANIZ$ P>T ( ! ,OLD ,WORLD AT ! TIME4 ,EUROPE MI<T HAVE BE5 AHEAD 9 SOME >EAS 7E4G41 TE*NIQUES ( NAVAL W>F>E1 C]TA9 =MS ( BANK+71 BUT LAGG$ SIGNIFICANTLY BEH9D 9 O!RS 7A/RONOMY1 JURISPRUD5CE1 AGRICULTURAL TE*NOLOGY1 TE*NIQUES ( L& W>F>E74 ,P]HAPS !RE WAS NO MY/]I\S ADVANTAGE4 ,P]HAPS :AT HAPP5$ WAS JU/ A CO9CID5CE4 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE HAPP5$ TO BE LOCAT$ 9 ?AT P>T ( ! ,OLD ,WORLD :]E IT WAS EASIE/ TO SAIL TO ! ,NEW2 ?OSE :O FIR/ DID SO HAD ! 9CR$IBLE LUCK TO DISCOV] L&S FULL ( 5ORM\S WEAL?1 POPULAT$ BY DEF5SELESS /ONE-AGE PEOPLES :O CONV5I5TLY BEGAN DY+ ALMO/ ! MOM5T !Y >RIV$2 ! RESULTANT W9DFALL1 & ! DEMOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGE FROM HAV+ L&S TO SIPHON (F EXCESS POPULATION WAS MORE ?AN 5\< TO ACC\NT = ! ,EUROPEAN P[]S' LAT] SUCCESSES4 ,IT WAS !N POSSIBLE TO %UT D[N ! 7F> MORE EFFICI5T7 ,9DIAN CLO? 9DU/RY & CREATE ! SPACE = AN 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 & G5]ALLY RAVAGE & DOM9ATE ,ASIA TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT 9 TE*NOLOGICAL T]MS--P>TICUL>LY 9DU/RIAL & MILIT>Y TE*NOLOGY--IT FELL 9CREAS+LY BEH9D4 

,A NUMB] ( AU?ORS 7,BLAUT1 ,GOODY1 ,POMM]ANZ1 ,GUND] ,FRANK7 HAVE BE5 MAK+ SOME V>IATION ( ?IS >GUM5T 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,IT IS AT ROOT A MORAL >GUM5T1 AN ATTACK ON ,WE/]N >ROGANCE4 ,AS SU* IT IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT4 ,! ONLY PROBLEM ) IT1 9 MORAL T]MS1 IS ?AT IT T5DS TO CONFUSE MEANS & 9CL9ATION4 ,?AT IS1 IT RE/S ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ,WE/]N HI/ORIANS W]E RI<T TO ASSUME ?AT :ATEV] IT WAS ?AT MADE IT POSSIBLE = ,EUROPEANS TO DISPOSSESS1 ABDUCT1 5?RALL$1 & EXT]M9ATE MILLIONS ( O!R HUMAN BE+S1 IT WAS A M>K ( SUP]IORITY & ?AT !RE=E1 :ATEV] IT WAS1 IT W\LD BE 9SULT+ TO NON-,EUROPEANS TO SUGGE/ !Y DIDN'T HAVE IT TOO4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT IT IS F> MORE 9SULT+ TO SUGGE/ ANYONE W\LD EV] HAVE BEHAV$ LIKE ,EUROPEANS ( ! SIXTE5? OR SEV5TE5? C5TURIES--E4G41 DEPOPULAT+ L>GE PORTIONS ( ! ,&ES OR C5TRAL ,MEXICO BY WORK+ MILLIONS TO DEA? 9 ! M9ES1 OR KIDNAPP+ A SIGNIFICANT *UNK ( ! POPULATION ( ,AFRICA TO WORK TO DEA? ON SUG> PLANTATIONS-- UNLESS ONE HAS SOME ACTUAL EVID5CE TO SUGGE/ !Y W]E SO G5OCIDALLY 9CL9$4 ,9 FACT !RE APPE> TO HAVE BE5 PL5TY ( EXAMPLES ( PEOPLE 9 A POSITION TO WREAK SIMIL> HAVOC ON A WORLD SCALE--SAY1 ! ,M+ DYNA/Y 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY--BUT :O DIDN'T1 NOT SO MU* BECAUSE !Y SCRUPL$ TO1 SO MU* AS BECAUSE IT W\LD NEV] HAVE OCCURR$ TO !M TO ACT ?IS WAY TO BEG9 )4 

,9 ! 5D IT ALL TURNS1 ODDLY 5\<1 ON H[ ONE *OOSES TO DEF9E CAPITALISM4 ,ALMO/ ALL ! AU?ORS CIT$ ABOVE T5D TO SEE CAPITALISM AS YET ANO!R ACCOMPLI%M5T :I* ,WE/]N]S >ROGANTLY ASSUME !Y 9V5T$ !MSELVES1 & !RE=E DEF9E IT 7AS CAPITALI/S DO7 AS L>GELY A MATT] ( COMM]CE & F9ANCIAL 9/RUM5TS4 ,BUT ?AT WILL+NESS TO PUT CONSID]ATIONS ( PR(IT ABOVE ANY HUMAN CONC]N :I* DROVE ,EUROPEANS TO DEPOPULATE :OLE REGIONS ( ! WORLD 9 ORD] TO PLACE ! MAXIMUM AM\NT ( SILV] OR SUG> ON ! M>KET WAS C]TA9LY SOME?+ ELSE4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME IT DES]VES A NAME ( ITS [N4 ,= ?IS REASON IT SEEMS BETT] TO ME TO CONT9UE TO DEF9E CAPITALISM AS ITS OPPON5TS PREF]1 AS F\ND$ ON ! CONNECTION BETWE5 A WAGE SY/EM & A PR9CIPLE ( ! NEV]-5D+ PURSUIT ( PR(IT = ITS [N SAKE4 ,?IS 9 TURN MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?IS WAS A /RANGE P]V]SION ( NORMAL COMM]CIAL LOGIC :I* HAPP5$ TO TAKE HOLD 9 ONE1 PREVI\SLY RA!R B>B>\S1 CORN] ( ! WORLD & 5C\RAG$ ! 9HABITANTS TO 5GAGE 9 :AT MI<T O!RWISE HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ UNSPEAKABLE =MS ( BEHAVIOR4 ,AGA91 ALL ?IS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ?AT ONE HAS TO AGREE ) ! PREMISE ?AT ONCE CAPITALISM CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 IT 9/ANTLY BECAME A TOTALIZ+ SY/EM & ?AT FROM ?AT MOM5T1 EV]Y?+ ELSE ?AT HAPP5$ CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD 9 RELATION TO IT4 ,BUT IT SUGGE/S ONE ( ! AXES ON :I* ONE CAN BEG9 TO ?9K AB\T :AT REALLY IS DIFF]5T N[ADAYS4 

,LET US IMAG9E1 !N1 ?AT ! ,WE/1 H[EV] DEF9$1 WAS NO?+ SPECIAL1 & FUR!R1 ?AT !RE HAS BE5 NO ONE FUNDAM5TAL BREAK 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 ,NO ONE CAN D5Y !RE HAVE BE5 MASSIVE QUANTITATIVE *ANGES3 ! AM\NT ( 5]GY CONSUM$1 ! SPE$ AT :I* HUMANS CAN TRAVEL1 ! NUMB] ( BOOKS PRODUC$ & READ1 ALL !SE NUMB]S HAVE BE5 RIS+ EXPON5TIALLY4 ,BUT LET US IMAG9E = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T ?AT !SE QUANTITATIVE *ANGES DO NOT1 9 !MSELVES1 NECESS>ILY IMPLY A *ANGE 9 QUALITY3 WE >E NOT LIV+ 9 A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORT ( SOCIETY ?AN HAS EV] EXI/$ BE=E1 WE >E NOT LIV+ 9 A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SORT ( TIME1 ! EXI/5CE ( FACTORIES OR MICRO*IPS DO NOT MEAN POLITICAL OR SOCIAL POSSIBILITIES HAVE *ANG$ 9 !IR BASIC NATURE3 ,OR1 TO BE MORE PRECISE1 ! ,WE/ MI<T HAVE 9TRODUC$ SOME NEW POSSIBILITIES1 BUT IT HASN'T CANCEL$ ANY ( ! OLD ONES \T4 

,! FIR/ ?+ ONE DISCOV]S :5 ONE TRIES TO ?9K ?IS WAY IS ?AT IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO DO SO4 ,ONE HAS TO CUT PA/ ! 5DLESS HO/ ( 9TELLECTUAL TRICKS & GIMMICKS ?AT CREATE ! WALL ( DI/ANCE >\ND 0MOD]N0 SOCIETIES4 ,LET ME GIVE JU/ ONE EXAMPLE4 ,IT IS COMMON TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 :AT >E CALL$ 0K9%IP-BAS$ SOCIETIES0 & MOD]N ONES1 :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO BE BAS$ ON IMP]SONAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! M>KET OR ! /ATE4 ,! SOCIETIES TRADITIONALLY /UDI$ BY AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAVE K9%IP SY/EMS4 ,!Y >E ORGANIZ$ 9TO DESC5T GR\PS-- L9EAGES1 OR CLANS1 OR MOIETIES1 OR RAMAGES--:I* TRACE DESC5T TO COMMON ANCE/ORS1 LIVE MA9LY ON ANCE/RAL T]RITORIES1 >E SE5 AS CONSI/+ ( SIMIL> 0K9DS0 ( PEOPLE--AN IDEA USUALLY EXPRESS$ ?R\< PHYSICAL IDIOMS ( COMMON FLE%1 OR BONE1 OR BLOOD1 OR SK94 ,(T5 K9%IP SY/EMS BECOME A BASIS ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY AS SOME GR\PS >E SE5 AS HI<] ?AN O!RS1 AS = EXAMPLE 9 CA/E SY/EMS2 ALWAYS1 K9%IP E/ABLI%ES ! T]MS = SEX & M>RIAGE & ! PASS+ ( PROP]TY OV] ! G5]ATIONS4 

,! T]M 0K9-BAS$0 IS (T5 US$ ! WAY PEOPLE US$ TO USE ! WORD 0PRIMITIVE02 !SE >E EXOTIC SOCIETIES :I* >E 9 NO WAY LIKE \R [N4 7,?AT'S :Y IT IS ASSUM$ WE NE$ AN?ROPOLOGY TO /UDY !M2 5TIRELY DIFF]5T DISCIPL9ES1 LIKE SOCIOLOGY & ECONOMICS1 >E ASSUM$ TO BE REQUIR$ TO /UDY MOD]N ONES47 ,BUT !N ! EXACT SAME PEOPLE :O MAKE ?IS >GUM5T WILL USUALLY TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! MA9 SOCIAL PROBLEMS 9 \R [N1 0MOD]N0 SOCIETY 7OR 0PO/MOD]N03 = PRES5T PURPOSES IT'S EXACTLY ! SAME ?+7 REVOLVE >\ND RACE1 CLASS1 & G5D]4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 PRECISELY FROM ! NATURE ( \R K9%IP SY/EM4 

,AFT] ALL1 :AT DOES IT MEAN TO SAY MO/ ,AM]ICANS SEE ! WORLD AS DIVID$ 9TO 0RACES08 ,IT MEANS !Y BELIEVE ?AT IT IS DIVID$ 9TO GR\PS :I* >E PRESUM$ TO %>E A COMMON DESC5T & GEOGRAPHICAL ORIG91 :O = ?IS REASON >E SE5 AS DIFF]5T 0K9DS0 ( PEOPLE1 ?AT ?IS IDEA IS USUALLY EXPRESS$ ?R\< PHYSICAL IDIOMS ( BLOOD & SK91 & ?AT ! RESULT+ SY/EM REGULATES SEX1 M>RIAGE1 & ! 9H]ITANCE ( PROP]TY & !RE=E CREATES & MA9TA9S SOCIAL 9EQUALITIES4 ,WE >E TALK+ AB\T SOME?+ V]Y MU* LIKE A CLASSIC CLAN SY/EM1 EXCEPT ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 ,ONE MI<T OBJECT ?AT !RE IS A LOT ( 9T]RACIAL M>RIAGE GO+ ON1 & EV5 MORE 9T]RACIAL SEX1 BUT !N1 ?IS IS ONLY :AT WE %\LD EXPECT4 ,/ATI/ICAL /UDIES ALWAYS REVEAL ?AT1 EV5 9 0TRADITIONAL0 SOCIETIES LIKE ! ,NAMBIKW>A OR ,>APE%1 AT LEA/ #e-#a.0 ( Y\NG PEOPLE M>RY SOMEONE !Y'RE NOT SUPPOS$ TO4 ,/ATI/ICALLY1 ! PH5OM5A >E ( AB\T EQUAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,SOCIAL CLASS IS SLI<TLY MORE COMPLICAT$1 S9CE ! GR\PS >E LESS CLE>LY B\ND$4 ,/ILL1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A RUL+ CLASS & A COLLECTION ( PEOPLE :O HAPP5 TO HAVE DONE WELL IS1 PRECISELY1 K9%IP3 ! ABILITY TO M>RY ONE'S *ILDR5 (F APPROPRIATELY1 & PASS ONE'S ADVANTAGES ON TO ONE'S DESC5DANTS4 ,PEOPLE M>RY ACROSS CLASS L9ES TOO1 BUT R>ELY V]Y F>2 & :ILE MO/ ,AM]ICANS SEEM TO BE UND] ! IMPRESSION ?AT ?IS IS A C\NTRY ( CONSID]ABLE CLASS MOBILITY1 :5 ASK$ TO ADDUCE EXAMPLES ALL !Y CAN USUALLY COME UP ) IS A H&FUL ( RAGS TO RI*ES /ORIES4 ,IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D AN EXAMPLE ( AN ,AM]ICAN :O WAS BORN RI* & 5D$ UP A P5NILESS W>D ( ! /ATE4 ,SO ALL WE >E REALLY DEAL+ ) !N IS ! FACT1 FAMILI> TO ANYONE :O'S /UDI$ HI/ORY1 ?AT RUL+ ELITES 7UNLESS POLYGAM\S7 >E NEV] ABLE TO REPRODUCE !MSELVES DEMOGRAPHICALLY1 & !RE=E ALWAYS NE$ SOME WAY TO RECRUIT NEW BLOOD 7& IF !Y >E POLYGAM\S1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ITSELF BECOMES A MODE ( SOCIAL MOBILITY74 

,G5D] RELATIONS >E ( C\RSE ! V]Y FABRIC ( K9%IP4 

:AT W\LD IT TAKE TO KNOCK D[N !SE WALLS8 

,I'D SAY A LOT4 ,TOO MANY PEOPLE HAVE TOO MU* 9VE/$ 9 MA9TA9+ !M4 ,?IS 9CLUDES AN>*I/S1 9CID5TALLY4 ,AT LEA/ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! AN>*I/S :O DO TAKE AN?ROPOLOGY ! MO/ S]I\SLY >E ! ,PRIMITIVI/S1 A SMALL BUT V]Y VOCAL FACTION :O >GUE ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO GET HUMANITY BACK ON TRACK IS TO %UCK (F MOD]NITY 5TIRELY4 ,9SPIR$ BY ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S' ESSAY 0,! ,ORIG9AL ,AFFLU5T ,SOCIETY10 !Y PROPOSE ?AT !RE WAS A TIME :5 ALI5ATION & 9EQUALITY DID NOT EXI/1 :5 EV]YONE WAS A HUNT]GA!R+ AN>*I/1 & ?AT !RE=E REAL LIB]ATION CAN ONLY COME IF WE AB&ON 0CIVILIZATION0 & RETURN TO ! ,UPP] ,PALEOLI?IC1 OR AT LEA/ ! E>LY ,IRON ,AGE4 ,9 FACT WE KN[ ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T LIFE 9 ! ,PALEOLI?IC1 O!R ?AN ! SORT ( ?+ ?AT CAN BE GLEAN$ FROM /UDY+ V]Y OLD SKULLS 7I4E41 9 ! ,PALEOLI?IC PEOPLE HAD MU* BETT] TEE?2 !Y ALSO DI$ MU* MORE FREQU5TLY FROM TRAUMATIC HEAD W\NDS74 ,BUT :AT WE SEE 9 ! MORE REC5T E?NOGRAPHIC RECORD IS 5DLESS V>IETY4 ,!RE W]E HUNT]GA!R] SOCIETIES ) NOBLES & SLAVES1 !RE >E AGR>IAN SOCIETIES ?AT >E FI]CELY EGALIT>IAN4 ,EV5 9 ,CLA/RES' FAVOR$ /OMP+ GR\NDS 9 ,AMAZONIA1 ONE F9DS SOME GR\PS :O CAN JU/LY BE DESCRIB$ AS AN>*I/S1 LIKE ! ,PI>OA1 LIV+ ALONGSIDE O!RS 7SAY1 ! W>LIKE ,%]5TE7 :O >E CLE>LY ANY?+ BUT4 ,& 0SOCIETIES0 >E CON/ANTLY RE=M+1 SKIPP+ BACK & =? BETWE5 :AT WE ?9K ( AS DIFF]5T EVOLUTION>Y /AGES4 

,I DO NOT ?9K WE'RE LOS+ MU* IF WE ADMIT ?AT HUMANS NEV] REALLY LIV$ 9 ! G>D5 ( ,$54 ,KNOCK+ ! WALLS D[N CAN ALL[ US TO SEE ?IS HI/ORY AS A RES\RCE TO US 9 MU* MORE 9T]E/+ WAYS4 ,BECAUSE IT WORKS BO? WAYS4 ,NOT ONLY DO WE1 9 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 /ILL HAVE K9%IP 7& COSMOLOGIES72 O!R SOCIETIES HAVE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & REVOLUTIONS4 ,:I* MEANS1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ?AT RADICAL !ORI/S NO LONG] HAVE TO PORE 5DLESSLY OV] ! SAME SCANT TWO HUNDR$ YE>S ( REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY4 

,BETWE5 ! SIXTE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES ! WE/ COA/ ( ,MADAGASC> WAS DIVID$ 9TO A S]IES ( RELAT$ K+DOMS UND] ! ,M>OANSETRA DYNA/Y4 ,!IR SUBJECTS W]E COLLECTIVELY KN[N AS ! ,SAKALAVA4 ,9 NOR?WE/ ,MADAGASC> !RE IS N[ AN 0E?NIC GR\P0 5SCONC$ 9 A SOME:AT DIFFICULT1 HILLY BACK C\NTRY REF]R$ TO AS ! ,TSIMIHETY4 ,! WORD LIT]ALLY MEANS 0?OSE :O DO NOT CUT !IR HAIR40 ,?IS REF]S TO A ,SAKALAVA CU/OM3 :5 A K+ DI$1 HIS MALE SUBJECTS W]E ALL EXPECT$ TO CROP (F !IR HAIR AS A SIGN ( M\RN+4 ,! ,TSIMIHETY W]E ?OSE :O REFUS$1 & H5CE REJECT$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,SAKALAVA MON>*Y2 TO ?IS DAY !Y >E M>K$ BY RESOLUTELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & PRACTICES4 ,!Y >E1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! AN>*I/S ( NOR?WE/ ,MADAGASC>4 ,TO ?IS DAY !Y HAVE MA9TA9$ A REPUTATION AS MA/]S ( EVASION3 UND] ! ,FR5*1 ADM9I/RATORS W\LD COMPLA9 ?AT !Y C\LD S5D DELEGATIONS TO >RANGE = LABOR TO BUILD A ROAD NE> A ,TSIMIHETY VILLAGE1 NEGOTIATE ! T]MS ) APP>5TLY COOP]ATIVE ELD]S1 & RETURN ) ! EQUIPM5T A WEEK LAT] ONLY TO DISCOV] ! VILLAGE 5TIRELY AB&ON$--EV]Y S+LE 9HABITANT HAD MOV$ 9 ) SOME RELATIVE 9 ANO!R P>T ( ! C\NTRY4 

,:AT ESPECIALLY 9T]E/S ME H]E IS ! PR9CIPLE ( 0E?NOG5ESIS10 AS IT'S CALL$ N[ADAYS4 ,! ,TSIMIHETY >E N[ CONSID]$ A FOKO--A PEOPLE OR E?NIC GR\P-- BUT !IR ID5TITY EM]G$ AS A POLITICAL PROJECT4 ,! DESIRE TO LIVE FREE ( ,SAKALAVA DOM9ATION WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO A DESIRE--ONE :I* CAME TO SUFFUSE ALL SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS FROM VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES TO MORTU>Y RITUAL--TO LIVE 9 A SOCIETY FREE ( M>K]S ( HI]>*Y4 ,?IS !N BECAME 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ AS A WAY ( LIFE ( A COMMUNITY LIV+ TOGE!R1 :I* !N 9 TURN CAME TO BE ?\<T ( AS A P>TICUL> 0K9D0 ( PEOPLE1 AN E?NIC GR\P--PEOPLE :O ALSO1 S9CE !Y T5D TO 9T]M>RY1 COME TO BE SE5 AS UNIT$ BY COMMON ANCE/RY4 ,IT IS EASI] TO SEE ?IS HAPP5+ 9 ,MADAGASC> :]E EV]YONE PRETTY MU* SPEAKS ! SAME LANGUAGE4 ,BUT ,I D\BT IT IS ?AT UNUSUAL4 ,! E?NOG5ESIS LIT]ATURE IS A FAIRLY NEW ONE1 BUT IT IS BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY CLE> ?AT MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY CONT9UAL SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,RA!R ?AN TIMELESS GR\PS LIV+ = ?\S&S ( YE>S 9 !IR ANCE/RAL T]RITORIES1 NEW GR\PS W]E BE+ CREAT$1 & OLD ONES DISSOLV+1 ALL ! TIME4 ,MANY ( :AT WE HAVE COME TO ?9K ( AS TRIBES1 OR NATIONS1 OR E?NIC GR\PS W]E ORIG9ALLY COLLECTIVE PROJECTS ( SOME SORT4 ,9 ! ,TSIMIHETY CASE WE >E TALK+ AB\T A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT1 AT LEA/ REVOLUTION>Y 9 ?AT S5SE ,I HAVE BE5 DEVELOP+ H]E3 A CONSCI\S REJECTION ( C]TA9 =MS ( OV]>*+ POLITICAL P[] :I* ALSO CAUSES PEOPLE TO RE?9K & REORGANIZE ! WAY !Y DEAL ) ONE ANO!R ON AN EV]YDAY BASIS4 ,MO/ >E NOT4 ,SOME >E EGALIT>IAN1 O!RS >E AB\T PROMOT+ A C]TA9 VISION ( AU?ORITY OR HI]>*Y4 ,/ILL1 ONE IS DEAL+ ) SOME?+ V]Y MU* ALONG ! L9ES ( :AT WE'D ?9K ( AS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T2 IT IS JU/ ?AT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( BROADSIDES1 RALLIES & MANIFE/OS1 ! M$IA ?R\< :I* ONE CAN CREATE & DEM& NEW =MS ( 7:AT WE'D CALL7 SOCIAL1 ECONOMIC OR POLITICAL LIFE1 TO PURSUE DIFF]5T =MS ( VALUE1 W]E DIFF]5T3 ONE HAD TO WORK ?R\< LIT]ALLY OR FIGURATIVELY SCULPT+ FLE%1 ?R\< MUSIC & RITUAL1 FOOD & CLO?+1 & WAYS ( DISPOS+ ( ! DEAD4 ,BUT 9 P>T AS A RESULT1 OV] TIME1 :AT W]E ONCE PROJECTS BECOME ID5TITIES1 EV5 ONES CONT9U\S ) NATURE4 ,!Y OSSIFY & H>D5 9TO SELF-EVID5T TRU?S OR COLLECTIVE PROP]TIES4 

,A :OLE DISCIPL9E C\LD NO D\BT BE 9V5T$ TO UND]/& PRECISELY H[ ?IS HAPP5S3 A PROCESS 9 ONLY SOME WAYS ANALOG\S TO ,WEB]'S 0R\T9IZATION ( *>ISMA10 FULL ( /RATEGIES1 REV]SALS1 DIV]SIONS ( 5]GY444 ,SOCIAL FIELDS :I* >E1 9 !IR ESS5CE1 >5AS = ! RECOGNITION ( C]TA9 =MS ( VALUE CAN BECOME BORD]S TO BE DEF5D$2 REPRES5TATIONS OR M$IA ( VALUE BECOME NUM9\S P[]S 9 !MSELVES2 CREATION SLIPS 9TO COMMEMORATION2 ! OSSIFI$ REMA9S ( LIB]ATORY MOVEM5TS CAN 5D UP1 UND] ! GRIP ( /ATES1 TRANS=M$ 9TO :AT WE CALL 0NATIONALISMS0 :I* >E EI!R MOBILIZ$ TO RALLY SUPPORT = ! /ATE MA*9]Y OR BECOME ! BASIS = NEW SOCIAL MOVEM5TS OPPOS$ TO !M4 

,! CRITICAL ?+ H]E1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS ?AT ?IS PETRIFICATION DOES NOT ONLY APPLY TO SOCIAL PROJECTS4 ,IT CAN ALSO HAPP5 TO ! /ATES !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS A PH5OM5ON !ORI/S ( SOCIAL /RUGGLE HAVE R>ELY FULLY APPRECIAT$4 

,:5 ! ,FR5* COLONIAL ADM9I/RATION E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9 ,MADAGASC> IT DULY BEGAN DIVID+ ! POPULATION UP 9TO A S]IES ( 0TRIBES03 ,M]9A1 ,BETSILEO1 ,B>A1 ,SAKALAVA1 ,VEZO1 ,TSIMIHETY1 ETC4 ,S9CE !RE >E FEW CLE> DI/9CTIONS ( LANGUAGE1 IT IS EASI] H]E1 ?AN 9 MO/ PLACES1 TO DISC]N SOME ( ! PR9CIPLES BY :I* !SE DIVISIONS CAME AB\T4 ,SOME >E POLITICAL4 ,! ,SAKALAVA >E NOT$ SUBJECTS ( ! ,M>OANTSETRA DYNA/Y 7:I* CREAT$ AT LEA/ ?REE K+DOMS ALONG ! ,WE/ COA/74 ,! ,TSIMIHETY >E ?OSE :O REFUS$ ALLEGIANCE4 ,?OSE CALL$ ! 0,M]9A0 >E ?OSE HI<L& PEOPLE ORIG9ALLY UNIT$ BY ALLEGIANCE TO A K+ NAM$ ,&RIANAMPO9IM]9A2 SUBJECTS ( O!R HI<L& K+DOMS TO ! S\?1 :O ! ,M]9A CONQU]$ ALMO/ IMM$IATELY !REAFT]1 >E REF]R$ TO COLLECTIVELY AS ,BETSILEO4 

,SOME NAMES HAVE TO DO ) :]E PEOPLE LIVE OR H[ !Y MAKE A LIV+3 ! ,TANALA >E 0=E/ PEOPLE0 ON ! EA/ COA/2 ON ! WE/ COA/1 ! ,MIKEA >E HUNT]S & =AG]S & ! ,VEZO1 FI%]FOLK4 ,BUT EV5 H]E !RE >E USUALLY POLITICAL ELEM5TS3 ! ,VEZO LIV$ ALONGSIDE ! ,SAKALAVA MON>*IES BUT LIKE ! ,TSIMIHETY1 !Y MANAG$ TO REMA9 9DEP5D5T ( !M BECAUSE1 AS LEG5D HAS IT1 :5EV] !Y LE>N$ ROYAL REPRES5TATIVES W]E ON ! WAY TO VISIT !M1 !Y W\LD ALL GET 9 !IR CANOES & WAIT (F%ORE UNTIL !Y W5T AWAY4 ,?OSE FI%+ VILLAGES ?AT DID SUCCUMB BECAME ,SAKALAVA1 NOT ,VEZO4 

,! ,M]9A1 ,SAKALAVA1 & ,BETSILEO >E BY F> ! MO/ NUM]\S H[EV]4 ,SO MO/ ,MALAGASY1 !N1 >E DEF9$1 NOT EXACTLY BY !IR POLITICAL LOYALTIES1 BUT BY ! LOYALTIES !IR ANCE/ORS HAD SOMETIME >\ND #agge OR #a#h4 ,! 9T]E/+ ?+ IS :AT HAPP5$ TO !SE ID5TITIES ONCE ! K+S W]E NO LONG] >\ND4 ,H]E ! ,M]9A & ,BETSILEO SEEM TO REPRES5T TWO OPPOSITE POSSIBILITIES4 

,MANY ( !SE ANCI5T K+DOMS W]E LITTLE MORE ?AN 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ EXTORTION SY/EMS2 9S(> AS ORD9>Y FOLK ACTUALLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ROYAL POLITICS1 IT WAS ?R\< RITUAL LABOR3 BUILD+ ROYAL PALACES & TOMBS1 = EXAMPLE1 9 :I* EA* CLAN WAS USUALLY ASSIGN$ SOME V]Y SPECIFIC HONORIFIC ROLE4 ,)9 ! ,M]9A K+DOM ?IS SY/EM 5D$ UP BE+ SO ?OR\<LY ABUS$ ?AT BY ! TIME ! ,FR5* >RIV$1 IT HAD BE5 ALMO/ 5TIRELY DISCR$IT$ & ROYAL RULE BECAME1 AS ,I M5TION$1 ID5TIFI$ ) SLAV]Y & =C$ LABOR2 AS A RESULT1 ! 0,M]9A0 N[ MA9LY EXI/ ON PAP]4 ,ONE NEV] HE>S ANYONE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE REF]R+ TO !MSELVES ?AT WAY EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 ESSAYS !Y HAVE TO WRITE 9 S*OOL4 ,! ,SAKALAVA >E QUITE ANO!R /ORY4 ,SAKALAVA IS /ILL V]Y MU* A LIV+ ID5TITY ON ! ,WE/ COA/1 & IT CONT9UES TO MEAN1 FOLL[]S ( ! ,M>OANTSETRA DYNA/Y4 ,BUT = ! LA/ HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S OR SO1 ! PRIM>Y LOYALTIES ( MO/ ,SAKALAVA HAVE BE5 TO ! MEMB]S ( ?IS DYNA/Y :O >E DEAD4 ,:ILE LIV+ ROYALTY >E L>GELY IGNOR$1 ! ANCI5T K+S' TOMBS >E /ILL CONT9UALLY REBUILT & R$ECORAT$ 9 VA/ COMMUNAL PROJECTS & ?IS IS :AT BE+ ,SAKALAVA IS SE5 L>GELY TO BE AB\T4 ,& DEAD K+S /ILL MAKE !IR WI%ES KN[N--?R\< SPIRIT M$IUMS :O >E USUALLY ELD]LY WOM5 ( COMMON] DESC5T4 

,9 MANY O!R P>TS ( ,MADAGASC> AS WELL1 IT (T5 SEEMS ?AT NO ONE REALLY TAKES ON !IR FULL AU?ORITY UNTIL !Y >E DEAD4 ,SO P]HAPS ! ,SAKALAVA CASE IS NOT ?AT EXTRAORD9>Y4 ,BUT IT REVEALS ONE V]Y COMMON WAY ( AVOID+ ! DIRECT EFFECTS ( P[]3 IF ONE CANNOT SIMPLY /EP \T ( ITS PA?1 LIKE ! ,VEZO OR ,TSIMIHETY1 ONE CAN1 AS IT W]E1 TRY TO FOSSILIZE IT4 ,9 ! ,SAKALAVA CASE ! OSSIFICATION ( ! /ATE IS QUITE LIT]AL3 ! K+S :O >E /ILL WOR%IP$ TAKE ! PHYSICAL =M ( ROYAL RELICS1 !Y >E LIT]ALLY TEE? & BONES4 ,BUT ?IS APPROA* IS PROBABLY F> MORE COMMONPLACE ?AN WE W\LD BE GIV5 TO SUSPECT4 

,KAJSIA ,ECKHOLM = EXAMPLE HAS REC5TLY MADE ! 9TRIGU+ SUGGE/ION ?AT ! K9D ( DIV9E K+%IP ,SIR ,JAMES ,FRAZ] WROTE AB\T 9 ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\<1 9 :I* K+S W]E H$G$ AB\T ) 5DLESS RITUAL & TABOO 7NOT TO T\* ! E>?1 NOT TO SEE ! SUN44471 WAS NOT1 AS WE NORMALLY ASSUME1 AN >*AIC =M ( K+%IP1 BUT 9 MO/ CASES1 A V]Y LATE ONE4 

,%E GIVES ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,KONGO MON>*Y1 :I* :5 ! ,PORTUGESE FIR/ %[$ UP 9 ! LATE FIFTE5? C5TURY DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY MORE RITUALIZ$ ?AN ! MON>*Y 9 ,PORTUGAL OR ,SPA9 AT ! SAME TIME4 ,!RE WAS A C]TA9 AM\NT ( C\RT C]EMONIAL1 BUT NO?+ ?AT GOT 9 ! WAY ( GOV]N+4 ,IT WAS ONLY LAT]1 AS ! K+DOM COLLAPS$ 9TO CIVIL W> & BROKE 9TO T9I] & T9I] FRAGM5TS1 ?AT ITS RUL]S BECAME 9CREAS+LY SACR$ BE+S4 ,ELABORATE RITUALS W]E CREAT$1 RE/RICTIONS MULTIPLI$1 UNTIL BY ! 5D WE READ AB\T 0K+S0 :O W]E CONF9$ TO SMALL BUILD+S1 OR LIT]ALLY CA/RAT$ ON ASC5D+ ! ?RONE4 ,AS A RESULT !Y RUL$ V]Y LITTLE2 MO/ ,BA,KONGO HAD 9 FACT PASS$ TO A L>GELY SELF-GOV]N+ SY/EM1 ?\< ALSO A V]Y TUMULTU\S ONE1 CAU<T 9 ! ?ROES ( ! SLAVETRADE4 

,IS ANY ( ?IS RELEVANT TO CONTEMPOR>Y CONC]NS8 ,V]Y MU* SO1 IT SEEMS TO ME4 ,AUTONOMI/ ?9K]S 9 ,ITALY HAVE1 OV] ! LA/ C\PLE DECADES1 DEVELOP$ A !ORY ( :AT !Y CALL REVOLUTION>Y 0EXODUS40 ,IT IS 9SPIR$ 9 P>T BY P>TICUL>LY ,ITALIAN CONDITIONS--! BROAD REFUSAL ( FACTORY WORK AMONG Y\NG PEOPLE1 ! FL\RI%+ ( SQUATS & OCCUPI$ 0SOCIAL C5T]S0 9 SO MANY ,ITALIAN CITIES444 ,BUT 9 ALL ?IS ,ITALY SEEMS TO HAVE ACT$ AS A K9D ( LABORATORY = FUTURE SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 ANTICIPAT+ TR5DS ?AT >E N[ BEG9N+ TO HAPP5 ON A GLOBAL SCALE4 

,! !ORY ( EXODUS PROPOSES ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE WAY ( OPPOS+ CAPITALISM & ! LIB]AL /ATE IS NOT ?R\< DIRECT CONFRONTATION BUT BY MEANS ( :AT ,PAOLO ,VIRNO HAS CALL$ 05GAG$ )DRAWAL10 MASS DEFECTION BY ?OSE WI%+ TO CREATE NEW =MS ( COMMUNITY4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY GLANCE AT ! HI/ORICAL RECORD TO CONFIRM ?AT MO/ SUCCESSFUL =MS ( POPUL> RESI/ANCE HAVE TAK5 PRECISELY ?IS =M4 ,!Y HAVE NOT 9VOLV$ *ALL5G+ P[] HEAD ON 7?IS USUALLY LEADS TO BE+ SLAU<T]$1 OR IF NOT1 TURN+ 9TO SOME--(T5 EV5 UGLI]--V>IANT ( ! V]Y ?+ ONE FIR/ *ALL5G$7 BUT FROM ONE OR ANO!R /RATEGY ( SLIPP+ AWAY FROM ITS GRASP1 FROM FLI<T1 DES]TION1 ! F\ND+ ( NEW COMMUNITIES4 ,ONE ,AUTONOMI/ HI/ORIAN1 ,YANN ,M\LI] ,B\TANG1 HAS EV5 >GU$ ?AT ! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM HAS BE5 A S]IES ( ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( WORK] MOBILITY--H5CE ! 5DLESS ELABORATION ( 9/ITUTIONS LIKE 9D5TURE1 SLAV]Y1 COOLIE SY/EMS1 CONTRACT WORK]S1 GUE/ WORK]S1 9NUM]ABLE =MS ( BORD] CONTROL--S9CE1 IF ! SY/EM EV] REALLY CAME CLOSE TO ITS [N FANTASY V]SION ( ITSELF1 9 :I* WORK]S W]E FREE TO HIRE ON & QUIT !IR WORK :]EV] & :5EV] !Y WANT$1 ! 5TIRE SY/EM W\LD COLLAPSE4 ,IT'S = PRECISELY ?IS REASON ?AT ! ONE MO/ CONSI/5T DEM& PUT =W>D BY ! RADICAL ELEM5TS 9 ! GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T--FROM ! ,ITALIAN ,AUTONOMI/S TO ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S--HAS ALWAYS BE5 GLOBAL FRE$OM ( MOVEM5T1 0REAL GLOBALIZATION10 ! DE/RUCTION ( BORD]S1 A G5]AL TE>+ D[N ( WALLS4 

,! K9D ( TE>+ D[N ( CONCEPTUAL WALLS ,I'VE BE5 PROPOS+ H]E MAKES IT POSSIBLE = US NOT ONLY TO CONFIRM ! IMPORTANCE ( DEFECTION1 IT PROMISES AN 9F9ITELY RI*] CONCEPTION ( H[ ALT]NATIVE =MS ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION MI<T WORK4 ,?IS IS A HI/ORY :I* HAS L>GELY YET TO BE WRITT51 BUT !RE >E GLIMM]+S4 ,PET] ,LAMBORN ,WILSON HAS PRODUC$ ! BRI<TE/ ( !SE1 9 A S]IES ( ESSAYS :I* 9CLUDE REFLECTIONS1 ON1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,HOPEWELL & ,MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURES ?R\< MU* ( EA/]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,!SE W]E SOCIETIES APP>5TLY DOM9AT$ BY PRIE/LY ELITES1 CA/EBAS$ SOCIAL /RUCTURES1 & HUMAN SACRIFICE--:I* MY/]I\SLY DISAPPE>$1 BE+ REPLAC$ BY F> MORE EGALIT>IAN HUNT]_/GA!R+ OR HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES4 ,HE SUGGE/S1 9T]E/+LY 5\<1 ?AT ! FAM\S ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN ID5TIFICATION ) NATURE MI<T NOT REALLY HAVE BE5 A REACTION TO ,EUROPEAN VALUES1 BUT TO A DIALECTICAL POSSIBILITY )9 !IR [N SOCIETIES FROM :I* !Y HAD QUITE CONSCI\SLY RUN AWAY4 ,! /ORY CONT9UES ?R\< ! DEFECTION ( ! ,JAME/[N SETTL]S1 A COLLECTION ( S]VANTS AB&ON$ 9 ! FIR/ ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN COLONY 9 ,VIRG9IA BY !IR G5TLEMAN PATRONS1 :O APP>5TLY 5D$ UP BECOM+ ,9DIANS1 TO AN 5DLESS S]IES ( 0PIRATE UTOPIAS10 9 :I* ,BRITI% R5EGADES TEAM$ UP ) ,MUSLIM CORSAIRS1 OR JO9$ NATIVE COMMUNITIES FROM ,HISPANIOLA TO ,MADAGASC>1 HIDD5 0TRIRACIAL0 REPUBLICS F\ND$ BY ESCAP$ SLAVES AT ! M>G9S ( ,EUROPEAN SETTLEM5TS1 ,ANT9OMIANS1 & O!R LITTLE-KN[N LIB]T>IAN 5CLAVES ?AT RIDDL$ ! CONT95T EV5 BE=E ! ,%AK]S & ,F\RI]I/S & ALL ! BETT]KN[N N9ETE5?-C5TURY 09T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES40 

,MO/ ( !SE LITTLE UTOPIAS W]E EV5 MORE M>G9AL ?AN ! ,VEZO OR ,TSIMIHETY W]E 9 ,MADAGASC>2 ALL ( !M W]E EV5TUALLY GOBBL$ UP4 ,:I* LEADS TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ TO NEUTRALIZE ! /ATE APP>ATUS ITSELF1 9 ! ABS5CE ( A POLITICS ( DIRECT CONFRONTATION4 ,NO D\BT SOME /ATES & CORPORATE ELITES WILL COLLAPSE ( !IR [N DEAD WEI<T2 A FEW ALREADY HAVE2 BUT IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E A SC5>IO 9 :I* !Y ALL WILL4 ,H]E1 ! ,SAKALAVA & ,BA,KONGO MI<T BE ABLE TO PROVIDE US SOME USEFUL SUGGE/IONS4 ,:AT CANNOT BE DE/ROY$ CAN1 NONE!LESS1 BE DIV]T$1 FROZ51 TRANS=M$1 & GRADUALLY DEPRIV$ ( ITS SUB/ANCE--:I* 9 ! CASE ( /ATES1 IS ULTIMATELY !IR CAPACITY TO 9SPIRE T]ROR4 ,:AT W\LD ?IS MEAN UND] CONTEMPOR>Y CONDITIONS8 ,IT'S NOT 5TIRELY CLE>4 ,P]HAPS EXI/+ /ATE APP>ATI WILL GRADUALLY BE R$UC$ TO W9D[-DRESS+ AS ! SUB/ANCE IS PULL$ \T ( !M FROM ABOVE & BEL[3 I4E41 BO? FROM ! GR[? ( 9T]NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 & FROM DEVOLUTION TO LOCAL & REGIONAL =MS ( SELFGOV]NANCE4 ,P]HAPS GOV]NM5T BY M$IA SPECTACLE WILL DEVOLVE 9TO SPECTACLE PURE & SIMPLE 7SOME:AT ALONG ! L9ES ( :AT ,PAUL ,LAF>GUE1 ,M>X'S ,WE/ ,9DIAN SON-9-LAW & AU?OR ( ,! ,RI<T TO ,BE ,LAZY1 IMPLI$ :5 HE SUGGE/$ ?AT AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 POLITICIANS W\LD /ILL BE ABLE TO FULFILL A USEFUL SOCIAL FUNCTION 9 ! 5T]TA9M5T 9DU/RY74 ,MORE LIKELY IT WILL HAPP5 9 WAYS WE CANNOT EV5 ANTICIPATE4 ,BUT NO D\BT !RE >E WAYS 9 :I* IT IS HAPP5+ ALREADY4 ,AS ,NEOLIB]AL /ATES MOVE T[>DS NEW =MS ( FEUDALISM1 CONC5TRAT+ !IR GUNS 9CREAS+LY >\ND GAT$ COMMUNITIES1 9SURRECTION>Y SPACES OP5 UP ?AT WE DON'T EV5 KN[ AB\T4 ,! ,M]9A RICE F>M]S DESCRIB$ 9 ! LA/ SECTION UND]/& :AT MANY W\LD-BE REVOLUTION>IES DO NOT3 ?AT !RE >E TIMES :5 ! /UPIDE/ ?+ ONE C\LD POSSIBLY DO IS RAISE A R$ OR BLACK FLAG & ISSUE DEFIANT DECL>ATIONS4 ,SOMETIMES ! S5SIBLE ?+ IS JU/ TO PRET5D NO?+ HAS *ANG$1 ALL[ (FICIAL /ATE REPRES5TATIVES TO KEEP !IR DIGNITY1 EV5 %[ UP AT !IR (FICES & FILL \T A =M N[ & !N1 BUT O!RWISE1 IGNORE !M4 

,T5ETS ( A ,NON-EXI/5T ,SCI5CE 

,LET ME \TL9E A FEW ( ! >EAS ( !ORY AN AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGY MI<T WI% TO EXPLORE3 

#a7 ,A ,!,O,R,Y ,( ,! ,/,A,T,E 

,/ATES HAVE A PECULI> DUAL *>ACT]4 ,!Y >E AT ! SAME TIME =MS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RAID+ OR EXTORTION1 & UTOPIAN PROJECTS4 ,! FIR/ C]TA9LY REFLECTS ! WAY /ATES >E ACTUALLY EXP]I5C$1 BY ANY COMMUNITIES ?AT RETA9 SOME DEGREE ( AUTONOMY2 ! SECOND H[EV] IS H[ !Y T5D TO APPE> 9 ! WRITT5 RECORD4 

,9 ONE S5SE /ATES >E ! 0IMAG9>Y TOTALITY0 P> EXCELL5CE1 & MU* ( ! CONFUSION 5TAIL$ 9 !ORIES ( ! /ATE HI/ORICALLY LIES 9 AN 9ABILITY OR UNWILL+NESS TO RECOGNIZE ?IS4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 /ATES W]E IDEAS1 WAYS ( IMAG9+ SOCIAL ORD] AS SOME?+ ONE C\LD GET A GRIP ON1 MODELS ( CONTROL4 ,?IS IS :Y ! FIR/ KN[N WORKS ( SOCIAL !ORY1 :E!R FROM ,P]SIA1 OR ,*9A1 OR ANCI5T ,GREECE1 W]E ALWAYS FRAM$ AS !ORIES ( /ATECRAFT4 ,?IS HAS HAD TWO DISA/R\S EFFECTS4 ,ONE IS TO GIVE UTOPIANISM A BAD NAME4 7,! WORD 0UTOPIA0 FIR/ CALLS TO M9D ! IMAGE ( AN IDEAL CITY1 USUALLY1 ) P]FECT GEOMETRY--! IMAGE SEEMS TO H>K5 BACK ORIG9ALLY TO ! ROYAL MILIT>Y CAMP3 A GEOMETRICAL SPACE :I* IS 5TIRELY ! EMANATION ( A S+LE1 9DIVIDUAL WILL1 A FANTASY ( TOTAL CONTROL47 ,ALL ?IS HAS HAD DIRE POLITICAL CONSEQU5CES1 TO SAY ! LEA/4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT WE T5D TO ASSUME ?AT /ATES1 & SOCIAL ORD]1 EV5 SOCIETIES1 L>GELY CORRESPOND4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE HAVE A T5D5CY TO TAKE ! MO/ GR&IOSE1 EV5 P>ANOID1 CLAIMS ( WORLD-RUL]S S]I\SLY1 ASSUM+ ?AT :ATEV] COSMOLOGICAL PROJECTS !Y CLAIM$ TO BE PURSU+ ACTUALLY DID CORRESPOND1 AT LEA/ R\<LY1 TO SOME?+ ON ! GR\ND4 ,:]EAS IT IS LIKELY ?AT 9 MANY SU* CASES1 !SE CLAIMS ORD9>ILY ONLY APPLI$ FULLY )9 A FEW DOZ5 Y>DS ( ! MON>* 9 ANY DIRECTION1 & MO/ SUBJECTS W]E MU* MORE LIKELY TO SEE RUL+ ELITES1 ON A DAY-TO-DAY BASIS1 AS SOME?+ MU* ALONG ! L9ES ( PR$ATORY RAID]S4 

,AN ADEQUATE !ORY ( /ATES W\LD !N HAVE TO BEG9 BY DI/+UI%+ 9 EA* CASE BETWE5 ! RELEVANT IDEAL ( RUL]%IP 7:I* CAN BE ALMO/ ANY?+1 A NE$ TO 5=CE MILIT>Y /YLE DISCIPL9E1 ! ABILITY TO PROVIDE P]FECT !ATRICAL REPRES5TATION ( GRACI\S LIV+ :I* WILL 9SPIRE O!RS1 ! NE$ TO PROVIDE ! GODS ) 5DLESS HUMAN HE>TS TO F5D (F ! APOCALYPSE44471 & ! ME*ANICS ( RULE1 )\T ASSUM+ ?AT !RE IS NECESS>ILY ALL ?AT MU* CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 !M4 7,!RE MI<T BE4 ,BUT ?IS HAS TO BE EMPIRICALLY E/ABLI%$47 ,= EXAMPLE3 MU* ( ! MY?OLOGY ( 0! ,WE/0 GOES BACK TO ,H]ODOTUS' DESCRIPTION ( AN EPO*AL CLA% BETWE5 ! ,P]SIAN ,EMPIRE1 BAS$ ON AN IDEAL ( OB$I5CE & ABSOLUTE P[]1 & ! ,GREEK CITIES ( ,A!NS & ,SP>TA1 BAS$ ON IDEALS ( CIVIC AUTONOMY1 FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,IT'S NOT ?AT !SE IDEAS--ESPECIALLY !IR VIVID REPRES5TATIONS 9 POETS LIKE ,AES*YLUS OR HI/ORIANS LIKE ,H]ODOTUS-->E NOT IMPORTANT4 ,ONE C\LD NOT POSSIBLY UND]/& ,WE/]N HI/ORY )\T !M4 ,BUT !IR V]Y IMPORTANCE & VIVIDNESS LONG BL9D$ HI/ORIANS TO :AT IS BECOM+ ! 9CREAS+LY CLE> REALITY3 ?AT :ATEV] ITS IDEALS1 ! ,A*MA5ID ,EMPIRE WAS A PRETTY LI<T T\* :5 IT CAME TO ! DAY-TO-DAY CONTROL ( ITS SUBJECTS' LIVES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 COMP>ISON ) ! DEGREE ( CONTROL EX]CIS$ BY ,A!NIANS OV] !IR SLAVES OR ,SP>TANS OV] ! OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( ! ,LACONIAN POPULATION1 :O W]E HELOTS4 ,:ATEV] ! IDEALS1 ! REALITY1 = MO/ PEOPLE 9VOLV$1 WAS MU* ! O!R WAY >\ND4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ /RIK+ DISCOV]IES ( EVOLUTION>Y AN?ROPOLOGY HAS BE5 ?AT IT IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE TO HAVE K+S & NOBLES & ALL ! EXT]IOR TRAPP+S ( MON>*Y )\T HAV+ A /ATE 9 ! ME*ANICAL S5SE AT ALL4 ,ONE %\LD ?9K ?IS MI<T BE ( SOME 9T]E/ TO ALL ?OSE POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]S :O SPILL SO MU* 9K >GU+ AB\T !ORIES ( 0SOV]EIGNTY0--S9CE IT SUGGE/S ?AT MO/ SOV]EIGNS W]E NOT HEADS ( /ATE & ?AT !IR FAVORITE TE*NICAL T]M ACTUALLY IS BUILT ON A NE>-IMPOSSIBLE IDEAL1 9 :I* ROYAL P[] ACTUALLY DOES MANAGE TO TRANSLATE ITS COSMOLOGICAL PRET5SIONS 9TO G5U9E BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL ( A GIV5 T]RITORIAL POPULATION4 7,SOME?+ LIKE ?IS />T$ HAPP5+ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 BUT ALMO/ AS SOON AS IT DID1 ! SOV]EIGN'S P]SONAL P[] WAS REPLAC$ BY A FICTIVE P]SON CALL$ 0! PEOPLE10 ALL[+ ! BUREAUCRACY TO TAKE OV] ALMO/ 5TIRELY47 ,BUT SO F> AS ,I'M AW>E1 POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]S HAVE AS YET HAD NO?+ TO SAY ON ! SUBJECT4 ,I SUSPECT ?IS IS L>GELY DUE TO AN EXTREMELY POOR *OICE ( T]MS4 ,EVOLUTION>Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S REF] TO K+DOMS :I* LACK FULL-FL$G$ CO]CIVE BUREAUCRACIES AS 0*IEFDOMS10 A T]M :I* EVOKES IMAGES MORE ( ,G]ONIMO OR ,SITT+ ,BULL ?AN ,SOLOMON1 ,L\IS ! ,PI\S1 OR ! ,YELL[ ,EMP]OR4 ,& ( C\RSE ! EVOLUTIONI/ FRAMEWORK ITSELF 5SURES ?AT SU* /RUCTURES >E SE5 AS SOME?+ :I* IMM$IATELY PREC$ES ! EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE1 NOT AN ALT]NATIVE =M1 OR EV5 SOME?+ A /ATE CAN TURN 9TO4 ,TO CL>IFY ALL ?IS W\LD BE A MAJOR HI/ORICAL PROJECT4 

#b7 ,A ,!,O,R,Y ,( ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,5,T,I,T,I,E,S ,?,A,T ,>,E ,N,O,T ,/,A,T,E,S 

,SO ?AT'S ONE PROJECT3 TO REANALYZE ! /ATE AS A RELATION BETWE5 A UTOPIAN IMAG9>Y1 & A MESSY REALITY 9VOLV+ /RATEGIES ( FLI<T & EVASION1 PR$ATORY ELITES1 & A ME*ANICS ( REGULATION & CONTROL4 

,ALL ?IS HI<LI<TS ! PRESS+ NE$ = ANO!R PROJECT3 ONE :I* WILL ASK1 ,IF MANY POLITICAL 5TITIES WE >E US$ TO SEE+ AS /ATES1 AT LEA/ 9 ANY ,WEB]IAN S5SE1 >E NOT1 !N :AT >E !Y8 ,& :AT DOES ?AT IMPLY AB\T POLITICAL POSSIBILITIES8 

,9 A WAY IT'S K9D ( AMAZ+ ?AT SU* A !ORETICAL LIT]ATURE DOESN'T ALREADY EXI/4 ,IT'S YET ANO!R SIGN1 ,I GUESS1 ( H[ H>D IT IS = US TO ?9K \TSIDE ! /ATI/ FRAMEWORK4 ,AN EXCELL5T CASE 9 PO9T3 ONE ( ! MO/ CONSI/5T DEM&S ( 0ANTI-GLOBALIZATION0 ACTIVI/S HAS BE5 = ! ELIM9ATION ( BORD] RE/RICTIONS4 ,IF WE'RE TO GLOBALIZE1 WE SAY1 LET'S GET S]I\S AB\T IT4 ,ELIM9ATE NATIONAL BORD]S4 ,LET PEOPLE COME & GO AS !Y PLEASE1 & LIVE :]EV] !Y LIKE4 ,! DEM& IS (T5 PHRAS$ 9 T]MS ( SOME NOTION ( GLOBAL CITIZ5%IP4 ,BUT ?IS 9SPIRES IMM$IATE OBJECTIONS3 DOESN'T A CALL = 0GLOBAL CITIZ5%IP0 MEAN CALL+ = SOME K9D ( GLOBAL /ATE8 ,W\LD WE REALLY WANT ?AT8 ,SO !N ! QUE/ION BECOMES H[ DO WE !ORIZE A CITIZ5%IP \TSIDE ! /ATE4 ,?IS IS (T5 TREAT$ AS A PR(\ND1 P]HAPS 9SURM\NTABLE1 DILEMMA2 BUT IF ONE CONSID]S ! MATT] HI/ORICALLY1 IT'S H>D TO UND]/& :Y IT %\LD BE4 ,MOD]N ,WE/]N NOTIONS ( CITIZ5%IP & POLITICAL FRE$OMS >E USUALLY SE5 TO D]IVE FROM TWO TRADITIONS1 ONE ORIG9AT+ 9 ANCI5T ,A!NS1 ! O!R PRIM>ILY /EMM+ FROM M$IEVAL ,5GL& 7:]E IT T5DS TO BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! ASS]TION ( >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE AGA9/ ! ,CR[N 9 ! ,MAGNA ,C>TA1 ,PETITION ( ,RI<T1 ETC41 & !N ! GRADUAL EXT5SION ( !SE SAME RI<TS TO ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION74 ,9 FACT !RE IS NO CONS5SUS AMONG HI/ORIANS ?AT EI!R CLASSICAL ,A!NS OR M$IEVAL ,5GL& W]E /ATES AT ALL--& MOREOV]1 PRECISELY = ! REASON ?AT CITIZ5S' RI<TS 9 ! FIR/1 & >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGE 9 ! SECOND1 W]E SO WELL E/ABLI%$4 ,IT IS H>D TO ?9K ( ,A!NS AS A /ATE1 ) A MONOPOLY ( =CE BY ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 IF ONE CONSID]S ?AT ! M9IMAL GOV]NM5T APP>ATUS :I* DID EXI/ CONSI/$ 5TIRELY ( SLAVES1 [N$ COLLECTIVELY BY ! CITIZ5RY4 ,A!NS' POLICE =CE CONSI/$ ( ,SCY?IAN >*]S IMPORT$ FROM :AT'S N[ ,RUSSIA OR ,UKRA9E1 & SOME?+ ( !IR LEGAL /&+ MI<T BE GLEAN$ FROM ! FACT ?AT1 BY ,A!NIAN LAW1 A SLAVE'S TE/IMONY WAS NOT ADMISSIBLE AS EVID5CE 9 C\RT UNLESS IT WAS OBTA9$ UND] TORTURE4 

,SO :AT DO WE CALL SU* 5TITIES8 0,*IEFDOMS08 ,ONE MI<T CONCEIVABLY BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE ,K+ ,JOHN AS A 0*IEF0 9 ! TE*NICAL1 EVOLUTION>Y S5SE1 BUT APPLY+ ! T]M TO ,P]ICLES DOES SEEM ABSURD4 ,NEI!R CAN WE CONT9UE TO CALL ANCI5T ,A!NS A 0CITY-/ATE0 IF IT WASN'T A /ATE AT ALL4 ,IT SEEMS WE JU/ DON'T HAVE ! 9TELLECTUAL TOOLS TO TALK AB\T SU* ?+S4 ,! SAME GOES = ! TYPOLOGY ( TYPES ( /ATE1 OR /ATE-LIKE 5TITIES 9 MORE REC5T TIMES3 AN HI/ORIAN NAM$ ,SPRUYT HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES ! T]RITORIAL NATION-/ATE WAS H>DLY ! ONLY GAME 9 T[N2 !RE W]E O!R POSSIBILITIES 7,ITALIAN CITY-/ATES1 :I* ACTUALLY W]E /ATES2 ! ,HANSEATIC LEAGUE ( CONF$]AT$ M]CANTILE C5T]S1 :I* 9VOLV$ AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ( SOV]EIGNTY7 :I* DIDN'T HAPP5 TO W9 \T--AT LEA/1 RI<T AWAY--BUT W]E NO LESS 9TR9SICALLY VIABLE4 ,I HAVE MYSELF SUGGE/$ ?AT ONE REASON ! T]RITORIAL NATION-/ATE 5D$ UP W9N+ \T WAS BECAUSE1 9 ?IS E>LY /AGE ( GLOBALIZATION1 ,WE/]N ELITES W]E TRY+ TO MODEL !MSELVES ON ,*9A1 ! ONLY /ATE 9 EXI/5CE AT ! TIME :I* ACTUALLY SEEM$ TO CON=M TO !IR IDEAL ( A UNI=M POPULATION1 :O 9 ,CONFUCIAN T]MS W]E ! S\RCE ( SOV]EIGNTY1 CREATORS ( A V]NACUL> LIT]ATURE1 SUBJECT TO A UNI=M CODE ( LAWS1 ADM9I/]$ BY BUREAUCRATS *OS5 BY M]IT1 TRA9$ 9 ?AT V]NACUL> LIT]ATURE444 ,) ! CURR5T CRISIS ( ! NATION-/ATE & RAPID 9CREASE 9 9T]NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* >E NOT EXACTLY /ATES1 BUT 9 MANY WAYS JU/ AS OBNOXI\S1 JUXTAPOS$ AGA9/ ATTEMPTS TO CREATE 9T]NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* DO MANY ( ! SAME ?+S AS /ATES BUT W\LD BE CONSID]ABLY LESS OBNOXI\S1 ! LACK ( SU* A BODY ( !ORY IS BECOM+ A G5U9E CRISIS4 

#c7 ,Y,E,T ,A,N,O,!,R ,!,O,R,Y ,( ,C,A,P,I,T,A,L,I,S,M 

,ONE IS LOA! TO SUGGE/ ?IS BUT ! 5DLESS DRIVE TO NATURALIZE CAPITALISM BY R$UC+ IT TO A MATT] ( COMM]CIAL CALCULATION1 :I* !N ALL[S ONE TO CLAIM IT IS AS OLD AS ,SUM]1 JU/ SCREAMS \T = IT4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/ WE NE$ A PROP] !ORY ( ! HI/ORY ( WAGE LABOR1 & RELATIONS LIKE IT4 ,S9CE AFT] ALL1 IT IS 9 P]=M+ WAGE LABOR1 NOT 9 BUY+ & SELL+1 ?AT MO/ HUMANS N[ WA/E AWAY MO/ ( !IR WAK+ H\RS & IT IS ?AT :I* MAKES !M MIS]ABLE4 7,H5CE ! ,I,W,W DIDN'T SAY !Y W]E 0ANTI-CAPITALI/10 MU* ?\< !Y W]E2 !Y GOT RI<T TO ! PO9T & SAID !Y W]E 0AGA9/ ! WAGE SY/EM407 ,! E>LIE/ WAGE LABOR CONTRACTS WE HAVE ON RECORD APPE> TO BE REALLY AB\T ! R5TAL ( SLAVES4 ,:AT AB\T A MODEL ( CAPITALISM ?AT SETS \T FROM ?AT8 ,:]E AN?ROPOLOGI/S LIKE ,JONA?AN ,FRI$MAN >GUE ?AT ANCI5T SLAV]Y WAS REALLY JU/ AN OLD] V]SION ( CAPITALISM1 WE C\LD JU/ AS EASILY--ACTUALLY1 A LOT MORE EASILY-->GUE ?AT MOD]N CAPITALISM IS REALLY JU/ A NEW] V]SION ( SLAV]Y4 ,9/EAD ( PEOPLE SELL+ US OR R5T+ US \T WE R5T \T \RSELVES4 ,BUT IT'S BASICALLY ! SAME SORT ( >RANGEM5T4 

#d7 ,P,[,]_/,I,G,N,O,R,A,N,C,E1 OR ,P,[,]_/,/,U,P,I,D,I,T,Y 

,ACADEMICS LOVE ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT'S >GUM5T ?AT ID5TIFIES KN[L$GE & P[]1 & 9SI/S ?AT BRUTE =CE IS NO LONG] A MAJOR FACTOR 9 SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,!Y LOVE IT BECAUSE IT FLATT]S !M3 ! P]FECT =MULA = PEOPLE :O LIKE TO ?9K ( !MSELVES AS POLITICAL RADICALS EV5 ?\< ALL !Y DO IS WRITE ESSAYS LIKELY TO BE READ BY A FEW DOZ5 O!R PEOPLE 9 AN 9/ITUTIONAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,( C\RSE1 IF ANY ( !SE ACADEMICS W]E TO WALK 9TO !IR UNIV]SITY LIBR>Y TO CONSULT SOME VOLUME ( ,F\CAULT )\T HAV+ REMEMB]$ TO BR+ A VALID ,I,D1 & DECID$ TO 5T] ! /ACKS ANYWAY1 !Y W\LD SOON DISCOV] ?AT BRUTE =CE IS REALLY NOT SO F> AWAY AS !Y LIKE TO IMAG9E--A MAN ) A BIG /ICK1 TRA9$ 9 EXACTLY H[ H>D TO HIT PEOPLE ) IT1 W\LD RAPIDLY APPE> TO EJECT !M4 

,9 FACT ! ?REAT ( ?AT MAN ) ! /ICK P]MEATES \R WORLD AT EV]Y MOM5T2 MO/ ( US HAVE GIV5 UP EV5 ?9K+ ( CROSS+ ! 9NUM]ABLE L9ES & B>RI]S HE CREATES1 JU/ SO WE DON'T HAVE TO REM9D \RSELVES ( HIS EXI/5CE4 ,IF Y\ SEE A HUNGRY WOMAN /&+ SEV]AL Y>DS AWAY FROM A HUGE PILE ( FOOD--A DAILY OCCURR5CE = MO/ ( US :O LIVE 9 CITIES--!RE IS A REASON Y\ CAN'T JU/ TAKE SOME & GIVE IT TO H]4 ,A MAN ) A BIG /ICK WILL COME & V]Y LIKELY HIT Y\4 ,AN>*I/S1 9 CONTRA/1 HAVE ALWAYS DELI<T$ 9 REM9D+ US ( HIM4 ,RESID5TS ( ! SQUATT] COMMUNITY ( ,*RI/IANA1 ,D5M>K1 = EXAMPLE1 HAVE A ,*RI/MA/IDE RITUAL :]E !Y DRESS 9 ,SANTA SUITS1 TAKE TOYS FROM DEP>TM5T /ORES & DI/RIBUTE !M TO *ILDR5 ON ! /REET1 P>TLY JU/ SO EV]YONE CAN RELI% ! IMAGES ( ! COPS BEAT+ D[N ,SANTA & SNAT*+ ! TOYS BACK FROM CRY+ *ILDR54 

,SU* A !ORETICAL EMPHASIS OP5S ! WAY TO A !ORY ( ! RELATION ( P[] NOT ) KN[L$GE1 BUT ) IGNORANCE & /UPIDITY4 ,BECAUSE VIOL5CE1 P>TICUL>LY /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE1 :]E ALL ! P[] IS ON ONE SIDE1 CREATES IGNORANCE4 ,IF Y\ HAVE ! P[] TO HIT PEOPLE OV] ! HEAD :5EV] Y\ WANT1 Y\ DON'T HAVE TO TR\BLE Y\RSELF TOO MU* FIGUR+ \T :AT !Y ?9K IS GO+ ON1 & !RE=E1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 Y\ DON'T4 ,H5CE ! SURE-FIRE WAY TO SIMPLIFY SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS1 TO IGNORE ! 9CR$IBLY COMPLEX PLAY ( P]SPECTIVES1 PASSIONS1 9SI<TS1 DESIRES1 & MUTUAL UND]/&+S ?AT HUMAN LIFE IS REALLY MADE (1 IS TO MAKE A RULE & ?REAT5 TO ATTACK ANYONE :O BREAKS IT4 ,?IS IS :Y VIOL5CE HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! FAVOR$ REC\RSE ( ! /UPID3 IT IS ! ONE =M ( /UPIDITY TO :I* IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO COME UP ) AN 9TELLIG5T RESPONSE4 ,IT IS ALSO ( C\RSE ! BASIS ( ! /ATE4 

,CONTR>Y TO POPUL> BELIEF1 BUREAUCRACIES DO NOT CREATE /UPIDITY4 ,!Y >E WAYS ( MANAG+ SITUATIONS ?AT >E ALREADY 9H]5TLY /UPID BECAUSE !Y >E1 ULTIMATELY1 BAS$ ON ! >BITR>9ESS ( =CE4 

,ULTIMATELY ?IS %\LD LEAD TO A !ORY ( ! RELATION ( VIOL5CE & ! IMAG9ATION4 ,:Y IS IT ?AT ! FOLKS ON ! BOTTOM 7! VICTIMS ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE7 >E ALWAYS IMAG9+ :AT IT MU/ BE LIKE = ! FOLKS ON TOP 7! B5EFICI>IES ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE71 BUT IT ALMO/ NEV] OCCURS TO ! FOLKS ON TOP TO WOND] :AT IT MI<T BE LIKE TO BE ON ! BOTTOM8 ,HUMAN BE+S BE+ ! SYMPA!TIC CREATURES ?AT !Y >E ?IS T5DS TO BECOME ONE ( ! MA9 BA/IONS ( ANY SY/EM ( 9EQUALITY--! D[NTRODD5 ACTUALLY C>E AB\T !IR OPPRESSORS1 AT LEA/1 F> MORE ?AN !IR OPPRESSORS C>E AB\T !M--BUT ?IS SEEMS ITSELF TO BE AN EFFECT ( /RUCTURAL VIOL5CE4 

#e7 ,A,N ,E,C,O,L,O,G,Y ,( ,V,O,L,U,N,T,>,Y ,A,S,S,O,C,I,A,T,I,O,N,S 

,:AT K9DS EXI/8 ,9 :AT 5VIRONM5TS DO !Y ?RIVE8 ,:]E DID ! BIZ>RE NOTION ( ! 0CORPORATION0 COME FROM ANYWAY8 

#f7 ,A ,!,O,R,Y ,( ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,H,A,P,P,9,E,S,S 

,RA!R ?AN JU/ A !ORY ( :Y MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y PEOPLE NEV] EXP]I5CE IT4 ,?AT W\LD BE EASY4 

#g7 ,H,I,],>,*,Y 

,A !ORY ( H[ /RUCTURES ( HI]>*Y1 BY !IR [N LOGIC1 NECESS>ILY CREATE !IR [N C\NT]IMAGE OR NEGATION4 ,!Y DO1 Y\ KN[4 

#h7 ,S,U,F,F,],+ ,& ,P,L,E,A,S,U,R,E3 ,O,N ,! ,P,R,I,V,A,T,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,( ,D,E,S,I,R,E 

,IT IS COMMON WISDOM AMONG AN>*I/S1 AUTONOMI/S1 ,SITUATIONI/S1 & O!R NEW REVOLUTION>IES ?AT ! OLD BRE$ ( GRIM1 DET]M9$1 SELF-SACRIFIC+ REVOLUTION>Y1 :O SEES ! WORLD ONLY 9 T]MS ( SUFF]+ WILL ULTIMATELY ONLY PRODUCE MORE SUFF]+ HIMSELF4 ,C]TA9LY ?AT'S :AT HAS T5D$ TO HAPP5 9 ! PA/4 ,H5CE ! EMPHASIS ON PLEASURE1 C>NIVAL1 ON CREAT+ 0TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONES0 :]E ONE CAN LIVE AS IF ONE IS ALREADY FREE4 ,! IDEAL ( ! 0FE/IVAL ( RESI/ANCE0 ) ITS CRAZY MUSIC & GIANT PUPPETS IS1 QUITE CONSCI\SLY1 TO RETURN TO ! LATE M$IEVAL WORLD ( HUGE WICK]WORK GIANTS & DRAGONS1 MAYPOLES & MORRIS DANC+2 ! V]Y WORLD ! ,PURITAN PIONE]S ( ! 0CAPITALI/ SPIRIT0 HAT$ SO MU* & ULTIMATELY MANAG$ TO DE/ROY4 ,! HI/ORY ( CAPITALISM MOVES FROM ATTACKS ON COLLECTIVE1 FE/IVE CONSUMPTION TO ! PROMULGATION ( HI<LY P]SONAL1 PRIVATE1 EV5 FURTIVE =MS 7AFT] ALL1 ONCE !Y HAD ALL ?OSE PEOPLE D$ICAT+ ALL !IR TIME TO PRODUC+ /UFF 9/EAD ( P>TY+1 !Y DID HAVE TO FIGURE \T A WAY TO SELL IT ALL72 A PROCESS ( ! PRIVITIZATION ( DESIRE4 ,! !ORETICAL QUE/ION3 H[ TO RECONCILE ALL ?IS ) ! DI/URB+ !ORETICAL 9SI<T ( PEOPLE LIKE ,SLAVOJ ,ZIZEK3 ?AT IF ONE WI%ES TO 9SPIRE E?NIC HATR$1 ! EASIE/ WAY TO DO SO IS TO CONC5TRATE ON ! BIZ>RE1 P]V]SE WAYS 9 :I* ! O!R GR\P IS ASSUM$ TO PURSUE PLEASURE4 ,IF ONE WI%ES TO EMPHASIZE COMMONALITY1 ! EASIE/ WAY IS TO PO9T \T ?AT !Y ALSO FEEL PA94 

#i7 ,O,N,E ,O,R ,S,E,V,],A,L ,!,O,R,I,E,S ,( ,A,L,I,5,A,T,I,O,N 

,?IS IS ! ULTIMATE PRIZE3 :AT1 PRECISELY1 >E ! POSSIBLE DIM5SIONS ( NON-ALI5AT$ EXP]I5CE8 ,H[ MI<T ITS MODALITIES BE CATALOG$1 OR CONSID]$8 ,ANY AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGY WOR? ITS SALT W\LD HAVE TO PAY P>TICUL> ATT5TION TO ?IS QUE/ION BECAUSE ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ALL ?OSE PUNKS1 HIPPIES1 & ACTIVI/S ( EV]Y /RIPE MO/ LOOK TO AN?ROPOLOGY TO LE>N4 ,IT'S ! AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 SO T]RIFI$ ( BE+ ACCUS$ ( ROMANTICIZ+ ! SOCIETIES !Y /UDY ?AT !Y REFUSE TO EV5 SUGGE/ !RE MI<T BE AN ANSW]1 :O LEAVE !M NO REC\RSE BUT TO FALL 9TO ! >MS ( ! REAL ROMANTICIZ]S4 ,PRIMITIVI/S LIKE ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN1 :O 9 TRY+ TO :ITTLE AWAY :AT SEEMS TO DIVIDE US FROM PURE1 UNM$IAT$ EXP]I5CE1 5D UP :ITTL+ AWAY ABSOLUTELY EV]Y?+4 ,Z]ZAN'S 9CREAS+LY POPUL> WORKS 5D UP CONDEMN+ ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( LANGUAGE1 MA?1 TIME KEEP+1 MUSIC1 & ALL =MS ( >T & REPRES5TATION4 ,!Y >E ALL WRITT5 (F AS =MS ( ALI5ATION1 LEAV+ US ) A K9D ( IMPOSSIBLE EVOLUTION>Y IDEAL3 ! ONLY TRULY NON-ALI5AT$ HUMAN BE+ WAS NOT EV5 QUITE HUMAN1 BUT MORE A K9D ( P]FECT APE1 9 SOME K9D ( CURR5TLY-UNIMAG9ABLE TELEPA?IC CONNECTION ) ITS FELL[S1 AT ONE ) WILD NATURE1 LIV+ MAYBE AB\T A HUNDR$ ?\S& YE>S AGO4 ,TRUE REVOLUTION C\LD ONLY MEAN SOMEH[ RETURN+ TO ?AT4 ,H[ IT IS ?AT AFFICIONADOS ( ?IS SORT ( ?+ /ILL MANAGE TO 5GAGE 9 EFFECTIVE POLITICAL ACTION 7BECAUSE IT'S BE5 MY EXP]I5CE ?AT MANY DO QUITE REM>KABLE WORK7 IS ITSELF A FASC9AT+ SOCIOLOGICAL QUE/ION4 ,BUT SURELY1 AN ALT]NATIVE ANALYSIS ( ALI5ATION MI<T BE USEFUL H]E4 

,WE C\LD />T ) A K9D ( SOCIOLOGY ( MICRO-UTOPIAS1 ! C\NT]P>T ( A P>ALLEL TYPOLOGY ( =MS ( ALI5ATION1 ALI5AT$ & NONALI5AT$ =MS ( ACTION444 ,! MOM5T WE /OP 9SI/+ ON VIEW+ ALL =MS ( ACTION ONLY BY !IR FUNCTION 9 REPRODUC+ L>G]1 TOTAL1 =MS ( 9EQUALITY ( P[]1 WE WILL ALSO BE ABLE TO SEE ?AT AN>*I/ SOCIAL RELATIONS & NON-ALI5AT$ =MS ( ACTION >E ALL >\ND US4 ,& ?IS IS CRITICAL BECAUSE IT ALREADY %[S ?AT AN>*ISM IS1 ALREADY1 & HAS ALWAYS BE51 ONE ( ! MA9 BASES = HUMAN 9T]ACTION4 ,WE SELF-ORGANIZE & 5GAGE 9 MUTUAL AID ALL ! TIME4 ,WE ALWAYS HAVE4 ,WE ALSO 5GAGE 9 >TI/IC CREATIVITY1 :I* ,I ?9K IF EXAM9$ W\LD REVEAL ?AT MANY ( ! LEA/ ALI5AT$ =MS ( EXP]I5CE DO USUALLY 9VOLVE AN ELEM5T ( :AT A ,M>XI/ W\LD CALL FETI%IZATION4 ,IT IS ALL ! MORE PRESS+ TO DEVELOP SU* A !ORY IF Y\ ACCEPT ?AT 7AS ,I HAVE FREQU5TLY >GU$7 REVOLUTION>Y CON/ITU5CIES ALWAYS 9VOLVE A TACIT ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! LEA/ ALI5AT$ & ! MO/ OPPRESS$4 

"9 "9 "9 "9 "9 

,Q3 ,H[ MANY VOT]S DOES IT TAKE TO *ANGE A LI<T BULB8 

,A3 ,NONE4 ,BECAUSE VOT]S CAN'T *ANGE ANY?+4 

,!RE IS ( C\RSE NO S+LE AN>*I/ PROGRAM--NOR C\LD !RE REALLY BE--BUT IT MI<T BE HELPFUL TO 5D BY GIV+ ! READ] SOME IDEA AB\T CURR5T DIRECTIONS ( ?\<T & ORGANIZ+4 

7#a7 ,GLOBALIZATION & ! ,ELIM9ATION ( ,NOR?-,S\? ,9EQUALITIES 

,AS ,I'VE M5TION$1 ! 0ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T0 IS 9CREAS+LY AN>*I/ 9 9SPIRATION4 ,9 ! LONG RUN ! AN>*I/ POSITION ON GLOBALIZATION IS OBVI\S3 ! EFFACEM5T ( NATION-/ATES WILL MEAN ! ELIM9ATION ( NATIONAL BORD]S4 ,?IS IS G5U9E GLOBALIZATION4 ,ANY?+ ELSE IS JU/ A %AM4 ,BUT = ! 9T]IM1 !RE >E ALL SORTS ( CONCRETE SUGGE/IONS ON H[ ! SITUATION CAN BE IMPROV$ RI<T N[1 )\T FALL+ BACK ON /ATI/1 PROTECTIONI/1 APPROA*ES4 ,ONE EXAMPLE3 

,ONCE DUR+ ! PROTE/S BE=E ! ,WORLD ,ECONOMIC ,=UM1 A K9D ( JUNKET ( TYCOONS1 CORPORATE FLACKS & POLITICIANS1 NETWORK+ & %>+ COCKTAILS AT ! ,WALDORF ,A/ORIA1 PRET5D$ TO BE DISCUSS+ WAYS TO ALLEVIATE GLOBAL POV]TY4 ,I WAS 9VIT$ TO 5GAGE 9 A RADIO DEBATE ) ONE ( !IR REPRES5TATIVES4 ,AS IT HAPP5$ ! TASK W5T TO ANO!R ACTIVI/ BUT ,I DID GET F> 5\< TO PREP>E A ?REE-PO9T PROGRAM ?AT ,I ?9K W\LD HAVE TAK5 C>E ( ! PROBLEM NICELY3 

AN IMM$IATE AMNE/Y ON 9T]NATIONAL DEBT 7,AN AMNE/Y ON P]SONAL DEBT MI<T NOT BE A BAD IDEA EI!R BUT IT'S A DIFF]5T ISSUE47 

AN IMM$IATE CANCELLATION ( ALL PAT5TS & O!R 9TELLECTUAL PROP]TY RI<TS RELAT$ TO TE*NOLOGY MORE ?AN ONE YE> OLD 

! ELIM9ATION ( ALL RE/RICTIONS ON GLOBAL FRE$OM ( TRAVEL OR RESID5CE 

,! RE/ W\LD PRETTY MU* TAKE C>E ( ITSELF4 ,! MOM5T ! AV]AGE RESID5T ( ,TANZANIA1 OR ,LAOS1 WAS NO LONG] =BIDD5 TO RELOCATE TO ,M9NEAPOLIS OR ,ROTT]DAM1 ! GOV]NM5T ( EV]Y RI* & P[]FUL C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD W\LD C]TA9LY DECIDE NO?+ WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN F9D+ A WAY TO MAKE SURE PEOPLE 9 ,TANZANIA & ,LAOS PREF]R$ TO /AY !RE4 ,DO Y\ REALLY ?9K !Y C\LDN'T COME UP ) SOME?+8 

,! PO9T IS ?AT DESPITE ! 5DLESS RHETORIC AB\T 0COMPLEX1 SUBTLE1 9TRACTABLE ISSUES0 7JU/IFY+ DECADES ( EXP5SIVE RESE>* BY ! RI* & !IR WELL-PAID FLUNKIES71 ! AN>*I/ PROGRAM W\LD PROBABLY HAVE RESOLV$ MO/ ( !M 9 FIVE OR SIX YE>S4 ,BUT1 Y\ WILL SAY1 !SE DEM&S >E 5TIRELY UNREALI/IC6 ,TRUE 5\<4 ,BUT :Y >E !Y UNREALI/IC8 ,MA9LY1 BECAUSE ?OSE RI* GUYS MEET+ 9 ! ,WALDORF W\LD NEV] /& = ANY ( IT4 ,?IS IS :Y WE SAY !Y >E !MSELVES ! PROBLEM4 

7#b7 ,! ,/RUGGLE ,AGA9/ ,WORK 

,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ WORK HAS ALWAYS BE5 C5TRAL TO AN>*I/ ORGANIZ+4 ,BY ?IS ,I MEAN1 NOT ! /RUGGLE = BETT] WORK] CONDITIONS OR HI<] WAGES1 BUT ! /RUGGLE TO ELIM9ATE WORK1 AS A RELATION ( DOM9ATION1 5TIRELY4 ,H5CE ! ,I,W,W SLOGAN 0AGA9/ ! WAGE SY/EM40 ,?IS IS A LONG-T]M GOAL ( C\RSE4 ,9 ! %ORT] T]M1 :AT CAN'T BE ELIM9AT$ CAN AT LEA/ BE R$UC$4 ,>\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 ! ,WOBBLIES & O!R AN>*I/S PLAY$ ! C5TRAL ROLE 9 W9N+ WORK]S ! #e-DAY WEEK & #h-H\R DAY4 

,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS >E N[1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 ALMO/ A C5TURY1 ONCE AGA9 R$UC+ ! WORK+ WEEK4 ,!Y >E ONLY 9/ITUT+ TRIFL+ *ANGES 7FROM A #d-H\R WEEK TO #c#e71 BUT 9 ! ,U,S NO ONE'S EV5 DISCUSS+ ?AT MU*4 ,9/EAD !Y >E DISCUSS+ :E!R TO ELIM9ATE TIME&-A-HALF = OV]TIME4 ,?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ,AM]ICANS N[ SP5D MORE H\RS WORK+ ?AN ANY O!R POPULATION 9 ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ,JAPAN4 ,SO ! ,WOBBLIES HAVE REAPPE>$1 ) :AT WAS TO BE ! NEXT /EP 9 !IR PROGRAM1 EV5 BACK 9 ! '#bS3 ! #a#f-H\R WEEK4 70#d-DAY WEEK1 #d-H\R DAY407 ,AGA91 ON ! FACE ( IT1 ?IS SEEMS COMPLETELY UNREALI/IC1 EV5 9SANE4 ,BUT HAS ANYONE C>RI$ \T A FEASIBILITY /UDY8 ,AFT] ALL1 IT HAS BE5 REPEAT$LY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT A CONSID]ABLE *UNK ( ! H\RS WORK$ 9 ,AM]ICA >E ONLY ACTUALLY NECESS>Y TO COMP5SATE = PROBLEMS CREAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,AM]ICANS WORK TOO MU*4 7,CONSID] H]E SU* JOBS AS ALL-NI<T PIZZA DELIV]YMAN OR DOG-WA%]1 OR ?OSE WOM5 :O RUN NI<TTIME DAY C>E C5T]S = ! *ILDR5 ( WOM5 :O HAVE TO WORK NI<TS PROVID+ *ILD C>E = BUS9ESSWOM5444NOT TO M5TION ! 5DLESS H\RS SP5T BY SPECIALI/S CLEAN+ UP ! EMOTIONAL & PHYSICAL DAMAGE CAUS$ BY OV]WORK1 ! 9JURIES1 SUICIDES1 DIVORCES1 MURD]\S RAMPAGES1 PRODUC+ ! DRUGS TO PACIFY ! *ILDR54447 

,SO :AT JOBS >E REALLY NECESS>Y8 

,WELL1 = />T]S1 !RE >E LOTS ( JOBS :OSE DISAPPE>ANCE1 ALMO/ EV]YONE W\LD AGREE1 W\LD BE A NET GA9 = HUMANITY4 ,CONSID] H]E TELEM>KET]S1 /RET*-,S,U,V MANUFACTUR]S1 OR = ?AT MATT]1 CORPORATE LAWY]S4 ,WE C\LD ALSO ELIM9ATE ! 5TIRE ADV]TIS+ & ,P,R 9DU/RIES1 FIRE ALL POLITICIANS & !IR /AFFS1 ELIM9ATE ANYONE REMOTELY CONNECT$ ) AN ,H,M,O1 )\T EV5 BEG9N+ TO GET NE> ESS5TIAL SOCIAL FUNCTIONS4 ,! ELIM9ATION ( ADV]TIS+ W\LD ALSO R$UCE ! PRODUCTION1 %IPP+1 & SELL+ ( UNNECESS>Y PRODUCTS1 S9CE ?OSE ITEMS PEOPLE ACTUALLY DO WANT OR NE$1 !Y WILL /ILL FIGURE \T A WAY TO F9D \T AB\T4 ,! ELIM9ATION ( RADICAL 9EQUALITIES W\LD MEAN WE W\LD NO LONG] REQUIRE ! S]VICES ( MO/ ( ! MILLIONS CURR5TLY EMPLOY$ AS DOORM51 PRIVATE SECURITY =CES1 PRISON GU>DS1 OR ,S,W,A,T TEAMS--NOT TO M5TION ! MILIT>Y4 ,BEYOND ?AT1 WE'D HAVE TO DO RESE>*4 ,F9ANCI]S1 9SUR]S1 & 9VE/M5T BANK]S >E ALL ESS5TIALLY P>ASITIC BE+S1 BUT !RE MI<T BE SOME USEFUL FUNCTIONS 9 !SE SECTORS ?AT C\LD NOT SIMPLY BE REPLAC$ ) S(TW>E4 ,ALL 9 ALL WE MI<T DISCOV] ?AT IF WE ID5TIFI$ ! WORK ?AT REALLY DID NE$ TO BE DONE TO MA9TA9 A COM=TABLE & ECOLOGICALLY SU/A9ABLE /&>D ( LIV+1 & R$I/RIBUTE ! H\RS1 IT MAY TURN \T ?AT ! ,WOBBLY PLAT=M IS P]FECTLY REALI/IC4 ,ESPECIALLY IF WE BE> 9 M9D ?AT IT'S NOT LIKE ANYONE W\LD BE =C$ TO /OP WORK+ AFT] F\R H\RS IF !Y DIDN'T FEEL LIKE IT4 ,A LOT ( PEOPLE DO 5JOY !IR JOBS1 C]TA9LY MORE ?AN !Y W\LD L\NG+ >\ND DO+ NO?+ ALL DAY 7?AT'S :Y 9 PRISONS1 :5 !Y WANT TO PUNI% 9MATES1 !Y TAKE AWAY !IR RI<T TO WORK71 & IF ONE HAS ELIM9AT$ ! 5DLESS 9DIGNITIES & SADOMASO*I/IC GAMES ?AT 9EVITABLY FOLL[ FROM TOP-D[N ORGANIZATION1 ONE W\LD EXPECT A LOT MORE W\LD4 ,IT MI<T EV5 TURN \T ?AT NO ONE WILL HAVE TO WORK MORE ?AN !Y P>TICUL>LY WANT TO4 

M9OR NOTE3 

,ADMITT$LY1 ALL ( ?IS PRESUMES ! TOTAL REORGANIZATION ( WORK1 A K9D ( 0AFT] ! REVOLUTION0 SC5>IO :I* ,I'VE >GU$ IS A NECESS>Y TOOL TO EV5 BEG9 TO ?9K AB\T HUMAN POSSIBILITIES1 EV5 IF REVOLUTION WILL PROBABLY NEV] TAKE SU* AN APOCALYPTIC =M4 ,?IS ( C\RSE BR+S UP ! 0:O WILL DO ! DIRTY JOBS80 QUE/ION--ONE :I* ALWAYS GETS ?R[N AT AN>*I/S OR O!R UTOPIANS4 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 LONG AGO PO9T$ \T ! FALLACY ( ! >GUM5T4 ,!RE'S NO P>TICUL> REASON DIRTY JOBS HAVE TO EXI/4 ,IF ONE DIVID$ UP ! UNPLEASANT TASKS EQUALLY1 ?AT W\LD MEAN ALL ! WORLD'S TOP SCI5TI/S & 5G9E]S W\LD HAVE TO DO !M TOO2 ONE C\LD EXPECT ! CREATION ( SELF-CLEAN+ KIT*5S & COAL-M9+ ROBOTS ALMO/ IMM$IATELY4 

,ALL ?IS IS SOME?+ ( AN ASIDE ?\< BECAUSE :AT ,I REALLY WANT TO DO 9 ?IS F9AL SECTION IS FOCUS ON3 

7#c7 ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y 

,?IS MI<T GIVE ! READ] A *ANCE TO HAVE A GLANCE AT :AT AN>*I/1 & AN>*I/-9SPIR$1 ORGANIZ+ IS ACTUALLY LIKE--SOME ( ! CONT\RS ( ! NEW WORLD N[ BE+ BUILT 9 ! %ELL ( ! OLD--& TO %[ :AT ! HI/ORICAL-E?NOGRAPHIC P]SPECTIVE ,I'VE BE5 TRY+ TO DEVELOP H]E1 \R NON-EXI/5T SCI5CE1 MI<T BE ABLE TO CONTRIBUTE TO IT4 

,! FIR/ CYCLE ( ! NEW GLOBAL UPRIS+-- :AT ! PRESS /ILL 9SI/S ON REF]R+ TO1 9CREAS+LY RIDICUL\SLY1 AS 0! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T0-- BEGAN ) ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES ( ,*IAPAS & CAME TO A HEAD ) ! ASAMBLEAS B>REALES ( ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 & CITIES ?R\<\T ,>G5T9A4 ,!RE IS H>DLY ROOM H]E TO TELL ! :OLE /ORY3 BEG9N+ ) ! ,ZAPATI/AS' REJECTION ( ! IDEA ( SEIZ+ P[] & !IR ATTEMPT 9/EAD TO CREATE A MODEL ( DEMOCRATIC SELF-ORGANIZATION TO 9SPIRE ! RE/ ( ,MEXICO2 !IR 9ITIATION ( AN 9T]NATIONAL NETWORK 7,PEOPLE'S ,GLOBAL ,ACTION1 OR ,P,G,A7 :I* !N PUT \T ! CALLS = DAYS ( ACTION AGA9/ ! ,W,T,O 79 ,SEATTLE71 ,I,M,F 79 ,WA%+TON1 ,PRAGUE4447 & SO ON2 & F9ALLY1 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,>G5T9E ECONOMY1 & ! OV]:ELM+ POPUL> UPRIS+ :I*1 AGA91 REJECT$ ! V]Y IDEA ?AT ONE C\LD F9D A SOLUTION BY REPLAC+ ONE SET ( POLITICIANS ) ANO!R4 ,! SLOGAN ( ! ,>G5T9E MOVEM5T WAS1 FROM ! />T1 QUE SE VAYAN TODAS--GET RID ( ! LOT ( !M4 ,9/EAD ( A NEW GOV]NM5T !Y CREAT$ A VA/ NETWORK ( ALT]NATIVE 9/ITUTIONS1 />T+ ) POPUL> ASSEMBLIES TO GOV]N EA* URBAN NEI<BORHOOD 7! ONLY LIMITATION ON P>TICIPATION IS ?AT ONE CANNOT BE EMPLOY$ BY A POLITICAL P>TY71 HUNDR$S ( OCCUPI$1 WORK]-MANAG$ FACTORIES1 A COMPLEX SY/EM ( 0B>T]0 & NEWFANGL$ ALT]NATIVE CURR5CY SY/EM TO KEEP !M 9 OP]ATION--9 %ORT1 AN 5DLESS V>IATION ON ! !ME ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 

,ALL ( ?IS HAS HAPP5$ COMPLETELY BEL[ ! RAD> SCRE5 ( ! CORPORATE M$IA1 :I* ALSO MISS$ ! PO9T ( ! GREAT MOBILIZATIONS4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( !SE ACTIONS WAS MEANT TO BE A LIV+ ILLU/RATION ( :AT A TRULY DEMOCRATIC WORLD MI<T BE LIKE1 FROM ! FE/IVE PUPPETS TO ! C>EFUL ORGANIZATION ( AFF9ITY GR\PS & SPOKESC\NCILS1 ALL OP]AT+ )\T A LEAD]%IP /RUCTURE1 ALWAYS BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES ( CONS5SUS-BAS$ DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,IT WAS ! K9D ( ORGANIZATION :I* MO/ PEOPLE W\LD HAVE1 HAD !Y SIMPLY HE>D IT PROPOS$1 WRITT5 (F AS A PIPE-DREAM2 BUT IT WORK$1 & SO EFFECTIVELY ?AT ! POLICE DEP>TM5TS ( CITY AFT] CITY W]E COMPLETELY FLUMMOX$ ) H[ TO DEAL ) !M4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS ALSO HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ! UNPREC$5T$ TACTICS 7HUNDR$S ( ACTIVI/S 9 FAIRY SUITS TICKL+ POLICE ) FEA!R DU/]S1 OR PADD$ ) SO MANY 9FLATABLE 9N] TUBES & RUBB] CU%IONS !Y SEEM$ TO ROLL ALONG LIKE ! ,MI*EL9 MAN OV] B>RICADES1 9CAPABLE ( DAMAG+ ANYONE ELSE BUT ALSO PRETTY MU* IMP]VI\S TO POLICE BATONS44471 :I* COMPLETELY CONFUS$ TRADITIONAL CATEGORIES ( VIOL5CE & NONVIOL5CE4 

,:5 PROTE/]S 9 ,SEATTLE *ANT$ 0?IS IS :AT DEMOCRACY LOOKS LIKE10 !Y MEANT TO BE TAK5 LIT]ALLY4 ,9 ! BE/ TRADITION ( DIRECT ACTION1 !Y NOT ONLY CONFRONT$ A C]TA9 =M ( P[]1 EXPOS+ ITS ME*ANISMS & ATTEMPT+ LIT]ALLY TO /OP IT 9 ITS TRACKS3 !Y DID IT 9 A WAY :I* DEMON/RAT$ :Y ! K9D ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ON :I* IT IS BAS$ W]E UNNECESS>Y4 ,?IS IS :Y ALL ! CONDESC5D+ REM>KS AB\T ! MOVEM5T BE+ DOM9AT$ BY A BUN* ( DUMB KIDS ) NO COH]5T IDEOLOGY COMPLETELY MISS$ ! M>K4 ,! DIV]SITY WAS A FUNCTION ( ! DEC5TRALIZ$ =M ( ORGANIZATION1 & ?IS ORGANIZATION WAS ! MOVEM5T'S IDEOLOGY4 

,! KEY T]M 9 ! NEW MOVEM5T IS 0PROCESS10 BY :I* IS MEANT1 DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ?IS IS ALMO/ 9V>IABLY DONE ?R\< SOME PROCESS ( F9D+ CONS5SUS4 ,?IS IS AS ,I M5TION$ MU* LESS IDEOLOGICALLY /IFL+ ?AN IT MAY S\ND BECAUSE ! ASSUMPTION BEH9D ALL GOOD CONS5SUS PROCESS IS ?AT ONE %\LD NOT EV5 TRY TO CONV]T O!RS TO ONE'S OV]ALL PO9T ( VIEW2 ! PO9T ( CONS5SUS PROCESS IS TO ALL[ A GR\P TO DECIDE ON A COMMON C\RSE ( ACTION4 ,9/EAD ( VOT+ PROPOSALS UP & D[N1 !N1 PROPOSALS >E WORK$ & REWORK$1 SCOT*$ OR RE9V5T$1 UNTIL ONE 5DS UP ) SOME?+ EV]YONE CAN LIVE )4 ,:5 IT COMES TO ! F9AL /AGE1 ACTUALLY 0F9D+ CONS5SUS10 !RE >E TWO LEVELS ( POSSIBLE OBJECTION3 ONE CAN 0/& ASIDE10 :I* IS TO SAY 0,I DON'T LIKE ?IS & WON'T P>TICIPATE BUT ,I W\LDN'T /OP ANYONE ELSE FROM DO+ IT10 OR 0BLOCK10 :I* HAS ! EFFECT ( A VETO4 ,ONE CAN ONLY BLOCK IF ONE FEELS A PROPOSAL IS 9 VIOLATION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES OR REASONS = BE+ ( A GR\P4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT ! FUNCTION :I* 9 ! ,U,S CON/ITUTION IS RELEGAT$ TO ! C\RTS1 ( /RIK+ D[N LEGISLATIVE DECISIONS ?AT VIOLATE CON/ITUTIONAL PR9CIPLES1 IS H]E RELEGAT$ TO ANYONE ) ! C\RAGE TO ACTUALLY /& UP AGA9/ ! COMB9$ WILL ( ! GR\P 7?\< ( C\RSE !RE >E ALSO WAYS ( *ALL5G+ UNPR9CIPL$ BLOCKS74 

,ONE C\LD GO ON AT L5G? AB\T ! ELABORATE & SURPRIS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ ME?ODS ?AT HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ TO 5SURE ALL ?IS WORKS2 ( =MS ( MODIFI$ CONS5SUS REQUIR$ = V]Y L>GE GR\PS2 ( ! WAY CONS5SUS ITSELF RE9=CES ! PR9CIPLE ( DEC5TRALIZATION BY 5SUR+ ONE DOESN'T REALLY WANT TO BR+ PROPOSALS BE=E V]Y L>GE GR\PS UNLESS ONE HAS TO1 ( MEANS ( 5SUR+ G5D] EQUITY & RESOLV+ CONFLICT444 ,! PO9T IS ?IS IS A =M ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY :I* IS V]Y DIFF]5T ?AN ! K9D WE USUALLY ASSOCIATE ) ! T]M---OR1 = ?AT MATT]1 ) ! K9D USUALLY EMPLOY$ BY ,EUROPEAN OR ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/S ( E>LI] G5]ATIONS1 OR /ILL EMPLOY$1 SAY1 9 URBAN ,>G5T9E ASAMBLEAS4 ,9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 CONS5SUS PROCESS EM]G$ MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE ?R\< ! FEM9I/ MOVEM5T1 AS P>T ( BROAD BACKLA% AGA9/ SOME ( ! MORE OBNOXI\S1 SELF-AGGR&IZ+ MA*O LEAD]%IP /YLES ( ! '#fS ,NEW ,LEFT4 ,MU* ( ! PROC$URE WAS ORIG9ALLY ADOPT$ FROM ! ,QUAK]S1 & ,QUAK]9SPIR$ GR\PS2 ! ,QUAK]S1 9 TURN1 CLAIM TO HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ BY ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN PRACTICE4 ,H[ MU* ! LATT] IS REALLY TRUE IS1 9 HI/ORICAL T]MS1 DIFFICULT TO DET]M9E4 ,NONE!LESS1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN DECISION-MAK+ DID NORMALLY WORK BY SOME =M ( CONS5SUS4 ,ACTUALLY1 SO DO MO/ POPUL> ASSEMBLIES >\ND ! WORLD N[1 FROM ! ,TZELTAL OR ,TZOTZIL OR ,TOJOLOBAL-SPEAK+ COMMUNITIES 9 ,*IAPAS TO ,MALAGASY FOKON'OLONA4 ,AFT] HAV+ LIV$ 9 ,MADAGASC> = TWO YE>S1 ,I WAS />TL$1 ! FIR/ TIME ,I />T$ ATT5D+ MEET+S ( ! ,DIRECT ,ACTION ,NETWORK 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 BY H[ FAMILI> IT ALL SEEM$--! MA9 DIFF]5CE WAS ?AT ! ,D,A,N PROCESS WAS SO MU* MORE =MALIZ$ & EXPLICIT4 ,IT HAD TO BE1 S9CE EV]YONE 9 ,D,A,N WAS JU/ FIGUR+ \T H[ TO MAKE DECISIONS ?IS WAY1 & EV]Y?+ HAD TO BE SPELL$ \T2 :]EAS 9 ,MADAGASC>1 EV]YONE HAD BE5 DO+ ?IS S9CE !Y LE>N$ TO SPEAK4 

,9 FACT1 AS AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E AW>E1 JU/ AB\T EV]Y KN[N HUMAN COMMUNITY :I* HAS TO COME TO GR\P DECISIONS HAS EMPLOY$ SOME V>IATION ( :AT ,I'M CALL+ 0CONS5SUS PROCESS0--EV]Y ONE1 ?AT IS1 :I* IS NOT 9 SOME WAY OR ANO!R DRAW+ ON ! TRADITION ( ANCI5T ,GREECE4 ,MAJORIT>IAN DEMOCRACY1 9 ! =MAL1 ,ROB]TS ,RULES ( ,ORD]TYPE S5SE R>ELY EM]GES ( ITS [N ACCORD4 ,IT'S CURI\S ?AT ALMO/ NO ONE1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S 9CLUD$1 EV] SEEMS TO ASK ONESELF :Y ?IS %\LD BE4 

,AN HYPO!SIS4 

,MAJORIT>IAN DEMOCRACY WAS1 9 ITS ORIG9S1 ESS5TIALLY A MILIT>Y 9/ITUTION4 

,( C\RSE IT'S ! PECULI> BIAS ( ,WE/]N HI/ORIOGRAPHY ?AT ?IS IS ! ONLY SORT ( DEMOCRACY ?AT IS SE5 TO C\NT AS 0DEMOCRACY0 AT ALL4 ,WE >E USUALLY TOLD ?AT DEMOCRACY ORIG9AT$ 9 ANCI5T ,A!NS--LIKE SCI5CE1 OR PHILOSOPHY1 IT WAS A ,GREEK 9V5TION4 ,IT'S NEV] 5TIRELY CLE> :AT ?IS IS SUPPOS$ TO MEAN4 ,>E WE SUPPOS$ TO BELIEVE ?AT BE=E ! ,A!NIANS1 IT NEV] REALLY OCCURR$ TO ANYONE1 ANY:]E1 TO GA!R ALL ! MEMB]S ( !IR COMMUNITY 9 ORD] TO MAKE JO9T DECISIONS 9 A WAY ?AT GAVE EV]YONE EQUAL SAY8 ,?AT W\LD BE RIDICUL\S4 ,CLE>LY !RE HAVE BE5 PL5TY ( EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES 9 HI/ORY-- MANY F> MORE EGALIT>IAN ?AN ,A!NS1 MANY ?AT MU/ HAVE EXI/$ BE=E #e ,B,C,E--& OBVI\SLY1 !Y MU/ HAVE HAD SOME K9D ( PROC$URE = COM+ TO DECISIONS = MATT]S ( COLLECTIVE IMPORTANCE4 ,YET SOMEH[1 IT IS ALWAYS ASSUM$ ?AT !SE PROC$URES1 :ATEV] !Y MI<T HAVE BE51 C\LD NOT HAVE BE51 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 0DEMOCRATIC40 

,EV5 S*OL>S ) O!RWISE IMPECCABLE RADICAL CR$5TIALS1 PROMOT]S ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 HAVE BE5 KN[N TO B5D !MSELVES 9TO PRETZELS TRY+ TO JU/IFY ?IS ATTITUDE4 ,NON-,WE/]N EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES >E 0K9-BAS$10 >GUES ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 7,& ,GREECE WAS NOT8 ,( C\RSE ! ,A!NIAN AGORA WAS NOT ITSELF K9-BAS$ BUT NEI!R IS A ,MALAGASY FOKON'OLONA OR ,BAL9ESE SEKA4 ,SO :AT87 0,SOME MI<T SPEAK ( ,IROQUOIS OR ,B]B] DEMOCRACY10 >GU$ ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS1 0BUT ?IS IS AN ABUSE ( ! T]M4 ,!SE >E PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES :I* ASSUME ! SOCIAL ORD] IS H&$ TO !M BY GODS OR SPIRITS1 NOT SELF-CON/ITUT$ BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES AS 9 ,A!NS40 7,REALLY8 ,9 FACT ! 0,LEAGUE ( ! ,IROQUOIS0 WAS A TREATY ORGANIZATION1 SE5 AS A COMMON AGREEM5T CREAT$ 9 HI/ORICAL TIMES1 & SUBJECT TO CON/ANT R5EGOTIATION47 ,! >GUM5TS NEV] MAKE S5SE4 ,BUT !Y DON'T REALLY HAVE TO BECAUSE WE >E NOT REALLY DEAL+ ) >GUM5TS AT ALL H]E1 SO MU* AS ) ! BRU% ( A H&4 

,! REAL REASON = ! UNWILL+NESS ( MO/ S*OL>S TO SEE A ,SULAWEZI OR ,TALL5SI VILLAGE C\NCIL AS 0DEMOCRATIC0--WELL1 ASIDE FROM SIMPLE RACISM1 ! RELUCTANCE TO ADMIT ANYONE ,WE/]N]S SLAU<T]$ ) SU* RELATIVE IMPUNITY W]E QUITE ON ! LEVEL AS ,P]ICLES--IS ?AT !Y DO NOT VOTE4 ,N[1 ADMITT$LY1 ?IS IS AN 9T]E/+ FACT4 ,:Y NOT8 ,IF WE ACCEPT ! IDEA ?AT A %[ ( H&S1 OR HAV+ EV]YONE :O SUPPORTS A PROPOSITION /& ON ONE SIDE ( ! PLAZA & EV]YONE AGA9/ /& ON ! O!R1 >E NOT REALLY SU* 9CR$IBLY SOPHI/ICAT$ IDEAS ?AT !Y NEV] W\LD HAVE OCCURR$ TO ANYONE UNTIL SOME ANCI5T G5IUS 09V5T$0 !M1 !N :Y >E !Y SO R>ELY EMPLOY$8 ,AGA91 WE SEEM TO HAVE AN EXAMPLE ( EXPLICIT REJECTION4 ,OV] & OV]1 ACROSS ! WORLD1 FROM ,AU/RALIA TO ,SIB]IA1 EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITIES HAVE PREF]R$ SOME V>IATION ON CONS5SUS PROCESS4 ,:Y8 

,! EXPLANATION ,I W\LD PROPOSE IS ?IS3 IT IS MU* EASI]1 9 A FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNITY1 TO FIGURE \T :AT MO/ MEMB]S ( ?AT COMMUNITY WANT TO DO1 ?AN TO FIGURE \T H[ TO CONV9CE ?OSE :O DO NOT TO GO ALONG ) IT4 ,CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ IS TYPICAL ( SOCIETIES :]E !RE W\LD BE NO WAY TO COMPEL A M9ORITY TO AGREE ) A MAJORITY DECISION--EI!R BECAUSE !RE IS NO /ATE ) A MONOPOLY ( CO]CIVE =CE1 OR BECAUSE ! /ATE HAS NO?+ TO DO ) LOCAL DECISION-MAK+4 ,IF !RE IS NO WAY TO COMPEL ?OSE :O F9D A MAJORITY DECISION DI/A/EFUL TO GO ALONG ) IT1 !N ! LA/ ?+ ONE W\LD WANT TO DO IS TO HOLD A VOTE3 A PUBLIC CONTE/ :I* SOMEONE WILL BE SE5 TO LOSE4 ,VOT+ W\LD BE ! MO/ LIKELY MEANS TO GU>ANTEE HUMILIATIONS1 RES5TM5TS1 HATR$S1 9 ! 5D1 ! DE/RUCTION ( COMMUNITIES4 ,:AT IS SE5 AS AN ELABORATE & DIFFICULT PROCESS ( F9D+ CONS5SUS IS1 9 FACT1 A LONG PROCESS ( MAK+ SURE NO ONE WALKS AWAY FEEL+ ?AT !IR VIEWS HAVE BE5 TOTALLY IGNOR$4 

,MAJORITY DEMOCRACY1 WE MI<T SAY1 CAN ONLY EM]GE :5 TWO FACTORS CO9CIDE3 

A FEEL+ ?AT PEOPLE %\LD HAVE EQUAL SAY 9 MAK+ GR\P DECISIONS1 & 

A CO]CIVE APP>ATUS CAPABLE ( 5=C+ ?OSE DECISIONS4 

,= MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 IT HAS BE5 EXTREMELY UNUSUAL TO HAVE BO? AT ! SAME TIME4 ,:]E EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES EXI/1 IT IS ALSO USUALLY CONSID]$ WRONG TO IMPOSE SY/EMATIC CO]CION4 ,:]E A MA*9]Y ( CO]CION DID EXI/1 IT DID NOT EV5 OCCUR TO ?OSE WIELD+ IT ?AT !Y W]E 5=C+ ANY SORT ( POPUL> WILL4 

,IT IS ( OBVI\S RELEVANCE ?AT ,ANCI5T ,GREECE WAS ONE ( ! MO/ COMPETITIVE SOCIETIES KN[N TO HI/ORY4 ,IT WAS A SOCIETY ?AT T5D$ TO MAKE EV]Y?+ 9TO A PUBLIC CONTE/1 FROM A?LETICS TO PHILOSOPHY OR TRAGIC DRAMA OR JU/ AB\T ANY?+ ELSE4 ,SO IT MI<T NOT SEEM 5TIRELY SURPRIS+ ?AT !Y MADE POLITICAL DECISION-MAK+ 9TO A PUBLIC CONTE/ AS WELL4 ,EV5 MORE CRUCIAL ?\< WAS ! FACT ?AT DECISIONS W]E MADE BY A POPULACE 9 >MS4 ,>I/OTLE1 9 HIS ,POLITICS1 REM>KS ?AT ! CON/ITUTION ( A ,GREEK CITY-/ATE WILL NORMALLY DEP5D ON ! *IEF >M ( ITS MILIT>Y3 IF ?IS IS CAVALRY1 IT WILL BE AN >I/OCRACY1 S9CE HORSES >E EXP5SIVE4 ,IF HOPLITE 9FANTRY1 IT WILL HAVE AN OLIG>*Y1 AS ALL C\LD NOT AF=D ! >MOR & TRA9+4 ,IF ITS P[] WAS BAS$ 9 ! NAVY OR LI<T 9FANTRY1 ONE C\LD EXPECT A DEMOCRACY1 AS ANYONE CAN R[1 OR USE A SL+4 ,9 O!R WORDS IF A MAN IS >M$1 !N ONE PRETTY MU* HAS TO TAKE HIS OP9IONS 9TO ACC\NT4 ,ONE CAN SEE H[ ?IS WORK$ AT ITS />KE/ 9 ,X5OPHON'S ,ANABASIS1 :I* TELLS ! /ORY ( AN >MY ( ,GREEK M]C5>IES :O SUDD5LY F9D !MSELVES LEAD]LESS & LO/ 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,P]SIA4 ,!Y ELECT NEW (FIC]S1 & !N HOLD A COLLECTIVE VOTE TO DECIDE :AT TO DO NEXT4 ,9 A CASE LIKE ?IS1 EV5 IF ! VOTE WAS #f_/#d1 EV]YONE C\LD SEE ! BALANCE ( =CES & :AT W\LD HAPP5 IF ?+S ACTUALLY CAME TO BL[S4 ,EV]Y VOTE WAS1 9 A REAL S5SE1 A CONQUE/4 

,ROMAN LEGIONS C\LD BE SIMIL>LY DEMOCRATIC2 ?IS WAS ! MA9 REASON !Y W]E NEV] ALL[$ TO 5T] ! CITY ( ,ROME4 ,& :5 ,MA*IAVELLI REVIV$ ! NOTION ( A DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AT ! DAWN ( ! 0MOD]N0 ]A1 HE IMM$IATELY REV]T$ TO ! NOTION ( A POPULACE 9 >MS4 

,?IS 9 TURN MI<T HELP EXPLA9 ! T]M 0DEMOCRACY0 ITSELF1 :I* APPE>S TO HAVE BE5 CO9$ AS SOME?+ ( A SLUR BY ITS ELITI/ OPPON5TS3 IT LIT]ALLY MEANS ! 0=CE0 OR EV5 0VIOL5CE0 ( ! PEOPLE4 ,KRATOS1 NOT >*OS4 ,! ELITI/S :O CO9$ ! T]M ALWAYS CONSID]$ DEMOCRACY NOT TOO F> FROM SIMPLE RIOT+ OR MOB RULE2 ?\< ( C\RSE !IR SOLUTION WAS ! P]MAN5T CONQUE/ ( ! PEOPLE BY SOMEONE ELSE4 ,& IRONICALLY1 :5 !Y DID MANAGE TO SUPPRESS DEMOCRACY = ?IS REASON1 :I* WAS USUALLY1 ! RESULT WAS ?AT ! ONLY WAY ! G5]AL POPULACE'S WILL WAS KN[N WAS PRECISELY ?R\< RIOT+1 A PRACTICE ?AT BECAME QUITE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 91 SAY1 IMP]IAL ,ROME OR EI<TE5?C5TURY ,5GL&4 

,ALL ?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT DIRECT DEMOCRACIES-- AS PRACTIC$1 = EXAMPLE1 9 M$IEVAL CITIES OR ,NEW ,5GL& T[N MEET+S--W]E NOT NORMALLY ORD]LY & DIGNIFI$ PROC$URES2 ?\< ONE SUSPECTS ?AT H]E TOO1 9 ACTUAL PRACTICE1 !RE WAS A C]TA9 BASEL9E ( CONS5SUS-SEEK+ GO+ ON4 ,/ILL1 IT WAS ?IS MILIT>Y UND]TONE :I* ALL[$ ! AU?ORS ( ! ,F$]ALI/ ,PAP]S1 LIKE ALMO/ ALL O!R LIT]ATE M5 ( !IR DAY1 TO TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT :AT !Y CALL$ 0DEMOCRACY0--BY :I* !Y MEANT1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY--WAS 9 ITS NATURE ! MO/ UN/ABLE1 TUMULTU\S =M ( GOV]NM5T1 NOT TO M5TION ONE :I* 5DANG]S ! RI<TS ( M9ORITIES 7! SPECIFIC M9ORITY !Y HAD 9 M9D 9 ?IS CASE BE+ ! RI*74 ,IT WAS ONLY ONCE ! T]M 0DEMOCRACY0 C\LD BE ALMO/ COMPLETELY TRANS=M$ TO 9CORPORATE ! PR9CIPLE ( REPRES5TATION--A T]M :I* ITSELF HAS A V]Y CURI\S HI/ORY1 S9CE AS ,CORNELIUS ,CA/ORIADIS NOTES1 IT ORIG9ALLY REF]R$ TO REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE BE=E ! K+1 9T]NAL AMBASSADORS 9 FACT1 RA!R ?AN ?OSE :O WIELD$ P[] 9 ANY S5SE !MSELVES--?AT IT WAS REHABILITAT$1 9 ! EYES ( WELL-BORN POLITICAL !ORI/S1 & TOOK ON ! MEAN+ IT HAS TODAY4 

,9 A S5SE !N AN>*I/S ?9K ALL ?OSE RI<TW+ POLITICAL !ORI/S :O 9SI/ ?AT 0,AM]ICA IS NOT A DEMOCRACY2 IT'S A REPUBLIC0 >E QUITE CORRECT4 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE A PROBLEM ) ?AT4 ,!Y ?9K IT \<T TO BE A DEMOCRACY4 ,?\< 9CREAS+ NUMB]S HAVE COME TO ACCEPT ?AT ! TRADITIONAL ELITI/ CRITICISM ( MAJORIT>IAN DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS NOT 5TIRELY BASELESS EI!R4 

,I NOT$ E>LI] ?AT ALL SOCIAL ORD]S >E 9 SOME S5SE AT W> ) !MSELVES4 ,?OSE UNWILL+ TO E/ABLI% AN APP>ATUS ( VIOL5CE = 5=C+ DECISIONS NECESS>ILY HAVE TO DEVELOP AN APP>ATUS = CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ SOCIAL CONS5SUS 7AT LEA/ 9 ?AT M9IMAL S5SE ( 5SUR+ MALCONT5TS CAN /ILL FEEL !Y HAVE FREELY *OS5 TO GO ALONG ) BAD DECISIONS72 AS AN APP>5T RESULT1 ! 9T]NAL W> 5DS UP PROJECT$ \TW>DS 9TO 5DLESS NI<T BATTLES & =MS ( SPECTRAL VIOL5CE4 ,MAJORIT>IAN DIRECT DEMOCRACY IS CON/ANTLY ?REAT5+ TO MAKE ?OSE L9ES ( =CE EXPLICIT4 ,= ?IS REASON IT DOES T5D TO BE RA!R UN/ABLE3 OR MORE PRECISELY1 IF IT DOES LA/1 IT'S BECAUSE ITS 9/ITUTIONAL =MS 7! M$IEVAL CITY1 ,NEW ,5GL& T[N C\NCIL1 = ?AT MATT] GALLUP POLLS1 REF]5DUMS4447 >E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY 5SCONC$ )9 A L>G] FRAMEWORK ( GOV]NANCE 9 :I* RUL+ ELITES USE ?AT V]Y 9/ABILITY TO JU/IFY !IR ULTIMATE MONOPOLY ( ! MEANS ( VIOL5CE4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ?REAT ( ?IS 9/ABILITY BECOMES AN EXCUSE = A =M ( 0DEMOCRACY0 SO M9IMAL ?AT IT COMES D[N TO NO?+ MORE ?AN 9SI/+ ?AT RUL+ ELITES %\LD OCCASIONALLY CONSULT ) 0! PUBLIC0--9 C>EFULLY /AG$ CONTE/S1 REPLETE ) RA!R MEAN+LESS J\/S & T\RNAM5TS--TO REE/ABLI% !IR RI<T TO GO ON MAK+ !IR DECISIONS = !M4 

,IT'S A TRAP4 ,B\NC+ BACK & =? BETWE5 ! TWO 5SURES IT WILL REMA9 EXTREMELY UNLIKELY ?AT ONE C\LD EV] IMAG9E IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE = PEOPLE TO MANAGE !IR [N LIVES1 )\T ! HELP ( 0REPRES5TATIVES40 ,IT'S = ?IS REASON ! NEW GLOBAL MOVEM5T HAS BEGUN BY RE9V5T+ ! V]Y MEAN+ ( DEMOCRACY4 ,TO DO SO ULTIMATELY MEANS1 ONCE AGA91 COM+ TO T]MS ) ! FACT ?AT 0WE0--:E!R AS 0! ,WE/0 7:ATEV] ?AT MEANS71 AS ! 0MOD]N WORLD10 OR ANY?+ ELSE-->E NOT REALLY AS SPECIAL AS WE LIKE TO ?9K WE >E2 ?AT WE'RE NOT ! ONLY PEOPLE EV] TO HAVE PRACTIC$ DEMOCRACY2 ?AT 9 FACT1 RA!R ?AN DISSEM9AT+ DEMOCRACY >\ND ! WORLD1 0,WE/]N0 GOV]NM5TS HAVE BE5 SP5D+ AT LEA/ AS MU* TIME 9S]T+ !MSELVES 9TO ! LIVES ( PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 PRACTIC+ DEMOCRACY = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 & 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 TELL+ !M TO CUT IT \T4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ 5C\RAG+ ?+S AB\T !SE NEW1 AN>*I/-9SPIR$ MOVEM5TS IS ?AT !Y PROPOSE A NEW =M ( 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,OLD]1 COMMUNI/ 9T]NATIONALISM HAD SOME V]Y BEAUTIFUL IDEALS1 BUT 9 ORGANIZATIONAL T]MS1 EV]YONE BASICALLY FL[$ ONE WAY4 ,IT BECAME A MEANS = REGIMES \TSIDE ,EUROPE & ITS SETTL] COLONIES TO LE>N ,WE/]N /YLES ( ORGANIZATION3 P>TY /RUCTURES1 PL5>IES1 PURGES1 BUREAUCRATIC HI]>*IES1 SECRET POLICE444 ,?IS TIME--! SECOND WAVE ( 9T]NATIONALISM ONE C\LD CALL IT1 OR JU/1 AN>*I/ GLOBALIZATION--! MOVEM5T ( ORGANIZATIONAL =MS HAS L>GELY GONE ! O!R WAY4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ CONS5SUS PROCESS3 ! IDEA ( MASS NONVIOL5T DIRECT ACTION FIR/ DEVELOP$ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ,9DIA2 ! CURR5T NETWORK MODEL WAS FIR/ PROPOS$ BY REBELS 9 ,*IAPAS2 EV5 ! NOTION ( ! AFF9ITY GR\P CAME \T ( ,SPA9 & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,! FRUITS ( E?NOGRAPHY--& ! TE*NIQUES ( E?NOGRAPHY--C\LD BE 5ORM\SLY HELPFUL H]E IF AN?ROPOLOGI/S CAN GET PA/ !IR--H[EV] UND]/&ABLE--HESITANCY1 [+ TO !IR [N (T5 SQUALID COLONIAL HI/ORY1 & COME TO SEE :AT !Y >E SITT+ ON NOT AS SOME GUILTY SECRET 7:I* IS NONE!LESS !IR GUILTY SECRET1 & NO ONE ELSE'S7 BUT AS ! COMMON PROP]TY ( HUMANK9D4 

,A,N,?,R,O,P,O,L,O,G,Y 79 :I* ! AU?OR SOME:AT RELUCTANTLY BITES ! H& ?AT FE$S HIM7 

,! F9AL QUE/ION--ONE ?AT ,I'VE ADMITT$LY BE5 RA!R AVOID+ UP TO N[--IS :Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S HAV5'T1 SO F>8 ,I HAVE ALREADY DESCRIB$ :Y ,I ?9K ACADEMICS1 9 G5]AL1 HAVE R>ELY FELT MU* AFF9ITY ) AN>*ISM4 ,I'VE TALK$ A LITTLE AB\T ! RADICAL 9CL9ATIONS 9 MU* E>LY TW5TIE?-C5TURY AN?ROPOLOGY1 :I* (T5 %[$ A V]Y /RONG AFF9ITY ) AN>*ISM1 BUT ?AT SEEM$ TO L>GELY EVAPORATE OV] TIME4 ,IT'S ALL A LITTLE ODD4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E AFT] ALL ! ONLY GR\P ( S*OL>S :O KN[ ANY?+ AB\T ACTUALLY-EXI/+ /ATELESS SOCIETIES2 MANY HAVE ACTUALLY LIV$ 9 CORN]S ( ! WORLD :]E /ATES HAVE CEAS$ TO FUNCTION OR AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY PULL$ UP /AKES & LEFT1 & PEOPLE >E MANAG+ !IR [N AFFAIRS AUTONOM\SLY2 IF NO?+ ELSE1 !Y >E KE5LY AW>E ?AT ! MO/ COMMONPLACE ASSUMPTIONS AB\T :AT W\LD HAPP5 9 ! ABS5CE ( A /ATE 70BUT PEOPLE W\LD JU/ KILL EA* O!R607 >E FACTUALLY UNTRUE4 

,:Y1 !N8 

,WELL1 !RE >E ANY NUMB] ( REASONS4 ,SOME >E UND]/&ABLE 5\<4 ,IF AN>*ISM IS1 ESS5TIALLY1 AN E?ICS ( PRACTICE1 !N M$ITAT+ ON AN?ROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE T5DS TO KICK UP A LOT ( UNPLEASANT ?+S4 ,P>TICUL>LY IF ONE CONC5TRATES ON ! EXP]I5CE ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL FIELDWORK---:I* IS :AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S 9V>IABLY T5D TO DO :5 !Y BECOME REFLEXIVE4 ,! DISCIPL9E WE KN[ TODAY WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY HORRIFIC S*EMES ( CONQUE/1 COLONIZATION1 & MASS MURD]--MU* LIKE MO/ MOD]N ACADEMIC DISCIPL9ES1 ACTUALLY1 9CLUD+ GEOGRAPHY1 & BOTANY1 NOT EV5 TO M5TION ONES LIKE MA!MATICS1 L+UI/ICS OR ROBOTICS1 :I* /ILL >E1 BUT AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 S9CE !IR WORK T5DS TO 9VOLVE GETT+ TO KN[ ! VICTIMS P]SONALLY1 HAVE 5D$ UP AGONIZ+ OV] ?IS 9 WAYS ?AT ! PROPON5TS ( O!R DISCIPL9ES HAVE ALMO/ NEV] DONE4 ,! RESULT HAS BE5 /RANGELY P>ADOXICAL3 AN?ROPOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON !IR [N CULPABILITY HAS MA9LY HAD ! EFFECT ( PROVID+ NON-AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O DO NOT WANT TO BE BO!R$ HAV+ TO LE>N AB\T #i.0 ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE ) A H&Y TWO OR ?REE S5T5CE DISMISSAL 7Y\ KN[3 ALL AB\T PROJECT+ ONE'S S5SE ( ,O!RNESS 9TO ! COLONIZ$7 BY :I* !Y CAN FEEL MORALLY SUP]IOR TO ?OSE :O DO4 

,= ! AN?ROPOLOGI/S !MSELVES1 ! RESULTS HAVE BE5 /RANGELY P>ADOXICAL AS WELL4 ,:ILE AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E1 EFFECTIVELY1 SITT+ ON A VA/ >*IVE ( HUMAN EXP]I5CE1 ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL EXP]IM5TS NO ONE ELSE REALLY KN[S AB\T1 ?AT V]Y BODY ( COMP>ATIVE E?NOGRAPHY IS SE5 AS SOME?+ %AMEFUL4 ,AS ,I M5TION$1 IT IS TREAT$ NOT AS ! COMMON H]ITAGE ( HUMANK9D1 BUT AS \R DIRTY LITTLE SECRET4 ,:I* IS ACTUALLY CONV5I5T1 AT LEA/ 9S(> AS ACADEMIC P[] IS L>GELY AB\T E/ABLI%+ [N]%IP RI<TS OV] A C]TA9 =M ( KN[L$GE & 5SUR+ ?AT O!RS DON'T REALLY HAVE MU* ACCESS TO IT4 ,BECAUSE AS ,I ALSO M5TION$1 \R DIRTY LITTLE SECRET IS /ILL \RS4 ,IT'S NOT SOME?+ ONE NE$S TO %>E ) O!RS4 

,!RE'S MORE TO IT ?\<4 ,9 MANY WAYS1 AN?ROPOLOGY SEEMS A DISCIPL9E T]RIFI$ ( ITS [N POT5TIAL4 ,IT IS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ONLY DISCIPL9E 9 A POSITION TO MAKE G5]ALIZATIONS AB\T HUMANITY AS A :OLE--S9CE IT IS ! ONLY DISCIPL9E ?AT ACTUALLY TAKES ALL ( HUMANITY 9TO ACC\NT1 & IS FAMILI> ) ALL ! ANOMAL\S CASES4 70,ALL SOCIETIES PRACTICE M>RIAGE1 Y\ SAY8 ,WELL ?AT DEP5DS ON H[ Y\ DEF9E 'M>RIAGE4' ,AMONG ! ,NAY>44407 ,YET IT RESOLUTELY REFUSES TO DO SO4 ,I DON'T ?9K ?IS IS TO BE ACC\NT$ = SOLELY AS AN UND]/&ABLE REACTION TO ! RI<T-W+ PROCLIVITY TO MAKE GR& >GUM5TS AB\T HUMAN NATURE TO JU/IFY V]Y P>TICUL>1 & USUALLY1 P>TICUL>LY NA/Y SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 7RAPE1 W>1 FREE M>KET CAPITALISM7--?\< C]TA9LY ?AT IS A BIG P>T ( IT4 ,P>TLY IT'S JU/ ! VA/NESS ( ! SUBJECT MATT]4 ,:O REALLY HAS ! MEANS1 9 DISCUSS+1 SAY1 CONCEPTIONS ( DESIRE1 OR IMAG9ATION1 OR ! SELF1 OR SOV]EIGNTY1 TO CONSID] EV]Y?+ ,*9ESE OR ,9DIAN OR ,ISLAMIC ?9K]S HAVE HAD TO SAY ON ! MATT] 9 ADDITION TO ! ,WE/]N CANON1 LET ALONE FOLK CONCEPTIONS PREVAL5T 9 HUNDR$S ( ,OCEANIC OR ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN SOCIETIES AS WELL8 ,IT'S JU/ TOO DAUNT+4 ,AS A RESULT1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S NO LONG] PRODUCE MANY BROAD !ORETICAL G5]ALIZATIONS AT ALL--9/EAD1 TURN+ OV] ! WORK TO ,EUROPEAN PHILOSOPH]S :O USUALLY HAVE ABSOLUTELY NO PROBLEM DISCUSS+ DESIRE1 OR ! IMAG9ATION1 OR ! SELF1 OR SOV]EIGNTY1 AS IF SU* CONCEPTS HAD BE5 9V5T$ BY ,PLATO OR ,>I/OTLE1 DEVELOP$ BY ,KANT OR ,DE,SADE1 & NEV] MEAN+FULLY DISCUSS$ BY ANYONE \TSIDE ( ELITE LIT]>Y TRADITIONS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE OR ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,:]E ONCE AN?ROPOLOGI/S' KEY !ORETICAL T]MS W]E WORDS LIKE MANA1 TOTEM1 OR TABOO1 ! NEW BUZZWORDS >E 9V>IABLY D]IV$ FROM ,LAT9 OR ,GREEK1 USUALLY VIA ,FR5*1 OCCASIONALLY ,G]MAN4 

,SO :ILE AN?ROPOLOGY MI<T SEEM P]FECTLY POSITION$ TO PROVIDE AN 9TELLECTUAL =UM = ALL SORTS ( PLANET>Y CONV]SATIONS1 POLITICAL & O!RWISE1 !RE IS A C]TA9 BUILT-9 RELUCTANCE TO DO SO4 

,!N !RE'S ! QUE/ION ( POLITICS4 ,MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S WRITE AS IF !IR WORK HAS OBVI\S POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE1 9 A TONE :I* SUGGE/S !Y CONSID] :AT !Y >E DO+ QUITE RADICAL1 & C]TA9LY LEFT ( C5T]4 ,BUT :AT DOES ?IS POLITICS ACTUALLY CONSI/ (8 ,IT'S 9CREAS+LY H>D TO SAY4 ,DO AN?ROPOLOGI/S T5D TO BE ANTI-CAPITALI/8 ,C]TA9LY IT'S H>D TO ?9K ( ONE :O HAS MU* GOOD TO SAY AB\T CAPITALISM4 ,MANY >E 9 ! HABIT ( DESCRIB+ ! CURR5T AGE AS ONE ( 0LATE CAPITALISM10 AS IF BY DECL>+ IT IS AB\T TO 5D1 !Y CAN BY ! V]Y ACT ( DO+ SO HA/5 ITS DEMISE4 ,BUT IT'S H>D TO ?9K ( AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O HAS1 REC5TLY1 MADE ANY SORT ( SUGGE/ION ( :AT AN ALT]NATIVE TO CAPITALISM MI<T BE LIKE4 ,SO >E !Y LIB]ALS8 ,MANY CAN'T PRON\NCE ! WORD )\T A SNORT ( CONTEMPT4 ,:AT !N8 ,AS F> AS ,I CAN MAKE \T ! ONLY REAL FUNDAM5TAL POLITICAL COMMITM5T RUNN+ ?R\< ! 5TIRE FIELD IS A K9D ( BROAD POPULISM4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 WE >E DEF9ITELY NOT ON ! SIDE ( :OEV]1 9 A GIV5 SITUATION1 IS OR FANCIES !MSELVES TO BE ! ELITE4 ,WE'RE = ! LITTLE GUYS4 ,S9CE 9 PRACTICE1 MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E ATTA*$ TO 79CREAS+LY GLOBAL7 UNIV]SITIES1 OR IF NOT1 5D UP 9 JOBS LIKE M>KET+ CONSULTANCIES OR JOBS ) ! ,U,N---POSITIONS )9 ! V]Y APP>ATUS ( GLOBAL RULE--:AT ?IS REALLY COMES D[N TO IS A K9D ( CON/ANT1 RITUALIZ$ DECL>ATION ( DISLOYALTY TO ?AT V]Y GLOBAL ELITE ( :I* WE \RSELVES1 AS ACADEMICS1 CLE>LY =M ONE 7ADMITT$LY SOME:AT M>G9AL7 FRACTION4 

,N[1 :AT =M DOES ?IS POPULISM TAKE 9 PRACTICE8 ,MA9LY1 IT MEANS ?AT Y\ MU/ DEMON/RATE ?AT ! PEOPLE Y\ >E /UDY+1 ! LITTLE GUYS1 >E SUCCESSFULLY RESI/+ SOME =M ( P[] OR GLOBALIZ+ 9FLU5CE IMPOS$ ON !M FROM ABOVE4 ,?IS IS1 ANYWAY1 :AT MO/ AN?ROPOLOGI/S TALK AB\T :5 ! SUBJECT TURNS TO GLOBALIZATION--:I* IT USUALLY DOES ALMO/ IMM$IATELY1 N[ADAYS1 :ATEV] IT IS Y\ /UDY4 ,:E!R IT IS ADV]TIS+1 OR SOAP OP]AS1 OR =MS ( LABOR DISCIPL9E1 OR /ATE-IMPOS$ LEGAL SY/EMS1 OR ANY?+ ELSE ?AT MI<T SEEM TO BE CRU%+ OR HOMOG5IZ+ OR MANIPULAT+ ONE'S PEOPLE1 ONE DEMON/RATES ?AT !Y >E NOT FOOL$1 NOT CRU%$1 NOT HOMOG5IZ$2 9DE$ !Y >E CREATIVELY APPROPRIAT+ OR RE9T]PRET+ :AT IS BE+ ?R[N AT !M 9 WAYS ?AT ITS AU?ORS W\LD NEV] HAVE ANTICIPAT$4 ,( C\RSE1 TO SOME EXT5T ALL ?IS IS TRUE4 ,I W\LD C]TA9LY NOT WI% TO D5Y IT IS IMPORTANT TO COMBAT !--/ILL REM>KABLY WIDESPREAD--POPUL> ASSUMPTION ?AT ! MOM5T PEOPLE 9 ,BHUTAN OR ,IRIAN ,JAYA >E EXPOS$ TO ,M,T,V1 !IR CIVILIZATION IS BASICALLY OV]4 ,:AT'S DI/URB+1 AT LEA/ TO ME1 IS ! DEGREE TO :I* ?IS LOGIC COMES TO E*O ?AT ( GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,ADV]TIS+ AG5CIES1 AFT] ALL1 DO NOT CLAIM TO BE IMPOS+ ANY?+ ON ! PUBLIC EI!R4 ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ?IS ]A ( M>KET SEGM5TATION1 !Y CLAIM TO BE PROVID+ MAT]IAL = MEMB]S ( ! PUBLIC TO APPROPRIATE & MAKE !IR [N 9 UNPR$ICTABLE & IDIOSYNCRATIC WAYS4 ,! RHETORIC ( 0CREATIVE CONSUMPTION0 9 P>TICUL> C\LD BE CONSID]$ ! V]Y IDEOLOGY ( ! NEW GLOBAL M>KET3 A WORLD 9 :I* ALL HUMAN BEHAVIOR CAN BE CLASSIFI$ AS EI!R PRODUCTION1 EX*ANGE1 OR CONSUMPTION2 9 :I* EX*ANGE IS ASSUM$ TO BE DRIV5 BY BASIC HUMAN PROCLIVITIES = RATIONAL PURSUIT ( PR(IT :I* >E ! SAME EV]Y:]E1 & CONSUMPTION BECOMES A WAY TO E/ABLI% ONE'S P>TICUL> ID5TITY 7& PRODUCTION IS NOT DISCUSS$ AT ALL IF ONE CAN POSSIBLY AVOID IT74 ,WE'RE ALL ! SAME ON ! TRAD+ FLOOR2 IT'S :AT WE DO ) ! /UFF :5 WE GET HOME ?AT MAKES US DIFF]5T4 ,?IS M>KET LOGIC HAS BECOME SO DEEPLY 9T]NALIZ$ ?AT1 IF1 SAY1 A WOMAN 9 ,TR9IDAD PUTS TOGE!R SOME \TRAGE\S GET-UP & GOES \T DANC+1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S WILL AUTOMATICALLY ASSUME ?AT :AT %E'S DO+ CAN BE DEF9$ AS 0CONSUMPTION0 7AS OPPOS$ TO1 SAY1 %[+ (F OR HAV+ A GOOD TIME71 AS IF :AT'S REALLY IMPORTANT AB\T H] EV5+ IS ! FACT ?AT %E BUYS A C\PLE DR9KS1 OR MAYBE1 BECAUSE ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ CONSID]S WE>+ CLO!S ITSELF TO BE SOMEH[ LIKE DR9K+1 OR MAYBE1 BECAUSE !Y JU/ DON'T ?9K AB\T IT AT ALL & ASSUME ?AT :ATEV] ONE DOES ?AT ISN'T WORK+ IS 0CONSUMPTION0 BECAUSE :AT'S REALLY IMPORTANT AB\T IT IS ?AT MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCTS >E 9VOLV$4 ,! P]SPECTIVE ( ! AN?ROPOLOGI/ & ! GLOBAL M>KET+ EXECUTIVE HAVE BECOME ALMO/ 9DI/+UI%ABLE4 

,IT'S NOT ?AT DIFF]5T ON ! POLITICAL LEVEL4 ,LAUR5 ,LEVE HAS REC5TLY W>N$ ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S RISK1 IF !Y >E NOT C>EFUL1 BECOM+ YET ANO!R COG 9 A GLOBAL 0ID5TITY MA*9E10 A PLANET-WIDE APP>ATUS ( 9/ITUTIONS & ASSUMPTIONS ?AT HAS1 OV] ! LA/ DECADE OR SO1 EFFECTIVELY 9=M$ ! E>?'S 9HABITANTS 7OR AT LEA/1 ALL BUT ! V]Y MO/ ELITE7 ?AT1 S9CE ALL DEBATES AB\T ! NATURE ( POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC POSSIBILITIES >E N[ OV]1 ! ONLY WAY ONE CAN N[ MAKE A POLITICAL CLAIM IS BY ASS]T+ SOME GR\P ID5TITY1 ) ALL ! ASSUMPTIONS AB\T :AT ID5TITY IS 7I4E41 ?AT GR\P ID5TITIES >E NOT WAYS ( COMP>+ ONE GR\P TO EA* O!R BUT CON/ITUT$ BY ! WAY A GR\P RELATES TO ITS [N HI/ORY1 ?AT !RE IS NO ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE 9 ?IS REG>D BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS4447 E/ABLI%$ 9 ADVANCE4 ,?+S HAVE COME TO SU* A PASS ?AT 9 C\NTRIES LIKE ,NEPAL EV5 ,!RAVADA ,BUDDHI/S >E =C$ TO PLAY ID5TITY POLITICS1 A P>TICUL>LY BIZ>RE SPECTACLE S9CE !Y >E ESS5TIALLY BAS+ !IR ID5TITY CLAIMS ON ADH]5CE TO A UNIV]SALI/IC PHILOSOPHY ?AT 9SI/S ID5TITY IS AN ILLUSION4 

,MANY YE>S AGO A ,FR5* AN?ROPOLOGI/ NAM$ ,G]>D ,AL?ABE WROTE A BOOK AB\T ,MADAGASC> CALL$ ,OPPRESSION ET ,LIB]ATION DANS L',IMAG9AIRE4 ,IT'S A CAT*Y PHRASE4 ,I ?9K IT MI<T WELL BE APPLI$ TO :AT 5DS UP HAPP5+ 9 A LOT ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL WRIT+4 ,= ! MO/ P>T1 :AT WE CALL 0ID5TITIES0 H]E1 9 :AT ,PAUL ,GILROY LIKES TO CALL ! 0OV]-DEVELOP$ WORLD10 >E =C$ ON PEOPLE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 MO/ >E ! PRODUCTS ( ONGO+ OPPRESSION & 9EQUALITY3 SOMEONE :O IS DEF9$ AS ,BLACK IS NOT ALL[$ TO =GET ?AT DUR+ A S+LE MOM5T ( !IR EXI/5CE2 HIS OR H] [N SELF-DEF9ITION IS ( NO SIGNIFICANCE TO ! BANK] :O WILL D5Y HIM CR$IT1 OR ! POLICEMAN :O WILL >RE/ HIM = BE+ 9 ! WRONG NEI<BORHOOD1 OR ! DOCTOR :O1 9 ! CASE ( A DAMAG$ LIMB1 WILL BE MORE LIKELY TO RECOMM5D AMPUTATION4 ,ALL ATTEMPTS AT 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE SELF-FA%ION+ OR SELF-9V5TION HAVE TO TAKE PLACE 5TIRELY )9 ?OSE EXTREMELY VIOL5T SETS ( CON/RA9TS4 7,! ONLY REAL WAY ?AT C\LD *ANGE W\LD BE TO TRANS=M ! ATTITUDES ( ?OSE :O HAVE ! PRIVILEGE ( BE+ DEF9$ AS 0,:ITE0--ULTIMATELY1 PROBABLY1 BY DE/ROY+ ! CATEGORY ( ,:IT5ESS ITSELF47 ,! FACT IS ?\< ?AT NOBODY HAS ANY IDEA H[ MO/ PEOPLE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA W\LD *OSE TO DEF9E !MSELVES IF 9/ITUTIONAL RACISM W]E TO ACTUALLY VANI%--IF EV]YONE REALLY W]E LEFT FREE TO DEF9E !MSELVES H[EV] !Y WI%$4 ,NEI!R IS !RE MU* PO9T 9 SPECULAT+ AB\T IT4 ,! QUE/ION IS H[ TO CREATE A SITUATION :]E WE C\LD F9D \T4 

,?IS IS :AT ,I MEAN BY 0LIB]ATION 9 ! IMAG9>Y40 ,TO ?9K AB\T :AT IT W\LD TAKE TO LIVE 9 A WORLD 9 :I* EV]YONE REALLY DID HAVE ! P[] TO DECIDE = !MSELVES1 9DIVIDUALLY & COLLECTIVELY1 :AT SORT ( COMMUNITIES !Y WI%$ TO BELONG TO & :AT SORT ( ID5TITIES !Y WANT$ TO TAKE ON--?AT'S REALLY DIFFICULT4 ,TO BR+ AB\T SU* A WORLD W\LD BE ALMO/ UNIMAG9ABLY DIFFICULT4 ,IT W\LD REQUIRE *ANG+ ALMO/ EV]Y?+4 ,IT ALSO W\LD MEET ) /UBBORN1 & ULTIMATELY VIOL5T1 OPPOSITION FROM ?OSE :O B5EFIT ! MO/ FROM EXI/+ >RANGEM5TS4 ,TO 9/EAD WRITE AS IF !SE ID5TITIES >E ALREADY FREELY CREAT$--OR L>GELY SO--IS EASY1 & IT LETS ONE 5TIRELY (F ! HOOK = ! 9TRICATE & 9TRACTABLE PROBLEMS ( ! DEGREE TO :I* ONE'S [N WORK IS P>T ( ?IS V]Y ID5TITY MA*9E4 ,BUT IT NO MORE MAKES IT TRUE ?AN TALK+ AB\T 0LATE CAPITALISM0 WILL ITSELF BR+ AB\T 9DU/RIAL COLLAPSE OR FUR!R SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,AN ILLU/RATION3 

,9 CASE IT'S NOT CLE> :AT ,I AM SAY+ H]E1 LET ME RETURN = A MOM5T TO ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELS ( ,*IAPAS1 :OSE REVOLT ON ,NEW ,YE>'S DAY1 #a#i#i#d1 MI<T BE SAID TO HAVE KICK$ (F :AT CAME TO BE KN[N AS ! GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS W]E OV]:ELM+LY DRAWN FROM ,TZELTAL1 ,TZOTZIL & ,TOJOLOBAL ,MAYA-SPEAK+ COMMUNITIES ?AT HAD E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES 9 ! ,LAC&ON RA9 =E/--SOME ( ! POORE/ & MO/ EXPLOIT$ COMMUNITIES 9 ,MEXICO4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS DO NOT CALL !MSELVES AN>*I/S1 QUITE1 OR EV51 QUITE AUTONOMI/S2 !Y REPRES5T !IR [N UNIQUE /R& )9 ?AT BROAD] TRADITION2 9DE$1 !Y >E TRY+ TO REVOLUTIONIZE REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY ITSELF BY AB&ON+ ANY NOTION ( A VANGU>D P>TY SEIZ+ CONTROL ( ! /ATE1 BUT 9/EAD BATTL+ TO CREATE FREE 5CLAVES ?AT C\LD S]VE AS MODELS = AUTONOM\S SELF-GOV]NM5T1 ALL[+ A G5]AL REORGANIZATION ( ,MEXICAN SOCIETY 9TO A COMPLEX OV]LAPP+ NETWORK ( SELFMANAG+ GR\PS ?AT C\LD !N BEG9 TO DISCUSS ! RE9V5TION ( POLITICAL SOCIETY4 ,!RE WAS1 APP>5TLY1 SOME DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION )9 ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T ITSELF OV] ! =MS ( DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE !Y WI%$ TO PROMULGATE4 ,! ,MAYA-SPEAK+ BASE PU%$ /RONGLY = A =M ( CONS5SUS PROCESS ADOPT$ FROM !IR [N COMMUNAL TRADITIONS1 BUT RE=MULAT$ TO BE MORE RADICALLY EGALIT>IAN2 SOME ( ! ,SPANI%-SPEAK+ MILIT>Y LEAD]%IP ( ! REBELLION W]E HI<LY SKEPTICAL ( :E!R ?IS C\LD REALLY BE APPLI$ ON ! NATIONAL LEVEL4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ?\<1 !Y HAD TO DEF] TO ! VISION ( ?OSE !Y 0L$ BY OBEY+10 AS ! ,ZAPATI/A SAY+ W5T4 ,BUT ! REM>KABLE ?+ WAS :AT HAPP5$ :5 NEWS ( ?IS REBELLION SPREAD TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,IT'S H]E WE CAN REALLY SEE ! WORK+S ( ,LEVE'S 0ID5TITY MA*9E40 ,RA!R ?AN A B& ( REBELS ) A VISION ( RADICAL DEMOCRATIC TRANS=MATION1 !Y W]E IMM$IATELY R$EF9$ AS A B& ( ,MAYAN ,9DIANS DEM&+ 9DIG5\S AUTONOMY4 ,?IS IS H[ ! 9T]NATIONAL M$IA PORTRAY$ !M2 ?IS IS :AT WAS CONSID]$ IMPORTANT AB\T !M FROM EV]YONE FROM HUMANIT>IAN ORGANIZATIONS TO ,MEXICAN BUREAUCRATS TO HUMAN RI<TS MONITORS AT ! ,U,N4 ,AS TIME W5T ON1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS--:OSE /RATEGY HAS FROM ! BEG9N+ BE5 DEP5D5T ON GA9+ ALLIES 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNITY-- W]E 9CREAS+LY =C$ TO PLAY ! 9DIG5\S C>D AS WELL1 EXCEPT :5 DEAL+ ) !IR MO/ COMMITT$ ALLIES4 

,?IS /RATEGY HAS NOT BE5 5TIRELY 9EFFECTIVE4 ,T5 YE>S LAT]1 ! ,ZAPATI/A ,>MY ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION IS /ILL !RE1 )\T HAV+ H>DLY HAD TO FIRE A %OT1 IF ONLY BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 WILL+1 = ! TIME BE+1 TO D[NPLAY ! 0,NATIONAL0 P>T 9 !IR NAME4 ,ALL ,I WANT TO EMPHASIZE IS EXACTLY H[ PATRONIZ+--OR1 MAYBE LET'S NOT PULL PUN*ES H]E1 H[ COMPLETELY RACI/--! 9T]NATIONAL REACTION TO ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELLION HAS REALLY BE54 ,BECAUSE :AT ! ,ZAPATI/AS W]E PROPOS+ TO DO WAS EXACTLY TO BEG9 ?AT DIFFICULT WORK ?AT1 ,I PO9T$ \T1 SO MU* ( ! RHETORIC AB\T 0ID5TITY0 EFFECTIVELY IGNORES3 TRY+ TO WORK \T :AT =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 :AT =MS ( PROCESS & DELIB]ATION1 W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO CREATE A WORLD 9 :I* PEOPLE & COMMUNITIES >E ACTUALLY FREE TO DET]M9E = !MSELVES :AT SORT ( PEOPLE & COMMUNITIES !Y WI% TO BE4 ,& :AT W]E !Y TOLD8 ,EFFECTIVELY1 !Y W]E 9=M$ ?AT1 S9CE !Y W]E ,MAYA1 !Y C\LD NOT POSSIBLY HAVE ANY?+ TO SAY TO ! WORLD AB\T ! PROCESSES ?R\< :I* ID5TITY IS CON/RUCT$2 OR AB\T ! NATURE ( POLITICAL POSSIBILITIES4 ,AS ,MAYAS1 ! ONLY POSSIBLE POLITICAL /ATEM5T !Y C\LD MAKE TO NON-,MAYAS W\LD BE AB\T !IR ,MAYA ID5TITY ITSELF4 ,!Y C\LD ASS]T ! RI<T TO CONT9UE TO BE ,MAYAN4 ,!Y C\LD DEM& RECOGNITION AS ,MAYAN4 ,BUT = A ,MAYA TO SAY SOME?+ TO ! WORLD ?AT WAS NOT SIMPLY A COMM5T ON !IR [N ,MAYA-NESS W\LD BE 9CONCEIVABLE4 

,& :O WAS LI/5+ TO :AT !Y REALLY HAD TO SAY8 

,L>GELY1 IT SEEMS1 A COLLECTION ( TE5AGE AN>*I/S 9 ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :O SOON BEGAN BESIEG+ ! SUMMITS ( ! V]Y GLOBAL ELITE TO :OM AN?ROPOLOGI/S MA9TA9 SU* AN UNEASY1 UNCOM=TABLE1 ALLIANCE4 

,BUT ! AN>*I/S W]E RI<T4 ,I ?9K AN?ROPOLOGI/S %\LD MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) !M4 ,WE HAVE TOOLS AT \R F+]TIPS ?AT C\LD BE ( 5ORM\S IMPORTANCE = HUMAN FRE$OM4 ,LET'S />T TAK+ SOME RESPONSIBILITY = IT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,FRAGM5TS ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,AN?ROPOLOGY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,FRAGM5TS ( AN ,AN>*I/ ,AN?ROPOLOGY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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