,*APT] #b 
,NATIONALISM & ! 0,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION0 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,NATIONALISM & ! 0,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION0 

  

,ONE ( ! MO/ VEX+ QUE/IONS ?AT ! ,LEFT FACES 7H[EV] ONE MAY DEF9E ! ,LEFT7 IS ! ROLE PLAY$ BY NATIONALISM 9 SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & BY POPUL> DEM&S = CULTURAL ID5TITY & POLITICAL SOV]EIGNTY4 ,= ! ,LEFT ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 NATIONALISM WAS SE5 PRIM>ILY AS A ,EUROPEAN ISSUE1 9VOLV+ ! CONSOLIDATION ( NATION-/ATES 9 ! HE>TL& ( CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY SECOND>ILY1 IF AT ALL1 WAS IT SE5 AS ! ANTI-IMP]IALI/ & PRESUMABLY ANTI-CAPITALI/ /RUGGLE ?AT IT WAS TO BECOME 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,?IS DID NOT MEAN ?AT ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,LEFT FAVOR$ IMP]IALI/ DEPR$ATIONS 9 ! COLONIAL WORLD4 ,AT ! TURN ( ?IS C5TURY1 H>DLY ANY S]I\S RADICAL ?9K]1 TO MY KN[L$GE1 REG>D$ ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S' ATTEMPTS TO QUELL MOVEM5TS = SELF-DET]M9ATION 9 COLONIAL >EAS AS A BLESS+4 ,! ,LEFT SC(F$ AT & USUALLY D5\NC$ ! >ROGANT CLAIMS ( ,EUROPEAN P[]S TO BR+ 0PROGRESS0 TO ! 0B>B>\S0 >EAS ( ! WORLD4 ,M>X'S VIEWS ( IMP]IALISM MAY HAVE BE5 EQUIVOCAL1 BUT HE NEV] LACK$ A G5U9E AV]SION = ! AFFLICTIONS ?AT NATIVE PEOPLES SUFF]$ AT ! H&S ( IMP]IALI/S4 ,AN>*I/S1 9 TURN1 W]E ALMO/ 9V>IABLY HO/ILE TO ! ,EUROPEAN CLAIM TO BE ! BEACON ( CIVILIZATION = ! WORLD4 

,YET IF ! ,LEFT UNIV]SALLY SCORN$ ! CIVILIZATORY CLAIMS ( IMP]IALI/S AT ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IT G5]ALLY REG>D$ NATIONALISM AS AN >GUABLE ISSUE4 ,! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION10 TO USE ! TRADITIONAL PHRASE 9 :I* SU* DISCUSSIONS W]E CA/1 WAS SUBJECT TO S]I\S DISPUTES1 C]TA9LY AS F> AS TACTICS W]E 9VOLV$4 ,BUT BY G5]AL AGREEM5T1 LEFTI/S DID NOT REG>D NATIONALISM1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! CREATION ( NATION-/ATES1 AS ! ULTIMATE DISP5SATION ( HUMANITY'S FUTURE 9 A COLLECTIVI/ OR COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,9DE$1 ! S+LE PR9CIPLE ON :I* ! ,LEFT ( ! PRE- ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE & ! 9T]W> P]IODS AGRE$ WAS A BELIEF 9 ! %>$ HUMANITY ( PEOPLE REG>DLESS ( !IR MEMB]%IP 9 DIFF]5T CULTURAL1 E?NIC1 & G5D] GR\PS1 & !IR COMPLEM5T>Y AFF9ITIES 9 A FREE SOCIETY AS RATIONAL HUMAN BE+S ) ! CAPACITY = COOP]ATION1 A WILL+NESS TO %>E MAT]IAL RES\RCES1 & A F]V5T S5SE ( EMPA?Y4 ,! 0,9T]NATIONALE10 ! %>$ AN!M ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 SOCIALI/S1 & AN>*I/S ALIKE UP TO & EV5 AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION1 5D$ ) ! /IRR+ CRY1 0,! ',9T]NATIONALE' %ALL BE ! HUMAN RACE40 ,! ,LEFT S+L$ \T ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAT AS ! HI/ORIC AG5T = MOD]N SOCIAL *ANGE NOT BY VIRTUE ( ITS SPECIFICITY AS A CLASS1 OR ITS P>TICUL>ITY AS ONE COMPON5T 9 A DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 BUT BY VIRTUE ( ITS NE$ TO A*IEVE UNIV]SALITY 9 ORD] TO ABOLI% CLASS SOCIETY - ?AT IS1 AS ! CLASS DRIV5 BY NECESSITY TO REMOVE WAGE SLAV]Y BY ABOLI%+ 5SLAVEM5T AS SU*4 ,CAPITALISM HAD BR\<T ! HI/ORIC 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 ( HUMAN EXPLOITATION TO ITS F9AL & MO/ ADVANC$ =M4 0,TIS ! F9AL CONFLICT60 RANG \T ! 0,9T]NATIONALE10 ) A S5SE ( UNIV]SALI/IC COMMITM5T - ONE ?AT NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T C\LD IGNORE ANY LONG] )\T SUBV]T+ ! POSSIBILITIES = PASS+ FROM A 0PREHI/ORY0 ( B>B>\S CLASS 9T]E/ TO A 0TRUE HI/ORY0 ( A TOTALLY EMANCIPAT$ HUMANITY4 

,M9IMALLY1 ?IS WAS ! %>$ \TLOOK ( ! PREW> & 9T]W> ,LEFT1 P>TICUL>LY ( ITS V>I\S SOCIALI/IC T5D5CIES4 ,! PRIMACY ! AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S HAVE HI/ORICALLY GIV5 TO ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ! AG5CY P> EXCELL5CE ( HI]>*ICAL CO]CION1 L$ DIRECTLY TO !IR D5IGRATION ( ! NATION-/ATE & ( NATIONALISM G5]ALLY1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE NATIONALISM DIVIDES HUMAN BE+S T]RITORIALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & ECONOMICALLY1 BUT BECAUSE IT FOLL[S 9 ! WAKE ( ! MOD]N /ATE & IDEOLOGICALLY JU/IFIES IT4 

,( CONC]N H]E IS ! 9T]NATIONALI/ TRADITION ?AT PLAY$ SO PRON\NC$ A ROLE 9 ! ,LEFT ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! FIR/ ?IRD ( ! TW5TIE?1 & ITS MUTATION 9TO A HI<LY PROBLEMATICAL 0QUE/ION10 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG'S & ,L59'S WRIT+S4 ,?IS IS A 0QUE/ION0 ( NO SMALL IMPORTANCE4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO CONSID] ! UTT] CONFUSION ?AT SURR\NDS IT TODAY - :5 A SAVAGELY BIGOT$ NATIONALISM IS SUBV]T+ ! 9T]NATIONALI/ TRADITION ( ! ,LEFT - TO RECOGNIZE ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,! RISE ( NATIONALISMS ?AT EXPLOIT RACIAL1 RELIGI\S1 & TRADITIONAL CULTURAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 9CLUD+ EV5 ! MO/ TRIVIAL L+UI/IC & QUASI-TRIBALI/IC DIFF]5CES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( DIFF]5CES 9 G5D] ID5TITY & SEXUAL PREF]5CE1 M>KS A DECIVILIZATION ( HUMANITY1 A RETREAT TO AN AGE :5 ! NUMB] ( F+]S ) :I* PEOPLE MADE ! SIGN ( ! CROSS DET]M9$ :E!R !Y & !IR NEI<BORS W\LD DISEMB[EL EA* O!R 9 BLOODY CONFLICTS1 AS ,NIKOS ,KAZANTZAKIS PO9T$ \T 9 ,ZORBA ! ,GREEK4 

,:AT IS P>TICUL>LY DI/URB+ IS ?AT ! ,LEFT HAS NOT ALWAYS SE5 NATIONALISM AS A REGRESSIVE DEM&4 ,! MOD]N ,LEFT1 SU* AS IT IS TODAY1 ALL TOO (T5 UNCRITICALLY EMBRACES ! SLOGAN 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 - A SLOGAN ?AT HAS E*O$ ?R\< ITS RANKS )\T REG>D = ! BASIC IDEAL VOIC$ 9 ! 0,9T]NATIONALE40 ,CALLS = TRIBAL 0ID5TITY0 %RILLY ACC5TUATE A GR\P'S P>TICUL> *>ACT]I/ICS TO G>N] CON/ITU5CIES1 AN EF=T ?AT NEGATES ! SPIRIT ( ! 0,9T]NATIONALE0 & ! TRADITIONAL 9T]NATIONALISM ( ! ,LEFT4 ,! V]Y MEAN+ ( NATIONALISM & ! NATURE ( ITS RELATION%IP TO /ATISM >E RAIS+ ISSUES1 ESPECIALLY TODAY1 = :I* ! ,LEFT IS B]EFT ( IDEAS AP>T FROM APPEALS = 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION40 

,IF PRES5T-DAY LEFTI/S LOSE ALL VIABLE MEMORY ( AN E>LI] 9T]NATIONALI/ ,LEFT - NOT TO SPEAK ( HUMANITY'S HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE \T ( ITS ANIMALI/IC BACKGR\ND1 ITS MILL5NIA-LONG DEVELOPM5T AWAY FROM SU* BIOLOGICAL FACTS AS E?NICITY1 G5D]1 & AGE DIFF]5CES T[>D TRULY SOCIAL AFF9ITIES BAS$ ON CITIZ5%IP1 EQUALITY1 & A UNIV]SALI/IC S5SE ( A COMMON HUMANITY - ! GREAT ROLE ASSIGN$ TO REASON BY ! ,5LI<T5M5T MAY WELL BE 9 GRAVE D\BT4 ,)\T A =M ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION ?AT CAN RESI/ & HOPEFULLY GO BEYOND NATIONALISM 9 ALL ITS POPUL> V>IANTS - :E!R IT TAKES ! =M ( A RECON/ITUT$ ,LEFT1 A NEW POLITICS1 A SOCIAL LIB]T>IANISM1 A REAWAK5$ HUMANISM1 AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY - ANY?+ ?AT WE CAN LEGITIMATELY CALL CIVILIZATION1 9DE$1 ! HUMAN SPIRIT ITSELF1 MAY WELL BE EXT+UI%$ LONG BE=E NUCLE> W>1 ! GR[+ ECOLOGICAL CRISES1 OR1 MORE G5]ALLY1 A CULTURAL B>B>ISM COMP>ABLE ONLY TO ! MO/ DE/RUCTIVE P]IODS 9 HI/ORY OV]:ELMS US4 ,9 VIEW ( TODAY'S GR[+ NATIONALISM1 !N1 FEW 5DEAVORS C\LD BE MORE IMPORTANT ?AN TO EXAM9E ! NATURE ( NATIONALISM & UND]/& ! SO-CALL$ 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 AS ! ,LEFT 9 ITS V>I\S =MS HAS 9T]PRET$ IT OV] ! YE>S4 

,A ,HI/ORICAL ,OV]VIEW 

  

,! LEVEL ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T CAN BE GAUG$ 9 GREAT P>T BY ! EXT5T TO :I* PEOPLE RECOGNIZE !IR %>$ UNITY4 ,9DE$1 P]SONAL FRE$OM CONSI/S 9 GREAT P>T ( \R ABILITY TO *OOSE FRI5DS1 P>TN]S1 ASSOCIATES1 & AFF9ES )\T REG>D TO !IR BIOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES4 ,:AT MAKES US HUMAN1 AP>T FROM \R ABILITY TO REASON ON A HI< PLANE ( G5]ALIZATION1 CONSOCIATE 9TO MUTABLE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 WORK COOP]ATIVELY1 & DEVELOP A HI<LY SYMBOLIC SY/EM ( COMMUNICATION1 IS A %>$ KN[L$GE ( \R HUMANITAS4 ,GOE!'S MEMORABLE WORDS1 SO *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T M9D1 /ILL HAUNT AS A CRIT]ION ( \R HUMANITY3 0,!RE IS A DEGREE ( CULTURE :]E NATIONAL HATR$ VANI%ES1 & :]E ONE /&S TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ABOVE NATIONS & FEELS ! WEAL & WOE ( A NEI<BOR+ PEOPLE AS IF IT HAPP5$ TO ONE'S [N40.<#a#a.> 

,IF ,GOE! E/ABLI%$ A /&>D ( AU!NTIC HUMANITY H]E - & SURELY ONE CAN DEM& MORE ( HUMAN BE+S ?AN EMPA?Y = !IR 0[N PEOPLE0 - E>LY HUMANITY WAS LESS ?AN HUMAN BY ?AT /&>D4 ,AL?\< A LUNATIC ELEM5T 9 TODAY'S ECOLOGY MOVEM5T CALLS = A 0RETURN TO A ,PLEI/OC5E SPIRITUALITY10 !Y W\LD 9 ALL PROBABILITY HAVE F\ND ?AT 0SPIRITUALITY0 V]Y DISPIRIT+ 9 REALITY4 ,9 PREHI/ORIC ]AS1 PROBABLY M>K$ BY B& & TRIBAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 HUMAN BE+S W]E1 0SPIRITUALLY0 OR O!RWISE1 FIR/ & =EMO/ MEMB]S ( AN IMM$IATE FAMILY1 SECOND1 MEMB]S ( A B&1 & ULTIMATELY1 MEMB]S ( A TRIBE4 ,:AT DET]M9$ MEMB]%IP 9 ANY?+ BEYOND ONE'S GIV5 FAMILY GR\P WAS AN EXT5SION ( ! K9%IP TIE3 ! PEOPLE ( A GIV5 TRIBE W]E SOCIALLY L9K$ TO ONE ANO!R BY REAL OR FICTIVE BLOOD RELATION%IPS4 ,?IS 0BLOOD OA?10 AS WELL AS O!R 0BIOLOGICAL FACTS0 LIKE G5D] & AGE1 DEF9$ ONE'S RI<TS1 OBLIGATIONS1 & 9DE$ ONE'S ID5TITY 9 ! TRIBAL SOCIETY4 

,MOREOV]1 MANY - P]HAPS MO/ - B& OR TRIBAL GR\PS REG>D$ ONLY ?OSE :O %>$ ! 0BLOOD OA?0 ) !MSELVES AS HUMAN4 ,9DE$1 A TRIBE (T5 REF]R$ TO ITSELF AS 0! ,PEOPLE10 A NAME ?AT EXPRESS$ ITS EXCLUSIVE CLAIM TO HUMANITY4 ,O!R PEOPLE1 :O W]E \TSIDE ! MAGIC CIRCLE ( ! REAL OR MY?IC BLOOD L9KAGES ( A TRIBE1 W]E 0/RANG]S0 & H5CE 9 SOME S5SE W]E NOT HUMAN BE+S4 ,! 0BLOOD OA?0 & ! USE ( ! NAME 0! ,PEOPLE0 TO DESIGNATE !MSELVES (T5 PITT$ A TRIBE AGA9/ O!RS :O MADE ! SAME EXCLUSIVE CLAIM TO BE HUMAN & TO BE 0! ,PEOPLE10 EV5 AMONG PEOPLES :O %>$ COMMON L+UI/IC & CULTURAL TRAITS4 

,TRIBAL SOCIETY1 9 FACT1 WAS EXTREMELY W>Y ( ANYONE :O WAS NOT ONE ( ITS [N MEMB]S4 ,9 MANY >EAS1 BE=E A /RANG] C\LD CROSS A T]RITORIAL B\ND>Y1 HE HAD TO SUBMISSIVELY & PATI5TLY AWAIT AN 9VITATION FROM AN ELD] OR %AMAN ( ! TRIBE ?AT CLAIM$ ! T]RITORY BE=E PROCE$+4 ,)\T HOSPITALITY1 :I* WAS G5]ALLY CONCEIV$ AS A QUASI-RELIGI\S VIRTUE1 ANY /RANG] RISK$ LIFE & LIMB 9 A TRIBE'S T]RITORY1 SO ?AT LODG+S & FOOD W]E USUALLY PREC$$ BY RITUAL ACTS ( TRU/ OR GOODWILL4 ,! MOD]N H&%AKE MAY ITSELF HAVE ORIG9AT$ AS A SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION ?AT ONE'S RI<T H& WAS FREE ( WEAPONS4 

,W>F>E WAS 5DEMIC AMONG \R PREHI/ORIC ANCE/ORS & 9 LAT] NATIVE COMMUNITIES1 NOT)/&+ ! HI<1 ALMO/ CULTIC /ATUS 5JOY$ BY O/5SIBLY PEACEFUL 0ECOLOGICAL ABORIG9ES0 AMONG :ITE MIDDLE-CLASS ,EURO- ,AM]ICANS TODAY4 ,:5 =AG+ GR\PS OV]HUNT$ ! GAME 9 !IR ACCU/OM$ T]RITORY1 AS (T5 HAPP5$1 !Y W]E USUALLY MORE ?AN WILL+ TO 9VADE ! >EA ( A NEI<BOR+ GR\P & CLAIM ITS RES\RCES = !IR [N4 ,COMMONLY1 AFT] ! RISE ( W>RIOR SODALITIES1 W>F>E ACQUIR$ CULTURAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES1 SO VICTORS NO LONG] M]ELY DEFEAT$ !IR REAL OR *OS5 05EMIES0 BUT VIRTUALLY EXT]M9AT$ !M1 AS WITNESS ! NE>-G5OCIDAL DE/RUCTION ( ! ,HURON ,9DIANS BY !IR L+UI/ICALLY & CULTURALLY RELAT$ ,IROQUOIS C\S9S4 

,IF ! MAJOR EMPIRES ( ! ANCI5T ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ,ORI5T CONQU]$1 PACIFI$1 & SUBJUGAT$ MANY DIFF]5T E?NIC & CULTURAL GR\PS1 !REBY MAK+ ALI5 PEOPLES 9TO ! ABJECT SUBJECTS ( DESPOTIC MON>*IES1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT S+LE FACTOR TO ]ODE ABORIG9AL P>O*IALISM WAS ! EM]G5CE ( ! CITY4 ,! RISE ( ! ANCI5T CITY1 :E!R DEMOCRATIC AS AT ,A!NS OR REPUBLICAN AS 9 ,ROME1 M>K$ A RADICALLY NEW SOCIAL DISP5SATION4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! FAMILY-ORI5T$ & P>O*IAL FOLK :O HAD CON/ITUT$ ! TRIBAL & VILLAGE WORLD1 ,WE/]N CITIES W]E N[ /RUCTUR$ 9CREAS+LY >\ND RESID5TIAL PROP9QUITY & %>$ ECONOMIC 9T]E/S4 ,A 0SECOND NATURE10 AS ,CIC]O CALL$ IT1 ( HUMANI/IC SOCIAL & CULTURAL TIES BEGAN TO REPLACE ! OLD] =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON ! 0FIR/ NATURE0 ( BIOLOGICAL & BLOOD TIES1 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALS' SOCIAL ROLES & OBLIGATIONS HAD BE5 AN*OR$ 9 !IR FAMILY1 CLAN1 G5D]1 & ! LIKE1 RA!R ?AN 9 ASSOCIATIONS ( !IR [N *OICE4 

,ETYMOLOGICALLY1 0POLITICS0 D]IVES FROM ! ,GREEK POLITIKA1 :I* CONNOTES AN ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ CITIZ5RY ?AT =MULATES ! POLICIES ( A COMMUNITY OR POLIS &1 MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 R\T9ELY EXECUTES !M 9 ! C\RSE ( PUBLIC S]VICE4 ,AL?\< =MAL CITIZ5%IP WAS REQUIR$ = P>TICIPATION 9 SU* POLITICS1 POLEIS LIKE DEMOCRATIC ,A!NS CELEBRAT$ !IR OP5NESS TO VISITORS1 P>TICUL>LY TO SKILL$ CRAFTSM5 & KN[L$GEABLE M]*ANTS ( O!R E?NIC COMMUNITIES4 ,9 HIS FAM\S FUN]AL ORATION1 ,P]ICLES DECL>$3  
  

,WE ?R[ OP5 \R CITY TO ! WORLD1 & NEV] BY ALI5 ACTS EXCLUDE =EIGN]S FROM ANY OPPORTUNITY ( LE>N+ OR OBS]V+1 AL?\< ! EYES ( AN 5EMY MAY OCCASIONALLY PR(IT BY \R LIB]ALITY1 TRU/+ LESS 9 SY/EM & POLICY ?AN TO ! NATIVE SPIRIT ( \R CITIZ5S2 :]E 9 $UCATION1 .<\R RIVALS 9 ,SP>TA.> FROM !IR V]Y CRADLES BY A PA9FUL DISCIPL9E SEEK AFT] MANL9ESS1 AT ,A!NS WE LIVE EXACTLY AS WE PLEASE & YET >E JU/ AS READY TO 5C\NT] EV]Y LEGITIMATE DANG]4.<#a#b.>  
  

,9 ,P]ICLEAN TIMES1 ,A!NIAN LIB]ALITY1 TO BE SURE1 WAS /ILL LIMIT$ BY A L>GELY FICTITI\S NOTION ( ! %>$ ANCE/RY ( ITS CITIZ5S - AL?\< LESS ?AN IT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY4 ,BUT IT IS H>D TO IGNORE ! FACT ?AT ,PLATO'S DIALECTICAL MA/]PIECE1 ,! ,REPUBLIC1 OCCURS AS A DIALOGUE 9 ! HOME ( ,CEPHALOS1 :OSE FAMILY W]E RESID5T ALI5S 9 ! ,PIRAEUS1 ! PORT >EA ( ,A!NS :]E MO/ =EIGN]S LIV$4 ,YET 9 ! DIALOGUE ITSELF ! 9T]*ANGE BETWE5 CITIZ5 & ALI5 IS UN9HIBIT$ BY ANY /ATUS CONSID]ATIONS4 

,! ,ROMAN EMP]OR ,C>ACALLA1 9 TIME1 MADE ALL FREEM5 9 ! ,EMPIRE 0CITIZ5S0 ( ,ROME ) EQUAL JURIDICAL RI<TS1 !REBY UNIV]SALIZ+ HUMAN RELATION%IPS DESPITE DIFF]5CES 9 LANGUAGE1 E?NICITY1 TRADITION1 & PLACE ( RESID5CE4 ,*RI/IANITY1 = ALL ITS FAIL+S1 NONE!LESS CELEBRAT$ ! EQUALITY ( ALL PEOPLE'S S\LS 9 ! EYES ( ! DEITY1 A HEAV5LY 0EGALIT>IANISM0 ?AT1 9 COMB9ATION ) OP5 M$IEVAL CITIES1 !ORETICALLY ELIM9AT$ ! LA/ ATTRIBUTES ( ANCE/RY1 E?NICITY1 & TRADITION ?AT DIVID$ HUMAN BE+S FROM EA* O!R4 

,9 PRACTICE1 IT GOES )\T SAY+1 !SE ATTRIBUTES /ILL P]SI/$1 & V>I\S PEOPLES RETA9$ P>O*IAL ALLEGIANCES TO !IR VILLAGES1 LOCALITIES1 & EV5 CITIES1 C\NT]VAIL+ ! T5U\S ,ROMAN & P>TICUL>LY ,*RI/IAN IDEALS ( A UNIV]SAL HUMANITAS4 ,! UNIFI$ M$IEVAL WORLD WAS FRAGM5T$ JURIDICALLY 9TO C\NTLESS B>ONIAL & >I/OCRATIC SOV]EIGNTIES ?AT P>O*IALIZ$ LOCAL POPUL> COMMITM5TS TO A GIV5 LORD OR PLACE1 (T5 PITT+ CULTURALLY & E?NICALLY RELAT$ PEOPLES AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 O!R >EAS4 ,! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* OPPOS$ !SE P>O*IAL SOV]EIGNTIES1 NOT ONLY = DOCTR9AL REASONS BUT 9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO EXP& PAPAL AU?ORITY OV] ,*RI/5DOM AS A :OLE4 ,AS = SECUL> P[]1 WAYW>D BUT /RONG MON>*S LIKE ,H5RY ,I,I ( ,5GL& TRI$ TO IMPOSE ! 0K+'S PEACE0 OV] L>GE T]RITORIAL >EAS1 SUBDU+ W>R+ NOBLES ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS4 ,?US DID POPE & K+ WORK 9 T&EM TO DIM9I% P>O*IALISM1 EV5 AS !Y DUEL$ ) EA* O!R = CONTROL OV] EV]-L>G] >EAS ( ! FEUDAL WORLD4 

,YET AU!NTIC CITIZ5S W]E DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 CLASSICAL POLITICAL ACTIVITY 9 MANY PLACES 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! BUR<]S ( M$IEVAL T[N DEMOCRACIES W]E ESS5TIALLY MA/] CRAFTSM54 ,! TASKS ( !IR GUILDS1 OR RI*LY >TICULAT$ VOCATIONAL FRAT]NITIES1 W]E NO LESS MORAL ?AN ECONOMIC - 9DE$1 !Y =M$ ! /RUCTURAL BASIS = A G5U9E MORAL ECONOMY4 ,GUILDS NOT ONLY 0POLIC$0 LOCAL M>KETS1 FIX+ 0FAIR PRICES0 & ASSUR+ ?AT ! QUALITY ( !IR MEMB]S' GOODS W\LD BE HI<2 !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 CIVIC & RELIGI\S FE/IVALS AS DI/9CT 5TITIES ) !IR [N BANN]S1 HELP$ F9ANCE & CON/RUCT PUBLIC BUILD+S1 SAW TO ! WELF>E ( ! FAMILIES ( DECEAS$ MEMB]S1 COLLECT$ MONEY = *>ITY1 & P>TICIPAT$ AS MILITIAM5 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! COMMUNITY ( :I* !Y W]E A P>T4 ,!IR CITIES1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 CONF]R$ FRE$OM ON RUNAWAY S]FS1 SAW TO ! SAFETY ( TRAVEL]S1 & ADAMANTLY DEF5D$ !IR CIVIC LIB]TIES4 ,! EV5TUAL DIFF]5TIATION ( ! T[N POPULATIONS 9TO WEAL?Y & POOR1 P[]FUL & P[]LESS1 & 0NATIONALI/S0 :O SUPPORT$ ! MON>*Y AGA9/ A PR$ATORY NOBILITY1 MAKES UP A COMPLEX DRAMA ?AT CANNOT BE DISCUSS$ H]E4 

,AT V>I\S TIMES & PLACES SOME CITIES CREAT$ =MS ( ASSOCIATION ?AT W]E NEI!R NATIONS NOR P>O*IAL B>ONIES4 ,!SE W]E 9T]CITY CONF$]ATIONS ?AT LA/$ = C5TURIES1 SU* AS ! ,HANSEATIC ,LEAGUE1 CANTONAL CONF$]ATIONS LIKE ?AT ( ,SWITZ]L&1 & MORE BRIEFLY1 ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE FREE CITY CONF$]ATIONS LIKE ! ,SPANI% COMUN]O MOVEM5T 9 ! E>LY SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY - P>TICUL>LY UND] ,CROMWELL 9 ,5GL& & ,L\IS ,X,I,V 9 ,FRANCE - ?AT C5TRALIZ]S ( ONE =M OR ANO!R F9ALLY BEGAN TO C>VE \T LA/+ NATIONS 9 ,EUROPE4 

,NATION-/ATES1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 >E /ATES - NOT ONLY NATIONS4 ,E/ABLI%+ !M MEANS VE/+ P[] 9 A C5TRALIZ$1 PR(ESSIONAL1 BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS ?AT EX]CISES A SOCIAL MONOPOLY ( ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE1 NOTABLY 9 ! =M ( ITS >MIES & POLICE4 ,! /ATE PREEMPTS ! AUTONOMY ( LOCALITIES & PROV9CES BY MEANS ( ITS ALL-P[]FUL EXECUTIVE &1 9 REPUBLICAN /ATES1 ITS LEGISLATURE1 :OSE MEMB]S >E ELECT$ OR APPO9T$ TO REPRES5T A FIX$ NUMB] ( 0CON/ITU5TS40 ,! CITIZ5 9 A SELF-MANAG$ LOCALITY VANI%ES 9TO AN ANONYM\S AGGREGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS :O PAY A SUITABLE AM\NT ( TAXES & RECEIVE ! /ATE'S 0S]VICES40 0,POLITICS0 9 ! NATION-/ATE DEVOLVES 9TO A BODY ( EX*ANGE RELATION%IPS 9 :I* CON/ITU5TS G5]ALLY TRY TO GET :AT !Y PAY = 9 A 0POLITICAL0 M>KETPLACE ( GOODS & S]VICES4 ,NATIONALISM AS A =M ( TRIBALISM WRIT L>GE RE9=CES ! /ATE BY PROVID+ IT ) ! LOYALTY ( A PEOPLE ( %>$ L+UI/IC1 E?NIC1 & CULTURAL AFF9ITIES1 9DE$ LEGITIMIZ+ ! /ATE BY GIV+ IT A BASIS ( SEEM+LY ALL-EMBRAC+ BIOLOGICAL & TRADITIONAL COMMONALITIES AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS NOT ! ,5GLI% PEOPLE :O CREAT$ AN ,5GL& BUT ! ,5GLI% MON>*S & C5TRALIZ+ RUL]S1 JU/ AS IT WAS ! ,FR5* K+S & !IR BUREAUCRACIES :O =G$ ! ,FR5* NATION4 

,9DE$1 UNTIL /ATE-BUILD+ BEGAN TO ACQUIRE NEW VIGOR 9 ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 NATION-/ATES 9 ,EUROPE REMA9$ A NOVELTY4 ,EV5 :5 C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY BAS$ M9IMALLY ON A L+UI/IC COMMONALITY BEGAN TO FO/] NATIONALISM ?R\<\T ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 NATIONALISM FAC$ A V]Y DUBI\S DE/9Y4 ,CONF$]ALISM REMA9$ A VIABLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! NATION-/ATE WELL 9TO ! LATT] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,AS LATE AS #a#h#g#a1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE CALL$ UPON ALL ! COMMUNES ( ,FRANCE TO =M A CONF$]AL DUAL P[] 9 OPPOSITION TO ! NEWLY CREAT$ ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC4 ,EV5TUALLY ! NATION-/ATE WON \T 9 ?IS COMPLEX CONFLICT1 & /ATISM1 9 FACT1 WAS FIRMLY L9K$ TO NATIONALISM4 ,! TWO W]E VIRTUALLY 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM EA* O!R BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,NATIONALISM & ! ,LEFT 

  

,RADICAL !ORI/S & ACTIVI/S ON ! ,LEFT DEALT 9 V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS ) ! HO/ ( HI/ORICAL & E?ICAL PROBLEMS ?AT NATIONALISM RAIS$ ) RESPECT TO EF=TS TO BUILD A COMMUNI/IC1 COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 ! E>LIE/ LEFTI/ ATTEMPTS TO EXPLORE NATIONALISM AS A PROBLEM OB/RUCT+ ! ADV5T ( A FREE & JU/ SOCIETY CAME FROM V>I\S AN>*I/ !ORI/S4 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON SEEMS NEV] TO HAVE QUE/ION$ ! IDEAL ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 AL?\< HE NEV] D5I$ ! RI<T ( A PEOPLE TO CULTURAL UNIQU5ESS & EV5 TO SEC$E FROM ANY K9D ( 0SOCIAL CONTRACT10 PROVID$1 TO BE SURE1 ?AT NO ONE ELSE'S RI<TS W]E 9FR+$ UPON4 ,AL?\< ,PR\DHON DETE/$ SLAV]Y - HE S>CA/ICALLY OBS]V$ ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,S\? 0) ,BIBLE 9 H&1 CULTIVATES SLAV]Y10 :ILE ! ,AM]ICAN ,NOR? 0IS ALREADY CREAT+ A PROLET>IAT0.<#a#c.> - HE =MALLY CONC$$ ! RI<T ( ! ,CONF$]ACY TO )DRAW FROM ! ,UNION DUR+ ! ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#h#f#a-#f#e4 

,MORE G5]ALLY1 ,PR\DHON'S F$]ALI/ & MUTUALI/IC VIEWS L$ HIM TO OPPOSE NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,POL&1 ,HUNG>Y1 & ,ITALY4 ,HIS ANTI-NATIONALI/ NOTIONS W]E SOME:AT DILUT$ BY HIS [N ,FRANCOPHILISM1 AS ! ,FR5* SOCIALI/ ,JEAN ,JAURES LAT] NOT$4 ,PR\DHON FE>$ ! =MATION ( /RONG NATION-/ATES ON OR NE> ,FRANCE'S BORD]S4 ,BUT HE WAS ALSO A PRODUCT 9 HIS [N WAY ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 ,WRIT+ 9 #a#h#f#b1 HE DECL>$3 0,I WILL NEV] PUT DEVOTION TO MY C\NTRY BE=E ! RI<TS ( ,MAN4 ,IF ! ,FR5* ,GOV]NM5T BEHAVES UNJU/LY TO ANY PEOPLE1 ,I AM DEEPLY GRIEV$ & PROTE/ 9 EV]Y WAY ?AT ,I CAN4 ,IF ,FRANCE IS PUNI%$ = ! MISDE$S ( H] LEAD]S1 ,I B[ MY HEAD & SAY FROM ! DEP?S ( MY S\L1 ',M]ITO HAEC PATIMUR' - ',WE HAVE DES]V$ !SE ILLS4'0.<#a#d.> 

,DESPITE HIS ,GALLIC *AUV9ISM1 ! 0RI<TS ( ,MAN0 REMA9$ =EMO/ 9 ,PR\DHON'S M9D2 NOR WAS HE OBLIVI\S TO ! FACT ?AT ,9DIA & ,*9A W]E1 9 HIS WORDS1 0AT ! M]CY ( B>B>IANS40.<#a#e.> 0,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT IT IS ,FR5* EGOISM1 HATR$ ( LIB]TY1 SCORN = ! ,POLES & ,ITALIANS ?AT CAUSE ME TO MOCK AT & MI/RU/ ?IS COMMONPLACE WORD NATIONALITY10 HE WROTE TO ,H]Z51 0:I* IS BE+ SO WIDELY US$ & MAKES SO MANY SC\NDRELS & SO MANY HONE/ CITIZ5S TALK SO MU* NONS5SE8 ,= PITY'S SAKE 444 DO NOT TAKE (F5SE SO EASILY4 ,IF Y\ DO1 ,I %ALL HAVE TO SAY TO Y\ :AT ,I HAVE BE5 SAY+ = SIX MON?S AB\T Y\R FRI5D ,G>IBALDI3 ',( GREAT HE>T BUT NO BRA94'0.<#a#f.> 

,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9'S 9T]NATIONALISM WAS AS EMPHATIC AS ,PR\DHON'S1 AL?\< HIS VIEWS W]E ALSO M>K$ BY A C]TA9 AMBIGUITY4 0,ONLY ?AT CAN BE CALL$ A HUMAN PR9CIPLE :I* IS UNIV]SAL & COMMON TO ALL M510 HE WROTE 9 HIS 9T]NATIONALI/ VE92 0& NATIONALITY SEP>ATES M51 !RE=E IT IS NOT A PR9CIPLE40 ,9DE$1 0,!RE IS NO?+ MORE ABSURD & AT ! SAME TIME MORE H>MFUL1 MORE DEADLY1 = ! PEOPLE ?AN TO UPHOLD ! FICTITI\S PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY AS ! IDEAL ( ALL ! PEOPLE'S ASPIRATIONS40 ,:AT C\NT$ F9ALLY = ,BAKUN9 WAS ?AT 0,NATIONALITY IS NOT A UNIV]SAL HUMAN PR9CIPLE40 ,/ILL FUR!R3 0,WE %\LD PLACE HUMAN1 UNIV]SAL JU/ICE ABOVE ALL NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,& WE %\LD ONCE & = ALL TIME AB&ON ! FALSE PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY1 9V5T$ ( LATE BY ! DESPOTS ( ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA1 & ,PRUSSIA = ! PURPOSE ( CRU%+ ! SOV]EIGN PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY40 

,YET ,BAKUN9 ALSO DECL>$ ?AT NATIONALITY 0IS A HI/ORIC1 LOCAL FACT1 :I* LIKE ALL REAL & H>MLESS FACTS1 HAS ! RI<T TO CLAIM G5]AL ACCEPTANCE40 ,NOT ONLY ?AT1 BUT ?IS IS A 0NATURAL FACT0 ?AT DES]VES 0RESPECT40 ,IT MAY HAVE BE5 HIS RHETORICAL PROCLIVITIES ?AT L$ HIM TO DECL>E HIMSELF 0ALWAYS S9C]ELY ! PATRIOT ( ALL OPPRESS$ FA!RL&S40 ,BUT HE >GU$ ?AT ! RI<T ( EV]Y NATIONALITY 0TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO ITS [N NATURE0 MU/ BE RESPECT$1 S9CE ?IS 0RI<T0 IS 0SIMPLY ! COROLL>Y ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPLE ( FRE$OM40.<#a#g.> 

,! SUBTLETY ( ,BAKUN9'S OBS]VATIONS %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$ 9 ! MID/ ( ?IS SEEM+ SELF-CONTRADICTION4 ,HE DEF9$ A G5]AL PR9CIPLE ?AT IS HUMAN1 ONE ?AT IS ABRIDG$ OR P>TIALLY VIOLAT$ BY ASOCIAL OR 0BIOLOGICAL0 FACTS ?AT = BETT] OR WORSE MU/ BE TAK5 = GRANT$4 ,TO BE A NATIONALI/ IS TO BE LESS ?AN HUMAN1 BUT IT IS ALSO 9EVITABLE 9S(> AS 9DIVIDUALS >E PRODUCTS ( DI/9CTIVE CULTURAL TRADITIONS1 5VIRONM5TS1 & /ATES ( M9D4 ,OV]%AD[+ ! M]E FACT ( 0NATIONALITY0 IS ! HI<] UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLE 9 :I* PEOPLE RECOGNIZE !MSELVES AS MEMB]S ( ! SAME SPECIES & SEEK TO FO/] !IR COMMONALITIES RA!R ?AN !IR 0NATIONAL0 DI/9CTIV5ESS4 

,SU* HUMANI/IC PR9CIPLES W]E TO BE TAK5 V]Y S]I\SLY BY LEFT LIB]T>IANS G5]ALLY & /RIK+LY SO BY ! L>GE/ AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( MOD]N TIMES1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S4 ,FROM ! E>LY #a#h#hS UP TO ! BLOODY CIVIL W> ( #a#i#c#f-#c#i1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ,SPA9 OPPOS$ NOT ONLY /ATISM & NATIONALISM BUT EV5 REGIONALISM 9 ALL ITS =MS4 ,DESPITE !IR 5ORM\S ,CATALAN FOLL[+1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CONSI/5TLY RAIS$ ! HI<] HUMAN PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL LIB]ATION OV] NATIONAL LIB]ATION & OPPOS$ ! NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES )9 ,SPA9 ?AT SO (T5 DIVID$ ,BASQUES1 ,CATALANS1 ,&ALUSIANS1 & ,GALICIANS FROM ONE ANO!R & P>TICUL>LY FROM ! ,CA/ILIANS1 :O 5JOY$ CULTURAL SUPREMACY OV] ! C\NTRY'S M9ORITIES4 ,9DE$1 ! WORD 0,IB]IAN0 RA!R ?AN 0,SPANI%0 ?AT APPE>S 9 ! NAME ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,I7 S]V$ TO EXPRESS NOT ONLY A COMMITM5T TO P59SUL> SOLID>ITY BUT AN 9DIFF]5CE TO REGIONAL & NATIONAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ,SPA9 & ,PORTUGAL4 ,! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S CULTIVAT$ ,ESP]ANTO AS A 0UNIV]SAL0 HUMAN LANGUAGE MORE 5?USIA/ICALLY ?AN ANY MAJOR RADICAL T5D5CY1 & 0UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD0 REMA9$ A LA/+ IDEAL ( !IR MOVEM5T - AS IT HI/ORICALLY DID 9 MO/ LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS UP TO ! PRES5T DAY4 

,PRIOR TO #a#i#a#d1 ,M>XI/S & ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL G5]ALLY HELD SIMIL> CONVICTIONS1 DESPITE ! BURGEON+ ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY NATIONALISM4 ,9 ,M>X & ,5GELS'S VIEW1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD HAD NO C\NTRY2 AU!NTICALLY UNIFI$ AS A CLASS1 IT WAS DE/9$ TO ABOLI% ALL =MS ( CLASS SOCIETY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 5DS ) ! R++ APPEAL3 0,WORK+ ,M5 ( ,ALL ,C\NTRIES1 ,UNITE60 ,9 ! BODY ( ! WORK 7:I* ,BAKUN9 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,RUSSIAN71 ! AU?ORS DECL>$3 0,9 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES ( ! PROLET>IANS ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 .<,COMMUNI/S.> PO9T \T & BR+ TO ! FRONT ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE PROLET>IAT1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ALL NATIONALITY40.<#a#h.> ,& FUR!R3 0,! WORK+ M5 HAVE NO C\NTRY4 ,WE CANNOT TAKE AWAY FROM !M :AT !Y HAVE NOT GOT40.<#a#i.> 

,! SUPPORT ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS DID L5D TO 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES WAS ESS5TIALLY /RATEGIC1 /EMM+ PRIM>ILY FROM !IR GEOPOLITICAL & ECONOMIC CONC]NS RA!R ?AN FROM BROAD SOCIAL PR9CIPLE4 ,!Y VIGOR\SLY *AMPION$ ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,RUSSIA1 = EXAMPLE1 BECAUSE !Y WANT$ TO WEAK5 ! ,RUSSIAN EMPIRE1 :I* 9 !IR DAY WAS ! SUPREME C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y P[] ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 ,& !Y WANT$ TO SEE A UNIT$ ,G]MANY BECAUSE A C5TRALIZ$1 P[]FUL NATION-/ATE W\LD PROVIDE IT ) :AT ,5GELS1 9 A LETT] TO ,K>L ,KAUTSKY 9 #a#h#h#b1 CALL$ 0! NORMAL POLITICAL CON/ITUTION ( ! ,EUROPEAN B\RGEOISIE40 

,YET ! MANIFE/ SIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ! 9T]NATIONALI/ RHETORIC ( ,M>X & ,5GELS 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O & ! 9T]NATIONALISM ( ! AN>*I/ !ORI/S & MOVEM5TS %\LD NOT BE P]MITT$ TO CONCEAL ! IMPORTANT DIFF]5CES BETWE5 !SE TWO =MS ( SOCIALISM - DIFF]5CES ?AT W]E TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 ! DEBATES ?AT SEP>AT$ !M4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E 9 EV]Y S5SE E?ICAL SOCIALI/S :O UPHELD UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLES ( ! 0BRO!RHOOD ( MAN0 & 0FRAT]NITY10.<#b.> PR9CIPLES ?AT ,M>X'S 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 DISDA9$ AS M]E 0AB/RACTIONS40 ,9 LAT] YE>S1 EV5 :5 SPEAK+ BROADLY ( FRE$OM & ! OPPRESS$1 ,M>X & ,5GELS CONSID]$ ! USE ( SEEM+LY 09EXACT0 WORDS LIKE 0WORK]S0 & 0TOIL]S0 TO BE AN IMPLICIT REJECTION ( SOCIALISM AS A 0SCI5CE02 9/EAD1 !Y PREF]R$ :AT !Y CONSID]$ ! MORE SCI5TIFICALLY RIGOR\S WORD PROLET>IAT1 :I* SPECIFICALLY REF]R$ TO ?OSE :O G5]ATE SURPLUS VALUE4 

,9DE$1 9 CONTRA/ TO AN>*I/ !ORI/S LIKE ,PR\DHON1 :O CONSID]$ ! SPREAD ( CAPITALISM & ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( PRE9DU/RIAL PEASANTRY & CRAFTSPEOPLE TO BE A DISA/]1 ,M>X & ,5GELS 5?USIA/ICALLY WELCOM$ !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 AS WELL AS ! =MATION ( L>GE1 C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES 9 :I* M>KET ECONOMIES C\LD FL\RI%4 ,!Y SAW !M NOT ONLY AS DESID]ATA 9 FO/]+ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T BUT1 BY PROMOT+ CAPITALISM1 AS 9DISP5SABLE 9 CREAT+ ! PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM4 ,DESPITE !IR SUPPORT = PROLET>IAN 9T]NATIONALISM1 !Y D]OGAT$ :AT !Y SAW AS 0AB/RACT0 D5UNCIATIONS ( NATIONALISM AS SU* OR SCORN$ !M AS M]ELY 0MORALI/IC40 ,AL?\< 9T]NATIONALISM 9 ! 9T]E/S ( CLASS SOLID>ITY REMA9$ A DESID]ATUM = ,M>X & ,5GELS1 !IR VIEW IMPLICITLY /OOD AT ODDS ) !IR COMMITM5T TO CAPITALI/ ECONOMIC EXPANSION ) ITS NE$ 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY = C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES4 ,!Y HELD ! NATION-/ATE TO BE GOOD OR BAD 9S(> AS IT ADVANC$ OR 9HIBIT$ ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL1 ! ADVANCE ( ! 0PRODUCTIVE =CES10 & ! PROLET>IANIZATION ( PRE9DU/RIAL PEOPLES4 ,9 PR9CIPLE1 !Y LOOK$ ASKANCE AT ! NATIONALI/ S5TIM5TS ( ,9DIANS1 ,*9ESE1 ,AFRICANS1 & ! RE/ ( ! NONCAPITALI/ WORLD1 :OSE PRECAPITALI/ SOCIAL =MS MI<T IMP$E CAPITALI/ EXPANSION4 ,IREL&1 IRONICALLY1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AN EXCEPTION TO ?IS APPROA*4 ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T AS A :OLE ACKN[L$G$ ! RI<T ( ! ,IRI% TO NATIONAL LIB]ATION L>GELY = S5TIM5TAL REASONS & BECAUSE IT W\LD PRODUCE PROBLEMS = ,5GLI% IMP]IALISM1 :I* COMM&$ A WORLD M>KET4 ,9 ! MA91 UNTIL SU* TIME AS A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY C\LD BE A*IEV$1 ,M>XI/S CONSID]$ ! =MATION ( L>GE1 EV] MORE C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES 9 ,EUROPE TO BE 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE40 

,GIV5 !IR 9/RUM5TAL GEOPOLITICS1 IT %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+ ?AT AS ! YE>S W5T BY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS ESS5TIALLY SUPPORT$ ,BISM>CK'S ATTEMPTS TO UNIFY ,G]MANY4 ,!IR EXPRESS DI/A/E = ,BISM>CK'S ME?ODS & = ! L&$ G5TRY 9 :OSE 9T]E/S HE SPOKE %\LD NOT BE TAK5 TOO S]I\SLY1 9 MY VIEW4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE WELCOM$ ,G]MANY'S ANNEXATION ( ,D5M>K1 & !Y CALL$ = ! 9CORPORATION ( SMALL] ,EUROPEAN NATIONALITIES LIKE ! ,CZE*S & ,SLAVS G5]ALLY 9TO A C5TRALIZ$ ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y1 AS WELL AS ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY 9TO A NATION-/ATE1 9 ORD] TO BROAD5 ! T]RA9 ( ! M>KET & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( CAPITALISM ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T4 

,NOR IS IT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS SUPPORT$ ,BISM>CK'S >MIES 9 ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN W> ( #ahg - DESPITE ! OPPOSITION ( !IR CLOSE/ ADH]5TS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 ,WILHELM ,LIEBKNE*T & ,AUGU/ ,BEBEL - AT LEA/ UP TO ! PO9T :5 ?OSE >MIES CROSS$ ! ,FR5* FRONTI] & SURR\ND$ ,P>IS 9 #a#h#g#a4 ,IRONICALLY1 ,M>X & ,5GELS'S [N >GUM5TS W]E TO BE 9VOK$ BY ! ,EUROPEAN ,M>XI/S :O DIV]G$ FROM !IR ANTI-W> COMRADES TO SUPPORT !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONAL MILIT>Y EF=TS AT ! \TBREAK ( ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE4 ,PRO-W> ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS SUPPORT$ ! ,KAIS] AS A BULW>K AGA9/ ,RUSSIAN 0,ASIATIC0 B>B>ISM - SEEM+LY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,M>X & ,5GELS'S [N VIEWS - :ILE ! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/S 7AS WELL AS ,KROPOTK9 9 ,BRITA9 & LAT] 9 ,RUSSIA7 9VOK$ ! TRADITION ( !IR C\NTRY'S ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 9 OPPOSITION TO 0,PRUSSIAN MILIT>ISM40 

,DESPITE MANY WIDESPREAD CLAIMS ?AT ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS MORE AN>*I/IC ?AN A COMMITT$ ,M>XI/1 %E ACTUALLY VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ ! MOTIVATIONS ( AN>*IC =MS ( SOCIALISM & WAS MORE ( A DOCTR9AIRE ,M>XI/ ?AN IS G5]ALLY REALIZ$4 ,H] OPPOSITION TO ,POLI% NATIONALISM & ,PILSUDSKI'S ,POLI% ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7:I* DEM&$ ,POLI% NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE7 AS WELL AS H] HO/ILITY T[>D NATIONALISM G5]ALLY1 ADMIRABLE & C\RAGE\S AS IT WAS1 RE/$ PR9CIPALLY NOT ON AN AN>*I/IC BELIEF 9 ! 0BRO!RHOOD ( MAN0 BUT ON TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ >GUM5TS - NAMELY1 AN EXT5SION ( ,M>X & ,5GELS'S DESIRE = UNIFI$ M>KETS & C5TRALIZ$ /ATES AT ! EXP5SE ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN NATIONALITIES1 ALBEIT ) A NEW TWI/4 

,BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 NEW CONSID]ATIONS HAD COME TO ! =EGR\ND ?AT 9DUC$ ,LUXEMBURG TO MODIFY H] VIEWS4 ,LIKE MANY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC !ORI/S AT ! TIME1 ,LUXEMBURG %>$ ! CONVICTION ?AT CAPITALISM HAD PASS$ FROM A PROGRESSIVE 9TO A L>GELY REACTION>Y PHASE4 ,NO LONG] A HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE ECONOMIC ORD]1 CAPITALISM WAS N[ REACTION>Y BECAUSE IT HAD FULFILL$ ITS 0HI/ORICAL0 FUNCTION 9 ADVANC+ TE*NOLOGY & PRESUMABLY 9 PRODUC+ A CLASS-CONSCI\S OR EV5 REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4 ,L59 SY/EMIZ$ ?IS CONCLUSION 9 HIS FAM\S WORK1 ,IMP]IALISM3 ,! ,HI<E/ ,/AGE ( ,CAPITALISM4 

,?US BO? ,L59 & ,LUXEMBURG LOGICALLY D5\NC$ ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE AS IMP]IALI/ & BROKE ) ALL SOCIALI/S :O SUPPORT$ ! ,5T5TE & ! ,C5TRAL ,P[]S1 D]ID+ !M AS 0SOCIAL PATRIOTS40 ,:]E ,L59 M>K$LY DIFF]$ FROM ,LUXEMBURG 7ASIDE FROM ! FAM\S ISSUE ( HIS SUPPORT = A C5TRALIZ$ P>TY ORGANIZATION7 WAS ON H[1 FROM A /RICTLY 0REALI/IC0 /&PO9T1 ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 C\LD BE US$ AGA9/ CAPITALISM 9 AN ]A ( IMP]IALISM4 ,TO ,L591 ! NATIONAL /RUGGLES ( ECONOMICALLY UNDEVELOP$ COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES = LIB]ATION FROM ! COLONIAL P[]S1 9CLUD+ ,CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA1 W]E N[ 9H]5TLY PROGRESSIVE 9S(> AS !Y S]V$ TO UND]M9E ! P[] ( CAPITAL4 ,?AT IS TO SAY1 ,L59'S SUPPORT = NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES WAS ESS5TIALLY NO LESS PRAGMATIC ?AN ?AT ( O!R ,M>XI/S1 9CLUD+ ,LUXEMBURG H]SELF4 ,= IMP]IALI/ ,RUSSIA1 APPROPRIATELY *>ACT]IZ$ AS A 0PRISON ( NATIONS10 ,L59 ADVOCAT$ ! UNCONDITIONAL RI<T ( NON-,RUSSIAN PEOPLES TO SEC$E UND] ANY CONDITIONS & TO =M NATION-/ATES ( !IR [N4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 HE MA9TA9$1 NON-,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 9 ,RUSSIA'S COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO ADVOCATE SOME K9D ( F$]AL UNION ) ! 0MO!R C\NTRY0 IF ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS SUCCE$$ 9 A*IEV+ A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,H5CE1 AL?\< ,L59'S & ,LUXEMBURG'S PREMISES W]E V]Y SIMIL>1 ! TWO ,M>XI/S CAME TO RADICALLY DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS AB\T ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 & ! CORRECT MANN] ( RESOLV+ IT4 ,L59 DEM&$ ! RI<T ( ,POL& TO E/ABLI% A NATION-/ATE ( ITS [N1 :ILE ,LUXEMBURG OPPOS$ IT AS ECONOMICALLY UNVIABLE & REGRESSIVE4 ,L59 %>$ ,M>X'S & ,5GELS'S SUPPORT = ,POLI% 9DEP5D5CE1 ALBEIT = V]Y DIFF]5T YET EQUALLY PRAGMATIC REASONS4 ,HE DID NOT HONOR HIS [N POSITION ON ! RI<T TO SECESSION DUR+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W>1 MO/ FLAGRANTLY 9 HIS MANN] ( DEAL+ ) ,GEORGIA1 A V]Y DI/9CT NATION ?AT HAD SUPPORT$ ! ,M5%EVIKS UNTIL ! ,SOVIET REGIME =C$ IT TO ACCEPT A DOME/IC V>IANT ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,ONLY 9 ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE1 AFT] A ,GEORGIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TOOK COMM& ( ! /ATE1 DID ,L59 OPPOSE ,/AL9'S ATTEMPT TO SUBORD9ATE ! ,GEORGIAN P>TY TO ! ,RUSSIAN - A PREPOND]ANTLY 9TRA-P>TY CONFLICT ?AT WAS ( LITTLE CONC]N TO ! PRO-,M5%EVIK ,GEORGIAN POPULATION4 ,L59 DID NOT LIVE LONG 5\< TO 5GAGE ,/AL9 ON ?IS - & O!R - POLICIES & ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES4 

,TWO ,APPROA*ES TO ! ,NATIONAL ,QUE/ION 

  

,! ,M>XI/ & ,M>XI/-,L59I/ DISCUSSIONS ON ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE ?US PRODUC$ A HI<LY CONVOLUT$ LEGACY ?AT AFFECT$ ! POLICIES NOT ONLY ( ! ,OLD ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS BUT ?OSE ( ! ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#fS AS WELL4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT TO CL>IFY H]E >E ! RADICALLY DIFF]5T PREMISES FROM :I* LEFT LIB]T>IANS & ,M>XI/S VIEW$ NATIONALISM G5]ALLY4 ,LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM 9 ! MA91 ASIDE FROM SOME ( ITS V>IANTS1 ADVANC$ HUMANI/IC1 BASICALLY E?ICAL REASONS = OPPOS+ ! NATION-/ATES ?AT FO/]$ NATIONALISM4 ,LEFT LIB]T>IANS DID SO1 TO BE MORE SPECIFIC1 BECAUSE NATIONAL DI/9CTIONS T5D$ TO LEAD TO /ATE =MATION & TO SUBV]T ! UNITY ( HUMANITY1 TO P>O*IALIZE SOCIETY1 & TO FO/] CULTURAL P>TICUL>ITIES RA!R ?AN ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,M>XISM1 AS A 0SOCIALI/ SCI5CE10 ES*EW$ SU* E?ICAL 0AB/RACTIONS40 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE & TO C5TRALIZATION1 NOT ONLY DID ,M>XI/S SUPPORT A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 !Y 9SI/$ ON ! 0HI/ORICALLY PROGRESSIVE0 NATURE ( CAPITALISM & A M>KET ECONOMY1 :I* REQUIR$ C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATES AS DOME/IC M>KETS & AS MEANS = REMOV+ ALL 9T]NAL B>RI]S TO COMM]CE ?AT LOCAL & REGIONAL SOV]EIGNTIES HAD CREAT$4 ,M>XI/S G5]ALLY REG>D$ ! NATIONAL ASPIRATIONS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLES AS MATT]S ( POLITICAL /RATEGY ?AT %\LD BE SUPPORT$ OR OPPOS$ = /RICTLY PRAGMATIC CONSID]ATIONS1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ANY BROAD] E?ICAL ONES4 

,?US TWO DI/9CT APPROA*ES TO NATIONALISM EM]G$ )9 ! ,LEFT4 ,! E?ICAL ANTI-NATIONALISM ( AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S *AMPION$ ! UNITY ( HUMANITY1 ) DUE ALL[ANCE = CULTURAL DI/9CTIONS BUT 9 FLAT OPPOSITION TO ! =MATION ( NATION-/ATES2 :ILE ! ,M>XI/S SUPPORT$ OR OPPOS$ ! NATIONALI/IC DEM&S ( L>GELY PRECAPITALI/ CULTURES = A V>IETY ( PRAGMATIC & GEOPOLITICAL REASONS4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS NOT 9T5D$ TO BE H>D & FA/2 SOCIALI/S 9 PRE-,WORLD ,W> ,ONE ,AU/RIA-,HUNG>Y W]E /RONGLY MULT9ATIONAL AS A RESULT ( ! MANY DIFF]5T PEOPLES :O MADE UP ! PREW> EMPIRE4 ,!Y CALL$ = A CONF$]AL RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ RUL]S ( ! EMPIRE & ITS L>GELY ,SLAVONIC MEMB]S1 :I* APPROXIMAT$ AN AN>*I/ VIEW4 ,:E!R !Y W\LD HAVE HONOR$ !IR [N IDEALS 9 PRACTICE ANY BETT] ?AN ,L59 ADH]$ TO HIS [N PRESCRIPTIONS ONCE A 0PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION0 ACTUALLY SUCCE$$ WE WILL NEV] KN[4 ,! ORIG9AL EMPIRE HAD DISAPPE>$ BY #a#i#a#h1 & ! O/5SIBLE LIB]T>IANISM ( 0,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,M>XISM10 AS IT WAS CALL$1 BECAME MOOT DUR+ ! 9T]W> P]IOD4 ,TO ITS HONOR1 ,I MAY ADD1 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aicd 9 ,VI5NA1 ,AU/RIAN SOCIALI/S1 UNLIKE ANY O!R MOVEM5T AP>T FROM ! ,SPANI>DS1 RESI/$ PROT(ASCI/ DEVELOPM5TS 9 BLOODY /REET FI<T+2 ! MOVEM5T NEV] REGA9$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y ELAN AFT] IT WAS RE/OR$ 9 #a#i#d#e4 

,NATIONALISM & ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO 

  

,! ,LEFT ( ! 9T]W> P]IOD1 ! SO-CALL$ ,OLD ,LEFT1 VIEW$ ! FA/-APPROA*+ W> AGA9/ ,NAZI ,G]MANY AS A CONT9UATION ( ! 0,GREAT ,W>0 ( #a#i#a#d-#a#h4 ,ANTI- ,/AL9I/ ,M>XI/S PR$ICT$ A %ORT-LIV$ CONFLICT ?AT W\LD T]M9ATE 9 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS EV5 MORE SWEEP+ ?AN ?OSE ( ! #a#i#a#g-#b#a P]IOD4 ,SIGNIFICANTLY1 ,TROTSKY /AK$ HIS ADH]5CE TO OR?ODOX ,M>XISM ITSELF ON ?IS CALCULATION3 IF ! W> DID NOT 5D 9 ?IS \TCOME1 HE PROPOS$1 NE>LY ALL ! PREMISES ( OR?ODOX ,M>XISM W\LD HAVE TO BE EXAM9$ & P]HAPS DRA/ICALLY REVIS$4 ,HIS DEA? 9 #aid PRECLUD$ SU* A REEVALUATION ON HIS [N P>T4 ,:5 ! W> DID NOT CONCLUDE 9 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS1 ,TROTSKY'S SUPPORT]S W]E H>DLY WILL+ TO MAKE ! SWEEP+ REEXAM9ATION ?AT HE HAD SUGGE/$4 

,YET ?IS REEXAM9ATION WAS V]Y MU* NE$$4 ,NOT ONLY DID ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO FAIL TO 5D 9 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS 9 ,EUROPE2 IT BR\<T AN 5D TO ! :OLE ]A ( REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAN SOCIALISM & ! CLASS-ORI5T$ 9T]NATIONALISM ?AT HAD EM]G$ 9 ,JUNE #a#h#d#h1 :5 ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+ CLASS RAIS$ B>RICADES & R$ FLAGS 9 SUPPORT ( A 0SOCIAL REPUBLIC40 ,F> FROM A*IEV+ ANY SUCCESSFUL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO1 ! ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASS FAIL$ TO EXHIBIT A SEMBLANCE ( 9T]NATIONALISM DUR+ ! CONFLICT4 ,UNLIKE !IR FA!RS A G5]ATION E>LI]1 NO W>R+ TROOPS 5GAG$ 9 FRAT]NIZATION2 NOR DID ! CIVILIAN POPULATIONS EXHIBIT ANY OV]T HO/ILITY TO !IR POLITICAL & MILIT>Y LEAD]S = !IR CONDUCT ( ! W>1 DESPITE ! MASSIVE DE/RUCTION ( CITIES BY A]IAL BOMB]S & >TILL]Y4 ,! ,G]MAN >MY F\<T DESP]ATELY AGA9/ ! ,ALLIES 9 ! ,WE/ & ITS SOLDI]S W]E PREP>$ TO DEF5D ,HITL]'S BUNK] TO ! 5D4 

,ABOVE ALL1 AN ELEVAT$ AW>5ESS ( CLASS DI/9CTIONS & CONFLICTS 9 ,EUROPE GAVE WAY TO NATIONALISM - P>TLY 9 REACTION TO ,G]MANY'S OCCUPATIONS ( HOME T]RITORIES1 BUT P>TLY ALSO1 & SIGNIFICANTLY1 AS A RESULT ( ! RESURG5CE ( A CRUDE X5OPHOBIA ?AT V]G$ ON \TRI<T RACISM4 ,:AT LIMIT$ CLASS-ORI5T$ MOVEM5TS DID EM]GE = A :ILE AFT] ! W>1 NOTABLY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,GREECE1 W]E EASILY MANIPULAT$ BY ! ,/AL9I/S TO S]VE ,SOVIET 9T]E/S 9 ! ,COLD ,W>4 ,H5CE AL?\< ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO LA/$ MU* LONG] ?AN ! FIR/1 ITS \TCOME NEV] ROSE TO ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL LEVEL ( ! #a#i#a#g-#b#a P]IOD4 ,9 FACT1 WORLD CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO /RONG] ?AN IT HAD BE5 AT ANY TIME 9 ITS HI/ORY1 [+ PR9CIPALLY TO ! /ATE'S MASSIVE 9T]V5TION 9 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 

,/RUGGLES = 0,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION0 

  

,! FAILURE ( S]I\S RADICAL !ORI/S TO REEXAM9E ,M>XI/ !ORY 9 ! LI<T ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS1 AS ,TROTSKY HAD PROPOS$1 WAS FOLL[$ BY ! PRECIPITATE DECL9E ( ! ,OLD ,LEFT1 ! G5]AL RECOGNITION ?AT ! PROLET>IAT WAS NO LONG] A 0HEGEMONIC0 CLASS 9 OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM1 ! ABS5CE ( A 0G5]AL CRISIS0 ( CAPITALISM1 & ! FAILURE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION TO PLAY AN 9T]NATIONALI/ ROLE 9 PO/W> EV5TS4 

,:AT CAME TO =EGR\ND 9/EAD W]E NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES 9 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 C\NTRIES & SPORADIC ANTI- ,SOVIET ]UPTIONS 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES1 :I* W]E L>GELY SMO!R$ BY ,/AL9I/ TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,! ,LEFT1 9 !SE 9/ANCES1 HAS (T5 TAK5 NATIONALI/ /RUGGLES AS G5]AL 0ANTI-IMP]IALI/0 ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE 0AUTONOMY0 FROM IMP]IALISM1 & /ATE =MATION AS A LEGITIMATION ( ?IS 0AUTONOMY10 EV5 AT ! EXP5SE ( A POPUL> DEMOCRACY 9 ! COLONIZ$ WORLD4 

,IF ,M>X & ,5GELS (T5 SUPPORT$ NATIONAL /RUGGLES = /RATEGIC REASONS1 ! ,LEFT 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 BO? ,NEW & ,OLD1 (T5 ELEVAT$ SU* SUPPORT = SU* /RUGGLES 9TO A M9DLESS >TICLE ( FAI?4 ,! /RATEGIC 0NATIONALISMS0 ( ,M>XI/-TYPE MOVEM5TS L>GELY =ECLOS$ 9QUIRY 9TO :AT K9D ( SOCIETY A GIV5 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5T W\LD LIKELY PRODUCE1 9 A WAY ?AT E?ICAL SOCIALISMS LIKE AN>*ISM 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY DID NOT4 ,IT WAS - OR IF NOT1 IT %\LD HAVE BE5 - A MATT] ( ! GRAVE/ CONC]N = ! ,OLD ,LEFT 9 ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#cS TO 9QUIRE 9TO :AT TYPE ( SOCIETY ,MAO ,TSE-TUNG1 TO TAKE A /RIK+ CASE 9 PO9T1 W\LD E/ABLI% 9 ,*9A IF HE DEFEAT$ ! ,KUOM9TANG1 :ILE ! ,NEW ,LEFT ( ! #a#i#fS %\LD HAVE 9QUIR$ 9TO :AT TYPE ( SOCIETY ,CA/RO1 TO CITE ANO!R IMPORTANT CASE1 W\LD E/ABLI% 9 ,CUBA AFT] ! EXPULSION ( ,BATI/A4 

,BUT ?R\<\T ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :5 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL C\NTRIES MADE CONV5TIONAL AV[ALS ( SOCIALISM & !N PROCE$$ TO E/ABLI% HI<LY C5TRALIZ$1 (T5 BRUTALLY AU?ORIT>IAN /ATES1 ! ,LEFT (T5 GREET$ !M AS EFFECTIVE /RUGGLES AGA9/ IMP]IALI/ 5EMIES4 ,ADVANC$ AS 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION10 NATIONALISM HAS (T5 /OPP$ %ORT ( ADVANC+ MAJOR SOCIAL *ANGES & HAS EV5 IGNOR$ ! NE$ TO DO SO4 ,AV[ALS ( AU?ORIT>IAN =MS ( SOCIALISM HAVE BE5 US$ BY 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5TS V]Y MU* ! WAY ,/AL9 US$ SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGIES TO BRUTALLY CONSOLIDATE HIS [N DICTATOR%IP4 ,9DE$1 ,M>XISM- ,L59ISM HAS PROV$ A REM>KABLY EFFECTIVE DOCTR9E = MOBILIZ+ 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES AGA9/ IMP]IALI/ P[]S & GA9+ ! SUPPORT ( LEFTI/ RADICALS ABROAD1 :O SAW 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5TS AS L>GELY ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES RA!R ?AN OBS]V+ !IR TRUE SOCIAL CONT5T4 

,?US1 DESPITE ! POPULI/ & (T5 EV5 AN>*I/IC T5D5CIES ?AT GAVE RISE TO ! ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN ,NEW ,LEFT1 ITS ESS5TIALLY 9T]NATIONAL FOCUS WAS DIRECT$ 9CREAS+LY T[>D AN UNCRITICAL SUPPORT = 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES \TSIDE ! ,EURO-,AM]ICAN SPH]E1 )\T REG>D = :]E !SE /RUGGLES W]E LEAD+ & ! AU?ORIT>IAN NATURE ( !IR LEAD]%IP4 ,AS ! #a#i#fS PROGRESS$1 ?IS 9CR$IBLY CONFUS$ MOVEM5T 9 FACT /EADILY %$ ! LIB]T>IAN & UNIV]SALI/IC AMBIANCE ) :I* IT HAD BEGUN4 ,AFT] ,MAO'S PRACTICES W]E ELEVAT$ TO AN 0ISM0 9 ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 MANY Y\NG RADICALS ADOPT$ 0,MAOISM0 UNRES]V$LY1 ) GRIM RESULTS = ! ,NEW ,LEFT AS A :OLE4 ,BY #a#i#f#i1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT HAD L>GELY BE5 TAK5 OV] BY ,MAOI/S & ADMIR]S ( ,FIDEL ,CA/RO4 ,AN UTT]LY MISLEAD+ BOOK LIKE ,WILLIAM ,H9TON'S ,FAN%51 :I* UNCRITICALLY APPLAUD$ ,MAOI/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,*9ESE C\NTRYSIDE1 WAS REV]$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS1 & MANY RADICAL GR\PS ADOPT$ :AT !Y TOOK TO BE ,MAOI/ ORGANIZATIONAL PRACTICES4 ,SO HEAVILY FOCUS$ WAS ! ,NEW ,LEFT'S ATT5TION ON 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN 9VASION ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #aifi H>DLY PRODUC$ S]I\S PROTE/ FROM Y\NG LEFTI/S1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AS ,I CAN P]SONALLY ATTE/4 

,! #a#i#fS ALSO SAW ! EM]G5CE ( YET ANO!R =M ( NATIONALISM ON ! ,LEFT3 9CREAS+LY E?NICALLY *AUV9I/IC GR\PS BEGAN TO APPE> ?AT ULTIMATELY 9V]T$ ,EURO-,AM]ICAN CLAIMS ( ! ALLEG$ SUP]IORITY ( ! :ITE RACE 9TO AN EQUALLY REACTION>Y CLAIM TO ! SUP]IORITY ( NON-:ITES4 ,EMBRAC+ ! P>TICUL>ISM 9TO :I* RACIAL POLITICS HAD DEG5]AT$ 9/EAD ( ! POT5TIAL UNIV]SALISM ( A HUMANITAS1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT PLAC$ BLACKS1 COLONIAL PEOPLES1 & EV5 TOTALIT>IAN COLONIAL NATIONS ON ! TOP ( ITS !ORETICAL PYRAMID1 5D[+ !M ) A COMM&+ OR 0HEGEMONIC0 POSITION 9 RELATION TO :ITES1 ,EURO-,AM]ICANS1 & B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC NATIONS4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS1 ?IS P>TICUL>I/IC /RATEGY WAS ADOPT$ BY C]TA9 FEM9I/S1 :O BEGAN TO EXTOLL ! 0SUP]IORITY0 ( WOM5 OV] M51 9DE$ TO AFFIRM AN ALLEG$LY FEMALE MY/ICAL 0P[]0 & AN ALLEG$LY FEMALE IRRATIONALISM OV] ! SECUL> RATIONALITY & SCI5TIFIC 9QUIRY ?AT W]E PRESUMABLY ! DOMA9 ( ALL MALES4 ,! T]M 0:ITE MALE0 BECAME A PAT5TLY D]OGATORY EXPRESSION ?AT WAS APPLI$ ECUM5ICALLY TO ALL ,EURO-,AM]ICAN M51 IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R !Y !MSELVES W]E EXPLOIT$ & DOM9AT$ BY RUL+ CLASSES & HI]>*IES4 

,A HI<LY P>O*IAL 0ID5TITY POLITICS0 BEGAN TO EM]GE1 EV5 TO DOM9ATE MANY ,NEW ,LEFTI/S AS NEW 0MICRONATIONALISMS10 IF ,I MAY CO9 A WORD4 ,NOT ONLY DO C]TA9 T5D5CIES 9 SU* 0ID5TITY0 MOVEM5TS CLOSELY RESEMBLE ?OSE ( V]Y TRADITIONAL =MS ( OPPRESSION LIKE PATRI>*Y1 BUT 0ID5TITY POLITICS0 ALSO CON/ITUTES A REGRESSION FROM ! LIB]T>IAN & EV5 G5]AL ,M>XIAN MESSAGE ( ! 0,9T]NATIONALE0 & A TRANSC5D5CE ( ALL 0MICRONATIONALI/0 DIFF]5TIA 9 A TRULY HUMANI/IC COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,:AT PASSES = 0RADICAL CONSCI\SNESS0 TODAY IS %IFT+ 9CREAS+LY T[>D A BIOLOGICALLY ORI5T$ EMPHASIS ON HUMAN DIFF]5TIATION LIKE G5D] & E?NICITY - NOT AN EMPHASIS ON ! NE$ TO FO/] HUMAN UNIV]SALITY ?AT WAS SO PRON\NC$ AMONG ! AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ WRIT]S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & EV5 9 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O4 

,T[>D A ,NEW ,9T]NATIONALISM 

  

,H[ TO ASSESS ?IS DEVOLUTION 9 LEFTI/ ?\<T & ! PROBLEMS IT RAISES TODAY8 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO PLACE NATIONALISM 9 ! L>G] HI/ORICAL CONTEXT ( HUMANITY'S SOCIAL EVOLUTION FROM ! 9T]NAL SOLID>ITY ( ! TRIBE TO ! 9CREAS+ EXPANSIV5ESS ( URBAN LIFE & ! UNIV]SALISM ADVANC$ BY ! GREAT MONO!I/IC RELIGIONS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & F9ALLY TO IDEALS ( HUMAN AFF9ITY BAS$ ON REASON1 SECUL>ISM1 COOP]ATION1 & DEMOCRACY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,WE CAN SAY ) C]TA9TY ?AT ANY MOVEM5T ?AT ASPIRES TO SOME?+ LESS ?AN !SE AN>*I/ & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ NOTIONS ( ! 0BRO!RHOOD ( MAN10 C]TA9LY AS EXPRESS$ 9 ! 0,9T]NATIONALE10 IS LESS ?AN HUMAN4 ,9DE$1 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 WE >E OBLIG$ TO ASK = EV5 MORE ?AN :AT N9ETE5?-C5TURY 9T]NATIONALISM DEM&$4 ,WE >E OBLIG$ TO =MULATE AN E?ICS ( COMPLEM5T>ITY 9 :I* CULTURAL DIFF]5TIA MUTUALI/ICALLY S]VE TO 5HANCE HUMAN UNITY ITSELF1 9 %ORT1 ?AT CON/ITUTE A NEW MOSAIC ( VIGOR\S CULTURES ?AT 5RI* ! HUMAN CONDITION & ?AT FO/] ITS ADVANCE RA!R ?AN FRAGM5T & DECOMPOSE IT 9TO NEW 0NATIONALITIES0 & AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( NATION-/ATES4 

,NO LESS SIGNIFICANT IS ! NE$ = A RADICAL SOCIAL \TLOOK ?AT CONJO9S CULTURAL V>IETY & ! IDEAL ( A UNIFI$ HUMANITY ) AN E?ICAL CONCEPT ( :AT A NEW SOCIETY %\LD BE LIKE - ONE ?AT IS UNIV]SALI/IC 9 ITS VIEW ( HUMANITY1 COOP]ATIVE 9 ITS VIEW ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS ON ALL LEVELS ( LIFE1 & EGALIT>IAN 9 ITS IDEA ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,:ILE 9T]NATIONALI/ 9 !IR CLASS \TLOOK1 NE>LY ALL ,M>XI/ ATTITUDES T[>D ! 0NATIONAL QUE/ION0 W]E 9/RUM5TAL3 !Y W]E GUID$ BY EXP$I5CY & OPPORTUNISM1 & WORSE1 !Y (T5 D5IGRAT$ IDEAS ( DEMOCRACY1 CITIZ5%IP1 & FRE$OM AS 0AB/RACT0 &1 PRESUMABLY1 0UNSCI5TIFIC0 NOTIONS4 ,\T/&+ ,M>XI/S ACCEPT$ ! NATION-/ATE ) ALL ITS CO]CIVE P[] & C5TRALI/IC TRAITS1 BE !Y ,M>X OR ,5GELS1 ,LUXEMBURG OR ,L594 ,NOR DID !SE ,M>XI/S VIEW CONF$]ALISM AS A DESID]ATUM4 ,LUXEMBURG'S WRIT+S1 = EXAMPLE1 SIMPLY TAKE CONF$]ALISM AS IT EXI/$ 9 H] [N TIME 7P>TICUL>LY ! VICISSITUDES ( ,SWISS CANTONALISM7 AS EXHAU/+ ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( ?IS POLITICAL IDEA1 )\T DUE REG>D = ! LEFT LIB]T>IAN EMPHASIS ON ! NE$ = PR(\ND SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC *ANGES 9 ! MUNICIPALITIES ?AT >E TO CONF$]ATE ) EA* O!R4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ,M>XI/S ADVANC$ NO S]I\S CRITIQUE ( ! NATION-/ATE & /ATE C5TRALIZATION AS SU*1 AN OMISSION ?AT1 ALL 0COLLECTIVI/IC0 A*IEVEM5TS ASIDE1 W\LD HAVE =$OOM$ !IR ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE A RATIONAL SOCIETY IF NO?+ ELSE HAD4 

,CULTURAL FRE$OM & V>IETY1 LET ME EMPHASIZE1 %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) NATIONALISM4 ,?AT SPECIFIC PEOPLES %\LD BE FREE TO FULLY DEVELOP !IR [N CULTURAL CAPACITIES IS NOT M]ELY A RI<T BUT A DESID]ATUM4 ,! WORLD WILL BE A DRAB PLACE 9DE$ IF A MAGNIFIC5T MOSAIC ( DIFF]5T CULTURES DO NOT REPLACE ! L>GELY DECULTURAT$ & HOMOG5IZ$ WORLD CREAT$ BY MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,BUT BY ! SAME TOK51 ! WORLD WILL BE COMPLETELY DIVID$ & PEOPLES WILL BE *RONICALLY AT ODDS ) ONE ANO!R IF !IR CULTURAL DIFF]5CES >E P>O*IALIZ$ & IF SEEM+ 0CULTURAL DIFF]5CES0 >E ROOT$ 9 BIOLOGI/IC NOTIONS ( G5D]1 RACIAL1 & PHYSICAL SUP]IORITY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 !RE IS A S5SE 9 :I* ! NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION ( PEOPLES ALONG T]RITORIAL L9ES DID PRODUCE A SOCIAL SPH]E ?AT WAS BROAD] ?AN ! N>R[ K9%IP BASIS = K9%IP SOCIETIES BECAUSE IT SU* CONSOLIDATION OBVI\SLY IS MORE OP5 TO /RANG]S1 JU/ AS CITIES T5D TO FO/] BROAD] HUMAN AFF9ITIES ?AN TRIBES4 ,BUT NEI!R TRIBAL AFF9ITIES NOR T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES CON/ITUTE A REALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY TO A*IEVE A FULL S5SE ( COMMONALITY ) RI* BUT H>MONI\S CULTURAL V>IATIONS4 ,FRONTI]S HAVE NO PLACE ON ! MAP ( ! PLANET1 ANY MORE ?AN !Y HAVE A PLACE ON ! L&SCAPE ( ! M9D4 

,A SOCIALISM ?AT IS 9=M$ BY ?IS K9D ( E?ICAL \TLOOK1 ) A DUE RESPECT = CULTURAL V>IETY1 CANNOT IGNORE ! POT5TIAL \TCOME ( A NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE AS ! ,OLD & ,NEW ,LEFTS ALIKE SO (T5 DID4 ,NOR CAN IT SUPPORT NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES = 9/RUM5TAL PURPOSES1 M]ELY AS A MEANS ( 0WEAK5+0 IMP]IALISM4 ,C]TA9LY1 SU* A SOCIALISM CANNOT1 9 MY VIEW1 PROMOTE ! PROLIF]ATION ( NATION-/ATES1 MU* LESS 9CREASE ! NUMB] ( DIVISIVE NATIONAL 5TITIES4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! SUCCESS ( MANY 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES HAS HAD ! EFFECT ( CREAT+ POLITICALLY 9DEP5D5T /ATI/ REGIMES ?AT >E NONE!LESS AS MANIPULABLE BY ! =CES ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM AS W]E ! OLD1 G5]ALLY OBTUSE IMP]IALI/ ONES4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 NATIONS HAVE NOT CA/ (F !IR COLONIAL %ACKLES S9CE ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO3 !Y HAVE M]ELY BECOME DOME/ICAT$ & R5D]$ HI<LY VULN]ABLE TO ! =CES ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM1 ) LITTLE MORE ?AN A FACADE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y HAVE (T5 US$ !IR MY?S ( 0NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY0 TO N\RI% X5OPHOBIC AMBITIONS TO GRAB ADJAC5T T]RITORIES & OPPRESS !IR NEI<BORS AS BRUTALLY AS IMP]IALI/S 9 !IR [N RI<T1 SU* AS ,<ANA'S OPPRESSION UND] ,NKRUMAH ( ! ,TOGO PEOPLES 9 ,WE/ ,AFRICA OR ,MILOSEVIC'S ATTEMPT TO 0CLEANSE0 ,MUSLIMS FROM ,BOSNIA4 ,:AT IS NO LESS REGRESSIVE1 SU* NATIONALISMS EVOKE :AT IS MO/ S9I/] 9 A PEOPLE'S PA/ - RELIGI\S FUNDAM5TALISM 9 ALL ITS =MS1 TRADITIONAL HATR$S ( 0=EIGN]S10 A 0NATIONAL UNITY0 ?AT OV]RIDES T]RIBLE 9T]NAL SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9EQUITIES1 & MO/ COMMONLY1 A TOTAL DISREG>D = HUMAN RI<TS4 ,! 0NATION0 AS A CULTURAL 5TITY IS SUP]S$$ BY AN OV]P[]+ & OPPRESSIVE /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,RACISM COMMONLY GOES H& 9 H& ) 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES1 SU* AS 0E?NIC CLEANS+0 & W>S = T]RITORIAL GA91 AS WE SEE MO/ POIGNANTLY TODAY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,9DIA1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 ,NATIONALISMS ?AT ONLY A G5]ATION AGO MI<T HAVE BE5 REG>D$ AS 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES >E MORE CLE>LY SE5 TODAY1 9 ! WAKE ( ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE1 AS LITTLE MORE ?AN SOCIAL NI<TM>ES & DECIVILIZ+ BLI<TS4 

,PUT BLUNTLY1 NATIONALISMS >E ! K9D ( REGRESSIVE ATAVISMS ?AT ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRI$ TO OV]COME LONG AGO4 ,!Y 9TROJECT ! WOR/ FEATURES ( ! V]Y EMPIRES FROM :I* OPPRESS$ PEOPLES HAVE TRI$ TO %AKE LOOSE4 ,NOT ONLY DO !Y TYPICALLY REPRODUCE /ATE-MA*9ES ?AT >E AS OPPRESSIVE AS ?OSE ! COLONIAL P[]S IMPOS$ ON !M1 BUT !Y RE9=CE ?OSE MA*9ES ) CULTURAL1 RELIGI\S1 E?NIC1 & X5OPHOBIC TRAITS ?AT >E (T5 US$ TO FO/] REGIONAL & EV5 DOME/IC HATR$S & SUB-IMP]IALISMS4 ,NO LESS IMPORTANT1 9 ! ABS5CE ( G5U9E POPUL> DEMOCRACIES ! SEQUELAE ( UND]/&ABLY ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES TOO (T5 9CLUDE ! /R5G!N+ ( IMP]IALISM ITSELF1 SU* ?AT ! P[]S ?AT HAVE BE5 SEEM+LY DISPOSSESS$ ( !IR COLONIES CAN N[ PLAY (F ! /ATE ( ONE =M] COLONY AGA9/ ?AT ( ANO!R1 AS WITNESS ! CONFLICTS ?AT RAVAGE ,AFRICA1 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 & ! ,9DIAN SUBCONT95T4 ,!SE >E ! >EAS1 ,I MAY ADD1 :]E NUCLE> W>S WILL BE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR AS ! YE>S GO BY ?AN ELSE:]E 9 ! WORLD4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( AN ,ISLAMIC NUCLE> BOMB TO C\NT]VAIL AN ,ISRAELI ONE1 OR ( A ,PAKI/ANI BOMB TO C\NT]VAIL AN ,9DIAN ONE1 PORT5D NO GOOD = ! ,S\? & ITS CONFLICT ) ! ,NOR?4 ,9DE$1 ! T5D5CY = =M] COLONIES TO ACTIVELY SEEK ALLIANCES ) !IR ]/:ILE IMP]IALI/ RUL]S IS N[ A MORE TYPICAL FEATURE ( ,NOR?-,S\? DIPLOMACY ?AN IS ANY UNITY )9 ! ,S\? AGA9/ ! ,NOR?4 

,NATIONALISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 A DISEASE ?AT DIVID$ HUMAN FROM HUMAN - 0AB/RACT0 AS TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/S MAY CONSID] ?IS NOTION TO BE - & IT CAN NEV] BE VIEW$ AS ANY?+ MORE ?AN A REGRESSION T[>D TRIBAL P>O*IALISM & ! FUEL = 9T]COMMUNAL W>F>E4 ,NOR HAVE ! 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES ?AT HAVE PRODUC$ NEW /ATES ?R\<\T ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 & 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE IMPAIR$ ! EXPANSION ( IMP]IALISM OR EV5TUAT$ 9 FULLY DEMOCRATIC /ATES4 ,?AT ! 0LIB]AT$0 PEOPLES ( ! ,/AL9I/ EMPIRE >E LESS OPPRESS$ TODAY ?AN !Y W]E UND] COMMUNI/ RULE %\LD NOT MISLEAD US 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT !Y >E ALSO FREE FROM ! X5OPHOBIA ?AT NE>LY ALL NATION-/ATES CULTIVATE OR FROM ! CULTURAL HOMOG5IZATION ?AT CAPITALISM & ITS M$IA PRODUCE4 

,NO LEFT LIB]T>IAN1 TO BE SURE1 CAN OPPOSE ! RI<T ( A SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLE TO E/ABLI% ITSELF AS AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY - BE IT 9 A CONF$]ATION BAS$ ON LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM OR AS A NATION-/ATE BAS$ ON HI]>*ICAL & CLASS 9EQUITIES4 ,BUT TO OPPOSE AN OPPRESSOR IS NOT EQUIVAL5T TO CALL+ = SUPPORT = EV]Y?+ =M]LY COLONIZ$ NATION-/ATES DO4 ,E?ICALLY SPEAK+1 ONE CANNOT OPPOSE A WRONG :5 ONE P>TY COMMITS IT1 !N SUPPORT ANO!R P>TY :O COMMITS ! SAME WRONG4 ,! TRITE BUT PI?Y MAXIM - 0,MY 5EMY'S 5EMY IS NOT MY FRI5D0 - IS P>TICUL>LY APPLICABLE TO OPPRESS$ PEOPLE :O MAY BE MANIPULAT$ BY TOTALIT>IANS1 RELIGI\S ZEALOTS1 & 0E?NIC CLEANS]S40 ,JU/ AS AN AU!NTIC E?ICS MU/ BE REASON$ \T & PREMIS$ ON G5U9E HUMANI/IC POT5TIALITIES1 SO A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM OR AN>*ISM MU/ RETA9 ITS E?ICAL 9TEGRITY IF ! VOICE ( REASON IS TO BE HE>D 9 SOCIAL AFFAIRS4 ,9 ! #a#i#fS1 ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA & AT ! SAME TIME REJECT$ GIV+ ANY SUPPORT TO ! COMMUNI/ REGIME 9 ,HANOI1 & ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 9 ,CUBA )\T SUPPORT+ ,CA/ROI/ TOTALIT>IANISM1 /OOD ON A HI<] MORAL GR\ND ?AN ! ,NEW ,LEFTI/S :O EX]CIS$ !IR REBELLI\SNESS AGA9/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PR$OM9ANTLY BY SUPPORT+ 0NATIONAL LIB]ATION0 /RUGGLES )\T REG>D TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN & /ATI/ GOALS ( ?OSE /RUGGLES4 ,9DE$1 ID5TIFI$ ) ! AU?ORIT>IANS :OM !Y ACTIVELY SUPPORT$1 !SE ,NEW ,LEFTI/S EV5TUALLY GREW DEMORALIZ$ BY ! ABS5CE ( AN E?ICAL BASIS 9 !IR LIB]ATORY IDEAS4 ,TODAY1 9 FACT1 LIB]ATORY /RUGGLES BAS$ ON NATIONALISM & /ATISM HAVE BORNE ! T]RIFY+ H>VE/ ( 9T]NEC9E BLOODLETT+ ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,EV5 9 REC5TLY 0LIB]AT$0 /ATES LIKE ,EA/ ,G]MANY1 NATIONALISM HAS F\ND BRUTAL EXPRESSION 9 ! RISE ( FASCI/ MOVEM5TS1 ,G]MAN NATIONALISM1 PLANS TO RE/RICT ! IMMIGRATION ( ASYLUM-SEEK]S1 VIOL5CE AGA9/ 0=EIGN]S0 9CLUD+ VICTIMS ( ,NAZISM LIKE GYPSIES1 & ! LIKE4 ,?US ! 9/RUM5TAL VIEW ( NATIONALISM ?AT ,M>XI/S ORIG9ALLY CULTIVAT$ HAS LEFT MANY 0LEFTI/0 T5D5CIES LIKE ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9 A CONDITION ( MORAL BANKRUPTCY4 

,E?ICALLY1 LET ME ADD1 !RE >E SOME SOCIAL ISSUES ON :I* ONE MU/ TAKE A /& - SU* AS :ITE & BLACK RACISM1 PATRI>*Y & MATRI>*Y1 & IMP]IALISM & 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 TOTALIT>IANISM4 ,AN UNSW]V+ OPPOSITION TO RACISM1 G5D] OPPRESSION1 & DOM9ATION AS SU* MU/ ALWAYS BE P>AM\NT IF AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM IS TO EM]GE FROM ! RU9S ( SOCIALISM ITSELF4 ,BUT WE ALSO LIVE 9 A WORLD 9 :I* ISSUES SOMETIMES >ISE ON :I* LEFTI/S CANNOT TAKE ANY POSITION AT ALL - ISSUES 9 :I* TO TAKE A POSITION IS TO OP]ATE )9 ! ALT]NATIVES ADVANC$ BY A BASICALLY IRRATIONAL SOCIETY & TO *OOSE ! LESS] ( SEV]AL IRRATIONALITIES OR EVILS OV] O!R IRRATIONALITIES OR EVILS4 ,IT IS NOT A SIGN ( POLITICAL 9EFFECTUALITY TO REJECT SU* A *OICE ALTOGE!R & DECL>E ?AT TO OPPOSE ONE EVIL ) A LESS] ONE MU/ EV5TUALLY LEAD TO ! SUPPORT ( ! WOR/ EVIL ?AT EM]GES4 ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 BY ABETT+ ONE 0LESS] EVIL0 AFT] ANO!R DUR+ ! #a#i#bS1 W5T FROM SUPPORT+ LIB]ALS TO CONS]VATIVES TO REACTION>IES - :O F9ALLY BR\<T ,HITL] TO P[]4 ,9 AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY1 CONV5TIONAL WISDOM & 9/RUM5TALISM CAN PRODUCE ONLY EV]-GREAT] IRRATIONALITY1 US+ VIRTUE AS A PAT9A TO CONCEAL BASIC CONTRADICTIONS BO? 9 ITS [N POSITION & 9 SOCIETY4 

0.<,L.>IKE ! PROCESSES ( LIFE1 DIGE/ION & BREA?+10 OBS]V$ ,BAKUN91 NATIONALITY 0HAS NO RI<T TO BE CONC]N$ ) ITSELF UNTIL ?AT RI<T IS D5I$40 ,?IS WAS A P]CEPTIVE 5\< /ATEM5T 9 ITS DAY4 ,) ! EXPLOSIONS ( B>B>\S NATIONALISM 9 \R [N DAY & ! SN>L+ APPETITES ( NATIONALI/S TO CREATE MORE & MORE NATION-/ATES1 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO ADD ?AT 0NATIONALITY0 IS A =M ( 9DIGE/ION & ?AT ITS CAUSES MU/ BE VOMIT$ UP IF SOCIETY IS NOT TO FUR!R DET]IORATE BECAUSE ( ?IS MALADY4 

,SEEK+ AN ,ALT]NATIVE 

  

,IF NATIONALISM IS REGRESSIVE1 :AT RATIONAL & HUMANI/IC ALT]NATIVE TO IT CAN AN E?ICAL SOCIALISM (F]8 ,!RE IS NO PLACE 9 A FREE SOCIETY = NATION-/ATES - EI!R AS NATIONS OR AS /ATES4 ,H[EV] /RONG MAY BE ! IMPULSE ( SPECIFIC PEOPLES = A COLLECTIVE ID5TITY1 REASON & A CONC]N = E?ICAL BEHAVIOR OBLIGE US TO RECOV] ! UNIV]SALITY ( ! CITY OR T[N & A DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL CULTURE1 ALBEIT ON A HI<] PLANE ?AN EV5 ! POLIS ( ,P]ICLEAN ,A!NS4 ,ID5TITY %\LD PROP]LY BE REPLAC$ BY COMMUNITY - BY A %>$ AFF9ITY ?AT IS HUMANLY SCAL$1 NON-HI]>*ICAL1 LIB]T>IAN1 & OP5 TO ALL1 IRRESPECTIVE ( AN 9DIVIDUAL'S G5D]1 E?NIC TRAITS1 SEXUAL ID5TITY1 TAL5TS1 OR P]SONAL PROCLIVITIES4 ,SU* COMMUNITY LIFE CAN ONLY BE RECOV]$ BY ! NEW POLITICS ?AT ,I HAVE CALL$ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM3 ! DEMOCRATIZATION ( MUNICIPALITIES SO ?AT !Y >E SELF-MANAG$ BY ! PEOPLE :O 9HABIT !M1 & ! =MATION ( A CONF$]ATION ( !SE MUNICIPALITIES TO CON/ITUTE A C\NT]-P[] TO ! NATION-/ATE4 

,! DANG] ?AT DEMOCRATIZ$ MUNICIPALITIES 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY W\LD RESULT 9 ECONOMIC & CULTURAL P>O*IALISM IS V]Y REAL1 & IT CAN ONLY BE PRECLUD$ BY A VIGOR\S CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES BAS$ ON !IR MAT]IAL 9T]DEP5D5CE4 ,! 0SELF-SUFFICI5CY0 ( COMMUNITY LIFE - EV5 IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TODAY - W\LD BY NO MEANS GU>ANTEE A G5U9E GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY4 ,! CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALITIES1 AS A M$IUM = 9T]ACTION1 COLLABORATION1 & MUTUAL AID AMONG ITS MUNICIPAL COMPON5TS1 PROVIDES ! SOLE ALT]NATIVE TO ! P[]FUL NATION-/ATE ON ! ONE H& & ! P>O*IAL T[N OR CITY ON ! O!R4 ,FULLY DEMOCRATIC1 9 :I* ! MUNICIPAL DEPUTIES TO CONF$]AL 9/ITUTIONS W\LD BE SUBJECT TO RECALL1 ROTATION1 & UNREL5T+ PUBLIC PURVIEW1 ! CONF$]ATION W\LD CON/ITUTE AN EXT5SION ( LOCAL LIB]TIES TO ! REGIONAL LEVEL1 ALL[+ = A S5SITIVE EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 LOCALITY & REGION 9 :I* ! CULTURAL V>IETY ( T[NS C\LD FL\RI% )\T TURN+ 9W>D T[>D LOCAL EXCLUSIVITY4 ,9DE$1 B5EFICIAL CULTURAL TRAITS W\LD ALSO BE 0TRAFFICK$10 SO TO SPEAK1 )9 & BETWE5 V>I\S CONF$]ATIONS1 ALONG ) ! 9T]*ANGE ( GOODS & S]VICES ?AT MAKE UP ! MAT]IAL MEANS ( LIFE4 

,BY ! SAME TOK51 0PROP]TY0 W\LD BE MUNICIPALIZ$1 RA!R ?AN NATIONALIZ$ 7:I* M]ELY RE9=CES /ATE P[] ) ECONOMIC P[]71 COLLECTIVIZ$ 7:I* SIMPLY RECA/S PRIVATE 5TREPR5EURIAL RI<TS 9 A 0COLLECTIVE0 =M71 OR PRIVATIZ$ 7:I* FACILITATES ! REEM]G5CE ( A COMPETITIVE M>KET ECONOMY74 ,A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY W\LD APPROXIMATE A SY/EM ( USUFRUCT BAS$ 5TIRELY ON ONE'S NE$S & CITIZ5%IP 9 A COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN ONE'S PROPRIET>Y1 VOCATIONAL1 OR PR(ESSIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,:]E A MUNICIPAL CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLY CONTROLS ECONOMIC POLICY1 NO ONE 9DIVIDUAL CONTROLS1 MU* LESS 0[NS10 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( LIFE4 ,:]E CONF$]AL MEANS ( ADM9I/]+ A REGION'S RES\RCES COORD9ATE ! ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR ( ! :OLE1 P>O*IAL 9T]E/S W\LD T5D TO GIVE WAY TO L>G] HUMAN 9T]E/S & ECONOMIC CONSID]ATIONS TO MORE DEMOCRATIC ONES4 ,! ISSUES ?AT MUNICIPALITIES & !IR CONF$]ATIONS ADDRESS W\LD CEASE TO RANGE >\ND ECONOMIC SELF-9T]E/2 !Y W\LD FOCUS ON DEMOCRATIC PROC$URES & SIMPLE EQUITY 9 MEET+ HUMAN NE$S4 

,LET !RE BE NO D\BT ?AT ! TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES ?AT MAKE IT POSSIBLE = PEOPLE TO *OOSE !IR [N LIFE/YLES & HAVE ! FREE TIME TO P>TICIPATE FULLY 9 A DEMOCRATIC POLITICS >E ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! LIB]T>IAN1 CONF$]ALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY ?AT ,I HAVE SKET*$ H]E4 ,EV5 ! BE/ ( E?ICAL 9T5TIONS >E LIKELY TO YIELD TO SOME =M ( OLIG>*Y1 9 :I* DIFF]5TIAL ACCESS TO ! MEANS ( LIFE WILL LEAD TO ELITES :O HAVE MORE ( ! GOOD ?+S 9 LIFE ?AN DO O!R CITIZ5S4 ,ON ?IS SCORE1 ! ASCETICISM ?AT ECOMY/ICS & DEEP ECOLOGI/S PROMOTE IS 9SIDI\SLY REACTION>Y3 NOT ONLY DOES IT IGNORE ! FRE$OM ( PEOPLE TO *OOSE !IR [N LIFE/YLE - ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE 9 ! EXI/+ SOCIETY TO BECOM+ A M9DLESS CONSUM] - BUT IT SUBORD9ATES HUMAN FRE$OM AS SU* TO AN ALMO/ MY/ICAL NOTION ( ! DICTATES ( 0,NATURE0 - PRESCRIB+ A 0RETURN TO ! ,PLEI/OC5E10 TO ! ,NEOLI?IC1 OR TO FOOD GA!R+1 TO CITE ! MO/ EXTREME EXAMPLES4 ,A FREE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY - AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ONE REGULAT$ BY AN AU?ORIT>IAN ECOLOGICAL ELITE OR BY ! 0FREE M>KET0 - CAN ONLY BE CA/ 9 T]MS ( AN ECOLOGICALLY CONF$]AL =M ( LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,:5 AT L5G? FREE COMMUNES REPLACE ! NATION & CONF$]AL =MS ( ORGANIZATION REPLACE ! /ATE1 HUMANITY WILL HAVE RID ITSELF ( NATIONALISM4 

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