,*APT] #i 
,T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ ,APPROA* 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,T[>D A ,COMMUNALI/ ,APPROA* 

  

,!RE IS AN URG5T NE$ = A NEW RADICAL APPROA* TO ADEQUATELY ADDRESS ! NEW ECONOMIC1 ECOLOGICAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & CULTURAL *ALL5GES ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY2 IT MU/ BE ONE ( !ORY & ACTION1 ONE ?AT WILL DRAW ON FEATURES FROM CLASSICAL ,M>XISM1 SOCIALISM1 & AN>*ISM1 YET GO BEYOND !IR HI/ORICAL & !ORETICAL LIMITATIONS4 

,CONCEIV$ AS !Y ALL W]E 9 ! SOCIALLY TUMULTU\S ]A ( 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 ! IDEOLOGIES ( COMMUNISM1 SOCIALISM1 & ! MORE SOCIAL V]SIONS ( AN>*ISM RESPOND$ ) A REASONABLE DEGREE ( ADEQUACY TO ! *ALL5GES ( ! OPPRESSIVE & EXPLOITATIVE CIRCUM/ANCES & CONTEXTS 9 :I* !Y TOOK =M4 ,9 ,M>X'S H&S1 COMMUNISM PROVID$ A PHILOSOPHY1 A !ORY ( HI/ORY1 & A POLITICAL /RATEGY C5T]$ ON A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS AG5T - ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT - ! COH]5CE ( :I* WAS UNEQUAL$ BY ANY O!R BODY ( SOCIAL !ORY & PRACTICE 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURIES4 ,BUT ,M>XISM'S HI/ORICAL ADEQUACY AS A REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY DEP5D$ OV]:ELM+LY ON ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION AS !Y EXI/$ BETWE5 #ahdh & #a#h#g#a4 ,! DEGRADATION ( ! FACTORY PROLET>IAT & ! OPPRESSIONS 9FLICT$ BY ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE L$ TO A FURI\S CLASS W>4 ,A REM>KABLE CONFLU5CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES - P>TICUL>LY ! \TBREAK 9 #aiad ( ! WOR/ W> ?AT HUMANITY HAD EV] KN[N & ! 9/ABILITY ( QUASI-FEUDAL GOV]NM5TS 9 MO/ ( CONT95TAL ,EUROPE - ALL[$ ,L59 TO USE 7& MISUSE7 ,M>XISM TO TAKE P[] 9 A VA/1 ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D EMPIRE4 ,! FIR/ 0PROLET>IAN /ATE0 TO HOLD P[] 9 HI/ORY W5T ON TO PRODUCE A TYRANNICAL /ATE SY/EM ?AT LA/$ = DECADES & TRAGICALLY SMO!R$ SOCIALISM UND] A D>K TOTALIT>IAN REGIME4 

,ONCE ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE OP5$ ! REVOLUTION>Y 9T]W> P]IOD1 H[EV]1 SOCIALISM QUA SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 DESPITE ITS PR(ESS$ RADICAL GOALS1 RESPOND$ BY RETREAT+ TO ! LIB]AL CR$O IT HAD ALWAYS HELD CLOSE TO ITS HE>T1 F9ALLY AB&ON+ ALL ITS RHETORICAL PRET5SIONS AS A RADICAL MOVEM5T = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,9 ALL FAIRNESS1 H[EV]1 ! CONV5TIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES CON/ITUT$ MORE ( AN AU!NTIC WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T ?AN MO/ ( !IR COMPETITORS ON ! ,LEFT4 ,AP>T FROM R>E - & REM>KABLE - OCCASIONS BR\<T AB\T BY UNUSUAL CON/ELLATIONS ( EV5TS1 ! PROLET>IAT PROV$ NOT TO BE ! F]V5T REVOLUTION>Y AG5T ?AT ,M>X1 ,5GELS1 & ! SYNDICALI/ !ORI/S HAD BELIEV$ IT WAS4 ,:ILE ITS LEFT-W+ DEVOTEES CELEBRAT$ ! WORK+ CLASS F]V5TLY = ITS ALLEG$ SUSCEPTIBILITY TO REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 WORK]S 9 REALITY PROV$ TO BE AS CLOSELY W$D$ TO B\RGEOIS SOCIETY AS W]E ! MIDDLE CLASSES ) :I* ,M>XI/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S CONTRA/$ !M4 ,) FEW EXCEPTIONS ! PROLET>IAT RESPOND$ 9 VA/LY GREAT] NUMB]S TO ! RE=MI/ DIRECTIVES ( PRAGMATIC TRADE UNION LEAD]S ?AN TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PLEAS ( COMMUNI/ PROPAG&I/S4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,SP>TACUS ,LEAGUE1 = EXAMPLE1 NEV] EX]CIS$ ! 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE OV] ! ,G]MAN WORK]S ?AT ,K>L ,LEGI51 ( ! RE=MI/ 7SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC7 ,FREE ,TRADE ,UNIONS1 5JOY$4 

,CAPITALISM ?US SURVIV$ ! HORRORS ( TWO LONG WORLD W>S1 ! 9T]NATIONAL IMPACT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 & A HI<LY UN/ABLE ,DEPRESSION DECADE 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,AL?\< IT WAS BADLY %AK5 AT TIMES1 9 ! 5D CAPITALISM DID NOT LOSE ITS OV]ALL LEGITIMACY 7EXCEPT P]HAPS 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f7 9 ! EYES ( ! V]Y CLASS ?AT ,M>XISM & SYNDICALISM HAD SELECT$ AS ITS HI/ORICALLY REVOLUTION>Y AG5T4 

,AN>*ISM 7:I* %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) SYNDICALISM & COMMUNISM7 9 ITS PURE =M MEANT LITTLE MORE ?AN UNREL5T+ RESI/ANCE TO & PROTE/ AGA9/ ATTEMPTS BY SOCIETY & P>TICUL>LY ! /ATE TO CONF9E 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,IT APPEAL$ MA9LY TO M>G9AL1 DECLASSE ELEM5TS1 RANG+ FROM ! DISPOSSESS$ TO IDIOSYNCRATIC >TI/S & WRIT]S4 ,AL?\< R>ELY 9FLU5TIAL AS AN IDEOLOGY1 IT RESONAT$ ) ! AGR>IAN BUNTY1 ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT UPRIS+S ?AT W]E NOTORI\S = !IR DE/RUCTIVE1 SOMETIMES ANTI-URBAN 9SURRECTIONS4 ,:5 IMPULSIVE AN>*I/ S5TIM5TS AFFECT$ WELL-ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAN /RUGGLES1 !Y MUTAT$ 9TO AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 :I* WAS SELDOM 9T]NALLY /ABLE OR FREE ( S]I\S T5SIONS4 ,MANY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ NOTIONS1 SU* AS WORK]S' CONTROL OV] 9DU/RY & CONF$]ALLY /RUCTUR$ REVOLUTION>Y TRADE UNIONS1 5JOY$ A CONSID]ABLE VOGUE AMONG 9DU/RIAL WORK]S2 /ILL1 9 ! ABS5CE ( EXT]NAL PRESSURE & P]SECUTION BY ! B\RGEOISIE & ! /ATE1 AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNIONS SELDOM REFRA9$ FROM COMPROMIS+ !IR LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES4 

,! GREAT !ORIES ADVANC$ BY ,M>XI/S1 SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S1 & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 !N1 W]E 9SI<TFUL ON MANY ISSUES & W]E SOMETIMES 9SPIR+ 9 MAK+ A SOCIALI/IC REVOLUTION A REALIZABLE POSSIBILITY4 ,BUT TODAY !SE !ORIES >E UND]/&ABLY 9CAPABLE ( 5COMPASS+ & PROGRAMMATICALLY 9TEGRAT+ 9TO A COH]5T :OLE ! NEW SOCIAL ISSUES1 POT5TIAL CLASS REALIGNM5TS1 & ECONOMIC ADVANCES ?AT HAVE >IS5 7& ?AT CONT9UE TO >ISE7 ) EXTRAORD9>Y RAPIDITY S9CE ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO4 ,TO SIMPLY RESUSCITATE !M1 EV5 9 ! FACE ( ! FAILURES !Y PRODUC$1 & PRET5D ?AT !Y 5JOY AN UN*ALL5GEABLE IDEOLOGICAL IMMORTALITY1 W\LD BE DOGMATIC FATUITY4 

,SIGNIFICANTLY1 CAPITALISM HAS *ANG$ 9 MANY RESPECTS S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,TWO4 ,IT HAS CREAT$ NEW1 G5]ALIZ$ SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT >E NOT LIMIT$ TO WAGES1 H\RS1 & WORK+ CONDITIONS - NOTABLY 5VIRONM5TAL1 G5D]1 HI]>*ICAL1 CIVIC1 & DEMOCRATIC ISSUES4 ,! PROBLEMS RAIS$ BY !SE ISSUES CUT ACROSS CLASS L9ES1 EV5 AS !Y EXAC]BATE OR MODIFY ! PROBLEMS ?AT ONCE GAVE RISE TO ! CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,OLD] DEF9ITIONS ( FRE$OM1 :ILE PRES]V+ C]TA9 UNASSAILABLE COMPON5TS1 BECOME 9ADEQUATE 9 ! LI<T ( LAT] HI/ORICAL ADVANCES2 SO TOO OLD] REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES & MOVEM5TS1 :ILE LOS+ NONE ( !IR 9SI<TS & LESSONS1 BECOME 9ADEQUATE ) ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 AS ! EM]G5CE ( NEW ISSUES NECESSITATE BROAD] PROGRAMS & MOVEM5TS4 

,S9CE ,M>XISM WAS FA%ION$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION1 IT W\LD 9DE$ BE UNCANNY IF IT DID NOT REQUIRE SWEEP+ REVISIONS & R$EF9ITIONS AS A BODY ( IDEAS4 ,OR IF SOCIALISM 7QUA SOCIAL DEMOCRACY7 - ALL ITS CROSS-CURR5TS & V>IATIONS NOT)/&+ - REMA9$ A FIX$ /RATEGY = A*IEV+ BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE 9 ! FACE ( NEW DEVELOPM5TS OV] ! PA/ FIFTY YE>S4 ,OR IF AN>*ISM & ITS V>IANTS1 ) !IR C5TRAL DEM& = P]SONAL AUTONOMY 7AS OPPOS$ TO SOCIAL FRE$OM71 C\LD ADEQUATELY DEAL ) ! NEW ECOLOGICAL1 HI]>*ICAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 DEMOCRATIC1 & CIVIC ISSUES ?AT HAVE >IS54 

,NOR CAN ! PROLET>IAT1 :OSE CLASS ID5TITY IS BE+ SUBV]T$ BY AN IMM5SE MIDDLE CLASS1 HOPE TO SPEAK = ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,CAPITALISM IS 9FLICT+ G5]ALIZ$ ?REATS ON HUMANITY1 SWEEP+ PROBLEMS SU* AS GLOBALIZATION1 CLIMATE *ANGES ?AT MAY ALT] ! V]Y FACE ( ! PLANET1 *ALL5GES TO CIVIL RI<TS & TRADITIONAL FRE$OMS1 & ! RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( CIVIC LIFE AS A RESULT ( RAMPANT URBANIZATION2 O!R ISSUES HAVE YET TO EM]GE AS A RESULT ( ! IMM5SELY TRANS=MATIVE TE*NOLOGIES ?AT WILL MAKE ! COM+ C5TURY UNRECOGNIZABLE4 ,A NEW REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ BE CAPABLE ( DEAL+ NOT ONLY ) ! MORE FAMILI> ISSUES ?AT L+] ON1 BUT ) NEW1 MORE G5]AL ONES ?AT POT5TIALLY MAY BR+ ! VA/ MAJORITY ( SOCIETY 9TO OPPOSITION TO AN EV] EVOLV+ & *ALL5G+ CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,?AT !SE MAJOR PROBLEMS ?AT CONFRONT US W]E NOT ON ! AG5DA ( PREVI\S SOCIALI/IC MOVEM5TS1 OR ELSE W]E TREAT$ M>G9ALLY1 %\LD NOT SURPRISE US4 ,A SOCIALLY ORI5T$ ECOLOGY HAS YET TO TAKE HOLD1 DESPITE NEWLY >RIV$ AN>*I/S' ATTEMPTS TO IMPUTE ONE TO ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 OR ,ELISEE ,RECLUS4 ,OLD] MOVEM5TS REG>D$ HI]>*Y1 IF !Y SAW IT AS UNDESIRABLE AT ALL1 MORE AS AN EPIPH5OM5ON ( CLASS /RUCTURES & ! /ATE ?AN AS ! OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( CULTURAL & ECONOMIC DIFF]5TIATION AMONG M51 & BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 ?AT EM]G$ V]Y E>LY 9 SOCIAL LIFE4 ,CLASSICAL SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S CLOAK$ ! ROLE ( ! CITY & DEMOCRACY 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS 9 SU* /RICTLY CLASS T]MS ?AT !Y B>ELY EXPLOR$ !M AS >5AS = HUMAN DEVELOPM5T & SELF-REALIZATION4 ,9DE$1 NE>LY ALL CLASSICAL RADICAL & REVOLUTION>Y DISCUSSIONS C5T]$ ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO BECOME ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES & W\LD 9EVITABLY BE DRIV5 TO REVOLUTION BY CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & IMMIS]ATION4.<#d#b.> 

,:AT CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES CAN TEA* US IS ?AT CAPITALISM REMA9S A GROSSLY IRRATIONAL SOCIAL ORD] 9 :I* ! PURSUIT ( PR(IT & ! ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? = ITS [N SAKE POLLUTES EV]Y MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL ADVANCE4 ,IT IS AN ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ORD] ?AT N[ ?REAT5S TO AFFLICT HUMANITY ) ! HOMOG5IZATION & ATOMIZATION ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS BY ! SPREAD ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION & BY ! DIS9TEGRATION ( COMMUNITY LIFE & SOLID>ITY4 ,?IS CRISIS-RIDD5 SOCIETY WILL NOT DISAPPE> ON ITS [N3 IT HAS TO BE OPPOS$ UNREL5T+LY BY A D$ICAT$ ,LEFT ?AT MU/ BE COMMITT$ TO ! RESCU+ ( ! HI< E/ATE ( REASON 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS ?AT IS CURR5TLY UND] SIEGE BY ANTI-,5LI<T5M5T =CES4 ,TO 5COMPASS ! PROBLEMS WE FACE TODAY1 ! IDEOLOGICAL ORBIT DESCRIB$ BY ,M>XISM1 AN>*ISM1 & 7TO A LESS] DEGREE7 SOCIALISM QUA SOCIAL DEMOCRACY W\LD HAVE TO BE EXP&$ BEYOND RECOGNITION4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! IDEA ( COMMUNALISM IS PRES5T$ AS A PROJECT - ONE ?AT WILL R5D] ! BE/ 9 CLASSICAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGIES RELEVANT TO A NEW C5TURY & CONFRONT PROBLEMS ?AT W]E =M]LY LITTLE MORE ?AN ANCILL>Y ANTICIPATIONS4 

,:AT IS ,COMMUNALISM8 

  

,COMMUNALISM IS AN ATTEMPT TO 5T] 9TO A MORE ADVANC$ T]RA9 ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,FROM ! \TSET1 WE MU/ DI/+UI% COMMUNALISM1 AS A TRADITION & A !ORY1 FROM COMMUNIT>IANISM1 ) :I* IT IS (T5 MI/AK54 ,COMMUNIT>IANISM WAS & IS A MOVEM5T TO E/ABLI% COMMUNITIES ?AT >E ORGANIZ$ >\ND COOP]ATIVE P]SONAL LIV+ & WORK+ >RANGEM5TS1 SU* AS W]E COMMON AMONG C\NT]-CULTURAL Y\? DUR+ ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS4 ,!IR PROPAGATORS SAW !SE ISLETS ( ! GOOD LIFE AS PRODUCTS ( HEAL?Y NORMAL HUMAN IMPULSES1 9 CONTRA/ TO EVIL CONV5TIONAL NORMS ?AT W>P$ OR BLOTT$ \T SU* IMPULSES4 ,! MO/ FAM\S COMMUNIT>IANS W]E N9ETE5?-C5TURY UTOPIAN VISION>IES SU* AS ,ROB]T ,[5 7:OSE FOLL[]S E/ABLI%$ ! ,NEW ,H>MONY COMMUNITY7 & ,JOHN ,HUMPHREY ,NOYES 7A RELIGI\S SOCIAL RE=M] :O E/ABLI%$ ! MORE SUCCESSFUL ,ONEIDA COMMUNITY 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,/ATE74 ,!SE EXP]IM5TS & RADICAL ONES LIKE !M RE/$ ON ! CONVICTION ?AT ONCE 5\< PEOPLE ADOPT$ COOP]ATIVE LIFE/YLES1 !Y W\LD EV5TUALLY AB&ON ! EVIL WORLD ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & EGOISM 9 FAVOR ( NEW COOP]ATIVE LIV+ >RANGEM5TS4 

,MO/ COMMONLY1 H[EV]1 ! SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE ( COMMUNIT>IANS WAS HI<LY LIMIT$4 ,!Y USUALLY SAW !IR COMMUNITIES AS P]SONAL REFUGES FROM ! ILLS ( ! SURR\ND+ WORLD4 ,BUT COMMUNIT>IANISM - :I* IS /ILL ALIVE 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,ROB]T ,!OBALD1 A V>IETY ( COOP]ATIVI/S1 & ASSORT$ AN>*I/S - IS BASICALLY A LIFE/YLE PROJECT1 COMMITT$ TO ! E?ICAL & (T5 QUASI-RELIGI\S PR9CIPLE ?AT HUMANITY IS 9NATELY GOOD & MU/ BE RE/OR$ TO ITS PRI/9E CONDITION ( K9DNESS & MUTUAL AID1 PRIM>ILY BY EXAMPLE & GRADUAL PHYSICAL EXPANSION4 ,9 A WORD1 COMMUNIT>IANISM - TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT EV5 SEEKS TO *ANGE ! WORLD - SL[LY 9CULCATES ! VALUES ( GOODNESS BY A ONE-TO-ONE CONV]SION TO P>TICUL> LIV+ >RANGEM5TS4 

,COMMUNALISM1 BY CONTRA/1 IS A REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL !ORY & PRACTICE1 DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! G5]AL SOCIALI/ TRADITION4 ,F> FROM SETT+ UP MODELS OR EXAMPLES ( COOP]ATIVE LIFE/YLES1 IT ACTIVELY SEEKS TO CONFRONT CAPITAL & ! BASIC /RUCTURES ( /ATE P[]4 ,F> FROM FUNCTION+ AS A P]SONAL REFUGE1 IT SEEKS TO CON/RUCT A BROAD CIVIC SPH]E & M>K$LY 5HANCE POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T4 ,9DE$1 IT SEEKS TO RECON/RUCT MUNICIPALITIES AS A :OLE TO =M A C\NT]-P[] TO ! NATION-/ATE4 ,! WORD HAS ROOTS AS A POLITICAL T]M 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 :5 ! >M$ PEOPLE ( ! ,FR5* CAPITAL F\<T = ! IDEA ( A QUASI-SOCIALI/IC CONF$]ATION ( ! NATION'S CITIES & T[NS OR COMMUNES 7AS !Y >E CALL$ TO ?IS DAY 9 MANY P>TS ( ,EUROPE74 ,TODAY1 WE CAN /ILL GET A S5SE ( ! F>-REA*+ SOCIAL GOALS ( COMMUNALISM FROM CONSULT+ EV5 CONV5TIONAL REF]5CE BOOKS LIKE ,! ,AM]ICAN ,H]ITAGE ,DICTION>Y4 

,SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>Y !ORY SELDOM ATTRIBUT$ AN IMPORTANT PLACE TO MUNICIPALITIES4 ,E>LY N9ETE5?-C5TURY SOCIALI/S W]E CONC]N$ MA9LY ) 9FLU5C+ ! WORK+ CLASS & ULTIMATELY GA9+ CONTROL ( ! NATION-/ATE4 ,AP>T FROM AN>*I/S1 MO/ LEFT-W+]S T5D$ RETROSPECTIVELY TO ADMIRE ! ,JACOB9S ( ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :O W]E ! ADVOCATES ( A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! ,JACOB9S' PR9CIPAL OPPON5TS ON ! ,LEFT1 ! ,GIROND9S1 PREA*$ A F$]ALI/ MESSAGE BUT W]E CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION ( ! #a#g#iS & HAT$ REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS SO DEEPLY ?AT !IR F$]ALI/ IDEAS FELL 9TO DISREPUTE ON ! ,LEFT4 ,NOT = DECADES W\LD F$]ALISM GA9 A GOOD NAME AMONG ,FR5* RADICALS4 

,AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION ! MO/ ACTIVE ,EUROPEAN MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL *ANGE W]E SPAWN$ LESS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE ?AN 9 T[NS & CITIES4 ,9SURG5T ,P>IS EXPLOD$ 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( #ahc & 9 A WORK]S' UPRIS+ 9 ,JUNE #ahdh - & ! ,FR5* CAPITAL WAS HI<LY CONSCI\S ( ITS ANCI5T MUNICIPAL ID5TITY & LIB]TIES4 ,WELL 9TO ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IT CLUNG TO ?AT ID5TIFICATION ) CIVIC FRE$OM ) EXTRAORD9>Y F]VOR4 ,9DE$1 9 ! YE>S TO COME MANY SOCIALI/IC REVOLUTIONS ?AT SWEPT OV] ,EUROPE1 EV5 ?OSE ?AT W]E 9T]NATIONALI/ 9 *>ACT]1 W]E NOTABLE = ! HEGEMONIC ROLE ?AT MUNICIPALITIES PLAY$ 9 !IR UPRIS+S4 0,R$ ,PETROGRAD10 0,R$ ,B]L910 & 0,R$ & ,BLACK ,B>CELONA0 BECAME SYNONYM\S ) P>TICUL>LY 9C5DI>Y UPRIS+S BETWE5 #aiag & #a#i#c#f4 ,MORE (T5 ?AN NOT1 A MUNICIPALITY 9ITIAT$ A REVOLUTION1 & ITS SUCCESS 9 OV]?R[+ ! OLD LOCAL AU?ORITIES 9ITIAT$ A NATIONWIDE 9SURRECTION4 

,ON CLOS] 9SPECTION1 ! CIVIC NATURE ( MO/ MOD]N REVOLUTIONS PO9TS TO ! FUNDAM5TAL ROLE ?AT MUNICIPALITIES HAVE PLAY$ AS 9CUBATORS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T & ! FUNCTIONS !Y HAVE P]=M$ 9 FULFILL+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITIES4 ,:5 ,>I/OTLE WROTE HIS POLITICAL WORKS HE SET A /&>D = ! ,WE/]N CONCEPTION ( ! CITY1 DEF9+ IT AS ! >5A = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CITIZ5%IP & EV5 HUMANNESS ITSELF1 SPECIFICALLY REASON1 SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 & ! GOOD LIFE4 ,! ,HELL5IC WORD POLIS1 FROM :I* WE D]IVE ! WORD POLITICAL1 HAS TOO (T5 BE5 WRONGLY TRANSLAT$ AS 0CITY-/ATE40 ,9 FACT ! ,A!NIAN POLIS WAS NOT A /ATE BUT A HUMANLY SCAL$ MUNICIPALITY ?AT BECAME AN \TRI<T FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,A!NIANS ( ! FIF? C5TURY ,B,C,E W\LD HAVE REG>D$ EV5 A MOD]N REPUBLIC AS OPPRESSIVE & W\LD HAVE F\ND ITS BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS OLIG>*ICAL AT BE/ & TYRANNICAL AT WOR/4 ,9 ,P]ICLEAN TIMES !Y DREW A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 MON>*Y1 >I/OCRACY1 OLIG>*Y1 & DEMOCRACY4 ,!Y G5]ALLY VIEW$ A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY AS ! FULFILLM5T ( ! POLIS'S EVOLUTION \T ( ASSEMBLAGES ( H\SEHOLDS1 & !Y CONT9U$ TO TREASURE ITS ESS5TIALLY DEMOCRATIC FEATURES OV] ALL O!R =MS1 EV5 AFT] !IR ,ROMAN CONQU]ORS VIRTUALLY ELIM9AT$ IT4 

,COMMUNALISM NOT ONLY RECAPTURES !SE FUNCTIONS BUT GOES BEYOND !M AS AN EF=T TO CON/ITUTE ! DEVELOPM5TAL >5A ( M9D & DISC\RSE4 ,BY CONTRA/1 MOD]N URBANIZ$ CITIES R$UCE CITIZ5S TO M]E CO-DWELL]S :O LIVE 9 CLOSE PHYSICAL PROXIMITY TO ONE ANO!R1 OR TO TAXPAY]S :O EXPECT ! CITY TO PROVIDE !M ) GOODS & S]VICES 9 RETURN = REV5UE4 ,AS SU*1 COMMUNALISM SEES ! MUNICIPALITY AS POT5TIALLY A TRANS=MATIVE DEVELOPM5T BEYOND ORGANIC EVOLUTION 9TO ! DOMA9 ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,9DE$1 = COMMUNALI/S ! MUNICIPALITY IS ! DOMA9 :]E9 M]E ADAPTATION TO *ANG+ 5VIRONM5TS IS SUPPLANT$ BY PROACTIVE ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON ! FREE EX*ANGE ( IDEAS1 ! CREATIVE 5DEAVOR TO BR+ CONSCI\SNESS TO ! S]VICE ( *ANGE1 & ! COLLECTIVE VEHICLE1 :]E NECESS>Y1 TO 9T]V5E 9 ! WORLD ) A VIEW T[>D 5D+ 5VIRONM5TAL AS WELL AS ECONOMIC 9SULTS4 ,! MUNICIPALITY1 ONCE IT IS FRE$ ( HI]>*ICAL DOM9ATION & MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION - 9DE$1 ONCE IT IS RECREAT$ AS RATIONAL >5A = HUMAN CREATIVITY 9 ALL SPH]ES ( LIFE - IS POT5TIALLY ! E?ICAL SPACE = ! GOOD LIFE4 ,IT IS ALSO POT5TIALLY ! S*OOL = ! =MATION ( A NEW HUMAN BE+1 ! CITIZ51 :O HAS %$ ! >*AIC BLOOD TIES ( TRIBALISM & ! HI]>*ICAL IMPULSES CREAT$ BY DIFF]5CES 9 E?NICITY1 G5D]1 & P>O*IAL EXCLUSIVITY4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 ! MUNICIPALITY WAS ! DOMA9 ?AT1 AT LEA/ JURIDICALLY1 DISSOLV$ ! BLOOD TIE1 :I* HAD =M]LY UNIT$ FAMILY & TRIBE ACCORD+ TO ! FACTS ( BIOLOGY1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ! \TSID]4 ,IT WAS 9 ! MUNICIPALITY1 EV5TUALLY1 ?AT ! ONCE-FE>$ /RANG] C\LD BE ABSORB$ 9TO A COMMUNITY ( CITIZ5S1 9ITIALLY AS ! COEQUAL ( ALL O!R RESID5TS :O OCCUPI$ A COMMON T]RITORY & EV5TUALLY AS A MEMB] ( ! CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLY1 5GAG+ ) ALL O!R FREE MALE RESID5TS 9 MAK+ POLICY DECISIONS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! =MATION ( ! MUNICIPALITY ANT$AT$ ! RISE ( ! /ATE - :I*1 IT IS WOR? NOT+1 APPE>$ AMONG AGR>IAN PEOPLES WELL BE=E IT APPE>$ AMONG !IR URBAN C\S9S4 

,9DE$1 ! /ATE1 :I* MAY BE DEF9$ AS AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EM ( DOM9ANCE BY A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 WAS CONT9UALLY 9 T5SION1 IF NOT 9 OP5 W>F>E1 ) ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,! SO-CALL$ AUTONOM\S CITIES ( ! M$IEVAL WORLD W]E 9 CONFLICT ) M$IEVAL & ,R5AISSANCE MON>*S AS WELL AS ) T]RITORIAL LORDS1 BO? ( :OM ?REAT5$ !IR CIVIC FRE$OMS4 ,TO BE SURE1 9T]NAL CONFLICTS RAG$ )9 !IR [N WALLS BETWE5 V>I\S CLASSES & E/ATES4 ,BUT IF !Y W]E NOT (T5 AT PEACE EI!R ) !MSELVES OR ) !IR EXT]NAL OPPON5TS1 !IR LIB]T>IAN ORIG9S W]E SELDOM =GOTT53 DUR+ P]IODS ( CRISIS1 !SE S5TIM5TS SURFAC$ AS REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGES 9 ,EUROPE & EV5 ,ASIA4 ,9DE$ TODAY1 :5 ! NATION-/ATE SEEMS SUPREME1 :ATEV] RI<TS MUNICIPALITIES RETA9 >E ! H>D-WON GA9S ( COMMON]S1 :O OV] ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY PRES]V$ !M AGA9/ ASSAULTS BY RUL+ CLASSES4 ,*>ACT]I/ICALLY1 ! COMUN]O UPRIS+ ( ! ,CA/ILIAN CITIES 9 #a#e#b-#b#b & ! J\RNEES ( ! ,P>ISIAN SECTIONAL ASSEMBLIES DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 7TO CITE ONLY TWO ( ! MORE \T/&+ CASES7 W]E IMPELL$ BY /RONG CIVIC S5TIM5TS & BY DEM&S = A ,F$]ATION ( ,COMMUNES4 

,?US COMMUNALISM IS NO CONTRIV$ BODY ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONCEPTS1 SPUN \T FROM ! VAGRANT FANCIES ( M]E IMAG9ATION4 ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 IT EXPRESSES AN ABID+ CONCEPT ( POLITICAL RECON/RUCTION1 ONE ?AT LONG ANT$ATES NATIONALISM4 ,AS A MOVEM5T ( D[NTRODD5 CLASSES1 ITS P$IGREE IS P]HAPS MORE AMBIGU\S4 ,! GUILDSM5 :O KEPT !IR MUSKETS & SWORDS AT ! READY BESIDE !IR WORKB5*ES1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO IMM$IATELY RISE TO ! DEF5SE ( !IR H>D-WON LIB]TIES1 (T5 HAD A CLASS /ATUS SOME:]E BETWE5 ! BEGG>LY CR[DS ?AT FILL$ ! M$IEVAL CITIES & ! PATRICIANS4 ,9 FACT1 UPP]-CLASS NOBLES (T5 HIR$ DECLASSES FROM ! T[NS TO UND]M9E ! /ATUS & POLITICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! CRAFTSM5-BUR<]S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT WAS ?IS BUR<] /RATUM ?AT FA%ION$ ! IDEALS ( CIVIC FRE$OM & POLITICAL P>TICIPATION1 UPON :I* ALL ! GREAT REVOLUTION>IES ( LAT] YE>S DREW1 (T5 ) NO KN[L$GE ( !IR M$IEVAL ORIG9S4 

,H]E1 TOO1 H[EV]1 CONTEMPOR>Y LANGUAGE BETRAYS ! PA/1 JU/ AS IT DOES :5 POLIS IS TRANSLAT$ AS 0CITY-/ATE40 ,! WORD POLITICS1 D]IV$ AS IT IS FROM ! ,GREEK WORD = 0CITY10 D5OTES AN ACTIVITY ?AT IS *>G$ ) MORAL OBLIGATION TO ONE'S [N COMMUNITY - 9 CONTRA/ TO /ATECRAFT1 :I* M9IMALLY PRESUPPOSES A PR(ESSIONALIZ$ & BUREAUCRATIC /ATE APP>ATUS ?AT IS EXPRESSLY SET AP>T FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,POLITICS ONCE REF]R$ TO ! CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES ?AT ALL CITIZ5S W]E EXPECT$ TO DIS*>GE AS E?ICAL BE+S4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 CITIZ5S COMMITT$ !MSELVES TO UND]TAKE !SE POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITIES BY SWE>+ AN E?ICAL OA? OR PL$GE ( FRAT]NITY - A CONJURATIO - :I* WAS SE5 NOT AS A CONTRACT BUT M9IMALLY AS A MORAL V[ TO ACT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL :O LIV$ & WORK$ 9 ! CITY4 ,!Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES ?AT EI!R =MULAT$ CIVIC POLICIES !MSELVES OR ELSE ANNUALLY ELECT$ A PUBLICLY RESPONSIBLE ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEE4 ,! CITY WAS DEF5D$ FROM EXT]NAL ?REATS BY A POPUL> MILITIA1 :ILE A CITIZ5S' GU>D MA9TA9$ DOME/IC PEACE4 ,ANY ATTEMPT AT PR(ESSIONALIZATION ( ! CITY'S ADM9I/RATIVE APP>ATUS1 EV5 IF T5TATIVELY UND]TAK5 TO DEAL ) ! DANG]S ( 9VASION & W>1 WAS VIEW$ ) DEEP SUSPICION4 

,?US POLITICS ORIG9ALLY DID NOT MEAN /ATECRAFT4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! SELF-GOV]N+ POLIS1 ! /ATE CONSI/S ( ! 9/ITUTIONS BY :I* A PRIVILEG$ & EXPLOITATIVE CLASS IMPOSES ITSELF1 BY =CE :]E NECESS>Y1 ON AN OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ CLASS4 ,/ATECRAFT IS ! ACTIVITY ( (FICIALS )9 ?AT PR(ESSIONAL MA*9]Y TO CONTROL ! CITIZ5RY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ?AT PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 POLITICS IS ! ACTIVE P>TICIPATION ( FREE CITIZ5S 9 MANAG+ ! AFFAIRS ( ! CITY & DEF5D+ ITS FRE$OM4 ,ONLY AFT] C5TURIES ( CIVIC DEBASEM5T1 M>K$ BY CLASS =MATION1 CONFLICT1 & MUTUAL HATR$1 WAS ! /ATE PRODUC$ & POLITICS DEGRAD$ TO ! PRACTICE ( /ATECRAFT4 ,) ! RISE ( /ATECRAFT1 PEOPLE BECAME DIS5GAG$ FROM MORAL RESPONSIBILITY = !IR CITIES2 ! CITY WAS TRANS=M$1 ULTIMATELY ALONG ) ! NATION1 9TO A PROVID] ( GOODS & S]VICES4 ,PROACTIVE CITIZ5S1 FILL$ ) A DEEP MORAL COMMITM5T TO !IR CITIES1 GRADUALLY GAVE WAY TO ! PASSIVE SUBJECTS ( RUL]S & TO ! CON/ITU5TS ( P>LIAM5T>IANS1 UNTIL TODAY !Y >E1 9 FACT1 LITTLE MORE ?AN CONSUM]S :OSE FREE TIME IS SP5T 9 %OPP+ MALLS & RETAIL /ORES4 

,MUNICIPAL ,FRE$OMS & ,AUTONOMY 

  

,COMMUNALISM IS 9 EV]Y WAY A DECID$LY POLITICAL BODY ( IDEAS ?AT SEEKS TO RECOV] ! CITY OR COMMUNE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS GREATE/ HI/ORICAL TRADITIONS1 & TO ADVANCE ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT SEEKS TO CREATE POPUL> ASSEMBLIES AS VITAL DECISION-MAK+ >5AS = CIVIC LIFE4 ,IT ADVANCES A CIVIC E?ICS PR$ICAT$ ON REASON1 & A MUNICIPALIZ$ ECONOMY4 

,9 ADVANC+ !SE GOALS1 COMMUNALISM SEEKS TO ACTUALIZE ! TRAITS ?AT POT5TIALLY MAKE US HUMAN4 ,IT DEP>TS DECID$LY FROM ,M>XI/ NOTIONS ( A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE1 LET ALONE A DICTATORIAL REGIME O/5SIBLY BAS$ ON ! 9T]E/S ( A S+LE CLASS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT GOES BEYOND LOOSE AN>*I/ NOTIONS ( AUTONOM\S CONF$]ATIONS1 COLLECTIVES1 & T[NS1 :I* O/5SIBLY CAN 0GO IT ON !IR [N0 AS !Y *OOSE )\T DUE CONSID]ATION = ! SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,!SE AD HOC1 (T5 *AOTIC & 0SPONTANE\S0 AN>*IC ESCAPADES 9 AUTONOMY1 EV5 9 0TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONES10 USUALLY EXPRESS 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 9DE$ EGOC5TRIC1 IMPULSES ?AT 9 PRACTICE LEAD TO DEM&S = ! UNRE/RICT$ RI<TS ( SOV]EIGN 9DIVIDUALS )\T REQUIR+ ( !M ANY OBLIGATORY DUTIES4 ,AN>*I/S & !IR AFF9ES (T5 DISMISS OBLIGATIONS ( ANY SORT AS AU?ORIT>IAN OR WORSE4 ,BUT ONE ( ! GREAT MAXIMS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 TO :I* ALL FACTIONS SUBSCRIB$1 WAS ,M>X'S SLOGAN3 0,NO ,RI<TS ,)\T ,DUTIES1 ,NO ,DUTIES ,)\T ,RI<TS40 ,9 A FREE SOCIETY1 AS REVOLUTION>IES ( ALL K9DS G5]ALLY UND]/OOD1 WE W\LD 5JOY FRE$OMS 70RI<TS071 BUT WE W\LD ALSO HAVE RESPONSIBILITIES 70DUTIES07 WE W\LD HAVE TO EX]CISE4 ,! CONCEPT ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY BECOMES MEAN+LESS :5 IT D5IES ! OBLIGATIONS ?AT EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL [ES TO SOCIETY AS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES4 

,WE >E ALL %AP$ TO ONE DEGREE OR ANO!R BY =CES \TSIDE \R CONTROL &1 FRANKLY1 BEYOND \R CONTROL4 ,NO ONE CAN LIVE =EV]1 OR DO )\T NUTRITION2 & AFT] A C]TA9 AGE SIMPLY KEEP+ ONESELF 9 HEAL? REQUIRES NUM]\S - EV5 ON]\S - EF=TS4 ,9 ! FULLNESS ( DAILY LIFE1 LONG LIFE REQUIRES EF=T & CALLS = ACTIONS ?AT MAY BE PA9FUL1 ANNOY+1 DEM&+1 & DISAGREEABLE4 ,WE >E ?US ALWAYS UND] SOME K9D ( CON/RA9T2 ! REAL ISSUE IS :E!R A CON/RA9T IS RATIONAL & ADVANCES ! FULFILLM5T ( ! GOOD LIFE OR :E!R IT IS EXPLOITATIVE & IRRATIONAL4 ,IT IS ! HEI<T ( HUBRIS TO BELIEVE ?AT TOTAL 0AUTONOMY0 - 9CLUD+ ! RI<T TO 0*OOSE0 :ATEV] ONE WANTS AB\T ANY?+ - CAN COEXI/ ) SOCIETY4 

,COMMUNALI/S SEEK TO CREATE A DEMOCRATIC1 COLLECTIVI/ SOCIAL ORD]4 ,PROP]TY1 9 A COMMUNALI/ SOCIETY1 WILL BE MUNICIPALIZ$ & ITS OV]ALL MANAGEM5T PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,9 PA/ REVOLUTIONS EF=TS AT 0WORK]S' CONTROL0 OV] FACTORIES & F>MS W]E FREQU5TLY PLAGU$ BY P>O*IALISM & EVOLV$ 9TO =MS ( COLLECTIVI/IC CAPITALISM4 ,BY CONTRA/1 COMMUNALISM CALLS = ! FULL ADM9I/RATIVE COORD9ATION ( ALL PUBLIC 5T]PRISES BY CONF$]AL COMMITTEES1 :OSE MEMB]S >E ! RESPONSIBLE VOICES ( ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES2 )\T ! ASS5T ( ! CITIZ5RY AS A :OLE 9 A CONF$]ATION-WIDE VOTE1 NO POLICY-MAK+ CONF$]AL DECISION CAN BE VALID4 

,PRAGMATICALLY1 A COMMUNALI/ POLITY REQUIRES A WRITT5 CON/ITUTION &1 YES1 REGULATORY LAWS1 TO AVOID A /RUCTURELESSNESS ?AT W\LD YIELD M9DLESS AN>*Y4 ,! MORE DEF9$ ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( CITIZ5S >E1 ! MORE EASILY CAN !Y BE UPHELD AS P>T ( ! G5]AL 9T]E/ AGA9/ ! 9TRUSION ( PETTY TYRANNIES4 ,IT IS NOT ! CL>ITY ( DEF9ITIONS ?AT HAS OPPRESS$ HUMANITY2 RA!R1 WRONG DEF9ITIONS HAVE BE5 US$ CANNILY TO UPHOLD PRIVILEGE & DOM9ATION4 ,9DE$1 CON/ITUTIONS & LAWS S]V$ TO FREE ! ANCI5T BONDSMAN ( >BITR>Y DESPOTISM & EV5 WOM5 ( PATRI>*AL CONTROL4 ,FROM ! E>LIE/ TIMES OPPRESS$ PEOPLES HAVE RAIS$ ! DEM& = CON/ITUTIONS & LAWS2 9 !IR ABS5CE 0B>ONS0 7TO USE ,HESIOD'S T]M 9 ! SEV5? C5TURY ,B,C,E7 >BITR>ILY 9FLICT$ RULE & T]ROR ON ! MASSES4 ,AN>*I/ DEM&S TO ELIM9ATE LAW AS SU*1 )\T PROVID+ = SUB/ANTIVE WAYS TO AVOID ! OPPRESSIONS ( /RUCTURELESSNESS & >BITR>Y BEHAVIOR1 HAVE PRODUC$ MAYHEM & TYRANNY MORE RELIABLY ?AN LIB]TY & AUTONOMY4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 CON/ITUTIONS & LAWS HAVE 9DE$ BE5 OPPRESSIVE1 (T5 GROSSLY SO1 BUT ?IS RAISES ! QUE/ION ( !IR CONT5T1 NOT ! FACT ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,9DE$1 ONLY A PECULI>LY EGOC5TRIC M5TALITY WILL ASSUME ?AT A RATIONALLY CON/ITUT$ SOCIETY & A RATIONALLY =MULAT$ BODY ( LAWS MU/ NECESS>ILY VIOLATE P]SONAL AUTONOMY & H5CE SOCIAL FRE$OM4 ,NO?+ MORE CLE>LY %$S LI<T ON ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC BASIS ( PRES5T-DAY AN>*ISM & ITS ,PR\DHONESQUE ORIG9S ?AN ?IS P]SONALI/IC FE> ( ANY LIMITATION ON 9DIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR4 ,TAK+ REC\RSE TO BIOLOGI/IC 09/9CT0 AS A GUIDE TO A LIB]T>IAN LIFE/YLE1 ROOT+ FRE$OM 9 HUMAN NATURE & 9 PREHI/ORY1 AN>*I/S 9ADV]T5TLY PETRIFY FRE$OM RA!R ?AN 5SURE IT4 

,COMMUNALISM'S CONCEPT ( ! FREE MUNICIPALITY 79 CONTRA/ TO ! PRIMITIVI/IC1 TE*NOPHOBIC AN>*IC IMAGE ( 0AUTONOMY07 IS1 ,I W\LD >GUE1 A PRODUCT ( REASON 9 HI/ORY1 OR :AT ,I HAVE CALL$ ! 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM10 & 9DE$ ! EMBODIM5T ( REASON 9/ITUTIONALLY & LEGALLY4 ,IT IS REASON CON/ITUT$ 9 9/ITUTIONS1 EMBODI$ 9 ! FUNCTION+ ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS - ?AT IS1 9 !IR CON/ITUTION & !IR LAWS1 AS WELL AS 9 CITIZ5S1 & !IR P]SONAL LIFE-WAYS1 PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES1 & 9T]SUBJECTIVE RELATIONS OR 0SOCIALIZATIONS40 ,TO R$UCE CON/ITUTIONS & LAWS IPSO FACTO TO TRAMMELS ?AT B9D FREE WILL IS TO MAKE A MOCK]Y NOT ONLY ( REASON BUT ( HUMAN5ESS - = :AT REMA9S ( ! HUMAN BE+1 AFT] ?IS R$UCTION1 IS LITTLE MORE ?AN ANIMALITY & BIOLOGY4 ,IT !REBY NEGATES ! HI/ORIC FUNCTION ( ! FREE CITY EXCEPT AS A HABITATION ( A PECULI> K9D1 & 9 ! SPIRIT ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 7:OSE UTOPIA ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E IS BY NO MEANS A CR$IT TO A RATIONAL VISION ( SOCIETY71 ! LESS WE HAVE ( IT1 ! BETT]6 

,COMMUNALISM1 9 EFFECT1 DECL>ES ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL %\LD ACT ) FULL REG>D = ! NE$S ( ALL1 & ?AT DEMOCRACY DECID$LY 9CLUDES ! RI<TS ( A DISS5T+ M9ORITY TO FREELY & FULLY EXPRESS ITSELF4 ,)9 A CONF$]ATION OV] BROAD] REGIONAL >EAS ! DECISIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL ASSEMBLIES M]GE ) ?OSE ( ALL ! ASSEMBLIES2 ?US ! POPUL> DECISIONS ( ! 5TIRE CONF$]ATION >E TAK5 AS A S+LE ASSEMBLY4 

,ASSUR$LY1 A FAILURE TO DEAL RATIONALLY & HUMANELY ) NECESSITY1 :I* CANNOT BE EVAD$ 9 ANY ASPECT ( LIFE1 IS ! MO/ C]TA9 PA? TO OPPRESSION & WORSE4 ,PURE AN>*ISM1 :OSE CRUDE 9DIVIDUALISM REG>DS ! EGO AS A NATURAL 5TITY RA!R ?AN A SOCIALLY =M$ SUBJECT1 T5DS TO NEGATE EV]Y?+ AB\T CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & SEEK \T ITS OPPOSITE )\T ANY QUALIFICATIONS1 AS ?\< A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY IS ! M]E NEGATION ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,9 ITS MO/ EXTREME =M1 ?IS EXPRESS 9DIVIDUALISM DEM&S ! DISB&+ ( SOCIETY AS SU*2 H5CE ! FASC9ATION ( SO MANY AN>*I/ WRIT]S ) PRIMITIVISM1 !IR TE*NOPHOBIC \TLOOK1 !IR AV]SION TO REGULATION ( ANY K9D1 & 9DE$ !IR HATR$ ( NECESSITY4 ,MU/ EV5 ! SELF-REGULATORY FEATURES ( SOCIAL LIFE REALLY BE ABOLI%$ 9 FAVOR ( RELIANCE ON AN ALLEG$ 9/9CT = MUTUAL AID OR1 MORE />TL+1 ON CU/OM8 ,BEYOND SU* ME*ANISM1 AN>*ISM 9 FACT RELIES ON OLD SOCIALI/ T5ETS1 SU* AS WORK]S' CONTROL & DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 :I* IT HAS PICK$ UP &1 9 ! BE/ ( CASES1 EAG]LY EMBRAC$ AS ITS [N4 

,COMMUNALISM DEM&S GREAT ADVANCES 9 !ORY 7NOT ITS D5IGRATION7 AS WELL AS P]MAN5T ACTIVITY 79 ! =M ( FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS1 DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 A COMMUNITY & M>K$ BY !IR CONT9UITY7 - NOT AD HOC ESCAPADES ?AT DISSIPATE AFT] A DEMON/RATION1 RIOT1 OR ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A 0TEMPOR>Y AUTONOM\S ZONE40 ,IF ACTIVISM IS R$UC$ TO DEMON/RATIONS1 RIOTS1 & ,T,A,ZS1 !N REVOLUTION IS NO?+ BUT A FEW H\RS ( FROLICK+1 AFT] :I* ! REAL AU?ORITY ( ! /ATE & RUL+ CLASS TAKES OV]4 ,CAPITALISM HAS NO?+ TO FE> FROM FROLICK+2 9DE$1 ITS FA%ION DESIGN]S & LIFE/YLE SPECIALI/S >E ONLY TOO EAG] TO TURN JUV5ILE EXPRESSIONS ( DISS5T 9TO HI<LY M]*&ISABLE COMMODITIES4 

,NO LESS DI/URB+ IS ! PASSION ?AT MANY DEVOTEES ( PURE AN>*ISM EXHIBIT = CONS5SUS AS A =M ( DECISION-MAK+4 ,! V5]ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY CAN BECOME SO RADICAL ?AT IT W\LD P]MIT NO MAJORITY1 NO MATT] H[ L>GE1 TO OV]RIDE EV5 0A MAJORITY ( ONE10 AS SOME AN>*I/ WRIT]S HAVE PUT IT4 ,9 ?IS EXTREME FETI%IZATION ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 ! CORE AN>*IC CONCEPT ( ! ALL-SOV]EIGN EGO /&S1 9 ALL ITS SPL5DOR1 AGA9/ ! WI%ES ( ! MAJORITY4 ,BY P]MITT+ ! SELF-SUFFICI5T EGO1 BY ITS M]E/ 9CL9ATIONS1 TO OV]RIDE ! WI%ES ( ! COMMUNITY1 AN>*ISM BECOMES UNT5ABLE4 ,COORD9AT$ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION BECOME IMPOSSIBLE1 AS IT DID 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#c1 :5 P>T ( ! ,NOSOTROS AFF9ITY GR\P1 L$ BY ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 *OSE TO LEAD AN 9SURRECTION 9 ,S>AGOSSA 7:I* WAS DOOM$71 :ILE O!RS LIKE ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 HIS TRU/$ COMPAN]O1 SIMPLY AB/A9$ & DISC\RAG$ O!RS FROM GIV+ MILIT>Y AID TO !IR COMRADES 9 ! ,>AGONESE CITY4 

,COMMUNALI/ ,ORGANIZATION 

  

,! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN ORGANIZATION PLACES C]TA9 CON/RA9TS ON ! AUTONOMY ( ITS MEMB]S1 BUT ?AT 9 ITSELF DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MAKE IT AU?ORIT>IAN4 0,LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION0 IS NOT A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 ,9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY LEAD+ ,SPANI% AN>*I/S HAD OPPOS$ ! V]Y =MATION ( ! ,C,N,T BECAUSE IT WAS AN ORGANIZATION & AS SU* DEM&$ ( ITS MEMB]S ! FULFILLM5T ( ON]\S DUTIES4 ,BUT ORGANIZATION AS SU* IS NOT AU?ORIT>IAN4 

,! =MATION ( COMMUNALI/ POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS DEP5DS ON ! =MATION ( A COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,H[ CAN ONE BE E/ABLI%$8 ,IT W\LD BE USEFUL TO PROVIDE A SUMM>Y ( SOME MEASURES ?AT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO CREATE SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 AS WELL AS BRIEFLY DESCRIBE ! ROLE IT CAN BE EXPECT$ TO PLAY 9 A L>G] LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,TO BEG9 )1 POLITICALLY CONC]N$ 9DIVIDUALS :O FEEL ! NE$ TO EXPLORE COMMUNALI/ IDEAS & PRACTICES MAY =M A /UDY GR\P 9 A GIV5 NEI<BORHOOD OR T[N4 ,! /UDY GR\PS SEEK TO 9=M & DEVELOP ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 SOCIAL & POLITICAL *ANGE 9TO FULLY COMPET5T 9DIVIDUALS & LEAD]S4 ,AT A TIME :5 ! KN[L$GE ( PHILOSOPHY1 HI/ORY1 & SOCIAL !ORY HAS RETREAT$ APPALL+LY1 ! OBJECTS ( /UDY MAY RANGE FROM IMM$IATE POLITICAL ISSUES TO ! GREAT 9TELLECTUAL TRADITIONS ( ! PA/4 ,M9IMALLY1 H[EV]1 ! GR\P %\LD GIVE SOCIAL !ORY & ! HI/ORY ( IDEAS PRON\NC$ ATT5TION1 P>TICUL>LY 9S(> AS !SE SUBJECTS 5L>GE MEMB]S' UND]/&+ ( A MUNICIPALI/ APPROA* TO DEMOCRACY & SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,! /UDY GR\PS1 :OSE MEMB]S >E BY N[ COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUALS :O >E COMMITT$ TO A S]I\S EXPLORATION ( IDEAS1 %\LD BEG9 TO FUNCTION )9 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 T[N1 OR CITY 9 :I* !Y >E LOCAT$4 ,!Y SEEK TO 5T] & REMA9 9 ! PUBLIC DOMA9 - TO BE A CONT9UAL REVOLUTION>Y PRES5CE BY VIRTUE ( !IR IDEAS1 !IR EMPHASIS ON ORGANIZATION1 !IR ME?ODS1 & !IR GOALS4 ,COMMUNALI/S REFUSE TO )DRAW FROM ! PUBLIC DOMA9 9 ! NAME ( 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNTY1 >TI/IC EXPRESSION1 OR SELF-ABSORPTION4 ,!Y WE> NO SKI MASKS1 EI!R METAPHORICALLY OR PHYSICALLY1 & DO NOT ALL[ M9DLESS DOGMATIC ASSUMPTIONS & SIMPLIFICATIONS TO /& 9 !IR WAY4 ,!Y >E ALWAYS ACCESSIBLE & TRANSP>5T1 9VOLV$ & RESPONSIBLE4 ,!Y CAN BE EXPECT$ TO E/ABLI% A WELL-9=M$1 C>EFULLY /RUCTUR$ ORGANIZATION1 IF POSSIBLE ) NEI<BORHOOD BRAN*ES4 

,! ORGANIZATION'S GOALS %\LD BE C>EFULLY =MULAT$ 9TO A CONCRETE PROGRAM1 BAS$ ON COMMUNALI/ PR9CIPLES1 ?AT CONSI/5TLY DEM&S ! =MATION ( POLICY-MAK+ MUNICIPAL POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,AS A COMPON5T ( A M9IMUM PROGRAM1 NO ISSUE IS TOO TRIVIAL = COMMUNALI/S TO IGNORE1 BE IT TRANSPORTATION1 RECREATION1 $UCATION1 WELF>E1 ZON+1 5VIRONM5T1 H\S+1 PUBLIC SAFETY1 DEMOCRACY1 CIVIL RI<TS1 & ! LIKE4 ,! PRIMACY ?AT COMMUNALI/S GIVE TO ! E/ABLI%M5T & DEVELOPM5T ( POPUL> ASSEMBLIES DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !Y IGNORE O!R ISSUES ( CONC]N TO ! CITIZ5RY4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y !Y RESOLUTELY FI<T - BO? )9 MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS & \TSIDE !M - = ALL /EPS TO IMPROVE CIVIC LIFE 9 !IR COMMUNITIES & ELSE:]E4 ,ON SPECIFIC ISSUES1 SU* AS GLOBALIZATION1 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS1 E?NIC & G5D] DISCRIM9ATION1 COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATIONS FREELY 5T] 9TO COALITIONS ) O!R ORGANIZATIONS TO 5GAGE 9 COMMON /RUGGLES1 BUT !Y %\LD NEV] SURR5D] !IR IDEOLOGICAL OR ORGANIZATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE OR !IR CLAIM TO !IR [N 9DEP5D5T ACTION4 ,!IR ID5TITY1 IDEAS1 & 9/ITUTIONS >E !IR MO/ PRECI\S POSSESSIONS & MU/ NEV] BE IMPUGN$ 9 ! 9T]E/S ( 0UNITY40 

,9DE$1 :ILE WORK+ ON !SE ISSUES1 !Y ALWAYS SEEK TO 5L>GE !M1 TO REVEAL ?R\< A TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM !IR DEEP-SEAT$ ROOTS4 ,!Y ESCALATE CRIES = RE=MS 9TO RADICAL DEM&S1 SEEK+ TO EXP& EV]Y CIVIL & POLITICAL RI<T ( ! PEOPLE BY CREAT+ ! 9/ITUTIONAL P[] TO =MULATE DECISION-MAK+ POLICIES & SEE TO !IR EXECUTION4 ,! IMPLICATIONS ( SOLV+ !SE PROBLEMS IS A CALL = A REVOLUTION 9 SOCIAL RELATIONS - ?AT IS1 ! A*IEVEM5T ( A MAXIMUM PROGRAM BAS$ ON ! CONF$]ATION ( MUNICIPALI/ ASSEMBLIES 9 :I* PROP]TY IS /EADILY MUNICIPALIZ$ & SUBJECT$ TO COORD9ATION BY CONF$]AL ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES4.<#d#c.> 

,! COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATION1 :ILE ALWAYS RETA9+ ITS ID5TITY & PROGRAM1 9ITIATES REGUL> PUBLIC =UMS TO 5GAGE 9 DISCURSIVE1 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRATIC EXPLORATION ( IDEAS - P>TLY TO SPREAD ITS PROGRAM & BASIC IDEAS & P>TLY TO CREATE PUBLIC SPACES ?AT PROVIDE V5UES = RADICAL CIVIC DEBATE1 UNTIL ACTUAL POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CAN BE E/ABLI%$4 ,:ILE IT WILL CLE>LY BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 LOCAL ISSUES1 ITS PRIM>Y FOCUS %\LD BE ! PUBLIC DOMA9 :]E REAL P[] IS VE/$3 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS1 :I* ALL[ = A CLOSE ASSOCIATION BETWE5 COMMUNALI/ C&IDATES 7= CITY C\NCILS OR !IR EQUIVAL5TS7 & ! PEOPLE4 

,! ABLE/ MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATION %\LD /& 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS & CALL = ! *ANG+ ( CITY *>T]S SO AS TO LEGALLY EMP[] ! MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES4 ,! NEW COMMUNALI/ ORGANIZATION %\LD EXPRESSLY SEEK TO BE ELECT$ TO MUNICIPAL POSITIONS ) A VIEW TO US+ *>T] OR EXTRALEGAL *ANGES TO SIGNIFICANTLY %IFT MUNICIPAL P[] FROM EXI/+ /ATE-LIKE & SEEM+LY REPRES5TATIVE 9/ITUTIONS TO POPUL> ASSEMBLIES AS EMBODIM5TS ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,:]E NO CITY *>T] EXI/S ?AT CAN BE *ANG$ ELECTORALLY1 COMMUNALI/S %\LD ATTEMPT 7BO? $UCATIONALLY & ORGANIZATIONALLY7 TO CONV5E DIRECT DEMOCRATIC ASSEMBLIES ON AN EXTRALEGAL BASIS1 EX]CIS+ MORAL PRESSURE ON /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 9 ! HOPE ?AT PEOPLE WILL1 9 TIME1 REG>D !M AS AU!NTIC C5T]S ( PUBLIC P[] ) ! EXPECTATION ?AT !Y CAN !REBY GA9 /RUCTURAL P[]4 ,COMMUNALISM NEV] COMPROMISES BY ADVOCAT+ DELEGAT$ OR /ATI/ 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES1 & 9 CONTRA/ TO ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,GRE5S1 IT REFUSES TO EXI/ )9 ! 9/ITUTIONAL CAGE ( ! NATION-/ATE OR TO TRY TO GILD IT ) RE=MS ?AT ULTIMATELY SIMPLY MAKE ! /ATE MORE PALATABLE4 

,A COMMUNALI/ GR\P OR MOVEM5T ?AT REFUSES TO RUN C&IDATES 9 MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS :]E IT CAN1 & !REBY REMOVES ITS FOCUS ON ! C5T]S ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ MUNICIPAL P[]1 WILL %RIVEL 9TO AN AD HOC1 ROOTLESS1 SPORADIC1 POLYMORPH\S =M ( AN>*IC PROTE/ & QUICKLY FADE AWAY4 ,IT WILL BE COMMUNALI/ 9 NAME ONLY1 NOT 9 CONT5T4 ,IT IS CONC]N$ NOT ) ! LOCUS ( P[] BUT ) M]E DEFIANCE AT BE/1 :I* LEADS NO:]E OR T]M9ATES 9 FROLICK+ ) ! SY/EM AT WOR/4 ,9 ! COMMUNALI/ VISION1 PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES 9 CONF$]ATION >E A MEANS = DE/ROY+ ! /ATE & CAPITALISM1 AS WELL AS ! EMBODIM5TS ( A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,TO HOP FROM DEMON/RATION TO DEMON/RATION )\T ATTEMPT+ TO RECREATE P[] 9 ! =M ( PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES BY TAK+ CONTROL ( CITY C\NCILS 7:I* MEANS PRACTIC+ POLITICS 9 OPPOSITION TO P>LIAM5T>Y /ATECRAFT7 IS TO MAKE A MOCK]Y ( COMMUNALISM4 

,COMMUNALI/S SEEK TO CREATE A FULLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY1 BUT !Y NEV] FETI%IZE NUMB]S1 BE IT NUMB]S ( MEMB]S1 VOT]S1 P>TICIPANTS 9 PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES1 & ! LIKE4 ,9 A COMMUNALI/ POLITY IT SUFFICES ?AT ! DOORS ( A PUBLIC ASSEMBLY >E ALWAYS OP5 TO ! CITIZ5RY4 ,IF A MAJORITY ( A NEI<BORHOOD1 T[N1 OR CITY *OOSE TO ATT5D AN ASSEMBLY MEET+ & BECOME P>TICIPANTS 9 MAK+ IMPORTANT DECISIONS1 ALL ! BETT]1 BUT IF ONLY A FEW >E SUFFICI5TLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! POLITICAL FATE ( !IR COMMUNITY TO ATT5D1 SO BE IT4 ,! ASSEMBLY'S DECISIONS C>RY ! SAME WEI<T1 REG>DLESS ( :E!R ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE PRES5T IS A DOZ51 A HUNDR$1 OR SEV]AL ?\S&4 ,POLITICAL DECISIONS %\LD BE MADE BY POLITICALLY 9VOLV$ CITIZ5S3 ,UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES %\LD POOR ATT5DANCE AT A PUBLIC ASSEMBLY BE AN EXCUSE TO AB&ON A DIRECT & DISCURSIVE DEMOCRACY 9 FAVOR ( ANONYM\S VOT+ AT POLLS1 :I* R5D]S POLITICS IMP]SONAL & NON-DISCURSIVE4 

,COMMUNALI/ GR\PS CALL = ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES - BE !Y LEGALLY EMP[]$ OR ONLY MORALLY EMP[]$ - TO CONF$]ATE1 ) A VIEW T[>D REPLAC+ ! /ATE4 ,9 EFFECT1 COMMUNALI/S AIM AT E/ABLI%+ A DUAL P[] ( CITIZ5-CON/ITUT$ 9/ITUTIONS ?AT WILL *ALL5GE ! AU?ORITY1 LEGITIMACY1 & POLICIES ( EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,?R\<\T1 MUNICIPAL CONF$]ATIONS %\LD HOLD REGUL> CONGRESSES & CONF]5CES1 PL5>IES & COMMITTEE MEET+S4 ,AS NE$ >ISES1 !Y E/ABLI% EXTRAORD9>Y COMMISSIONS TO UND]TAKE SPECIFIC TASKS4 ,:]EV] ASSEMBLIES ELECT DELEGATES TO COORD9ATE A CONF$]AL ASSOCIATION1 !Y 5SURE ?AT ! DELEGATES' P[]S >E ALWAYS M&AT$ BY !IR RESPECTIVE CITIZ5S' ASSEMBLIES & ?AT ! DELEGATES !MSELVES >E ALWAYS SUBJECT TO RECALL4 ,EM]G+ LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALITIES MU/ BE UNIT$ ?R\< ! =MATION ( WELL-ORGANIZ$ & SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE CONF$]ATIONS4 

,AN ORGANIZATION ?AT IS MORE ADVANC$ !ORETICALLY & PROGRAMMATICALLY ?AN ! BROAD] PUBLIC MOVEM5T ( :I* IT IS P>T HAS EV]Y RI<T TO REG>D ITSELF AS A VANGU>D1 JU/ AS ! ,FR5* T]M AVANT-G>DE D5OT$ ?AT C]TA9 >TI/IC1 MUSICAL1 & O!R S*OOLS W]E MORE ADVANC$ 9 PRACTICE & ?\<T4 ,OBVI\SLY1 SU* AN ACKN[L$GM5T DOES NOT CONF] UPON A VANGU>D ANY SPECIAL PRIVILEGES1 BUT IT SIMPLY RECOGNIZES ?AT !IR IDEAS & PRACTICAL CONTRIBUTIONS CAN BE EXPECT$ TO HAVE A M>K$1 9DE$ GUID+1 IMPORTANCE4 ,AN ADVANC$1 HI<LY CONSCI\S POLITICAL ORGANIZATION %\LD PROVIDE LEAD]%IP1 YET ALWAYS RETA9+ ITS 9DEP5D5CE 9/ITUTIONALLY & FUNCTIONALLY4 ,BY ! SAME TOK51 NOT EV]YONE 9 AN ORGANIZATION HAS ! SAME LEVEL ( EXP]I5CE1 KN[L$GE1 WISDOM1 & LEAD]%IP ABILITY4 ,LEAD]%IP ?AT IS NOT =MALIZ$ WILL BE 9=MAL1 BUT IT WILL NOT DISAPPE>4 ,MANY 9DIVIDUALS 9 REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS W]E \TRI<T LEAD]S1 :OSE VIEWS HAD MORE SIGNIFICANCE ?AN O!RS2 IT IS A DISS]VICE TO P]PETUATE ! DECEPTION ?AT !Y W]E SIMPLY 09FLU5TIAL MILITANTS40 ,LEAD]%IP ALWAYS EXI/S1 H[EV] MU* LIB]T>IANS TRY TO D5Y ! FACT BY CONCEAL+ ITS EXI/5CE B5EA? EUPHEMISMS4 

,A S]I\S LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATION W\LD E/ABLI% NOT ONLY LEAD]S BUT ALSO MEANS BY :I* ! MEMB]%IP MAY RECALL LEAD]S :OSE VIEWS & BEHAVIOR !Y OPPOSE1 & EFFECTIVELY MODIFY !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 FRIVOL\S OPPOSITION TO LEAD]S = ITS [N SAKE %\LD NEV] BE TOL]AT$4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ SC&AL\S FEATURES ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 7:5 !Y EXI/7 HAS BE5 ! DIZZY+ 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT P]MITS NEUROTIC P]SONALITIES TO DISRUPT MEET+S & ACTIVITIES AS EXPRESSIONS ( SELFHOOD4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! USE ( AD HOM9EM ATTACKS1 GOSSIP1 & P]SONAL RUMORS TO UND]M9E ! 9FLU5CE ( LEAD]S & SUBV]T S]I\S IDEAS HAS DONE MU* TO PREV5T AN>*I/S FROM E/ABLI%+ EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS4 

,F9ALLY1 COMMUNALISM IS NOT SIMPLY A VEHICLE = E/ABLI%+ A COMMUNALI/ POLITY & ! APPROPRIATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS ALSO AN \TLOOK ?AT 9CLUDES A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROA* TO REALITY AS WELL AS SOCIETY & T[>D ! NATURAL WORLD AS WELL AS HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT CONT5DS ?AT ! ONGO+ CRISIS 9 \R CULTURE & VALUES /EMS NOT FROM AN OV]ABUNDANCE ( CIVILIZATION BUT FROM AN 9SUFFICI5CY ( IT4 ,IT DEF5DS TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 US$ RATIONALLY & MORALLY1 AS R$UC+ LABOR & CREAT+ FREE TIME ?AT POT5TIALLY ALL[S CITIZ5S TO P>TICIPATE 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 TIME = CREATIVITY1 A REASONABLE ABUNDANCE 9 ! MEANS ( LIFE1 & EV51 9 A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY1 ! ABILITY TO IMPROVE UPON ! IMPACT ( NATURAL =CES4 ,PO/-SC>CITY ABUNDANCE 7NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! M9DLESS CONSUM]ISM FO/]$ BY CAPITALISM7 MU/ BE WISELY TEMP]$ & CONTROLL$ BY MUNICIPAL ASSEMBLIES & ! FREE CONF$]AL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT AN EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY CAN CREATE4 

,ABOVE ALL1 COMMUNALISM /AKES \T A CLAIM AS A CONT9UATION ( ALL ?AT IS EMANCIPATORY 9 ! ,5LI<T5M5T TRADITION ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES4 ,IT FIRMLY %>ES ! ,5LI<T5M5T'S CONCEPTION ?AT FRE$OM CON/ITUTES ! DEF9+ POT5TIALITY ( HUMANNESS3 ! POT5TIALITY = ! SELF-ELABORATION ( REASON BY RATIONAL PRAXIS UNTIL HUMANITY F9ALLY A*IEVES ! ACTUALIZATION ( A TRULY RATIONAL SOCIETY4 

,?IS SELF-ACTUALIZATION ( HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = REASON1 CREATIVITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS IS MORE ?AN A DI/ANT IDEAL2 IT IS ! ONE ABID+ GOAL ?AT GIVES MEAN+ TO ANY EF=T TO *ANGE ! WORLD4 ,9DE$1 ! MAGNIFIC5T GOAL ( ADVANC+ REASON1 CREATIVITY1 & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS IS ALL ?AT GIVES MEAN+ TO ! EVOLUTION ( HUMANITY ITSELF AS ! POT5TIALLY CREATIVE AG5T2 9 ITS ABS5CE ! WORLD HAS NO MEAN+4 ,?IS GOAL %\LD HOV] OV] EV]Y TRANS=MATIVE PROJECT ?AT COMMUNALI/S UND]TAKE 9 !IR EF=TS TO MAKE AN 9HUMAN WORLD 9TO A HUMAN ONE & AN IRRATIONAL SOCIETY 9TO A RATIONAL ONE - FAVOR+ A COMMITM5T TO TRU? & 9NOVATION1 IRRESPECTIVE ( :AT IS SO MISLEAD+LY CALL$ REALISM & ADAPTATION4 ,IT IS NOT BY ANY PRAGMATIC MAP BUT BY ?IS FLAME1 :I* IS FUEL$ BY REASON'S CONCEPTION ( 0:AT %\LD BE0 AS AGA9/ 0:AT IS10 ?AT HUMANITY CAN FULFILL ITS POT5TIALITY = REASON & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 !REBY JU/IFY+ ITSELF 9 ! S*EME ( ?+S4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #i -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/