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,FREE ,POLITICAL ,9/ITUTIONS 

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,AN ,ABRIDGM5T & ,RE>RANGEM5T ( ,LYS&] ,SPOON]'S 0,TRIAL BY JURY0 

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,SU* BE+ ! PR9CIPLES ON :I* ! GOV]NM5T IS =M$1 ! QUE/ION >ISES1 H[ %ALL ?IS GOV]NM5T1 :5 =M$1 BE KEPT )9 ! LIMITS ( ! CONTRACT BY :I* IT WAS E/ABLI%$8 ,H[ %ALL ?IS GOV]NM5T1 9/ITUT$ BY ! :OLE PEOPLE1 AGRE$ TO BY ! :OLE PEOPLE1 SUPPORT$ BY ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ! :OLE PEOPLE1 BE CONF9$ TO ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ?OSE PURPOSES ALONE :I* ! :OLE PEOPLE DESIRE8 ,H[ %ALL IT BE PRES]V$ FROM DEG5]AT+ 9TO A M]E GOV]NM5T = ! B5EFIT ( A P>T ONLY ( ?OSE :O E/ABLI%$ IT & :O SUPPORT IT8 ,H[ %ALL IT BE PREV5T$ FROM EV5 9JUR+ A P>T ( ITS [N MEMB]S = ! AGGR&IZEM5T ( ! RE/8 ,ITS LAWS MU/ BE 7OR1 AT LEA/1 N[ >E7 PASS$1 & MO/ ( ITS O!R ACTS P]=M$1 BY M]E AG5TS-AG5TS *OS5 BY A P>T ( ! PEOPLE1 & NOT BY ! :OLE4 ,H[ CAN !SE AG5TS BE RE/RA9$ FROM SEEK+ !IR [N 9T]E/S1 & ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE :O ELECT$ !M1 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! RI<TS ( ! REMA9D] ( ! PEOPLE1 BY ! PASSAGE & 5=CEM5T ( LAWS P>TIAL1 UNEQUAL1 & UNJU/ 9 !IR OP]ATION8 

,?AT IS ! GREAT QUE/ION4 ,& ! TRIAL BY JURY ANSW]S IT4 

0,! TRIAL BY JURY0 IS A TRIAL BY ! C\NTRY-?AT IS1 BY ! PEOPLE-AS DI/+UI%$ FROM A TRIAL BY ! GOV]NM5T4 

,IT WAS ANCI5TLY CALL$ TRIAL P] PAIS-?AT IS1 TRIAL BY ! C\NTRY4 ,& N[ 9 EV]Y CRIM9AL TRIAL ! JURY >E TOLD ?AT ! ACCUS$ 0HAS1 = TRIAL1 PUT HIMSELF UPON ! C\NTRY1 :I* C\NTRY Y\ 7! JURY7 >E40 

,! OBJECT ( ?IS TRIAL BY ! C\NTRY1 OR BY ! PEOPLE1 9 PREF]5CE TO A TRIAL BY ! GOV]NM5T1 IS TO GU>D AGA9/ EV]Y SPECIES ( OPPRESSION BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ORD] TO EFFECT ?IS 5D1 IT IS 9DISP5SABLE ?AT ! PEOPLE1 OR ! C\NTRY1 JUDGE ( & DET]M9E !IR [N LIB]TIES AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T1 9/EAD ( ! GOV]NM5T'S JUDG+ ( & DET]M9+ ITS [N P[]S OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,H[ IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT JURIES CAN DO ANY?+ TO PROTECT ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T1 IF !Y >E NOT ALL[$ TO DET]M9E :AT ?OSE LIB]TIES >E8 

,ANY GOV]NM5T ?AT IS ITS [N JUDGE (1 & DET]M9ES AU?ORITATIVELY = ! PEOPLE1 :AT >E ITS [N P[]S OV] ! PEOPLE1 IS AN ABSOLUTE GOV]NM5T4 ,IT HAS ALL ! P[]S ?AT IT *OOSES TO EX]CISE4 ,!RE IS NO O!R1 OR1 AT LEA/1 NO MORE ACCURATE1 DEF9ITION ( A DESPOTISM ?AN ?IS4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ANY PEOPLE :O JUDGE (1 & DET]M9E AU?ORITATIVELY = ! GOV]NM5T1 :AT >E !IR [N LIB]TIES AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T1 ( C\RSE RETA9 ALL ! LIB]TIES !Y WI% TO 5JOY4 ,& ?IS IS FRE$OM4 ,AT LEA/1 IT IS FRE$OM TO !M2 BECAUSE1 AL?\< IT MAY BE !ORETICALLY IMP]FECT1 IT1 NEV]!LESS1 CORRESPONDS TO !IR HI<E/ NOTIONS ( FRE$OM4 

,TO SECURE ?IS RI<T ( ! PEOPLE TO JUDGE ( !IR [N LIB]TIES AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T1 ! JURORS MU/ BE TAK5 FROM ! BODY ( ! PEOPLE1 BY LOT1 OR BY SOME PROCESS ?AT PRECLUDES ANY PREVI\S KN[L$GE1 *OICE1 OR SELECTION ( !M1 ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS IS DONE TO PREV5T ! GOV]NM5T'S CON/ITUT+ A JURY ( ITS [N P>TISANS OR FRI5DS2 9 O!R WORDS1 TO PREV5T ! GOV]NM5T'S PACK+ A JURY ) A VIEW TO MA9TA9 ITS [N LAWS & ACCOMPLI% ITS [N PURPOSES4 

,IT IS SUPPOS$ ?AT1 IF TWELVE M5 BE TAK5 BY LOT FROM ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 )\T ! POSSIBILITY ( ANY PREVI\S KN[L$GE1 *OICE1 OR SELECTION ( !M ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ! JURY WILL BE A FAIR EPITOME ( ! C\NTRY AT L>GE1 & NOT M]ELY ( ! P>TY OR FACTION ?AT SU/A9 ! MEASURES ( ! GOV]NM5T2 ?AT SUB/ANTIALLY ALL CLASSES ( OP9IONS PREVAIL+ AMONG ! PEOPLE WILL BE REPRES5T$ 9 ! JURY2 & ESPECIALLY ?AT ! OPPON5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T 7IF ! GOV]NM5T HAVE ANY OPPON5TS7 WILL BE REPRES5T$ !RE AS WELL AS ITS FRI5DS2 ?AT ! CLASSES :O >E OPPRESS$ BY ! LAWS ( ! GOV]NM5T 7IF ANY >E ?US OPPRESS$7 WILL HAVE !IR REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! JURY AS WELL AS ?OSE :O TAKE SIDE ) ! OPPRESSOR-?AT IS ) ! GOV]NM5T4 

,IT IS FAIRLY PRESUMABLE ?AT SU* A TRIBUNAL WILL AGREE TO NO CONVICTION EXCEPT SU* AS SUB/ANTIALLY ! :OLE C\NTRY W\LD AGREE TO1 IF !Y W]E PRES5T TAK+ P>T 9 ! TRIAL4 ,A TRIAL BY SU* A TRIBUNAL IS !RE=E 9 EFFECT A TRIAL BY ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ITS RESULTS IT PROBABLY COMES AS NE> TO A TRIAL BY ! :OLE C\NTRY AS ANY TRIAL ?AT IT IS PRACTICABLE TO HAVE )\T TOO GREAT 9CONV5I5CE & EXP5SE4 ,& AS UNANIMITY IS REQUIR$ = A CONVICTION1 IT FOLL[S ?AT NO ONE CAN BE CONVICT$ EXCEPT = ! VIOLATION ( SU* LAWS AS SUB/ANTIALLY ! :OLE C\NTRY WI% TO HAVE MA9TA9$4 ,! GOV]NM5T CAN 5=CE NONE ( ITS LAWS 7BY PUNI%+ (F5D]S ?R\< ! V]DICT ( JURIES7 EXCEPT SU* AS SUB/ANTIALLY ! :OLE PEOPLE WI% TO HAVE 5=C$4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 !RE=E1 CONSI/5TLY ) ! TRIAL BY JURY1 CAN EX]CISE NO P[]S OV] ! PEOPLE 7OR-:AT IS ! SAME ?+-OV] ! ACCUS$ P]SON1 :O REPRES5TS ! RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE7 EXCEPT SU* AS SUB/ANTIALLY ! :OLE PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRY CONS5T ?AT IT MAY EX]CISE4 ,9 SU* A TRIAL1 ! C\NTRY1 OR ! PEOPLE1 JUDGE ( & DET]M9E !IR [N LIB]TIES AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T1 9/EAD ( ! GOV]NM5T'S JUDG+ ( & DET]M9+ ITS [N P[]S OV] ! PEOPLE4 

,BUT ALL ?IS 0TRIAL BY ! C\NTRY0 W\LD BE NO TRIAL AT ALL BY ! C\NTRY1 BUT ONLY A TRIAL BY ! GOV]NM5T1 IF ! GOV]NM5T C\LD EI!R DECL>E :O MAY & :O MAY NOT BE JURORS1 OR C\LD DICTATE TO ! JURY ANY?+ :ATEV]1 EI!R ( LAW OR EVID5CE1 ?AT IS ( ! ESS5CE ( ! TRIAL4 

,IF ! GOV]NM5T MAY DECIDE :O MAY & :O MAY NOT BE JURORS1 IT WILL ( C\RSE SELECT ONLY ITS P>TISANS & ?OSE FRI5DLY TO ITS MEASURES4 ,IT MAY NOT ONLY PRESCRIBE :O MAY & :O MAY NOT BE ELIGIBLE TO BE DRAWN AS JURORS1 BUT IT MAY ALSO QUE/ION EA* P]SON DRAWN AS A JUROR AS TO HIS S5TIM5TS 9 REG>D TO ! P>TICUL> LAW 9VOLV$ 9 EA* TRIAL BE=E SUFF]+ HIM TO BE SWORN ON ! PANEL1 & EXCLUDE HIM IF HE BE F\ND UNFAVORABLE TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( SU* A LAW4 

,SO1 ALSO1 IF ! GOV]NM5T MAY DICTATE TO ! JURY :AT LAWS !Y >E TO 5=CE1 IT IS NO LONG] A TRIAL BY ! C\NTRY1 BUT A TRIAL BY ! GOV]NM5T1 BECAUSE ! JURY !N TRY ! ACCUS$1 NOT BY ANY /&>D ( !IR [N1 BUT BY A /&>D DICTAT$ TO !M BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,& ! /&>D ?US DICTAT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T BECOMES ! MEASURE ( ! PEOPLE'S LIB]TIES4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T DICTATE ! /&>D ( TRIAL1 IT ( C\RSE DICTATES ! RESULTS ( ! TRIAL4 ,& SU* A TRIAL IS A TRIAL BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,9 %ORT1 IF ! JURY HAVE NO RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! JU/ICE ( A LAW ( ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y PLA9LY CAN DO NO?+ TO PROTECT ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ! OPPRESSIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 = !RE >E NO OPPRESSIONS :I* ! GOV]NM5T MAY NOT AU?ORIZE BY LAW4 

,! JURY >E ALSO TO JUDGE :E!R ! LAWS >E RI<TLY EXP\ND$ TO !M BY ! C\RT4 ,UNLESS !Y JUDGE ON ?IS PO9T1 !Y DO NO?+ TO PROTECT !IR LIB]TIES AGA9/ ! OPPRESSIONS ?AT >E CAPABLE ( BE+ PRACTIC$ UND] COV] ( A CORRUPT EXPOSITION ( ! LAWS4 ,IF ! JUDICI>Y CAN AU?ORITATIVELY DICTATE TO ! JURY ANY EXPOSITION ( ! LAW1 !Y CAN DICTATE TO !M ! LAW ITSELF1 & SU* LAWS AS !Y PLEASE1 BECAUSE LAWS >E 9 PRACTICE ONE ?+ OR ANO!R ACCORD+ AS !Y >E EXP\ND$4 

,! JURY MU/ ALSO JUDGE :E!R !RE REALLY BE ANY SU* LAW AS ! ACCUS$ IS *>G$ ) HAV+ TRANSGRESS$4 

,! JURY MU/ ALSO JUDGE ( ! LAWS ( EVID5CE4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T CAN DICTATE TO A JURY ! LAWS ( EVID5CE1 IT CAN NOT ONLY %UT \T ANY EVID5CE IT PLEASES1 T5D+ TO V9DICATE ! ACCUS$1 BUT IT CAN REQUIRE ?AT ANY EVID5CE :ATEV] ?AT IT *OOSES TO (F] BE HELD AS CONCLUSIVE PRO( ( ANY (F5SE :ATEV] :I* ! GOV]NM5T *OOSES TO ALLEGE4 

,IT IS MANIFE/1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! JURY MU/ JUDGE ( & TRY ! :OLE CASE1 & EV]Y P>T & P>CEL ( ! CASE1 FREE ( ANY DICTATION OR AU?ORITY ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y MU/ JUDGE ( ! EXI/5CE ( ! LAW2 ( ! TRUE EXPOSITION ( ! LAW2 ( ! JU/ICE ( ! LAW2 & ( ! ADMISSIBILITY & WEI<T ( ALL ! EVID5CE (F]$3 O!RWISE ! GOV]NM5T WILL HAVE EV]Y?+ ITS [N WAY1 ! JURY WILL BE M]E PUPPETS 9 ITS H&S1 & ! TRIAL WILL BE 9 REALITY A TRIAL BY ! GOV]NM5T1 & NOT A TRIAL BY ! C\NTRY4 ,BY SU* TRIALS ! GOV]NM5T WILL DET]M9E ITS [N P[]S OV] ! PEOPLE1 9/EAD ( ! PEOPLE DET]M9+ !IR LIB]TIES AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T2 & IT WILL BE AN 5TIRE DELUSION TO TALK1 AS = C5TURIES WE HAVE DONE1 ( ! TRIAL BY JURY AS A 0PALLADIUM ( LIB]TY10 OR AS ANY PROTECTION TO ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ! OPPRESSION & TYRANNY ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,UNLESS SU* BE ! RI<T & DUTY ( JURORS1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT1 9/EAD ( JURIES BE+ A PALLADIUM ( LIB]TY1 A B>RI] AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( ! GOV]NM5T1 !Y >E REALLY M]E TOOLS 9 ITS H&S = C>RY+ 9TO EXECUTION ANY 9JU/ICE & OPPRESSION IT MAY DESIRE TO HAVE EXECUT$4 

,BUT = !IR RI<T TO JUDGE ( ! LAW1 & ! JU/ICE ( ! LAW1 JURIES W\LD BE NO PROTECTION TO AN ACCUS$ P]SON1 EV5 AS TO MATT]S ( FACT2 =1 IF ! GOV]NM5T CAN DICTATE TO A JURY ANY LAW :ATEV] 9 A CRIM9AL CASE1 IT CAN C]TA9LY DICTATE TO !M ! LAWS ( EVID5CE4 ,?AT IS1 IT CAN DICTATE :AT EVID5CE IS ADMISSIBLE & :AT 9ADMISSIBLE1 & ALSO :AT =CE OR WEI<T IS TO BE GIV5 TO ! EVID5CE ADMITT$4 ,& IF ! GOV]NM5T CAN ?US DICTATE TO A JURY ! LAWS ( EVID5CE1 IT CAN NOT ONLY MAKE IT NECESS>Y = !M TO CONVICT ON A P>TIAL EXHIBITION ( ! EVID5CE RI<TFULLY P]TA9+ TO ! CASE1 BUT IT CAN EV5 REQUIRE !M TO CONVICT ON ANY EVID5CE ?AT IT PLEASES TO (F] !M4 

,! QUE/ION1 !N1 BETWE5 TRIAL BY JURY AS ?US DESCRIB$ & TRIAL BY ! GOV]NM5T IS SIMPLY A QUE/ION BETWE5 LIB]TY & DESPOTISM4 ,! AU?ORITY TO JUDGE :AT >E ! P[]S ( ! GOV]NM5T & :AT ! LIB]TIES ( ! PEOPLE MU/ NECESS>ILY BE VE/$ 9 ONE OR ! O!R ( ! P>TIES !MSELVES1 BECAUSE !RE IS NO ?IRD P>TY TO :OM IT CAN BE 5TRU/$4 ,IF ! AU?ORITY BE VE/$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 ! GOV]NM5T IS ABSOLUTE1 & ! PEOPLE HAVE NO LIB]TIES EXCEPT SU* AS ! GOV]NM5T SEES FIT TO 9DULGE !M )4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ?AT AU?ORITY BE VE/$ 9 ! PEOPLE1 !N ! PEOPLE HAVE ALL LIB]TIES EXCEPT SU* AS ! :OLE PEOPLE *OOSE TO DISCLAIM2 & ! GOV]NM5T CAN EX]CISE NO P[] EXCEPT SU* AS ! :OLE PEOPLE CONS5T ?AT IT MAY EX]CISE4 

,! =CE & JU/ICE ( ! PREC$+ >GUM5T CANNOT BE EVAD$ BY SAY+ ?AT ! GOV]NM5T IS *OS5 BY ! PEOPLE2 ?AT1 9 !ORY1 IT REPRES5TS ! PEOPLE2 ?AT IT IS DESIGN$ TO DO ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE2 ?AT ITS MEMB]S >E ALL SWORN TO OBS]VE ! FUNDAM5TAL OR CON/ITUTIONAL LAW 9/ITUT$ BY ! PEOPLE2 ?AT ITS ACTS >E !RE=E 5TITL$ TO BE CONSID]$ ! ACTS ( ! PEOPLE2 & ?AT TO ALL[ A JURY REPRES5T+ ! PEOPLE TO 9VALIDATE ! ACTS ( ! GOV]NM5T W\LD !RE=E BE >RAY+ ! PEOPLE AGA9/ !MSELVES4 

,!RE >E TWO ANSW]S TO SU* AN >GUM5T4 

,ONE ANSW] IS ?AT 9 A REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T !RE IS NO ABSURDITY OR CONTRADICTION1 NOR ANY >RAY+ ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ !MSELVES1 9 REQUIR+ ?AT ! /ATUTES OR 5ACTM5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T %ALL PASS ! ORDEAL ( ANY NUMB] ( SEP>ATE TRIBUNALS BE=E IT %ALL BE DET]M9$ ?AT !Y >E TO HAVE ! =CE ( LAWS4 ,\R ,AM]ICAN 9/ITUTIONS HAVE PROVID$ FIVE ( !SE SEP>ATE TRIBUNALS1 TO WIT1 REPRES5TATIVES1 S5ATE1 EXECUTIVE1 JURY1 & JUDGES2 & HAVE MADE IT NECESS>Y ?AT EA* 5ACTM5T %ALL PASS ! ORDEAL ( ANY NUMB] ( SEP>ATE TRIBUNALS BE=E ITS AU?ORITY CAN BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! PUNI%M5T ( ?OSE :O TRANSGRESS IT4 ,& !RE IS NO MORE ABSURDITY OR 9CONSI/5CY 9 MAK+ A JURY ONE ( !SE SEV]AL TRIBUNALS & GIV+ IT A VETO UPON ! LAWS ?AN !RE IS 9 GIV+ A VETO TO EA* ( !SE O!R TRIBUNALS4 ,! PEOPLE >E NO MORE >RAY$ AGA9/ !MSELVES :5 A JURY PUTS ITS VETO UPON A /ATUTE :I* ! O!R TRIBUNALS HAVE SANCTION$ ?AN !Y >E :5 ! SAME VETO IS EX]CIS$ BY ! EXECUTIVE OR ! JUDGES4 

,BUT ANO!R ANSW] IS ?AT ! GOV]NM5T & ALL ! DEP>TM5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T >E M]ELY ! S]VANTS & AG5TS ( ! PEOPLE1 NOT 9VE/$ ) >BITR>Y OR ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY TO B9D ! PEOPLE1 BUT REQUIR$ TO SUBMIT ALL !IR 5ACTM5TS TO ! JUDGM5T ( A TRIBUNAL MORE FAIRLY REPRES5T+ ! :OLE PEOPLE BE=E !Y C>RY !M 9TO EXECUTION4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T W]E NOT ?US REQUIR$ TO SUBMIT !IR 5ACTM5TS TO ! JUDGM5T ( ! C\NTRY2 IF1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! PEOPLE HAD RES]V$ TO !MSELVES NO VETO UPON ! ACTS ( ! GOV]NM5T1 !N ! GOV]NM5T1 9/EAD ( BE+ A M]E S]VANT & AG5T ( ! PEOPLE1 W\LD BE AN ABSOLUTE DESPOT OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,IT W\LD HAVE ALL P[] 9 ITS [N H&S1 BECAUSE ! P[] TO PUNI% C>RIES ALL O!R P[]S ) IT4 ,A P[] ?AT CAN ( ITSELF1 & BY ITS [N AU?ORITY1 PUNI% DISOB$I5CE1 CAN COMPEL OB$I5CE & SUBMISSION1 & IS ABOVE ALL RESPONSIBILITY = ! *>ACT] ( ITS LAWS4 ,9 %ORT1 IT IS A DESPOTISM4 

,& IT IS ( NO CONSEQU5CE TO 9QUIRE H[ A GOV]NM5T CAME BY ?IS P[] TO PUNI%1 :E!R BY PRESCRIPTION1 BY 9H]ITANCE1 BY USURPATION1 OR BY DELEGATION FROM ! PEOPLE4 ,IF IT HAVE N[ BUT GOT IT1 ! GOV]NM5T IS ABSOLUTE4 

,IT IS PLA91 !RE=E1 ?AT1 IF ! PEOPLE HAVE 9VE/$ ! GOV]NM5T ) P[] TO MAKE LAWS ?AT >E ABSOLUTELY B9D+ & TO PUNI% TRANSGRESSORS1 !Y HAVE SURR5D]$ !IR LIB]TIES UNRES]V$LY 9TO ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,IT IS ( NO AVAIL TO SAY1 9 ANSW] TO ?IS VIEW ( ! CASE1 ?AT 9 ?US SURR5D]+ !IR LIB]TIES ! PEOPLE TOOK AN OA? FROM ! GOV]NM5T ?AT IT W\LD EX]CISE ITS P[] )9 C]TA9 CON/ITUTIONAL LIMITS2 = :5 DID OA?S EV] RE/RA9 A GOV]NM5T ?AT WAS O!RWISE UNRE/RA9$8 ,OR :5 DID A GOV]NM5T FAIL TO DET]M9E ?AT ALL ITS ACTS W]E )9 ! CON/ITUTIONAL & AU?ORIZ$ LIMITS ( ITS P[]1 IF IT W]E P]MITT$ TO DET]M9E ?AT QUE/ION = ITSELF8 

,NEI!R IS IT ( ANY AVAIL TO SAY ?AT1 IF ! GOV]NM5T ABUSE ITS P[] & 5ACT UNJU/ & OPPRESSIVE LAWS1 ! GOV]NM5T MAY BE *ANG$ BY ! 9FLU5CE ( DISCUSSION & ! EX]CISE ( ! RI<T ( SUFFRAGE4 ,DISCUSSION CAN DO NO?+ TO PREV5T ! 5ACTM5T1 OR PROCURE ! REPEAL1 ( UNJU/ LAWS1 UNLESS IT BE UND]/OOD ?AT ! DISCUSSION IS TO BE FOLL[$ BY RESI/ANCE4 ,TYRANTS C>E NO?+ = DISCUSSIONS ?AT >E TO 5D ONLY 9 DISCUSSION4 ,SU* DISCUSSION AS DOES NOT 9T]F]E ) ! 5=CEM5T ( !IR LAWS IS BUT IDLE W9D TO !M4 ,SUFFRAGE IS EQUALLY P[]LESS & UNRELIABLE4 ,IT CAN BE EX]CIS$ ONLY P]IODICALLY1 & ! TYRANNY MU/ AT LEA/ BE BORNE UNTIL ! TIME = SUFFRAGE COMES4 ,BESIDES1 :5 ! SUFFRAGE IS EX]CIS$1 IT GIVES NO GU>ANTEE = ! REPEAL ( EXI/+ LAWS ?AT >E OPPRESSIVE & NO SECURITY AGA9/ ! 5ACTM5T ( NEW ONES ?AT >E EQUALLY SO4 ,! SECOND BODY ( LEGISLATORS >E LIKELY & LIABLE TO BE JU/ AS TYRANNICAL AS ! FIR/4 ,IF IT BE SAID ?AT ! SECOND BODY MAY BE *OS5 = !IR 9TEGRITY1 ! ANSW] IS ?AT ! FIR/ W]E *OS5 = ?AT V]Y REASON1 & YET PROV$ TYRANTS4 ,! SECOND WILL BE EXPOS$ TO ! SAME TEMPTATIONS AS ! FIR/ & WILL BE JU/ AS LIKELY TO PROVE TYRANNICAL4 ,:OEV] HE>D ?AT SUCCE$+ LEGISLATURES W]E1 ON ! :OLE1 MORE HONE/ ?AN ?OSE ?AT PREC$$ !M8 ,:AT IS !RE 9 ! NATURE ( M5 OR ?+S TO MAKE !M SO8 ,IF IT BE SAID ?AT ! FIR/ BODY W]E *OS5 FROM MOTIVES ( 9JU/ICE1 ?AT FACT PROVES ?AT !RE IS A PORTION ( SOCIETY :O DESIRE TO E/ABLI% 9JU/ICE2 & IF !Y W]E P[]FUL OR >TFUL 5\< TO PROCURE ! ELECTION ( !IR 9/RUM5TS TO COMPOSE ! FIR/ LEGISLATURE1 !Y WILL BE LIKELY TO SUCCE$ EQUALLY WELL ) ! SECOND4 ,! RI<T ( SUFFRAGE1 !RE=E1 & EV5 A *ANGE ( LEGISLATORS1 GU>ANTEES NO *ANGE ( LEGISLATION- C]TA9LY NO *ANGE = ! BETT]4 ,EV5 IF A *ANGE = ! BETT] ACTUALLY COMES1 IT COMES TOO LATE1 BECAUSE IT COMES ONLY AFT] MORE OR LESS 9JU/ICE HAS BE5 IRREP>ABLY DONE4 

,BUT AT BE/ ! RI<T ( SUFFRAGE CAN BE EX]CIS$ ONLY P]IODICALLY1 & BETWE5 ! P]IODS ! LEGISLATORS >E :OLLY IRRESPONSIBLE4 ,NO DESPOT WAS EV] MORE 5TIRELY IRRESPONSIBLE ?AN >E REPUBLICAN LEGISLATORS DUR+ ! P]IOD = :I* !Y >E *OS54 ,!Y CAN NEI!R BE REMOV$ FROM !IR (FICE1 NOR CALL$ TO ACC\NT :ILE 9 !IR (FICE1 NOR PUNI%$ AFT] !Y LEAVE !IR (FICE1 BE !IR TYRANNY :AT IT MAY4 ,MOREOV]1 ! JUDICIAL & EXECUTIVE DEP>TM5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T >E EQUALLY IRRESPONSIBLE TO ! PEOPLE1 & >E ONLY RESPONSIBLE 7BY IMPEA*M5T & DEP5D5CE = !IR SAL>IES7 TO !SE IRRESPONSIBLE LEGISLATORS4 ,?IS ,I DEP5D5CE ( ! JUDICI>Y & EXECUTIVE UPON ! LEGISLATURE IS A GU>ANTEE ?AT !Y WILL ALWAYS SANCTION & EXECUTE ITS LAWS1 :E!R JU/ OR UNJU/4 ,?US ! LEGISLATORS HOLD ! :OLE P[] ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 !IR H&S1 & >E AT ! SAME TIME UTT]LY IRRESPONSIBLE = ! MANN] 9 :I* !Y USE IT4 

,IF1 N[1 ?IS GOV]NM5T 7! ?REE BRAN*ES ?US REALLY UNIT$ 9TO ONE7 CAN DET]M9E ! VALIDITY (1 & 5=CE ITS [N LAWS1 IT IS1 = ! TIME BE+1 5TIRELY ABSOLUTE & :OLLY IRRESPONSIBLE TO ! PEOPLE4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,!SE LEGISLATORS & ?IS GOV]NM5T1 SO IRRESPONSIBLE :ILE 9 P[]1 CAN P]PETUATE !IR P[] AT PLEASURE1 IF !Y CAN DET]M9E :AT LEGISLATION IS AU?ORITATIVE UPON ! PEOPLE & 5=CE OB$I5CE TO IT2 = !Y CAN NOT ONLY DECL>E !IR P[] P]PETUAL1 BUT !Y CAN 5=CE SUBMISSION TO ALL LEGISLATION ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO SECURE ITS P]PETUITY4 ,!Y CAN1 = EXAMPLE1 PROHIBIT ALL DISCUSSION ( ! RI<TFULNESS ( !IR AU?ORITY2 =BID ! USE ( ! SUFFRAGE2 PREV5T ! ELECTION ( ANY SUCCESSORS2 DIS>M1 PLUND]1 IMPRISON1 & EV5 KILL ALL :O REFUSE SUBMISSION4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 ! GOV]NM5T BE ABSOLUTE = A DAY-?AT IS1 IF IT CAN1 = A DAY1 5=CE OB$I5CE TO ITS [N LAWS-IT CAN1 9 ?AT DAY1 SECURE ITS P[] = ALL TIME1 LIKE ! QUE5 :O WI%$ TO REIGN = A DAY1 BUT 9 ?AT DAY CAUS$ ! K+1 H] HUSB&1 TO BE SLA91 & USURP$ HIS ?RONE4 

,NOR WILL IT AVAIL TO SAY ?AT SU* ACTS W\LD BE UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 & ?AT UNCON/ITUTIONAL ACTS MAY BE LAWFULLY RESI/$1 = EV]Y?+ A GOV]NM5T PLEASES TO DO WILL ( C\RSE BE DET]M9$ TO BE CON/ITUTIONAL1 IF ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF BE P]MITT$ TO DET]M9E ! QUE/ION ( ! CON/ITUTIONALITY ( ITS [N ACTS4 ,?OSE :O >E CAPABLE ( TYRANNY >E CAPABLE ( P]JURY TO SU/A9 IT4 

,! CONCLUSION1 !RE=E1 IS ?AT ANY GOV]NM5T ?AT CAN1 = A DAY1 5=CE ITS [N LAWS1 )\T APPEAL+ TO ! PEOPLE 7OR TO A TRIBUNAL FAIRLY REPRES5T+ ! PEOPLE7 = !IR CONS5T IS1 9 !ORY1 AN ABSOLUTE GOV]NM5T1 IRRESPONSIBLE TO ! PEOPLE1 & CAN P]PETUATE ITS P[] AT PLEASURE4 

,! TRIAL BY JURY IS BAS$ UPON A RECOGNITION ( ?IS PR9CIPLE1 & !RE=E =BIDS ! GOV]NM5T TO EXECUTE ANY ( ITS LAWS BY PUNI%+ VIOLATORS1 9 ANY CASE :ATEV]1 )\T FIR/ GETT+ ! CONS5T ( 0! C\NTRY10 OR ! PEOPLE1 ?R\< A JURY4 ,9 ?IS WAY ! PEOPLE1 AT ALL TIMES1 HOLD !IR LIB]TIES 9 !IR [N H&S & NEV] SURR5D] !M1 EV5 = A MOM5T1 9TO ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! TRIAL BY JURY1 !N1 GIVES TO ANY & EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL ! LIB]TY1 AT ANY TIME1 TO DISREG>D OR RESI/ ANY LAW :ATEV] ( ! GOV]NM5T1 IF HE BE WILL+ TO SUBMIT TO ! DECISION ( A JURY ! QUE/IONS :E!R ! LAW BE 9TR9SICALLY JU/ & OBLIGATORY & :E!R HIS CONDUCT 9 DISREG>D+ OR RESI/+ IT W]E RI<T 9 ITSELF4 ,& ANY LAW :I* DOES NOT 9 SU* TRIAL OBTA9 ! UNANIM\S SANCTION ( TWELVE M51 TAK5 AT R&OM FROM ! PEOPLE1 & JUDG+ ACCORD+ TO ! /&>D ( JU/ICE 9 !IR [N M9DS1 FREE FROM ALL DICTATION & AU?ORITY ( ! GOV]NM5T1 MAY BE TRANSGRESS$ & RESI/$ ) IMPUNITY BY :OMSOEV] IT PLEASES TO TRANSGRESS OR RESI/ IT4 

,! TRIAL BY JURY AU?ORIZES ALL ?IS1 OR IT IS A %AM & A HOAX1 UTT]LY WOR?LESS = PROTECT+ ! PEOPLE AGA9/ OPPRESSION4 ,IF IT DO NOT AU?ORIZE AN 9DIVIDUAL TO RESI/ ! FIR/ & LEA/ ACT ( 9JU/ICE OR TYRANNY ON ! P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T1 IT DOES NOT AU?ORIZE HIM TO RESI/ ! LA/ & ! GREATE/4 ,IF IT DO NOT AU?ORIZE 9DIVIDUALS TO NIP TYRANNY 9 ! BUD1 IT DOES NOT AU?ORIZE !M TO CUT IT D[N :5 ITS BRAN*ES >E FILL$ ) ! RIPE FRUITS ( PLUND] & OPPRESSION4 

,?OSE :O D5Y ! RI<T ( A JURY TO PROTECT AN 9DIVIDUAL 9 RESI/+ AN UNJU/ LAW ( ! GOV]NM5T1 D5Y HIM ALL LEGAL DEF5SE :ATSOEV] AGA9/ OPPRESSION4 ,! RI<T ( REVOLUTION :I* TYRANTS 9 MOCK]Y ACCORD TO MANK9D IS NO LEGAL RI<T UND] A GOV]NM5T2 IT IS ONLY A NATURAL RI<T TO OV]TURN A GOV]NM5T4 ,! GOV]NM5T ITSELF NEV] ACKN[L$GES ?IS RI<T4 ,& ! RI<T IS PRACTICALLY E/ABLI%$ ONLY :5 & BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T NO LONG] EXI/S TO CALL IT 9 QUE/ION4 ,! RI<T1 !RE=E1 CAN BE EX]CIS$ ) IMPUNITY ONLY :5 IT IS EX]CIS$ VICTORI\SLY4 ,ALL UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS AT REVOLUTION1 H[EV] JU/IFIABLE 9 !MSELVES1 >E PUNI%$ AS TREASON4 ,! GOV]NM5T ITSELF NEV] ADMITS ! 9JU/ICE ( ITS LAWS AS A LEGAL DEF5SE = ?OSE :O HAVE ATTEMPT$ A REVOLUTION & FAIL$4 ,! RI<T ( REVOLUTION !RE=E IS A RI<T ( NO PRACTICAL VALUE EXCEPT = ?OSE :O >E /RONG] ?AN ! GOV]NM5T4 ,SO LONG1 !RE=E1 AS ! OPPRESSIONS ( A GOV]NM5T >E KEPT )9 SU* LIMITS AS SIMPLY NOT TO EXASP]ATE AGA9/ IT A P[] GREAT] ?AN ITS [N1 ! RI<T ( REVOLUTION CANNOT BE APPEAL$ TO & IS 9APPLICABLE TO ! CASE4 ,?IS AF=DS A WIDE FIELD = TYRANNY2 & IF A JURY CANNOT 9T]V5E H]E1 ! OPPRESS$ >E UTT]LY DEF5SELESS4 

,IT IS MANIFE/ ?AT ! ONLY SECURITY AGA9/ ! TYRANNY ( ! GOV]NM5T IS 9 =CIBLE RESI/ANCE ! EXECUTION ( ! 9JU/ICE1 BECAUSE ! 5TICE WILL C]TA9LY BE EXECUT$ UNLESS =CIBLY RESI/$4 ,& IF IT BE BUT SUFF]$ TO BE EXECUT$1 IT MU/ !N BE BORNE1 = ! GOV]NM5T NEV] MAKES COMP5SATION = ITS [N WRONGS4 

,S9CE1 !N1 ?IS =CIBLE RESI/ANCE TO ! 9JU/ICE ( ! GOV]NM5T IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE MEANS ( PRES]V+ LIB]TY1 IT IS 9DISP5SABLE TO ALL LEGAL LIB]TY ?AT ?IS RESI/ANCE %\LD BE LEGALIZ$4 ,IF IS P]FECTLY SELF-EVID5T ?AT1 :]E-!RE IS NO LEGAL RI<T TO RESI/ ! OPPRESSION ( GOV]NM5T1 !RE CAN BE NO LEGAL LIB]TY4 ,& H]E IT IS ALL-IMPORTANT TO NOTICE ?AT1 PRACTICALLY SPEAK+1 !RE CAN BE NO LEGAL RI<T TO RESI/ ! OPPRESSIONS ( ! GOV]NM5T UNLESS !RE BE SOME LEGAL TRIBUNAL O!R ?AN ! GOV]NM5T1 & :OLLY 9DEP5D5T ( & ABOVE ! GOV]NM5T1 TO JUDGE BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ?OSE :O RESI/ ITS OPPRESSION1 9 O!R WORDS1 TO JUDGE :AT LAWS ( ! GOV]NM5T >E TO BE OBEY$ & :AT HELD = NAU<T4 ,! ONLY TRIBUNAL KN[N TO \R LAWS = ?IS PURPOSE IS A JURY4 ,IF A JURY HAVE NOT ! RI<T TO JUDGE BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ?OSE :O DISOBEY ITS LAWS1 ! GOV]NM5T IS ABSOLUTE1 & ! PEOPLE1 LEGALLY SPEAK+1 >E SLAVES4 ,LIKE O!R SLAVES1 !Y MAY HAVE SUFFICI5T C\RAGE & /R5G? TO KEEP !IR MA/]S SOME:AT 9 *ECK1 BUT !Y >E1 NEV]!LESS1 KN[N TO ! LAW AS SLAVES4 

,?AT ?IS RI<T ( RESI/ANCE WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS A COMMON LAW RI<T :5 ! ANCI5T & G5U9E TRIAL BY JURY WAS 9 =CE IS NOT ONLY PROV$ BY ! NATURE ( ! TRIAL ITSELF1 BUT IS ACKN[L$G$ BY HI/ORY4 

,?IS RI<T ( RESI/ANCE IS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS A /RICTLY LEGAL RI<T4 ,IT IS SO RECOGNIZ$1 FIR/1 BY ! PROVISION ?AT 0! TRIAL ( ALL CRIMES1 EXCEPT 9 CASES ( IMPEA*M5T1 %ALL1 BE BY JURY0-?AT IS1 BY ! C\NTRY1 & NOT BY ! GOV]NM5T2 SECONDLY1 BY ! PROVISION ?AT 0! RI<T ( ! PEOPLE TO KEEP & BE> >MS %ALL NOT BE 9FR+$40 ,?IS CON/ITUTIONAL SECURITY = ! RI<T TO KEEP & BE> >MS IMPLIES ! RI<T TO USE !M- AS MU* AS A CON/ITUTIONAL SECURITY = ! RI<T TO BUY & KEEP FOOD W\LD HAVE IMPLI$ ! RI<T TO EAT IT4 ,! CON/ITUTION1 !RE=E1 TAKES IT = GRANT$ ?AT ! PEOPLE WILL JUDGE ( ! CONDUCT ( ! GOV]NM5T & ?AT1 AS !Y HAVE ! RI<T1 !Y WILL ALSO HAVE ! S5SE TO USE >MS :5EV] ! NECESSITY ( ! CASE JU/IFIES IT4 ,& IT IS A SUFFICI5T & LEGAL DEF5SE = A P]SON ACCUS$ ( US+ >MS AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T1 IF HE CAN %[1 TO ! SATISFACTION ( A JURY1 OR EV5 ANY ONE ( A JURY1 ?AT ! LAW HE RESI/$ WAS AN UNJU/ ONE4 

,BUT = ! RI<T ( RESI/ANCE ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE1 ALL GOV]NM5TS W\LD BECOME TYRANNICAL TO A DEGREE ( :I* FEW PEOPLE >E AW>E4 ,CON/ITUTIONS >E UTT]LY WOR?LESS TO RE/RA9 ! TYRANNY ( GOV]NM5TS1 UNLESS IT BE UND]/OOD ?AT ! PEOPLE WILL BY =CE COMPEL ! GOV]NM5T TO KEEP )9 CON/ITUTIONAL LIMITS4 ,PRACTICALLY SPEAK+1 NO GOV]NM5T KN[S ANY LIMITS TO ITS P[] EXCEPT ! 5DURANCE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT ?AT ! PEOPLE >E /RONG] ?AN ! GOV]NM5T & WILL RESI/ 9 EXTREME CASES1 \R GOV]NM5TS W\LD BE LITTLE1 IF ANY?+1 ELSE ?AN ORGANIZ$ SY/EMS ( PLUND] & OPPRESSION4 ,ALL1 OR NE>LY ALL1 ! ADVANTAGE !RE IS 9 FIX+ ANY CON/ITUTIONAL LIMITS TO ! P[] ( A GOV]NM5T IS SIMPLY TO GIVE NOTICE TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! PO9T AT :I* IT WILL MEET ) RESI/ANCE4 ,IF ! PEOPLE >E !N AS GOOD AS !IR WORD1 !Y MAY KEEP ! GOV]NM5T )9 ! B\NDS !Y HAVE SET = IT2 O!RWISE IT WILL DISREG>D !M1 AS IS PROV$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( ALL \R ,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5TS1 9 :I* ! CON/ITUTIONS HAVE ALL BECOME OBSOLETE = NE>LY ALL PURPOSES EXCEPT ! APPO9TM5T ( (FIC]S :O AT ONCE BECOME PRACTICALLY ABSOLUTE4 

,! B\NDS SET TO ! P[] ( ! GOV]NM5T BY ! TRIAL BY JURY >E !SE1-?AT ! GOV]NM5T %ALL NEV] T\* ! P]SON1 PROP]TY1 OR NATURAL OR CIVIL RI<TS ( AN 9DIVIDUAL AGA9/ HIS CONS5T1 EXCEPT = ! PURPOSE ( BR++ HIM BE=E A JURY = TRIAL1 UNLESS 9 PURSUANCE & EXECUTION ( A JUDGM5T OR DECREE R5D]$ BY A JURY UPON SU* EVID5CE1 & SU* LAW1 AS >E SATISFACTORY TO !IR [N UND]/&+S & CONSCI5CES1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ALL LEGISLATION ( GOV]NM5T4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiaa 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,ADD$4 

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